0001099219 us-gaap:ForeignGovernmentDebtSecuritiesMember us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel1Member us-gaap:FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember 2019-12-310001099219us-gaap:EquityContractMembersrt:MaximumMembermet:MeasurementInputCorrelationMember2020-12-31

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
 ______________________________________
Form 10-Q
(Mark One)
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
FOR THE QUARTERLY PERIOD ENDED JUNE 30, 20202021
or
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM TO
Commission file number: 001-15787
 _____________________________________
MetLife, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware13-4075851
(State or other jurisdiction of

incorporation or organization)
(I.R.S. Employer

Identification No.)
200 Park Avenue,New York,NY10166-0188
(Address of principal executive offices)(Zip Code)
(212) (212) 578-9500
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading Symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01METNew York Stock Exchange
Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series A, par value $0.01MET PRANew York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/1,000th interest in a share of 5.625% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series EMET PRENew York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/1,000th interest in
a share of 4.75% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series F
MET PRFNew York Stock Exchange
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filerAccelerated filer
Non-accelerated filerSmaller reporting company
Emerging growth company
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes No 
At July 31, 2020, 907,662,46530 2021, 856,897,461 shares of the registrant’s common stock $0.01 par value per share, were outstanding.



Table of Contents



Table of Contents
Page
Item 1.Financial Statements (Unaudited) (at June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 20192020 and for the Three Months and Six Months Ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019)2020)
Item 2.
Item 3.
Item 4.
Item 1.
Item 1A.
Item 2.
Item 6.



As used in this Form 10Q, “MetLife,” the “Company,” “we,” “our” and “us” refer to MetLife, Inc., a Delaware corporation incorporated in 1999, its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q, including Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, may contain or incorporate by reference information that includes or is based upon forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements give expectations or forecasts of future events. These statements can be identified by the fact that theyevents and do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. They use words and terms such as “accelerate,” “achieve,” “anticipate,” “assume,” “become,” “believe,” “can,” “committed to,” “continue,” “could,” “create,” “emerging,” “estimate,” “evolve,” “expect,” “forecast,” “future,” “if,” “intend,” “likely,” “may,” “next,“permit,” “plan,” “possible,” “potential,” “probable,” “project,” “propose,” “prospect,” “remain,” “renew,” “risk,” “scheduled,“should,” “target,” “ultimate,” “upcoming,” “vary,“unlikely,” “well positioned,” “when,” “will,” “would” and other words and terms of similar meaning in each of their forms of speech, or that are otherwise tied to future periods or future performance, in connection with a discussion of future performance. In particular, theseeach case in all derivative forms. They include statements relating to future actions, prospective services or products, future performance or results of current and anticipated services or products, future sales efforts, future expenses, the outcome of contingencies such as legal proceedings, and future trends in operations and financial results.
Many factors will be important in determining thedetermine Company results, of MetLife, Inc., its subsidiaries and affiliates. Forward-lookingthey involve unpredictable risks and uncertainties. Our forward-looking statements are baseddepend on our assumptions, our expectations, and current expectations, whichour understanding of the economic environment, but they may be inaccurate and on the current economic environment, which may change. These statements areWe do not guarantees ofguarantee any future performance. They involve a number of risks and uncertainties that are difficult to predict. ResultsOur results could differ materially from those expressedwe express or impliedimply in the forward-looking statements. Risks, uncertainties, and other factors that might cause such differences include theThe risks, uncertainties and other factors identified in MetLife, Inc.’s filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.Commission, and others, may cause such differences. These factors include:
(1) the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, and responses to it, which may also precipitate or exacerbate the remaining risks; (2) difficult economic conditions,condition difficulties, including risks relating to public health, interest rates, credit spreads, equity, real estate, obligors and counterparties, currency exchange rates, derivatives, and terrorism and security; (3) adverse
(2) global capital and credit market conditions, which may affect our ability to meet liquidity needs and access capital, including throughadversity;
(3) credit facilities; facility inaccessibility;
(4) downgrades in our claims paying ability, financial strength or credit ratings; ratings downgrades;
(5) availability and effectiveness of reinsurance, hedgingunavailability, unaffordability, or indemnification arrangements; inadequate reinsurance;
(6) increasing cost and limited market capacity for statutory life insurance reserve financings; (7) the impact on us of changes to and implementation of the wide variety of laws and regulations to which we are subject; (8) regulatory, legislativefinancing costs or tax changes relating to our operations that may affect the cost of, or demand for, our products or services; (9) adverse results or other consequences from litigation, arbitration or regulatory investigations; (10)limited market capacity;
(7) legal, regulatory, and other restrictions affectingsupervisory and enforcement policy changes;
(8) changes in tax rates, tax laws or interpretations;
(9) litigation and regulatory investigations;
(10) London Interbank Offered Rate termination and transition to alternative reference rates;
(11) unsuccessful efforts to meet all environmental, social, and governance standards or to enhance our sustainability;
(12) MetLife, Inc.’s abilityinability to pay dividends and repurchase common stock; (11)
(13) MetLife, Inc.’s primary reliance, as a holding company, on dividends from subsidiaries to meet free cash flow targets and debt payment obligations and the applicable regulatory restrictions on the ability of the subsidiariessubsidiaries’ inability to pay suchit dividends; (12)
(14) investment losses, defaults, anddowngrades, or volatility; (13) potential liquidity and other risks resulting from our participation in a securities
(15) investment sales or lending program and other transactions; (14) changes to securities anddifficulties;
(16) collateral or derivative-related payments;
(17) investment valuations, allowances, andor impairments taken on investments, and methodologies,changes;
(18) claims or other results that differ from our estimates, and assumptions; (15) differences between actual claims experience and underwriting and reserving assumptions; (16)assumptions, or models;
(19) global political, legal, or operational economic and other risks relatingrisks;
(20) business competition;
(21) technological change;
(22) catastrophes;
(23) climate changes or responses to it;
(24) deficiencies in our global operations; (17) competitive pressures, including with respect to pricing, entry of new competitors, consolidation of distributors, the development of new products by new and existing competitors, and for personnel; (18) the impact of technological changes on our businesses; (19) catastrophe losses; (20) a deterioration in the experience of the closed block established in connection with the reorganization of Metropolitan Life Insurance Company; (21) impairment ofblock;
(25) goodwill or other long-lived assets,asset impairment, or the establishment of a valuation allowance against our deferred income tax asset; (22) changes in assumptions related toasset allowance;
(26) acceleration of amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs, deferred sales inducements, value of business acquired, or value of businesscustomer relationships acquired; (23) exposure to losses related to guarantees in certain products; (24) ineffectiveness of
(27) product guarantee volatility, costs, and counterparty risks;
(28) risk management policies and procedures or models; (25) a failure in cybersecurity systemsfailures;
(29) insufficient protection from operational risks;
(30) confidential information protection or other information security systemscybersecurity or disaster recovery plans; (26) any failure to protect the confidentiality of client information; (27) changes infailures;
(31) accounting standards; (28) associates takingstandards changes;
(32) excessive risks; (29) difficulties in or complications fromrisk-taking;
(33) marketing and distributing products through our distribution channels; (30) increased expenses relating todifficulties;
(34) pension and other postretirement benefit plans; (31)assumption changes;
(35) inability to protect our intellectual property rights or claims ofavoid infringement of others’ intellectual property rights; (32) difficulties, unforeseen liabilities, asset impairments,claims;
(36) acquisition, integration, growth, disposition, or rating agency actions arising from business acquisitions and dispositions, joint ventures, or other legal entity reorganizations; (33) unanticipated or adverse developments that could harm our expected operational or other benefits from thereorganization difficulties;
(37) Brighthouse separation of Brighthouse Financial, Inc. and its subsidiaries; (34) the possibility thatrisks;
(38) MetLife, Inc.’s Board of Directors may influence over the outcome of stockholder votes through the voting provisions of the MetLife Policyholder Trust; (35) provisions of laws and our incorporation documents that may delay, deter or prevent takeovers
(39) legal- and corporate combinations involving MetLife; and (36) other risks and uncertainties described from time to time in MetLife, Inc.’s filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.governance-related effects on business combinations.
MetLife, Inc. doesThe Company will not undertake any obligation to publicly correct or update any forward-looking statementstatements if MetLife, Inc. later becomes aware that such statement iswe believe we are not likely to be achieved.achieve them or for any other reasons. Please consult any further disclosures MetLife, Inc. makes on related subjects in subsequent reports to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
2

Corporate Information
We announce financial and other information about MetLife to our investors on our website (www.metlife.com) through the MetLife Investor Relations web page (https://investor.metlife.com), as well as in U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission filings, news releases, public conference calls and webcasts. MetLife encourages investors to visit the Investor Relations web page from time to time, as information is updated and new information is posted. The information found on our website is not incorporated by reference into this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q or in any other report or document we file with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, and any references to our website are intended to be inactive textual references only.
Note Regarding Reliance on Statements in Our Contracts
See “Exhibits — Note Regarding Reliance on Statements in Our Contracts” for information regarding agreements included as exhibits to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

3
2



Part I — Financial Information
Item 1. Financial Statements
MetLife, Inc.
Interim Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 20192020 (Unaudited)
(In millions, except share and per share data)
  June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
Assets    
Investments:    
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale, at estimated fair value (amortized cost: $302,873 and $297,655, respectively; allowance for credit loss of $177 and $0, respectively) $340,005
 $327,820
Equity securities, at estimated fair value 1,105
 1,342
Contractholder-directed equity securities and fair value option securities, at estimated fair value (includes $3 and $3, respectively, relating to variable interest entities) 11,911
 13,102
Mortgage loans (net of allowance for credit loss of $555 and $353, respectively; includes $175 and $188, respectively, under the fair value option and $0 and $59, respectively, of mortgage loans held-for-sale) 82,890
 80,529
Policy loans 9,639
 9,680
Real estate and real estate joint ventures (includes $155 and $127, respectively, under the fair value option) 11,524
 10,741
Other limited partnership interests 7,794
 7,716
Short-term investments, principally at estimated fair value 5,345
 3,850
Other invested assets (includes $2,046 and $2,299, respectively, of leveraged and direct financing leases and $300 and $290, respectively, relating to variable interest entities) 24,731
 19,015
Total investments 494,944
 473,795
Cash and cash equivalents, principally at estimated fair value (includes $13 and $12, respectively, relating to variable interest entities) 24,289
 16,598
Accrued investment income 3,388
 3,523
Premiums, reinsurance and other receivables (includes $3 and $4, respectively, relating to variable interest entities) 20,848
 20,443
Deferred policy acquisition costs and value of business acquired 16,353
 17,833
Goodwill 9,245
 9,308
Other assets (includes $2 and $2, respectively, relating to variable interest entities) 11,173
 10,518
Separate account assets 187,343
 188,445
Total assets $767,583
 $740,463
Liabilities and Equity    
Liabilities    
Future policy benefits $196,522
 $194,909
Policyholder account balances 198,147
 192,627
Other policy-related balances 16,870
 17,171
Policyholder dividends payable 670
 681
Policyholder dividend obligation 2,798
 2,020
Payables for collateral under securities loaned and other transactions 34,133
 26,745
Short-term debt 303
 235
Long-term debt (includes $5 and $5, respectively, at estimated fair value, relating to variable interest entities) 14,513
 13,466
Collateral financing arrangement 968
 993
Junior subordinated debt securities 3,151
 3,150
Current income tax payable 928
 363
Deferred income tax liability 11,334
 9,097
Other liabilities (includes $1 and $1, respectively, relating to variable interest entities) 23,963
 24,179
Separate account liabilities 187,343
 188,445
Total liabilities 691,643
 674,081
Contingencies, Commitments and Guarantees (Note 15) 

 

Equity    
MetLife, Inc.’s stockholders’ equity:    
Preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share; $4,405 and $3,405, respectively, aggregate liquidation preference 
 
Common stock, par value $0.01 per share; 3,000,000,000 shares authorized; 1,180,627,549 and 1,177,680,299 shares issued, respectively; 907,620,740 and 915,338,098 shares outstanding, respectively 12
 12
Additional paid-in capital 33,728
 32,680
Retained earnings 36,568
 33,078
Treasury stock, at cost; 273,006,809 and 262,342,201 shares, respectively (13,178) (12,678)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) ("AOCI") 18,563
 13,052
Total MetLife, Inc.’s stockholders’ equity 75,693
 66,144
Noncontrolling interests 247
 238
Total equity 75,940
 66,382
Total liabilities and equity $767,583
 $740,463

June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
Assets
Investments:
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale, at estimated fair value (amortized cost: $307,102 and $310,811, respectively; allowance for credit loss of $99 and $81, respectively)$340,695 $354,809 
Equity securities, at estimated fair value1,001 1,079 
Contractholder-directed equity securities and fair value option securities, at estimated fair value12,177 13,319 
Mortgage loans (net of allowance for credit loss of $570 and $590, respectively; includes $140 and $165, respectively, under the fair value option)81,497 83,919 
Policy loans9,256 9,493 
Real estate and real estate joint ventures (includes $191 and $169, respectively, under the fair value option and $78 and $128, respectively, of real estate held-for-sale)11,901 11,933 
Other limited partnership interests11,980 9,470 
Short-term investments, principally at estimated fair value3,759 3,904 
Other invested assets (includes $2,132 and $2,156, respectively, of leveraged and direct financing leases and $391 and $332, respectively, relating to variable interest entities)18,977 20,593 
Total investments491,243 508,519 
Cash and cash equivalents, principally at estimated fair value (includes $5 and $12, respectively, relating to variable interest entities)25,037 19,795 
Accrued investment income3,202 3,388 
Premiums, reinsurance and other receivables (includes $5 and $4, respectively, relating to variable interest entities)18,236 17,870 
Deferred policy acquisition costs and value of business acquired16,527 16,389 
Current income tax recoverable52 
Goodwill9,768 10,112 
Assets held-for-sale7,590 7,418 
Other assets (includes $2 and $1, respectively, relating to variable interest entities)11,651 11,685 
Separate account assets189,947 199,970 
Total assets$773,253 $795,146 
Liabilities and Equity
Liabilities
Future policy benefits$199,376 $206,656 
Policyholder account balances204,948 205,176 
Other policy-related balances17,527 17,101 
Policyholder dividends payable572 587 
Policyholder dividend obligation2,115 2,969 
Payables for collateral under securities loaned and other transactions30,620 29,475 
Short-term debt393 393 
Long-term debt (includes $0 and $5, respectively, relating to variable interest entities)14,518 14,603 
Collateral financing arrangement818 845 
Junior subordinated debt securities3,154 3,153 
Current income tax payable129 
Deferred income tax liability9,748 11,008 
Liabilities held-for-sale6,844 4,650 
Other liabilities (includes $10 and $1, respectively, relating to variable interest entities)23,250 23,614 
Separate account liabilities189,947 199,970 
Total liabilities703,830 720,329 
Contingencies, Commitments and Guarantees (Note 15)00
Equity
MetLife, Inc.’s stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share; $3,905 and $4,405 aggregate liquidation preference
Common stock, par value $0.01 per share; 3,000,000,000 shares authorized; 1,185,931,582 and 1,181,614,288 shares issued, respectively; 861,057,466 and 892,910,600 shares outstanding, respectively12 12 
Additional paid-in capital33,440 33,812 
Retained earnings39,318 36,491 
Treasury stock, at cost; 324,874,116 and 288,703,688 shares, respectively(15,941)(13,829)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) ("AOCI")12,309 18,072 
Total MetLife, Inc.’s stockholders’ equity69,138 74,558 
Noncontrolling interests285 259 
Total equity69,423 74,817 
Total liabilities and equity$773,253 $795,146 
See accompanying notes to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements.

4
3

MetLife, Inc.
Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)
For the Three Months and Six Months Ended June 30, 20202021 and 20192020 (Unaudited)
(In millions, except per share data)

Three Months
Ended
June 30,
Six Months
Ended
June 30,
2021202020212020
Revenues
Premiums$9,132 $8,736 $19,459 $18,202 
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees1,422 1,299 2,813 2,730 
Net investment income5,280 4,087 10,594 7,148 
Other revenues664 456 1,295 895 
Net investment gains (losses)1,605 231 1,739 (57)
Net derivative gains (losses)421 (710)(1,814)3,491 
Total revenues18,524 14,099 34,086 32,409 
Expenses
Policyholder benefits and claims9,405 8,667 19,928 17,689 
Interest credited to policyholder account balances1,515 1,962 2,866 2,042 
Policyholder dividends236 290 483 582 
Other expenses2,881 2,983 6,031 6,256 
Total expenses14,037 13,902 29,308 26,569 
Income (loss) before provision for income tax4,487 197 4,778 5,840 
Provision for income tax expense (benefit)1,075 47 1,003 1,289 
Net income (loss)3,412 150 3,775 4,551 
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests10 
Net income (loss) attributable to MetLife, Inc.3,407 145 3,765 4,543 
Less: Preferred stock dividends35 77 103 109 
Preferred stock redemption premium
Net income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.’s common shareholders$3,366 $68 $3,656 $4,434 
Comprehensive income (loss)$5,325 $5,957 $(1,987)$10,064 
Less: Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests, net of income tax11 10 
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to MetLife, Inc.$5,319 $5,951 $(1,998)$10,054 
  Three Months
Ended
June 30,
 Six Months
Ended
June 30,
  2020 2019 2020
2019
Revenues        
Premiums $8,736
 $10,129
 $18,202
 $19,534
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees 1,299
 1,412
 2,730
 2,777
Net investment income 4,087
 4,693
 7,148
 9,601
Other revenues 456
 478
 895
 972
Net investment gains (losses) 231
 61
 (57) 76
Net derivative gains (losses) (710) 724
 3,491
 839
Total revenues 14,099
 17,497
 32,409
 33,799
Expenses        
Policyholder benefits and claims 8,667
 9,993
 17,689
 19,065
Interest credited to policyholder account balances 1,962
 1,515
 2,042
 3,476
Policyholder dividends 290
 302
 582
 602
Other expenses 2,983
 3,390
 6,256
 6,615
Total expenses 13,902
 15,200
 26,569
 29,758
Income (loss) before provision for income tax 197
 2,297
 5,840
 4,041
Provision for income tax expense (benefit) 47
 551
 1,289
 910
Net income (loss) 150
 1,746
 4,551
 3,131
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests 5
 5
 8
 9
Net income (loss) attributable to MetLife, Inc. 145
 1,741
 4,543
 3,122
Less: Preferred stock dividends 77
 57
 109
 89
Net income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.’s common shareholders $68
 $1,684
 $4,434
 $3,033
Comprehensive income (loss) $5,957
 $6,466
 $10,064
 $13,021
Less: Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests, net of income tax 6
 5
 10
 11
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to MetLife, Inc. $5,951
 $6,461
 $10,054
 $13,010
Net income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.’s common shareholders per common share:
Basic$3.85 $0.07 $4.16 $4.86 
Diluted$3.83 $0.07 $4.13 $4.84 
Net income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.’s common shareholders per common share:        
Basic $0.07
 $1.78
 $4.86
 $3.19
Diluted $0.07
 $1.77
 $4.84
 $3.17

See accompanying notes to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements.


4
5

MetLife, Inc.
Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Equity
For the Six Months Ended June 30, 20202021 and 20192020 (Unaudited)
(In millions)

Preferred
Stock
Common
Stock
Additional
Paid-in
Capital
Retained
Earnings
Treasury
Stock
at Cost
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)
Total
MetLife, Inc.’s
Stockholders’
Equity
Noncontrolling
Interests
Total
Equity
Balance at December 31, 2020$$12 $33,812 $36,491 $(13,829)$18,072 $74,558 $259 $74,817 
Treasury stock acquired in connection with share repurchases(999)(999)(999)
Stock-based compensation98 98 98 
Dividends on preferred stock(68)(68)(68)
Dividends on common stock (declared per share of $0.460)(408)(408)(408)
Change in equity of noncontrolling interests
Net income (loss)358 358 363 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of income tax(7,675)(7,675)(7,675)
Balance at March 31, 202112 33,910 36,373 (14,828)10,397 65,864 273 66,137 
Redemption of preferred stock(494)(494)(494)
Preferred stock redemption premium(6)(6)(6)
Treasury stock acquired in connection with share repurchases(1,113)(1,113)(1,113)
Stock-based compensation24 24 24 
Dividends on preferred stock(35)(35)(35)
Dividends on common stock (declared per share of $0.480)(421)(421)(421)
Change in equity of noncontrolling interests
Net income (loss)3,407 3,407 3,412 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of income tax1,912 1,912 1,913 
Balance at June 30, 2021$$12 $33,440 $39,318 $(15,941)$12,309 $69,138 $285 $69,423 
  
Preferred
Stock
 
Common
Stock
 
Additional
Paid-in
Capital
 
Retained
Earnings
 
Treasury
Stock
at Cost
 
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)
 
Total
MetLife, Inc.’s
Stockholders’
Equity
 
Noncontrolling
Interests
 
Total
Equity
Balance at December 31, 2019 $
 $12
 $32,680
 $33,078
 $(12,678) $13,052
 $66,144
 $238
 $66,382
Cumulative effects of changes in accounting principles, net of income tax (Note 1)       (121)     (121)   (121)
Balance at January 1, 2020 
 12
 32,680
 32,957
 (12,678) 13,052
 66,023
 238
 66,261
Preferred stock issuance     972
       972
   972
Treasury stock acquired in connection with share repurchases         (500)   (500)   (500)
Stock-based compensation     59
       59
   59
Dividends on preferred stock       (32)     (32)   (32)
Dividends on common stock       (404)     (404)   (404)
Net income (loss)       4,398
     4,398
 3
 4,401
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of income tax           (295) (295) 1
 (294)
Balance at March 31, 2020 
 12
 33,711
 36,919
 (13,178) 12,757
 70,221
 242
 70,463
Stock-based compensation     17
 

     17
   17
Dividends on preferred stock       (77)     (77)   (77)
Dividends on common stock       (419)     (419)   (419)
Change in equity of noncontrolling interests             
 (1) (1)
Net income (loss)       145
     145
 5
 150
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of income tax           5,806
 5,806
 1
 5,807
Balance at June 30, 2020 $
 $12
 $33,728
 $36,568
 $(13,178) $18,563
 $75,693
 $247
 $75,940
Preferred
Stock
Common
Stock
Additional
Paid-in
Capital
Retained
Earnings
Treasury
Stock
at Cost
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)
Total
MetLife, Inc.’s
Stockholders’
Equity
Noncontrolling
Interests
Total
Equity
 
Preferred
Stock
 
Common
Stock
 
Additional
Paid-in
Capital
 
Retained
Earnings
 
Treasury
Stock
at Cost
 
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)
 
Total
MetLife, Inc.’s
Stockholders’
Equity
 
Noncontrolling
Interests
 
Total
Equity
Balance at December 31, 2018 $
 $12
 $32,474
 $28,926
 $(10,393) $1,722
 $52,741
 $217
 $52,958
Balance at December 31, 2019Balance at December 31, 2019$$12 $32,680 $33,078 $(12,678)$13,052 $66,144 $238 $66,382 
Cumulative effects of changes in accounting principles, net of income tax       74
   21
 95
   95
Cumulative effects of changes in accounting principles, net of income tax(121)(121)(121)
Balance at January 1, 2019 
 12
 32,474
 29,000
 (10,393) 1,743
 52,836
 217
 53,053
Preferred stock issuancePreferred stock issuance972972 972 
Treasury stock acquired in connection with share repurchases         (500)   (500)   (500)Treasury stock acquired in connection with share repurchases(500)(500)(500)
Stock-based compensation     61
       61
   61
Stock-based compensation59 59 59 
Dividends on preferred stock       (32)     (32)   (32)Dividends on preferred stock(32)(32)(32)
Dividends on common stock       (405)     (405)   (405)
Dividends on common stock (declared per share of $0.440)Dividends on common stock (declared per share of $0.440)(404)(404)(404)
Net income (loss)Net income (loss)4,398 4,398 4,401 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of income taxOther comprehensive income (loss), net of income tax(295)(295)(294)
Balance at March 31, 2020Balance at March 31, 202012 33,711 36,919 (13,178)12,757 70,221 242 70,463 
Stock-based compensationStock-based compensation17 17 17 
Dividends on preferred stockDividends on preferred stock(77)(77)(77)
Dividends on common stock (declared per share of $0.460)Dividends on common stock (declared per share of $0.460)(419)(419)(419)
Change in equity of noncontrolling interests             
 6
 6
Change in equity of noncontrolling interests(1)(1)
Net income (loss)       1,381
     1,381
 4
 1,385
Net income (loss)145 145 150 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of income tax           5,168
 5,168
 2
 5,170
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of income tax5,806 5,806 5,807 
Balance at March 31, 2019 
 12
 32,535
 29,944
 (10,893) 6,911
 58,509
 229
 58,738
Treasury stock acquired in connection with share repurchases         (750) 

 (750)   (750)
Stock-based compensation     67
       67
   67
Dividends on preferred stock       (57)     (57)   (57)
Dividends on common stock       (419)     (419)   (419)
Change in equity of noncontrolling interests             
 1
 1
Net income (loss)       1,741
     1,741
 5
 1,746
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of income tax           4,720
 4,720
 
 4,720
Balance at June 30, 2019 $
 $12
 $32,602
 $31,209
 $(11,643) $11,631
 $63,811
 $235
 $64,046
Balance at June 30, 2020Balance at June 30, 2020$$12 $33,728 $36,568 $(13,178)$18,563 $75,693 $247 $75,940 
See accompanying notes to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements.


5
6

MetLife, Inc.
Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
For the Six Months Ended June 30, 20202021 and 20192020 (Unaudited)
(In millions)

Six Months
Ended
June 30,
20212020
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities$3,750 $2,693 
Cash flows from investing activities
Sales, maturities and repayments of:
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale44,199 40,034 
Equity securities335 125 
Mortgage loans8,626 5,057 
Real estate and real estate joint ventures736 103 
Other limited partnership interests332 160 
Purchases and originations of:
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale(46,011)(47,511)
Equity securities(34)(49)
Mortgage loans(6,235)(7,740)
Real estate and real estate joint ventures(429)(942)
Other limited partnership interests(1,347)(874)
Cash received in connection with freestanding derivatives1,769 5,256 
Cash paid in connection with freestanding derivatives(5,602)(2,017)
Sales of businesses, net of cash and cash equivalents disposed of $611 and $0, respectively3,329 
Net change in policy loans137 12 
Net change in short-term investments116 (1,572)
Net change in other invested assets40 65 
Other, net(6)165 
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities(45)(9,728)
Cash flows from financing activities
Policyholder account balances:
Deposits50,865 50,120 
Withdrawals(46,995)(43,109)
Payables for collateral under securities loaned and other transactions:
Net change in payables for collateral under securities loaned and other transactions506 7,401 
Cash received for other transactions with tenors greater than three months50 
Cash paid for other transactions with tenors greater than three months(100)(50)
Long-term debt issued15 1,074 
Long-term debt repaid(28)(13)
Collateral financing arrangement repaid(27)(25)
Financing element on certain derivative instruments and other derivative related transactions, net318 (242)
Treasury stock acquired in connection with share repurchases(2,112)(500)
Preferred stock issued, net of issuance costs972 
Redemption of preferred stock(494)
Preferred stock redemption premium(6)
Dividends on preferred stock(103)(109)
Dividends on common stock(829)(823)
Other, net58 91 
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities1,068 14,837 
Effect of change in foreign currency exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents balances(192)(111)
Change in cash and cash equivalents4,581 7,691 
Cash and cash equivalents, including subsidiary held-for-sale, beginning of period20,560 16,598 
Cash and cash equivalents, including subsidiary held-for-sale, end of period$25,141 $24,289 
Cash and cash equivalents, subsidiary held-for-sale, beginning of period$765 $
Cash and cash equivalents, subsidiary held-for-sale, end of period$104 $
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period$19,795 $16,598 
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period$25,037 $24,289 
 Six Months
Ended
June 30,
 2020 2019
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities$2,693
 $4,459
Cash flows from investing activities   
Sales, maturities and repayments of:   
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale40,034
 42,055
Equity securities125
 183
Mortgage loans5,057
 5,065
Real estate and real estate joint ventures103
 138
Other limited partnership interests160
 402
Purchases and originations of:   
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale(47,511) (44,504)
Equity securities(49) (76)
Mortgage loans(7,740) (7,236)
Real estate and real estate joint ventures(942) (804)
Other limited partnership interests(874) (798)
Cash received in connection with freestanding derivatives5,256
 1,724
Cash paid in connection with freestanding derivatives(2,017) (2,462)
Net change in policy loans12
 (4)
Net change in short-term investments(1,572) 1,202
Net change in other invested assets65
 65
Other, net165
 (92)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities(9,728) (5,142)
Cash flows from financing activities   
Policyholder account balances:   
Deposits50,120
 45,511
Withdrawals(43,109) (40,945)
Payables for collateral under securities loaned and other transactions:   
Net change in payables for collateral under securities loaned and other transactions7,401
 725
Cash received for other transactions with tenors greater than three months50
 
Cash paid for other transactions with tenors greater than three months(50) (200)
Long-term debt issued1,074
 1,382
Long-term debt repaid(13) (895)
Collateral financing arrangement repaid(25) (34)
Financing element on certain derivative instruments and other derivative related transactions, net(242) (14)
Treasury stock acquired in connection with share repurchases(500) (1,250)
Preferred stock issued, net of issuance costs972
 
Dividends on preferred stock(109) (89)
Dividends on common stock(823) (824)
Other, net91
 (117)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities14,837
 3,250
Effect of change in foreign currency exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents balances(111) 47
Change in cash and cash equivalents7,691
 2,614
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period16,598
 15,821
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period$24,289
 $18,435
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information
Net cash paid (received) for:
Interest$440 $426 
Income tax$748 $130 
Subsidiaries held-for-sale (Note 3):
Assets held-for-sale$7,590 $
Liabilities held-for-sale6,844 
Net assets held-for-sale$746 $
Non-cash transactions:
Operating lease liability associated with the recognition of right-of-use assets$179 $52 
Real estate and real estate joint ventures acquired in satisfaction of debt$171 $
Increase in equity securities due to in-kind distributions received from other limited partnership interests$151 $40 
Increase in policyholder account balances associated with funding agreement backed notes issued but not settled$$750 
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information   
Net cash paid (received) for:   
Interest$426
 $510
Income tax$130
 $756
Non-cash transactions:   
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale received in connection with pension risk transfer transactions$
 $410
Operating lease liability associated with the recognition of right-of-use assets$52
 $216
Increase in policyholder account balances associated with funding agreement backed notes issued but not settled$750
 $

See accompanying notes to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements.

7
6

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)


1. Business, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Business
“MetLife” and the “Company” refer to MetLife, Inc., a Delaware corporation incorporated in 1999, its subsidiaries and affiliates. MetLife is one of the world’s leading financial services companies, providing insurance, annuities, employee benefits and asset management. MetLife is organized into 5 segments: U.S.; Asia; Latin America; Europe, the Middle East and Africa (“EMEA”); and MetLife Holdings.
Basis of Presentation
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) requires management to adopt accounting policies and make estimates and assumptions that affect amounts reported on the interim condensed consolidated financial statements. In applying these policies and estimates, management makes subjective and complex judgments that frequently require assumptions about matters that are inherently uncertain, including uncertainties associated with the novel coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic (“COVID-19(the “COVID-19 Pandemic”). Many of these policies, estimates and related judgments are common in the insurance and financial services industries; others are specific to the Company’s business and operations. Actual results could differ from these estimates.
The accompanying interim condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited and reflect all adjustments (including normal recurring adjustments) necessary to present fairly the financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the interim periods presented in conformity with GAAP. Interim results are not necessarily indicative of full year performance. The December 31, 20192020 consolidated balance sheet data was derived from audited consolidated financial statements included in MetLife, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 20192020 (the “2019“2020 Annual Report”), which include all disclosures required by GAAP. Therefore, these interim condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements of the Company included in the 20192020 Annual Report.
Consolidation
The accompanying interim condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of MetLife, Inc. and its subsidiaries, as well as partnerships and joint ventures in which the Company has control, and variable interest entities (“VIEs”) for which the Company is the primary beneficiary. Intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.
The Company uses the equity method of accounting or the fair value option (“FVO”) for real estate joint ventures and other limited partnership interests (“investee”) when it has more than a minor ownership interest or more than a minor influence over the investee’s operations. The Company generally recognizes its share of the investee’s earnings in net investment income on a three-month lag in instances where the investee’s financial information is not sufficiently timely or when the investee’s reporting period differs from the Company’s reporting period.
Summary of Significant Accounting PoliciesHeld-for-Sale
The followingCompany classifies a business as held-for-sale when management has approved or received approval to sell the business, the sale is probable to occur during the next 12 months at a price that is reasonable in relation to its current estimated fair value and certain other specified criteria are met. The business classified as held-for-sale is recorded at the Company’s significant accounting policies updated forlower of the January 1, 2020 adoption of new accounting pronouncements relatedcarrying value and estimated fair value, less cost to investments and goodwill.
Net Investment Income and Net Investment Gains (Losses)
Income from investments is reported within net investment income, unless otherwise stated herein. Gains and losses on sales of investments, intent-to-sell impairments, as well as provisions for credit loss in the allowance for credit loss (“ACL”) on fixed maturity securities available-for-sale (“AFS”), mortgage loans and investments in leases and subsequent changes in the ACL or for impairment losses on real estate investments, are reported within net investment gains (losses), unless otherwise stated herein. Accrued investment income is presented separately on the consolidated balance sheet and excluded fromsell. If the carrying value of the business exceeds its estimated fair value, less cost to sell, a loss is recognized and reported in net investment gains (losses). Assets and liabilities related investments, primarily fixed maturity securities AFS and mortgage loans.
Fixed Maturity Securities
The majorityto the business classified as held-for-sale are separately reported in the Company's consolidated balance sheets in the period in which the business is classified as held-for-sale. See Note 3. If a component of the Company’s fixed maturity securities areCompany has either been disposed of or is classified as AFSheld-for-sale and represents a strategic shift that has or will have a major effect on the Company’s operations and financial results, the results of the component are reported at their estimated fair value. Unrealized investment gainsin discontinued operations.
Reclassifications
Certain amounts in the prior year periods’ interim condensed consolidated financial statements and losses on these securities are recordedrelated footnotes thereto have been reclassified to conform to the 2021 presentation as a separate component of other comprehensive income (loss) (“OCI”), net of policy-related amounts and deferred income taxes. All security transactions are recorded on a trade date basis. Sales of securities are determined on a specific identification basis.

discussed throughout the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
7
8

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
1. Business, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)

Interest income and prepayment fees are recognized when earned. Interest income is recognized using an effective yield method giving effect to amortization of premium and accretion of discount and is based on the estimated economic life of the securities, which for mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities considers the estimated timing and amount of prepayments of the underlying loans. See Note 8 “— Fixed Maturity Securities AFS — Methodology for Amortization of Premium and Accretion of Discount on Structured Products” in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2019 Annual Report. The amortization of premium and accretion of discount also take into consideration call and maturity dates.
The Company periodically evaluates its fixed maturity securities AFS for impairment. The assessment of whether impairments have occurred is based on management’s case-by-case evaluation of the underlying reasons for the decline in estimated fair value as described in Note 6 “— Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale — Evaluation of Fixed Maturity Securities AFS for Credit Loss.”
Prior to January 1, 2020, the Company applied other than temporary impairment (“OTTI”) guidance for securities in an unrealized loss position. An OTTI was recognized in earnings within net investment gains (losses) when it was anticipated that the amortized cost would not be recovered. When either: (i) the Company had the intent to sell the security, or (ii) it was more likely than not that the Company would be required to sell the security before recovery, the reduction of amortized cost and the OTTI recognized in earnings was the entire difference between the security’s amortized cost and estimated fair value. If neither of these conditions existed, the difference between the amortized cost of the security and the present value of projected future cash flows expected to be collected was recognized as a reduction of amortized cost and an OTTI in earnings. If the estimated fair value was less than the present value of projected future cash flows expected to be collected, this portion of OTTI related to other-than-credit factors was recorded in OCI.
On January 1, 2020, the Company adopted accounting standards update (“ASU”) 2016-13,Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326) Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments(“ASU 2016-13”) using a modified retrospective approach. Under ASU 2016-13, for securities in an unrealized loss position, a credit loss is recognized in earnings within net investment gains (losses) when it is anticipated that the amortized cost will not be recovered. When either: (i) the Company has the intent to sell the security, or (ii) it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery, the reduction of amortized cost and the loss recognized in earnings is the entire difference between the security’s amortized cost and estimated fair value. If neither of these conditions exists, the difference between the amortized cost of the security and the present value of projected future cash flows expected to be collected is recognized as a “credit loss” by establishing an ACL with a corresponding charge to earnings in net investment gains (losses). However, the ACL is limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost. This limitation is known as the “fair value floor.” If the estimated fair value is less than the present value of projected future cash flows expected to be collected, this portion of the decline in value related to other-than-credit factors (“noncredit loss”) is recorded in OCI.
The new guidance also replaces the model for purchased credit impaired (“PCI”) fixed maturity securities AFS and financing receivables and requires the establishment of an ACL at acquisition, which is added to the purchase price to establish the initial amortized cost of the investment. Upon adoption, the replacement of the PCI model did not have a material impact on the Company’s interim condensed consolidated financial statements.
Mortgage Loans
ASU 2016-13 requires an ACL based on the expectation of lifetime credit loss on financing receivables carried at amortized cost, including, but not limited to, mortgage loans and leveraged and direct financing leases, as described in Note 6.
The Company disaggregates its mortgage loan investments into three portfolio segments: commercial, agricultural and residential. Also included in commercial mortgage loans are revolving line of credit loans collateralized by commercial properties. The accounting policies that are applicable to all portfolio segments are presented below and the accounting policies related to each of the portfolio segments are included in Note 6.
Mortgage loans are stated at unpaid principal balance, adjusted for any unamortized premium or discount, deferred fees or expenses, and are net of ACL. Interest income and prepayment fees are recognized when earned. Interest income is recognized using an effective yield method giving effect to amortization of premium and accretion of discount.

8

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
1. Business, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)

The Company ceases to accrue interest when the collection of interest is not considered probable, which is based on a current evaluation of the status of the borrower including the number of days past due. When a loan is placed on non-accrual status, uncollected past due accrued interest income that is considered uncollectible is charged-off against net investment income. Generally, the accrual of interest income resumes after all delinquent amounts are paid and management believes all future principal and interest payments will be collected. The Company records cash receipts on non-accruing loans in accordance with the loan agreement. The Company records charge-offs upon the realization of a credit loss, typically through foreclosure or after a decision is made to sell a loan, or for residential loans when, after considering the individual consumer’s financial status, management believes amounts are not collectible. Gain or loss upon charge-off is recorded, net of previously established ACL, in net investment gains (losses). Cash recoveries on principal amounts previously charged-off are generally recorded in net investment gains.
Also included in mortgage loans are residential mortgage loans for which the FVO was elected, and which are stated at estimated fair value. Changes in estimated fair value are recognized in net investment income.
Goodwill
On January 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASU 2017-04,Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment, using a prospective transition approach for goodwill impairment tests subsequent to January 1, 2020. As a result of the new guidance, Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test (measuring a goodwill impairment loss by comparing the implied fair value of a reporting unit’s goodwill with the carrying value of that goodwill) has been eliminated and the Company is only required to perform a one-step goodwill impairment test as described below. Goodwill represents the future economic benefits arising from net assets acquired in a business combination that are not individually identified and recognized. Goodwill is calculated as the excess of cost over the estimated fair value of such net assets acquired, is not amortized, and is tested for impairment based on a fair value approach at least annually, or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that there may be justification for conducting an interim test. The Company performs its annual goodwill impairment testing during the third quarter based upon data as of the close of the second quarter.
The impairment test is performed at the reporting unit level, which is the operating segment or a business one level below the operating segment, if discrete financial information is prepared and regularly reviewed by management at that level. For purposes of goodwill impairment testing, if the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value, an impairment charge would be recognized for the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value; however, the loss recognized would not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. Additionally, the Company will consider income tax effects from any tax deductible goodwill on the carrying value of the reporting unit when measuring the goodwill impairment loss, if applicable. On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates potential triggering events that may affect the estimated fair value of the Company’s reporting units to assess whether any goodwill impairment exists. Deteriorating or adverse market conditions for certain reporting units may have a significant impact on the estimated fair value of these reporting units and could result in future impairments of goodwill.
In the first quarter of 2020, the Company performed interim goodwill impairment testing on all of its reporting units due to the economic impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic and determined that its goodwill was not impaired, although the amount of excess of estimated fair value above the carrying value for the reporting units had decreased since the previous annual test. As the COVID-19 Pandemic continues to impact the global economy and financial markets, the Company has continued to monitor the key inputs, judgments and assumptions that impact the impairment test, and has concluded that there were no additional triggering events in the second quarter of 2020. While the Company has observed several improvements in the economic environment, the Company has determined the excess of estimated fair value over carrying value in the EMEA reporting unit remained below what would be considered a substantial margin.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Changes to GAAP are established by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) in the form of ASUsaccounting standards updates (“ASUs”) to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification. The Company considers the applicability and impact of all ASUs. The following tables provide a description of new ASUs issued by the FASB and the impact of the adoption on the Company’s interim condensed consolidated financial statements.

9

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
1. Business, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)

Adoption of New Accounting Pronouncements
Except as notedThe table below describes the impacts of the ASUs recently adopted by the Company effective January 1, 2020 did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements or disclosures.
Company.
StandardDescriptionEffective Date and
Method of Adoption
Impact on Financial Statements
ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting

; as clarified and amended by ASU 2021-01, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Scope
The new guidance provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. The expedients and exceptions provided by the amendments do not apply to contract modifications made and hedging relationships entered into or evaluated after December 31, 2022, with certain exceptions.

ASU 2021-01 amends the scope of the recent reference rate reform guidance. New optional expedients allow derivative instruments impacted by changes in the interest rate used for margining, discounting, or contract price alignment to qualify for certain optional relief.
Effective for contract modifications made between March 12, 2020 and December 31, 2022.

The new guidance reduces the operational and financial impacts of contract modifications that replace a reference rate, such as London InterBankInterbank Offered Rate (LIBOR)(“LIBOR”), affected by reference rate reform. The adoption of the new guidance didprovides relief from current GAAP and is not expected to have ana material impact on the Company’s interim condensed consolidated financial statements. The Company will continue to evaluate the impacts of reference rate reform on contract modifications and hedging relationships through December 31, 2022.
ASU 2017-04, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment
The new guidance simplifies the former two-step goodwill impairment test by eliminating Step 2 of the test. The new guidance requires a one-step impairment test in which an entity compares the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount and recognizes an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value, if any.January 1, 2020, the Company adopted, using a prospective approach.The adoption of the new guidance reduced the complexity involved with the evaluation of goodwill for impairment and did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, as clarified and amended by ASU 2018-19, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses; ASU 2019-04, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses, Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and Topic 825, Financial Instruments; ASU 2019-05, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Targeted Transition Relief; and ASU 2019-11, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses
This new guidance requires an ACL based on the expectation of lifetime credit loss on financing receivables carried at amortized cost, including, but not limited to, mortgage loans, premium receivables, reinsurance receivables and leveraged and direct financing leases.

The former model for OTTI on fixed maturity securities AFS has been modified and requires the recording of an ACL instead of a reduction of the amortized cost. Any improvements in expected future cash flows will no longer be reflected as a prospective yield adjustment, but instead will be reflected as a reduction in the ACL. The new guidance also replaces the model for PCI fixed maturity securities AFS and financing receivables and requires the establishment of an ACL at acquisition, which is added to the purchase price to establish the initial amortized cost of the investment.

The new guidance also requires enhanced disclosures.
January 1, 2020 for substantially all financial assets, the Company adopted using a modified retrospective approach. For previously impaired fixed maturity securities AFS and certain fixed maturity securities AFS acquired with evidence of credit quality deterioration since origination, the Company adopted prospectively on January 1, 2020.The adoption of this guidance resulted in a $121 million, net of income tax, decrease to retained earnings primarily related to the Company’s mortgage loan investments. The Company has included the required disclosures within Note 6.

10

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
1. Business, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)

Future Adoption of New Accounting Pronouncements
ASUs not listed below were assessed and either determined to be not applicable or are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements or disclosures. ASUs issued but not yet adopted as of June 30, 2020 that are currently being assessed and may or may not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements or disclosures are summarized in the table below.
StandardDescriptionEffective Date and Method of AdoptionImpact on Financial Statements
ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes

The new guidance simplifies the accounting for income taxes by removing certain exceptions to the tax accounting guidance and providing clarification to other specific tax accounting guidance to eliminate variations in practice. Specifically, it removes the exceptions related to the a) incremental approach for intraperiod tax allocation when there is a loss from continuing operations and income or a gain from other items, b) recognition of a deferred tax liability when foreign investment ownership changes from equity method investment to consolidated subsidiary and vice versa and c) use of interim period tax accounting for year-to-date losses that exceed anticipated losses. The guidance also simplifies the application of the income tax guidance for franchise taxes that are partially based on income and the accounting for tax law changes during interim periods, clarifies the accounting for transactions that result in a step-up in tax basis of goodwill, provides for the option to elect allocation of consolidated income taxes to entities disregarded by taxing authorities for their stand-alone reporting, and requires that an entity reflect the effect of an enacted change in tax laws or rates in the annual effective tax rate computation in the interim period that includes the enactment date.

January 1, 2021. The new guidance should be applied either onCompany adopted, using a retrospective, modified retrospective or prospective basis based on the items to which the amendments relate. Earlyapproach.
The adoption is permitted.

The Company has started its implementation efforts and is currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance did not have a material impact on itsthe Company’s interim condensed consolidated financial statements.
9

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
1. Business, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
Future Adoption of New Accounting Pronouncements
ASUs not listed below were assessed and either determined to be not applicable or are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s interim condensed consolidated financial statements or disclosures. ASUs issued but not yet adopted as of June 30, 2021 that are currently being assessed and may or may not have a material impact on the Company’s interim condensed consolidated financial statements or disclosures are summarized in the table below.
StandardDescriptionEffective Date and
Method of Adoption
Impact on Financial Statements
ASU 2018-12, Financial Services—Insurance (Topic 944): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts, as amended by ASU 2019-09, Financial Services—Insurance (Topic 944): Effective Date,as amended by ASU 2020-11, Financial Services—Insurance (Topic 944): Effective Date and Early Application
The new guidance (i) prescribes the discount rate to be used in measuring the liability for future policy benefits for traditional and limited payment long-duration contracts, and requires assumptions for those liability valuations to be updated after contract inception, (ii) requires more market-based product guarantees on certain separate account and other account balance long-duration contracts to be accounted for at fair value, (iii) simplifies the amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs (“DAC”) for virtually all long-duration contracts, and (iv) introduces certain financial statement presentation requirements, as well as significant additional quantitative and qualitative disclosures. The amendments in ASU 2019-09 defer the effective date of ASU 2018-12 to January 1, 2022 for all entities, and the amendments in ASU 2020-11 further defer the effective date of ASU 2018-12 for an additional year to January 1, 2023 for all entities.January 1, 2022,2023, to be applied retrospectively to January 1, 20202021 (with early adoption permitted).
The implementation efforts of the Company and the evaluation of the impact of the new guidance are in progress. Given the nature and extent of the required changes to a significant portion of the Company’s operations, the adoption of this guidance is expected to have a material impact on its interim condensed consolidated financial statements.


10

11

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

2. Segment Information
MetLife is organized into 5 segments: U.S.; Asia; Latin America; EMEA; and MetLife Holdings. In addition, the Company reports certain of its results of operations in Corporate & Other.
U.S.
The U.S. segment offers a broad range of protection products and services aimed at serving the financial needs of customers throughout their lives. These products are sold to corporations and their respective employees, other institutions and their respective members, as well as individuals. The U.S. segment is organized into threetwo businesses: Group Benefits and Retirement and Income Solutions (“RIS”) and. Prior to its disposition, the Property & Casualty.Casualty business was included in the U.S. segment. See Note 3.
The Group Benefits business offers products such as term, variable and universal life insurance, dental, group short- and long-term disability, individual disability, accidental death and dismemberment, vision and accident & health coverages, as well as prepaid legal plans. This business also sells administrative services-only arrangements to some employers.insurance.
The RIS business offers a broad range of life and annuity-based insurance and investment products, including stable value and pension risk transfer products, institutional income annuities, tortstructured settlements, and capital markets investment products, as well as solutions for funding postretirement benefits and company-, bank- orand trust-owned life insurance.
The Property & Casualty business offersoffered personal lines of property and casualty insurance, including private passenger automobile and homeowners’ and personal excess liability insurance.
Asia
The Asia segment offers a broad range of products to both individuals and corporations, as well as to other institutions, and their respective employees, which include whole and term life group life, endowments, universal and variable life,insurance, accident & health insurance and fixedretirement and variable annuities.savings.
Latin America
The Latin America segment offers a broad range of products to both individuals and corporations, as well as to other institutions, and their respective employees, which include life insurance, retirement and savings, products, accident & health insurance and credit insurance.
EMEA
The EMEA segment offers a broad range of products to both individuals, and corporations, as well as to other institutions, and their respective employees, which include life insurance, accident & health insurance, retirement and savings products and credit insurance.
MetLife Holdings
The MetLife Holdings segment consists of operations relating to products and businesses previously included in MetLife’s former retail business, that the Company no longer actively markets in the United States, such asStates. These include variable, universal, term and whole life insurance, variable, fixed and index-linked annuities and long-term care insurance, as well as the assumed variable annuity guarantees from the Company’s former operating joint venture in Japan.insurance.
Corporate & Other
Corporate & Other contains various start-up, developing and run-off businesses. Also included in Corporate & Other are: the excess capital, as well as certain charges and activities, not allocated to the segments (including external integration and disposition costs, internal resource costs for associates committed to acquisitions and dispositions and enterprise-wide strategic initiative restructuring charges), interest expense related to the majority of the Company’s outstanding debt, expenses associated with certain legal proceedings and income tax audit issues, the elimination of intersegment amounts (which generally relate to affiliated reinsurance, investment expenses and intersegment loans, bearing interest rates commensurate with related borrowings), and the Company’s investment management business (through which the Company provides public fixed income, private capital and real estate investment solutions to institutional investors worldwide).

1211

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
2. Segment Information (continued)

Financial Measures and Segment Accounting Policies
Adjusted earnings is used by management to evaluate performance and allocate resources. Consistent with GAAP guidance for segment reporting, adjusted earnings is also the Company’s GAAP measure of segment performance and is reported below. Adjusted earnings should not be viewed as a substitute for net income (loss). The Company believes the presentation of adjusted earnings, as the Company measures it for management purposes, enhances the understanding of its performance by highlighting the results of operations and the underlying profitability drivers of the business.
Adjusted earnings is defined as adjusted revenues less adjusted expenses, net of income tax.
The financial measures of adjusted revenues and adjusted expenses focus on the Company’s primary businesses principally by excluding the impact of market volatility, which could distort trends, and revenues and costs related to non-core products and certain entities required to be consolidated under GAAP. Also, these measures exclude results of discontinued operations under GAAP and other businesses that have been or will be sold or exited by MetLife but do not meet the discontinued operations criteria under GAAP and are referred to as divested businesses. Divested businesses also include the net impact of transactions with exited businesses that have been eliminated in consolidation under GAAP and costs relating to businesses that have been or will be sold or exited by MetLife that do not meet the criteria to be included in results of discontinued operations under GAAP. Adjusted revenues also excludes net investment gains (losses) and net derivative gains (losses). Adjusted expenses also excludes goodwill impairments.
The following additional adjustments are made to revenues, in the line items indicated, in calculating adjusted revenues:
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees excludes the amortization of unearned revenue related to net investment gains (losses) and net derivative gains (losses) and certain variable annuity guaranteed minimum income benefits (“GMIBs”) fees (“GMIB fees”);
guaranteed minimum income benefits (“GMIBs”) fees (“GMIB fees”);
Net investment income: (i) includes adjustments for earned income on derivatives and amortization of premium on derivatives that are hedges of investments or that are used to replicate certain investments, but do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment, (ii) excludes post-tax adjusted earnings adjustments relating to insurance joint ventures accounted for under the equity method, (iii) excludes certain amounts related to contractholder-directed equity securities, (iv) excludes certain amounts related to securitization entities that are VIEs consolidated under GAAP and (v) includes distributions of profits from certain other limited partnership interests that were previously accounted for under the cost method, but are now accounted for at estimated fair value, where the change in estimated fair value is recognized in net investment gains (losses) under GAAP; and
Other revenues is adjusted for settlements of foreign currency earnings hedges and excludes fees received in association with services provided under transition service agreements (“TSA fees”).

13
12

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
2. Segment Information (continued)

The following additional adjustments are made to expenses, in the line items indicated, in calculating adjusted expenses:
Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends excludes: (i) amortization of basis adjustments associated with de-designated fair value hedges of future policy benefits, (ii) changes in the policyholder dividend obligation related to net investment gains (losses) and net derivative gains (losses), (iii) inflation-indexed benefit adjustments associated with contracts backed by inflation-indexed investments and amounts associated with periodic crediting rate adjustments based on the total return of a contractually referenced pool of assets and other pass-throughpass through adjustments, (iv) benefits and hedging costs related to GMIBs (“GMIB costs”) and (v) market value adjustments associated with surrenders or terminations of contracts (“Market value adjustments”);
Interest credited to policyholder account balances includes adjustments for earned income on derivatives and amortization of premium on derivatives that are hedges of policyholder account balances but do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment and excludes certain amounts related to net investment income earned on contractholder-directed equity securities;
Amortization of DAC and value of business acquired (“VOBA”) excludes amounts related to: (i) net investment gains (losses) and net derivative gains (losses), (ii) GMIB fees and GMIB costs and (iii) Market value adjustments;
value of business acquired (“VOBA”)excludes amounts related to: (i) net investment gains (losses) and net derivative gains (losses), (ii) GMIB fees and GMIB costs and (iii) Market value adjustments;
Amortization of negative VOBA excludes amounts related to Market value adjustments;
Interest expense on debt excludes certain amounts related to securitization entities that are VIEs consolidated under GAAP; and
Other expenses excludes: (i) noncontrolling interests, (ii) implementation of new insurance regulatory requirements costs, and (iii) acquisition, integration and other costs. Other expenses includes TSA fees.
Adjusted earnings also excludes the recognition of certain contingent assets and liabilities that could not be recognized at acquisition or adjusted for during the measurement period under GAAP business combination accounting guidance.
The tax impact of the adjustments mentioned above are calculated net of the U.S. or foreign statutory tax rate, which could differ from the Company’s effective tax rate. Additionally, the provision for income tax (expense) benefit also includes the impact related to the timing of certain tax credits, as well as certain tax reforms.
Set forth in the tables below is certain financial information with respect to the Company’s segments, as well as Corporate & Other, for thethree monthsand six months endedJune 30, 20202021 and 2019.2020. The segment accounting policies are the same as those used to prepare the Company’s interim condensed consolidated financial statements, except for adjusted earnings adjustments as defined above. In addition, segment accounting policies include the method of capital allocation described below.
Economic capital is an internally developed risk capital model, the purpose of which is to measure the risk in the business and to provide a basis upon which capital is deployed. The economic capital model accounts for the unique and specific nature of the risks inherent in the Company’s business.
The Company’s economic capital model, coupled with considerations of local capital requirements, aligns segment allocated equity with emerging standards and consistent risk principles. The model applies statistics-based risk evaluation principles to the material risks to which the Company is exposed. These consistent risk principles include calibrating required economic capital shock factors to a specific confidence level and time horizon while applying an industry standard method for the inclusion of diversification benefits among risk types.The Company’s management is responsible for the ongoing production and enhancement of the economic capital model and reviews its approach periodically to ensure that it remains consistent with emerging industry practice standards.
Segment net investment income is credited or charged based on the level of allocated equity; however, changes in allocated equity do not impact the Company’s consolidated net investment income, net income (loss), or adjusted earnings.
Net investment income is based upon the actual results of each segment’s specifically identifiable investment portfolios adjusted for allocated equity. Other costs are allocated to each of the segments based upon: (i) a review of the nature of such costs,costs; (ii) time studies analyzing the amount of employee compensation costs incurred by each segment,segment; and (iii) cost estimates included in the Company’s product pricing.

13
14

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
2. Segment Information (continued)

Three Months Ended June 30, 2021U.S.AsiaLatin
America
EMEAMetLife
Holdings
Corporate
& Other
TotalAdjustmentsTotal
Consolidated
(In millions)
Revenues
Premiums$5,474 $1,582 $636 $621 $839 $(20)$9,132 $$9,132 
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees282 436 287 107 273 1,386 36 1,422 
Net investment income1,998 1,158 308 62 1,543 48 5,117 163 5,280 
Other revenues380 19 11 16 69 109 604 60 664 
Net investment gains (losses)1,605 1,605 
Net derivative gains (losses)421 421 
Total revenues8,134 3,195 1,242 806 2,724 138 16,239 2,285 18,524 
Expenses
Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends5,739 1,233 724 333 1,549 (13)9,565 76 9,641 
Interest credited to policyholder account balances359 496 60 25 210 1,150 365 1,515 
Capitalization of DAC(13)(395)(100)(122)(9)(3)(642)(642)
Amortization of DAC and VOBA296 83 94 56 540 (3)537 
Amortization of negative VOBA(8)(2)(10)(10)
Interest expense on debt223 228 228 
Other expenses898 832 343 349 244 34 2,700 68 2,768 
Total expenses6,993 2,454 1,111 677 2,052 244 13,531 506 14,037 
Provision for income tax expense (benefit)239 221 34 35 136 (81)584 491 1,075 
Adjusted earnings$902 $520 $97 $94 $536 $(25)2,124 
Adjustments to:
Total revenues2,285 
Total expenses(506)
Provision for income tax (expense) benefit(491)
Net income (loss)$3,412 $3,412 
14
       
Three Months Ended June 30, 2020 U.S. Asia Latin
America
 EMEA MetLife
Holdings
 Corporate
& Other
 Total Adjustments 
Total
Consolidated
  (In millions)
Revenues                  
Premiums $5,184
 $1,584
 $489
 $557
 $889
 $13
 $8,716
 $20
 $8,736
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees 268
 420
 238
 92
 249
 1
 1,268
 31
 1,299
Net investment income 1,425
 767
 260
 63
 981
 (52) 3,444
 643
 4,087
Other revenues 240
 14
 10
 11
 70
 72
 417
 39
 456
Net investment gains (losses) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 231
 231
Net derivative gains (losses) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (710) (710)
Total revenues 7,117
 2,785
 997
 723
 2,189
 34
 13,845
 254
 14,099
Expenses                  
Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends 5,038
 1,255
 449
 263
 1,705
 3
 8,713
 244
 8,957
Interest credited to policyholder account balances 412
 447
 56
 27
 219
 
 1,161
 801
 1,962
Capitalization of DAC (122) (351) (74) (115) (5) (2) (669) (2) (671)
Amortization of DAC and VOBA 115
 284
 70
 85
 11
 3
 568
 (8) 560
Amortization of negative VOBA 
 (8) 
 (2) 
 
 (10) 
 (10)
Interest expense on debt 2
 
 1
 
 1
 228
 232
 
 232
Other expenses 1,012
 797
 307
 328
 239
 134
 2,817
 55
 2,872
Total expenses 6,457
 2,424
 809
 586
 2,170
 366
 12,812
 1,090
 13,902
Provision for income tax expense (benefit) 137
 105
 56
 21
 (1) (120) 198
 (151) 47
Adjusted earnings $523
 $256
 $132
 $116
 $20
 $(212) 835
    
Adjustments to:                  
Total revenues             254
    
Total expenses             (1,090)    
Provision for income tax (expense) benefit             151
    
Net income (loss)             $150
   $150

15

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
2. Segment Information (continued)

Three Months Ended June 30, 2020U.S.AsiaLatin
America
EMEAMetLife
Holdings
Corporate
& Other
TotalAdjustmentsTotal
Consolidated
(In millions)
Revenues
Premiums$5,184 $1,584 $489 $557 $889 $13 $8,716 $20 $8,736 
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees268 420 238 92 249 1,268 31 1,299 
Net investment income1,425 767 260 63 981 (52)3,444 643 4,087 
Other revenues240 14 10 11 70 72 417 39 456 
Net investment gains (losses)231 231 
Net derivative gains (losses)(710)(710)
Total revenues7,117 2,785 997 723 2,189 34 13,845 254 14,099 
Expenses
Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends5,038 1,255 449 263 1,705 8,713 244 8,957 
Interest credited to policyholder account balances412 447 56 27 219 1,161 801 1,962 
Capitalization of DAC(122)(351)(74)(115)(5)(2)(669)(2)(671)
Amortization of DAC and VOBA115 284 70 85 11 568 (8)560 
Amortization of negative VOBA(8)(2)(10)(10)
Interest expense on debt228 232 232 
Other expenses1,012 797 307 328 239 134 2,817 55 2,872 
Total expenses6,457 2,424 809 586 2,170 366 12,812 1,090 13,902 
Provision for income tax expense (benefit)137 105 56 21 (1)(120)198 (151)47 
Adjusted earnings$523 $256 $132 $116 $20 $(212)835 
Adjustments to:
Total revenues254 
Total expenses(1,090)
Provision for income tax (expense) benefit151 
Net income (loss)$150 $150 
       
Three Months Ended June 30, 2019 U.S. Asia Latin
America
 EMEA MetLife
Holdings
 Corporate
& Other
 Total Adjustments 
Total
Consolidated
  (In millions)
Revenues                  
Premiums $6,234
 $1,631
 $773
 $551
 $924
 $16
 $10,129
 $
 $10,129
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees 274
 419
 280
 105
 286
 
 1,364
 48
 1,412
Net investment income 1,795
 944
 360
 73
 1,338
 44
 4,554
 139
 4,693
Other revenues 223
 13
 11
 13
 65
 82
 407
 71
 478
Net investment gains (losses) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 61
 61
Net derivative gains (losses) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 724
 724
Total revenues 8,526
 3,007
 1,424
 742
 2,613
 142
 16,454
 1,043
 17,497
Expenses                  
Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends 6,101
 1,279
 790
 292
 1,703
 18
 10,183
 112
 10,295
Interest credited to policyholder account balances 504
 424
 86
 23
 227
 
 1,264
 251
 1,515
Capitalization of DAC (127) (472) (100) (126) (8) (4) (837) 
 (837)
Amortization of DAC and VOBA 117
 312
 79
 107
 80
 2
 697
 (8) 689
Amortization of negative VOBA 
 (7) 
 (3) 
 
 (10) 
 (10)
Interest expense on debt 3
 
 1
 
 2
 268
 274
 
 274
Other expenses 1,009
 955
 352
 350
 237
 289
 3,192
 82
 3,274
Total expenses 7,607
 2,491
 1,208
 643
 2,241
 573
 14,763
 437
 15,200
Provision for income tax expense (benefit) 187
 157
 57
 22
 73
 (181) 315
 236
 551
Adjusted earnings $732
 $359
 $159
 $77
 $299
 $(250) 1,376
    
Adjustments to:                  
Total revenues             1,043
    
Total expenses             (437)    
Provision for income tax (expense) benefit             (236)    
Net income (loss)             $1,746
   $1,746


15

16

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
2. Segment Information (continued)

Six Months Ended June 30, 2021U.S.AsiaLatin
America
EMEAMetLife
Holdings
Corporate
& Other
TotalAdjustmentsTotal
Consolidated
(In millions)
Revenues
Premiums$11,173 $3,267 $1,231 $1,219 $1,666 $38 $18,594 $865 $19,459 
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees579 894 557 174 547 2,752 61 2,813 
Net investment income4,008 2,422 607 125 3,189 60 10,411 183 10,594 
Other revenues776 37 21 29 131 195 1,189 106 1,295 
Net investment gains (losses)1,739 1,739 
Net derivative gains (losses)(1,814)(1,814)
Total revenues16,536 6,620 2,416 1,547 5,533 294 32,946 1,140 34,086 
Expenses
Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends11,881 2,530 1,485 676 3,072 27 19,671 740 20,411 
Interest credited to policyholder account balances718 985 119 49 420 2,291 575 2,866 
Capitalization of DAC(31)(830)(195)(249)(17)(6)(1,328)(89)(1,417)
Amortization of DAC and VOBA24 610 143 156 110 1,048 79 1,127 
Amortization of negative VOBA(15)(4)(19)(19)
Interest expense on debt447 455 456 
Other expenses1,809 1,731 678 698 497 141 5,554 330 5,884 
Total expenses14,404 5,011 2,232 1,326 4,085 614 27,672 1,636 29,308 
Provision for income tax expense (benefit)446 466 47 56 294 (192)1,117 (114)1,003 
Adjusted earnings$1,686 $1,143 $137 $165 $1,154 $(128)4,157 
Adjustments to:
Total revenues1,140 
Total expenses(1,636)
Provision for income tax (expense) benefit114 
Net income (loss)$3,775 $3,775 







Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
U.S. Asia Latin
America
 EMEA 
MetLife
Holdings
 
Corporate
& Other
 Total Adjustments Total
Consolidated


(In millions)
Revenues

















Premiums
$10,858

$3,220

$1,129

$1,125

$1,793

$25

$18,150

$52

$18,202
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees
543

850

508

208

543

1

2,653

77

2,730
Net investment income
3,191

1,704

478

132

2,296

(36)
7,765

(617)
7,148
Other revenues
480

28

21

24

105

156

814

81

895
Net investment gains (losses)




���









(57)
(57)
Net derivative gains (losses)














3,491

3,491
Total revenues
15,072
 5,802
 2,136
 1,489
 4,737
 146
 29,382
 3,027
 32,409
Expenses








 


 


 
Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends
10,473

2,576

1,059

573

3,366

29

18,076

195

18,271
Interest credited to policyholder account balances
870

892

126

54

437



2,379

(337)
2,042
Capitalization of DAC
(234)
(772)
(174)
(245)
(10)
(5)
(1,440)
(5)
(1,445)
Amortization of DAC and VOBA
234

599

144

215

111

4

1,307

41

1,348
Amortization of negative VOBA


(16)


(4)




(20)


(20)
Interest expense on debt
4



2



3

445

454



454
Other expenses
2,078

1,671

652

660

467

270

5,798

121

5,919
Total expenses
13,425
 4,950
 1,809
 1,253
 4,374
 743
 26,554
 15
 26,569
Provision for income tax expense (benefit)
344

246

100

42

66

(286)
512

777

1,289
Adjusted earnings
$1,303
 $606
 $227
 $194
 $297
 $(311)
2,316




Adjustments to:












 


 
Total revenues












3,027



 
Total expenses












(15)


 
Provision for income tax (expense) benefit            
(777)


 
Net income (loss)            
$4,551



$4,551
16


17

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
2. Segment Information (continued)

Six Months Ended June 30, 2020U.S.AsiaLatin
America
EMEAMetLife
Holdings
Corporate
& Other
TotalAdjustments
Total
Consolidated
(In millions)
Revenues
Premiums$10,858 $3,220 $1,129 $1,125 $1,793 $25 $18,150 $52 $18,202 
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees543 850 508 208 543 2,653 77 2,730 
Net investment income3,191 1,704 478 132 2,296 (36)7,765 (617)7,148 
Other revenues480 28 21 24 105 156 814 81 895 
Net investment gains (losses)(57)(57)
Net derivative gains (losses)3,491 3,491 
Total revenues15,072 5,802 2,136 1,489 4,737 146 29,382 3,027 32,409 
Expenses
Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends10,473 2,576 1,059 573 3,366 29 18,076 195 18,271 
Interest credited to policyholder account balances870 892 126 54 437 2,379 (337)2,042 
Capitalization of DAC(234)(772)(174)(245)(10)(5)(1,440)(5)(1,445)
Amortization of DAC and VOBA234 599 144 215 111 1,307 41 1,348 
Amortization of negative VOBA(16)(4)(20)(20)
Interest expense on debt445 454 454 
Other expenses2,078 1,671 652 660 467 270 5,798 121 5,919 
Total expenses13,425 4,950 1,809 1,253 4,374 743 26,554 15 26,569 
Provision for income tax expense (benefit)344 246 100 42 66 (286)512 777 1,289 
Adjusted earnings$1,303 $606 $227 $194 $297 $(311)2,316 
Adjustments to:
Total revenues3,027 
Total expenses(15)
Provision for income tax (expense) benefit(777)
Net income (loss)$4,551 $4,551 
  
    
Six Months Ended June 30, 2019 U.S. Asia 
Latin
America
 EMEA 
MetLife
Holdings
 
Corporate
& Other
 Total Adjustments Total
Consolidated
  (In millions)
Revenues                  
Premiums $11,801
 $3,330
 $1,419
 $1,093
 $1,851
 $40
 $19,534
 $
 $19,534
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees 544
 825
 564
 208
 560
 1
 2,702
 75
 2,777
Net investment income 3,514
 1,824
 656
 147
 2,625
 69
 8,835
 766
 9,601
Other revenues 444
 29
 23
 27
 132
 176
 831
 141
 972
Net investment gains (losses) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 76
 76
Net derivative gains (losses) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 839
 839
Total revenues 16,303
 6,008
 2,662
 1,475
 5,168
 286
 31,902
 1,897
 33,799
Expenses                  
Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends 11,474
 2,598
 1,387
 576
 3,351
 38
 19,424
 243
 19,667
Interest credited to policyholder account balances 1,005
 827
 180
 47
 453
 
 2,512
 964
 3,476
Capitalization of DAC (241) (951) (194) (243) (14) (6) (1,649) 
 (1,649)
Amortization of DAC and VOBA 231
 619
 157
 199
 143
 3
 1,352
 (39) 1,313
Amortization of negative VOBA 
 (16) 
 (4) 
 
 (20) 
 (20)
Interest expense on debt 5
 
 2
 
 4
 497
 508
 
 508
Other expenses 2,002
 1,910
 718
 688
 464
 511
 6,293
 170
 6,463
Total expenses 14,476
 4,987
 2,250
 1,263
 4,401
 1,043
 28,420
 1,338
 29,758
Provision for income tax expense (benefit) 371
 306
 119
 49
 151
 (346) 650
 260
 910
Adjusted earnings $1,456
 $715
 $293
 $163
 $616
 $(411) 2,832
    
Adjustments to:                  
Total revenues             1,897
    
Total expenses             (1,338)    
Provision for income tax (expense) benefit             (260)    
Net income (loss)             $3,131
   $3,131
17


18

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
2. Segment Information (continued)

The following table presents total assets with respect to the Company’s segments, as well as Corporate & Other, at:
  June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
  (In millions)
U.S. $284,305
 $266,174
Asia 163,082
 161,018
Latin America 70,791
 75,069
EMEA 25,915
 27,281
MetLife Holdings 179,585
 175,199
Corporate & Other 43,905
 35,722
Total $767,583
 $740,463

June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
(In millions)
U.S.$283,698 $291,483 
Asia170,851 173,884 
Latin America66,728 75,047 
EMEA28,084 28,372 
MetLife Holdings181,609 184,566 
Corporate & Other42,283 41,794 
Total$773,253 $795,146 
3. DispositionDispositions
Pending Disposition of MetLife LimitedPoland and Metropolitan Life Insurance Company of Hong Kong LimitedGreece
In June 2019,July 2021, the Company entered into a definitive agreementagreements to sell its two wholly-owned subsidiaries MetLife Limitedin Poland and Metropolitan Life Insurance Company of Hong Kong LimitedGreece (collectively, “MetLife Hong Kong”Poland and Greece”). As a result to NN Group N.V. for $738 million in total consideration, including an expected pre-closing dividend of $43 million. In connection with the agreement, apending sale, an expected loss of $140$190 million, net of income tax, was recorded for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2019. This loss was comprised of an expected $100 million pre-tax loss,2021, which wasis reflected in net investment gains (losses). MetLife Poland and included allocated goodwill of $71 million. Additionally, the $140 million loss included a $40 million net tax charge, which was recorded in the provision for income tax expense (benefit) and included previously deferred tax items and losses which are not recognized for tax purposes. At December 31, 2019, MetLife Hong Kong represented $2.9 billion of total assets in the Asia segment. MetLife Hong Kong’sGreece results of operations wereare reported in the AsiaEMEA segment adjusted earnings through June 30, 2019.2021. The transaction is expected to close in the first half of 2022 and is subject to regulatory approvals and satisfaction of other customary closing conditions.
The pending disposition meets the criteria for held-for-sale accounting but does not meet the criteria to be classified as discontinued operations. As a result, the related assets and liabilities are included in the separate held-for-sale line items of the asset and liability sections of the interim condensed consolidated balance sheet.
The following table summarizes the assets and liabilities held-for-sale:
June 30, 2021
(In millions)
Assets:
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale$2,235 
Contractholder-directed equity securities1,125 
Other investments139 
Total investments3,499 
Cash and cash equivalents104 
Deferred policy acquisition costs and value of business acquired144 
Other309 
Separate accounts assets3,534 
Total assets held-for-sale$7,590 
Liabilities:
Future policy benefits$975 
Policyholder account balances2,080 
Other policy-related balances110 
Other145 
Separate account liabilities3,534 
Total liabilities held-for-sale$6,844 
18

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
3. Dispositions (continued)

MetLife Poland and Greece income (loss) before provision for income tax as reflected in the interim condensed consolidated statements of operations was $13 million and $28 million for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively, and $15 million and $34 million for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively.
Disposition of Metropolitan Property and Casualty Insurance Company
In December 2020, the Company entered into a definitive agreement to sell its wholly-owned subsidiary, Metropolitan Property and Casualty Insurance Company and certain of its wholly-owned subsidiaries (collectively, “MetLife P&C”) to Farmers Group, Inc. for $3.9 billion in cash. In addition, the Company and the Farmers Exchanges agreed to establish a 10-year strategic partnership through which the Farmers Insurance Group will offer its personal line products on MetLife’s U.S. Group Benefits platform which commenced when the transaction closed. MetLife P&C results of operations are reported in the U.S. segment adjusted earnings through December 31, 2020. See Note 2 for more information on accounting for divested businesses. In June 2020,April 2021, the Company completed the sale and recordedof MetLife P&C. As a result of the sale, the Company recognized a gain of $11 million,$1.4 billion ($1.1 billion, net of income tax) in net investment gains (losses) for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2021.
The disposition met the criteria for held-for-sale accounting but did not meet the criteria to be classified as discontinued operations. As a result, the related assets and liabilities were included in the separate held-for-sale line items of the asset and liability sections of the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2020.
The following table summarizes the assets and liabilities held-for-sale:
December 31, 2020
(In millions)
Assets:
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale$4,096 
Equity securities57 
Mortgage loans355 
Other invested assets29 
Total investments4,537 
Cash and cash equivalents765 
Accrued investment income38 
Premiums, reinsurance and other receivables1,411 
Deferred policy acquisition costs196 
Goodwill328 
Other assets143 
Total assets held-for-sale$7,418 
Liabilities:
Future policy benefits$3,506 
Other policy-related balances33 
Payables for collateral under securities loaned and other transactions862 
Other liabilities249 
Total liabilities held-for-sale$4,650 
MetLife P&C income (loss) before provision for income tax as reflected in the interim condensed consolidated statements of operations was $121 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021, and $119 million and $234 million for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2020, which resulted in a total loss onrespectively.
19

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
3. Dispositions (continued)

Disposition of Joint-stock Company MetLife Insurance Company
In January 2021, the Company completed the sale of $129 million, netits wholly-owned Russian subsidiary, the Joint-stock Company MetLife Insurance Company. See Note 3 of income tax.the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report for further information.
4. Insurance
Guarantees
As discussed in Notes 1 and 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 20192020 Annual Report, the Company issues directly and assumes through reinsurance variable annuity products with guaranteed minimum benefits. Guaranteed minimum accumulation benefits (“GMABs”), the non-life contingent portion of guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits (“GMWBs”) and certain non-life contingent portions of GMIBs are accounted for as embedded derivatives in policyholder account balances and are further discussed in Note 7.
The Company also issues other annuity contracts that apply a lower rate on funds deposited if the contractholder elects to surrender the contract for cash and a higher rate if the contractholder elects to annuitize. These guarantees include benefits that are payable in the event of death, maturity or at annuitization. Certain other annuity contracts contain guaranteed annuitization benefits that may be above what would be provided by the current account value of the contract. Additionally, the Company issues universal and variable life contracts where the Company contractually guarantees to the contractholder a secondary guarantee or a guaranteed paid-up benefit.

19

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
4. Insurance (continued)

Information regarding the Company’s guarantee exposure, which includes direct and assumed business, but excludes offsets from hedging or ceded reinsurance, if any, was as follows at:
June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
In the
Event of Death
At
Annuitization
In the
Event of Death
At
Annuitization
(Dollars in millions)
Annuity Contracts:
Variable Annuity Guarantees:
Total account value (1), (2), (3)$64,788 $24,095 $65,044 $24,170 
Separate account value (1)$43,396 $22,393 $42,585 $22,370 
Net amount at risk (2)$1,462 (4)$451 (5)$1,579 (4)$614 (5)
Average attained age of contractholders68 years67 years68 years66 years
Other Annuity Guarantees:
Total account value (1), (3)N/A$5,349 N/A$6,030 
Net amount at riskN/A$195 (6)N/A$459 (6)
Average attained age of contractholdersN/A56 yearsN/A50 years
  June 30, 2020  December 31, 2019 
  In the
Event of Death
 At
Annuitization
 In the
Event of Death
 At
Annuitization
  (Dollars in millions) 
Annuity Contracts:            
Variable Annuity Guarantees:            
Total account value (1), (2), (3) $59,965
  $22,146
  $64,506
  $24,036
 
Separate account value (1) $38,210
  $20,440
  $41,305
  $22,291
 
Net amount at risk (2) $2,199
(4) $823
(5) $1,572
(4) $584
(5)
Average attained age of contractholders 67 years
  66 years
  67 years
  65 years
 
Other Annuity Guarantees:            
Total account value (1), (3) N/A
  $5,201
  N/A
  $5,671
 
Net amount at risk N/A
  $392
(6) N/A
  $408
(6)
Average attained age of contractholders N/A
  51 years
  N/A
  51 years
 
 June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
 Secondary
Guarantees
 Paid-Up
Guarantees
 Secondary
Guarantees
 Paid-Up
Guarantees
Secondary
Guarantees
Paid-Up
Guarantees
Secondary
Guarantees
Paid-Up
Guarantees
 (Dollars in millions)(Dollars in millions)
Universal and Variable Life Contracts:        Universal and Variable Life Contracts:
Total account value (1), (3) $11,841
 $2,872
 $11,937
 $2,940
Total account value (1), (3)$13,830 $2,743 $13,426 $2,808 
Net amount at risk (7) $82,915
 $14,021
 $86,221
 $14,500
Net amount at risk (7)$79,880 $13,102 $82,940 $13,557 
Average attained age of policyholders 54 years
 65 years
 53 years
 65 years
Average attained age of policyholders55 years66 years54 years65 years
__________________
(1)The Company’s annuity and life contracts with guarantees may offer more than one type of guarantee in each contract. Therefore, the amounts listed above may not be mutually exclusive.
(2)Includes amounts, which are not reported on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets, from assumed variable annuity guarantees from the Company’s former operating joint venture in Japan.
(3)Includes the contractholder’s investments in the general account and separate account, if applicable.
(4)Defined as the death benefit less the total account value, as of the balance sheet date. It represents the amount of the claim that the Company would incur if death claims were filed on all contracts on the balance sheet date and includes any additional contractual claims associated with riders purchased to assist with covering income taxes payable upon death.
(5)Defined as the amount (if any) that would be required to be added to the total account value to purchase a lifetime income stream, based on current annuity rates, equal to the minimum amount provided under the guaranteed benefit. This amount represents the Company’s potential economic exposure to such guarantees in the event all contractholders were to annuitize on the balance sheet date, even though the contracts contain terms that allow annuitization of the guaranteed amount only after the 10th anniversary of the contract, which not all contractholders have achieved.
(6)Defined as either the excess of the upper tier, adjusted for a profit margin, less the lower tier, as of the balance sheet date or the amount (if any) that would be required to be added to the total account value to purchase a lifetime income stream, based on current annuity rates, equal to the minimum amount provided under the guaranteed benefit. These amounts represent the Company’s potential economic exposure to such guarantees in the event all contractholders were to annuitize on the balance sheet date.
(7)Defined as the guarantee amount less the account value, as of the balance sheet date. It represents the amount of the claim that the Company would incur if death claims were filed on all contracts on the balance sheet date.

(1)The Company’s annuity and life contracts with guarantees may offer more than one type of guarantee in each contract. Therefore, the amounts listed above may not be mutually exclusive.
20

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
4. Insurance (continued)

(2)Includes amounts, which are not reported on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets, from assumed variable annuity guarantees from the Company’s former operating joint venture in Japan.
(3)Includes the contractholder’s investments in the general account and separate account, if applicable.
(4)Defined as the death benefit less the total account value, as of the balance sheet date. It represents the amount of the claim that the Company would incur if death claims were filed on all contracts on the balance sheet date and includes any additional contractual claims associated with riders purchased to assist with covering income taxes payable upon death.
(5)Defined as the amount (if any) that would be required to be added to the total account value to purchase a lifetime income stream, based on current annuity rates, equal to the minimum amount provided under the guaranteed benefit. This amount represents the Company’s potential economic exposure to such guarantees in the event all contractholders were to annuitize on the balance sheet date, even though the contracts contain terms that allow annuitization of the guaranteed amount only after the 10th anniversary of the contract, which not all contractholders have achieved.
(6)Defined as either the excess of the upper tier, adjusted for a profit margin, less the lower tier, as of the balance sheet date or the amount (if any) that would be required to be added to the total account value to purchase a lifetime income stream, based on current annuity rates, equal to the minimum amount provided under the guaranteed benefit. These amounts represent the Company’s potential economic exposure to such guarantees in the event all contractholders were to annuitize on the balance sheet date.
(7)Defined as the guarantee amount less the account value, as of the balance sheet date. It represents the amount of the claim that the Company would incur if death claims were filed on all contracts on the balance sheet date.
Liabilities for Unpaid Claims and Claim Expenses
Rollforward of Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses
Information regarding the liabilities for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expenses was as follows:
 Six Months
Ended
June 30,
Six Months
Ended
June 30,
 2020 201920212020
 (In millions)(In millions)
Balance, beginning of period $19,216
 $17,788
Balance, beginning of period$18,591 $19,216 
Less: Reinsurance recoverables 2,377
 2,332
Less: Reinsurance recoverables2,417 2,377 
Net balance, beginning of period 16,839
 15,456
Net balance, beginning of period16,174 16,839 
Incurred related to:    Incurred related to:
Current period 12,751
 13,521
Current period13,640 12,751 
Prior periods (1) 170
 78
Prior periods (1)802 170 
Total incurred 12,921
 13,599
Total incurred14,442 12,921 
Paid related to:    Paid related to:
Current period (8,214) (9,098)Current period(8,806)(8,214)
Prior periods (4,375) (4,034)Prior periods(5,408)(4,375)
Total paid (12,589) (13,132)Total paid(14,214)(12,589)
Reclassified to liabilities held-for-sale (2)Reclassified to liabilities held-for-sale (2)(59)
Dispositions (3)Dispositions (3)(53)
Net balance, end of period 17,171
 15,923
Net balance, end of period16,290 17,171 
Add: Reinsurance recoverables 2,519
 2,393
Add: Reinsurance recoverables2,883 2,519 
Balance, end of period (included in future policy benefits and other policy-related balances) $19,690
 $18,316
Balance, end of period (included in future policy benefits and other policy-related balances)$19,173 $19,690 
__________________
(1)For both the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, claims and claim adjustment expenses associated with prior periods increased due to events incurred in prior periods but reported in the current period.
21

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
4. Insurance (continued)
(1)For both the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, incurred claim activity and claim adjustment expenses associated with prior periods increased due to events incurred in prior periods but reported in the current period.
(2)See Note 3 for information on the pending disposition of MetLife Poland and Greece.
(3)See Note 3 for information on the Company’s business dispositions.
5. Closed Block
On April 7, 2000 (the “Demutualization Date”), Metropolitan Life Insurance Company (“MLIC”) converted from a mutual life insurance company to a stock life insurance company and became a wholly-owned subsidiary of MetLife, Inc. The conversion was pursuant to an order by the New York Superintendent of Insurance approving MLIC’s plan of reorganization, as amended (the “Plan of Reorganization”). On the Demutualization Date, MLIC established a closed block for the benefit of holders of certain individual life insurance policies of MLIC.
Experience within the closed block, in particular mortality and investment yields, as well as realized and unrealized gains and losses, directly impact the policyholder dividend obligation. Amortization of the closed block DAC, which resides outside of the closed block, is based upon cumulative actual and expected earnings within the closed block. Accordingly, the Company’s net income continues to be sensitive to the actual performance of the closed block.
Closed block assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses are combined on a line-by-line basis with the assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses outside the closed block based on the nature of the particular item.

2122

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
5. Closed Block (continued)

Information regarding the closed block liabilities and assets designated to the closed block was as follows at:
  June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
  (In millions)
Closed Block Liabilities    
Future policy benefits $39,037
 $39,379
Other policy-related balances 331
 423
Policyholder dividends payable 433
 432
Policyholder dividend obligation 2,798
 2,020
Deferred income tax liability 101
 79
Other liabilities 128
 81
Total closed block liabilities 42,828
 42,414
Assets Designated to the Closed Block    
Investments:    
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale, at estimated fair value 26,576
 25,977
Equity securities, at estimated fair value 45
 49
Contractholder-directed equity securities and fair value option securities, at estimated fair value 53
 53
Mortgage loans 6,985
 7,052
Policy loans 4,419
 4,489
Real estate and real estate joint ventures 565
 544
Other invested assets 724
 314
Total investments 39,367
 38,478
Cash and cash equivalents 111
 448
Accrued investment income 409
 419
Premiums, reinsurance and other receivables 65
 75
Current income tax recoverable 13
 91
Total assets designated to the closed block 39,965
 39,511
Excess of closed block liabilities over assets designated to the closed block 2,863
 2,903
AOCI:    
Unrealized investment gains (losses), net of income tax 3,039
 2,453
Unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives, net of income tax 257
 97
Allocated to policyholder dividend obligation, net of income tax (2,210) (1,596)
Total amounts included in AOCI 1,086
 954
Maximum future earnings to be recognized from closed block assets and liabilities $3,949
 $3,857

June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
(In millions)
Closed Block Liabilities
Future policy benefits$38,373 $38,758 
Other policy-related balances271 321 
Policyholder dividends payable340 337 
Policyholder dividend obligation2,115 2,969 
Deferred income tax liability161 130 
Other liabilities276 172 
Total closed block liabilities41,536 42,687 
Assets Designated to the Closed Block
Investments:
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale, at estimated fair value26,320 27,186 
Equity securities, at estimated fair value22 24 
Mortgage loans6,447 6,807 
Policy loans4,272 4,355 
Real estate and real estate joint ventures551 559 
Other invested assets484 468 
Total investments38,096 39,399 
Cash and cash equivalents199 
Accrued investment income386 402 
Premiums, reinsurance and other receivables52 50 
Current income tax recoverable46 28 
Total assets designated to the closed block38,779 39,879 
Excess of closed block liabilities over assets designated to the closed block2,757 2,808 
AOCI:
Unrealized investment gains (losses), net of income tax2,911 3,524 
Unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives, net of income tax47 23 
Allocated to policyholder dividend obligation, net of income tax(1,671)(2,346)
Total amounts included in AOCI1,287 1,201 
Maximum future earnings to be recognized from closed block assets and liabilities$4,044 $4,009 
Information regarding the closed block policyholder dividend obligation was as follows:
  Six Months
Ended
June 30, 2020
 Year
Ended
December 31, 2019
  (In millions)
Balance, beginning of period $2,020
 $428
Change in unrealized investment and derivative gains (losses) 778
 1,592
Balance, end of period $2,798
 $2,020


Six Months
Ended
June 30, 2021
Year
Ended
December 31, 2020
(In millions)
Balance, beginning of period$2,969 $2,020 
Change in unrealized investment and derivative gains (losses)(854)949 
Balance, end of period$2,115 $2,969 
22
23

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
5. Closed Block (continued)

Information regarding the closed block revenues and expenses was as follows:
  Three Months
Ended
June 30,
 Six Months
Ended
June 30,
  2020 2019 2020 2019
  (In millions)
Revenues        
Premiums $371
 $390
 $738
 $757
Net investment income 371
 447
 778
 875
Net investment gains (losses) 10
 (4) (9) (5)
Net derivative gains (losses) (3) 9
 23
 12
Total revenues 749
 842
 1,530
 1,639
Expenses        
Policyholder benefits and claims 589
 563
 1,139
 1,102
Policyholder dividends 217
 231
 436
 459
Other expenses 25
 28
 52
 57
Total expenses 831
 822
 1,627
 1,618
Revenues, net of expenses before provision for income tax expense (benefit) (82) 20
 (97) 21
Provision for income tax expense (benefit) (17) 4
 (20) 4
Revenues, net of expenses and provision for income tax expense (benefit) $(65) $16
 $(77) $17

Three Months
Ended
June 30,
Six Months
Ended
June 30,
2021202020212020
(In millions)
Revenues
Premiums$325 $371 $645 $738 
Net investment income382 371 775 778 
Net investment gains (losses)(11)10 (5)(9)
Net derivative gains (losses)(3)23 
Total revenues702 749 1,422 1,530 
Expenses
Policyholder benefits and claims520 589 1,066 1,139 
Policyholder dividends173 217 351 436 
Other expenses24 25 49 52 
Total expenses717 831 1,466 1,627 
Revenues, net of expenses before provision for income tax expense (benefit)(15)(82)(44)(97)
Provision for income tax expense (benefit)(3)(17)(9)(20)
Revenues, net of expenses and provision for income tax expense (benefit)$(12)$(65)$(35)$(77)
MLIC charges the closed block with federal income taxes, state and local premium taxes and other state or local taxes, as well as investment management expenses relating to the closed block as provided in the Plan of Reorganization. MLIC also charges the closed block for expenses of maintaining the policies included in the closed block.

24
23

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

6. Investments
Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale
Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale by Sector
The following table presents the fixed maturity securities AFSavailable-for-sale (“AFS”) by sector. U.S. corporate and foreign corporate sectors include redeemable preferred stock. Residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”) includes agency, prime, alternative and sub-prime mortgage-backed securities. Asset-backed securities (“ABS”) includes securities collateralized by corporate loans and consumer loans. Municipals includes taxable and tax-exempt revenue bonds and, to a much lesser extent, general obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions. Commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”) primarily includes securities collateralized by multiple commercial mortgage loans. RMBS, ABS and CMBS are, collectively, “Structured Products.” In accordance with new guidance adopted January 1, 2020 regarding expected credit loss, securities that incurred a credit loss after December 31, 2019 and were still held
June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
Amortized
Cost
Gross Unrealized (1)Estimated
Fair
Value
Amortized
Cost
Gross Unrealized (1)Estimated
Fair
Value
SectorAllowance for
Credit Loss
GainsLossesAllowance for
Credit Loss
Gains
Losses
(In millions)
U.S. corporate$80,103 $(39)$11,557 $250 $91,371 $79,788 $(44)$13,924 $252 $93,416 
Foreign government58,674 (21)6,728 751 64,630 63,243 (21)8,883 406 71,699 
Foreign corporate59,400 (32)6,690 453 65,605 60,995 (16)8,897 468 69,408 
U.S. government and agency41,292 5,599 335 46,556 39,094 8,095 89 47,100 
RMBS28,211 1,753 116 29,848 28,415 2,062 42 30,435 
ABS16,519 224 30 16,713 16,963 231 75 17,119 
Municipals11,439 2,497 13 13,923 10,982 2,746 13,722 
CMBS11,464 (7)633 41 12,049 11,331 681 102 11,910 
Total fixed maturity securities AFS$307,102 $(99)$35,681 $1,989 $340,695 $310,811 $(81)$45,519 $1,440 $354,809 
_________________
(1)Excludes gross unrealized gains (losses) related to assets held-for-sale; these unrealized gains (losses) are included in AOCI as no component of June 30, 2020, are presented net of ACL. In accordance with previous guidance, bothequity is held-for-sale. See Note 3 for information on the temporary loss and OTTI loss are presented for securities that were in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2019.
 June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
 Amortized
Cost
 ACL Gross UnrealizedEstimated
Fair
Value
 Amortized
Cost
 Gross Unrealized Estimated
Fair
Value
  
Gains
 Losses 
Gains
 Temporary
Losses
 OTTI
Losses (1)
 
 (In millions)
U.S. corporate$79,085
 $(30) $11,766
 $709
 $90,112
 $79,115
 $8,943
 $305
 $
 $87,753
Foreign government57,964
 (129) 8,260
 389
 65,706
 58,840
 8,710
 321
 
 67,229
Foreign corporate58,346
 (16) 5,765
 1,278
 62,817
 59,342
 5,540
 717
 
 64,165
U.S. government and agency37,915
 
 9,394
 22
 47,287
 37,586
 4,604
 106
 
 42,084
RMBS29,963
 (2) 1,999
 85
 31,875
 27,051
 1,535
 72
 (33) 28,547
ABS16,603
 
 127
 406
 16,324
 14,547
 83
 88
 
 14,542
Municipals11,930
 
 2,685
 4
 14,611
 11,081
 2,001
 29
 
 13,053
CMBS11,067
 
 483
 277
 11,273
 10,093
 396
 42
 
 10,447
Total fixed maturity securities AFS$302,873
 $(177) $40,479

$3,170

$340,005

$297,655

$31,812

$1,680

$(33)
$327,820

Company’s business dispositions.
__________________
(1)Noncredit OTTI losses included in AOCI in an unrealized gain position are due to increases in estimated fair value subsequent to initial recognition of noncredit loss on such securities. See also “— Net Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses).”
Maturities of Fixed Maturity Securities AFS
The amortized cost, net of ACL,allowance for credit loss (“ACL”), and estimated fair value of fixed maturity securities AFS, by contractual maturity date, were as follows at June 30, 2020:2021:
Due in One
Year or Less
Due After
One Year
Through
Five Years
Due After
Five Years
Through
Ten Years
Due After
Ten Years
Structured
Products
Total Fixed
Maturity
Securities AFS
(In millions)
Amortized cost, net of ACL$10,526 $52,424 $57,986 $129,880 $56,187 $307,003 
Estimated fair value$10,670 $55,246 $64,867 $151,302 $58,610 $340,695 
  Due in One
Year or Less
 Due After
One Year
Through
Five Years
 
Due After
Five Years
Through
Ten Years
 
Due After
Ten Years
 
Structured
Products
 
Total Fixed
Maturity
Securities AFS
  (In millions)
Amortized cost, net of ACL $15,497
 $49,042
 $56,906
 $123,620
 $57,631
 $302,696
Estimated fair value $15,676
 $51,166
 $63,218
 $150,473
 $59,472
 $340,005

Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities due to the exercise of call or prepayment options. Fixed maturity securities AFS not due at a single maturity date have been presented in the year of final contractual maturity. Structured Products are shown separately, as they are not due at a single maturity.

2425

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Investments (continued)

Continuous Gross Unrealized Losses for Fixed Maturity Securities AFS by Sector
The following table presents the estimated fair value and gross unrealized losses of fixed maturity securities AFS in an unrealized loss position without an ACL by sector and aggregated by length of time that the securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position. Included in the table below
June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
Less than 12 MonthsEqual to or Greater
than 12 Months
Less than 12 MonthsEqual to or Greater
than 12 Months
Sector & Credit QualityEstimated
Fair
Value
Gross
Unrealized
Losses (1)
Estimated
Fair
Value
Gross
Unrealized
Losses (1)
Estimated
Fair
Value
Gross
Unrealized
Losses (1)
Estimated
Fair
Value
Gross
Unrealized
Losses (1)
(Dollars in millions)
U.S. corporate$5,081 $169 $1,278 $77 $4,338 $196 $506 $50 
Foreign government8,679 409 2,751 338 6,795 305 836 100 
Foreign corporate5,915 275 1,991 178 4,856 321 1,255 147 
U.S. government and agency10,982 318 144 17 4,619 87 33 
RMBS5,353 98 442 18 1,531 27 152 14 
ABS3,105 13 1,078 16 3,428 26 2,842 49 
Municipals554 13 273 
CMBS815 14 763 27 1,887 63 612 39 
Total fixed maturity securities AFS$40,484 $1,309 $8,453 $671 $27,727 $1,031 $6,236 $401 
Investment grade$38,324 $1,225 $7,132 $548 $24,572 $829 $5,841 $350 
Below investment grade2,160 84 1,321 123 3,155 202 395 51 
Total fixed maturity securities AFS$40,484 $1,309 $8,453 $671 $27,727 $1,031 $6,236 $401 
Total number of securities in an unrealized loss position2,939 827 2,177 690 
________________
(1)Excludes gross unrealized losses related to assets held-for-sale; these unrealized losses are securities without an ACL as of June 30, 2020, in accordance with new guidance adopted January 1, 2020. Also included in AOCI as no component of equity is held-for-sale. See Note 3 for information on the table below are all securities in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2019, in accordance with previous guidance.
  June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
  Less than 12 Months 
Equal to or Greater
than 12 Months
 Less than 12 Months 
Equal to or Greater
than 12 Months
  
Estimated
Fair
Value
 
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
 
Estimated
Fair
Value
 
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
 
Estimated
Fair
Value
 
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
 
Estimated
Fair
Value
 
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
  (Dollars in millions)
U.S. corporate $9,285
 $617
 $538
 $89
 $3,817
 $107
 $2,226
 $198
Foreign government 4,420
 244
 1,259
 130
 3,295
 149
 1,490
 172
Foreign corporate 11,997
 1,021
 1,794
 254
 3,188
 133
 5,873
 584
U.S. government and agency 2,033
 21
 36
 1
 5,391
 97
 196
 9
RMBS 2,620
 69
 188
 15
 2,341
 25
 584
 14
ABS 7,191
 249
 3,127
 157
 3,692
 22
 4,843
 66
Municipals 232
 4
 
 
 1,156
 29
 1
 
CMBS 3,469
 235
 400
 42
 1,926
 16
 487
 26
Total fixed maturity securities AFS $41,247
 $2,460
 $7,342
 $688
 $24,806
 $578
 $15,700
 $1,069
Investment grade $33,735
 $1,840
 $6,372
 $549
 $22,838
 $437
 $13,813
 $821
Below investment grade 7,512
 620
 970
 139
 1,968
 141
 1,887
 248
Total fixed maturity securities AFS $41,247

$2,460

$7,342

$688

$24,806

$578

$15,700

$1,069
Total number of securities in an unrealized loss position 3,419
 
 808
 
 2,153
 
 1,411
 

Company’s business dispositions.
Evaluation of Fixed Maturity Securities AFS for Credit Loss
Evaluation and Measurement Methodologies
Management considers a wide range of factors about the security issuer and uses its best judgment in evaluating the cause of the decline in the estimated fair value of the security and in assessing the prospects for near-term recovery. Inherent in management’s evaluation of the security are assumptions and estimates about the operations of the issuer and its future earnings potential. Considerations used in the credit loss evaluation process include, but are not limited to: (i) the extent to which the estimated fair value has been below amortized cost, (ii) adverse conditions specifically related to a security, an industry sector or sub-sector, or an economically depressed geographic area, adverse change in the financial condition of the issuer of the security, changes in technology, discontinuance of a segment of the business that may affect future earnings, and changes in the quality of credit enhancement, (iii) payment structure of the security and likelihood of the issuer being able to make payments, (iv) failure of the issuer to make scheduled interest and principal payments, (v) whether the issuer, or series of issuers or an industry has suffered a catastrophic loss or has exhausted natural resources, (vi) whether the Company has the intent to sell or will more likely than not be required to sell a particular security before the decline in estimated fair value below amortized cost recovers, (vii) with respect to Structured Products, changes in forecasted cash flows after considering the changes in the financial condition of the underlying loan obligors and quality of underlying collateral, expected prepayment speeds, current and forecasted loss severity, consideration of the payment terms of the underlying assets backing a particular security, and the payment priority within the tranche structure of the security, (viii) changes in the rating of the security by a rating agency, and (ix) other subjective factors, including concentrations and information obtained from regulators.

2526

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Investments (continued)

The methodology and significant inputs used to determine the amount of credit loss are as follows:
The Company calculates the recovery value by performing a discounted cash flow analysis based on the present value of future cash flows. The discount rate is generally the effective interest rate of the security at the time of purchase for fixed-rate securities and the spot rate at the date of evaluation of credit loss for floating-rate securities.
When determining collectability and the period over which value is expected to recover, the Company applies considerations utilized in its overall credit loss evaluation process which incorporates information regarding the specific security, fundamentals of the industry and geographic area in which the security issuer operates, and overall macroeconomic conditions. Projected future cash flows are estimated using assumptions derived from management’s single best estimate, the most likely outcome in a range of possible outcomes, after giving consideration to a variety of variables that include, but are not limited to: payment terms of the security; the likelihood that the issuer can service the interest and principal payments; the quality and amount of any credit enhancements; the security’s position within the capital structure of the issuer; possible corporate restructurings or asset sales by the issuer; any private and public sector programs to restructure foreign government securities and municipals; and changes to the rating of the security or the issuer by rating agencies.
Additional considerations are made when assessing the unique features that apply to certain Structured Products including, but not limited to: the quality of underlying collateral, historical performance of the underlying loan obligors, historical rent and vacancy levels, changes in the financial condition of the underlying loan obligors, expected prepayment speeds, current and forecasted loss severity, consideration of the payment terms of the underlying loans or assets backing a particular security, changes in the quality of credit enhancement and the payment priority within the tranche structure of the security.
With respect to securities that have attributes of debt and equity (“perpetual hybrid securities”), consideration is given in the credit loss analysis as to whether there has been any deterioration in the credit of the issuer and the likelihood of recovery in value of the securities that are in a severe unrealized loss position. Consideration is also given as to whether any perpetual hybrid securities with an unrealized loss, regardless of credit rating, have deferred any dividend payments.
After the adoption of new guidance on January 1, 2020, inIn periods subsequent to the recognition of an initial ACL on a security, the Company reassesses credit loss quarterly. Subsequent increases or decreases in the expected cash flow from the security result in corresponding decreases or increases in the ACL which are recorded within net investment gains (losses); however, the previously recorded ACL is not reduced to an amount below zero. Full or partial write-offs are deducted from the ACL in the period the security, or a portion thereof, is considered uncollectible. Recoveries of amounts previously written off are recorded to the ACL in the period received. When the Company has the intent to sell the security or it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost, any ACL is written off and the amortized cost is written down to estimated fair value through a charge within net investment gains (losses), which becomes the new amortized cost of the security.
In accordance with the previous guidance, methodologies to evaluate the recoverability of a security in an unrealized loss position were similar, except: (i) the length of time estimated fair value had been below amortized cost was considered for securities, and (ii) for non-functional currency denominated securities, the impact from weakening non-functional currencies on securities that were near maturity was considered in the evaluation. In addition, measurement methodologies were similar, except: (i) a fair value floor was not utilized to limit the credit loss recognized, (ii) the amortized cost of securities was adjusted for the OTTI to the expected recoverable amount and an ACL was not utilized, (iii) subsequent to a credit loss being recognized, increases in expected cash flows from the security did not result in an immediate increase in valuation recognized in earnings through net investment gains (losses) from reduction of the ACL instead such increases in value were recorded as unrealized gains in OCI, and (iv) in periods subsequent to the recognition of OTTI on a security, the Company accounted for the impaired security as if it had been purchased on the measurement date of the impairment; accordingly, the discount (or reduced premium) based on the new cost basis was accreted over the remaining term of the security in a prospective manner based on the amount and timing of estimated future cash flows.
Evaluation of Fixed Maturity Securities AFS in an Unrealized Loss Position
Gross unrealized losses on securities without an ACL increased $1.5 billion$548 million for the six months ended June 30, 20202021 to $3.1 billion. The increase$2.0 billion primarily due to increases in gross unrealized losses for the six months ended June 30, 2020 was primarily attributable to widening credit spreads and movement in foreign currency exchangeinterest rates, partially offset by decreases in interest rates.

26

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Investments (continued)

narrowing credit spreads.
Gross unrealized losses on securities without an ACL that have been in a continuous gross unrealized loss position for 12 months or greater were $688$671 million at June 30, 2020,2021, or 22%34% of the total gross unrealized losses on securities without an ACL.
Investment Grade Fixed Maturity Securities AFS
Of the $688$671 million of gross unrealized losses on securities without an ACL that have been in a continuous gross unrealized loss position for 12 months or greater, $549$548 million, or 80%82%, were related to 655641 investment grade securities. Unrealized losses on investment grade securities are principally related to widening credit spreads since purchase and, with respect to fixed-rate securities, rising interest rates since purchase.
27

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Investments (continued)
Below Investment Grade Fixed Maturity Securities AFS
Of the $688$671 million of gross unrealized losses on securities without an ACL that have been in a continuous gross unrealized loss position for 12 months or greater, $139$123 million, or 20%18%, were related to 153186 below investment grade securities. Unrealized losses on below investment grade securities are principally related to U.S. and foreign corporate securities (primarily industrial and consumer), foreign government securities and ABSCMBS and are the result of significantly wider credit spreads resulting from higher risk premiums since purchase, largely due to economic and market uncertainty, as well as, with respect to fixed-rate securities, rising interest rates since purchase. Management evaluates U.S. corporate and foreign corporate securities based on factors such as expected cash flows, financial condition and near-term and long-term prospects of the issuers. Management evaluates foreign government securities based on factors impacting the issuers such as expected cash flows, financial condition of the issuers and any country specific economic conditions or public sector programs to restructure foreign government securities. Management evaluates ABSCMBS based on actual and projected cash flows after considering the quality of underlying collateral, credit enhancements, expected prepayment speeds, current and forecasted loss severity, the payment terms of the underlying assets backing a particular security and the payment priority within the tranche structure of the security. Management evaluates foreign government securities based on factors impacting the issuers such as expected cash flows, financial condition of the issuers and any country specific economic conditions or public sector programs to restructure foreign government securities.
Current Period Evaluation
At June 30, 2020,2021, with respect to securities in an unrealized loss position without an ACL, the Company did not intend to sell these securities, and it was not more likely than not that the Company would be required to sell these securities before the anticipated recovery of the remaining amortized cost. Based on the Company’s current evaluation of its securities in an unrealized loss position without an ACL, the Company concluded that these securities had not incurred a credit loss and should not have an ACL at June 30, 2020.2021.
Future provisions for credit loss will depend primarily on economic fundamentals, issuer performance (including changes in the present value of future cash flows expected to be collected), and changes in credit ratings and collateral valuation.
Rollforward of Allowance for Credit Loss for Fixed Maturity Securities AFS By Sector
The rollforwardof ACL for fixed maturity securities AFS by sector is as follows:
U.S.
 Corporate
Foreign
Government
Foreign
Corporate
RMBSCMBSTotal
Three Months Ended June 30, 2021(In millions)
Balance, at beginning of period$43 $21 $33 $$$104 
Additions:
ACL not previously recorded
Changes for securities with previously recorded ACL(1)(4)(1)
Securities sold or exchanged(8)(4)(12)
Securities intended/required to be sold prior to recovery of amortized cost basis
Balance, at end of period$39 $21 $32 $$$99 
Three Months Ended June 30, 2020
Balance, at beginning of period$51 $136 $$$$187 
Additions:
ACL not previously recorded16 28 
Changes for securities with previously recorded ACL(7)(4)(11)
Securities sold or exchanged(20)(6)(26)
Securities intended/required to be sold prior to recovery of amortized cost basis(1)(1)
Balance, at end of period$30 $129 $16 $$$177 
28
 
U.S.
 Corporate
 Foreign Government Foreign Corporate RMBS Total
 (In millions)
Three Months Ended June 30, 2020         
Balance, beginning of period$51
 $136
 $
 $
 $187
ACL not previously recorded7
 3
 16
 2
 28
Changes for securities with previously recorded ACL(7) (4) 
 
 (11)
Securities sold(20) (6) 
 
 (26)
Securities intended/required to be sold prior to recovery of amortized cost basis(1) 
 
 
 (1)
Balance, end of period$30
 $129
 $16
 $2
 $177

27

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Investments (continued)

U.S.
 Corporate
Foreign
Government
Foreign
Corporate
RMBSCMBSTotal
Six Months Ended June 30, 2021Six Months Ended June 30, 2021(In millions)
Balance, at beginning of periodBalance, at beginning of period$44 $21 $16 $$$81 
Additions:Additions:
ACL not previously recordedACL not previously recorded25 11 36 
Changes for securities with previously recorded ACLChanges for securities with previously recorded ACL(5)(4)(6)
Securities sold or exchangedSecurities sold or exchanged(8)(4)(12)
Securities intended/required to be sold prior to recovery of amortized cost basisSecurities intended/required to be sold prior to recovery of amortized cost basis
U.S.
Corporate
 Foreign Government Foreign Corporate RMBS Total
Balance, at end of periodBalance, at end of period$39 $21 $32 $$$99 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2020Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
Balance, at beginning of periodBalance, at beginning of period$$$$$$
Additions:Additions:
ACL not previously recordedACL not previously recorded58 139 16 215 
(In millions)
Six Months Ended June 30, 2020         
Balance, beginning of period$
 $
 $
 $
 $
ACL not previously recorded58
 139
 16
 2
 215
Changes for securities with previously recorded ACL(7) (4) 
 
 (11)Changes for securities with previously recorded ACL(7)(4)(11)
Securities sold(20) (6) 
 
 (26)
Securities sold or exchangedSecurities sold or exchanged(20)(6)(26)
Securities intended/required to be sold prior to recovery of amortized cost basis(1) 
 
 
 (1)Securities intended/required to be sold prior to recovery of amortized cost basis(1)(1)
Balance, end of period$30
 $129
 $16
 $2
 $177
Balance, at end of periodBalance, at end of period$30 $129 $16 $$$177 
Equity Securities
Equity securities include common and preferred stock which are summarized as follows at:
 June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
 
Estimated
Fair
Value
 
% of
Total
 
Estimated
Fair
Value
 
% of
Total
 
 (Dollars in millions)
Common stock$739
 66.9% $944
 70.3%
Non-redeemable preferred stock366
 33.1
 398
 29.7
Total equity securities$1,105
 100.0% $1,342
 100.0%

reported at estimated fair value, with changes in estimated fair value included in net investment gains (losses). See Note 8 for further information.
Contractholder-Directed Equity Securities and Fair Value Option Securities
As described more fully in Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2019 Annual Report, contractholder-directedContractholder-directed equity securities and FVO securities (“FVO Securities”) (collectively, “Unit-linked and FVO Securities”) include three categories of investments for which the FVO has been elected, or are otherwise required to be carried at estimated fair value.value, with changes in estimated fair value included in net income. See Note 8 for further information.
Mortgage Loans
Mortgage Loans by Portfolio Segment
Mortgage loans are summarized as follows at:
 June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
 
Carrying
Value
 % of
Total
 
Carrying
Value
 % of
Total
 (Dollars in millions)
Mortgage loans:       
Commercial$51,043
 61.6 % $49,624
 61.6 %
Agricultural17,167
 20.7
 16,695
 20.7
Residential15,060
 18.2
 14,316
 17.8
Total amortized cost83,270
 100.5
 80,635
 100.1
Allowance for credit loss(555) (0.7) (353) (0.4)
Subtotal mortgage loans, net82,715
 99.8
 80,282
 99.7
Residential — FVO175
 0.2
 188
 0.2
Total mortgage loans held-for-investment, net82,890
 100.0
 80,470
 99.9
Mortgage loans held-for-sale
 
 59
 0.1
Total mortgage loans, net$82,890
 100.0 % $80,529
 100.0 %

 June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
Portfolio SegmentCarrying
Value
% of
Total
Carrying
Value
% of
Total
(Dollars in millions)
Commercial$51,602 63.3 %$52,434 62.5 %
Agricultural18,044 22.1 18,128 21.6 
Residential12,281 15.1 13,782 16.4 
Total amortized cost81,927 100.5 84,344 100.5 
Allowance for credit loss(570)(0.7)(590)(0.7)
Subtotal mortgage loans, net81,357 99.8 83,754 99.8 
Residential — FVO140 0.2 165 0.2 
Total mortgage loans, net$81,497 100.0 %$83,919 100.0 %

The Company elects the FVO for certain residential mortgage loans that are managed on a total return basis. See Note 8 for further information.
28
29

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Investments (continued)

Information on commercial, agricultural, and residential mortgage loans is presented in the tables below. Information on residential mortgage loans - FVO is presented in Note 8. The Company elects the FVO for certain residential mortgage loans that are managed on a total return basis.
The amount of net discounts, included within total amortized cost, primarily attributable to residential mortgage loans was $973$843 million and $867$944 million at June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019,2020, respectively. The accrued interest income excluded from total amortized cost for commercial, agricultural and residential mortgage loans at June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 20192020 was $189$193 million and $188$209 million; $179$156 million and $186$174 million; and $103$100 million and $94$108 million, respectively.
Purchases of mortgage loans, consisting primarily of residential mortgage loans, were $532 million and $986 million for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively, and $417 million and $1.7 billion for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively, and $567 million and $1.9 billion for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively.
Mortgage Loan Concessions
In response to the adverse economic impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic, the Company granted concessions to certain of its commercial, agricultural and residential mortgage loan borrowers, including payment deferrals and other loan modifications.The Company has elected the option under theCoronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Actand theInteragency Statement on Loan Modifications and Reporting for Financial Institutions Working with Customers Affected by the Coronavirus (Revised)issued by bank regulatory agencies, not to account for or report qualifying concessions as troubled debt restructurings and does not classify such loans as either past due or nonaccrual during the payment deferral period.Additionally, in accordance with the FASB’s published response to a COVID-19 Pandemic technical inquiry, the Company continues to accrue interest income on such loans that have deferred payment. The Company records an allowance for credit loss on this accrued interest income.
Commercial
For some commercial mortgage loan borrowers (principally in the retail and hotel sectors), the Company granted concessions which were primarily interest and principal payment deferrals generally ranging from three to four months and, to a much lesser extent, maturity date extensions. Deferred commercial mortgage loan interest and principal payments were $64 million at June 30, 2020.
Agricultural
For some agricultural mortgage loan borrowers (principally in the annual crops and agribusiness sectors), the Company granted concessions which were primarily principal payment deferrals generally ranging from three to 12 months, and covenant changes and, to a much lesser extent, maturity date extensions. Deferred agricultural mortgage loan interest and principal payments were $9 million at June 30, 2020.
Residential
For some residential mortgage loan borrowers, the Company granted concessions which were primarily three-month interest and principal payment deferrals. Deferred residential mortgage loan interest and principal payments were $18 million at June 30, 2020.

29

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Investments (continued)

Allowance for Credit Loss Rollforward by Portfolio Segment
The changes in the ACL, by portfolio segment, were as follows:
Six Months
Ended
June 30,
Six Months
Ended
June 30,
2020 201920212020
Commercial Agricultural Residential Total Commercial Agricultural Residential TotalCommercialAgriculturalResidentialTotalCommercialAgriculturalResidentialTotal
(In millions)(In millions)
Balance, beginning of period$246
 $52
 $55
 $353
 $238
 $46
 $58
 $342
Balance, beginning of period$252 $106 $232 $590 $246 $52 $55 $353 
Adoption of new credit loss guidance(118) 35
 161
 78
 
 
 
 
Provision (release)Provision (release)22 (7)(23)(8)47 62 115 
Adoption of credit loss guidanceAdoption of credit loss guidance(118)35 161 78 
Initial credit losses on PCD loans (1)
 
 16
 16
 
 
 
 
Initial credit losses on PCD loans (1)16 16 
Provision (release)47
 6
 62
 115
 8
 2
 9
 19
Charge-offs, net of recoveries
 (2) (5) (7) 
 
 (4) (4)Charge-offs, net of recoveries(13)(1)(14)(2)(5)(7)
Balance, end of period$175

$91

$289

$555

$246

$48

$63

$357
Balance, end of period$274 $86 $210 $570 $175 $91 $289 $555 

_________________
__________________(1)Represents the initial credit losses on purchased mortgage loans accounted for as purchased financial assets with credit deterioration (“PCD”).
(1)Represents the initial credit losses on purchased mortgage loans accounted for as purchased financial assets with credit deterioration (“PCD”).
Allowance for Credit Loss Methodology
After the adoption of new guidance on January 1, 2020, theThe Company records an allowance for expected lifetime credit loss in an amount that represents the portion of the amortized cost basis of mortgage loans that the Company does not expect to collect, resulting in mortgage loans being presented at the net amount expected to be collected. In determining the Company’s ACL, management: (i) pools mortgage loans that share similar risk characteristics, (ii) considers expected lifetime credit loss expected over the contractual term of its mortgage loans adjusted for expected prepayments and any extensions, and (iii) considers past events and current economic conditions and forecasts of futureforecasted economic conditions. Each of the Company’s commercial, agricultural and residential mortgage loan portfolio segments are evaluated separately. The ACL is calculated for each mortgage loan portfolio segment based on inputs unique to each loan portfolio segment. On a quarterly basis, mortgage loans within a portfolio segment that share similar risk characteristics, such as internal risk ratings or consumer credit scores, are pooled for calculation of ACL. On an ongoing basis, mortgage loans with dissimilar risk characteristics (i.e., loans with significant declines in credit quality), collateral dependent mortgage loans (i.e., when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, including when foreclosure is reasonablereasonably possible or probable) and reasonably expected troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”) (i.e., the Company grants concessions to borrower that is experiencing financial difficulties) are evaluated individually for credit loss. The ACL for loans evaluated individually are established using the same methodologies for all three portfolio segments. For example, the ACL for a collateral dependent loan is established as the excess of amortized cost over the estimated fair value of the loan’s underlying collateral, less selling cost when foreclosure is probable. Accordingly, the change in the estimated fair value of collateral dependent loans, which are evaluated individually for credit loss, is recorded as a change in the ACL which is recorded on a quarterly basis as a charge or credit to earnings in net investment gains (losses).
In accordance with the previous guidance, evaluation and measurement methodologies in determining the ACL were similar, except: (i) credit loss was recognized when incurred (when it was probable, based on current information and events, that all amounts due under the loan agreement would not be collected), (ii) pooling of loans with similar risk characteristics was permitted, but not required, (iii) forecasts of future economic conditions were not considered in the evaluation, (iv) measurement of the expected credit loss over the contractual term, or expected term, was not considered in the measurement, and (v) the credit loss for loans evaluated individually could also be determined using either discounted cash flows using the loans original effective interest rate or observable market prices.

30

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Investments (continued)

Commercial and Agricultural Mortgage Loan Portfolio Segments
Commercial and agricultural mortgage loan ACL are calculated in a similar manner. Within each loan portfolio segment, commercial and agricultural, loans are pooled by internal risk rating. Estimated lifetime loss rates, which vary by internal risk rating, are applied to the amortized cost of each loan, excluding accrued investment income, on a quarterly basis to develop the ACL. Internal risk ratings are based on an assessment of the loan’s credit quality, which can change over time. The estimated lifetime loss rates are based on several loan portfolio segment-specific factors, including (i) the Company’s experience with defaults and loss severity, (ii) expected default and loss severity over the forecast period, (iii) current and forecasted economic conditions including growth, inflation, interest rates and unemployment levels, (iv) loan specific characteristics including loan-to-value (“LTV”) ratios, and (v) internal risk ratings. These evaluations are revised as conditions change and new information becomes available. The Company uses its several decades of historical default and loss severity experience which capture multiple economic cycles. The Company uses a forecast of economic assumptions for a two-year period for most of its commercial and agricultural mortgage loans, while a one-year period is used for loans originated in certain markets. After the applicable forecast period, the Company reverts to its historical loss experience using a straight-line basis over two years. For evaluations of commercial mortgage loans, in addition to historical experience, management considers factors that include the impact of a rapid change to the economy, which may not be reflected in the loan portfolio, recent loss and recovery trend experience as compared to historical loss and recovery experience, and loan specific characteristics including debt service coverage ratios.ratios (“DSCR”). In estimating expected lifetime credit loss expected over the term of its commercial mortgage loans, the Company adjusts for expected prepayment and extension experience during the forecast period using historical prepayment and extension experience considering the expected position in the economic cycle and the loan profile (i.e., floating rate, shorter-term fixed rate and longer-term fixed rate) and after the forecast period using long-term historical prepayment experience. For evaluations of agricultural mortgage loans, in addition to historical experience, management considers factors that include increased stress in certain sectors, which may be evidenced by higher delinquency rates, or a change in the number of higher risk loans. In estimating expected lifetime credit loss expected over the term of its agricultural mortgage loans, the Company’s experience is much less sensitive to the position in the economic cycle and by loan profile; accordingly, historical prepayment experience is used, while extension terms are not prevalent with the Company’s agricultural mortgage loans.
Commercial mortgage loans are reviewed on an ongoing basis, which review includes, but is not limited to, an analysis of the property financial statements and rent roll, lease rollover analysis, property inspections, market analysis, estimated valuations of the underlying collateral, loan-to-valueLTV ratios, debt service coverage ratiosDSCR and tenant creditworthiness. The monitoring process focuses on higher risk loans, which include those that are classified as restructured, delinquent or in foreclosure, as well as loans with higher loan-to-valueLTV ratios and lower debt service coverage ratios.DSCR. Agricultural mortgage loans are reviewed on an ongoing basis, which review includes, but is not limited to, property inspections, market analysis, estimated valuations of the underlying collateral, loan-to-valueLTV ratios and borrower creditworthiness, as well as reviews on a geographic and property-type basis. The monitoring process for agricultural mortgage loans also focuses on higher risk loans.
For commercial mortgage loans, the primary credit quality indicator is the debt service coverage ratio,DSCR, which compares a property’s net operating income to amounts needed to service the principal and interest due under the loan. Generally, the lower the debt service coverage ratio,DSCR, the higher the risk of experiencing a credit loss. The Company also reviews the loan-to-valueLTV ratio of its commercial mortgage loan portfolio. Loan-to-valueLTV ratios compare the unpaid principal balance of the loan to the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral. Generally, the higher the loan-to-valueLTV ratio, the higher the risk of experiencing a credit loss. The debt service coverage ratioDSCR and the values utilized in calculating the ratio are updated routinely. In addition, the loan-to-valueLTV ratio is routinely updated for all but the lowest risk loans as part of the Company’s ongoing review of its commercial mortgage loan portfolio.
For agricultural mortgage loans, the Company’s primary credit quality indicator is the loan-to-valueLTV ratio. The values utilized in calculating this ratio are developed in connection with the ongoing review of the agricultural mortgage loan portfolio and are routinely updated.

31

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Investments (continued)

Commitments to lend: After loans are approved, the Company makes commitments to lend and, typically, borrowers draw down on some or all of the commitments. The timing of mortgage loan funding is based on the commitment expiration dates. A liability for expected credit loss for unfunded commercial and agricultural mortgage loan commitments is recorded within net investment gains (losses). The liability is based on estimated lifetime loss rates as described above and the amount of the outstanding commitments, which for lines of credit, considers estimated utilization rates. When the commitment is funded or expires, the liability is adjusted accordingly.
31

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Investments (continued)
Residential Mortgage Loan Portfolio Segment
The Company’s residential mortgage loan portfolio is comprised primarily of purchased closed end, amortizing residential mortgage loans, including both performing loans purchased within 12 months of origination and reperforming loans purchased after they have been performing for at least 12 months post-modification. Residential mortgage loans are pooled by loan type (i.e., new origination and reperforming) and pooled by similar risk profiles (including consumer credit score and loan-to-valueLTV ratios). Estimated lifetime loss rates, which vary by loan type and risk profile, are applied to the amortized cost of each loan excluding accrued investment income on a quarterly basis to develop the ACL. The estimated lifetime loss rates are based on several factors, including (i) industry historical experience and expected results over the forecast period for defaults, (ii) loss severity, (iii) prepayment rates, (iv) current and forecasted economic conditions including growth, inflation, interest rates and unemployment levels, and (v) loan pool specific characteristics including consumer credit scores, loan-to-valueLTV ratios, payment history and home prices. These evaluations are revised as conditions change and new information becomes available. The Company uses industry historical experience which captures multiple economic cycles as the Company has purchased most of its residential mortgage loans in the last five years. The Company uses a forecast of economic assumptions for a two-year period for most of its residential mortgage loans. After the applicable forecast period, the Company immediately reverts to industry historical loss experience.
For residential mortgage loans, the Company’s primary credit quality indicator is whether the loan is performing or nonperforming. The Company generally defines nonperforming residential mortgage loans as those that are 60 or more days past due and/or in nonaccrual status which is assessed monthly. Generally, nonperforming residential mortgage loans have a higher risk of experiencing a credit loss.
Mortgage Loan Concessions
In response to the adverse economic impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic, in 2021 and 2020, the Company granted concessions to certain of its commercial, agricultural and residential mortgage loan borrowers, including payment deferrals and other loan modifications. The Company has elected the option under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 and the Interagency Statement on Loan Modifications and Reporting for Financial Institutions Working with Customers Affected by the Coronavirus (Revised) issued by bank regulatory agencies, not to account for or report qualifying concessions as TDRs and not to classify such loans as either past due or nonaccrual during the payment deferral period. Additionally, in accordance with the FASB’s published response to a COVID-19 Pandemic technical inquiry, the Company continues to accrue interest income on such loans that have deferred payment. The Company records an ACL on this accrued interest income.
Commercial
For some commercial mortgage loan borrowers (principally in the retail and hotel sectors), the Company granted concessions which were primarily interest and principal payment deferrals generally ranging from three to four months and, to a much lesser extent, maturity date extensions. Deferred commercial mortgage loan interest and principal payments were $30 million at June 30, 2021.
Agricultural
For some agricultural mortgage loan borrowers (principally in the annual crops and agribusiness sectors), the Company granted concessions which were primarily principal payment deferrals generally ranging from three to 12 months, and covenant changes and, to a much lesser extent, maturity date extensions. Deferred agricultural mortgage loan interest and principal payments were $4 million at June 30, 2021.
Residential
For some residential mortgage loan borrowers, the Company granted concessions which were primarily three-month interest and principal payment deferrals. Deferred residential mortgage loan interest and principal payments were $34 million at June 30, 2021.
32

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Investments (continued)
Credit Quality of Mortgage Loans by Portfolio Segment
The amortized cost of commercial mortgage loans by credit quality indicator and vintage year was as follows at June 30, 2020:2021:
  2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 Prior Revolving Loans Total % of Total
  (Dollars in millions)
Loan-to-value ratios:                  
Less than 65% $2,353
 $5,910
 $6,642
 $4,549
 $5,307
 $11,489
 $2,724
 $38,974
 76.4%
65% to 75% 704
 3,095
 1,896
 1,448
 767
 1,507
 
 9,417
 18.4
76% to 80% 2
 124
 
 267
 301
 185
 
 879
 1.7
Greater than 80% 24
 27
 223
 453
 133
 913
 
 1,773
 3.5
Total $3,083

$9,156

$8,761

$6,717

$6,508

$14,094

$2,724
 $51,043
 100.0%
Debt service coverage ratios:                  
> 1.20x $2,980
 $8,558
 $8,342
 $6,193
 $6,188
 $12,997
 $2,724
 $47,982
 94.0%
1.00x - 1.20x 
 82
 113
 122
 320
 902
 
 1,539
 3.0
<1.00x 103
 516
 306
 402
 
 195
 
 1,522
 3.0
Total $3,083

$9,156

$8,761

$6,717
 $6,508
 $14,094
 $2,724
 $51,043
 100.0%

Credit Quality Indicator20212020201920182017PriorRevolving
Loans
Total% of
Total
(Dollars in millions)
LTV ratios:
Less than 65%$2,289 $5,108 $4,305 $5,301 $4,069 $12,943 $1,980 $35,995 69.8 %
65% to 75%747 1,262 4,003 2,458 1,465 2,673 12,608 24.4 
76% to 80%66 40 340 66 404 503 1,419 2.7 
Greater than 80%80 249 1,239 1,580 3.1 
Total$3,110 $6,410 $8,652 $7,905 $6,187 $17,358 $1,980 $51,602 100.0 %
DSCR:
> 1.20x$2,937 $5,671 $8,214 $7,880 $5,667 $15,787 $1,980 $48,136 93.3 %
1.00x - 1.20x86 450 65 25 135 787 1,548 3.0 
<1.00x87 289 373 385 784 1,918 3.7 
Total$3,110 $6,410 $8,652 $7,905 $6,187 $17,358 $1,980 $51,602 100.0 %

32

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Investments (continued)

The amortized cost of agricultural mortgage loans by credit quality indicator and vintage year was as follows at June 30, 2020:2021:
  2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 Prior Revolving Loans Total % of Total
  (Dollars in millions)
Loan-to-value ratios:                  
Less than 65% $1,283
 $2,418
 $3,148
 $1,131
 $2,688
 $4,395
 $964
 $16,027
 93.4%
65% to 75% 66
 159
 86
 46
 177
 552
 
 1,086
 6.3
76% to 80% 
 
 
 
 
 12
 
 12
 0.1
Greater than 80% 
 
 
 
 
 42
 
 42
 0.2
Total $1,349
 $2,577
 $3,234
 $1,177
 $2,865
 $5,001
 $964
 $17,167
 100.0%

Credit Quality Indicator20212020201920182017PriorRevolving
Loans
Total% of
Total
(Dollars in millions)
LTV ratios:
Less than 65%$994 $3,079 $1,951 $2,833 $973 $5,518 $860 $16,208 89.8 %
65% to 75%234 405 175 101 52 582 100 1,649 9.1 
76% to 80%11 11 0.1 
Greater than 80%134 42 176 1.0 
Total$1,228 $3,484 $2,260 $2,934 $1,025 $6,153 $960 $18,044 100.0 %
The amortized cost of residential mortgage loans by credit quality indicator and vintage year was as follows at June 30, 2020:2021:
 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 Prior Revolving Loans Total % of Total
Credit Quality IndicatorCredit Quality Indicator20212020201920182017PriorRevolving
Loans
Total% of
Total
 (Dollars in millions)(Dollars in millions)
Performance indicators:                  Performance indicators:
Performing $562
 $3,106
 $1,293
 $449
 $257
 $8,996
 $
 $14,663
 97.4%Performing$103 $526 $1,783 $840 $378 $8,177 $$11,807 96.1 %
Nonperforming (1) 3
 11
 14
 11
 10
 348
 
 397
 2.6
Nonperforming (1)56 17 391 474 3.9 
Total $565
 $3,117
 $1,307
 $460
 $267
 $9,344
 $
 $15,060
 100.0%Total$103 $530 $1,839 $857 $384 $8,568 $$12,281 100.0 %
__________________
(1)Includes residential mortgage loans in process of foreclosure of $113 million and $118 million at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.
(1)Includes residential mortgage loans in process of foreclosure of $83 million and $103 million at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.
LTV ratios compare the unpaid principal balance of the loan to the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral. At June 30, 2021, the amortized cost of commercial and agricultural mortgage loans with an LTV ratio in excess of 100% was $668 million, or less than 1% of total commercial and agricultural mortgage loans.
Past Due and Nonaccrual Mortgage Loans
The Company has a high quality, well performing mortgage loan portfolio, with over 99% of all mortgage loans classified as performing at both June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019.2020. The Company defines delinquency consistent with industry
33

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Investments (continued)
practice, when mortgage loans are past due more than two or more months, as applicable, by portfolio segment. The past due and nonaccrual mortgage loans at amortized cost, prior to ACL, by portfolio segment, were as follows:
Past DueGreater than 90 Days Past Due
 and Still Accruing Interest
Nonaccrual
 Past Due 
Greater than 90 Days Past Due
 and Still Accruing Interest
 Nonaccrual
 June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019 June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019 June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
Portfolio SegmentPortfolio SegmentJune 30, 2021December 31, 2020June 30, 2021December 31, 2020June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
 (In millions)(In millions)
Commercial $8
 $10
 $6
 $9
 $174
 $176
Commercial$$10 $$$163 $317 
Agricultural 277
 129
 84
 7
 199
 137
Agricultural227 252 20 259 266 
Residential 397
 452
 43
 35
 354
 418
Residential474 556 64 466 534 
Total $682
 $591
 $133
 $51
 $727
 $731
Total$701 $818 $11 $91 $888 $1,117 
The amortized cost for nonaccrual commercial, agricultural and residential mortgage loans at beginning of year 20192020 was $176 million, $105$137 million and $436$418 million, respectively. The amortized cost for nonaccrual commercial mortgage loans with no ACL was $0 and $168 million at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. The amortized cost for nonaccrual agricultural mortgage loans with no ACL was $144$192 million and $93$178 million at June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019,2020, respectively. There were 0 nonaccrual commercial or residential mortgage loans without an ACL at either June 30, 20202021 or December 31, 2019.2020.
Purchased Investments with Credit Deterioration
Investments that, as of the date of acquisition, have experienced a more-than-insignificant deterioration in credit quality since origination are classified as PCD. The amortized cost for PCD investments is the purchase price plus an ACL for the initial estimate of expected credit losses established upon purchase. Subsequent changes in the ACL on PCD investments are recorded through credit loss expense. The non-credit discount or premium is accreted or amortized to net investment income on an effective yield basis.


33

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Investments (continued)

The following table reconciles the contractual principal to the purchase price of PCD investments:
  Six Months
Ended
June 30, 2020
  Contractual Principal ACL at Acquisition Non-Credit (Discount) Premium Purchase Price
  (In millions)
PCD residential mortgage loans $512
 $(16) $(18) $478

Real Estate and Real Estate Joint Ventures
The Company’s real estate investment portfolio is diversified by property type, geography and income stream, including income from operating leases, operating income and equity in earnings from equity method real estate joint ventures. Real estate investments, by income type, as well as income earned, arewere as follows at and for the periods indicated:
 June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019 Three Months
Ended
June 30,
 Six Months
Ended
June 30,
   2020 2019 2020 2019
 Carrying Value Income
 (In millions)
Leased real estate investments$5,182
 $4,893
 $101
 $90
 $207
 $182
Other real estate investments417
 420
 24
 56
 59
 90
Real estate joint ventures5,925
 5,428
 (23) 33
 1
 37
Total real estate and real estate joint ventures$11,524
 $10,741
 $102
 $179
 $267
 $309

 June 30, 2021December 31, 2020Three Months
Ended
June 30,
Six Months
Ended
June 30,
 2021202020212020
Income TypeCarrying ValueIncome
(In millions)
Leased real estate investments$5,245 $5,450 $108 $101 $219 $207 
Other real estate investments440 419 44 24 86 59 
Real estate joint ventures6,216 6,064 53 (23)76 
Total real estate and real estate joint ventures$11,901 $11,933 $205 $102 $381 $267 
The carrying value of real estate investments acquired through foreclosure was $27$185 million and $36$20 million at June 30,2020 2021 andDecember 31, 2019,2020, respectively. Depreciation expense on real estate investments was $31 million and $59$61 million for the three months and six months endedJune 30, 2020, respectively, and $25 million and $48 millionfor thethree months and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively. Real estate investments were net of accumulated depreciation of $1.0 billion2021, respectively, and $957$31 million at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.
As a result of the COVID-19 Pandemic, earnings from certain of the Company’s equity method real estate joint ventures were reduced$59 million for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2020, principally hotel properties. Certainrespectively. Real estate investments were net of these real estate joint ventures have granted some lessees COVID-19 Pandemic-related lease concessions. See— Leases —Lease Concessions.”accumulated depreciation of $917 million and $1.1 billion at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.
Leases
Leased Real Estate Investments - Operating Leases
The Company, as lessor, leases investment real estate, principally commercial real estate for office and retail use, through a variety of operating lease arrangements, which typically include tenant reimbursement for property operating costs and options to renew or extend the lease. In some circumstances, leases may include an option for the lessee to purchase the property. In addition, certain leases of retail space may stipulate that a portion of the income earned is contingent upon the level of the tenants’ revenues. The Company has elected a practical expedient of not separating non-lease components related to reimbursement of property operating costs from associated lease components. These property operating costs have the same timing and pattern of transfer as the related lease component, because they are incurred over the same period of time as the operating lease. Therefore, the combined component is accounted for as a single operating lease. Risk is managed through lessee credit analysis, property type diversification, and geographic diversification.
SeeNote 8of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2019 Annual Report for a summary of leased real estate investments and income earned, by property type.

34

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Investments (continued)

See Note 8 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report for a summary of leased real estate investments and income earned, by property type.
Leveraged and Direct Financing Leases
The Company has diversified leveraged lease and direct financing lease portfolios. Its leveraged leases principally include renewable energy generation facilities, rail cars, commercial real estate and commercial aircraft, and its direct financing leases principally include commercial real estate. These assets are leased through a variety of lease arrangements, which may include options to renew or extend the lease and options for the lessee to purchase the property. Residual values are estimated using available third-party data at inception of the lease. Risk is managed through lessee credit analysis, asset allocation, geographic diversification, and ongoing reviews of estimated residual values, using available third-party data and, in certain leases, linking the amount of future rental receipts to changes in inflation rates. Generally, estimated residual values are not guaranteed by the lessee or a third party.third-party.
Lease receivables are generally due in periodic installments. The payment periods for leveraged leases generally range from one to 1211 years, but in certain circumstances can be over 1211 years, while the payment periods for direct financing leases generally range from one to 25 years but in certain circumstances can be over 25 years.
In accordance with new guidance adopted January 1, 2020 regarding expected credit loss, theThe Company records an allowance for expected lifetime credit loss in an amount that represents the portion of the investment in leases that the Company does not expect to collect, resulting in the investment in leases being presented at the net amount expected to be collected. In determining the ACL, management: (i) pools leases that share similar risk characteristics, (ii) considers expected lifetime credit loss expected over the contractual term of the lease, and (iii) considers past events and current economic conditions and forecasts of futureforecasted economic conditions. Leases with dissimilar risk characteristics are evaluated individually for credit loss. LifetimeExpected lifetime credit loss on leveraged lease receivables is estimated using a probability of default and loss given default model, where the probability of default incorporates third partythird-party credit ratings of the lessee and the related historical default data. Direct financing leases principally relate to leases of commercial real estate; accordingly, expected lifetime credit loss is estimated on such lease receivables consistent with the methodology for commercial mortgage loans (see “— Mortgage Loans — Allowance for Credit Loss Methodology”). The Company also assesses the non-guaranteed residual values for recoverability by comparison to the current estimated fair value of the leased asset and considers other relevant market information such as independent third-party forecasts, consulting, asset brokerage and investment banking reports and data, comparable market transactions, and factors such as the competitive dynamics impacting specific industries, technological change and obsolescence, government and regulatory rules, tax policy, potential environmental liabilities and litigation.
Prior to the adoption of the new guidance regarding expected credit loss, lease impairment losses were recorded as incurred. Under the incurred loss model, if all amounts due under the lease agreement would not be collected based on current information and events, an impairment loss was recorded. The impairment loss was recorded as a reduction of the investment in lease and within net investment gains (losses).
The investment in leveraged and direct financing leases, net of ACL, was $888$796 million and $1.2$1.3 billion, respectively, at June 30, 2021 and $816 million and $1.3 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2020. The ACL for leveraged and direct financing leases was $68$42 million and $44 million at June 30, 2020. The investment in leveraged2021 and direct financing leases was $1.1 billion and $1.2 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2019.2020, respectively.
Lease Concessions
In response to the adverse economic impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic, the Company granted concessions to certain of its lessees (operating and direct financing leases), primarily in the form of rent deferrals. In accordance with a Question and Answer document issued by the FASB in response to the COVID-19 Pandemic, the Company has elected not to evaluate whether such lease concessions are lease modifications, continues to accrue income on such leases and records rent receivables on real estate operating leases. The rent deferrals generally range from one to six months for operating leases and three to six months for commercial real estate direct financing leases. Deferred rental payments for both operating and direct financing leases were $11 million at June 30, 2020. The Company has interests in certain unconsolidated real estate joint ventures which have granted COVID-19 Pandemic-related lease concessions.
Cash Equivalents
The carrying value of cash equivalents, which includes securities and other investments with an original or remaining maturity of three months or less at the time of purchase, was $12.3$13.4 billion and $8.6$9.7 billion at June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019,2020, respectively.

35

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Investments (continued)

Net Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses)
Unrealized investment gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities AFS and derivatives and the effect on policyholder liabilities, DAC, VOBA and deferred sales inducements (“DSI”), future policy benefits and the policyholder dividend obligation, that would result from the realization of the unrealized gains (losses), are included in net unrealized investment gains (losses) in AOCI.
The components of net unrealized investment gains (losses), included in AOCI, were as follows:
  June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
  (In millions)
Fixed maturity securities AFS $37,287
 $30,050
Fixed maturity securities AFS with noncredit OTTI losses included in AOCI 
 33
Total fixed maturity securities AFS 37,287
 30,083
Derivatives 5,357
 2,209
Other 442
 310
Subtotal 43,086
 32,602
Amounts allocated from:    
Future policy benefits (2,218) (1,019)
DAC, VOBA and DSI (3,670) (2,716)
Policyholder dividend obligation (2,798) (2,020)
Subtotal (8,686) (5,755)
Deferred income tax benefit (expense) related to noncredit OTTI losses recognized in AOCI 
 (4)
Deferred income tax benefit (expense) (8,469) (6,846)
Net unrealized investment gains (losses) 25,931
 19,997
Net unrealized investment gains (losses) attributable to noncontrolling interests (18) (16)
Net unrealized investment gains (losses) attributable to MetLife, Inc. $25,913
 $19,981

June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
(In millions)
Fixed maturity securities AFS$33,813 $44,415 
Derivatives1,353 1,924 
Other233 267 
Subtotal35,399 46,606 
Amounts allocated from:
Policyholder liabilities(6,862)(10,797)
DAC, VOBA and DSI(3,451)(4,050)
Subtotal(10,313)(14,847)
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)(6,456)(8,009)
Net unrealized investment gains (losses)18,630 23,750 
Net unrealized investment gains (losses) attributable to noncontrolling interests(22)(20)
Net unrealized investment gains (losses) attributable to MetLife, Inc.$18,608 $23,730 
The changes in net unrealized investment gains (losses) were as follows:
 Six Months
Ended
June 30, 2020
 (In millions)
Balance, beginning of period$19,981
Fixed maturity securities AFS on which noncredit OTTI losses have been recognized(33)
Unrealized investment gains (losses) during the period10,517
Unrealized investment gains (losses) relating to: 
Future policy benefits(1,199)
DAC, VOBA and DSI(954)
Policyholder dividend obligation(778)
Deferred income tax benefit (expense) related to noncredit OTTI losses recognized in AOCI4
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)(1,623)
Net unrealized investment gains (losses)25,915
Net unrealized investment gains (losses) attributable to noncontrolling interests(2)
Balance, end of period$25,913
Change in net unrealized investment gains (losses)$5,934
Change in net unrealized investment gains (losses) attributable to noncontrolling interests(2)
Change in net unrealized investment gains (losses) attributable to MetLife, Inc.$5,932
Six Months
Ended
June 30, 2021
(In millions)
Balance, beginning of period$23,730 
Unrealized investment gains (losses) during the period(11,207)
Unrealized investment gains (losses) relating to:
Policyholder liabilities3,935 
DAC, VOBA and DSI599 
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)1,553 
Net unrealized investment gains (losses)18,610 
Net unrealized investment gains (losses) attributable to noncontrolling interests(2)
Balance, end of period$18,608 
Change in net unrealized investment gains (losses)$(5,120)
Change in net unrealized investment gains (losses) attributable to noncontrolling interests(2)
Change in net unrealized investment gains (losses) attributable to MetLife, Inc.$(5,122)

36

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Investments (continued)

Concentrations of Credit Risk
Investments in any counterparty that were greater than 10% of the Company’s equity, other than the U.S. government and its agencies, at estimated fair value at June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019,2020, were in fixed income securities of the Japanese government and its agencies of $33.4$33.8 billion and $33.7$35.8 billion, respectively, and in fixed income securities of the South Korean government and its agencies of $7.3$7.4 billion and $7.3$8.0 billion, respectively.
Securities Lending, Repurchase Agreements and Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston Advance Agreements
Securities, Collateral and Reinvestment Portfolio
A summary of the outstanding securities lending, repurchase agreements and Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) of Boston short-term advance agreements is as follows:
35
 June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
 Securities (1)     Securities (1)    
 
Estimated
Fair Value
 
Cash Collateral
Received from
Counterparties
(2), (3)
 
Reinvestment
Portfolio at
Estimated Fair
Value
 
Estimated
Fair Value
 
Cash Collateral
Received from
Counterparties
(2), (3)
 
Reinvestment
Portfolio at
Estimated Fair
Value
 (In millions)
Securities lending$18,987
 $19,456
 $19,572
 $16,926
 $17,369
 $17,451
Repurchase agreements$3,244
 $3,200
 $3,216
 $2,333
 $2,310
 $2,320
FHLB of Boston advance agreements$1,119
 $800
 $833
 $1,083
 $800
 $843
__________________
(1)Securities on loan or securities pledged in connection with these programs are included within fixed maturity securities AFS, short-term investments and cash equivalents.
(2)In connection with securities lending and repurchase agreements, in addition to cash collateral received, the Company received from counterparties security collateral of $25 million and $0 at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, which is not reflected on the consolidated financial statements.
(3)The liability for cash collateral for these programs is included within payables for collateral under securities loaned, other transactions and other liabilities.

37

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Investments (continued)

Securities Lending and Repurchase Agreements
Securities, Collateral and Reinvestment Portfolio
A summary of the outstanding securities lending and repurchase agreements is as follows:
June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
Securities (1)Securities (1)
Agreement TypeEstimated
Fair Value
Cash Collateral
Received from
Counterparties
(2), (3)
Reinvestment
Portfolio at
Estimated Fair
Value
Estimated
Fair Value
Cash Collateral
Received from
Counterparties
(2), (3)
Reinvestment
Portfolio at
Estimated Fair
Value
(In millions)
Securities lending$20,110 $20,480 $20,573 $18,262 $18,628 $18,884 
Repurchase agreements$3,551 $3,460 $3,497 $3,276 $3,210 $3,251 
__________________
(1)Securities on loan in connection with these programs are included within fixed maturity securities AFS and short-term investments.
(2)In connection with securities lending and repurchase agreements, in addition to cash collateral received, the Company received from counterparties non-cash security collateral of $31 million and $1 million at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, which is not reflected on the interim condensed consolidated financial statements.
(3)The liability for cash collateral for these programs is included within payables for collateral under securities loaned and other transactions and other liabilities.
Contractual Maturities
A summary of the remaining contractual maturities of securities lending repurchase agreements and FHLB of Boston short-term advancerepurchase agreements is as follows:
June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019Remaining MaturitiesRemaining Maturities
Remaining Maturities   Remaining Maturities  
Open (1) 
1 Month
or Less
 
Over
 1 to 6
Months
 Over 6 Months to 1 Year Total Open (1) 
1 Month
or Less
 
Over
1 to 6
Months
 Over 6 Months to 1 Year Total
Security TypeSecurity TypeOpen (1)1 Month
or Less
Over 1 Month
 to 6
Months
Over 6
Months
to 1 Year
TotalOpen (1)1 Month
or Less
Over 1 Month
 to 6
Months
Over 6
Months
to 1 Year
Total
(In millions)(In millions)
Cash collateral liability by loaned security type:                   Cash collateral liability by loaned security type:
Securities lending:                   Securities lending:
U.S. government and agency$4,574
 $9,723
 $3,988
 $
 $18,285
 $2,928
 $6,676
 $6,663
 $
 $16,267
U.S. government and agency$5,063 $7,818 $6,446 $$19,327 $2,946 $10,553 $4,009 $$17,508 
Foreign government
 202
 890
 
 1,092
 
 259
 767
 
 1,026
Foreign government296 731 1,027 291 826 1,117 
Agency RMBS
 70
 
 
 70
 
 76
 
 
 76
Agency RMBS124 124 
U.S. corporate9
 
 
 
 9
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. corporate
MunicipalsMunicipals
Total$4,583
 $9,995
 $4,878
 $
 $19,456
 $2,928
 $7,011
 $7,430
 $
 $17,369
Total$5,065 $8,114 $7,301 $$20,480 $2,949 $10,844 $4,835 $$18,628 
                   
Repurchase agreements:                   Repurchase agreements:
U.S. government and agency$
 $3,200
 $
 $
 $3,200
 $
 $2,310
 $
 $
 $2,310
U.S. government and agency$$3,460 $$$3,460 $$3,210 $$$3,210 
Cash collateral liability by pledged security type: (2)                   
FHLB of Boston:                   
Municipals$
 $250
 $550
 $
 $800
 $
 $250
 $475
 $75
 $800
__________________
(1)The related loaned security could be returned to the Company on the next business day, which would require the Company to immediately return the cash collateral.
(2)The Company is permitted to withdraw any portion of the pledged collateral over the minimum collateral requirement at any time, other than in the event of a default by the Company.
(1)The related loaned security could be returned to the Company on the next business day, which would require the Company to immediately return the cash collateral.
If the Company is required to return significant amounts of cash collateral on short notice and is forced to sell securities to meet the return obligation, it may have difficulty selling such collateral that is invested in securities in a timely manner, be forced to sell securities in a volatile or illiquid market for less than what otherwise would have been realized under normal market conditions, or both.
36

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Investments (continued)
The securities lending repurchase agreements and FHLB of Boston short-term advancerepurchase agreements reinvestment portfolios consist principally of high quality, liquid, publicly-traded fixed maturity securities AFS, short-term investments, cash equivalents or cash. If the securities on loan securities pledged or the reinvestment portfolio become less liquid, liquidity resources within the general account are available to meet any potential cash demands when securities on loan or securities pledged are put back by the counterparty.

38

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Investments (continued)

Invested Assets on Deposit, Held in Trust and Pledged as Collateral
Invested assets on deposit, held in trust and pledged as collateral are presented below at estimated fair value for all asset classes, except mortgage loans, which are presented at carrying value at:
 June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
 (In millions)(In millions)
Invested assets on deposit (regulatory deposits) $1,856
 $2,034
Invested assets on deposit (regulatory deposits)$1,892 $1,933 
Invested assets held in trust (collateral financing arrangement and reinsurance agreements) 3,233
 2,991
Invested assets pledged as collateral (1) 27,765
 24,493
Invested assets held in trust (external reinsurance agreements) (1)Invested assets held in trust (external reinsurance agreements) (1)1,107 1,124 
Invested assets pledged as collateral (2)Invested assets pledged as collateral (2)25,752 25,884 
Total invested assets on deposit, held in trust and pledged as collateral $32,854

$29,518
Total invested assets on deposit, held in trust and pledged as collateral$28,751 $28,941 
__________________
(1)The Company has pledged invested assets in connection with various agreements and transactions, including funding agreements, secured debt, a collateral financing arrangement (see Notes 4, 13 and 14 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2019 Annual Report) and derivative transactions (see Note 7).
(1)    Represents assets held in trust related to third-party reinsurance agreements. Excludes assets held in trust of $2.1 billion and $2.4 billion related to reinsurance agreements between wholly-owned subsidiaries as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.
(2)     The Company has pledged invested assets in connection with various agreements and transactions, including funding agreements, secured debt, a collateral financing arrangement (see Notes 4, 13 and 14 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report) and derivative transactions (see Note 7).
See “— Securities Lending Repurchase Agreements and Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston AdvanceRepurchase Agreements” for information regarding securities supporting securities lending and repurchase agreement transactions and FHLB of Boston short-term advance agreements and Note 5 for information regarding investments designated to the closed block. In addition, the Company’s investment in FHLBFederal Home Loan Bank common stock, which is considered restricted until redeemed by the issuers, was $848$791 million and $809$814 million, at redemption value, atJune 30,2020 2021 andDecember 31, 2019,2020, respectively.
Variable Interest Entities
The Company has invested in legal entities that are VIEs. In certain instances, the Company holds both the power to direct the most significant activities of the entity, as well as an economic interest in the entity and, as such, is deemed to be the primary beneficiary or consolidator of the entity. The determination of the VIE’s primary beneficiary requires an evaluation of the contractual and implied rights and obligations associated with each party’s relationship with or involvement in the entity, an estimate of the entity’s expected losses and expected residual returns and the allocation of such estimates to each party involved in the entity.
Consolidated VIEs
Creditors or beneficial interest holders of VIEs where the Company is the primary beneficiary have no recourse to the general credit of the Company, as the Company’s obligation to the VIEs is limited to the amount of its committed investment.
37

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Investments (continued)
The following table presents the total assets and total liabilities relating to investment-related VIEs for which the Company has concluded that it is the primary beneficiary and which are consolidated at:
  June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
  Total
Assets (1)
 Total
Liabilities
 Total
Assets (1)
 Total
Liabilities
  (In millions)
Investment funds $218
 $1
 $207
 $1
Renewable energy partnership 91
 
 94
 
Other investments 12
 5
 10
 5
Total $321

$6

$311

$6
June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
Asset TypeTotal
Assets
Total
Liabilities
Total
Assets
Total
Liabilities
(In millions)
Investment funds (1)$319 $10 $258 $
Renewable energy partnership (1)82 87 
Other investments (2)
Total$403 $10 $349 $
__________________
(1)Assets of the investment funds, renewable energy partnership and other investments primarily consisted of other invested assets.

(1)Assets of the investment funds and renewable energy partnership primarily consisted of other invested assets.
39

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Investments (continued)

Unconsolidated VIEs
The carrying amount and maximum exposure to loss relating to VIEs in which the Company holds a significant variable interest but is not the primary beneficiary and which have not been consolidated were as follows at:
June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
Asset TypeAsset TypeCarrying
Amount
Maximum
Exposure
to Loss (1)
Carrying
Amount
Maximum
Exposure
to Loss (1)
(In millions)
Fixed maturity securities AFS (2)Fixed maturity securities AFS (2)$60,152 $60,152 $60,115 $60,115 
 June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
 Carrying
Amount
 Maximum
Exposure
to Loss (1)
 Carrying
Amount
 Maximum
Exposure
to Loss (1)
 (In millions)
Fixed maturity securities AFS:        
Structured Products (2) $57,150
 $57,150
 $51,962
 $51,962
U.S. and foreign corporate 2,036
 2,036
 1,764
 1,764
Foreign government 134
 134
 136
 136
Other limited partnership interests 6,770
 13,431
 6,674
 12,016
Other limited partnership interests10,766 17,029 8,355 14,911 
Other invested assets 1,388
 1,491
 1,495
 1,621
Other invested assets1,217 1,293 1,320 1,404 
Other investments 537
 584
 450
 497
Other investments660 663 619 639 
Total $68,015

$74,826

$62,481

$67,996
Total$72,795 $79,137 $70,409 $77,069 
__________________
(1)The maximum exposure to loss relating to fixed maturity securities AFS is equal to their carrying amounts or the carrying amounts of retained interests. The maximum exposure to loss relating to other limited partnership interests is equal to the carrying amounts plus any unfunded commitments. For certain of its investments in other invested assets, the Company’s return is in the form of income tax credits which are guaranteed by creditworthy third parties. For such investments, the maximum exposure to loss is equal to the carrying amounts plus any unfunded commitments, reduced by income tax credits guaranteed by third parties of $5 million and $6 million at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. Such a maximum loss would be expected to occur only upon bankruptcy of the issuer or investee.
(2)For these variable interests, the Company’s involvement is limited to that of a passive investor in mortgage-backed or asset-backed securities issued by trusts that do not have substantial equity.
(1)The maximum exposure to loss relating to fixed maturity securities AFS is equal to their carrying amounts or the carrying amounts of retained interests. The maximum exposure to loss relating to other limited partnership interests is equal to the carrying amounts plus any unfunded commitments. For certain of its investments in other invested assets, the Company’s return is in the form of income tax credits which are guaranteed by creditworthy third-parties. For such investments, the maximum exposure to loss is equal to the carrying amounts plus any unfunded commitments, reduced by income tax credits guaranteed by third parties of $3 million at both June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020. Such a maximum loss would be expected to occur only upon bankruptcy of the issuer or investee.
(2)For variable interests in Structured Products included within fixed maturity securities AFS, the Company’s involvement is limited to that of a passive investor in mortgage-backed or asset-backed securities issued by trusts that do not have substantial equity.
As described in Note 15, the Company makes commitments to fund partnership investments in the normal course of business. Excluding these commitments, the Company did not provide financial or other support to investees designated as VIEs for either the six months ended June 30, 20202021 or 2019.
The Company securitizes certain residential mortgage loans and acquires an interest in the related RMBS issued. While the Company has a variable interest in the issuer of the securities, it is not the primary beneficiary of the issuer of the securities since it does not have any rights to remove the servicer or veto rights over the servicer’s actions. The estimated fair value of the related RMBS acquired in connection with the securitizations is included in the carrying amount and maximum exposure to loss for Structured Products presented in the table above. For both the three months and six months ended June 30, 2019, the carrying value and the estimated fair value of residential mortgage loans securitized were $443 million and $467 million, respectively, resulting in a gain of $24 million which is included within net investment gains (losses). The estimated fair value of RMBS acquired in connection with the securitizations was $133 million at June 30, 2019. See Note 8 for information on how the estimated fair value of mortgage loans and RMBS is determined, the valuation approaches and key inputs, their placement in the fair value hierarchy and, for certain RMBS, quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs and the sensitivity of their estimated fair value to changes in those inputs.

2020.
40
38

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Investments (continued)

Net Investment Income
The components of net investment income were as follows:
Three Months
Ended
June 30,
Six Months
Ended
June 30,
Asset TypeAsset Type2021202020212020
 Three Months
Ended
June 30,
 Six Months
Ended
June 30,
(In millions)
 2020 2019 2020 2019
 (In millions)
Investment income:        
Fixed maturity securities AFS $2,787
 $3,024
 $5,662
 $5,963
Fixed maturity securities AFS$2,739 $2,787 $5,492 $5,662 
Equity securities 11
 15
 25
 32
Equity securities11 20 25 
FVO Securities (1) 114
 38
 36
 93
FVO Securities (1)50 114 86 36 
Mortgage loans 862
 943
 1,746
 1,855
Mortgage loans885 862 1,748 1,746 
Policy loans 124
 129
 250
 257
Policy loans120 124 241 250 
Real estate and real estate joint ventures 102
 179
 267
 309
Real estate and real estate joint ventures205 102 381 267 
Other limited partnership interests (607) 243
 (287) 366
Other limited partnership interests1,047 (607)2,329 (287)
Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments 52
 113
 144
 241
Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments24 52 49 144 
Operating joint ventures 31
 38
 56
 56
Operating joint ventures15 31 38 56 
Other 29
 71
 131
 149
Other40 29 94 131 
Subtotal 3,505
 4,793
 8,030
 9,321
Subtotal investment incomeSubtotal investment income5,134 3,505 10,478 8,030 
Less: Investment expenses 236
 361
 560
 717
Less: Investment expenses232 236 469 560 
Subtotal, net 3,269
 4,432
 7,470
 8,604
Subtotal, net4,902 3,269 10,009 7,470 
Unit-linked investments (1) 818
 261
 (322) 997
Unit-linked investments (1)378 818 585 (322)
Net investment income $4,087
 $4,693
 $7,148
 $9,601
Net investment income$5,280 $4,087 $10,594 $7,148 
__________________
(1)
Changes in estimated fair value subsequent to purchase for investments
(1)Changes in estimated fair value subsequent to purchase of FVO Securities and contractholder-directed equity securities supporting unit-linked variable annuity type liabilities (“Unit-linked investments”) still held as of the end of the respective periods and included in net investment income were $347 million and $549 million for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively, and $766 million and ($322) million for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively.
Net investment income from equity method investments, comprised of the end of the respective periods and included in net investment income were principally from contractholder-directed equity securities supporting unit-linked variable annuity type liabilities (“Unit-linked investments”), and were $766 million and ($322) million for the three monthsandsix months endedJune 30, 2020, respectively, and $149 million and $757 million for the three monthsandsix months endedJune 30, 2019, respectively.
The Company invests in real estate joint ventures, other limited partnership interests, and tax credit and renewable energy partnerships and also does business through certain operating joint ventures, totaled $1.0 billion and $2.3 billion for the majority of which are accounted for under the equity method. Net investment income (loss) from such investments totaledthree months and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively, and ($688) million and ($365) million for the three monthsand six months endedJune 30, 2020, respectively and $241 million and $330 million for the three months and six months endedJune 30, 2019, respectively..

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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Investments (continued)

Net Investment Gains (Losses)
Components of Net Investment Gains (Losses)
The components of net investment gains (losses) were as follows:
  Three Months
Ended
June 30,
 Six Months
Ended
June 30,
  2020 2019 2020 2019
  (In millions)
Total gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities AFS:        
Net credit loss (provision) release (1) $(8) $
 $(223) $(10)
Net gains (losses) on sales and disposals 158
 138
 377
 124
Total gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities AFS 150
 138
 154
 114
Total gains (losses) on equity securities:        
Net gains (losses) on sales and disposals 3
 4
 11
 47
Change in estimated fair value (2) 69
 (6) (223) 58
Total gains (losses) on equity securities 72
 (2) (212) 105
Mortgage loans (80) 14
 (143) (1)
Real estate and real estate joint ventures 2
 1
 3
 6
Other limited partnership interests 1
 
 5
 
Other (3), (4) 97
 (42) 122
 (110)
Subtotal 242
 109
 (71) 114
Change in estimated fair value of other limited partnership interests and real estate joint ventures (13) 3
 (12) (12)
Non-investment portfolio gains (losses) 2
 (51) 26
 (26)
Subtotal (11) (48) 14
 (38)
Total net investment gains (losses) $231
 $61
 $(57) $76

Three Months
Ended
June 30,
Six Months
Ended
June 30,
Asset Type2021202020212020
(In millions)
Fixed maturity securities AFS$$150 $(62)$154 
Equity securities (1)55 72 130 (212)
FVO Securities(4)(3)
Mortgage loans(2)(80)58 (143)
Real estate and real estate joint ventures368 416 
Other limited partnership interests(8)(13)
Other (2), (3)22 101 42 125 
Subtotal441 242 575 (71)
Change in estimated fair value of other limited partnership interests and real estate joint ventures(13)14 (12)
Non-investment portfolio gains (losses) (4)1,159 1,150 26 
Subtotal1,164 (11)1,164 14 
Total net investment gains (losses)$1,605 $231 $1,739 $(57)
__________________
(1)
Net credit loss provision by sector for industrial corporate securities and RMBSfor the six months endedJune 30, 2019were$8 millionand$2 million, respectively. See “— Rollforward of Allowance for Credit Loss for Fixed Maturity Securities AFS By Sector.” Due to the adoption of new guidance on January 1, 2020, prior period OTTI loss is presented as credit loss.
(2)
Changes in estimated fair value subsequent to purchase for equity securities still held as of the end of the period included in net investment gains (losses) were $63 million and ($193) million for the three months and six months endedJune 30,2020, respectively, and ($1) millionand$92 million for the three months and six months endedJune 30, 2019, respectively.
(3)
Other gains (losses) included a leveraged lease gain of $81 million for both the three months and six months endedJune 30,2020and a de-designated cash flow hedge gain of$43 million and $55 million for the three months and six months endedJune 30,2020, respectively.
(4)
Other gains (losses) for thethree months and six months endedJune 30, 2019 included tax credit partnership impairment losses of $14 million and $92 million, respectively, and a renewable energy partnership disposal gain of $46 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019.
(1)Changes in estimated fair value subsequent to purchase for equity securities still held as of the end of the periods included in net investment gains (losses) were $50 million and $113 million for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively, and $63 million and ($193) million for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively.
(2)Other gains (losses) included de-designated cash flow hedge gains of $19 million and $48 million for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively, and $43 million and $55 million for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively.
(3)Other gains (losses) included a leveraged lease gain of $81 million for both the three months and six months ended June 30, 2020.
(4)See Note 3 for information on the Company’s business dispositions.
Gains (losses) from foreign currency transactions included within net investment gains (losses) were $10 million and $19 million for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively, and $19 million and $70 million for thethree months and six months endedJune 30,2020, respectively, and $25 millionand$39 million for thethree months and six months endedJune 30, 2019,2020, respectively.

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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Investments (continued)

Fixed Maturity Securities AFS - Sales and Disposals and Credit Loss
Sales of securities are determined on a specific identification basis. Proceeds from sales or disposals and the components of net investment gains (losses) were as shown in the table below:
  Three Months
Ended
June 30,
 Six Months
Ended
June 30,
  2020 2019 2020 2019
  (In millions)
Proceeds $9,981
 $13,895
 $22,070
 $29,720
Gross investment gains $424
 $262
 $761
 $467
Gross investment losses (266) (124) (384) (343)
Net credit loss (provision) release (8) 
 (223) (10)
Net investment gains (losses) $150
 $138
 $154
 $114

Three Months
Ended
June 30,
Six Months
Ended
June 30,
2021202020212020
(In millions)
Proceeds$10,923 $9,981 $26,563 $22,070 
Gross investment gains$145 $424 $363 $761 
Gross investment (losses)(132)(266)(391)(384)
Net credit loss (provision) release(8)(8)(34)(223)
Net investment gains (losses)$$150 $(62)$154 
7. Derivatives
Accounting for Derivatives
Freestanding Derivatives
Freestanding derivatives are carried on the Company’s balance sheet either as assets within other invested assets or as liabilities within other liabilities at estimated fair value. The Company does not offset the estimated fair value amounts recognized for derivatives executed with the same counterparty under the same master netting agreement.
Accruals on derivatives are generally recorded in accrued investment income or within other liabilities. However, accruals that are not scheduled to settle within one year are included with the derivative’s carrying value in other invested assets or other liabilities.
If a derivative is not designated as an accounting hedge or its use in managing risk does not qualify for hedge accounting, changes in the estimated fair valueSee Note 1 of the derivative are reported in net derivative gains (losses) except as follows:
Statement of Operations Presentation:Derivative:
Policyholder benefits and claimsEconomic hedges of variable annuity guarantees included in future policy benefits
Net investment incomeEconomic hedges of equity method investments in joint ventures
Derivatives held within Unit-linked investments
Hedge Accounting
To qualify for hedge accounting, at the inception of the hedging relationship, the Company formally documents its risk management objective and strategy for undertaking the hedging transaction, as well as its designation of the hedge. Hedge designation and financial statement presentation of changes in estimated fair value of the hedging derivatives are as follows:
Fair value hedge - a hedge of the estimated fair value of a recognized asset or liability - in the same line item as the earnings effect of the hedged item. The carrying value of the hedged recognized asset or liability is adjusted for changes in its estimated fair value due to the hedged risk.
Cash flow hedge - a hedge of a forecasted transaction or of the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset or liability - in OCI and reclassified into the statement of operations when the Company’s earnings are affected by the variability in cash flows of the hedged item.
Net investment in a foreign operation (“NIFO”) hedge - in OCI, consistent with the translation adjustment for the hedged net investment in the foreign operation.

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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
7. Derivatives (continued)

The changesincluded in estimated fair valuesthe 2020 Annual Report for a description of the hedgingCompany’s accounting policies for derivatives are exclusive of any accruals that are separately reported on the statement of operations within interest income or interest expense to match the location of the hedged item. Accruals on derivatives in net investment hedges are recognized in OCI.
In its hedge documentation, the Company sets forth how the hedging instrument is expected to hedge the designated risks related to the hedged item and sets forth the method that will be used to retrospectively and prospectively assess the hedging instrument’s effectiveness. A derivative designated as a hedging instrument must be assessed as being highly effective in offsetting the designated risk of the hedged item. Hedge effectiveness is formally assessed at inception and at least quarterly throughout the life of the designated hedging relationship. Assessments of hedge effectiveness are also subject to interpretation and estimation and different interpretations or estimates may have a material effect on the amount reported in net income.
The Company discontinues hedge accounting prospectively when: (i) it is determined that the derivative is no longer highly effective in offsetting changes in the estimated fair value or cash flows of a hedged item, (ii) the derivative expires, is sold, terminated, or exercised, (iii) it is no longer probable that the hedged forecasted transaction will occur, or (iv) the derivative is de-designated as a hedging instrument.
When hedge accounting is discontinued because it is determined that the derivative is not highly effective in offsetting changes in the estimated fair value or cash flows of a hedged item, the derivative continues to be carried on the balance sheet at its estimated fair value, with changes in estimated fair value recognized in net derivative gains (losses). The carrying value of the hedged recognized asset or liability under a fair value hedge is no longer adjusted for changes in its estimated fair value due to the hedged risk, and the cumulative adjustment to its carrying value is amortized into income over the remaining life of the hedged item. Provided the hedged forecasted transaction is still probable of occurring, the changes in estimated fair value of derivatives recorded in OCI related to discontinued cash flow hedges are released into the statement of operations when the Company’s earnings are affected by the variability in cash flows of the hedged item.
When hedge accounting is discontinued because it is no longer probable that the forecasted transactions will occur on the anticipated date or within two months of that date, the derivative continues to be carried on the balance sheet at its estimated fair value, with changes in estimated fair value recognized currently in net derivative gains (losses). Deferred gains and losses of a derivative recorded in OCI pursuant to the discontinued cash flow hedge of a forecasted transaction that is no longer probable of occurring are recognized immediately in net investment gains (losses).
In all other situations in which hedge accounting is discontinued, the derivative is carried at its estimated fair value on the balance sheet, with changes in its estimated fair value recognized in the current period as net derivative gains (losses).
Embedded Derivatives
The Company issues certain products, which include variable annuities and investment contracts, and is a party to certain reinsurance agreements that have embedded derivatives. The Company assesses each identified embedded derivative to determine whether it is required to be bifurcated. The embedded derivative is bifurcated from the host contract and accounted for as a freestanding derivative if:
the combined instrument is not accounted for in its entirety at estimated fair value with changes in estimated fair value recorded in earnings;
the terms of the embedded derivative are not clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics of the host contract; and
a separate instrument with the same terms as the embedded derivative would qualify as a derivative instrument.
Such embedded derivatives are carried on the balance sheet at estimated fair value with the host contract and changes in their estimated fair value are generally reported in net derivative gains (losses). If the Company is unable to properly identify and measure an embedded derivative for separation from its host contract, the entire contract is carried on the balance sheet at estimated fair value, with changes in estimated fair value recognized in the current period in net investment gains (losses) or net investment income. Additionally, the Company may elect to carry an entire contract on the balance sheet at estimated fair value, with changes in estimated fair value recognized in the current period in net investment gains (losses) or net investment income if that contract contains an embedded derivative that requires bifurcation. At inception, the Company attributes to the embedded derivative a portion of the projected future guarantee fees to be collected from the policyholder equal to the present value of projected future guaranteed benefits. Any additional fees represent “excess” fees and are reported in universal life and investment-type product policy fees.

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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
7. Derivatives (continued)

See Note 8 for information about the fair value hierarchy for derivatives.
Derivative Strategies
Types of Derivative Instruments and Derivative Strategies
The Company is exposed to various risks relating to its ongoing business operations, including interest rate, foreign currency exchange rate, credit and equity market. The Company uses a variety of strategies to manage these risks, including the use of derivatives.
Derivatives are financial Commonly used derivative instruments with values derived from interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, credit spreads and/or other financial indices. Derivatives may be exchange-traded or contracted in the over-the-counter (“OTC”) market. Certain of the Company’s OTC derivatives are cleared and settled through central clearing counterparties (“OTC-cleared”), while others are bilateral contracts between two counterparties (“OTC-bilateral”). The types of derivatives the Company uses include, swaps, forwards, futures and option contracts. To a lesser extent, the Company uses credit default swaps and structured interest rate swaps to synthetically replicate investment risks and returns whichbut are not readily available in the cash markets.limited to:    
Interest Rate Derivatives
The Company uses a variety of interest rate derivatives to reduce its exposure to changes in interest rates, including interest ratederivatives: swaps, interest rate total return swaps, caps, floors, futures, swaptions, forwards and synthetic guaranteed interest contracts (“GICs”);
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives: swaps, forwards, options and exchange-traded futures;
Credit derivatives: purchased or written single name or index credit default swaps, and forwards; and
Equity derivatives: index options, variance swaps, exchange-traded futures and forwards.total return swaps.        
Interest rate swaps are used byFor detailed information on these contracts and the Company primarilyrelated strategies, see Note 9 of the Notes to reduce market risks from changes in interest rates and to alter interest rate exposure arising from mismatches between assets and liabilities (duration mismatches). In an interest rate swap, the Company agrees with another party to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between fixed rate and floating rate interest amounts as calculated by reference to an agreed notional amount. The Company utilizes interest rate swaps in fair value, cash flow and nonqualifying hedging relationships.
The Company uses structured interest rate swaps to synthetically create investments that are either more expensive to acquire or otherwise unavailableConsolidated Financial Statements included in the cash markets. These transactions are a combination of a derivative and a cash instrument such as a U.S. government and agency, or other fixed maturity securities AFS. Structured interest rate swaps are included in interest rate swaps and are not designated as hedging instruments.
Interest rate total return swaps are swaps whereby the Company agrees with another party to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between the economic risk and reward of an asset or a market index and a benchmark interest rate, calculated by reference to an agreed notional amount. No cash is exchanged at the outset of the contract. Cash is paid and received over the life of the contract based on the terms of the swap. These transactions are entered into pursuant to master agreements that provide for a single net payment to be made by the counterparty at each due date. Interest rate total return swaps are used by the Company to reduce market risks from changes in interest rates and to alter interest rate exposure arising from mismatches between assets and liabilities (duration mismatches). The Company utilizes interest rate total return swaps in nonqualifying hedging relationships.
The Company purchases interest rate caps primarily to protect its floating rate liabilities against rises in interest rates above a specified level, and against interest rate exposure arising from mismatches between assets and liabilities, and interest rate floors primarily to protect its minimum rate guarantee liabilities against declines in interest rates below a specified level. In certain instances, the Company locks in the economic impact of existing purchased caps and floors by entering into offsetting written caps and floors. The Company utilizes interest rate caps and floors in nonqualifying hedging relationships.
In exchange-traded interest rate (Treasury and swap) futures transactions, the Company agrees to purchase or sell a specified number of contracts, the value of which is determined by the different classes of interest rate securities, to post variation margin on a daily basis in an amount equal to the difference in the daily market values of those contracts and to pledge initial margin based on futures exchange requirements. The Company enters into exchange-traded futures with regulated futures commission merchants that are members of the exchange. Exchange-traded interest rate (Treasury and swap) futures are used primarily to hedge mismatches between the duration of assets in a portfolio and the duration of liabilities supported by those assets, to hedge against changes in value of securities the Company owns or anticipates acquiring, to hedge against changes in interest rates on anticipated liability issuances by replicating Treasury or swap curve performance, and to hedge minimum guarantees embedded in certain variable annuity products issued by the Company. The Company utilizes exchange-traded interest rate futures in nonqualifying hedging relationships.

2020 Annual Report.
45
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
7. DerivativesDerivatives (continued)

Swaptions are used by the Company to hedge interest rate risk associated with the Company’s long-term liabilities and invested assets. A swaption is an option to enter into a swap with a forward starting effective date. In certain instances, the Company locks in the economic impact of existing purchased swaptions by entering into offsetting written swaptions. The Company pays a premium for purchased swaptions and receives a premium for written swaptions. The Company utilizes swaptions in nonqualifying hedging relationships. Swaptions are included in interest rate options.
The Company enters into interest rate forwards to buy and sell securities. The price is agreed upon at the time of the contract and payment for such a contract is made at a specified future date. The Company utilizes interest rate forwards in cash flow and nonqualifying hedging relationships.
A synthetic guaranteed interest contract (“GIC”) is a contract that simulates the performance of a traditional GIC through the use of financial instruments. The contractholder owns the underlying assets, and the Company provides a guarantee (or “wrap”) on the participant funds for an annual risk charge. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss on synthetic GICs is the notional amount, in the event the values of all of the underlying assets were reduced to zero. The Company’s risk is substantially lower due to contractual provisions that limit the portfolio to high quality assets, which are pre-approved and monitored for compliance, as well as the collection of risk charges. In addition, the crediting rates reset periodically to amortize market value gains and losses over a period equal to the duration of the wrapped portfolio, subject to a 0% floor. While plan participants may transact at book value, contractholder withdrawals may only occur immediately at market value, or at book value paid over a period of time per contract provisions. Synthetic GICs are not designated as hedging instruments.
Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Derivatives
The Company uses foreign currency exchange rate derivatives, including foreign currency swaps, foreign currency forwards, currency options and exchange-traded currency futures, to reduce the risk from fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates associated with its assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies. The Company also uses foreign currency derivatives to hedge the foreign currency exchange rate risk associated with certain of its net investments in foreign operations.
In a foreign currency swap transaction, the Company agrees with another party to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between one currency and another at a fixed exchange rate, generally set at inception, calculated by reference to an agreed upon notional amount. The notional amount of each currency is exchanged at the inception and termination of the currency swap by each party. The Company utilizes foreign currency swaps in fair value, cash flow and nonqualifying hedging relationships.
In a foreign currency forward transaction, the Company agrees with another party to deliver a specified amount of an identified currency at a specified future date. The price is agreed upon at the time of the contract and payment for such a contract is made at the specified future date. The Company utilizes foreign currency forwards in fair value, NIFO hedges and nonqualifying hedging relationships.
The Company enters into currency options that give it the right, but not the obligation, to sell the foreign currency amount in exchange for a functional currency amount within a limited time at a contracted price. The contracts may also be net settled in cash, based on differentials in the foreign currency exchange rate and the strike price. The Company uses currency options to hedge against the foreign currency exposure inherent in certain of its variable annuity products. The Company also uses currency options as an economic hedge of foreign currency exposure related to the Company’s non-U.S. subsidiaries. The Company utilizes currency options in NIFO hedges and nonqualifying hedging relationships.
To a lesser extent, the Company uses exchange-traded currency futures to hedge currency mismatches between assets and liabilities, and to hedge minimum guarantees embedded in certain variable annuity products issued by the Company. The Company utilizes exchange-traded currency futures in nonqualifying hedging relationships.

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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
7. Derivatives (continued)

Credit Derivatives
The Company enters into purchased credit default swaps to hedge against credit-related changes in the value of its investments. In a credit default swap transaction, the Company agrees with another party to pay, at specified intervals, a premium to hedge credit risk. If a credit event occurs, as defined by the contract, the contract may be cash settled or it may be settled gross by the delivery of par quantities of the referenced investment equal to the specified swap notional amount in exchange for the payment of cash amounts by the counterparty equal to the par value of the investment surrendered. Credit events vary by type of issuer but typically include bankruptcy, failure to pay debt obligations and involuntary restructuring for corporate obligors, as well as repudiation, moratorium or governmental intervention for sovereign obligors. In each case, payout on a credit default swap is triggered only after the Credit Derivatives Determinations Committee of the International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. (“ISDA”) deems that a credit event has occurred. The Company utilizes credit default swaps in nonqualifying hedging relationships.
The Company enters into written credit default swaps to synthetically create credit investments that are either more expensive to acquire or otherwise unavailable in the cash markets. These transactions are a combination of a derivative and one or more cash instruments, such as U.S. government and agency, or other fixed maturity securities AFS. These credit default swaps are not designated as hedging instruments.
The Company enters into forwards to lock in the price to be paid for forward purchases of certain securities. The price is agreed upon at the time of the contract and payment for the contract is made at a specified future date. When the primary purpose of entering into these transactions is to hedge against the risk of changes in purchase price due to changes in credit spreads, the Company designates these transactions as credit forwards. The Company utilizes credit forwards in cash flow hedging relationships.
Equity Derivatives
The Company uses a variety of equity derivatives to reduce its exposure to equity market risk, including equity index options, equity variance swaps, exchange-traded equity futures and equity total return swaps.
Equity index options are used by the Company primarily to hedge minimum guarantees embedded in certain variable annuity products issued by the Company. To hedge against adverse changes in equity indices, the Company enters into contracts to sell the underlying equity index within a limited time at a contracted price. The contracts will be net settled in cash based on differentials in the indices at the time of exercise and the strike price. Certain of these contracts may also contain settlement provisions linked to interest rates. In certain instances, the Company may enter into a combination of transactions to hedge adverse changes in equity indices within a pre-determined range through the purchase and sale of options. The Company utilizes equity index options in nonqualifying hedging relationships.
Equity variance swaps are used by the Company primarily to hedge minimum guarantees embedded in certain variable annuity products issued by the Company. In an equity variance swap, the Company agrees with another party to exchange amounts in the future, based on changes in equity volatility over a defined period. The Company utilizes equity variance swaps in nonqualifying hedging relationships.
In exchange-traded equity futures transactions, the Company agrees to purchase or sell a specified number of contracts, the value of which is determined by the different classes of equity securities, to post variation margin on a daily basis in an amount equal to the difference in the daily market values of those contracts and to pledge initial margin based on futures exchange requirements. The Company enters into exchange-traded futures with regulated futures commission merchants that are members of the exchange. Exchange-traded equity futures are used primarily to hedge minimum guarantees embedded in certain variable annuity products issued by the Company. The Company utilizes exchange-traded equity futures in nonqualifying hedging relationships.
In an equity total return swap, the Company agrees with another party to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between the economic risk and reward of an asset or a market index and a benchmark interest rate, calculated by reference to an agreed notional amount. No cash is exchanged at the outset of the contract. Cash is paid and received over the life of the contract based on the terms of the swap. The Company uses equity total return swaps to hedge its equity market guarantees in certain of its insurance products. Equity total return swaps can be used as hedges or to synthetically create investments. The Company utilizes equity total return swaps in nonqualifying hedging relationships.

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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
7. Derivatives (continued)

Primary Risks Managed by Derivatives
The following table presents the primary underlying risk exposure, gross notional amount and estimated fair value of the Company’s derivatives, excluding embedded derivatives, held at:
    June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
  Primary Underlying Risk Exposure Gross
Notional
Amount
 Estimated Fair Value Gross
Notional
Amount
 Estimated Fair Value
  Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities
    (In millions)
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments:            
Fair value hedges:              
Interest rate swaps Interest rate $3,220
 $3,401
 $13
 $2,369
 $2,667
 $2
Foreign currency swaps Foreign currency exchange rate 1,073
 45
 1
 1,304
 16
 17
Foreign currency forwards Foreign currency exchange rate 2,036
 10
 28
 2,336
 1
 40
Subtotal   6,329
 3,456
 42
 6,009
 2,684
 59
Cash flow hedges:              
Interest rate swaps Interest rate 4,972
 124
 35
 3,675
 145
 27
Interest rate forwards Interest rate 8,038
 871
 64
 7,364
 83
 144
Foreign currency swaps Foreign currency exchange rate 37,278
 3,165
 1,971
 36,983
 1,627
 1,430
Subtotal   50,288
 4,160
 2,070
 48,022
 1,855
 1,601
NIFO hedges:              
Foreign currency forwards Foreign currency exchange rate 595
 24
 6
 1,059
 
 10
Currency options Foreign currency exchange rate 3,200
 68
 
 4,200
 33
 91
Subtotal   3,795
 92
 6
 5,259
 33
 101
Total qualifying hedges 60,412
 7,708
 2,118
 59,290
 4,572
 1,761
Derivatives Not Designated or Not Qualifying as Hedging Instruments:            
Interest rate swaps Interest rate 51,032
 4,269
 83
 58,083
 2,867
 185
Interest rate floors Interest rate 12,701
 436
 
 12,701
 155
 ���
Interest rate caps Interest rate 55,631
 21
 
 42,622
 18
 5
Interest rate futures Interest rate 1,779
 2
 
 2,423
 2
 3
Interest rate options Interest rate 27,650
 1,007
 
 27,344
 764
 1
Interest rate forwards Interest rate 130
 3
 1
 129
 1
 2
Interest rate total return swaps Interest rate 1,048
 79
 6
 1,048
 5
 49
Synthetic GICs Interest rate 34,921
 
 
 30,341
 
 
Foreign currency swaps Foreign currency exchange rate 14,238
 1,130
 635
 13,699
 644
 461
Foreign currency forwards Foreign currency exchange rate 13,674
 60
 443
 13,507
 50
 393
Currency futures Foreign currency exchange rate 883
 
 6
 880
 7
 
Currency options Foreign currency exchange rate 1,800
 
 
 1,801
 
 
Credit default swaps — purchased Credit 3,031
 25
 105
 2,944
 4
 102
Credit default swaps — written Credit 10,780
 120
 13
 11,520
 272
 1
Equity futures Equity market 4,461
 3
 45
 4,540
 6
 8
Equity index options Equity market 24,873
 975
 409
 27,105
 694
 677
Equity variance swaps Equity market 937
 33
 12
 1,115
 23
 19
Equity total return swaps Equity market 2,250
 
 125
 761
 
 70
Total non-designated or nonqualifying derivatives 261,819
 8,163
 1,883
 252,563
 5,512
 1,976
Total   $322,231
 $15,871
 $4,001
 $311,853
 $10,084
 $3,737


June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
Primary Underlying Risk ExposureGross
Notional
Amount
Estimated Fair ValueGross
Notional
Amount
Estimated Fair Value
AssetsLiabilitiesAssetsLiabilities
(In millions)
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments:
Fair value hedges:
Interest rate swapsInterest rate$3,581 $2,165 $$3,186 $3,224 $
Foreign currency swapsForeign currency exchange rate908 59 1,106 78 
Foreign currency forwardsForeign currency exchange rate1,736 77 1,936 24 
Subtotal6,225 2,171 139 6,228 3,256 82 
Cash flow hedges:
Interest rate swapsInterest rate4,480 25 4,750 44 
Interest rate forwardsInterest rate7,234 75 183 7,377 513 120 
Foreign currency swapsForeign currency exchange rate40,972 1,358 1,712 38,604 1,549 2,017 
Subtotal52,686 1,458 1,895 50,731 2,106 2,137 
Net investment in a foreign operation (“NIFO”) hedges:
Foreign currency forwardsForeign currency exchange rate341 164 
Currency optionsForeign currency exchange rate3,000 113 3,600 70 
Subtotal3,341 121 3,764 70 
Total qualifying hedges62,252 3,750 2,034 60,723 5,432 2,222 
Derivatives Not Designated or Not Qualifying as Hedging Instruments:
Interest rate swapsInterest rate43,920 3,923 64 49,561 3,683 38 
Interest rate floorsInterest rate12,201 241 12,701 350 
Interest rate capsInterest rate76,614 63 40,730 13 
Interest rate futuresInterest rate2,427 1,498 
Interest rate optionsInterest rate13,342 541 25 17,746 502 
Interest rate forwardsInterest rate309 37 351 10 
Interest rate total return swapsInterest rate1,048 15 22 1,048 59 
Synthetic GICsInterest rate37,773 38,646 
Foreign currency swapsForeign currency exchange rate12,667 624 591 13,265 603 693 
Foreign currency forwardsForeign currency exchange rate14,810 119 569 15,643 209 310 
Currency futuresForeign currency exchange rate869 914 
Currency optionsForeign currency exchange rate900 1,350 
Credit default swaps — purchasedCredit2,999 12 115 2,978 121 
Credit default swaps — writtenCredit9,216 192 9,609 196 
Equity futuresEquity market4,227 5,427 14 38 
Equity index optionsEquity market30,947 853 478 22,954 834 437 
Equity variance swapsEquity market716 17 15 716 15 12 
Equity total return swapsEquity market2,554 55 3,294 282 
Total non-designated or nonqualifying derivatives267,539 6,611 1,994 238,431 6,434 2,007 
Total$329,791 $10,361 $4,028 $299,154 $11,866 $4,229 
48
42

Table of Contents
MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
7. DerivativesDerivatives (continued)

Based on gross notional amounts, a substantial portion of the Company’s derivatives was not designated or did not qualify as part of a hedging relationship atat both June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019.2020. The Company’s use of derivatives includes (i) derivatives that serve as macro hedges of the Company’s exposure to various risks and that generally do not qualify for hedge accounting due to the criteria required under the portfolio hedging rules, (ii) derivatives that economically hedge insurance liabilities that contain mortality or morbidity risk and that generally do not qualify for hedge accounting because the lack of these risks in the derivatives cannot support an expectation of a highly effective hedging relationship, (iii) derivatives that economically hedge embedded derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting because the changes in estimated fair value of the embedded derivatives are already recorded in net income, and (iv) written credit default swaps and interest rate swaps that are used to synthetically create investments and that do not qualify for hedge accounting because they do not involve a hedging relationship. For these nonqualified derivatives, changes in market factors can lead to the recognition of fair value changes on the statement of operations without an offsetting gain or loss recognized in earnings for the item being hedged.

49
43

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
7. DerivativesDerivatives (continued)

The Effects of Derivatives on the Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)
The following table presents the interim condensed consolidated financial statement location and amount of gain (loss) recognized on fair value, cash flow, NIFO, nonqualifying hedging relationships and embedded derivatives:
Three Months Ended June 30, 2021
Net
Investment
Income
Net
Investment
Gains
(Losses)
Net
Derivative
Gains
(Losses)
Policyholder
Benefits and
Claims
Interest
Credited to
Policyholder
Account
Balances
Other
Expenses
OCI
(In millions)
Gain (Loss) on Fair Value Hedges:
Interest rate derivatives:
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments (1)$$$$237 $$N/A
Hedged items(242)N/A
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives:
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments (1)(1)(7)N/A
Hedged itemsN/A
Amount excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness(2)N/A
Subtotal(2)(5)N/A
Gain (Loss) on Cash Flow Hedges:
Interest rate derivatives: (1)
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCIN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A$510 
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income15 19 (34)
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives: (1)
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCIN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A322 
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income95 (97)
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses) on hedged items(95)
Credit derivatives: (1)
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCIN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A(4)
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income
Subtotal16 19 697 
Gain (Loss) on NIFO Hedges:
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives (1)N/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A17 
Non-derivative hedging instrumentsN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A
SubtotalN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A19 
Gain (Loss) on Derivatives Not Designated or Not Qualifying as Hedging Instruments:
Interest rate derivatives (1)636 N/A
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives (1)(123)N/A
Credit derivatives — purchased (1)(7)N/A
Credit derivatives — written (1)30 N/A
Equity derivatives (1)(15)(363)(103)N/A
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses) on hedged itemsN/A
Subtotal(15)180 (95)N/A
Earned income on derivatives27 245 52 (38)
Embedded derivatives (2)N/AN/A(4)N/AN/AN/A
Total$29 $17 $421 $(48)$(38)$$716 
44
  Three Months Ended June 30, 2020
  
Net
Investment
Income
 
Net
Investment
Gains
(Losses)
 
Net
Derivative
Gains
(Losses)
 
Policyholder
Benefits and
Claims
 
Interest
Credited to
Policyholder
Account
Balances
 
Other
Expenses
 OCI
  (In millions)
Gain (Loss) on Fair Value Hedges:              
Interest rate derivatives:              
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments (1) $(1) $
 $
 $(31) $
 $
 N/A
Hedged items 4
 
 
 17
 
 
 N/A
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives:              
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments (1) (5) 2
 
 
 
 
 N/A
Hedged items 5
 (3) 
 
 
 
 N/A
Amount excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness 
 (14) 
 
 
 
 N/A
Subtotal 3
 (15) 
 (14) 
 
 N/A
Gain (Loss) on Cash Flow Hedges:              
Interest rate derivatives: (1)              
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCI N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 $(108)
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income 9
 42
 
 
 
 
 (51)
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives: (1)              
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCI N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 (445)
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income 1
 287
 
 
 
 1
 (289)
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses) on hedged items 
 (250) 
 
 
 
 
Credit derivatives: (1)              
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCI N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 (86)
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Subtotal 10
 79
 
 
 
 1
 (979)
Gain (Loss) on NIFO Hedges:              
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives (1) N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 (11)
Non-derivative hedging instruments N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 (1)
Subtotal N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 (12)
Gain (Loss) on Derivatives Not Designated or Not Qualifying as Hedging Instruments:              
Interest rate derivatives (1) (2) 
 (212) 19
 
 
 N/A
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives (1) 
 
 (132) (1) 
 
 N/A
Credit derivatives — purchased (1) 
 
 (61) 
 
 
 N/A
Credit derivatives — written (1) 
 
 162
 
 
 
 N/A
Equity derivatives (1) 
 
 (1,043) (99) 
 
 N/A
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses) on hedged items 
 
 (3) 
 
 
 N/A
Subtotal (2) 
 (1,289) (81) 
 
 N/A
Earned income on derivatives 69
 
 208
 44
 (38) 
 
Embedded derivatives (2) N/A
 N/A
 371
 
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
Total $80
 $64
 $(710) $(51) $(38) $1
 $(991)

50

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
7. DerivativesDerivatives (continued)

Three Months Ended June 30, 2020
Net
Investment
Income
Net
Investment
Gains
(Losses)
Net
Derivative
Gains
(Losses)
Policyholder
Benefits and
Claims
Interest
Credited to
Policyholder
Account
Balances
Other
Expenses
OCI
(In millions)
Gain (Loss) on Fair Value Hedges:
Interest rate derivatives:
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments (1)$(1)$$$(31)$$N/A
Hedged items17 N/A
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives:
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments (1)(5)N/A
Hedged items(3)N/A
Amount excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness(14)N/A
Subtotal(15)(14)N/A
Gain (Loss) on Cash Flow Hedges:
Interest rate derivatives: (1)
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCIN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A$(108)
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income42 (51)
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives: (1)
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCIN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A(445)
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income287 (289)
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses) on hedged items(250)
Credit derivatives: (1)
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCIN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A(86)
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income
Subtotal10 79 (979)
Gain (Loss) on NIFO Hedges:
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives (1)N/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A(11)
Non-derivative hedging instrumentsN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A(1)
SubtotalN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A(12)
Gain (Loss) on Derivatives Not Designated or Not Qualifying as Hedging Instruments:
Interest rate derivatives (1)(2)(212)19 N/A
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives (1)(132)(1)N/A
Credit derivatives — purchased (1)(61)N/A
Credit derivatives — written (1)162 N/A
Equity derivatives (1)(1,043)(99)N/A
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses) on hedged items(3)N/A
Subtotal(2)(1,289)(81)N/A
Earned income on derivatives69 208 44 (38)
Embedded derivatives (2)N/AN/A371 N/AN/AN/A
Total$80 $64 $(710)$(51)$(38)$$(991)
  Three Months Ended June 30, 2019
  
Net
Investment
Income
 
Net
Investment
Gains
(Losses)
 
Net
Derivative
Gains
(Losses)
 
Policyholder
Benefits and
Claims
 
Interest
Credited to
Policyholder
Account
Balances
 
Other
Expenses
 OCI
  (In millions)
Gain (Loss) on Fair Value Hedges:              
Interest rate derivatives:              
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments (1) $(1) $
 $
 $205
 $
 $
 N/A
Hedged items 2
 
 
 (206) 
 
 N/A
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives:              
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments (1) 10
 59
 
 
 
 
 N/A
Hedged items (11) (54) 
 
 
 
 N/A
Amount excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness 
 (22) 
 
 
 
 N/A
Subtotal 
 (17) 
 (1) 
 
 N/A
Gain (Loss) on Cash Flow Hedges:              
Interest rate derivatives: (1)              
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCI N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 $358
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income 6
 4
 
 
 
 
 (10)
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives: (1)              
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCI N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 300
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income (1) 83
 
 
 
 1
 (83)
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses) on hedged items 
 (90) 
 
 
 
 
Credit derivatives: (1)              
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCI N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income 
 (1) 
 
 
 
 1
Subtotal 5
 (4) 
 
 
 1
 566
Gain (Loss) on NIFO Hedges:              
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives (1) N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 (37)
Non-derivative hedging instruments N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 (7)
Subtotal N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 (44)
Gain (Loss) on Derivatives Not Designated or Not Qualifying as Hedging Instruments:              
Interest rate derivatives (1) (1) 
 857
 12
 
 
 N/A
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives (1) 
 
 136
 (4) 
 
 N/A
Credit derivatives — purchased (1) 
 
 (5) 
 
 
 N/A
Credit derivatives — written (1) 
 
 50
 
 
 
 N/A
Equity derivatives (1) 
 
 (182) (30) 
 
 N/A
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses) on hedged items 
 
 (111) 
 
 
 N/A
Subtotal (1) 
 745
 (22) 
 
 N/A
Earned income on derivatives 60
 
 125
 33
 (36) 
 
Embedded derivatives (2) N/A
 N/A
 (146) 
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
Total $64
 $(21) $724
 $10
 $(36) $1
 $522
45


51

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
7. DerivativesDerivatives (continued)

Six Months Ended June 30, 2021
Net
Investment
Income
Net
Investment
Gains
(Losses)
Net
Derivative
Gains
(Losses)
Policyholder
Benefits and
Claims
Interest
Credited to
Policyholder
Account
Balances
Other
Expenses
OCI
(In millions)
Gain (Loss) on Fair Value Hedges:
Interest rate derivatives:
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments (1)$$$$(365)$$N/A
Hedged items(2)331 N/A
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives:
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments (1)12 (135)N/A
Hedged items(11)130 N/A
Amount excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness(4)N/A
Subtotal(9)(34)N/A
Gain (Loss) on Cash Flow Hedges:
Interest rate derivatives: (1)
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCIN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A$(711)
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income27 48 (76)
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives: (1)
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCIN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A169 
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income(124)119 
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses) on hedged items116 
Credit derivatives: (1)
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCIN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A(72)
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income
Subtotal31 40 (571)
Gain (Loss) on NIFO Hedges:
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives (1)N/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A46 
Non-derivative hedging instrumentsN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A29 
SubtotalN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A75 
Gain (Loss) on Derivatives Not Designated or Not Qualifying as Hedging Instruments:
Interest rate derivatives (1)(1,614)(39)N/A
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives (1)(606)N/A
Credit derivatives — purchased (1)12 N/A
Credit derivatives — written (1)35 N/A
Equity derivatives (1)(32)(1,039)(207)N/A
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses) on hedged items232 N/A
Subtotal(30)(2,980)(243)N/A
Earned income on derivatives66 497 105 (77)
Embedded derivatives (2)N/AN/A669 N/AN/AN/A
Total$69 $31 $(1,814)$(172)$(77)$$(496)
  Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
  
Net
Investment
Income
 
Net
Investment
Gains
(Losses)
 
Net
Derivative
Gains
(Losses)
 
Policyholder
Benefits and
Claims
 
Interest
Credited to
Policyholder
Account
Balances
 
Other
Expenses
 OCI
  (In millions)
Gain (Loss) on Fair Value Hedges:              
Interest rate derivatives:              
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments (1) $(12) $
 $
 $743
 $
 $
 N/A
Hedged items 9
 
 
 (752) 
 
 N/A
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives:              
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments (1) 67
 14
 
 
 
 
 N/A
Hedged items (60) (13) 
 
 
 
 N/A
Amount excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness 
 (34) 
 
 
 
 N/A
Subtotal 4

(33)


(9) 
 
 N/A
Gain (Loss) on Cash Flow Hedges:              
Interest rate derivatives: (1)              
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCI N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 $1,903
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income 15
 48
 
 
 
 1
 (64)
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives: (1)              
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCI N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 1,169
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income 1
 (164) 
 
 
 1
 162
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses) on hedged items 
 203
 
 
 
 
 
Credit derivatives: (1)              
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCI N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 (24)
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Subtotal 16
 87
 
 
 
 2
 3,146
Gain (Loss) on NIFO Hedges:              
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives (1) N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 99
Non-derivative hedging instruments N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 (3)
Subtotal N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 96
Gain (Loss) on Derivatives Not Designated or Not Qualifying as Hedging Instruments:              
Interest rate derivatives (1) (6) 
 3,965
 67
 
 
 N/A
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives (1) 
 
 3
 (9) 
 
 N/A
Credit derivatives — purchased (1) 
 
 12
 
 
 
 N/A
Credit derivatives — written (1) 
 
 (149) 
 
 
 N/A
Equity derivatives (1) 
 
 516
 109
 
 
 N/A
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses) on hedged items 
 
 (160) 
 
 
 N/A
Subtotal (6) 
 4,187
 167
 
 
 N/A
Earned income on derivatives 146
 
 355
 83
 (82) 
 
Embedded derivatives (2) N/A
 N/A
 (1,051) 
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
Total $160
 $54
 $3,491
 $241
 $(82) $2
 $3,242
46


52

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
7. DerivativesDerivatives (continued)

Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
Net
Investment
Income
Net
Investment
Gains
(Losses)
Net
Derivative
Gains
(Losses)
Policyholder
Benefits and
Claims
Interest
Credited to
Policyholder
Account
Balances
Other
Expenses
OCI
(In millions)
Gain (Loss) on Fair Value Hedges:
Interest rate derivatives:
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments (1)$(12)$$$743 $$N/A
Hedged items(752)N/A
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives:
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments (1)67 14 N/A
Hedged items(60)(13)N/A
Amount excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness(34)N/A
Subtotal(33)(9)N/A
Gain (Loss) on Cash Flow Hedges:
Interest rate derivatives: (1)
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCIN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A$1,903 
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income15 48 (64)
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives: (1)
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCIN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A1,169 
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income(164)162 
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses) on hedged items203 
Credit derivatives: (1)
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCIN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A(24)
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income
Subtotal16 87 3,146 
Gain (Loss) on NIFO Hedges:
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives (1)N/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A99 
Non-derivative hedging instrumentsN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A(3)
SubtotalN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A96 
Gain (Loss) on Derivatives Not Designated or Not Qualifying as Hedging Instruments:
Interest rate derivatives (1)(6)3,965 67 N/A
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives (1)(9)N/A
Credit derivatives — purchased (1)12 N/A
Credit derivatives — written (1)(149)N/A
Equity derivatives (1)516 109 N/A
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses) on hedged items(160)N/A
Subtotal(6)4,187 167 N/A
Earned income on derivatives146 355 83 (82)
Embedded derivatives (2)N/AN/A(1,051)N/AN/AN/A
Total$160 $54 $3,491 $241 $(82)$$3,242 
__________________
(1)Excludes earned income on derivatives.
(2)The valuation of guaranteed minimum benefits includes a nonperformance risk adjustment. The amounts included in net derivative gains (losses) in connection with this adjustment were ($8) million and ($51) million for the three months and six months endedJune 30, 2021, respectively, and ($110) million and $75 million for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively.
  Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
  
Net
Investment
Income
 
Net
Investment
Gains
(Losses)
 
Net
Derivative
Gains
(Losses)
 
Policyholder
Benefits and
Claims
 
Interest
Credited to
Policyholder
Account
Balances
 
Other
Expenses
 OCI
  (In millions)
Gain (Loss) on Fair Value Hedges:              
Interest rate derivatives:              
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments (1) $(4) $
 $
 $332
 $
 $
 N/A
Hedged items 5
 
 
 (334) 
 
 N/A
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives:              
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments (1) (20) 45
 
 
 
 
 N/A
Hedged items 18
 (42) 
 
 
 
 N/A
Amount excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness 
 (38) 
 
 
 
 N/A
Subtotal (1) (35) 
 (2) 
 
 N/A
Gain (Loss) on Cash Flow Hedges:              
Interest rate derivatives: (1)              
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCI N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 $610
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income 11
 (2) 
 
 
 1
 (10)
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives: (1)              
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCI N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 59
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income (3) 108
 
 
 
 1
 (106)
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses) on hedged items 
 (125) 
 
 
 
 
Credit derivatives: (1)              
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCI N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Subtotal 8
 (19) 
 
 
 2
 553
Gain (Loss) on NIFO Hedges:              
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives (1) N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 (43)
Non-derivative hedging instruments N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 (7)
Subtotal N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 (50)
Gain (Loss) on Derivatives Not Designated or Not Qualifying as Hedging Instruments:              
Interest rate derivatives (1) (2) 
 1,266
 31
 
 
 N/A
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives (1) 
 
 (6) (1) 
 
 N/A
Credit derivatives — purchased (1) 
 
 (20) 
 
 
 N/A
Credit derivatives — written (1) 
 
 186
 
 
 
 N/A
Equity derivatives (1) 
 
 (849) (126) 
 
 N/A
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses) on hedged items 
 
 (29) 
 
 
 N/A
Subtotal (2) 
 548
 (96) 
 
 N/A
Earned income on derivatives 116
 
 244
 65
 (68) 
 
Embedded derivatives (2) N/A
 N/A
 47
 
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
Total $121
 $(54) $839
 $(33) $(68) $2
 $503
47
__________________
(1)Excludes earned income on derivatives.
(2)
The valuation of guaranteed minimum benefits includes a nonperformance risk adjustment. The amounts included in net derivative gains (losses) in connection with this adjustment were ($110) million and $75 million for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively, and ($13) million and ($75) million for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively.

53

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
7. DerivativesDerivatives (continued)

Fair Value Hedges
The Company designates and accounts for the following as fair value hedges when they have met the requirements of fair value hedging: (i) interest rate swaps to convert fixed rate assets and liabilities to floating rate assets and liabilities, (ii) foreign currency swaps to hedge the foreign currency fair value exposure of foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities, and (iii) foreign currency forwards to hedge the foreign currency fair value exposure of foreign currency denominated investments.
The following table presents the balance sheet classification, carrying amount and cumulative fair value hedging adjustments for items designated and qualifying as hedged items in fair value hedges:
Balance Sheet Line Item 
Carrying Amount
 of the Hedged
Assets/(Liabilities)
 Cumulative Amount
of Fair Value Hedging Adjustments
Included in the Carrying Amount of Hedged
Assets/(Liabilities) (1)
Balance Sheet Line ItemCarrying Amount
 of the Hedged
Assets/(Liabilities)
Cumulative Amount
of Fair Value Hedging Adjustments
Included in the Carrying Amount of Hedged
Assets/(Liabilities) (1)
 June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019 June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019June 30, 2021December 31, 2020June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
 (In millions)(In millions)
Fixed maturity securities AFS $2,635
 $2,736
 $(1) $(1)Fixed maturity securities AFS$2,368 $2,699 $(1)$(1)
Mortgage loans $816
 $1,159
 $21
 $2
Mortgage loans$785 $952 $(2)$20 
Future policy benefits $(5,747) $(4,475) $(1,660) $(908)Future policy benefits$(4,715)$(5,512)$(969)$(1,307)
__________________
(1)At both June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the hedging adjustments on discontinued hedging relationships includes ($1) million.
(1)Includes ($181) million and ($1) million of hedging adjustments on discontinued hedging relationships at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.
For the Company’s foreign currency forwards, the change in the estimated fair value of the derivative related to the changes in the difference between the spot price and the forward price is excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness. The Company has elected to record changes in estimated fair value of excluded components in earnings. For all other derivatives, all components of each derivative’s gain or loss were included in the assessment of hedge effectiveness.
Cash Flow Hedges
The Company designates and accounts for the following as cash flow hedges when they have met the requirements of cash flow hedging: (i) interest rate swaps to convert floating rate assets and liabilities to fixed rate assets and liabilities, (ii) foreign currency swaps to hedge the foreign currency cash flow exposure of foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities, (iii) interest rate forwards and credit forwards to lock in the price to be paid for forward purchases of investments, (iv) interest rate swaps and interest rate forwards to hedge the forecasted purchases of fixed-rate investments, and (v) interest rate swaps and interest rate forwards to hedge forecasted fixed-rate borrowings.
In certain instances, the Company discontinued cash flow hedge accounting because the forecasted transactions were no longer probable of occurring. Because certain of the forecasted transactions also were not probable of occurring within two months of the anticipated date, the Company reclassified amounts from AOCI into income. These amounts were $32 millionand $27 millionfor the three months and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively, and $57$1 million and $58($1) million for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively.
At2021, respectively, and $32 million and $27 million for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively.
At both June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2019,2020, the maximum length of time over which the Company was hedging its exposure to variability in future cash flows for forecasted transactions did not exceed nine years and eight years, respectively.years.
At June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019,2020, the balance in AOCI associated with cash flow hedges was $5.4$1.4 billion and $2.2$1.9 billion, respectively.
All components of eacheach derivative’s gain or loss were included in the assessment of hedge effectiveness.
AtJune 30, 2020,2021, the Company expected to reclassify ($1)86) millionof deferred net gains (losses) on derivatives in AOCI to earnings within the next 12 months.

54
48

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
7. DerivativesDerivatives (continued)

NIFO Hedges
The Company uses foreign currency exchange rate derivatives, which may include foreign currency forwards and currency options, to hedge portions of its net investments in foreign operations against adverse movements in exchange rates. The Company also designates a portion of its foreign-denominated debt as a non-derivative hedging instrument of its net investments in foreign operations. The Company assesses hedge effectiveness of its derivatives based upon the change in forward rates and assesses its non-derivative hedging instruments based upon the change in spot rates. All components of eacheach derivative’s gain or loss were included in the assessment of hedge effectiveness.
When net investments in foreign operations are sold or substantially liquidated, the amounts in AOCI are reclassified to the statement of operations.
At June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019,2020, the cumulative foreign currency translation gain (loss) recorded in AOCI related to NIFO hedges was $244$239 million and $148$164 million, respectively. At June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019,2020, the carrying amount of debt designated as a non-derivativenon-derivative hedging instrument was $390 $378 million and $387and $407 million, respectively.
Credit Derivatives
In connection with synthetically created credit investment transactions, the Company writes credit default swaps for which it receives a premium to insure credit risk. Such credit derivatives are included within the effects of derivatives on the interim condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) table. If a credit event occurs, as defined by the contract, the contract may be cash settled or it may be settled gross by the Company paying the counterparty the specified swap notional amount in exchange for the delivery of par quantities of the referenced credit obligation. The Company’s maximum amount at risk, assuming the value of all referenced credit obligations is zero, was $10.8$9.2 billion and $11.5$9.6 billion at June 30, 20202021 andDecember 31, 2019,2020, respectively. The Company can terminate these contracts at any time through cash settlement with the counterparty at an amount equal to the then current estimated fair value of the credit default swaps. At June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019,2020, the Company would have received $107$186 million and $271$196 million, respectively, to terminate all of these contracts.

55
49

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
7. DerivativesDerivatives (continued)

The following table presents the estimated fair value, maximum amount of future payments and weighted average years to maturity of written credit default swaps at:
 June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
Rating Agency Designation of Referenced
Credit Obligations (1)
 
Estimated
Fair Value
of Credit
Default
Swaps
 Maximum
Amount of Future
Payments under
Credit Default
Swaps
 Weighted
Average
Years to
Maturity (2)
 
Estimated
Fair Value
of Credit
Default
Swaps
 Maximum
Amount of Future
Payments under
Credit Default
Swaps
 Weighted
Average
Years to
Maturity (2)
Rating Agency Designation of Referenced
Credit Obligations (1)
Estimated
Fair Value
of Credit
Default
Swaps
Maximum
Amount of Future
Payments under
Credit Default
Swaps
Weighted
Average
Years to
Maturity (2)
Estimated
Fair Value
of Credit
Default
Swaps
Maximum
Amount of Future
Payments under
Credit Default
Swaps
Weighted
Average
Years to
Maturity (2)
 (Dollars in millions)(Dollars in millions)
Aaa/Aa/A           Aaa/Aa/A
Single name credit default swaps (3) $4
 $247
 1.9
 $4
 $298
 1.7Single name credit default swaps (3)$$169 3.5$$208 2.7
Credit default swaps referencing indices 16
 2,106
 2.0
 35
 2,175
 2.2Credit default swaps referencing indices24 1,779 2.027 1,779 2.5
Subtotal 20
 2,353
 2.0
 39
 2,473
 2.2Subtotal29 1,948 2.132 1,987 2.5
Baa           Baa
Single name credit default swaps (3) 1
 266
 2.4
 3
 216
 1.5Single name credit default swaps (3)139 2.6249 2.5
Credit default swaps referencing indices 88
 7,988
 5.0
 203
 8,539
 5.0Credit default swaps referencing indices155 7,027 5.1156 7,318 5.5
Subtotal 89
 8,254
 4.9
 206
 8,755
 4.9Subtotal157 7,166 5.1159 7,567 5.4
Ba           Ba
Single name credit default swaps (3) (1) 20
 2.2
 
 9
 5.0Single name credit default swaps (3)12 4.5
Credit default swaps referencing indicesCredit default swaps referencing indices(1)20 4.5
Subtotal (1) 20
 2.2
 
 9
 5.0Subtotal(1)32 4.5
B           B
Single name credit default swaps (3) 
 
 
 
 10
 0.5
Credit default swaps referencing indicesCredit default swaps referencing indices55 4.555 5.0
SubtotalSubtotal55 4.555 5.0
Caa3Caa3
Credit default swaps referencing indices (1) 153
 4.6
 26
 273
 5.0Credit default swaps referencing indices(4)15 4.5
Subtotal (1) 153
 4.6
 26
 283
 4.8Subtotal(4)15 4.5
Total $107
 $10,780
 4.3
 $271
 $11,520
 4.3Total$186 $9,216 4.5$196 $9,609 4.8
__________________
(1)The rating agency designations are based on availability and the midpoint of the applicable ratings among Moody’s Investors Service (“Moody’s”), S&P Global Ratings (“S&P”) and Fitch Ratings. If no rating is available from a rating agency, then an internally developed rating is used.
(2)The weighted average years to maturity of the credit default swaps is calculated based on weighted average gross notional amounts.
(3)Single name credit default swaps may be referenced to the credit of corporations, foreign governments, or municipals.
(1)The rating agency designations are based on availability and the midpoint of the applicable ratings among Moody’s Investors Service (“Moody’s”), S&P Global Ratings (“S&P”) and Fitch Ratings. If no rating is available from a rating agency, then an internally developed rating is used.
(2)The weighted average years to maturity of the credit default swaps is calculated based on weighted average gross notional amounts.
(3)Single name credit default swaps may be referenced to the credit of corporations, foreign governments, or municipals.
Credit Risk on Freestanding Derivatives
The Company may be exposed to credit-related losses in the event of nonperformance by its counterparties to derivatives. Generally, the current credit exposure of the Company’s derivatives is limited to the net positive estimated fair value of derivatives at the reporting date after taking into consideration the existence of master netting or similar agreements and any collateral received pursuant to such agreements.
Derivatives may be exchange-traded or contracted in the over-the-counter (“OTC”) market. Certain of the Company’s OTC derivatives are cleared and settled through central clearinghouses (“OTC-cleared”), while others are bilateral contracts between two counterparties (“OTC-bilateral”).
50

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
7. Derivatives (continued)
The Company manages its credit risk related to derivatives by entering into transactions with creditworthy counterparties and establishing and monitoring exposure limits. The Company enters into contracts with counterparties in jurisdictions which it understands that close-out netting should be enforceable. The Company’s OTC-bilateral derivative transactions are governed by ISDAthe International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. (“ISDA”) Master Agreements which provide for legally enforceable set-off and close-out netting of exposures to specific counterparties in the event of early termination of a transaction, which includes, but is not limited to, events of default and bankruptcy. In the event of an early termination, close-out netting permits the Company is permitted(subject to financial regulations such as the Orderly Liquidation Authority under Title II of Dodd-Frank) to set off receivables from the counterparty against payables to the same counterparty arising out of all included transactions.transactions and to apply collateral to the obligations, without application of the automatic stay, upon the counterparty’s bankruptcy. All of the Company’s ISDA Master Agreements also include Credit Support Annex provisions which require both the pledging and accepting of collateral in connection with its OTC-bilateral derivatives.

56

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
7. Derivatives (continued)

derivatives as required by applicable law.
The Company’s OTC-cleared derivatives are effected through central clearing counterparties and its exchange-traded derivatives are effected through regulated exchanges. Such positions are marked to market and margined on a daily basis (both initial margin and variation margin), and the Company has minimal exposure to credit-related losses in the event of nonperformance by counterpartiesbrokers and central clearinghouses to such derivatives.
SeeSee Note 8 for a description of the impact of credit risk on the valuation of derivatives.
The estimated fair values of the Company’s net derivative assets and net derivative liabilities after the application of master netting agreements and collateral were as follows at:
 June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
Derivatives Subject to a Master Netting Arrangement or a Similar Arrangement  Assets Liabilities Assets LiabilitiesDerivatives Subject to a Master Netting Arrangement or a Similar Arrangement AssetsLiabilitiesAssetsLiabilities
 (In millions)(In millions)
Gross estimated fair value of derivatives:        Gross estimated fair value of derivatives:
OTC-bilateral (1) $15,493
 $3,845
 $9,574
 $3,624
OTC-bilateral (1)$9,971 $3,955 $11,348 $4,111 
OTC-cleared (1) 526
 116
 606
 81
OTC-cleared (1)495 30 593 20 
Exchange-traded 5
 51
 15
 11
Exchange-traded17 17 40 
Total gross estimated fair value of derivatives presented on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets (1) 16,024
 4,012
 10,195
 3,716
Total gross estimated fair value of derivatives presented on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets (1)10,475 4,002 11,958 4,171 
Gross amounts not offset on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets:        Gross amounts not offset on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets:
Gross estimated fair value of derivatives: (2)        Gross estimated fair value of derivatives: (2)
OTC-bilateral (2,860) (2,860) (2,664) (2,664)OTC-bilateral(2,453)(2,453)(2,926)(2,926)
OTC-cleared (33) (33) (38) (38)OTC-cleared(10)(10)(7)(7)
Exchange-traded 
 
 (2) (2)Exchange-traded(1)(1)
Cash collateral: (3), (4)        Cash collateral: (3), (4)
OTC-bilateral (9,896) 
 (5,317) 
OTC-bilateral(6,110)(6,842)
OTC-cleared (467) (6) (560) (4)OTC-cleared(464)(16)(530)(5)
Exchange-traded 
 (12) 
 (5)Exchange-traded(6)(23)
Securities collateral: (5)        Securities collateral: (5)
OTC-bilateral (2,557) (886) (1,521) (935)OTC-bilateral(1,284)(1,477)(1,453)(1,100)
OTC-cleared 
 (69) 
 (39)OTC-cleared(4)(1)
Exchange-traded 
 (39) 
 (4)Exchange-traded(10)(1)
Net amount after application of master netting agreements and collateral $211
 $107
 $93
 $25
Net amount after application of master netting agreements and collateral$153 $25 $200 $108 
__________________
(1)At June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, derivative assets included income (expense) accruals reported in accrued investment income or in other liabilities of $153 million and $111 million, respectively, and derivative liabilities included (income) expense accruals reported in accrued investment income or in other liabilities of $11 million and ($21) million, respectively.
(2)Estimated fair value of derivatives is limited to the amount that is subject to set-off and includes income or expense accruals.
(3)Cash collateral received by the Company for OTC-bilateral and OTC-cleared derivatives, where the centralized clearinghouse treats variation margin as collateral, is included in cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments or in fixed maturity securities AFS, and the obligation to return it is included in payables for collateral under securities loaned and other transactions on the balance sheet.

(1)At June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, derivative assets included income (expense) accruals reported in accrued investment income or in other liabilities of $114 million and $92 million, respectively, and derivative liabilities included (income) expense accruals reported in accrued investment income or in other liabilities of ($26) million and ($58) million, respectively.
(2)Estimated fair value of derivatives is limited to the amount that is subject to set-off and includes income or expense accruals.
57
51

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
7. DerivativesDerivatives (continued)

(3)Cash collateral received by the Company for OTC-bilateral and OTC-cleared derivatives, where the centralized clearinghouse treats variation margin as collateral, is included in cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments or in fixed maturity securities AFS, and the obligation to return it is included in payables for collateral under securities loaned and other transactions on the balance sheet. For certain collateral agreements, cash collateral is pledged to the Company as initial margin on its OTC-bilateral derivatives.
(4)The receivable for the return of cash collateral provided by the Company is inclusive of initial margin on exchange-traded and OTC-cleared derivatives and is included in premiums, reinsurance and other receivables on the balance sheet. The amount of cash collateral offset in the table above is limited to the net estimated fair value of derivatives after application of netting agreements. At June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company received excess cash collateral of $314 million and $389 million, respectively, and provided excess cash collateral of $264 million and $266 million, respectively, which is not included in the table above due to the foregoing limitation.
(5)
Securities collateral received by the Company is held in separate custodial accounts and is not recorded on the balance sheet. Subject to certain constraints, the Company is permitted by contract to sell or re-pledge this collateral, but at June 30, 2020, NaN of the collateral had been sold or re-pledged. Securities collateral pledged by the Company is reported in fixed maturity securities AFS on the balance sheet. Subject to certain constraints, the counterparties are permitted by contract to sell or re-pledge this collateral. The amount of securities collateral offset in the table above is limited to the net estimated fair value of derivatives after application of netting agreements and cash collateral. At June 30, 2020 and December 31,2019, the Company received excess securities collateral with an estimated fair value of $201 million and $156 million, respectively, for its OTC-bilateral derivatives, which are not included in the table above due to the foregoing limitation. At June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company provided excess securities collateral with an estimated fair value of $139 million and $189 million, respectively, for its OTC-bilateral derivatives, and $2.4 billion and $1.0 billion, respectively, for its OTC-cleared derivatives, and $271 million and $143
(4)The receivable for the return of cash collateral provided by the Company is inclusive of initial margin on exchange-traded and OTC-cleared derivatives and is included in premiums, reinsurance and other receivables on the balance sheet. The amount of cash collateral offset in the table above is limited to the net estimated fair value of derivatives after application of netting agreements. At June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the Company received excess cash collateral of $106 million and $265 million, respectively, and provided excess cash collateral of $229 million and $238 million, respectively, which is not included in the table above due to the foregoing limitation.
(5)Securities collateral received by the Company is held in separate custodial accounts and is not recorded on the balance sheet. Subject to certain constraints, the Company is permitted by contract to sell or re-pledge this collateral, but at June 30, 2021, NaN of the collateral had been sold or re-pledged. Securities collateral pledged by the Company is reported in fixed maturity securities AFS on the balance sheet. Subject to certain constraints, the counterparties are permitted by contract to sell or re-pledge this collateral. The amount of securities collateral offset in the table above is limited to the net estimated fair value of derivatives after application of netting agreements and cash collateral. At June 30, 2021 and December 31,2020, the Company received excess securities collateral with an estimated fair value of $57 million and $231 million, respectively, for its OTC-bilateral derivatives, which are not included in the table above due to the foregoing limitation. At June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the Company provided excess securities collateral with an estimated fair value of $173 million and $269 million, respectively, for its OTC-bilateral derivatives, $1.3 billion and $2.1 billion, respectively, for its OTC-cleared derivatives, and $233 million and $318 million, respectively, for its exchange-traded derivatives, which are not included in the table above due to the foregoing limitation.
The Company’s collateral arrangements for its OTC-bilateral derivatives generally require the counterparty in a net liability position, after considering the effect of netting agreements, to pledge collateral when the collateral amount owed by that counterparty reaches a minimum transfer amount. All of the Company’s netting agreements for derivatives contain provisions that require both the Company and the counterparty to maintain a specific investment grade credit rating from each of Moody’s and S&P. If a party’s credit or financial strength rating, as applicable, were to fall below that specific investment grade credit rating, that party would be in violation of these provisions, and the other party to the derivatives could terminate the transactions and demand immediate settlement and payment based on such party’s reasonable valuation of the derivatives. A small number of these arrangements also include credit-contingent provisions that include a threshold above which collateral must be posted. Such agreements provide for a reduction of these thresholds (on a sliding scale that converges toward zero) in the event of downgrades in the credit ratings of MetLife, Inc. and/or the counterparty. At June 30, 2020,2021, the amount of collateral not provided by the Company due to the existence of these thresholds was $15 million.
The following table presents the estimated fair value of the Company’s OTC-bilateral derivatives that were in a net liability position after considering the effect of netting agreements, together with the estimated fair value and balance sheet location of the collateral pledged.
  June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
  Derivatives
Subject to
Credit-
Contingent
Provisions
 Derivatives
Not Subject
to Credit-
Contingent
Provisions
 Total 
Derivatives
Subject to
Credit-
Contingent
Provisions
 Derivatives
Not Subject
to Credit-
Contingent
Provisions
 Total
  (In millions)
Estimated Fair Value of Derivatives in a Net Liability Position (1) $859
 $126
 $985
 $874
 $85
 $959
Estimated Fair Value of Collateral Provided:            
Fixed maturity securities AFS $810
 $130
 $940
 $983
 $80
 $1,063
June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
Derivatives
Subject to
Credit-
Contingent
Provisions
Derivatives
Not Subject
to Credit-
Contingent
Provisions
TotalDerivatives
Subject to
Credit-
Contingent
Provisions
Derivatives
Not Subject
to Credit-
Contingent
Provisions
Total
(In millions)
Estimated fair value of derivatives in a net liability position (1)$1,479 $23 $1,502 $1,182 $$1,185 
Estimated fair value of collateral provided:
Fixed maturity securities AFS$1,584 $20 $1,604 $1,222 $$1,224 
__________________
(1)After taking into consideration the existence of netting agreements.
(1)After taking into consideration the existence of netting agreements.
52

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
7. Derivatives (continued)
Embedded Derivatives
The Company issues certain products or purchases certain investments that contain embedded derivatives that are required to be separated from their host contracts and accounted for as freestanding derivatives.

58

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
7. Derivatives (continued)

The following table presents the estimated fair value and balance sheet location of the Company’s embedded derivatives that have been separated from their host contracts at:
  Balance Sheet Location June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
    (In millions)
Embedded derivatives within asset host contracts:      
Ceded guaranteed minimum benefits Premiums, reinsurance and other receivables $69
 $60
Embedded derivatives within liability host contracts:      
Direct guaranteed minimum benefits Policyholder account balances $1,411
 $312
Assumed guaranteed minimum benefits Policyholder account balances 397
 312
Funds withheld on ceded reinsurance Other liabilities 46
 36
Fixed annuities with equity indexed returns Policyholder account balances 105
 130
Other guarantees Policyholder account balances 35
 12
Embedded derivatives within liability host contracts $1,994
 $802

Balance Sheet LocationJune 30, 2021December 31, 2020
(In millions)
Embedded derivatives within asset host contracts:
Ceded guaranteed minimum benefitsPremiums, reinsurance and other receivables$48 $55 
Embedded derivatives within liability host contracts:
Direct guaranteed minimum benefitsPolicyholder account balances$230 $651 
Assumed guaranteed minimum benefitsPolicyholder account balances146 283 
Funds withheld on ceded reinsuranceOther liabilities71 100 
Fixed annuities with equity indexed returnsPolicyholder account balances162 138 
Other guaranteesPolicyholder account balances13 24 
Embedded derivatives within liability host contracts$622 $1,196 
8. Fair Value
Considerable judgment is often required in interpreting the market data used to develop estimates of fair value, and the use of different assumptions or valuation methodologies may have a material effect on the estimated fair value amounts.

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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
8. Fair Value (continued)

Recurring Fair Value Measurements
The assets and liabilities measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis and their corresponding placement in the fair value hierarchy, including those items for which the Company has elected the FVO, are presented below at:
  June 30, 2020
  Fair Value Hierarchy  
  Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total
Estimated
Fair Value
  (In millions)
Assets        
Fixed maturity securities AFS:        
U.S. corporate $
 $80,921
 $9,191
 $90,112
Foreign government 
 65,649
 57
 65,706
Foreign corporate 
 51,276
 11,541
 62,817
U.S. government and agency 22,074
 25,213
 
 47,287
RMBS 477
 27,730
 3,668
 31,875
ABS 
 15,394
 930
 16,324
Municipals 
 14,611
 
 14,611
CMBS 
 10,494
 779
 11,273
Total fixed maturity securities AFS 22,551
 291,288
 26,166
 340,005
Equity securities 556
 176
 373
 1,105
Unit-linked and FVO Securities (1) 9,406
 1,916
 589
 11,911
Short-term investments (2) 3,019
 1,836
 7
 4,862
Residential mortgage loans — FVO 
 
 175
 175
Other investments 70
 174
 491
 735
Derivative assets: (3)        
Interest rate 2
 9,258
 953
 10,213
Foreign currency exchange rate 
 4,474
 28
 4,502
Credit 
 126
 19
 145
Equity market 3
 957
 51
 1,011
Total derivative assets 5
 14,815
 1,051
 15,871
Embedded derivatives within asset host contracts (4) 
 
 69
 69
Separate account assets (5) 84,717
 101,559
 1,067
 187,343
Total assets (6) $120,324
 $411,764
 $29,988
 $562,076
Liabilities        
Derivative liabilities: (3)        
Interest rate $
 $131
 $71
 $202
Foreign currency exchange rate 6
 2,918
 166
 3,090
Credit 
 114
 4
 118
Equity market 45
 534
 12
 591
Total derivative liabilities 51
 3,697
 253
 4,001
Embedded derivatives within liability host contracts (4) 
 
 1,994
 1,994
Separate account liabilities (5) 1
 27
 11
 39
Total liabilities $52
 $3,724
 $2,258
 $6,034

June 30, 2021 (1)
Fair Value Hierarchy
Level 1Level 2Level 3
Total
Estimated
Fair Value
(In millions)
Assets
Fixed maturity securities AFS:
U.S. corporate$$81,143 $10,228 $91,371 
Foreign government64,485 145 64,630 
Foreign corporate52,060 13,545 65,605 
U.S. government and agency25,709 20,847 46,556 
RMBS111 26,150 3,587 29,848 
ABS15,087 1,626 16,713 
Municipals13,923 13,923 
CMBS11,259 790 12,049 
Total fixed maturity securities AFS25,820 284,954 29,921 340,695 
Equity securities662 196 143 1,001 
Unit-linked and FVO Securities (2)9,573 1,755 849 12,177 
Short-term investments (3)2,683 400 113 3,196 
Residential mortgage loans — FVO140 140 
Other investments320 781 1,101 
Derivative assets: (4)
Interest rate6,974 74 7,048 
Foreign currency exchange rate2,138 90 2,228 
Credit181 23 204 
Equity market872 881 
Total derivative assets10,165 187 10,361 
Embedded derivatives within asset host contracts (5)48 48 
Separate account assets (6)84,137 104,556 1,254 189,947 
Total assets (7)$122,884 $402,346 $33,436 $558,666 
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities: (4)
Interest rate$$283 $51 $338 
Foreign currency exchange rate2,935 73 3,012 
Credit115 121 
Equity market548 557 
Total derivative liabilities17 3,881 130 4,028 
Embedded derivatives within liability host contracts (5)622 622 
Separate account liabilities (6)10 20 
Total liabilities$22 $3,891 $757 $4,670 
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
8. Fair Value (continued)

 December 31, 2019December 31, 2020 (1)
 Fair Value Hierarchy  Fair Value Hierarchy
 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total
Estimated
Fair Value
Level 1Level 2Level 3
Total
Estimated
Fair Value
 (In millions)(In millions)
Assets        Assets
Fixed maturity securities AFS:        Fixed maturity securities AFS:
U.S. corporate $
 $81,501
 $6,252
 $87,753
U.S. corporate$$83,214 $10,202 $93,416 
Foreign government 
 67,112
 117
 67,229
Foreign government71,582 117 71,699 
Foreign corporate 
 56,188
 7,977
 64,165
Foreign corporate55,509 13,899 69,408 
U.S. government and agency 21,058
 21,026
 
 42,084
U.S. government and agency23,180 23,920 47,100 
RMBS 3
 25,682
 2,862
 28,547
RMBS27,133 3,302 30,435 
ABS 
 13,326
 1,216
 14,542
ABS15,734 1,385 17,119 
Municipals 
 13,046
 7
 13,053
Municipals13,722 13,722 
CMBS 
 10,067
 380
 10,447
CMBS11,308 602 11,910 
Total fixed maturity securities AFS 21,061
 287,948
 18,811
 327,820
Total fixed maturity securities AFS23,180 302,122 29,507 354,809 
Equity securities 794
 118
 430
 1,342
Equity securities636 293 150 1,079 
Unit-linked and FVO Securities (1) 10,598
 1,879
 625
 13,102
Short-term investments (2) 2,042
 1,108
 32
 3,182
Unit-linked and FVO Securities (2)Unit-linked and FVO Securities (2)10,559 2,059 701 13,319 
Short-term investments (3)Short-term investments (3)2,762 568 43 3,373 
Residential mortgage loans — FVO 
 
 188
 188
Residential mortgage loans — FVO165 165 
Other investments 74
 160
 455
 689
Other investments83 229 573 885 
Derivative assets: (3)        
Derivative assets: (4)Derivative assets: (4)
Interest rate 2
 6,616
 89
 6,707
Interest rate7,840 489 8,329 
Foreign currency exchange rate 7
 2,336
 35
 2,378
Foreign currency exchange rate2,287 176 2,466 
Credit 
 244
 32
 276
Credit180 25 205 
Equity market 6
 686
 31
 723
Equity market14 830 22 866 
Total derivative assets 15
 9,882
 187
 10,084
Total derivative assets17 11,137 712 11,866 
Embedded derivatives within asset host contracts (4) 
 
 60
 60
Separate account assets (5) 86,790
 100,668
 987
 188,445
Total assets (6) $121,374
 $401,763
 $21,775
 $544,912
Embedded derivatives within asset host contracts (5)Embedded derivatives within asset host contracts (5)55 55 
Separate account assets (6)Separate account assets (6)91,850 107,035 1,085 199,970 
Total assets (7)Total assets (7)$129,087 $423,443 $32,991 $585,521 
Liabilities        Liabilities
Derivative liabilities: (3)        
Derivative liabilities: (4)Derivative liabilities: (4)
Interest rate $3
 $220
 $195
 $418
Interest rate$$168 $68 $238 
Foreign currency exchange rate 
 2,324
 118
 2,442
Foreign currency exchange rate3,063 38 3,101 
Credit 
 102
 1
 103
Credit121 121 
Equity market 8
 747
 19
 774
Equity market38 719 12 769 
Total derivative liabilities 11
 3,393
 333
 3,737
Total derivative liabilities40 4,071 118 4,229 
Embedded derivatives within liability host contracts (4) 
 
 802
 802
Separate account liabilities (5) 1
 14
 7
 22
Embedded derivatives within liability host contracts (5)Embedded derivatives within liability host contracts (5)1,196 1,196 
Separate account liabilities (6)Separate account liabilities (6)12 26 
Total liabilities $12
 $3,407
 $1,142
 $4,561
Total liabilities$52 $4,079 $1,320 $5,451 
__________________
(1)Unit-linked and FVO Securities were primarily comprised of Unit-linked investments at both June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019.
(2)Short-term investments as presented in the tables above differ from the amounts presented on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets because certain short-term investments are not measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis.

(1)Excludes amounts for financial instruments reclassified to assets held-for-sale or liabilities held-for-sale. Assets held-for-sale and liabilities held-for-sale are valued on a basis consistent with similar instruments described herein. See Note 3 for information on the Company’s business dispositions.
(2)Unit-linked and FVO Securities were primarily comprised of Unit-linked investments at both June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020.
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
8. Fair Value (continued)

(3)Short-term investments as presented in the tables above differ from the amounts presented on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets because certain short-term investments are not measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis.
(3)Derivative assets are presented within other invested assets on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets and derivative liabilities are presented within other liabilities on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets. The amounts are presented gross in the tables above to reflect the presentation on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets, but are presented net for purposes of the rollforward in the Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) tables.
(4)Embedded derivatives within asset host contracts are presented within premiums, reinsurance and other receivables and other invested assets on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets. Embedded derivatives within liability host contracts are presented within policyholder account balances and other liabilities on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(5)Investment performance related to separate account assets is fully offset by corresponding amounts credited to contractholders whose liability is reflected within separate account liabilities. Separate account liabilities are set equal to the estimated fair value of separate account assets. Separate account liabilities presented in the tables above represent derivative liabilities.
(6)
(4)Derivative assets are presented within other invested assets on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets and derivative liabilities are presented within other liabilities on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets. The amounts are presented gross in the tables above to reflect the presentation on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets, but are presented net for purposes of the rollforward in the Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) tables.
(5)Embedded derivatives within asset host contracts are presented within premiums, reinsurance and other receivables and other invested assets on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets. Embedded derivatives within liability host contracts are presented within policyholder account balances and other liabilities on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(6)Investment performance related to separate account assets is fully offset by corresponding amounts credited to contractholders whose liability is reflected within separate account liabilities. Separate account liabilities are set equal to the estimated fair value of separate account assets. Separate account liabilities presented in the tables above represent derivative liabilities.
(7)Total assets included in the fair value hierarchy exclude other limited partnership interests that are measured at estimated fair value using the net asset value (“NAV”) per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient. At both, June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the estimated fair value of such investments was $75 million.
Total assets included in the fair value hierarchy exclude other limited partnership interests that are measured at estimated fair value using the net asset value (“NAV”) per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient. At June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the estimated fair value of such investments was $75 million and $95 million, respectively.
The following describes the valuation methodologies used to measure assets and liabilities at fair value.
Investments
Securities, Short-term Investments and Other Investments
When available, the estimated fair value of these financial instruments is based on quoted prices in active markets that are readily and regularly obtainable. Generally, these are the most liquid of the Company’s securities holdings and valuation of these securities does not involve management’s judgment.
When quoted prices in active markets are not available, the determination of estimated fair value of securities is based on market standard valuation methodologies, giving priority to observable inputs. The significant inputs to the market standard valuation methodologies for certain types of securities with reasonable levels of price transparency are inputs that are observable in the market or can be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data. When observable inputs are not available, the market standard valuation methodologies rely on inputs that are significant to the estimated fair value that are not observable in the market or cannot be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data. These unobservable inputs can be based in large part on management’s judgment or estimation and cannot be supported by reference to market activity. Even though these inputs are unobservable, management believes they are consistent with what other market participants would use when pricing such securities and are considered appropriate given the circumstances.
The estimated fair value of short-term investments and other investments is determined on a basis consistent with the methodologies described herein for securities.herein.
The valuation approaches and key inputs for each category of assets or liabilities that are classified within Level 2 and Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy are presented below. The primary valuation approaches are the market approach, which considers recent prices from market transactions involving identical or similar assets or liabilities, and the income approach, which converts expected future amounts (e.g. cash flows) to a single current, discounted amount. The valuation of most instruments listed below is determined using independent pricing sources, matrix pricing, discounted cash flow methodologies or other similar techniques that use either observable market inputs or unobservable inputs.

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Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
8. Fair Value (continued)

Instrument
Level 2
Observable Inputs
Level 3
Unobservable Inputs
Fixed maturity securities AFS
U.S. corporate and Foreign corporate securities
Valuation Approaches: Principally the market and income approaches.Valuation Approaches: Principally the market approach.
Key Inputs:Key Inputs:
quoted prices in markets that are not activeilliquidity premium
benchmark yields; spreads off benchmark yields; new issuances; issuer ratingsdelta spread adjustments to reflect specific credit-related issues
trades of identical or comparable securities; durationcredit spreads
privately-placed securities are valued using the additional key inputs:quoted prices in markets that are not active for identical or similar securities that are less liquid and based on lower levels of trading activity than securities classified in Level 2
market yield curve; call provisions
observable prices and spreads for similar public or private securities that incorporate the credit quality and industry sector of the issuerindependent non-binding broker quotations
delta spread adjustments to reflect specific credit-related issues
Foreign government securities, U.S. government and agency securities and Municipals
Valuation Approaches: Principally the market approach.Valuation Approaches: Principally the market approach.
Key Inputs:Key Inputs:
quoted prices in markets that are not activeindependent non-binding broker quotations
benchmark U.S. Treasury yield or other yieldsquoted prices in markets that are not active for identical or similar securities that are less liquid and based on lower levels of trading activity than securities classified in Level 2
the spread off the U.S. Treasury yield curve for the identical security
issuer ratings and issuer spreads; broker-dealer quotesquotationscredit spreads
comparable securities that are actively traded
Structured Products
Valuation Approaches: Principally the market and income approaches.Valuation Approaches: Principally the market and income approaches.
Key Inputs:Key Inputs:
quoted prices in markets that are not activecredit spreads
spreads for actively traded securities; spreads off benchmark yieldsquoted prices in markets that are not active for identical or similar securities that are less liquid and based on lower levels of trading activity than securities classified in Level 2
expected prepayment speeds and volumes
current and forecasted loss severity; ratings; geographic regionindependent non-binding broker quotations
weighted average coupon and weighted average maturitycredit ratings
average delinquency rates; debt-service coverage ratios
credit ratings
issuance-specific information, including, but not limited to:
collateral type; structure of the security; vintage of the loans
payment terms of the underlying assets
payment priority within the tranche; deal performance

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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
8. Fair Value (continued)

Instrument
Level 2
Observable Inputs
Level 3
Unobservable Inputs
Equity securities
Valuation Approaches: Principally the market approach.Valuation Approaches: Principally the market and income approaches.
Key Input:Key Inputs:
quoted prices in markets that are not considered activecredit ratings; issuance structures
quoted prices in markets that are not active for identical or similar securities that are less liquid and based on lower levels of trading activity than securities classified in Level 2
independent non-binding broker quotations
Unit-linked and FVO Securities, Short-term investments and Other investments
Unit-linked and FVO Securities include mutual fund interests without readily determinable fair values given prices are not published publicly. Valuation of these mutual funds is based upon quoted prices or reported NAV provided by the fund managers, which were based on observable inputs.Unit-linked and FVO Securities, short-term investments and other investments are of a similar nature and class to the fixed maturity securities AFS and equity securities described above; accordingly, the valuation approaches and unobservable inputs used in their valuation are also similar to those described above. Other investments include certain real estate joint ventures and use the valuation approach and key inputs as described for other limited partnership interests below.
Short-term investments and other investments are of a similar nature and class to the fixed maturity securities AFS and equity securities described above; accordingly, the valuation approaches and observable inputs used in their valuation are also similar to those described above.
Residential mortgage loans — FVO
N/AValuation Approaches: Principally the market approach.
Valuation Techniques and Key Inputs: These investments are based primarily on matrix pricing or other similar techniques that utilize inputs from mortgage servicers that are unobservable or cannot be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data.
Separate account assets and Separate account liabilities (1)
Mutual funds and hedge funds without readily determinable fair values as prices are not published publicly
Key Input:N/A
quoted prices or reported NAV provided by the fund managers
Other limited partnership interests

N/AValued giving consideration to the underlying holdings of the partnerships and adjusting, if appropriate.
Key Inputs:
liquidity; bid/ask spreads; performance record of the fund manager
other relevant variables that may impact the exit value of the particular partnership interest
__________________
(1)Estimated fair value equals carrying value, based on the value of the underlying assets, including: mutual fund interests, fixed maturity securities, equity securities, derivatives, hedge funds, other limited partnership interests, short-term investments and cash and cash equivalents. Fixed maturity securities, equity securities, derivatives, short-term investments and cash and cash equivalents are similar in nature to the instruments described under “— Securities, Short-term Investments and Other Investments” and “— Derivatives — Freestanding Derivatives.”

(1)Estimated fair value equals carrying value, based on the value of the underlying assets, including: mutual fund interests, fixed maturity securities, equity securities, derivatives, hedge funds, other limited partnership interests, short-term investments and cash and cash equivalents. Fixed maturity securities, equity securities, derivatives, short-term investments and cash and cash equivalents are similar in nature to the instruments described under “— Securities, Short-term Investments and Other Investments” and “— Derivatives — Freestanding Derivatives.”
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
8. Fair Value (continued)

Derivatives
The estimated fair value of derivatives is determined through the use of quoted market prices for exchange-traded derivatives, or through the use of pricing models for OTC-bilateral and OTC-cleared derivatives. The determination of estimated fair value, when quoted market values are not available, is based on market standard valuation methodologies and inputs that management believes are consistent with what other market participants would use when pricing such instruments. Derivative valuations can be affected by changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, financial indices, credit spreads, default risk, nonperformance risk, volatility, liquidity and changes in estimates and assumptions used in the pricing models.
The significant inputs to the pricing models for most OTC-bilateral and OTC-cleared derivatives are inputs that are observable in the market or can be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data. Certain OTC-bilateral and OTC-cleared derivatives may rely on inputs that are significant to the estimated fair value that are not observable in the market or cannot be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data. These unobservable inputs may involve significant management judgment or estimation. Even though unobservable, these inputs are based on assumptions deemed appropriate given the circumstances and management believes they are consistent with what other market participants would use when pricing such instruments.
Most inputs for OTC-bilateral and OTC-cleared derivatives are mid-market inputs but, in certain cases, liquidity adjustments are made when they are deemed more representative of exit value. Market liquidity, as well as the use of different methodologies, assumptions and inputs, may have a material effect on the estimated fair values of the Company’s derivatives and could materially affect net income.
The credit risk of both the counterparty and the Company are considered in determining the estimated fair value for all OTC-bilateral and OTC-cleared derivatives, and any potential credit adjustment is based on the net exposure by counterparty after taking into account the effects of netting agreements and collateral arrangements. The Company values its OTC-bilateral and OTC-cleared derivatives using standard swap curves which may include a spread to the risk-free rate, depending upon specific collateral arrangements. This credit spread is appropriate for those parties that execute trades at pricing levels consistent with similar collateral arrangements. As the Company and its significant derivative counterparties generally execute trades at such pricing levels and hold sufficient collateral, additional credit risk adjustments are not currently required in the valuation process. The Company’s ability to consistently execute at such pricing levels is, in part, due to the netting agreements and collateral arrangements that are in place with all of its significant derivative counterparties. An evaluation of the requirement to make additional credit risk adjustments is performed by the Company each reporting period.
Freestanding Derivatives
Level 2 Valuation Approaches and Key Inputs:
This level includes all types of derivatives utilized by the Company with the exception of exchange-traded derivatives included within Level 1 and those derivatives with unobservable inputs as described in Level 3.
Level 3 Valuation Approaches and Key Inputs:
These valuation methodologies generally use the same inputs as described in the corresponding sections for Level 2 measurements of derivatives. However, these derivatives result in Level 3 classification because one or more of the significant inputs are not observable in the market or cannot be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data.

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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
8. Fair Value (continued)

Freestanding derivatives are principally valued using the income approach. Valuations of non-option-based derivatives utilize present value techniques, whereas valuations of option-based derivatives utilize option pricing models. Key inputs are as follows:
InstrumentInterest Rate
Foreign Currency

Exchange Rate
CreditEquity Market
Inputs common to Level 2 and Level 3 by instrument typeswap yield curvesswap yield curvesswap yield curvesswap yield curves
basis curvesbasis curvescredit curvesspot equity index levels
interest rate volatility (1)currency spot ratesrecovery ratesdividend yield curves
cross currency basis curvesequity volatility (1)
currency volatility (1)
Level 3swap yield curves (2)swap yield curves (2)swap yield curves (2)dividend yield curves (2)
basis curves (2)basis curves (2)credit curves (2)equity volatility (1), (2)
repurchase ratescross currency basis curves (2)

credit spreadscorrelation between model inputs (1)
interest rate volatility (1), (2)currency correlationrepurchase rates
currency volatility (1)

independent non-binding broker quotations
__________________
(1)Option-based only.
(2)Extrapolation beyond the observable limits of the curve(s).
(1)Option-based only.
(2)Extrapolation beyond the observable limits of the curve(s).
Embedded Derivatives
Embedded derivatives principally include certain direct, assumed and ceded variable annuity guarantees, annuity contracts, and investment risk within funds withheld related to certain reinsurance agreements. Embedded derivatives are recorded at estimated fair value with changes in estimated fair value reported in net income.
The Company issues certain variable annuity products with guaranteed minimum benefits. GMWBs, GMABs and certain GMIBs contain embedded derivatives, which are measured at estimated fair value separately from the host variable annuity contract, with changes in estimated fair value reported in net derivative gains (losses). These embedded derivatives are classified within policyholder account balances on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets.
The Company calculates the fair value of these embedded derivatives, which is estimated as the present value of projected future benefits minus the present value of projected future fees using actuarial and capital market assumptions including expectations concerning policyholder behavior. The calculation is based on in-force business, projecting future cash flows from the embedded derivative over multiple risk neutral stochastic scenarios using observable risk-free rates.
Capital market assumptions, such as risk-free rates and implied volatilities, are based on market prices for publicly traded instruments to the extent that prices for such instruments are observable. Implied volatilities beyond the observable period are extrapolated based on observable implied volatilities and historical volatilities. Actuarial assumptions, including mortality, lapse, withdrawal and utilization, are unobservable and are reviewed at least annually based on actuarial studies of historical experience.
The valuation of these guarantee liabilities includes nonperformance risk adjustments and adjustments for a risk margin related to non-capital market inputs. The nonperformance adjustment is determined by taking into consideration publicly available information relating to spreads in the secondary market for MetLife, Inc.’s debt, including related credit default swaps. These observable spreads are then adjusted, as necessary, to reflect the priority of these liabilities and the claims paying ability of the issuing insurance subsidiaries as compared to MetLife, Inc.

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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
8. Fair Value (continued)

Risk margins are established to capture the non-capital market risks of the instrument which represent the additional compensation a market participant would require to assume the risks related to the uncertainties of such actuarial assumptions as annuitization, premium persistency, partial withdrawal and surrenders. The establishment of risk margins requires the use of significant management judgment, including assumptions of the amount and cost of capital needed to cover the guarantees. These guarantees may be more costly than expected in volatile or declining equity markets. Market conditions including, but not limited to, changes in interest rates, equity indices, market volatility and foreign currency exchange rates; changes in nonperformance risk; and variations in actuarial assumptions regarding policyholder behavior, mortality and risk margins related to non-capital market inputs, may result in significant fluctuations in the estimated fair value of the guarantees that could materially affect net income.
The Company ceded the risk associated with certain of the GMIBs previously described. These reinsurance agreements contain embedded derivatives which are included within premiums, reinsurance and other receivables on the consolidated balance sheets with changes in estimated fair value reported in net derivative gains (losses) or policyholder benefits and claims depending on the statement of operations classification of the direct risk. The value of the embedded derivatives on the ceded risk is determined using a methodology consistent with that described previously for the guarantees directly written by the Company with the exception of the input for nonperformance risk that reflects the credit of the reinsurer.
The estimated fair value of the embedded derivatives within funds withheld related to certain ceded reinsurance is determined based on the change in estimated fair value of the underlying assets held by the Company in a reference portfolio backing the funds withheld liability. The estimated fair value of the underlying assets is determined as described in “— Investments — Securities, Short-term Investments and Other Investments.” The estimated fair value of these embedded derivatives is included, along with their funds withheld hosts, in other liabilities on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets with changes in estimated fair value recorded in net derivative gains (losses). Changes in the credit spreads on the underlying assets, interest rates and market volatility may result in significant fluctuations in the estimated fair value of these embedded derivatives that could materially affect net income.
The Company issues certain annuity contracts which allow the policyholder to participate in returns from equity indices. These equity indexed features are embedded derivatives which are measured at estimated fair value separately from the host fixed annuity contract, with changes in estimated fair value reported in net derivative gains (losses). These embedded derivatives are classified within policyholder account balances on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets.
The estimated fair value of the embedded equity indexed derivatives, based on the present value of future equity returns to the policyholder using actuarial and present value assumptions including expectations concerning policyholder behavior, is calculated by the Company’s actuarial department. The calculation is based on in-force business and uses standard capital market techniques, such as Black-Scholes, to calculate the value of the portion of the embedded derivative for which the terms are set. The portion of the embedded derivative covering the period beyond where terms are set is calculated as the present value of amounts expected to be spent to provide equity indexed returns in those periods. The valuation of these embedded derivatives also includes the establishment of a risk margin, as well as changes in nonperformance risk.
Embedded Derivatives Within Asset and Liability Host Contracts
Level 3 Valuation Approaches and Key Inputs:
Direct and assumed guaranteed minimum benefits
These embedded derivatives are principally valued using the income approach. Valuations are based on option pricing techniques, which utilize significant inputs that may include swap yield curves, currency exchange rates and implied volatilities. These embedded derivatives result in Level 3 classification because one or more of the significant inputs are not observable in the market or cannot be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data. Significant unobservable inputs generally include: the extrapolation beyond observable limits of the swap yield curves and implied volatilities, actuarial assumptions for policyholder behavior and mortality and the potential variability in policyholder behavior and mortality, nonperformance risk and cost of capital for purposes of calculating the risk margin.
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Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
8. Fair Value (continued)
Reinsurance ceded on certain guaranteed minimum benefits
These embedded derivatives are principally valued using the income approach. The valuation techniques and significant market standard unobservable inputs used in their valuation are similar to those described above in “— Direct and assumed guaranteed minimum benefits” and also include counterparty credit spreads.

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Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
8. Fair Value (continued)

Transfers between Levels
Overall, transfers between levels occur when there are changes in the observability of inputs and market activity.
Transfers into or out of Level 3:
Assets and liabilities are transferred into Level 3 when a significant input cannot be corroborated with market observable data. This occurs when market activity decreases significantly and underlying inputs cannot be observed, current prices are not available, and/or when there are significant variances in quoted prices, thereby affecting transparency. Assets and liabilities are transferred out of Level 3 when circumstances change such that a significant input can be corroborated with market observable data. This may be due to a significant increase in market activity, a specific event, or one or more significant input(s) becoming observable.
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Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
8. Fair Value (continued)
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
The following table presents certain quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement, and the sensitivity of the estimated fair value to changes in those inputs, for the more significant asset and liability classes measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) at:
 June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019 Impact of
Increase in Input
on Estimated
Fair Value (2)
June 30, 2021December 31, 2020Impact of
Increase in Input
on Estimated
Fair Value (2)
Valuation
Techniques
 Significant
Unobservable Inputs
 Range Weighted
Average (1)
 Range Weighted
Average (1)
 Valuation
Techniques
Significant
Unobservable Inputs
RangeWeighted
Average (1)
RangeWeighted
Average (1)
Fixed maturity securities AFS (3)Fixed maturity securities AFS (3) Fixed maturity securities AFS (3)
U.S. corporate and foreign corporateMatrix pricing Offered quotes (4) -187 112 5-145 110 IncreaseU.S. corporate and foreign corporateMatrix pricingOffered quotes (4)1-1721120-186117Increase
Market pricing Quoted prices (4) 20-112 96 25-131 100 IncreaseMarket pricingQuoted prices (4)0-123980-11698Increase
Consensus pricing Offered quotes (4) 50-111 100 81-109 102 IncreaseConsensus pricingOffered quotes (4)99-10610154-104101Increase
RMBSMarket pricing Quoted prices (4) -132 95 -119 95 Increase (5)RMBSMarket pricingQuoted prices (4)0-147990-15998Increase (5)
ABSMarket pricing Quoted prices (4) 3-111 96 3-119 98 Increase (5)ABSMarket pricingQuoted prices (4)3-1101001-112100Increase (5)
Consensus pricing Offered quotes (4) -  99-104 100 Increase (5)Consensus pricingOffered quotes (4)101-101101100-100100Increase (5)
Derivatives 
 Derivatives
Interest ratePresent value techniques Swap yield (6) 66-158 123 190-251 Increase (7)Interest ratePresent value techniquesSwap yield (6)148-22819992-184149Increase (7)
Repurchase rates (8)0-00(12)-1(6)Decrease (7)
 Repurchase rates (8) (8)-10 (2) (6)-6 Decrease (7)Volatility (9)0%-1%0%0-00Increase (7)
Foreign currency exchange ratePresent value techniques Swap yield (6) (165)-237 (108) (125)-328 Increase (7)Foreign currency exchange ratePresent value techniquesSwap yield (6)(170)-1,93850(309)-248(144)Increase (7)
CreditPresent value techniques Credit spreads (9) 97-100 98 96-100 Decrease (7)CreditPresent value techniquesCredit spreads (10)96-12810396-9998Decrease (7)
Consensus pricing Offered quotes (10) 
   Consensus pricingOffered quotes (11)
Equity marketPresent value techniques or option pricing models Volatility (11) 23%-35% 31% 14%-23% Increase (7)Equity marketPresent value techniques or option pricing modelsVolatility (12)0-0021%-29%28%Increase (7)
 Correlation (12) 10%-30% 11% 10%-30% Correlation (13)10%-10%10%10%-30%10%
Embedded derivativesEmbedded derivatives Embedded derivatives
Direct, assumed and ceded guaranteed minimum benefitsOption pricing techniques Mortality rates: Direct, assumed and ceded guaranteed minimum benefitsOption pricing techniquesMortality rates:
 Ages 0 - 40 0%-0.18% 0.06% 0%-0.18% Decrease (13)Ages 0 - 400%-0.17%0.06%0%-0.17%0.06%Decrease (14)
 Ages 41 - 60 0.03%-0.80% 0.30% 0.03%-0.80% Decrease (13)Ages 41 - 600.03%-0.75%0.30%0.03%-0.75%0.30%Decrease (14)
 Ages 61 - 115 0.13%-100% 1.90% 0.13%-100% Decrease (13)Ages 61 - 1150.12%-100%1.90%0.12%-100%1.90%Decrease (14)
 Lapse rates: 
 Lapse rates:
 Durations 1 - 10 0.25%-100% 7.90% 0.25%-100% Decrease (14)Durations 1 - 100.25%-100%6.86%0.25%-100%6.86%Decrease (15)
 Durations 11 - 20 0.50%-100% 6.40% 0.50%-100% Decrease (14)Durations 11 - 200.50%-100%5.18%0.50%-100%5.18%Decrease (15)
 Durations 21 - 116 0.50%-100% 6.40% 0.50%-100% Decrease (14)Durations 21 - 1160.50%-100%5.18%0.50%-100%5.18%Decrease (15)
 Utilization rates 0%-22% 0.90% 0%-22% Increase (15)Utilization rates0%-22%0.17%0%-22%0.17%Increase (16)
 Withdrawal rates 0%-20% 4.23% 0%-20% (16)Withdrawal rates0%-20%3.98%0%-20%3.98%(17)
 Long-term equity volatilities 8.48%-30% 18.30% 6.01%-30% Increase (17)Long-term equity volatilities7.14%-27%18.70%8.33%-27%18.70%Increase (18)
 Nonperformance risk spread 0.04%-1.38% 0.49% 0.03%-1.30% Decrease (18)Nonperformance risk spread0.04%-1.14%0.40%0.04%-1.18%0.40%Decrease (19)
__________________

(1)The weighted average for fixed maturity securities AFS and derivatives is determined based on the estimated fair value of the securities and derivatives. The weighted average for embedded derivatives is determined based on a combination of account values and experience data.
(2)The impact of a decrease in input would have resulted in the opposite impact on estimated fair value. For embedded derivatives, changes to direct and assumed guaranteed minimum benefits are based on liability positions; changes to ceded guaranteed minimum benefits are based on asset positions.
(3)Significant increases (decreases) in expected default rates in isolation would have resulted in substantially lower (higher) valuations.
(4)Range and weighted average are presented in accordance with the market convention for fixed maturity securities AFS of dollars per hundred dollars of par.
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Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
8. Fair Value (continued)

(5)Changes in the assumptions used for the probability of default would have been accompanied by a directionally similar change in the assumption used for the loss severity and a directionally opposite change in the assumptions used for prepayment rates.
(1)The weighted average for fixed maturity securities AFS and derivatives is determined based on the estimated fair value of the securities. The weighted average for embedded derivatives is determined based on a combination of account values and experience data.
(2)The impact of a decrease in input would have resulted in the opposite impact on estimated fair value. For embedded derivatives, changes to direct and assumed guaranteed minimum benefits are based on liability positions; changes to ceded guaranteed minimum benefits are based on asset positions.
(3)Significant increases (decreases) in expected default rates in isolation would have resulted in substantially lower (higher) valuations.
(4)Range and weighted average are presented in accordance with the market convention for fixed maturity securities AFS of dollars per hundred dollars of par.
(5)Changes in the assumptions used for the probability of default would have been accompanied by a directionally similar change in the assumption used for the loss severity and a directionally opposite change in the assumptions used for prepayment rates.
(6)Ranges represent the rates across different yield curves and are presented in basis points. The swap yield curves are utilized among different types of derivatives to project cash flows, as well as to discount future cash flows to present value. Since this valuation methodology uses a range of inputs across a yield curve to value the derivative, presenting a range is more representative of the unobservable input used in the valuation.
(7)Changes in estimated fair value are based on long U.S. dollar net asset positions and will be inversely impacted for short U.S. dollar net asset positions.
(8)Ranges represent different repurchase rates utilized as components within the valuation methodology and are presented in basis points.
(9)Represents the risk quoted in basis points of a credit default event on the underlying instrument. Credit derivatives with significant unobservable inputs are primarily comprised of written credit default swaps.
(10)At both June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, independent non-binding broker quotations were used in the determination of less than 1% of the total net derivative estimated fair value.
(11)Ranges represent the underlying equity volatility quoted in percentage points. Since this valuation methodology uses a range of inputs across multiple volatility surfaces to value the derivative, presenting a range is more representative of the unobservable input used in the valuation.
(12)Ranges represent the different correlation factors utilized as components within the valuation methodology. Presenting a range of correlation factors is more representative of the unobservable input used in the valuation. Increases (decreases) in correlation in isolation will increase (decrease) the significance of the change in valuations.
(13)Mortality rates vary by age and by demographic characteristics such as gender. Mortality rate assumptions are based on company experience. A mortality improvement assumption is also applied. For any given contract, mortality rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuing the embedded derivative.
(14)Base lapse rates are adjusted at the contract level based on a comparison of the actuarially calculated guaranteed values and the current policyholder account value, as well as other factors, such as the applicability of any surrender charges. A dynamic lapse function reduces the base lapse rate when the guaranteed amount is greater than the account value as in the money contracts are less likely to lapse. Lapse rates are also generally assumed to be lower in periods when a surrender charge applies. For any given contract, lapse rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuing the embedded derivative.
(15)The utilization rate assumption estimates the percentage of contractholders with a GMIB or lifetime withdrawal benefit who will elect to utilize the benefit upon becoming eligible. The rates may vary by the type of guarantee, the amount by which the guaranteed amount is greater than the account value, the contract’s withdrawal history and by the age of the policyholder. For any given contract, utilization rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuing the embedded derivative.

(6)Ranges represent the rates across different yield curves and are presented in basis points. The swap yield curves are utilized among different types of derivatives to project cash flows, as well as to discount future cash flows to present value. Since this valuation methodology uses a range of inputs across a yield curve to value the derivative, presenting a range is more representative of the unobservable input used in the valuation.
(7)Changes in estimated fair value are based on long U.S. dollar net asset positions and will be inversely impacted for short U.S. dollar net asset positions.
(8)Ranges represent different repurchase rates utilized as components within the valuation methodology and are presented in basis points.
(9)Ranges represent the underlying interest rate volatility quoted in percentage points. Since this valuation methodology uses an equivalent of LIBOR for secured overnight financing rate volatility, presenting a range is more representative of the unobservable input used in the valuation.
(10)Represents the risk quoted in basis points of a credit default event on the underlying instrument. Credit derivatives with significant unobservable inputs are primarily comprised of written credit default swaps.
(11)At both June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, independent non-binding broker quotations were used in the determination of less than 1% of the total net derivative estimated fair value.
(12)Ranges represent the underlying equity volatility quoted in percentage points. Since this valuation methodology uses a range of inputs across multiple volatility surfaces to value the derivative, presenting a range is more representative of the unobservable input used in the valuation.
(13)Ranges represent the different correlation factors utilized as components within the valuation methodology. Presenting a range of correlation factors is more representative of the unobservable input used in the valuation. Increases (decreases) in correlation in isolation will increase (decrease) the significance of the change in valuations.
(14)Mortality rates vary by age and by demographic characteristics such as gender. Mortality rate assumptions are based on company experience. A mortality improvement assumption is also applied. For any given contract, mortality rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuing the embedded derivative.
(15)Base lapse rates are adjusted at the contract level based on a comparison of the actuarially calculated guaranteed values and the current policyholder account value, as well as other factors, such as the applicability of any surrender charges. A dynamic lapse function reduces the base lapse rate when the guaranteed amount is greater than the account value as in the money contracts are less likely to lapse. Lapse rates are also generally assumed to be lower in periods when a surrender charge applies. For any given contract, lapse rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuing the embedded derivative.
(16)The utilization rate assumption estimates the percentage of contractholders with GMIBs or a lifetime withdrawal benefit who will elect to utilize the benefit upon becoming eligible. The rates may vary by the type of guarantee, the amount by which the guaranteed amount is greater than the account value, the contract’s withdrawal history and by the age of the policyholder. For any given contract, utilization rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuing the embedded derivative.
(17)The withdrawal rate represents the percentage of account balance that any given policyholder will elect to withdraw from the contract each year. The withdrawal rate assumption varies by age and duration of the contract, and also by other factors such as benefit type. For any given contract, withdrawal rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuing the embedded derivative. For GMWBs, any increase (decrease) in withdrawal rates results in an increase (decrease) in the estimated fair value of the guarantees. For GMABs and GMIBs, any increase (decrease) in withdrawal rates results in a decrease (increase) in the estimated fair value.
(18)Long-term equity volatilities represent equity volatility beyond the period for which observable equity volatilities are available. For any given contract, long-term equity volatility rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuing the embedded derivative.
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Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
8. Fair Value (continued)

(19)Nonperformance risk spread varies by duration and by currency. For any given contract, multiple nonperformance risk spreads will apply, depending on the duration of the cash flow being discounted for purposes of valuing the embedded derivative.
(16)The withdrawal rate represents the percentage of account balance that any given policyholder will elect to withdraw from the contract each year. The withdrawal rate assumption varies by age and duration of the contract, and also by other factors such as benefit type. For any given contract, withdrawal rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuing the embedded derivative. For GMWBs, any increase (decrease) in withdrawal rates results in an increase (decrease) in the estimated fair value of the guarantees. For GMABs and GMIBs, any increase (decrease) in withdrawal rates results in a decrease (increase) in the estimated fair value.
(17)Long-term equity volatilities represent equity volatility beyond the period for which observable equity volatilities are available. For any given contract, long-term equity volatility rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuing the embedded derivative.
(18)Nonperformance risk spread varies by duration and by currency. For any given contract, multiple nonperformance risk spreads will apply, depending on the duration of the cash flow being discounted for purposes of valuing the embedded derivative.
Generally, all other classes of assets and liabilities classified within Level 3 that are not included in the preceding table use the same valuation techniques and significant unobservable inputs as previously described for Level 3. The sensitivity of the estimated fair value to changes in the significant unobservable inputs for these other assets and liabilities is similar in nature to that described in the preceding table.
The following tables summarize the change of all assets (liabilities) measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3):

Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Fixed Maturity Securities AFS
Corporate (7)Foreign
Government
Structured
Products
Municipals
Equity
Securities
Unit-linked
and FVO
Securities
(In millions)
Three Months Ended June 30, 2021
Balance, beginning of period$23,419 $132 $5,507 $$154 $812 
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (1), (2)(8)16 45 
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI415 19 
Purchases (3)868 46 823 12 
Sales (3)(286)(3)(332)(15)(16)
Issuances (3)
Settlements (3)
Transfers into Level 3 (4)48 10 345 10 
Transfers out of Level 3 (4), (5)(683)(40)(375)(5)(5)(14)
Balance, end of period$23,773 $145 $6,003 $$143 $849 
Three Months Ended June 30, 2020
Balance, beginning of period$19,809 $104 $4,014 $$372 $517 
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (1), (2)(21)(1)14 56 
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI1,321 206 
Purchases (3)1,158 1,307 14 
Sales (3)(437)(3)(219)(2)(4)
Issuances (3)
Settlements (3)
Transfers into Level 3 (4)149 143 17 
Transfers out of Level 3 (4)(1,247)(55)(78)(18)(11)
Balance, end of period$20,732 $57 $5,377 $$373 $589 
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in
net income (loss) for the instruments still held
at June 30, 2021 (6)
$(8)$$15 $$$44 
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in
net income (loss) for the instruments still held
at June 30, 2020 (6)
$(13)$$13 $$12 $56 
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in
AOCI for the instruments still held
at June 30, 2021 (6)
$416 $$19 $$$
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in
AOCI for the instruments still held
at June 30, 2020 (6)
$1,313 $$200 $$$
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
8. Fair Value (continued)

Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Short-term
Investments
Residential
Mortgage
Loans — FVO
Other
Investments
Net
Derivatives (8)
Net Embedded
Derivatives (9)
Separate
Accounts (10)
(In millions)
Three Months Ended June 30, 2021
Balance, beginning of period$102 $149 $656 $(162)$(508)$1,133 
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (1), (2)(1)12 (49)(4)12 
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI205 
Purchases (3)35 113 118 
Sales (3)(46)(2)(27)
Issuances (3)(5)
Settlements (3)(6)(63)
Transfers into Level 3 (4)50 
Transfers out of Level 3 (4), (5)(29)64 
Balance, end of period$113 $140 $781 $57 $(574)$1,249 
Three Months Ended June 30, 2020
Balance, beginning of period$368 $180 $475 $1,039 $(2,232)$1,046 
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (1), (2)(7)38 371 
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI(166)(1)
Purchases (3)23 83 
Sales (3)(17)(2)(93)
Issuances (3)(2)
Settlements (3)(4)(113)(63)
Transfers into Level 3 (4)13 
Transfers out of Level 3 (4)(351)(1)
Balance, end of period$$175 $491 $798 $(1,925)$1,056 
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in
net income (loss) for the instruments still held
at June 30, 2021 (6)
$$(2)$12 $(69)$(3)$
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in
net income (loss) for the instruments still held
at June 30, 2020 (6)
$$$(5)$46 $366 $
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in
AOCI for the instruments still held
at June 30, 2021 (6)
$(1)$$$200 $$
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in
AOCI for the instruments still held
at June 30, 2020 (6)
$$$$(154)$(2)$
66
  Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
  Fixed Maturity Securities AFS    
  Corporate (6) Foreign
Government
 
Structured
Products
 Municipals 
Equity
Securities
 
Unit-linked and FVO
Securities
  (In millions)
Three Months Ended June 30, 2020            
Balance, beginning of period $19,809
 $104
 $4,014
 $
 $372
 $517
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (1), (2) (21) (1) 4
 
 14
 56
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI 1,321
 2
 206
 
 
 
Purchases (3) 1,158
 9
 1,307
 
 7
 14
Sales (3) (437) (3) (219) 
 (2) (4)
Issuances (3) 
 
 
 
 
 
Settlements (3) 
 
 
 
 
 
Transfers into Level 3 (4) 149
 1
 143
 
 
 17
Transfers out of Level 3 (4) (1,247) (55) (78) 
 (18) (11)
Balance, end of period $20,732
 $57
 $5,377
 $
 $373
 $589
Three Months Ended June 30, 2019            
Balance, beginning of period $10,962
 $157
 $4,069
 $
 $434
 $457
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (1), (2) 
 
 12
 
 (2) 10
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI 226
 (1) 41
 
 
 
Purchases (3) 705
 2
 401
 7
 41
 38
Sales (3) (264) (5) (205) 
 (16) (5)
Issuances (3) 
 
 
 
 
 
Settlements (3) 
 
 
 
 
 
Transfers into Level 3 (4) 104
 12
 6
 
 
 1
Transfers out of Level 3 (4) (126) (22) (169) 
 
 (7)
Balance, end of period $11,607
 $143
 $4,155
 $7
 $457
 $494
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for the instruments still held at June 30, 2020 (5) $(13) $1
 $13
 $
 $12
 $56
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for the instruments still held at June 30, 2019 (5) $(3) $1
 $11
 $
 $(3) $10
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI for the instruments still held at June 30, 2020 (5) $1,313
 $2
 $200
 $
 $
 $

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Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
8. Fair Value (continued)

Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Fixed Maturity Securities AFS
Corporate (7)Foreign
Government
Structured
Products
MunicipalsEquity
Securities
Unit-linked
and FVO
Securities
(In millions)
Six Months Ended June 30, 2021
Balance, beginning of period$24,101 $117 $5,289 $$150 $701 
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (1), (2)(5)24 10 62 
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI(776)(1)(28)
Purchases (3)1,722 46 1,380 21 
Sales (3)(507)(5)(685)(16)(15)
Issuances (3)
Settlements (3)
Transfers into Level 3 (4)101 13 270 95 
Transfers out of Level 3 (4)(863)(26)(247)(4)(15)
Balance, end of period$23,773 $145 $6,003 $$143 $849 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
Balance, beginning of period$14,229 $117 $4,458 $$430 $625 
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (1), (2)(68)(6)14 (13)(24)
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI(266)(109)
Purchases (3)2,809 10 1,691 25 
Sales (3)(562)(4)(433)(34)(101)
Issuances (3)
Settlements (3)
Transfers into Level 3 (4)5,101 156 155 
Transfers out of Level 3 (4)(511)(61)(400)(7)(19)(91)
Balance, end of period$20,732 $57 $5,377 $$373 $589 
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in
net income (loss) for the instruments still held
at June 30, 2021 (6)
$(8)$$22 $$$61 
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in
net income (loss) for the instruments still held
at June 30, 2020 (6)
$(36)$(1)$23 $$(12)$(25)
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in
AOCI for the instruments still held
at June 30, 2021 (6)
$(767)$(1)$(26)$$$
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in
AOCI for the instruments still held
at June 30, 2020 (6)
$(290)$$(106)$$$
  Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
  
Short-term
Investments
 
Residential
Mortgage
Loans — FVO
 
Other
Investments
 
Net
Derivatives (7)
 
Net Embedded
Derivatives (8)
 Separate
Accounts (9)
  (In millions)
Three Months Ended June 30, 2020            
Balance, beginning of period $368
 $180
 $475
 $1,039
 $(2,232) $1,046
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (1), (2) 
 1
 (7) 38
 371
 9
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI 2
 
 
 (166) (1) 
Purchases (3) 1
 
 23
 
 
 83
Sales (3) (17) (2) 
 
 
 (93)
Issuances (3) 
 
 
 
 
 (2)
Settlements (3) 
 (4) 
 (113) (63) 1
Transfers into Level 3 (4) 4
 
 
 
 
 13
Transfers out of Level 3 (4) (351) 
 
 
 
 (1)
Balance, end of period $7
 $175
 $491
 $798
 $(1,925) $1,056
Three Months Ended June 30, 2019            
Balance, beginning of period $138
 $276
 $168
 $(69) $(605) $897
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (1), (2) 
 4
 
 75
 (146) 2
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI 
 
 
 136
 (15) 
Purchases (3) 15
 
 64
 4
 
 101
Sales (3) (25) (9) 
 
 
 (75)
Issuances (3) 
 
 
 (1) 
 3
Settlements (3) 
 (9) 
 (40) (69) (3)
Transfers into Level 3 (4) 2
 
 
 
 
 
Transfers out of Level 3 (4) (7) 
 
 
 
 
Balance, end of period $123
 $262
 $232
 $105
 $(835) $925
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for the instruments still held at June 30, 2020 (5) $
 $
 $(5) $46
 $366
 $
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for the instruments still held at June 30, 2019 (5) $
 $1
 $
 $69
 $(146) $
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI for the instruments still held at June 30, 2020 (5) $1
 $
 $
 $(154) $(2) $
67


72

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
8. Fair Value (continued)

Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Short-term
Investments
Residential
Mortgage
Loans — FVO
Other
Investments
Net
Derivatives (8)
Net Embedded
Derivatives (9)
Separate
Accounts (10)
(In millions)
Six Months Ended June 30, 2021
Balance, beginning of period$43 $165 $573 $594 $(1,141)$1,079 
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (1), (2)(3)25 (217)669 
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI(1)(412)22 
Purchases (3)84 183 188 
Sales (3)(10)(11)(32)
Issuances (3)(6)
Settlements (3)(11)94 (124)
Transfers into Level 3 (4)10 
Transfers out of Level 3 (4)(3)(1)(3)
Balance, end of period$113 $140 $781 $57 $(574)$1,249 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
Balance, beginning of period$32 $188 $455 $(146)$(742)$980 
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (1), (2)(3)112 (1,051)
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI(3)991 (6)
Purchases (3)39 178 
Sales (3)(16)(7)(107)
Issuances (3)(3)
Settlements (3)(9)(159)(126)
Transfers into Level 3 (4)10 
Transfers out of Level 3 (4)(17)(5)
Balance, end of period$$175 $491 $798 $(1,925)$1,056 
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in
net income (loss) for the instruments still held
at June 30, 2021 (6)
$$(7)$26 $(132)$668 $
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in
net income (loss) for the instruments still held
at June 30, 2020 (6)
$$$$(12)$(1,056)$
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in
AOCI for the instruments still held
at June 30, 2021 (6)
$(1)$$$(274)$22 $
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in
AOCI for the instruments still held
at June 30, 2020 (6)
$(3)$$$899 $(6)$
__________________
(1)Amortization of premium/accretion of discount is included within net investment income. Impairments charged to net income (loss) on securities are included in net investment gains (losses), while changes in estimated fair value of residential mortgage loans — FVO are included in net investment income. Lapses associated with net embedded derivatives are included in net derivative gains (losses). Substantially all realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for net derivatives and net embedded derivatives are reported in net derivative gains (losses).
(2)Interest and dividend accruals, as well as cash interest coupons and dividends received, are excluded from the rollforward.
(3)Items purchased/issued and then sold/settled in the same period are excluded from the rollforward. Fees attributed to embedded derivatives are included in settlements.
(4)Items transferred into and then out of Level 3 in the same period are excluded from the rollforward.
68
  Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
  Fixed Maturity Securities AFS    
  Corporate (6) Foreign
Government
 
Structured
Products
 Municipals 
Equity
Securities
 
Unit-linked
and FVO
Securities
  (In millions)
Six Months Ended June 30, 2020            
Balance, beginning of period $14,229
 $117
 $4,458
 $7
 $430
 $625
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (1), (2) (68) (6) 14
 
 (13) (24)
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI (266) 
 (109) 
 
 
Purchases (3) 2,809
 10
 1,691
 
 9
 25
Sales (3) (562) (4) (433) 
 (34) (101)
Issuances (3) 
 
 
 
 
 
Settlements (3) 
 
 
 
 
 
Transfers into Level 3 (4) 5,101
 1
 156
 
 
 155
Transfers out of Level 3 (4) (511) (61) (400) (7) (19) (91)
Balance, end of period $20,732
 $57
 $5,377
 $
 $373
 $589
Six Months Ended June 30, 2019            
Balance, beginning of period $10,467
 $138
 $4,266
 $
 $419
 $405
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (1), (2) 6
 1
 25
 
 28
 29
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI 595
 (2) 62
 
 
 
Purchases (3) 1,030
 3
 592
 7
 48
 70
Sales (3) (351) (6) (335) 
 (38) (7)
Issuances (3) 
 
 
 
 
 
Settlements (3) 
 
 
 
 
 
Transfers into Level 3 (4) 245
 13
 7
 
 
 2
Transfers out of Level 3 (4) (385) (4) (462) 
 
 (5)
Balance, end of period $11,607
 $143
 $4,155
 $7
 $457
 $494
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for the instruments still held at June 30, 2020 (5) $(36) $(1) $23
 $
 $(12) $(25)
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for the instruments still held at June 30, 2019 (5) $(4) $1
 $25
 $
 $15
 $29
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI for the instruments still held at June 30, 2020 (5) $(290) $
 (106) $
 $
 $

73

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
8. Fair Value (continued)

  Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
  
Short-term
Investments
 
Residential
Mortgage
Loans — FVO
 
Other
Investments
 
Net
Derivatives (7)
 
Net Embedded
Derivatives (8)
 Separate
Accounts (9)
  (In millions)
Six Months Ended June 30, 2020            
Balance, beginning of period $32
 $188
 $455
 $(146) $(742) $980
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (1), (2) 
 3
 (3) 112
 (1,051) 2
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI (3) 
 
 991
 (6) 
Purchases (3) 2
 
 39
 
 
 178
Sales (3) (16) (7) 
 
 
 (107)
Issuances (3) 
 
 
 
 
 (3)
Settlements (3) 
 (9) 
 (159) (126) 1
Transfers into Level 3 (4) 9
 
 
 
 
 10
Transfers out of Level 3 (4) (17) 
 
 
 
 (5)
Balance, end of period $7
 $175
 $491
 $798
 $(1,925) $1,056
Six Months Ended June 30, 2019            
Balance, beginning of period $33
 $299
 $39
 $(225) $(739) $937
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (1), (2) 1
 6
 
 125
 47
 6
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI (1) 
 
 223
 (8) 
Purchases (3) 119
 
 193
 4
 
 124
Sales (3) (31) (25) 
 
 
 (140)
Issuances (3) 
 
 
 (1) 
 2
Settlements (3) 
 (18) 
 (21) (135) (2)
Transfers into Level 3 (4) 2
 
 
 
 
 
Transfers out of Level 3 (4) 
 
 
 
 
 (2)
Balance, end of period $123
 $262
 $232
 $105
 $(835) $925
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for the instruments still held at June 30, 2020 (5) $
 $
 $
 $(12) $(1,056) $
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for the instruments still held at June 30, 2019 (5) $1
 $1
 $
 $104
 $46
 $
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI for the instruments still held at June 30, 2020 (5) $(3) $
 $
 $899
 $(6) $
(5)Transfers out of Level 3 for the three months ended June 30, 2021 included $28 million of short-term investments reclassified to assets held-for-sale. See Note 3 for information on the Company’s business dispositions.
__________________
(1)Amortization of premium/accretion of discount is included within net investment income. Impairments charged to net income (loss) on securities are included in net investment gains (losses), while changes in estimated fair value of residential mortgage loans — FVO are included in net investment income. Lapses associated with net embedded derivatives are included in net derivative gains (losses). Substantially all realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for net derivatives and net embedded derivatives are reported in net derivative gains (losses).
(2)Interest and dividend accruals, as well as cash interest coupons and dividends received, are excluded from the rollforward.
(3)Items purchased/issued and then sold/settled in the same period are excluded from the rollforward. Fees attributed to embedded derivatives are included in settlements.
(4)Items transferred into and then out of Level 3 in the same period are excluded from the rollforward.

(6)Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) and included in AOCI relate to assets and liabilities still held at the end of the respective periods. Substantially all changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for net derivatives and net embedded derivatives are reported in net derivative gains (losses).
74

MetLife, Inc.(8)Freestanding derivative assets and liabilities are presented net for purposes of the rollforward.
Notes(9)Embedded derivative assets and liabilities are presented net for purposes of the rollforward.
(10)Investment performance related to separate account assets is fully offset by corresponding amounts credited to contractholders within separate account liabilities. Therefore, such changes in estimated fair value are not recorded in net income (loss). For the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)purpose of this disclosure, these changes are presented within net investment gains (losses). Separate account assets and liabilities are presented net for the purposes of the rollforward.
8. Fair Value (continued)

(5)Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) and included in AOCI relate to assets and liabilities still held at the end of the respective periods. Substantially all changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for net derivatives and net embedded derivatives are reported in net derivative gains (losses).
(6)Comprised of U.S. and foreign corporate securities.
(7)Freestanding derivative assets and liabilities are presented net for purposes of the rollforward.
(8)Embedded derivative assets and liabilities are presented net for purposes of the rollforward.
(9)Investment performance related to separate account assets is fully offset by corresponding amounts credited to contractholders within separate account liabilities. Therefore, such changes in estimated fair value are not recorded in net income (loss). For the purpose of this disclosure, these changes are presented within net investment gains (losses). Separate account assets and liabilities are presented net for the purposes of the rollforward.
Fair Value Option
The Company elects the FVO for certain residential mortgage loans that are managed on a total return basis. The following table presents information for residential mortgage loans which are accounted for under the FVO and were initially measured at fair value.
June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
(In millions)
Unpaid principal balance$141 $172 
Difference between estimated fair value and unpaid principal balance(1)(7)
Carrying value at estimated fair value$140 $165 
Loans in nonaccrual status$35 $45 
Loans more than 90 days past due$18 $27 
Loans in nonaccrual status or more than 90 days past due, or both — difference between aggregate estimated fair value and unpaid principal balance$(6)$(13)
  June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
  (In millions)
Unpaid principal balance $190
 $209
Difference between estimated fair value and unpaid principal balance (15) (21)
Carrying value at estimated fair value $175
 $188
Loans in nonaccrual status $47
 $47
Loans more than 90 days past due $18
 $18
Loans in nonaccrual status or more than 90 days past due, or both — difference between aggregate estimated fair value and unpaid principal balance $(16) $(19)
Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements
The following table presents information for assets measured at estimated fair value on a nonrecurring basis during the periods and still held at the reporting dates (for example, when there is evidence of impairment), using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3).
June 30,December 31,Three Months
Ended
June 30,
Six Months
Ended
June 30,
202120202021202020212020
Carrying Value After MeasurementGains (Losses)
(In millions)
Mortgage loans, net (1)$406 $408 $(37)$(9)$(33)$(9)
__________________
(1)Estimated fair values for impaired mortgage loans are based on estimated fair value of the underlying collateral.


69

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
8. Fair Value (continued)
Fair Value of Financial Instruments Carried at Other Than Fair Value
The following tables provide fair value information for financial instruments that are carried on the balance sheet at amounts other than fair value. These tables exclude the following financial instruments: cash and cash equivalents, accrued investment income, payables for collateral under securities loaned and other transactions, short-term debt and those short-term investments that are not securities, such as time deposits, and therefore are not included in the three-level hierarchy table disclosed in the “— Recurring Fair Value Measurements” section. The Company believes that due to the short-term nature of these excluded assets, which are primarily classified in Level 2, the estimated fair value approximates carrying value. All remaining balance sheet amounts excluded from the tables below are not considered financial instruments subject to this disclosure.

75

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
8. Fair Value (continued)

The carrying values and estimated fair values for such financial instruments, and their corresponding placement in the fair value hierarchy, are summarized as follows at:
June 30, 2021 (1)
Fair Value Hierarchy 
Carrying
Value
Level 1Level 2Level 3
Total
Estimated
Fair Value
(In millions)
Assets
Mortgage loans (2)$81,357 $$$85,617 $85,617 
Policy loans$9,256 $$$11,085 $11,085 
Other invested assets$1,066 $$791 $275 $1,066 
Premiums, reinsurance and other receivables$3,137 $$1,344 $1,989 $3,333 
Other assets$296 $$103 $189 $292 
Liabilities
Policyholder account balances$126,996 $$$132,641 $132,641 
Long-term debt$14,424 $$17,509 $$17,509 
Collateral financing arrangement$818 $$$684 $684 
Junior subordinated debt securities$3,154 $$4,582 $$4,582 
Other liabilities$2,858 $$1,293 $2,261 $3,554 
Separate account liabilities$104,855 $$104,855 $$104,855 
  June 30, 2020
    Fair Value Hierarchy  
  Carrying
Value
 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total
Estimated
Fair Value
  (In millions)
Assets          
Mortgage loans $82,715
 $
 $
 $85,204
 $85,204
Policy loans $9,639
 $
 $324
 $11,908
 $12,232
Other invested assets $1,199
 $
 $848
 $352
 $1,200
Premiums, reinsurance and other receivables $3,363
 $
 $743
 $2,890
 $3,633
Other assets $1,036
 $
 $871
 $161
 $1,032
Liabilities          
Policyholder account balances $122,150
 $
 $
 $131,146
 $131,146
Long-term debt $14,393
 $
 $17,623
 $
 $17,623
Collateral financing arrangement $968
 $
 $
 $784
 $784
Junior subordinated debt securities $3,151
 $
 $4,182
 $
 $4,182
Other liabilities $3,130
 $
 $1,612
 $2,719
 $4,331
Separate account liabilities $111,977
 $
 $111,977
 $
 $111,977
  December 31, 2019
    Fair Value Hierarchy  
  Carrying
Value
 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total
Estimated
Fair Value
  (In millions)
Assets          
Mortgage loans $80,341
 $
 $
 $83,079
 $83,079
Policy loans $9,680
 $
 $326
 $11,329
 $11,655
Other invested assets $1,183
 $
 $809
 $374
 $1,183
Premiums, reinsurance and other receivables $3,678
 $
 $1,178
 $2,706
 $3,884
Other assets $318
 $
 $131
 $188
 $319
Liabilities          
Policyholder account balances $119,262
 $
 $
 $122,998
 $122,998
Long-term debt $13,336
 $
 $15,830
 $
 $15,830
Collateral financing arrangement $993
 $
 $
 $810
 $810
Junior subordinated debt securities $3,150
 $
 $4,405
 $
 $4,405
Other liabilities $2,045
 $
 $540
 $2,279
 $2,819
Separate account liabilities $110,837
 $
 $110,837
 $
 $110,837


7670

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
8. Fair Value (continued)
December 31, 2020 (1)
Fair Value Hierarchy
Carrying
Value
Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
Estimated
Fair Value
(In millions)
Assets
Mortgage loans (2)$83,754 $$$88,675 $88,675 
Policy loans$9,493 $$$11,598 $11,598 
Other invested assets$1,188 $$814 $374 $1,188 
Premiums, reinsurance and other receivables$2,729 $$908 $2,070 $2,978 
Other assets$300 $$111 $190 $301 
Liabilities
Policyholder account balances$126,458 $$$134,569 $134,569 
Long-term debt$14,492 $$18,332 $$18,332 
Collateral financing arrangement$845 $$$710 $710 
Junior subordinated debt securities$3,153 $$4,604 $$4,604 
Other liabilities$2,113 $$527 $2,606 $3,133 
Separate account liabilities$115,682 $$115,682 $$115,682 
_________________
(1)Excludes amounts for financial instruments reclassified to assets held-for-sale or liabilities held-for-sale. See Note 3 for information on the Company’s business dispositions.
(2)Includes mortgage loans measured at estimated fair value on a nonrecurring basis and excludes mortgage loans measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis.
9. Long Term Debt
Credit Facility
In February 2021, MetLife, Inc. and MetLife Funding, Inc. amended and restated their five-year $3.0 billion unsecured credit agreement (as amended and restated, the “2021 Five-Year Credit Agreement”). The facility may be used for general corporate purposes (including in the case of loans, to back up commercial paper and, in the case of letters of credit, to support variable annuity policy and reinsurance reserve requirements). All borrowings under the 2021 Five-Year Credit Agreement must be repaid by February 26, 2026, except that letters of credit outstanding on that date may remain outstanding until no later than February 26, 2027. MetLife, Inc. incurred costs of $6 million related to the 2021 Five-Year Credit Agreement, which were capitalized and included in other assets. These costs are being amortized over the remaining term of the 2021 Five-Year Credit Agreement.

71

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

10. Equity
Preferred Stock
Preferred stock authorized, issued and outstanding was as follows:
June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
SeriesShares
Authorized
Shares Issued and OutstandingShares
Authorized
Shares Issued and Outstanding
Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series A27,600,000 24,000,000 27,600,000 24,000,000 
5.25% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series C (1)1,500,000 500,000 
5.875% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series D500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 
5.625% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series E32,200 32,200 32,200 32,200 
4.75% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series F40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 
3.85% Fixed Rate Reset Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series G1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 
Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock10,000,000 10,000,000 
Not designated160,827,800 159,327,800 
Total200,000,000 25,572,200 200,000,000 26,072,200 
__________________
9. Long Term Debt(1)On May 17, 2021, the outstanding 500,000 shares of MetLife, Inc.’s 5.25% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series C (the “Series C preferred stock”) were irrevocably called for redemption, and on June 15, 2021, MetLife, Inc. redeemed and canceled the shares.
In May 2021, MetLife, Inc. delivered a notice of redemption to the holders of the Series C preferred stock pursuant to which it would redeem the remaining 500,000 shares of Series C preferred stock at a redemption price of $1,000 per share. In connection with the redemption, MetLife, Inc. recognized a preferred stock redemption premium of $6 million (calculated as the difference between the carrying value of the Series C preferred stock and the total amount paid by MetLife, Inc. to the holders of the Series C preferred stock in connection with the redemption), which was recorded as a reduction of retained earnings at June 30, 2021. All outstanding shares of Series C preferred stock were redeemed on the dividend payment date of June 15, 2021 for an aggregate redemption price of $500 million in cash.
In June 2021, MetLife, Inc. filed a Certificate of Elimination (the “Certificate of Elimination”) of Series C preferred stock with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware to eliminate all references to the Series C preferred stock in MetLife, Inc.’s Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (the “Certificate of Incorporation”), including the related Certificate of Designations. As a result of the filing of the Certificate of Elimination, MetLife, Inc.’s Certificate of Incorporation was amended to eliminate all references therein to the Series C preferred stock, and the shares that were designated to such series were returned to the status of authorized but unissued shares of preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share, of MetLife, Inc., without designation as to series. The Certificate of Elimination does not affect the total number of authorized shares of capital stock of MetLife, Inc. or the total number of authorized shares of preferred stock.
The per share and aggregate dividends declared for MetLife, Inc.’s preferred stock were as follows:
Three Month Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
2021202020212020
SeriesPer ShareAggregatePer ShareAggregatePer ShareAggregatePer ShareAggregate
(In million, except per share data)
A$0.256 $$0.253 $$0.506 $12 $0.506 $12 
C$9.606 $26.250 39 $19.085 10 $26.250 39 
D$$$29.375 15 $29.375 15 
E$351.563 12 $351.563 12 $703.126 23 $703.126 23 
F$296.875 12 $494.792 20 $593.750 24 $494.792 20 
G$$$19.785 19 $
Total$35 $77 $103 $109 
72

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
10. Equity (continued)
Common Stock
MetLife, Inc. announced that its Board of Directors authorized common stock repurchases as follows:
Authorization Remaining at
Announcement DateAuthorization AmountJune 30, 2021
(In millions)
December 11, 2020$3,000 $723 
July 31, 2019$2,000 $
Under these authorizations, MetLife, Inc. may purchase its common stock from the MetLife Policyholder Trust, in the open market (including pursuant to the terms of a pre-set trading plan meeting the requirements of Rule 10b5-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (“Exchange Act”)), and in privately negotiated transactions. Common stock repurchases are subject to the discretion of MetLife, Inc.’s Board of Directors and will depend upon the Company’s capital position, liquidity, financial strength and credit ratings, general market conditions, the market price of MetLife, Inc.’s common stock compared to management’s assessment of the stock’s underlying value, applicable regulatory approvals, and other legal and accounting factors.
See Note 16 for information on a subsequent common stock repurchase authorization.
For the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, MetLife, Inc. repurchased 36,170,428 shares and 10,664,608 shares of its common stock, respectively, through open market purchases for $2.1 billion and $500 million, respectively.
Stock-Based Compensation Plans
Performance Shares and Performance Units
Final Performance Shares are paid in shares of MetLife, Inc. common stock. Final Performance Units are payable in cash equal to the closing price of MetLife, Inc. common stock on a date following the last day of the three-year performance period. The performance factor for the January 1, 2018 – December 31, 2020 performance period was 110.8%, which was determined within a possible range from 0% to 175%. This factor has been applied to the 1,266,651 Performance Shares and 170,214 Performance Units associated with that performance period that vested on December 31, 2020. As a result, in the first quarter of 2021, MetLife, Inc. issued 1,403,449 shares of its common stock (less withholding for taxes and other items, as applicable), excluding shares that payees choose to defer, and MetLife, Inc. or its affiliates paid the cash value of 188,597 Performance Units (less withholding for taxes and other items, as applicable).
Dividend Restrictions
Insurance Operations
For the six months ended June 30, 2021, American Life Insurance Company paid a dividend of $600 million to MetLife, Inc., for which regulatory approval was obtained as required.
Additionally, for the six months ended June 30, 2021, Metropolitan Property and Casualty Insurance Company paid a non-cash dividend of $35 million consisting of the stock of a subsidiary to MetLife, Inc., for which regulatory approval was obtained as required. See Note 3 on the disposition of MetLife P&C.
See Note 16 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report for additional information on dividend restrictions.
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
10. Equity (continued)
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Information regarding changes in the balances of each component of AOCI attributable to MetLife, Inc. was as follows:
Three Months
Ended
June 30, 2021
Unrealized
Investment Gains
(Losses), Net of
Related Offsets (1)
Unrealized
Gains (Losses)
on Derivatives
Foreign
Currency
Translation
Adjustments
Defined
Benefit
Plans
Adjustment
Total
(In millions)
Balance, beginning of period$16,194 $518 $(4,467)$(1,848)$10,397 
Other comprehensive income (loss) (“OCI”) before reclassifications2,099 828 2,934 
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)(570)(169)(2)(1)(742)
AOCI before reclassifications, net of income tax17,723 1,177 (4,463)(1,848)12,589 
Amounts reclassified from AOCI(15)(131)17 (129)
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)27 (5)25 
Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of income tax(12)(104)12 (104)
Sale of subsidiary, net of income tax (2)(176)(176)
Balance, end of period$17,535 $1,073 $(4,463)$(1,836)$12,309 
Three Months
Ended
June 30, 2020
Unrealized
Investment Gains
(Losses), Net of
Related Offsets (1)
Unrealized
Gains (Losses)
on Derivatives
Foreign
Currency
Translation
Adjustments
Defined
Benefit
Plans
Adjustment
Total
(In millions)
Balance, beginning of period$15,452 $4,917 $(5,627)$(1,985)$12,757 
OCI before reclassifications8,505 (639)243 8,109 
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)(1,902)142 (1,758)
AOCI before reclassifications, net of income tax22,055 4,420 (5,382)(1,985)19,108 
Amounts reclassified from AOCI(46)(340)22 (364)
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)(2)74 (5)67 
Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of income tax(48)(266)17 (297)
Sale of subsidiary, net of income tax(248)(248)
Balance, end of period$21,759 $4,154 $(5,382)$(1,968)$18,563 
74

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
10. Equity (continued)
Six Months
Ended
June 30, 2021
Unrealized
Investment Gains
(Losses), Net of
Related Offsets (1)
Unrealized
Gains (Losses)
on Derivatives
Foreign
Currency
Translation
Adjustments
Defined
Benefit
Plans
Adjustment
Total
(In millions)
Balance, beginning of period$22,217 $1,513 $(3,795)$(1,863)$18,072 
OCI before reclassifications(5,879)(614)(747)(7,236)
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)1,376 141 (36)(1)1,480 
AOCI before reclassifications, net of income tax17,714 1,040 (4,578)(1,860)12,316 
Amounts reclassified from AOCI15 43 31 89 
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)(4)(10)(7)(21)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of income tax11 33 24 68 
Sale of subsidiaries, net of income tax (2)(190)115 (75)
Balance, end of period$17,535 $1,073 $(4,463)$(1,836)$12,309 
Six Months
Ended
June 30, 2020
Unrealized
Investment Gains
(Losses), Net of
Related Offsets (1)
Unrealized
Gains (Losses)
on Derivatives
Foreign
Currency
Translation
Adjustments
Defined
Benefit
Plans
Adjustment
Total
(In millions)
Balance, beginning of period$18,283 $1,698 $(4,927)$(2,002)$13,052 
OCI before reclassifications4,886 3,048 (431)7,503 
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)(975)(668)(24)(1,667)
AOCI before reclassifications, net of income tax22,194 4,078 (5,382)(2,002)18,888 
Amounts reclassified from AOCI(233)98 43 (92)
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)46 (22)(9)15 
Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of income tax(187)76 34 (77)
Sale of subsidiary, net of income tax(248)(248)
Balance, end of period$21,759 $4,154 $(5,382)$(1,968)$18,563 
__________________
(1)See Note 6 for information on offsets to investments related to policyholder liabilities, DAC, VOBA and DSI.
(2)See Note 3 for information on the Company’s business dispositions.
75

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
10. Equity (continued)
Information regarding amounts reclassified out of each component of AOCI was as follows:
Three Months
 Ended
 June 30,
Six Months
Ended
June 30,
2021202020212020
AOCI ComponentsAmounts Reclassified from AOCIConsolidated Statements of
Operations and
Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Locations
(In millions)
Net unrealized investment gains (losses):
Net unrealized investment gains (losses)$(6)$51 $(55)$255 Net investment gains (losses)
Net unrealized investment gains (losses)(4)(9)(10)Net investment income
Net unrealized investment gains (losses)25 (6)49 (12)Net derivative gains (losses)
Net unrealized investment gains (losses), before income tax15 46 (15)233 
Income tax (expense) benefit(3)(46)
Net unrealized investment gains (losses), net of income tax12 48 (11)187 
Unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives - cash flow hedges:
Interest rate derivatives15 27 15 Net investment income
Interest rate derivatives19 42 48 48 Net investment gains (losses)
Interest rate derivativesOther expenses
Foreign currency exchange rate derivativesNet investment income
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives95 287 (124)(164)Net investment gains (losses)
Foreign currency exchange rate derivativesOther expenses
Gains (losses) on cash flow hedges, before income tax131 340 (43)(98)
Income tax (expense) benefit(27)(74)10 22 
Gains (losses) on cash flow hedges, net of income tax104 266 (33)(76)
Defined benefit plans adjustment: (1)
Amortization of net actuarial gains (losses)(35)(26)(53)(52)
Amortization of prior service (costs) credit18 22 
Amortization of defined benefit plan items, before income tax(17)(22)(31)(43)
Income tax (expense) benefit
Amortization of defined benefit plan items, net of income tax(12)(17)(24)(34)
Total reclassifications, net of income tax$104 $297 $(68)$77 
__________________
(1)These AOCI components are included in the computation of net periodic benefit costs. See Note 12.
76

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
11. Other Revenues and Other Expenses
Other Revenues
Information on other revenues, which primarily includes fees related to service contracts from customers, was as follows:
Three Months
Ended
June 30,
Six Months
Ended
June 30,
2021202020212020
(In millions)
Vision fee for service arrangements (1)$135 $$275 $
Prepaid legal plans108 99 217 200 
Fee-based investment management86 71 171 150 
Recordkeeping and administrative services (2)53 46 106 95 
Administrative services-only contracts58 54 119 110 
Other revenue from service contracts from customers74 54 141 114 
Total revenues from service contracts from customers514 324 1,029 669 
Other150 132 266 226 
Total other revenues$664 $456 $1,295 $895 
__________________
(1)For information regarding the Company’s acquisition of Versant Health, Inc., see Note 3 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report.
(2)Related to products and businesses no longer actively marketed by the Company.
Other Expenses
Information on other expenses was as follows:
Three Months
Ended
June 30,
Six Months
Ended
June 30,
2021202020212020
(In millions)
Employee-related costs (1)$808 $842 $1,782 $1,711 
Third party staffing costs336 311 648 659 
General and administrative expenses135 191 243 381 
Pension, postretirement and postemployment benefit costs26 37 51 76 
Premium taxes, other taxes, and licenses & fees169 176 336 369 
Commissions and other variable expenses1,294 1,315 2,824 2,723 
Capitalization of DAC(642)(671)(1,417)(1,445)
Amortization of DAC and VOBA537 560 1,127 1,348 
Amortization of negative VOBA(10)(10)(19)(20)
Interest expense on debt228 232 456 454 
Total other expenses$2,881 $2,983 $6,031 $6,256 
__________________
(1)Includes ($58) million and ($74) million for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively, and ($80) million and ($40) million for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively, for the net change in cash surrender value of investments in certain life insurance policies, net of premiums paid.
77

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
12. Employee Benefit Plans
Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans
Certain subsidiaries of MetLife, Inc. sponsor a U.S. qualified and various U.S. and non-U.S. nonqualified defined benefit pension plans covering employees who meet specified eligibility requirements. These subsidiaries also provide certain postemployment benefits and certain postretirement medical and life insurance benefits for U.S. and non-U.S. retired employees.
The components of net periodic benefit costs, reported in other expenses, were as follows:
Three Months
Ended
June 30,
20212020
Pension
Benefits
Other
Postretirement
Benefits
Pension
Benefits
Other
Postretirement
Benefits
(In millions)
Service costs$56 $$61 $
Interest costs83 10 89 11 
Curtailment (gains) losses (1)(17)
Expected return on plan assets(125)(14)(132)(16)
Amortization of net actuarial (gains) losses39 (7)44 (18)
Amortization of prior service costs (credit)(1)(4)
Net periodic benefit costs (credit)$35 $(10)$58 $(22)
Six Months
Ended
June 30,
20212020
Pension
Benefits
Other
Postretirement
Benefits
Pension
Benefits
Other
Postretirement
Benefits
(In millions)
Service costs$119 $$123 $
Interest costs161 18 178 21 
Curtailment (gains) losses (1)(17)
Expected return on plan assets(257)(28)(264)(31)
Amortization of net actuarial (gains) losses77 (27)89 (37)
Amortization of prior service costs (credit)(5)(8)(1)
Net periodic benefit costs (credit)$78 $(35)$118 $(46)
__________________
(1)See Note 3 for information on the Company’s business dispositions.
13. Income Tax
For the three months and six months ended June 30, 2021, the effective tax rate on income (loss) before provision for income tax was 24% and 21%, respectively. The Company’s effective tax rate for the three months ended June 30, 2021 differed from the U.S. statutory rate primarily due to tax charges from foreign earnings taxed at different rates than the U.S. statutory rate, the completed sale of MetLife P&C and the pending disposition of MetLife Poland and Greece, partially offset by tax benefits related to tax credits and non-taxable investment income. The Company’s effective tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2021 was equal to the statutory rate of 21%, primarily due to tax charges from foreign earnings taxed at different rates than the U.S. statutory rate, the completed sale of MetLife P&C and the pending disposition of MetLife Poland
78

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
13. Income Tax (continued)

and Greece, offset by tax benefits related to tax credits, non-taxable investment income and the corporate tax deduction for stock compensation.
For the three months and six months ended June 30, 2020, the effective tax rate on income (loss) before provision for income tax was 24% and 22%, respectively. The Company’s effective tax rate for the three months ended June 30, 2020 differed from the U.S. statutory rate primarily due to tax charges from foreign earnings taxed at different rates than the U.S. statutory rate, partially offset by tax benefits related to non-taxable investment income and tax credits. The Company’s effective tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2020 differed from the U.S. statutory rate primarily due to tax charges from foreign earnings taxed at different rates than the U.S. statutory rate, partially offset by tax benefits related to non-taxable investment income, tax credits and the finalization of bankruptcy proceedings for a leveraged lease investment.
14. Earnings Per Common Share
The following table presents the weighted average shares, basic earnings per common share and diluted earnings per common share:    
Three Months
Ended
June 30,
Six Months
Ended
June 30,
2021202020212020
(In millions, except per share data)
Weighted Average Shares:
Weighted average common stock outstanding - basic873.3 908.8 879.3 911.5 
Incremental common shares from assumed exercise or issuance of stock-based awards6.4 4.3 6.5 5.0 
Weighted average common stock outstanding - diluted879.7 913.1 885.8 916.5 
Net Income (Loss):
Net income (loss)$3,412 $150 $3,775 $4,551 
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests10 
Less: Preferred stock dividends35 77 103 109 
Preferred stock redemption premium
Net income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.’s common shareholders$3,366 $68 $3,656 $4,434 
Basic$3.85 $0.07 $4.16 $4.86 
Diluted$3.83 $0.07 $4.13 $4.84 
15. Contingencies, Commitments and Guarantees
Contingencies
Litigation
The Company is a defendant in a large number of litigation matters. Putative or certified class action litigation and other litigation and claims and assessments against the Company, in addition to those discussed below and those otherwise provided for in the Company’s interim condensed consolidated financial statements, have arisen in the course of the Company’s business, including, but not limited to, in connection with its activities as an insurer, mortgage lending bank, employer, investor, investment advisor, broker-dealer, and taxpayer.
The Company also receives and responds to subpoenas or other inquiries seeking a broad range of information from state regulators, including state insurance commissioners; state attorneys general or other state governmental authorities; federal regulators, including the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission; federal governmental authorities, including congressional committees; and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, as well as from local and national regulators and government authorities in jurisdictions outside the United States where the Company conducts business. The issues involved in information requests and regulatory matters vary widely, but can include inquiries or investigations concerning the Company’s compliance with applicable insurance and other laws and regulations. The Company cooperates in these inquiries.
79

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
15. Contingencies, Commitments and Guarantees (continued)
In some of the matters, very large and/or indeterminate amounts, including punitive and treble damages, are sought. Modern pleading practice in the United States permits considerable variation in the assertion of monetary damages or other relief. Jurisdictions may permit claimants not to specify the monetary damages sought or may permit claimants to state only that the amount sought is sufficient to invoke the jurisdiction of the trial court. In addition, jurisdictions may permit plaintiffs to allege monetary damages in amounts well exceeding reasonably possible verdicts in the jurisdiction for similar matters. This variability in pleadings, together with the Company’s actual experience in litigating or resolving through settlement numerous claims over an extended period of time, demonstrates to management that the monetary relief which may be specified in a lawsuit or claim bears little relevance to its merits or disposition value.
It is not possible to predict the ultimate outcome of all pending investigations and legal proceedings. The Company establishes liabilities for litigation and regulatory loss contingencies when it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Liabilities have been established for a number of the matters noted below. In certain circumstances where liabilities have been established there may be coverage under one or more corporate insurance policies, pursuant to which there may be an insurance recovery. Insurance recoveries are recognized as gains when any contingencies relating to the insurance claim have been resolved, which is the earlier of when the gains are realized or realizable. It is possible that some of the matters could require the Company to pay damages or make other expenditures or establish accruals in amounts that could not be reasonably estimated at June 30, 2021. While the potential future charges could be material in the particular quarterly or annual periods in which they are recorded, based on information currently known to management, management does not believe any such charges are likely to have a material effect on the Company’s financial position. Given the large and/or indeterminate amounts sought in certain of these matters and the inherent unpredictability of litigation, it is possible that an adverse outcome in certain matters could, from time to time, have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated net income or cash flows in particular quarterly or annual periods.
Matters as to Which an Estimate Can Be Made
For some of the matters disclosed below, the Company is able to estimate a reasonably possible range of loss. For matters where a loss is believed to be reasonably possible, but not probable, the Company has not made an accrual. As of June 30,2021, the Company estimates the aggregate range of reasonably possible losses in excess of amounts accrued for these matters to be $0 to $175 million.
Matters as to Which an Estimate Cannot Be Made
For other matters disclosed below, the Company is not currently able to estimate the reasonably possible loss or range of loss. The Company is often unable to estimate the possible loss or range of loss until developments in such matters have provided sufficient information to support an assessment of the range of possible loss, such as quantification of a damage demand from plaintiffs, discovery from other parties and investigation of factual allegations, rulings by the court on motions or appeals, analysis by experts, and the progress of settlement negotiations. On a quarterly and annual basis, the Company reviews relevant information with respect to litigation contingencies and updates its accruals, disclosures and estimates of reasonably possible losses or ranges of loss based on such reviews.
Asbestos-Related Claims
MLIC is and has been a defendant in a large number of asbestos-related suits filed primarily in state courts. These suits principally allege that the plaintiff or plaintiffs suffered personal injury resulting from exposure to asbestos and seek both actual and punitive damages. MLIC has never engaged in the business of manufacturing, producing, distributing or selling asbestos or asbestos-containing products nor has MLIC issued liability or workers’ compensation insurance to companies in the business of manufacturing, producing, distributing or selling asbestos or asbestos-containing products. The lawsuits principally have focused on allegations with respect to certain research, publication and other activities of one or more of MLIC’s employees during the period from the 1920’s through approximately the 1950’s and allege that MLIC learned or should have learned of certain health risks posed by asbestos and, among other things, improperly publicized or failed to disclose those health risks. MLIC believes that it should not have legal liability in these cases. The outcome of most asbestos litigation matters, however, is uncertain and can be impacted by numerous variables, including differences in legal rulings in various jurisdictions, the nature of the alleged injury and factors unrelated to the ultimate legal merit of the claims asserted against MLIC. MLIC employs a number of resolution strategies to manage its asbestos loss exposure, including seeking resolution of pending litigation by judicial rulings and settling individual or groups of claims or lawsuits under appropriate circumstances.
80

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
15. Contingencies, Commitments and Guarantees (continued)
Claims asserted against MLIC have included negligence, intentional tort and conspiracy concerning the health risks associated with asbestos. MLIC’s defenses (beyond denial of certain factual allegations) include that: (i) MLIC owed no duty to the plaintiffs— it had no special relationship with the plaintiffs and did not manufacture, produce, distribute or sell the asbestos products that allegedly injured plaintiffs, (ii) plaintiffs did not rely on any actions of MLIC, (iii) MLIC’s conduct was not the cause of the plaintiffs’ injuries, (iv) plaintiffs’ exposure occurred after the dangers of asbestos were known, and (v) the applicable time with respect to filing suit has expired. During the course of the litigation, certain trial courts have granted motions dismissing claims against MLIC, while other trial courts have denied MLIC’s motions. There can be no assurance that MLIC will receive favorable decisions on motions in the future. While most cases brought to date have settled, MLIC intends to continue to defend aggressively against claims based on asbestos exposure, including defending claims at trials.
As reported in the 2020 Annual Report, MLIC received approximately 2,496 asbestos-related claims in 2020. For the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, MLIC received approximately 1,304 and 1,121 new asbestos-related claims, respectively. See Note 21 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report for historical information concerning asbestos claims and MLIC’s update in its recorded liability at December 31, 2020. The number of asbestos cases that may be brought, the aggregate amount of any liability that MLIC may incur, and the total amount paid in settlements in any given year are uncertain and may vary significantly from year to year.
The ability of MLIC to estimate its ultimate asbestos exposure is subject to considerable uncertainty, and the conditions impacting its liability can be dynamic and subject to change. The availability of reliable data is limited and it is difficult to predict the numerous variables that can affect liability estimates, including the number of future claims, the cost to resolve claims, the disease mix and severity of disease in pending and future claims, the impact of the number of new claims filed in a particular jurisdiction and variations in the law in the jurisdictions in which claims are filed, the possible impact of tort reform efforts, the willingness of courts to allow plaintiffs to pursue claims against MLIC when exposure to asbestos took place after the dangers of asbestos exposure were well known, and the impact of any possible future adverse verdicts and their amounts.
The ability to make estimates regarding ultimate asbestos exposure declines significantly as the estimates relate to years further in the future. In the Company’s judgment, there is a future point after which losses cease to be probable and reasonably estimable. It is reasonably possible that the Company’s total exposure to asbestos claims may be materially greater than the asbestos liability currently accrued and that future charges to income may be necessary. While the potential future charges could be material in the particular quarterly or annual periods in which they are recorded, based on information currently known by management, management does not believe any such charges are likely to have a material effect on the Company’s financial position.
The Company believes adequate provision has been made in its interim condensed consolidated financial statements for all probable and reasonably estimable losses for asbestos-related claims. MLIC’s recorded asbestos liability is based on its estimation of the following elements, as informed by the facts presently known to it, its understanding of current law and its past experiences: (i) the probable and reasonably estimable liability for asbestos claims already asserted against MLIC, including claims settled but not yet paid, (ii) the probable and reasonably estimable liability for asbestos claims not yet asserted against MLIC, but which MLIC believes are reasonably probable of assertion, and (iii) the legal defense costs associated with the foregoing claims. Significant assumptions underlying MLIC’s analysis of the adequacy of its recorded liability with respect to asbestos litigation include: (i) the number of future claims, (ii) the cost to resolve claims, and (iii) the cost to defend claims.
MLIC reevaluates on a quarterly and annual basis its exposure from asbestos litigation, including studying its claims experience, reviewing external literature regarding asbestos claims experience in the United States, assessing relevant trends impacting asbestos liability and considering numerous variables that can affect its asbestos liability exposure on an overall or per claim basis. These variables include bankruptcies of other companies involved in asbestos litigation, legislative and judicial developments, the number of pending claims involving serious disease, the number of new claims filed against it and other defendants and the jurisdictions in which claims are pending. Based upon its regular reevaluation of its exposure from asbestos litigation, MLIC has updated its liability analysis for asbestos-related claims through June 30, 2021.
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
15. Contingencies, Commitments and Guarantees (continued)
Julian & McKinney v. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company (S.D.N.Y., filed February 9, 2017)
Plaintiffs filed this putative class and collective action on behalf of themselves and all current and former long-term disability (“LTD”) claims specialists between February 2011 and the present for alleged wage and hour violations under the Fair Labor Standards Act, the New York Labor Law, and the Connecticut Minimum Wage Act. The suit alleges that MLIC improperly reclassified the plaintiffs and similarly situated LTD claims specialists from non-exempt to exempt from overtime pay in November 2013. As a result, they and members of the putative class were no longer eligible for overtime pay even though they allege they continued to work more than 40 hours per week. Plaintiffs seek unspecified compensatory and punitive damages, as well as other relief. On March 22, 2018, the court conditionally certified the case as a collective action, requiring that notice be mailed to LTD claims specialists who worked for MLIC from February 8, 2014 to the present. MLIC intends to defend this action vigorously.
Total Asset Recovery Services, LLC. v. MetLife, Inc., et al. (Supreme Court of the State of New York, County of New York, filed December 27, 2017)
Total Asset Recovery Services (the “Relator”) brought an action under the qui tam provision of the New York False Claims Act (the “Act”) on behalf of itself and the State of New York. The Relator originally filed this action under seal in 2010, and the complaint was unsealed on December 19, 2017. The Relator alleges that MetLife, Inc., MLIC, and several other insurance companies violated the Act by filing false unclaimed property reports with the State of New York from 1986 to 2017, to avoid having to escheat the proceeds of more than 25,000 life insurance policies, including policies for which the defendants escheated funds as part of their demutualizations in the late 1990s. The Relator seeks treble damages and other relief. On April 3, 2019, the court granted MetLife, Inc.’s and MLIC’s motion to dismiss and dismissed the complaint in its entirety. The Relator filed an appeal with the Appellate Division of the New York State Supreme Court, First Department. On December 10, 2020, the Appellate Division reversed the court’s order granting MetLife, Inc. and Metropolitan Life Insurance Company’s motion to dismiss, remanded the case to the trial court, and permitted the Relator’s counsel to file an amended complaint. On March 5, 2021, the Relator filed an amended complaint. The Company intends to defend the action vigorously.
Matters Related to Group Annuity Benefits and Assumed Variable Annuity Guarantee Reserves
In 2018, the Company announced that it identified two material weaknesses in its internal control over financial reporting related to the practices and procedures for estimating reserves for certain group annuity benefits and the calculation of reserves associated with certain variable annuity guarantees assumed from the former operating joint venture in Japan. Several regulators have made inquiries into these issues and it is possible that other jurisdictions may pursue similar investigations or inquiries. The Company is exposed to lawsuits, and could be exposed to additional legal actions relating to these issues. These may result in payments, including damages, fines, penalties, interest and other amounts assessed or awarded by courts or regulatory authorities under applicable escheat, tax, securities, Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, or other laws or regulations. The Company could incur significant costs in connection with these actions.
Litigation Matters
Parchmann v. MetLife, Inc., et. al. (E.D.N.Y., filed February 5, 2018)
Plaintiff filed this putative class action seeking to represent a class of persons who purchased MetLife, Inc. common stock from February 27, 2013 through January 29, 2018. Plaintiff alleges that MetLife, Inc., its former Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board, and its former Chief Financial Officer violated Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder by issuing materially false and/or misleading financial statements. Plaintiff alleges that MetLife’s practices and procedures for estimating reserves for certain group annuity benefits were inadequate, and that MetLife had inadequate internal control over financial reporting. Plaintiff seeks unspecified compensatory damages and other relief. On January 11, 2021, the court granted MetLife’s motion to dismiss and dismissed the complaint in its entirety. Plaintiff filed an appeal with the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. Defendants intend to defend this action vigorously.
82

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
15. Contingencies, Commitments and Guarantees (continued)
Derivative Demands
The MetLife, Inc. Board of Directors received six letters, dated March 28, 2018, May 11, 2018, July 16, 2018, December 20, 2018, February 5, 2019, and April 7, 2020, written on behalf of individual stockholders, demanding that MetLife, Inc. take action against current and former directors and officers for alleged breaches of fiduciary duty and/or investigate, remediate, and recover damages allegedly suffered by the Company as a result of (i) the Company’s allegedly inadequate practices and procedures for estimating reserves for certain group annuity benefits, (ii) the Company’s allegedly inadequate internal controls over financial reporting and corporate governance practices and procedures, and (iii) the alleged dissemination of false or misleading information related to these issues. The MetLife, Inc. Board of Directors appointed a special committee to investigate the allegations set forth in these six letters.
Commitments
Mortgage Loan Commitments
The Company commits to lend funds under mortgage loan commitments. The amounts of these mortgage loan commitments were $4.4 billion and $3.3 billion at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.
Commitments to Fund Partnership Investments, Bank Credit Facilities, Bridge Loans and Private Corporate Bond Investments
The Company commits to fund partnership investments and to lend funds under bank credit facilities, bridge loans and private corporate bond investments. The amounts of these unfunded commitments were $8.3 billionand $8.5 billion at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.
Guarantees
In the normal course of its business, the Company has provided certain indemnities, guarantees and commitments to third parties such that it may be required to make payments now or in the future. In the context of acquisition, disposition, investment and other transactions, the Company has provided indemnities and guarantees, including those related to tax, environmental and other specific liabilities and other indemnities and guarantees that are triggered by, among other things, breaches of representations, warranties or covenants provided by the Company. In addition, in the normal course of business, the Company provides indemnifications to counterparties in contracts with triggers similar to the foregoing, as well as for certain other liabilities, such as third-party lawsuits. These obligations are often subject to time limitations that vary in duration, including contractual limitations and those that arise by operation of law, such as applicable statutes of limitation. In some cases, the maximum potential obligation under the indemnities and guarantees is subject to a contractual limitation ranging from less than $1 million to $329 million, with a cumulative maximum of $635 million, while in other cases such limitations are not specified or applicable. Since certain of these obligations are not subject to limitations, the Company does not believe that it is possible to determine the maximum potential amount that could become due under these guarantees in the future. Management believes that it is unlikely the Company will have to make any material payments under these indemnities, guarantees, or commitments.
In addition, the Company indemnifies its directors and officers as provided in its charters and by-laws. Also, the Company indemnifies its agents for liabilities incurred as a result of their representation of the Company’s interests. Since these indemnities are generally not subject to limitation with respect to duration or amount, the Company does not believe that it is possible to determine the maximum potential amount that could become due under these indemnities in the future.
The Company also has minimum fund yield requirements on certain pension funds. Since these guarantees are not subject to limitation with respect to duration or amount, the Company does not believe that it is possible to determine the maximum potential amount that could become due under these guarantees in the future.
The Company’s recorded liabilities were $20 million at both June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 for indemnities, guarantees and commitments.
83

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
16. Subsequent Events
Senior NotesDividend Restrictions
In March 2020,Insurance Operations
For the six months ended June 30, 2021, American Life Insurance Company paid a dividend of $600 million to MetLife, Inc. issued $1.0 billion, for which regulatory approval was obtained as required.
Additionally, for the six months ended June 30, 2021, Metropolitan Property and Casualty Insurance Company paid a non-cash dividend of senior notes due March 2030 which bear interest at a fixed rate of 4.550%, the interest on which is payable semi-annually. In connection with the issuance, MetLife, Inc. incurred $6$35 million of related costs which will be amortized over the termconsisting of the senior notes.
10. Equity
Preferred Stock
Preferred stock authorized, issued and outstanding was as follows:
  June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
Series Shares
Authorized
 Shares
Issued
 Shares
Outstanding
 Shares
Authorized
 Shares
Issued
 Shares
Outstanding
Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series A 27,600,000
 24,000,000
 24,000,000
 27,600,000
 24,000,000
 24,000,000
5.25% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series C 1,500,000
 1,500,000
 1,500,000
 1,500,000
 1,500,000
 1,500,000
5.875% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series D 500,000
 500,000
 500,000
 500,000
 500,000
 500,000
5.625% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series E 32,200
 32,200
 32,200
 32,200
 32,200
 32,200
4.75% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series F 40,000
 40,000
 40,000
 
 
 
Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock 10,000,000
 
 
 10,000,000
 
 
Not designated 160,327,800
 
 
 160,367,800
 
 
Total 200,000,000
 26,072,200
 26,072,200
 200,000,000
 26,032,200
 26,032,200

On January 15, 2020,of a subsidiary to MetLife, Inc. issued 40,000 shares, for which regulatory approval was obtained as required. See Note 3 on the disposition of 4.75% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series F (the “Series F preferred stock”) with a $0.01 par value per share and a liquidation preference of $25,000 per share, for aggregate net proceeds of $972 million. MetLife Inc. deposited the Series F preferred stock under a deposit agreement with a depositary, which issued interests in fractional sharesP&C.
See Note 16 of the Series F preferred stockNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in the form of depositary shares (“Series F Depositary Shares”) evidenced by depositary receipts; each Series F Depositary Share representing 1/1,000th interest in a share of the Series F preferred stock. In connection with the offering of the Series F Depositary Shares, MetLife, Inc. incurred approximately $28 million of issuance costs which have been recorded as a reduction of2020 Annual Report for additional paid-in capital.
MetLife, Inc. will pay dividendsinformation on the Series F preferred stock only when, as and if declared by MetLife, Inc.’s Board of Directors (or a duly authorized committee thereof), out of funds legally available for the payment of dividends. Any such dividends are payable on a non-cumulative basis from the date of original issue, quarterly in arrears on the 15th day of March, June, September and December of each year, commencing on June 15, 2020.

dividend restrictions.
77
73

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
10. Equity (continued)

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Information regarding changes in the balances of each component of AOCI attributable to MetLife, Inc. may, at its option, redeem the Series F preferred stock, (i) in whole but not in part at any time prior to March 15, 2025, within 90 days after the occurrence of a “rating agency event,” at a redemption price equal to $25,500 per share of Series F preferred stock (equivalent to $25.50 per Series F Depositary Share), plus an amount equal to any accrued and unpaid dividends per share that have accrued but have not been declared and paid for the then-current dividend period to, but excluding, the redemption date, (ii) in whole but not in part, at any time prior to March 15, 2025, within 90 days after the occurrence of a “regulatory capital event,” and (iii) in whole or in part, at any time or from time to time, on or after March 15, 2025, in the case of (ii) or (iii), at a redemption price equal to $25,000 per share of Series F preferred stock (equivalent to $25 per Series F Depositary Share), plus an amount equal to any dividends per share that have accrued but not been declared and paid for the then-current dividend period to, but excluding, such redemption date. A “rating agency event” means that any nationally recognized statistical rating organization that then publishes a rating for MetLife, Inc. amends, clarifies or changes the criteria used to assign equity credit to securities like the Series F preferred stock, which results in the lowering of the equity credit assigned to the Series F preferred stock or shortens the length of time that the Series F preferred stock is assigned a particular level of equity credit. A “regulatory capital event” could occur as a result of a change or proposed change in capital adequacy rules (or the interpretation or application thereof) of any capital regulator, including but not limited to the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (“Federal Reserve Board”), the Federal Insurance Office, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners or any state insurance regulator as may then have group-wide oversight of MetLife, Inc.’s regulatory capital, from rules (or the interpretation or application thereof) in effect as of January 15, 2020, that would create a more than insubstantial risk, as determined by MetLife, Inc., that the Series F preferred stock would not be treated as “Tier 1 capital” or as capital with attributes similar to those of Tier 1 capital, except that a “regulatory capital event” will not include a change or proposed change (or the interpretation or application thereof) that would result in the adoption of any criteria substantially the same as the criteria in the capital adequacy rules of the Federal Reserve Board applicable to bank holding companies as of January 15, 2020.
The declaration, record and payment dates, as well as per share and aggregate dividend amounts, for MetLife, Inc.’s preferred stock were as follows for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019:
Declaration Date Record Date Payment Date Preferred Stock Dividend
Series A Series C Series D Series E Series F
Per 
Share
 Aggregate Per
Share
 Aggregate Per
Share
 Aggregate Per
Share
 Aggregate Per
Share
 Aggregate
      (In millions, except per share data)    
May 15, 2020
 
May 29, 2020
 
June 15, 2020
 $0.253
 $6
 $26.250
 $39
 $
 $
 $351.563
 $12
 $494.792
 $20
March 5, 2020
 
March 1, 2020
 
March 16, 2020
 0.253
 6
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
February 18, 2020
 
February 29, 2020
 
March 16, 2020
 
 
 
 
 29.375
 15
 351.563
 11
 
 
Total     $0.506
 $12

$26.250
 $39
 $29.375
 $15
 $703.126
 $23
 $494.792
 $20
                         
May 15, 2019
 
May 31, 2019
 
June 17, 2019
 $0.261
 $6
 $26.250
 $39
 $
 $
 $351.563
 $12
 $
 $
March 5, 2019
 
February 28, 2019
 
March 15, 2019
 0.250
 6
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
February 15, 2019
 
February 28, 2019
 
March 15, 2019
 
 
 
 
 29.375
 15
 351.563
 11
 
 
Total     $0.511
 $12
 $26.250
 $39
 $29.375
 $15
 $703.126
 $23
 $
 $

Common Stock
For thesix months endedJune 30, 2020 and 2019, MetLife, Inc. repurchased 10,664,608 shares and 26,954,935 shares of its common stock, respectively, through open market purchases for $500 million and $1.3 billion, respectively.
MetLife, Inc. announced that its Board of Directors authorized common stock repurchaseswas as follows:
    Authorization Remaining at
Announcement Date Authorization Amount June 30, 2020
  (In millions)
July 31, 2019 $2,000
 $485
November 1, 2018 $2,000
 $


Three Months
Ended
June 30, 2021
Unrealized
Investment Gains
(Losses), Net of
Related Offsets (1)
Unrealized
Gains (Losses)
on Derivatives
Foreign
Currency
Translation
Adjustments
Defined
Benefit
Plans
Adjustment
Total
(In millions)
Balance, beginning of period$16,194 $518 $(4,467)$(1,848)$10,397 
Other comprehensive income (loss) (“OCI”) before reclassifications2,099 828 2,934 
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)(570)(169)(2)(1)(742)
AOCI before reclassifications, net of income tax17,723 1,177 (4,463)(1,848)12,589 
Amounts reclassified from AOCI(15)(131)17 (129)
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)27 (5)25 
Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of income tax(12)(104)12 (104)
Sale of subsidiary, net of income tax (2)(176)(176)
Balance, end of period$17,535 $1,073 $(4,463)$(1,836)$12,309 
Three Months
Ended
June 30, 2020
Unrealized
Investment Gains
(Losses), Net of
Related Offsets (1)
Unrealized
Gains (Losses)
on Derivatives
Foreign
Currency
Translation
Adjustments
Defined
Benefit
Plans
Adjustment
Total
(In millions)
Balance, beginning of period$15,452 $4,917 $(5,627)$(1,985)$12,757 
OCI before reclassifications8,505 (639)243 8,109 
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)(1,902)142 (1,758)
AOCI before reclassifications, net of income tax22,055 4,420 (5,382)(1,985)19,108 
Amounts reclassified from AOCI(46)(340)22 (364)
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)(2)74 (5)67 
Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of income tax(48)(266)17 (297)
Sale of subsidiary, net of income tax(248)(248)
Balance, end of period$21,759 $4,154 $(5,382)$(1,968)$18,563 
78
74

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
10. Equity (continued)

Six Months
Ended
June 30, 2021
Unrealized
Investment Gains
(Losses), Net of
Related Offsets (1)
Unrealized
Gains (Losses)
on Derivatives
Foreign
Currency
Translation
Adjustments
Defined
Benefit
Plans
Adjustment
Total
(In millions)
Balance, beginning of period$22,217 $1,513 $(3,795)$(1,863)$18,072 
OCI before reclassifications(5,879)(614)(747)(7,236)
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)1,376 141 (36)(1)1,480 
AOCI before reclassifications, net of income tax17,714 1,040 (4,578)(1,860)12,316 
Amounts reclassified from AOCI15 43 31 89 
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)(4)(10)(7)(21)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of income tax11 33 24 68 
Sale of subsidiaries, net of income tax (2)(190)115 (75)
Balance, end of period$17,535 $1,073 $(4,463)$(1,836)$12,309 
Six Months
Ended
June 30, 2020
Unrealized
Investment Gains
(Losses), Net of
Related Offsets (1)
Unrealized
Gains (Losses)
on Derivatives
Foreign
Currency
Translation
Adjustments
Defined
Benefit
Plans
Adjustment
Total
(In millions)
Balance, beginning of period$18,283 $1,698 $(4,927)$(2,002)$13,052 
OCI before reclassifications4,886 3,048 (431)7,503 
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)(975)(668)(24)(1,667)
AOCI before reclassifications, net of income tax22,194 4,078 (5,382)(2,002)18,888 
Amounts reclassified from AOCI(233)98 43 (92)
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)46 (22)(9)15 
Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of income tax(187)76 34 (77)
Sale of subsidiary, net of income tax(248)(248)
Balance, end of period$21,759 $4,154 $(5,382)$(1,968)$18,563 
Under these authorizations, MetLife, Inc. may purchase its common stock from the MetLife Policyholder Trust, in the open market (including pursuant to the terms of a pre-set trading plan meeting the requirements of Rule 10b5-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (“Exchange Act”)), and in privately negotiated transactions. Common stock repurchases are subject to the discretion of MetLife, Inc.’s Board of Directors and will depend upon the Company’s capital position, liquidity, financial strength and credit ratings, general market conditions, the market price of MetLife, Inc.’s common stock compared to management’s assessment of the stock’s underlying value, applicable regulatory approvals, and other legal and accounting factors.__________________
The declaration, record and payment dates, as well as per share and aggregate dividend amounts, for MetLife, Inc.’s common stock were as follows for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019:
Declaration Date Record Date Payment Date Common Stock Dividend
Per Share Aggregate
      (In millions, except per share data)
April 28, 2020
 
May 8, 2020
 
June 12, 2020
 $0.460
 $419
January 7, 2020
 
February 4, 2020
 
March 13, 2020
 0.440
 404
      $0.900
 $823
         
April 23, 2019
 
May 7, 2019
 
June 13, 2019
 $0.440
 $419
January 7, 2019
 
February 5, 2019
 
March 13, 2019
 0.420
 405
      $0.860
 $824

(1)
See Note 166 for information on a common stock dividend declared subsequentoffsets to June 30, 2020.investments related to policyholder liabilities, DAC, VOBA and DSI.
Stock-Based Compensation Plans
Performance Shares and Performance Units
Final Performance Shares are paid in shares of MetLife, Inc. common stock. Final Performance Units are payable in cash equal to(2)See Note 3 for information on the closing price of MetLife, Inc. common stock on a date following the last day of the three-year performance period. The performance factor for the January 1, 2017 – December 31, 2019 performance period was 91.4%, which was determined within a possible range from 0% to 175%. This factor has been applied to the 1,068,099 Performance Shares and 166,191 Performance Units associated with that performance period that vested on December 31, 2019. As a result, in the first quarter of 2020, MetLife, Inc. issued 976,242 shares of its common stock (less withholding for taxes and other items, as applicable), excluding shares that payees choose to defer, and MetLife, Inc. or its affiliates paid the cash value of 151,899 Performance Units (less withholding for taxes and other items, as applicable).

Company’s business dispositions.
79
75

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
10. Equity (continued)
Information regarding amounts reclassified out of each component of AOCI was as follows:
Three Months
 Ended
 June 30,
Six Months
Ended
June 30,
2021202020212020
AOCI ComponentsAmounts Reclassified from AOCIConsolidated Statements of
Operations and
Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Locations
(In millions)
Net unrealized investment gains (losses):
Net unrealized investment gains (losses)$(6)$51 $(55)$255 Net investment gains (losses)
Net unrealized investment gains (losses)(4)(9)(10)Net investment income
Net unrealized investment gains (losses)25 (6)49 (12)Net derivative gains (losses)
Net unrealized investment gains (losses), before income tax15 46 (15)233 
Income tax (expense) benefit(3)(46)
Net unrealized investment gains (losses), net of income tax12 48 (11)187 
Unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives - cash flow hedges:
Interest rate derivatives15 27 15 Net investment income
Interest rate derivatives19 42 48 48 Net investment gains (losses)
Interest rate derivativesOther expenses
Foreign currency exchange rate derivativesNet investment income
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives95 287 (124)(164)Net investment gains (losses)
Foreign currency exchange rate derivativesOther expenses
Gains (losses) on cash flow hedges, before income tax131 340 (43)(98)
Income tax (expense) benefit(27)(74)10 22 
Gains (losses) on cash flow hedges, net of income tax104 266 (33)(76)
Defined benefit plans adjustment: (1)
Amortization of net actuarial gains (losses)(35)(26)(53)(52)
Amortization of prior service (costs) credit18 22 
Amortization of defined benefit plan items, before income tax(17)(22)(31)(43)
Income tax (expense) benefit
Amortization of defined benefit plan items, net of income tax(12)(17)(24)(34)
Total reclassifications, net of income tax$104 $297 $(68)$77 
__________________
(1)These AOCI components are included in the computation of net periodic benefit costs. See Note 12.
76

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
11. Other Revenues and Other Expenses
Other Revenues
Information on other revenues, which primarily includes fees related to service contracts from customers, was as follows:
Three Months
Ended
June 30,
Six Months
Ended
June 30,
2021202020212020
(In millions)
Vision fee for service arrangements (1)$135 $$275 $
Prepaid legal plans108 99 217 200 
Fee-based investment management86 71 171 150 
Recordkeeping and administrative services (2)53 46 106 95 
Administrative services-only contracts58 54 119 110 
Other revenue from service contracts from customers74 54 141 114 
Total revenues from service contracts from customers514 324 1,029 669 
Other150 132 266 226 
Total other revenues$664 $456 $1,295 $895 
__________________
(1)For information regarding the Company’s acquisition of Versant Health, Inc., see Note 3 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report.
(2)Related to products and businesses no longer actively marketed by the Company.
Other Expenses
Information on other expenses was as follows:
Three Months
Ended
June 30,
Six Months
Ended
June 30,
2021202020212020
(In millions)
Employee-related costs (1)$808 $842 $1,782 $1,711 
Third party staffing costs336 311 648 659 
General and administrative expenses135 191 243 381 
Pension, postretirement and postemployment benefit costs26 37 51 76 
Premium taxes, other taxes, and licenses & fees169 176 336 369 
Commissions and other variable expenses1,294 1,315 2,824 2,723 
Capitalization of DAC(642)(671)(1,417)(1,445)
Amortization of DAC and VOBA537 560 1,127 1,348 
Amortization of negative VOBA(10)(10)(19)(20)
Interest expense on debt228 232 456 454 
Total other expenses$2,881 $2,983 $6,031 $6,256 
__________________
(1)Includes ($58) million and ($74) million for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively, and ($80) million and ($40) million for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively, for the net change in cash surrender value of investments in certain life insurance policies, net of premiums paid.
77

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
12. Employee Benefit Plans
Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans
Certain subsidiaries of MetLife, Inc. sponsor a U.S. qualified and various U.S. and non-U.S. nonqualified defined benefit pension plans covering employees who meet specified eligibility requirements. These subsidiaries also provide certain postemployment benefits and certain postretirement medical and life insurance benefits for U.S. and non-U.S. retired employees.
The components of net periodic benefit costs, reported in other expenses, were as follows:
Three Months
Ended
June 30,
20212020
Pension
Benefits
Other
Postretirement
Benefits
Pension
Benefits
Other
Postretirement
Benefits
(In millions)
Service costs$56 $$61 $
Interest costs83 10 89 11 
Curtailment (gains) losses (1)(17)
Expected return on plan assets(125)(14)(132)(16)
Amortization of net actuarial (gains) losses39 (7)44 (18)
Amortization of prior service costs (credit)(1)(4)
Net periodic benefit costs (credit)$35 $(10)$58 $(22)
Six Months
Ended
June 30,
20212020
Pension
Benefits
Other
Postretirement
Benefits
Pension
Benefits
Other
Postretirement
Benefits
(In millions)
Service costs$119 $$123 $
Interest costs161 18 178 21 
Curtailment (gains) losses (1)(17)
Expected return on plan assets(257)(28)(264)(31)
Amortization of net actuarial (gains) losses77 (27)89 (37)
Amortization of prior service costs (credit)(5)(8)(1)
Net periodic benefit costs (credit)$78 $(35)$118 $(46)
__________________
(1)See Note 3 for information on the Company’s business dispositions.
13. Income Tax
For the three months and six months ended June 30, 2021, the effective tax rate on income (loss) before provision for income tax was 24% and 21%, respectively. The Company’s effective tax rate for the three months ended June 30, 2021 differed from the U.S. statutory rate primarily due to tax charges from foreign earnings taxed at different rates than the U.S. statutory rate, the completed sale of MetLife P&C and the pending disposition of MetLife Poland and Greece, partially offset by tax benefits related to tax credits and non-taxable investment income. The Company’s effective tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2021 was equal to the statutory rate of 21%, primarily due to tax charges from foreign earnings taxed at different rates than the U.S. statutory rate, the completed sale of MetLife P&C and the pending disposition of MetLife Poland
78

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
13. Income Tax (continued)

and Greece, offset by tax benefits related to tax credits, non-taxable investment income and the corporate tax deduction for stock compensation.
For the three months and six months ended June 30, 2020, the effective tax rate on income (loss) before provision for income tax was 24% and 22%, respectively. The Company’s effective tax rate for the three months ended June 30, 2020 differed from the U.S. statutory rate primarily due to tax charges from foreign earnings taxed at different rates than the U.S. statutory rate, partially offset by tax benefits related to non-taxable investment income and tax credits. The Company’s effective tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2020 differed from the U.S. statutory rate primarily due to tax charges from foreign earnings taxed at different rates than the U.S. statutory rate, partially offset by tax benefits related to non-taxable investment income, tax credits and the finalization of bankruptcy proceedings for a leveraged lease investment.
14. Earnings Per Common Share
The following table presents the weighted average shares, basic earnings per common share and diluted earnings per common share:    
Three Months
Ended
June 30,
Six Months
Ended
June 30,
2021202020212020
(In millions, except per share data)
Weighted Average Shares:
Weighted average common stock outstanding - basic873.3 908.8 879.3 911.5 
Incremental common shares from assumed exercise or issuance of stock-based awards6.4 4.3 6.5 5.0 
Weighted average common stock outstanding - diluted879.7 913.1 885.8 916.5 
Net Income (Loss):
Net income (loss)$3,412 $150 $3,775 $4,551 
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests10 
Less: Preferred stock dividends35 77 103 109 
Preferred stock redemption premium
Net income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.’s common shareholders$3,366 $68 $3,656 $4,434 
Basic$3.85 $0.07 $4.16 $4.86 
Diluted$3.83 $0.07 $4.13 $4.84 
15. Contingencies, Commitments and Guarantees
Contingencies
Litigation
The Company is a defendant in a large number of litigation matters. Putative or certified class action litigation and other litigation and claims and assessments against the Company, in addition to those discussed below and those otherwise provided for in the Company’s interim condensed consolidated financial statements, have arisen in the course of the Company’s business, including, but not limited to, in connection with its activities as an insurer, mortgage lending bank, employer, investor, investment advisor, broker-dealer, and taxpayer.
The Company also receives and responds to subpoenas or other inquiries seeking a broad range of information from state regulators, including state insurance commissioners; state attorneys general or other state governmental authorities; federal regulators, including the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission; federal governmental authorities, including congressional committees; and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, as well as from local and national regulators and government authorities in jurisdictions outside the United States where the Company conducts business. The issues involved in information requests and regulatory matters vary widely, but can include inquiries or investigations concerning the Company’s compliance with applicable insurance and other laws and regulations. The Company cooperates in these inquiries.
79

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
15. Contingencies, Commitments and Guarantees (continued)
In some of the matters, very large and/or indeterminate amounts, including punitive and treble damages, are sought. Modern pleading practice in the United States permits considerable variation in the assertion of monetary damages or other relief. Jurisdictions may permit claimants not to specify the monetary damages sought or may permit claimants to state only that the amount sought is sufficient to invoke the jurisdiction of the trial court. In addition, jurisdictions may permit plaintiffs to allege monetary damages in amounts well exceeding reasonably possible verdicts in the jurisdiction for similar matters. This variability in pleadings, together with the Company’s actual experience in litigating or resolving through settlement numerous claims over an extended period of time, demonstrates to management that the monetary relief which may be specified in a lawsuit or claim bears little relevance to its merits or disposition value.
It is not possible to predict the ultimate outcome of all pending investigations and legal proceedings. The Company establishes liabilities for litigation and regulatory loss contingencies when it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Liabilities have been established for a number of the matters noted below. In certain circumstances where liabilities have been established there may be coverage under one or more corporate insurance policies, pursuant to which there may be an insurance recovery. Insurance recoveries are recognized as gains when any contingencies relating to the insurance claim have been resolved, which is the earlier of when the gains are realized or realizable. It is possible that some of the matters could require the Company to pay damages or make other expenditures or establish accruals in amounts that could not be reasonably estimated at June 30, 2021. While the potential future charges could be material in the particular quarterly or annual periods in which they are recorded, based on information currently known to management, management does not believe any such charges are likely to have a material effect on the Company’s financial position. Given the large and/or indeterminate amounts sought in certain of these matters and the inherent unpredictability of litigation, it is possible that an adverse outcome in certain matters could, from time to time, have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated net income or cash flows in particular quarterly or annual periods.
Matters as to Which an Estimate Can Be Made
For some of the matters disclosed below, the Company is able to estimate a reasonably possible range of loss. For matters where a loss is believed to be reasonably possible, but not probable, the Company has not made an accrual. As of June 30,2021, the Company estimates the aggregate range of reasonably possible losses in excess of amounts accrued for these matters to be $0 to $175 million.
Matters as to Which an Estimate Cannot Be Made
For other matters disclosed below, the Company is not currently able to estimate the reasonably possible loss or range of loss. The Company is often unable to estimate the possible loss or range of loss until developments in such matters have provided sufficient information to support an assessment of the range of possible loss, such as quantification of a damage demand from plaintiffs, discovery from other parties and investigation of factual allegations, rulings by the court on motions or appeals, analysis by experts, and the progress of settlement negotiations. On a quarterly and annual basis, the Company reviews relevant information with respect to litigation contingencies and updates its accruals, disclosures and estimates of reasonably possible losses or ranges of loss based on such reviews.
Asbestos-Related Claims
MLIC is and has been a defendant in a large number of asbestos-related suits filed primarily in state courts. These suits principally allege that the plaintiff or plaintiffs suffered personal injury resulting from exposure to asbestos and seek both actual and punitive damages. MLIC has never engaged in the business of manufacturing, producing, distributing or selling asbestos or asbestos-containing products nor has MLIC issued liability or workers’ compensation insurance to companies in the business of manufacturing, producing, distributing or selling asbestos or asbestos-containing products. The lawsuits principally have focused on allegations with respect to certain research, publication and other activities of one or more of MLIC’s employees during the period from the 1920’s through approximately the 1950’s and allege that MLIC learned or should have learned of certain health risks posed by asbestos and, among other things, improperly publicized or failed to disclose those health risks. MLIC believes that it should not have legal liability in these cases. The outcome of most asbestos litigation matters, however, is uncertain and can be impacted by numerous variables, including differences in legal rulings in various jurisdictions, the nature of the alleged injury and factors unrelated to the ultimate legal merit of the claims asserted against MLIC. MLIC employs a number of resolution strategies to manage its asbestos loss exposure, including seeking resolution of pending litigation by judicial rulings and settling individual or groups of claims or lawsuits under appropriate circumstances.
80

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
15. Contingencies, Commitments and Guarantees (continued)
Claims asserted against MLIC have included negligence, intentional tort and conspiracy concerning the health risks associated with asbestos. MLIC’s defenses (beyond denial of certain factual allegations) include that: (i) MLIC owed no duty to the plaintiffs— it had no special relationship with the plaintiffs and did not manufacture, produce, distribute or sell the asbestos products that allegedly injured plaintiffs, (ii) plaintiffs did not rely on any actions of MLIC, (iii) MLIC’s conduct was not the cause of the plaintiffs’ injuries, (iv) plaintiffs’ exposure occurred after the dangers of asbestos were known, and (v) the applicable time with respect to filing suit has expired. During the course of the litigation, certain trial courts have granted motions dismissing claims against MLIC, while other trial courts have denied MLIC’s motions. There can be no assurance that MLIC will receive favorable decisions on motions in the future. While most cases brought to date have settled, MLIC intends to continue to defend aggressively against claims based on asbestos exposure, including defending claims at trials.
As reported in the 2020 Annual Report, MLIC received approximately 2,496 asbestos-related claims in 2020. For the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, MLIC received approximately 1,304 and 1,121 new asbestos-related claims, respectively. See Note 21 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report for historical information concerning asbestos claims and MLIC’s update in its recorded liability at December 31, 2020. The number of asbestos cases that may be brought, the aggregate amount of any liability that MLIC may incur, and the total amount paid in settlements in any given year are uncertain and may vary significantly from year to year.
The ability of MLIC to estimate its ultimate asbestos exposure is subject to considerable uncertainty, and the conditions impacting its liability can be dynamic and subject to change. The availability of reliable data is limited and it is difficult to predict the numerous variables that can affect liability estimates, including the number of future claims, the cost to resolve claims, the disease mix and severity of disease in pending and future claims, the impact of the number of new claims filed in a particular jurisdiction and variations in the law in the jurisdictions in which claims are filed, the possible impact of tort reform efforts, the willingness of courts to allow plaintiffs to pursue claims against MLIC when exposure to asbestos took place after the dangers of asbestos exposure were well known, and the impact of any possible future adverse verdicts and their amounts.
The ability to make estimates regarding ultimate asbestos exposure declines significantly as the estimates relate to years further in the future. In the Company’s judgment, there is a future point after which losses cease to be probable and reasonably estimable. It is reasonably possible that the Company’s total exposure to asbestos claims may be materially greater than the asbestos liability currently accrued and that future charges to income may be necessary. While the potential future charges could be material in the particular quarterly or annual periods in which they are recorded, based on information currently known by management, management does not believe any such charges are likely to have a material effect on the Company’s financial position.
The Company believes adequate provision has been made in its interim condensed consolidated financial statements for all probable and reasonably estimable losses for asbestos-related claims. MLIC’s recorded asbestos liability is based on its estimation of the following elements, as informed by the facts presently known to it, its understanding of current law and its past experiences: (i) the probable and reasonably estimable liability for asbestos claims already asserted against MLIC, including claims settled but not yet paid, (ii) the probable and reasonably estimable liability for asbestos claims not yet asserted against MLIC, but which MLIC believes are reasonably probable of assertion, and (iii) the legal defense costs associated with the foregoing claims. Significant assumptions underlying MLIC’s analysis of the adequacy of its recorded liability with respect to asbestos litigation include: (i) the number of future claims, (ii) the cost to resolve claims, and (iii) the cost to defend claims.
MLIC reevaluates on a quarterly and annual basis its exposure from asbestos litigation, including studying its claims experience, reviewing external literature regarding asbestos claims experience in the United States, assessing relevant trends impacting asbestos liability and considering numerous variables that can affect its asbestos liability exposure on an overall or per claim basis. These variables include bankruptcies of other companies involved in asbestos litigation, legislative and judicial developments, the number of pending claims involving serious disease, the number of new claims filed against it and other defendants and the jurisdictions in which claims are pending. Based upon its regular reevaluation of its exposure from asbestos litigation, MLIC has updated its liability analysis for asbestos-related claims through June 30, 2021.
81

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
15. Contingencies, Commitments and Guarantees (continued)
Julian & McKinney v. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company (S.D.N.Y., filed February 9, 2017)
Plaintiffs filed this putative class and collective action on behalf of themselves and all current and former long-term disability (“LTD”) claims specialists between February 2011 and the present for alleged wage and hour violations under the Fair Labor Standards Act, the New York Labor Law, and the Connecticut Minimum Wage Act. The suit alleges that MLIC improperly reclassified the plaintiffs and similarly situated LTD claims specialists from non-exempt to exempt from overtime pay in November 2013. As a result, they and members of the putative class were no longer eligible for overtime pay even though they allege they continued to work more than 40 hours per week. Plaintiffs seek unspecified compensatory and punitive damages, as well as other relief. On March 22, 2018, the court conditionally certified the case as a collective action, requiring that notice be mailed to LTD claims specialists who worked for MLIC from February 8, 2014 to the present. MLIC intends to defend this action vigorously.
Total Asset Recovery Services, LLC. v. MetLife, Inc., et al. (Supreme Court of the State of New York, County of New York, filed December 27, 2017)
Total Asset Recovery Services (the “Relator”) brought an action under the qui tam provision of the New York False Claims Act (the “Act”) on behalf of itself and the State of New York. The Relator originally filed this action under seal in 2010, and the complaint was unsealed on December 19, 2017. The Relator alleges that MetLife, Inc., MLIC, and several other insurance companies violated the Act by filing false unclaimed property reports with the State of New York from 1986 to 2017, to avoid having to escheat the proceeds of more than 25,000 life insurance policies, including policies for which the defendants escheated funds as part of their demutualizations in the late 1990s. The Relator seeks treble damages and other relief. On April 3, 2019, the court granted MetLife, Inc.’s and MLIC’s motion to dismiss and dismissed the complaint in its entirety. The Relator filed an appeal with the Appellate Division of the New York State Supreme Court, First Department. On December 10, 2020, the Appellate Division reversed the court’s order granting MetLife, Inc. and Metropolitan Life Insurance Company’s motion to dismiss, remanded the case to the trial court, and permitted the Relator’s counsel to file an amended complaint. On March 5, 2021, the Relator filed an amended complaint. The Company intends to defend the action vigorously.
Matters Related to Group Annuity Benefits and Assumed Variable Annuity Guarantee Reserves
In 2018, the Company announced that it identified two material weaknesses in its internal control over financial reporting related to the practices and procedures for estimating reserves for certain group annuity benefits and the calculation of reserves associated with certain variable annuity guarantees assumed from the former operating joint venture in Japan. Several regulators have made inquiries into these issues and it is possible that other jurisdictions may pursue similar investigations or inquiries. The Company is exposed to lawsuits, and could be exposed to additional legal actions relating to these issues. These may result in payments, including damages, fines, penalties, interest and other amounts assessed or awarded by courts or regulatory authorities under applicable escheat, tax, securities, Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, or other laws or regulations. The Company could incur significant costs in connection with these actions.
Litigation Matters
Parchmann v. MetLife, Inc., et. al. (E.D.N.Y., filed February 5, 2018)
Plaintiff filed this putative class action seeking to represent a class of persons who purchased MetLife, Inc. common stock from February 27, 2013 through January 29, 2018. Plaintiff alleges that MetLife, Inc., its former Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board, and its former Chief Financial Officer violated Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder by issuing materially false and/or misleading financial statements. Plaintiff alleges that MetLife’s practices and procedures for estimating reserves for certain group annuity benefits were inadequate, and that MetLife had inadequate internal control over financial reporting. Plaintiff seeks unspecified compensatory damages and other relief. On January 11, 2021, the court granted MetLife’s motion to dismiss and dismissed the complaint in its entirety. Plaintiff filed an appeal with the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. Defendants intend to defend this action vigorously.
82

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
15. Contingencies, Commitments and Guarantees (continued)
Derivative Demands
The MetLife, Inc. Board of Directors received six letters, dated March 28, 2018, May 11, 2018, July 16, 2018, December 20, 2018, February 5, 2019, and April 7, 2020, written on behalf of individual stockholders, demanding that MetLife, Inc. take action against current and former directors and officers for alleged breaches of fiduciary duty and/or investigate, remediate, and recover damages allegedly suffered by the Company as a result of (i) the Company’s allegedly inadequate practices and procedures for estimating reserves for certain group annuity benefits, (ii) the Company’s allegedly inadequate internal controls over financial reporting and corporate governance practices and procedures, and (iii) the alleged dissemination of false or misleading information related to these issues. The MetLife, Inc. Board of Directors appointed a special committee to investigate the allegations set forth in these six letters.
Commitments
Mortgage Loan Commitments
The Company commits to lend funds under mortgage loan commitments. The amounts of these mortgage loan commitments were $4.4 billion and $3.3 billion at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.
Commitments to Fund Partnership Investments, Bank Credit Facilities, Bridge Loans and Private Corporate Bond Investments
The Company commits to fund partnership investments and to lend funds under bank credit facilities, bridge loans and private corporate bond investments. The amounts of these unfunded commitments were $8.3 billionand $8.5 billion at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.
Guarantees
In the normal course of its business, the Company has provided certain indemnities, guarantees and commitments to third parties such that it may be required to make payments now or in the future. In the context of acquisition, disposition, investment and other transactions, the Company has provided indemnities and guarantees, including those related to tax, environmental and other specific liabilities and other indemnities and guarantees that are triggered by, among other things, breaches of representations, warranties or covenants provided by the Company. In addition, in the normal course of business, the Company provides indemnifications to counterparties in contracts with triggers similar to the foregoing, as well as for certain other liabilities, such as third-party lawsuits. These obligations are often subject to time limitations that vary in duration, including contractual limitations and those that arise by operation of law, such as applicable statutes of limitation. In some cases, the maximum potential obligation under the indemnities and guarantees is subject to a contractual limitation ranging from less than $1 million to $329 million, with a cumulative maximum of $635 million, while in other cases such limitations are not specified or applicable. Since certain of these obligations are not subject to limitations, the Company does not believe that it is possible to determine the maximum potential amount that could become due under these guarantees in the future. Management believes that it is unlikely the Company will have to make any material payments under these indemnities, guarantees, or commitments.
In addition, the Company indemnifies its directors and officers as provided in its charters and by-laws. Also, the Company indemnifies its agents for liabilities incurred as a result of their representation of the Company’s interests. Since these indemnities are generally not subject to limitation with respect to duration or amount, the Company does not believe that it is possible to determine the maximum potential amount that could become due under these indemnities in the future.
The Company also has minimum fund yield requirements on certain pension funds. Since these guarantees are not subject to limitation with respect to duration or amount, the Company does not believe that it is possible to determine the maximum potential amount that could become due under these guarantees in the future.
The Company’s recorded liabilities were $20 million at both June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 for indemnities, guarantees and commitments.
83

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
16. Subsequent Events
Dividend Restrictions
Insurance Operations
For the six months ended June 30, 2020, Metropolitan Property and Casualty2021, American Life Insurance Company paid a dividend of $250$600 million to MetLife, Inc., for which regulatory approval was obtained as required.
Additionally, for the six months ended June 30, 2021, Metropolitan Property and Casualty Insurance Company paid a non-cash dividend of $35 million consisting of the stock of a subsidiary to MetLife, Inc., for which regulatory approval was obtained as required. See Note 3 on the disposition of MetLife P&C.
See Note 16 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 20192020 Annual Report for additional information on dividend restrictions.

73
80

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
10. Equity (continued)

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Information regarding changes in the balances of each component of AOCI attributable to MetLife, Inc. was as follows:
Three Months
Ended
June 30, 2021
Unrealized
Investment Gains
(Losses), Net of
Related Offsets (1)
Unrealized
Gains (Losses)
on Derivatives
Foreign
Currency
Translation
Adjustments
Defined
Benefit
Plans
Adjustment
Total
(In millions)
Balance, beginning of period$16,194 $518 $(4,467)$(1,848)$10,397 
Other comprehensive income (loss) (“OCI”) before reclassifications2,099 828 2,934 
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)(570)(169)(2)(1)(742)
AOCI before reclassifications, net of income tax17,723 1,177 (4,463)(1,848)12,589 
Amounts reclassified from AOCI(15)(131)17 (129)
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)27 (5)25 
Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of income tax(12)(104)12 (104)
Sale of subsidiary, net of income tax (2)(176)(176)
Balance, end of period$17,535 $1,073 $(4,463)$(1,836)$12,309 
Three Months
Ended
June 30, 2020
Unrealized
Investment Gains
(Losses), Net of
Related Offsets (1)
Unrealized
Gains (Losses)
on Derivatives
Foreign
Currency
Translation
Adjustments
Defined
Benefit
Plans
Adjustment
Total
(In millions)
Balance, beginning of period$15,452 $4,917 $(5,627)$(1,985)$12,757 
OCI before reclassifications8,505 (639)243 8,109 
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)(1,902)142 (1,758)
AOCI before reclassifications, net of income tax22,055 4,420 (5,382)(1,985)19,108 
Amounts reclassified from AOCI(46)(340)22 (364)
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)(2)74 (5)67 
Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of income tax(48)(266)17 (297)
Sale of subsidiary, net of income tax(248)(248)
Balance, end of period$21,759 $4,154 $(5,382)$(1,968)$18,563 
  Three Months
Ended
June 30, 2020
  
Unrealized
Investment Gains
(Losses), Net of
Related Offsets (1)
 
Unrealized
Gains (Losses)
on Derivatives
 
Foreign
Currency
Translation
Adjustments
 
Defined
Benefit
Plans
Adjustment
 Total
  (In millions)
Balance, beginning of period $15,452
 $4,917
 $(5,627) $(1,985) $12,757
OCI before reclassifications 8,505
 (639) 243
 
 8,109
Deferred income tax benefit (expense) (1,902) 142
 2
 
 (1,758)
AOCI before reclassifications, net of income tax 22,055
 4,420
 (5,382) (1,985) 19,108
Amounts reclassified from AOCI (46) (340) 
 22
 (364)
Deferred income tax benefit (expense) (2) 74
 
 (5) 67
Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of income tax (48) (266) 
 17
 (297)
Sale of subsidiary, net of income tax (2) (248) 
 
 
 (248)
Balance, end of period $21,759
 $4,154
 $(5,382) $(1,968) $18,563
 
  Three Months
Ended
June 30, 2019
  
Unrealized
Investment Gains
(Losses), Net of
Related Offsets (1)
 
Unrealized
Gains (Losses)
on Derivatives
 
Foreign
Currency
Translation
Adjustments
 
Defined
Benefit
Plans
Adjustment
 Total
  (In millions)
Balance, beginning of period $12,248
 $1,614
 $(4,947) $(2,004) $6,911
OCI before reclassifications 5,478
 658
 174
 (3) 6,307
Deferred income tax benefit (expense) (1,289) (153) 7
 
 (1,435)
AOCI before reclassifications, net of income tax 16,437
 2,119
 (4,766) (2,007) 11,783
Amounts reclassified from AOCI (127) (92) 
 30
 (189)
Deferred income tax benefit (expense) 30
 14
 
 (7) 37
Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of income tax (97) (78) 
 23
 (152)
Balance, end of period $16,340
 $2,041
 $(4,766) $(1,984) $11,631
74



81

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
10. Equity (continued)

 Six Months
Ended
June 30, 2020
Six Months
Ended
June 30, 2021
 
Unrealized
Investment Gains
(Losses), Net of
Related Offsets (1)
 
Unrealized
Gains (Losses)
on Derivatives
 
Foreign
Currency
Translation
Adjustments
 
Defined
Benefit
Plans
Adjustment
 TotalUnrealized
Investment Gains
(Losses), Net of
Related Offsets (1)
Unrealized
Gains (Losses)
on Derivatives
Foreign
Currency
Translation
Adjustments
Defined
Benefit
Plans
Adjustment
Total
 (In millions)(In millions)
Balance, beginning of period $18,283
 $1,698
 $(4,927) $(2,002) $13,052
Balance, beginning of period$22,217 $1,513 $(3,795)$(1,863)$18,072 
OCI before reclassifications 4,886
 3,048
 (431) 
 7,503
OCI before reclassifications(5,879)(614)(747)(7,236)
Deferred income tax benefit (expense) (975) (668) (24) 
 (1,667)Deferred income tax benefit (expense)1,376 141 (36)(1)1,480 
AOCI before reclassifications, net of income tax 22,194
 4,078
 (5,382) (2,002) 18,888
AOCI before reclassifications, net of income tax17,714 1,040 (4,578)(1,860)12,316 
Amounts reclassified from AOCI (233) 98
 
 43
 (92)Amounts reclassified from AOCI15 43 31 89 
Deferred income tax benefit (expense) 46
 (22) 
 (9) 15
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)(4)(10)(7)(21)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of income tax (187) 76
 
 34
 (77)Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of income tax11 33 24 68 
Sale of subsidiary, net of income tax (2) (248) 
 
 
 (248)
Sale of subsidiaries, net of income tax (2)Sale of subsidiaries, net of income tax (2)(190)115 (75)
Balance, end of period $21,759
 $4,154
 $(5,382) $(1,968) $18,563
Balance, end of period$17,535 $1,073 $(4,463)$(1,836)$12,309 
          
 Six Months
Ended
June 30, 2019
Six Months
Ended
June 30, 2020
 
Unrealized
Investment Gains
(Losses), Net of
Related Offsets (1)
 
Unrealized
Gains (Losses)
on Derivatives
 
Foreign
Currency
Translation
Adjustments
 
Defined
Benefit
Plans
Adjustment
 TotalUnrealized
Investment Gains
(Losses), Net of
Related Offsets (1)
Unrealized
Gains (Losses)
on Derivatives
Foreign
Currency
Translation
Adjustments
Defined
Benefit
Plans
Adjustment
Total
 (In millions)(In millions)
Balance, beginning of period $7,042
 $1,613
 $(4,905) $(2,028) $1,722
Balance, beginning of period$18,283 $1,698 $(4,927)$(2,002)$13,052 
OCI before reclassifications 12,199
 647
 138
 (2) 12,982
OCI before reclassifications4,886 3,048 (431)7,503 
Deferred income tax benefit (expense) (2,805) (147) 1
 
 (2,951)Deferred income tax benefit (expense)(975)(668)(24)(1,667)
AOCI before reclassifications, net of income tax 16,436
 2,113
 (4,766) (2,030) 11,753
AOCI before reclassifications, net of income tax22,194 4,078 (5,382)(2,002)18,888 
Amounts reclassified from AOCI (129) (116) 
 59
 (186)Amounts reclassified from AOCI(233)98 43 (92)
Deferred income tax benefit (expense) 30
 26
 
 (13) 43
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)46 (22)(9)15 
Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of income tax (99) (90) 
 46
 (143)Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of income tax(187)76 34 (77)
Cumulative effects of changes in accounting principles 4
 22
 
 
 26
Deferred income tax benefit (expense), cumulative effects of changes in accounting principles (1) (4) 
 
 (5)
Cumulative effects of changes in accounting principles, net of income tax (3) 3
 18
 
 
 21
Sale of subsidiary, net of income taxSale of subsidiary, net of income tax(248)(248)
Balance, end of period $16,340
 $2,041
 $(4,766) $(1,984) $11,631
Balance, end of period$21,759 $4,154 $(5,382)$(1,968)$18,563 
__________________
(1)See Note 6 for information on offsets to investments related to future policy benefits, DAC, VOBA and DSI, and the policyholder dividend obligation.
(2)See Note 3.
(3)See Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2019 Annual Report for further information on adoption of new accounting pronouncements.

(1)See Note 6 for information on offsets to investments related to policyholder liabilities, DAC, VOBA and DSI.
(2)See Note 3 for information on the Company’s business dispositions.
82
75

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
10. Equity (continued)

Information regarding amounts reclassified out of each component of AOCI was as follows:
 Three Months
Ended
June 30,
 Six Months
Ended
June 30,
 Three Months
 Ended
 June 30,
Six Months
Ended
June 30,
 2020 2019 2020
2019 2021202020212020
AOCI Components Amounts Reclassified from AOCI Consolidated Statements of
Operations and
Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Locations
AOCI ComponentsAmounts Reclassified from AOCIConsolidated Statements of
Operations and
Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Locations
 (In millions) (In millions)
Net unrealized investment gains (losses):         Net unrealized investment gains (losses):
Net unrealized investment gains (losses) $51
 $140
 $255
 $116
 Net investment gains (losses)Net unrealized investment gains (losses)$(6)$51 $(55)$255 Net investment gains (losses)
Net unrealized investment gains (losses) 1
 (7) (10) (3) Net investment incomeNet unrealized investment gains (losses)(4)(9)(10)Net investment income
Net unrealized investment gains (losses) (6) (6) (12) 16
 Net derivative gains (losses)Net unrealized investment gains (losses)25 (6)49 (12)Net derivative gains (losses)
Net unrealized investment gains (losses), before income tax 46
 127
 233
 129
 Net unrealized investment gains (losses), before income tax15 46 (15)233 
Income tax (expense) benefit 2
 (30) (46) (30) Income tax (expense) benefit(3)(46)
Net unrealized investment gains (losses), net of income tax 48
 97
 187
 99
 Net unrealized investment gains (losses), net of income tax12 48 (11)187 
Unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives - cash flow hedges:         Unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives - cash flow hedges:
Interest rate derivatives 9
 6
 15
 11
 Net investment incomeInterest rate derivatives15 27 15 Net investment income
Interest rate derivatives 42
 4
 48
 (2) Net investment gains (losses)Interest rate derivatives19 42 48 48 Net investment gains (losses)
Interest rate derivatives 
 
 1
 1
 Other expensesInterest rate derivativesOther expenses
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives 1
 (1) 1
 (3) Net investment incomeForeign currency exchange rate derivativesNet investment income
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives 287
 83
 (164) 108
 Net investment gains (losses)Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives95 287 (124)(164)Net investment gains (losses)
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives 1
 1
 1
 1
 Other expensesForeign currency exchange rate derivativesOther expenses
Credit derivatives 
 (1) 
 
 Net investment gains (losses)
Gains (losses) on cash flow hedges, before income tax 340
 92
 (98) 116
 Gains (losses) on cash flow hedges, before income tax131 340 (43)(98)
Income tax (expense) benefit (74) (14) 22
 (26) Income tax (expense) benefit(27)(74)10 22 
Gains (losses) on cash flow hedges, net of income tax 266
 78
 (76) 90
 Gains (losses) on cash flow hedges, net of income tax104 266 (33)(76)
Defined benefit plans adjustment: (1)         Defined benefit plans adjustment: (1)
Amortization of net actuarial gains (losses) (26) (36) (52) (72) Amortization of net actuarial gains (losses)(35)(26)(53)(52)
Amortization of prior service (costs) credit 4
 6
 9
 13
 Amortization of prior service (costs) credit18 22 
Amortization of defined benefit plan items, before income tax (22) (30) (43) (59) Amortization of defined benefit plan items, before income tax(17)(22)(31)(43)
Income tax (expense) benefit 5
 7
 9
 13
 Income tax (expense) benefit
Amortization of defined benefit plan items, net of income tax (17) (23) (34) (46) Amortization of defined benefit plan items, net of income tax(12)(17)(24)(34)
Total reclassifications, net of income tax $297
 $152
 $77
 $143
 Total reclassifications, net of income tax$104 $297 $(68)$77 
__________________
(1)These AOCI components are included in the computation of net periodic benefit costs. See Note 12.

(1)These AOCI components are included in the computation of net periodic benefit costs. See Note 12.
83
76

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

11. Other Revenues and Other Expenses
Other Revenues
Information on other revenues, which primarily includes fees related to service contracts from customers, was as follows:
Three Months
Ended
June 30,
Six Months
Ended
June 30,
2021202020212020
(In millions)
Vision fee for service arrangements (1)$135 $$275 $
Prepaid legal plans108 99 217 200 
Fee-based investment management86 71 171 150 
Recordkeeping and administrative services (2)53 46 106 95 
Administrative services-only contracts58 54 119 110 
Other revenue from service contracts from customers74 54 141 114 
Total revenues from service contracts from customers514 324 1,029 669 
Other150 132 266 226 
Total other revenues$664 $456 $1,295 $895 
  Three Months
Ended
June 30,
 Six Months
Ended
June 30,
  2020 2019 2020 2019
  (In millions)
Prepaid legal plans $99
 $86
 $200
 $172
Fee-based investment management 71
 69
 150
 146
Recordkeeping and administrative services (1) 46
 52
 95
 102
Administrative services-only contracts 54
 53
 110
 106
Other revenue from service contracts from customers 54
 64
 114
 135
Total revenues from service contracts from customers 324
 324
 669
 661
Other 132
 154
 226
 311
Total other revenues $456
 $478
 $895
 $972
__________________
__________________(1)For information regarding the Company’s acquisition of Versant Health, Inc., see Note 3 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report.
(1)Related to products and businesses no longer actively marketed by the Company.
(2)Related to products and businesses no longer actively marketed by the Company.
Other Expenses
Information on other expenses was as follows:
  Three Months
Ended
June 30,
 Six Months
Ended
June 30,
  2020 2019 2020 2019
  (In millions)
Employee-related costs (1) $842
 $916
 $1,711
 $1,838
Third party staffing costs 311
 420
 659
 789
General and administrative expenses 191
 237
 381
 460
Pension, postretirement and postemployment benefit costs 37
 57
 76
 113
Premium taxes, other taxes, and licenses & fees 176
 174
 369
 344
Commissions and other variable expenses 1,315
 1,470
 2,723
 2,919
Capitalization of DAC (671) (837) (1,445) (1,649)
Amortization of DAC and VOBA 560
 689
 1,348
 1,313
Amortization of negative VOBA (10) (10) (20) (20)
Interest expense on debt 232
 274
 454
 508
Total other expenses $2,983

$3,390

$6,256
 $6,615

Three Months
Ended
June 30,
Six Months
Ended
June 30,
2021202020212020
(In millions)
Employee-related costs (1)$808 $842 $1,782 $1,711 
Third party staffing costs336 311 648 659 
General and administrative expenses135 191 243 381 
Pension, postretirement and postemployment benefit costs26 37 51 76 
Premium taxes, other taxes, and licenses & fees169 176 336 369 
Commissions and other variable expenses1,294 1,315 2,824 2,723 
Capitalization of DAC(642)(671)(1,417)(1,445)
Amortization of DAC and VOBA537 560 1,127 1,348 
Amortization of negative VOBA(10)(10)(19)(20)
Interest expense on debt228 232 456 454 
Total other expenses$2,881 $2,983 $6,031 $6,256 
__________________
(1)
(1)Includes ($58) million and ($74) million for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively, and ($80) million and ($40) million for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively, and ($41) million and ($117) million for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively, for the net change in cash surrender value of investments in certain life insurance policies, net of premiums paid.

84
77

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
11. Other Revenues and Other Expenses (continued)

Restructuring Charges
In December 2019, the Company incurred the remaining restructuring charges related to its unit cost improvement program. During this program period, restructuring charges were included in other expenses and reported in Corporate & Other. Such restructuring charges were as follows:
  Three Months
Ended
June 30,
 Six Months
Ended
June 30,
  2020 2019 2020 2019
  Severance
  (In millions)
Balance, beginning of period $22
 $17
 $57
 $23
Restructuring charges 
 14
 
 21
Cash payments (4) (11) (39) (24)
Balance, end of period $18
 $20
 $18
 $20
Total severance charges incurred since inception of initiative $244
 $157
 $244
 $157

12. Employee Benefit Plans
Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans
Certain subsidiaries of MetLife, Inc. sponsor a U.S. qualified and various U.S. and non-U.S. nonqualified defined benefit pension plans covering employees who meet specified eligibility requirements. These subsidiaries also provide certain postemployment benefits and certain postretirement medical and life insurance benefits for U.S. and non-U.S. retired employees.
The components of net periodic benefit costs, reported in other expenses, were as follows:
Three Months
Ended
June 30,
20212020
Pension
Benefits
Other
Postretirement
Benefits
Pension
Benefits
Other
Postretirement
Benefits
(In millions)
Service costs$56 $$61 $
Interest costs83 10 89 11 
Curtailment (gains) losses (1)(17)
Expected return on plan assets(125)(14)(132)(16)
Amortization of net actuarial (gains) losses39 (7)44 (18)
Amortization of prior service costs (credit)(1)(4)
Net periodic benefit costs (credit)$35 $(10)$58 $(22)
Six Months
Ended
June 30,
20212020
Pension
Benefits
Other
Postretirement
Benefits
Pension
Benefits
Other
Postretirement
Benefits
(In millions)
Service costs$119 $$123 $
Interest costs161 18 178 21 
Curtailment (gains) losses (1)(17)
Expected return on plan assets(257)(28)(264)(31)
Amortization of net actuarial (gains) losses77 (27)89 (37)
Amortization of prior service costs (credit)(5)(8)(1)
Net periodic benefit costs (credit)$78 $(35)$118 $(46)
  Three Months
Ended
June 30,
  2020 2019
  
Pension
Benefits
 
Other
Postretirement
Benefits
 
Pension
Benefits
 
Other
Postretirement
Benefits
  (In millions)
Service costs $61
 $1
 $57
 $1
Interest costs 89
 11
 104
 13
Expected return on plan assets (132) (16) (123) (18)
Amortization of net actuarial (gains) losses 44
 (18) 48
 (12)
Amortization of prior service costs (credit) (4) 
 (4) (2)
Net periodic benefit costs (credit) $58
 $(22) $82
 $(18)
__________________

(1)
See Note 3 for information on the Company’s business dispositions.
  Six Months
Ended
June 30,
  2020 2019
  
Pension
Benefits
 
Other
Postretirement
Benefits
 
Pension
Benefits
 
Other
Postretirement
Benefits
  (In millions)
Service costs $123
 $2
 $115
 $2
Interest costs 178
 21
 208
 26
Expected return on plan assets (264) (31) (245) (34)
Amortization of net actuarial (gains) losses 89
 (37) 96
 (24)
Amortization of prior service costs (credit) (8) (1) (8) (5)
Net periodic benefit costs (credit) $118
 $(46) $166
 $(35)

13. Income Tax
For the three months and six months ended June 30, 2021, the effective tax rate on income (loss) before provision for income tax was 24% and 21%, respectively. The Company’s effective tax rate for the three months ended June 30, 2021 differed from the U.S. statutory rate primarily due to tax charges from foreign earnings taxed at different rates than the U.S. statutory rate, the completed sale of MetLife P&C and the pending disposition of MetLife Poland and Greece, partially offset by tax benefits related to tax credits and non-taxable investment income. The Company’s effective tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2021 was equal to the statutory rate of 21%, primarily due to tax charges from foreign earnings taxed at different rates than the U.S. statutory rate, the completed sale of MetLife P&C and the pending disposition of MetLife Poland
78

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
13. Income Tax (continued)

and Greece, offset by tax benefits related to tax credits, non-taxable investment income and the corporate tax deduction for stock compensation.
For the three months and six months ended June 30, 2020, the effective tax rate on income (loss) before provision for income tax was 24% and 22%, respectively. The Company’s effective tax rate for the three months ended June 30, 2020 differed from the U.S. statutory rate primarily due to tax charges from foreign earnings taxed at different rates than the U.S. statutory rate, partially offset by tax benefits related to non-taxable investment income and tax credits. The Company’s effective tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2020 differed from the U.S. statutory rate primarily due to tax charges from foreign earnings taxed at different rates than the U.S. statutory rate, partially offset by tax benefits related to non-taxable investment income, tax credits and the finalization of bankruptcy proceedings for a leveraged lease investment.
For the three months and six months endedJune 30,2019, the effective tax rate on income (loss) before provision for income tax was 24% and 23%, respectively. The Company’s effective tax rate for both periods differed from the U.S. statutory rate primarily due to tax charges from foreign earnings taxed at different rates than the U.S. statutory rate and the impact from the definitive agreement to sell MetLife Hong Kong, partially offset by tax benefits related to non-taxable investment income and tax credits.

85

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

14. Earnings Per Common Share
The following table presents the weighted average shares, basic earnings per common share and diluted earnings per common share:
  Three Months
Ended
June 30,
 Six Months
Ended
June 30,
  2020 2019 2020
2019
  (In millions, except per share data)
Weighted Average Shares:        
Weighted average common stock outstanding - basic 908.8
 946.2
 911.5
 951.3
Incremental common shares from assumed exercise or issuance of stock-based awards 4.3
 6.7
 5.0
 6.8
Weighted average common stock outstanding - diluted 913.1
 952.9
 916.5
 958.1
Net Income (Loss):        
Net income (loss) $150
 $1,746
 $4,551
 $3,131
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests 5
 5
 8
 9
Less: Preferred stock dividends 77
 57
 109
 89
Net income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.’s common shareholders $68
 $1,684
 $4,434
 $3,033
Basic $0.07
 $1.78
 $4.86
 $3.19
Diluted $0.07
 $1.77
 $4.84
 $3.17

Three Months
Ended
June 30,
Six Months
Ended
June 30,
2021202020212020
(In millions, except per share data)
Weighted Average Shares:
Weighted average common stock outstanding - basic873.3 908.8 879.3 911.5 
Incremental common shares from assumed exercise or issuance of stock-based awards6.4 4.3 6.5 5.0 
Weighted average common stock outstanding - diluted879.7 913.1 885.8 916.5 
Net Income (Loss):
Net income (loss)$3,412 $150 $3,775 $4,551 
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests10 
Less: Preferred stock dividends35 77 103 109 
Preferred stock redemption premium
Net income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.’s common shareholders$3,366 $68 $3,656 $4,434 
Basic$3.85 $0.07 $4.16 $4.86 
Diluted$3.83 $0.07 $4.13 $4.84 
15. Contingencies, Commitments and Guarantees
Contingencies
Litigation
The Company is a defendant in a large number of litigation matters. Putative or certified class action litigation and other litigation and claims and assessments against the Company, in addition to those discussed below and those otherwise provided for in the Company’s interim condensed consolidated financial statements, have arisen in the course of the Company’s business, including, but not limited to, in connection with its activities as an insurer, mortgage lending bank, employer, investor, investment advisor, broker-dealer, and taxpayer.
The Company also receives and responds to subpoenas or other inquiries seeking a broad range of information from state regulators, including state insurance commissioners; state attorneys general or other state governmental authorities; federal regulators, including the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission; federal governmental authorities, including congressional committees; and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, as well as from local and national regulators and government authorities in jurisdictions outside the United States where the Company conducts business. The issues involved in information requests and regulatory matters vary widely, but can include inquiries or investigations concerning the Company’s compliance with applicable insurance and other laws and regulations. The Company cooperates in these inquiries.
79

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
15. Contingencies, Commitments and Guarantees (continued)
In some of the matters, very large and/or indeterminate amounts, including punitive and treble damages, are sought. Modern pleading practice in the U.S.United States permits considerable variation in the assertion of monetary damages or other relief. Jurisdictions may permit claimants not to specify the monetary damages sought or may permit claimants to state only that the amount sought is sufficient to invoke the jurisdiction of the trial court. In addition, jurisdictions may permit plaintiffs to allege monetary damages in amounts well exceeding reasonably possible verdicts in the jurisdiction for similar matters. This variability in pleadings, together with the Company’s actual experience of the Company in litigating or resolving through settlement numerous claims over an extended period of time, demonstrates to management that the monetary relief which may be specified in a lawsuit or claim bears little relevance to its merits or disposition value.

86

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
15. Contingencies, Commitments and Guarantees (continued)

It is not possible to predict the ultimate outcome of all pending investigations and legal proceedings. The Company establishes liabilities for litigation and regulatory loss contingencies when it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Liabilities have been established for a number of the matters noted below. In certain circumstances where liabilities have been established there may be coverage under one or more corporate insurance policies, pursuant to which there may be an insurance recovery. Insurance recoveries are recognized as gains when any contingencies relating to the insurance claim have been resolved, which is the earlier of when the gains are realized or realizable. It is possible that some of the matters could require the Company to pay damages or make other expenditures or establish accruals in amounts that could not be reasonably estimated at June 30, 2020.2021. While the potential future charges could be material in the particular quarterly or annual periods in which they are recorded, based on information currently known to management, management does not believe any such charges are likely to have a material effect on the Company’s financial position. Given the large and/or indeterminate amounts sought in certain of these matters and the inherent unpredictability of litigation, it is possible that an adverse outcome in certain matters could, from time to time, have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated net income or cash flows in particular quarterly or annual periods.
Matters as to Which an Estimate Can Be Made
For some of the matters disclosed below, the Company is able to estimate a reasonably possible range of loss. For matters where a loss is believed to be reasonably possible, but not probable, the Company has not made an accrual. As ofJune 30, 2020,2021, the Company estimates the aggregate range of reasonably possible losses in excess of amounts accrued for these matters to be $0 to $200$175 million.
Matters as to Which an Estimate Cannot Be Made
For other matters disclosed below, the Company is not currently able to estimate the reasonably possible loss or range of loss. The Company is often unable to estimate the possible loss or range of loss until developments in such matters have provided sufficient information to support an assessment of the range of possible loss, such as quantification of a damage demand from plaintiffs, discovery from other parties and investigation of factual allegations, rulings by the court on motions or appeals, analysis by experts, and the progress of settlement negotiations. On a quarterly and annual basis, the Company reviews relevant information with respect to litigation contingencies and updates its accruals, disclosures and estimates of reasonably possible losses or ranges of loss based on such reviews.
Asbestos-Related Claims
MLIC is and has been a defendant in a large number of asbestos-related suits filed primarily in state courts. These suits principally allege that the plaintiff or plaintiffs suffered personal injury resulting from exposure to asbestos and seek both actual and punitive damages. MLIC has never engaged in the business of manufacturing, producing, distributing or selling asbestos or asbestos-containing products nor has MLIC issued liability or workers’ compensation insurance to companies in the business of manufacturing, producing, distributing or selling asbestos or asbestos-containing products. The lawsuits principally have focused on allegations with respect to certain research, publication and other activities of one or more of MLIC’s employees during the period from the 1920’s through approximately the 1950’s and allege that MLIC learned or should have learned of certain health risks posed by asbestos and, among other things, improperly publicized or failed to disclose those health risks. MLIC believes that it should not have legal liability in these cases. The outcome of most asbestos litigation matters, however, is uncertain and can be impacted by numerous variables, including differences in legal rulings in various jurisdictions, the nature of the alleged injury and factors unrelated to the ultimate legal merit of the claims asserted against MLIC. MLIC employs a number of resolution strategies to manage its asbestos loss exposure, including seeking resolution of pending litigation by judicial rulings and settling individual or groups of claims or lawsuits under appropriate circumstances.

8780

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
15. Contingencies, Commitments and Guarantees (continued)

Claims asserted against MLIC have included negligence, intentional tort and conspiracy concerning the health risks associated with asbestos. MLIC’s defenses (beyond denial of certain factual allegations) include that: (i) MLIC owed no duty to the plaintiffs— it had no special relationship with the plaintiffs and did not manufacture, produce, distribute or sell the asbestos products that allegedly injured plaintiffs, (ii) plaintiffs did not rely on any actions of MLIC, (iii) MLIC’s conduct was not the cause of the plaintiffs’ injuries, (iv) plaintiffs’ exposure occurred after the dangers of asbestos were known, and (v) the applicable time with respect to filing suit has expired. During the course of the litigation, certain trial courts have granted motions dismissing claims against MLIC, while other trial courts have denied MLIC’s motions. There can be no assurance that MLIC will receive favorable decisions on motions in the future. While most cases brought to date have settled, MLIC intends to continue to defend aggressively against claims based on asbestos exposure, including defending claims at trials.
As reported in the 20192020 Annual Report, MLIC received approximately 3,1872,496 asbestos-related claims in 2019.2020. For the six months ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019,2020, MLIC received approximately 1,1211,304 and 1,7051,121 new asbestos-related claims, respectively. See Note 21 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 20192020 Annual Report for historical information concerning asbestos claims and MLIC’s update in its recorded liability at December 31, 2019.2020. The number of asbestos cases that may be brought, the aggregate amount of any liability that MLIC may incur, and the total amount paid in settlements in any given year are uncertain and may vary significantly from year to year.
The ability of MLIC to estimate its ultimate asbestos exposure is subject to considerable uncertainty, and the conditions impacting its liability can be dynamic and subject to change. The availability of reliable data is limited and it is difficult to predict the numerous variables that can affect liability estimates, including the number of future claims, the cost to resolve claims, the disease mix and severity of disease in pending and future claims, the impact of the number of new claims filed in a particular jurisdiction and variations in the law in the jurisdictions in which claims are filed, the possible impact of tort reform efforts, the willingness of courts to allow plaintiffs to pursue claims against MLIC when exposure to asbestos took place after the dangers of asbestos exposure were well known, and the impact of any possible future adverse verdicts and their amounts.
The ability to make estimates regarding ultimate asbestos exposure declines significantly as the estimates relate to years further in the future. In the Company’s judgment, there is a future point after which losses cease to be probable and reasonably estimable. It is reasonably possible that the Company’s total exposure to asbestos claims may be materially greater than the asbestos liability currently accrued and that future charges to income may be necessary. While the potential future charges could be material in the particular quarterly or annual periods in which they are recorded, based on information currently known by management, management does not believe any such charges are likely to have a material effect on the Company’s financial position.
The Company believes adequate provision has been made in its interim condensed consolidated financial statements for all probable and reasonably estimable losses for asbestos-related claims. MLIC’s recorded asbestos liability is based on its estimation of the following elements, as informed by the facts presently known to it, its understanding of current law and its past experiences: (i) the probable and reasonably estimable liability for asbestos claims already asserted against MLIC, including claims settled but not yet paid, (ii) the probable and reasonably estimable liability for asbestos claims not yet asserted against MLIC, but which MLIC believes are reasonably probable of assertion, and (iii) the legal defense costs associated with the foregoing claims. Significant assumptions underlying MLIC’s analysis of the adequacy of its recorded liability with respect to asbestos litigation include: (i) the number of future claims, (ii) the cost to resolve claims, and (iii) the cost to defend claims.
MLIC reevaluates on a quarterly and annual basis its exposure from asbestos litigation, including studying its claims experience, reviewing external literature regarding asbestos claims experience in the United States, assessing relevant trends impacting asbestos liability and considering numerous variables that can affect its asbestos liability exposure on an overall or per claim basis. These variables include bankruptcies of other companies involved in asbestos litigation, legislative and judicial developments, the number of pending claims involving serious disease, the number of new claims filed against it and other defendants and the jurisdictions in which claims are pending. Based upon its regular reevaluation of its exposure from asbestos litigation, MLIC has updated its liability analysis for asbestos-related claims through June 30, 2020.

2021.
88
81

MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
15. Contingencies, Commitments and Guarantees (continued)

City of Westland Police and Fire Retirement System v. MetLife, Inc., et. al. (S.D.N.Y., filed January 12, 2012)
Plaintiff filed this class action on behalf of a class of persons who either purchased MetLife, Inc. common shares between February 9, 2011 and October 6, 2011, or purchased or acquired MetLife, Inc. common stock in the Company’s August 3, 2010 offering or the Company’s March 4, 2011 offering. Plaintiff alleges that MetLife, Inc. and several current and former directors and executive officers of MetLife, Inc. violated the Securities Act of 1933, as well as the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder by issuing, or causing MetLife, Inc. to issue, materially false and misleading statements concerning MetLife, Inc.’s potential liability for millions of dollars in insurance benefits that should have purportedly been paid to beneficiaries or escheated to the states. The parties reached an agreement on a class settlement of the case, and on June 17, 2020, plaintiff filed with the district court a motion to approve notice of the proposed settlement to the classes. The Company has accrued the full amount of the settlement payment.
Julian & McKinney v. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company (S.D.N.Y., filed February 9, 2017)
Plaintiffs filed this putative class and collective action on behalf of themselves and all current and former long-term disability (“LTD”) claims specialists between February 2011 and the present for alleged wage and hour violations under the Fair Labor Standards Act, the New York Labor Law, and the Connecticut Minimum Wage Act. The suit alleges that MLIC improperly reclassified the plaintiffs and similarly situated LTD claims specialists from non-exempt to exempt from overtime pay in November 2013. As a result, they and members of the putative class were no longer eligible for overtime pay even though they allege they continued to work more than 40 hours per week. Plaintiffs seek unspecified compensatory and punitive damages, as well as other relief. On March 22, 2018, the court conditionally certified the case as a collective action, requiring that notice be mailed to LTD claims specialists who worked for MLIC from February 8, 2014 to the present. MLIC intends to defend this action vigorously.
Total Asset Recovery Services, LLC. v. MetLife, Inc., et al. (Supreme Court of the State of New York, County of New York, filed December 27, 2017)
Total Asset Recovery Services (“The Relator”(the “Relator”) brought an action under the qui tam provision of the New York False Claims Act (the “Act”) on behalf of itself and the StateState of New York. The Relator originally filed this action under seal in 2010, and the complaint was unsealed on December 19, 2017. The Relator alleges that MetLife, Inc., MLIC, and several other insurance companies violated the Act by filing false unclaimed property reports with the State of New York from 1986 to 2017, to avoid having to escheat the proceeds of more than 25,000 life insurance policies, including policies for which the defendants escheated funds as part of their demutualizations in the late 1990s. The Relator seeks treble damages and other relief. On April 3, 2019, the court granted MetLife, Inc.’s and MLIC’s motion to dismiss and dismissed the complaint in its entirety. The Relator filed an appeal with the Appellate Division of the New York State Supreme Court, First Division.Department. On December 10, 2020, the Appellate Division reversed the court’s order granting MetLife, Inc. and Metropolitan Life Insurance Company’s motion to dismiss, remanded the case to the trial court, and permitted the Relator’s counsel to file an amended complaint. On March 5, 2021, the Relator filed an amended complaint. The Company intends to defend the action vigorously.
Matters Related to Group Annuity Benefits and Assumed Variable Annuity Guarantee Reserves
In 2018, the Company announced that it identified two material weaknesses in its internal control over financial reporting related to the practices and procedures for estimating reserves for certain group annuity benefits and the calculation of reserves associated with certain variable annuity guarantees assumed from the former operating joint venture in Japan. Several regulators have made inquiries into these issues and it is possible that other jurisdictions may pursue similar investigations or inquiries. The Company is exposed to lawsuits, and could be exposed to additional legal actions relating to these issues. These may result in payments, including damages, fines, penalties, interest and other amounts assessed or awarded by courts or regulatory authorities under applicable escheat, tax, securities, Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, or other laws or regulations. The Company could incur significant costs in connection with these actions.
Litigation Matters
Parchmann v. MetLife, Inc., et. al. (E.D.N.Y., filed February 5, 2018)
Plaintiff filed this putative class action seeking to represent a class of persons who purchased MetLife, Inc. common stock from February 27, 2013 through January 29, 2018. Plaintiff alleges that MetLife, Inc., its former Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board, and its former Chief Financial Officer violated Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder by issuing materially false and/or misleading financial statements. Plaintiff alleges that MetLife’s practices and procedures for estimating reserves for certain group annuity benefits were inadequate, and that MetLife had inadequate internal control over financial reporting. Plaintiff seeks unspecified compensatory damages and other relief. On January 11, 2021, the court granted MetLife’s motion to dismiss and dismissed the complaint in its entirety. Plaintiff filed an appeal with the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. Defendants intend to defend this action vigorously.

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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
15. Contingencies, Commitments and Guarantees (continued)

Atkins et. al. v. MetLife, Inc., et. al. (D.Nev., filed November 18, 2019)
Plaintiffs filed this putative class action on behalf of all persons due benefits under group annuity contracts but who did not receive the entire amount to which they were entitled. Plaintiffs assert claims for breach of contract, breach of fiduciary duty, breach of implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, unjust enrichment, and conversion based on allegations that the defendants failed to timely pay annuity benefits to certain group annuitants. Plaintiffs seek declaratory and injunctive relief, as well as unspecified compensatory and punitive damages, and other relief. On April 17, 2020, the parties filed a stipulation of voluntarily dismissal of the action without prejudice.
Derivative Actions and Demands
Shareholders, seeking to sue derivatively on behalf of MetLife, Inc., commenced three separate actions against certain current and former members of the MetLife, Inc. Board of Directors and/or certain current and former officers of MetLife, Inc., alleging that, among other things, they breached their fiduciary and other duties to the Company. InKates v. Kandarian, et al.(E.D.N.Y., filed January 18, 2019, transferred to D. Del. July 8, 2019) andFelt, et al. v. Grise, et al.(D. Del., filed April 29, 2019), plaintiffs allege that the defendants disseminated or approved public statements that failed to disclose that MetLife’s practices and procedures for estimating reserves for certain group annuity benefits were inadequate and that MetLife had inadequate internal control over financial reporting. InLifschitz v. Kandarian, et al.(Del. Ch., filed June 19, 2019), plaintiff alleges that the MetLife, Inc. Board of Directors knew or should have known that MetLife’s practices and procedures for estimating reserves for certain group annuity benefits were inadequate.FeltandLifschitzhave been consolidated in the Court of Chancery in Delaware under the captionIn re: MetLife, Inc. Derivative Litigation.In all of these actions, plaintiffs allege that because of the defendants’ breaches of duty, MetLife, Inc. has incurred damage to its reputation and has suffered other unspecified damages. The defendants intend to defend these actions vigorously.
The MetLife, Inc. Board of Directors received six letters, dated March 28, 2018, May 11, 2018, July 16, 2018, December 20, 2018, February 5, 2019, and April 7, 2020, written on behalf of individual stockholders, demanding that MetLife, Inc. take action against current and former directors and officers for alleged breaches of fiduciary duty and/or investigate, remediate, and recover damages allegedly suffered by the Company as a result of (i) the Company’s allegedly inadequate practices and procedures for estimating reserves for certain group annuity benefits, (ii) the Company’s allegedly inadequate internal controls over financial reporting and corporate governance practices and procedures, and (iii) the alleged dissemination of false or misleading information related to these issues. The MetLife, Inc. Board of Directors appointed a special committee to investigate the allegations set forth in these six letters.
Commitments
Mortgage Loan Commitments
The Company commits to lend funds under mortgage loan commitments. The amounts of these mortgage loan commitments were $2.7$4.4 billion and $4.1$3.3 billion at June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019,2020, respectively.
Commitments to Fund Partnership Investments, Bank Credit Facilities, Bridge Loans and Private Corporate Bond Investments
The Company commits to fund partnership investments and to lend funds under bank credit facilities, bridge loans and private corporate bond investments. The amounts of these unfunded commitments were$8.7 $8.3 billion and $8.1$8.5 billionatJune 30, 20202021 andDecember 31, 2019,2020, respectively.

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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
15. Contingencies, Commitments and Guarantees (continued)

Guarantees
In the normal course of its business, the Company has provided certain indemnities, guarantees and commitments to third parties such that it may be required to make payments now or in the future. In the context of acquisition, disposition, investment and other transactions, the Company has provided indemnities and guarantees, including those related to tax, environmental and other specific liabilities and other indemnities and guarantees that are triggered by, among other things, breaches of representations, warranties or covenants provided by the Company. In addition, in the normal course of business, the Company provides indemnifications to counterparties in contracts with triggers similar to the foregoing, as well as for certain other liabilities, such as third-party lawsuits. These obligations are often subject to time limitations that vary in duration, including contractual limitations and those that arise by operation of law, such as applicable statutes of limitation. In some cases, the maximum potential obligation under the indemnities and guarantees is subject to a contractual limitation ranging from less than $1 million to $329 million, with a cumulative maximum of $523$635 million, while in other cases such limitations are not specified or applicable. Since certain of these obligations are not subject to limitations, the Company does not believe that it is possible to determine the maximum potential amount that could become due under these guarantees in the future. Management believes that it is unlikely the Company will have to make any material payments under these indemnities, guarantees, or commitments.
In addition, the Company indemnifies its directors and officers as provided in its charters and by-laws. Also, the Company indemnifies its agents for liabilities incurred as a result of their representation of the Company’s interests. Since these indemnities are generally not subject to limitation with respect to duration or amount, the Company does not believe that it is possible to determine the maximum potential amount that could become due under these indemnities in the future.
The Company also has minimum fund yield requirements on certain pension funds. Since these guarantees are not subject to limitation with respect to duration or amount, the Company does not believe that it is possible to determine the maximum potential amount that could become due under these guarantees in the future.
The Company’s recorded liabilities were $5 million and $6$20 million at both June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019, respectively,2020 for indemnities, guarantees and commitments.
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
16. Subsequent Events
Senior Notes
In July 2021, MetLife, Inc. redeemed for cash and canceled $500 million aggregate principal amount of its outstanding 3.048% senior notes due December 2022. The Company recorded a premium of $17 million paid in excess of the debt principal and accrued and unpaid interest to other expenses.
Common Stock DividendRepurchase Authorization
On July 8, 2020, theAugust 4, 2021, MetLife, Inc. announced that its Board of Directors declared a third quarter 2020authorized an additional $3.0 billion of common stock dividend of $0.46 per share payable on September 14, 2020 to shareholders of record as of August 4, 2020. The Company estimates that the aggregate dividend payment will be $419 million.



repurchases.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Index to Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

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Forward-Looking Statements and Other Financial Information
For purposes of this discussion, “MetLife,” the “Company,” “we,” “our” and “us” refer to MetLife, Inc., a Delaware corporation incorporated in 1999, its subsidiaries and affiliates. This discussion should be read in conjunction with MetLife, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 20192020 (the “2019“2020 Annual Report”), the cautionary language regarding forward-looking statements included below, the “Risk Factors” set forth in Part II, Item 1A, and the additional risk factors referred to therein, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” and the Company’s interim condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere herein.
This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations may contain or incorporate by reference information that includes or is based upon forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. See “Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” for cautionary language regarding forward-looking statements.
This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations includes references to our performance measures, adjusted earnings and adjusted earnings available to common shareholders, that are not based on accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). See “— Non-GAAP and Other Financial Disclosures” for definitions and a discussion of these and other financial measures, and “— Results of Operations” and “— Investments” for reconciliations of historical non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable GAAP measures.
Executive Summary
Overview
MetLife is one of the world’s leading financial services companies, providing insurance, annuities, employee benefits and asset management. MetLife is organized into five segments: U.S.; Asia; Latin America; Europe, the Middle East and Africa (“EMEA”); and MetLife Holdings. In addition, the Company reports certain of its results of operations in Corporate & Other. See Note 2 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on the Company’s segments and Corporate & Other. Management continues to evaluate the Company’s segment performance and allocated resources and may adjust related measurements in the future to better reflect segment profitability.
See “— Consolidated Company Outlook” for a discussion of the impact of the novel coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic (the “COVID-19 Pandemic”) on the Company.
Current Period Highlights
During the three months ended June 30, 2020, overall adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues, net of foreign currency fluctuations, declined compared to the second quarter of 2019 in the majority of our segments, and most significantly in our U.S. segment, due, in large part, to the impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic and related restrictions. Positive net flows drove an increase in our investment portfolio; however, investment yields substantially declined. Expenses, including interest credited expenses, also declined. Underwriting experience was favorable compared to the prior period and included both positive and negative impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic and related restrictions. A significant unfavorable change in net derivative gains (losses) was primarily the result of increases in interest rates and key equity markets.

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The following represents segment level results and percentage contributions to total segment level adjusted earnings available to common shareholders for the three months ended June 30, 2020:
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(1)Excludes Corporate & Other adjusted loss available to common shareholders of $289 million.
(2)Consistent with GAAP guidance for segment reporting, adjusted earnings is our GAAP measure of segment performance. For additional information, see Note 2 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Three Months Ended June 30, 2020 Compared with the Three Months Ended June 30, 2019
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Consolidated Results - Highlights
Net income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.’s common shareholders down $1.6 billion:
Unfavorable change in net derivative gains (losses) of $1.4 billion ($1.1 billion, net of income tax)
Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders down $561 million
(1) See “— Results of Operations — Consolidated Results” and “— Non-GAAP and Other Financial Disclosures” for reconciliations and definitions of non-GAAP financial measures.
Consolidated Results - Adjusted Earnings Highlights
Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders down $561 million:
The primary driver of the decrease in adjusted earnings was lower investment yields. This was partially offset by higher net investment income due to a larger asset base, a decrease in expenses, including interest credited expenses, and lower DAC amortization.
Our results for the prior period included expenses associated with our previously announced unit cost initiative of $70 million, net of income tax.

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For a more in-depth discussion of our consolidated results, see “— Results of Operations — Consolidated Results,” “— Results of Operations — Consolidated Results — Adjusted Earnings” and “— Results of Operations — Segment Results and Corporate & Other.”
Six Months Ended June 30, 2020 Compared with the Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
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Consolidated Results - Highlights
Net income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.’s common shareholders up $1.4 billion:
Favorable change in net derivative gains (losses) of $2.7 billion ($2.1 billion, net of income tax)


Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders down $536 million
(1) See “— Results of Operations — Consolidated Results” and “— Non-GAAP and Other Financial Disclosures” for reconciliations and definitions of non-GAAP financial measures.
Consolidated Results - Adjusted Earnings Highlights
Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders down $536 million:
The primary driver of the decrease in adjusted earnings was lower investment yields. This was partially offset by higher net investment income due to a larger asset base, and a decrease in expenses, including interest credited expenses.
Our results for the prior period included expenses associated with our previously announced unit cost initiative of $125 million, net of income tax.
For a more in-depth discussion of our consolidated results, see “— Results of Operations — Consolidated Results,” “— Results of Operations — Consolidated Results — Adjusted Earnings” and “— Results of Operations — Segment Results and Corporate & Other.”
Consolidated Company Outlook
The following information should be read in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Executive Summary — Consolidated Company Outlook” included in the 2019 Annual Report. There have been no material changes to our consolidated company outlook from that previously discussed in the 2019 Annual Report except as noted below.
We continue to closely monitor developments relating to the novel coronavirus COVID-19 Pandemicpandemic (the “COVID-19 Pandemic”) and assess its impact on our business. The COVID-19 Pandemic continues to impact the global economy and financial markets and has caused volatility in the global equity, credit and real estate markets. Governments and businesses have taken numerous measures to try to contain the virus, such as travel bans and restrictions, quarantines, social distancing, shelter in place or total lock down orders, and business limitations and shutdowns. Some governments and businesses have begun to ease some restrictions. Others have reinstated restrictions they previously lifted. Nevertheless, these measures have disrupted and will continue to disrupt business activity and have resulted in an economic slowdown and volatility in the financial markets, to which central banks around the world have responded with unprecedented fiscal and monetary policies. See “— Industry Trends — Financial and Economic Environment.

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In addition, a prolonged low, zero, or negative interest rate environment remains possible. We anticipate that the current low interest rate environment will continue in 2020, and potentially longer. We believe that our investment portfolio is highly diversified and well positioned to withstand economic downturns; however, we expect that the market-related effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic, as well as the sustained low interest rate environment, will continue to have an impact across our investment portfolio. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Industry Trends — Impact of a Sustained Low Interest Rate Environment” included in the 2019 Annual Report for discussion of the mitigating actions the Company has taken to reduce interest rate sensitivity as market interest rates are a key driver of our results.
Events related to the COVID-19 Pandemic may continue to adversely affect our business operations, investment portfolio, derivatives, financial results or financial condition. See “Risk Factors — The Course of the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic, and Responses to It, Are Uncertain and Difficult to Predict, But Have Adversely Affected and May Continue to Adversely Affect Our Business, Results of Operations, and Financial Condition.” We have implemented risk management and business continuity plans and taken preventive measures and other precautions, such as employee business travel restrictions and remote work arrangements which, to date, have enabled us to maintain our critical business processes, customer service levels, relationships with key vendors, financial reporting systems, internal controls over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures.
We grantedcontinue to grant certain accommodations to our customers borrowers and lessees,borrowers, including (i) waiving exclusions, such as deferred rate increases, extending premium grace periods, waiving late payment fees, and relaxing claim documentation requirements (ii) credits on autofor disability claims and insured dental premiums, (iii)(ii) payment deferrals and other loan modifications on certain commercial, agricultural and residential mortgage loans, and (iv) certain operating and direct financing lease concessions.loans. See Note 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding COVID-19 Pandemic-related mortgage loan concessions. See also “— Results of Operations — Segment Results and lease concessions.Corporate & Other” for further information regarding the effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on our businesses.
Current Period Highlights
During the firstthree months ended June 30, 2021, adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues, net of foreign currency fluctuations, increased compared to the prior period driven by growth in our U.S. segment, which included the acquisition of Versant Health, Inc. (“Versant Health”), largely offset by the disposition of MetLife Property and Casualty Insurance Company and certain of its wholly-owned subsidiaries (collectively, “MetLife P&C”). Strong returns in our private equity portfolio resulted in improved investment yields and changes in long-term interest rates drove a favorable change in net derivative gains (losses). Results for the quarter also included the gain on the sale of 2020, MetLife Inc. proactively raised $2.0 billionP&C and the release of a legal reserve. Underwriting experience was unfavorable and reflected impacts from the capital markets ($1.0 billionCOVID-19 Pandemic.
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The following represents segment level results and $1.0 billion of senior debt), providing us with additional capital flexibility in dealing with cash flow volatility relatedpercentage contributions to total segment level adjusted earnings available to common shareholders for the current environment, as well as demonstrating our ongoing access to capital markets. As ofthree months ended June 30, 2020, we had $6.6 billion2021:
met-20210630_g1.jpg

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(1)Excludes Corporate & Other adjusted loss available to common shareholders of cash and liquid assets at the holding companies. See Notes 9 and 10$60 million.
(2)Consistent with GAAP guidance for segment reporting, adjusted earnings is our GAAP measure of segment performance. For additional information, see Note 2 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Our capital stress testing and longstanding commitment to liquidity position us to withstand the current crisis. We have, and may continue to maintain, a higher than normal level of short-term liquidity, which may adversely affect net investment income if the reinvestment process occurs over an extended period of time. We do not expect any material liquidity deficiencies, and we expect to remain able to complyThree Months Ended June 30, 2021 Compared with the financial covenantsThree Months Ended June 30, 2020
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Consolidated Results - Highlights
Net income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.’s common shareholders up $3.3 billion:
Favorable change in net investment gains (losses) of $1.4 billion ($1.1 billion, net of income tax)
Favorable change in net derivative gains (losses) of $1.1 billion ($893 million, net of income tax)(2)
Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders up $1.3 billion
(1) See “— Results of Operations — Consolidated Results” and “— Non-GAAP and Other Financial Disclosures” for reconciliations and definitions of non-GAAP financial measures.
(2) Includes amounts relating to investment hedge adjustments, which are also included in adjusted earnings available to common shareholders. See “— Investments — Investment Portfolio Results” for additional information.
Consolidated Results - Adjusted Earnings Highlights
Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders up $1.3 billion primarily due to (i) higher investment yields, and (ii) the release of a legal reserve in the current period, partially offset by (i) unfavorable underwriting, which reflected impacts from the COVID-19 Pandemic, and (ii) the disposition of MetLife P&C, which decreased adjusted earnings by $83 million.
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Six Months Ended June 30, 2021 Compared with the Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
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Consolidated Results - Highlights
Net income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.’s common shareholders down $778 million:
Unfavorable change in net derivative gains (losses) of $5.3 billion ($4.2 billion, net of income tax) (2)
Favorable change in net investment gains (losses) of $1.8 billion ($1.4 billion, net of income tax)
Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders up $1.8 billion
(1) See “— Results of Operations — Consolidated Results” and “— Non-GAAP and Other Financial Disclosures” for reconciliations and definitions of non-GAAP financial measures.
(2) Includes amounts relating to investment hedge adjustments, which are also included in adjusted earnings available to common shareholders. See “— Investments — Investment Portfolio Results” for additional information.
Consolidated Results - Adjusted Earnings Highlights
Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders up $1.8 billion primarily due to (i) higher investment yields, (ii) an increase in net investment income due to a larger asset base, (iii) lower interest credited expenses and (iv) the release of a legal reserve in the current period, partially offset by (i) unfavorable underwriting, which reflected impacts from the COVID-19 Pandemic, and (ii) the disposition of MetLife P&C, which decreased adjusted earnings by $192 million.
For a more in-depth discussion of our credit agreements. Seeconsolidated results, see “— Liquidity and Capital Resources.” We will continue reviewing accounting estimates, asset valuations and various financial scenarios for capital and liquidity. See “— Industry TrendsResults of OperationsRegulatory Developments,Consolidated Results,” “— InvestmentsResults of OperationsCurrent Environment”Consolidated Results — Adjusted Earnings” and “Risk Factors” for additional information.“— Results of Operations — Segment Results and Corporate & Other.”
As noted
Consolidated Company Outlook
The following information should be read in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Executive Summary — Consolidated Company Outlook” in Part II, Item 7, of the 2020 Annual Report. There have been no material changes to our 2019consolidated company outlook from that previously discussed in the 2020 Annual Report we expected (i) the average annual ratio of free cash flow to adjusted earnings over the two-year period of 2020 and 2021 to be 65% to 75%, assuming interest rates follow the observable forward yield curvesexcept as of December 31, 2019, including a 10-year U.S. Treasury rate between 1.5% and 4.5%, and (ii) to generate approximately $20.0 billion of free cash flow over the next five years. Equity market prices have increased during the second quarter of 2020, but remain volatile. Interest rates remain low and we continue to see equity market volatility; as a result, our ability to meet these targets could be challenged.
Assuming (i) interest rates follow the observable forward yield curves as of June 30, 2020, including a 10-year U.S. Treasury rate of 0.66% at June 30, 2020, 0.75% at December 31, 2020 and 0.91% at December 31, 2021, (ii) a mid-single digit S&P Global Ratings (“S&P”) 500 equity index decline for the full year 2020, and (iii) a mid-single digit S&P 500 equity index increase for the full year 2021, we expect the average annual ratio of free cash flow to adjusted earnings over the two-year period of 2019 and 2020 to be 65% to 75%. Over the two-year period of 2020 and 2021, if equity markets and credit spreads revert back to the March 31, 2020 levels, our average annual ratio of free cash flow to adjusted earnings could be 40% to 60% reflecting the impact of regulatory cash flow testing on our New York domiciled insurance entity, Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, and the related impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on investment credit losses.

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noted below.
We continue to target an adjusted return on equity, excluding accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) other than foreign currency translation adjustments (“FCTA”) of 12% to 14% over the near-term under non-recessionary market conditions. However, with (i) recent macroeconomic changes and equity market volatility, (ii) actual private equity returns of negative 8% in the second quarter of 2020, and (iii) assuming (a) interest rates follow the observable forward yield curves as of June 30, 2020, includingexpect our updated assumptions for the 10-year U.S. Treasury rates noted above, (b) a mid-single digit S&P 500 equity index decline for the full year 2020, and (c) positive mid-single digit private equity returns in the third quarter of 2020, we expect to be below the low end of the target range. This target range also included the completion of restructuring charges related to our unit cost improvement program which, as we noted in our 2019 Annual Report, is expected to result in an approximately $900 million of pre-tax expense margin expansion in 2020, or approximately a 12.3% direct expense ratio, excluding total notable items related to direct expenses and pension risk transfers, in 2020. We remain committed to achieving this direct expense ratio in 2020 while creating additional capacity to fund over $1.0 billion in incremental technologybe below 12.3% for the full year 2021 and innovative investments to accelerate our growth over the next five years and to manage expense margins and protect profit margins in more challenging environments.2022.
Furthermore, we remain fully committed to our Next Horizon Strategy, which was introduced at our December 2019 Investor Day.
Our outlook relies on the accuracy of our assumptions about future economic and business conditions, which can be affected by known and unknown risks and other uncertainties, such as those posed by the COVID-19 Pandemic. Due to the evolving and highly uncertain nature of the COVID-19 Pandemic, we are continually reviewing our assumptions, implementing plans, and taking precautions. As we obtain more information regarding the effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic, the effect and efficacy of efforts taken to respond to it, and the impact of these events on our business operations, investment portfolio, derivatives, financial results and financial condition, we may revise our outlook. Additional guidance from the U.S. Treasury, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) or the Financial Accounting Standards Board may also require us to revise our outlook in future periods.
Industry Trends
The following information on industry trends should be read in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Industry Trends” in Part II, Item 7, of the 2019 Annual Report.
We continue to be impacted by the changing global financial and economic environment that has been affecting the industry.
Financial and Economic Environment
Our business and results of operations are materially affected by conditions in the global capital markets and the economy generally. Stressed conditions, volatility and disruptionsgenerally due to our market presence in global capital markets, particular markets, or financial asset classes can have an adverse effect on us, in part because we have anumerous countries, large investment portfolio and the sensitivity of our insurance liabilities and derivatives are sensitive to changing market factors. See “Risk Factors — Economic Environment and Capital Markets Risks — Difficult Economic Conditions May Harm Our Businesses, Results of Operations or Financial Condition” included in the 2019 Annual Report.
We have market presence in numerous countries and, therefore, our business operations are exposed to risks posed by local and regional economic conditions. See “Business — Regulation — Fiscal Measures” and “Risk Factors — Economic Environment and Capital Markets Risks — Difficult Economic Conditions May Harm Our Businesses, Results of Operations or Financial Condition — Currency Exchange Rate Risk” included in the 2019 Annual Report.
We are closely monitoring political and economic conditions that might contribute to global market volatility and impact our business operations, investment portfolio and derivatives. For example, certain measures taken by governments and businessesderivatives, such as a result of the COVID-19 Pandemic to respond to the spread of the virus, have disrupted business activity and have resulted in an economic slowdown and volatility in financial markets. Governmental and non-governmental organizations may not effectively respond to the spread and severity of the COVID-19 Pandemic, increasing the magnitude and longevity of the potential negative economic impacts. We cannot yet determine or estimate the actions that will be taken, including governmental laws, regulations or orders, and the extent to which these actions have affected or will affect our business operations, investment portfolio, financial results, or financial condition.Pandemic. See “— Executive Summary — Consolidated Company Outlook” and “— Investments — Current Environment.”
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We are also monitoring the imposition of tariffs or other barriers to international trade, changes to international trade agreements, and their potential impacts on our business, results of operations and financial condition.condition, including the impact of the trade agreement reached by the United Kingdom (“U.K.”) and the European Union (“EU”) in December 2020. See “— Regulatory“Regulatory Developments — Cross-Border Trade.” See also “Risk FactorsTrade and Investments” herein and “BusinessBusiness RisksRegulationThe Global Nature of Our Operations Exposes Us to a Variety of Political, Legal, Operational, EconomicCross-Border Trade and Other Risks”Investments” included in the 20192020 Annual Report.

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CentralGovernments and central banks around the world are responding to the COVID-19 Pandemic with unprecedented fiscal and monetary policies, which are expected to have had significant effects and may have ongoing effects on financial markets and the global economy. In the United States, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (“Federal Reserve Board”), which had been previously tightening monetary policy by raising the federal funds rate and shrinking thecontinues to expand its balance sheet now has taken a number of actionsand board members’ forecasts suggest the policy rate is likely to lower rates and has implemented additional stimulus measures, including aremain near zero policy rate, quantitative easing, andinto 2023. Separately, the easing of bank lending regulations. Additionally, the Federal Reserve Board has initiated a number of financing facilities, credit purchase programs, and reinstituted quantitative easing of U.S. Treasury securities and mortgages.Congress passed another COVID-related stimulus package in March 2021. The European Central Bank has significantly increased the size of(“ECB”) continues to conduct its pandemic asset purchase program reduced constraints on what and how much it can purchase, and launched new funding facilities for euro area banks,has signaled its intention to continue the program through at least March 31, 2022, while the Bank of England significantly lowered(“BoE”) has maintained low interest rates and relaunchedcontinued its expanded quantitative easing.easing program which it has indicated will continue through year-end 2021. Both the ECB and BoE have stated their willingness to maintain such policies despite inflation currently above target levels, as economic activity and price levels rebound from COVID-19 Pandemic-depressed levels. Additionally, a number of European countries, including the United Kingdom (“U.K.”), have implemented large fiscal stimulus programs, as well as the provision of guarantees and loans for private sector companies. Subject to ratification by the European Parliament, the European Union recentlyThe EU also approved a regional stimulus package comprised of grants and low interest financing to member states. states, which became operational in mid-2021.
In Japan, the Bank of Japan has acceleratedcontinued its purchasesmonetary easing program but, in order to further enhance its effectiveness and sustainability, the Bank of interestsJapan (i) introduced a program to promote lending which will enable the Bank of Japan to mitigate potential negative side effects of further reductions in index-linked securitiesshort and long term interest rates; (ii) has clarified the target range of yield curve fluctuations for the 10-year Japanese government bond, including an upper limit when necessary, and (iii) announced greater purchasing flexibility for exchange-traded funds and Japan real estate investments, increased the annual limit on purchasesinvestment trusts.
Impact of commercial paper and bonds, and introduced new measures to facilitate corporate financing, including a new lending program for businesses impacted by the COVID-19 Pandemic. In addition, the Japanese government recently approved additional stimulus measures, including provisions for cash payouts to individuals and business owners, tax reform, and zero-interest loans. We cannot predict with certainty the actions that will be taken, effect of these actions or the impact on our business operations, investment portfolio, financial results, or financial condition. See “— Investments — Current Environment.”Sustained Low Interest Rate Environment
Competitive Pressures
The life insurance industry remains highly competitive. See “Business — Competition” included in the 2019 Annual Report. Product development is focused on differentiation leading to more intense competition with respect to product features and services. Several of the industry’s products can be quite homogeneous and subject to intense price competition. Cost reduction effortsMarket interest rates are a priority for industry players, with benefits resulting in price adjustments to favor customers and reinvestment capacity. Larger companies have the ability to invest in brand equity, product development, technology optimization, risk management, and innovation, which are among the fundamentals for sustained profitable growth in the life insurance industry. Insurers are focused on their core businesses, specifically in markets where they can achieve scale. Insurers are increasingly seeking alternative sourceskey driver of revenue; there is a focus on monetization of assets, fee-based services, and opportunities to offer comprehensive solutions, which include providing value-added services along with traditional products. Financial strength and flexibility and technology modernization are prerequisites for sustainable growth in the life insurance industry. Larger market participants tend to have the capacity to invest in analytics, distribution, and information technology and have the ability to leverage the capabilities of new digital entrants. There is a shift in distribution from proprietary to third party models in mature markets, due to the lower cost structure. Evolving customer expectations are having a significant impactour results. For discussion on the competitive environment as insurers strive to offer the superior customer service demanded by an increasingly sophisticated industry client base. Legislative and other changes affecting the regulatory environment can also affect the competitive environment within the life insurance industry and within the broader financial services industry. See “— Industry Trends — Regulatory Developments,”potential impact of low interest rates, as well as “Business — Regulation” included in the 2019 Annual Report, as amended or supplemented in our subsequently filed Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q under the captionmitigating actions, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Industry Trends — Regulatory Developments.” We believe that the current low interest rate environmentImpact of a Sustained Low Interest Rate Environment” and increased volatility of the financial markets, as a result of the COVID-19 Pandemic, will continue to strain the life insurance industry, as well as the broader financial services industry. In addition to financial strength, technological efficiency“Risk Factors — Economic Environment and organizational agility, we believe that the ability to adapt to changesCapital Markets Risks” included in the competitive environment as a result2020 Annual Report.
Competitive Pressures
See “Business — Competition” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of the COVID-19 Pandemic is a significant differentiator to successFinancial Condition and Results of Operations — Industry Trends — Competitive Pressures” in the life insurance industry and the broader financial services industry, and we are well positioned to compete in this environment.2020 Annual Report for information on our competitive position.
Regulatory Developments
The following discussion on regulatory developments should be read in conjunction with “Business — Regulation” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Industry Trends — Regulatory Developments” included in the 20192020 Annual Report, as amended or supplemented here.

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COVID-19 Pandemic-RelatedInsurance Regulatory ActionsExaminations and Other Activities
In 2019, we and other insurance and pension fund companies provided annuities sales practices information to the Chilean insurance and pension regulators. The regulators found that non-employee sales agents of MetLife Chile and other insurers had engaged in improper sales practices and that ProVida S.A. and other pension fund companies provided improper advice to customers. MetLife Chile and ProVida S.A. contested the proposed fines. ProVida S.A’s objections were rejected and MetLife Chile’s objection is still pending.
NYDFS Guidance on Diversity and Corporate Governance
On March 2020, many U.S. state governors and insurance regulators began issuing regulations, bulletins, directives and guidance in connection with16, 2021, the COVID-19 Pandemic. These encourage, request or direct health, life, and property and casualty insurance companies to waive cost-sharing for coronavirus COVID-19 testing, cover telehealth services, provide extended grace periods for premium payments, forbear on the cancellation or non-renewal of policies due to non-payment of premium, and provide other policyholder accommodations. For example, New York State Department of Financial Services (“NYDFS”) Emergency Insurance Regulation 216 required life insurance- or annuity- authorizedstated it expects the insurers it regulates to extend premiummake diversity of their leadership a business priority and fee payment grace periods to 90 days for policyholders who demonstrated COVID-19 Pandemic-related financial hardship.a key element of their corporate governance. The emergency regulation was initially in effect between March 30, 2020 and June 28, 2020 and was later extended to July 6, 2020.NYDFS is collecting data from insurers that meet certain New York licensed insurers also could not impose any late fees on or reportpremium thresholds, including MetLife, Inc. and certain of its subsidiaries, regarding the diversity of their corporate boards and management. We provided such a policyholderdata to a credit reporting or debt collection agency for failure to timely pay any life or annuity premiumsthe NYDFS by the July 30, 2021 deadline. The NYDFS will include diversity-related questions in its examination process starting in 2022.
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Securities, Broker-Dealer and needed to allowInvestment Adviser Regulation
In April 2021, the policyholder to pay the premium over a 12-month period. An insurer was required to accept a policyholder’s written attestation as proof of financial hardship as a resultAppellate Division of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Also, we expect the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) to issue guidance on risk-based capital (“RBC”) addressing troubled mortgage loansNew York State Supreme Court overturned NYDFS Regulation 187- Suitability and other assets where the counterparty might seek concessions. An insurer need not reclassify the RBC category of some loans or other assets on which it has granted a concession. This may avoid a higher capital charge for the asset. We expect the NAIC to extend this guidance to December 31, 2020 financial statementsBest Interests in further support of the use of prudent loan modifications to mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic.
In addition, several non-U.S. insurance regulators began issuing statements urging insurance companies to preserve funds during the COVID-19 Pandemic. For example, the EuropeanLife Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority suggested insurance companies temporarily suspend discretionary dividends duringAnnuity Transactions for being unconstitutionally vague. The NYDFS has appealed the COVID-19 Pandemic. Similarly, the Mexican insurance regulator, the Comisión Nacional de Seguros y Fianzas, recommended limiting dividends for fiscal years 2019decision.
Environmental Laws and 2020. MetLife Mexico has reminded its regulator that it has historically exceeded regulatory capital minimums and expects to pay dividends as appropriate to its circumstances.
Other regulators have delayed, or considered delaying, implementing a variety of changes. For example, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision and the International Organization of Securities Commissions proposed postponement of new initial margin requirement rules for non-centrally cleared derivatives, depending upon the counterparty's annual average notional amounts. The U.S. Commodities Future Trading Commission has postponed its initial margin requirements for non-cleared swaps and may extend compliance dates.
Some governmental decision-makers are not able to take action on certain regulatory priorities as a result of the COVID-19 Pandemic. For example, see the discussion on pending pension reform legislation in Chile under the caption "— ERISA, Fiduciary Considerations, and Other Pension and Retirement Regulation."Regulations
On March 27, 2020, President Trump signed into law25, 2021, the $2 trillion Coronavirus Aid, Relief,NYDFS issued for public comment proposed guidance for New York domestic insurers, which states that insurers are expected to take a proportionate approach to managing climate risks that reflects their exposure to climate risks. The NYDFS intends to formally adopt the guidance, as modified by the comment process, in the third quarter of 2021, and Economicit has integrated questions on this topic as part of its supervisory activities.
On July 14, 2021, the NYDFS published notice of the adoption of amendments to regulations governing enterprise risk management, effective August 13, 2021. Among other provisions, the amendments require that certain additional risks, including climate change risk, be specifically included in an insurance group's enterprise risk management function.
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) is continuing its focus on climate, and environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) risks and opportunities, and has published its rulemaking list which contains several ESG-related rulemakings that the SEC is considering.
Cross-Border Trade and Investments
Recent U.S. sanctions have imposed new restrictions with respect to certain activity involving China. A series of U.S. presidential executive orders imposes prohibitions on engaging in certain transactions involving the purchase or sale of publicly traded securities, or any publicly traded securities that are derivative of, or are designed to provide investment exposure to such securities, of any listed Chinese Military-Industrial Complex Companies. In addition, the Biden administration issued an executive order directing a review of foreign adversary connected software applications to review transactions that risk sabotage of U.S. information and communications technology or services, critical infrastructure, digital economy, national security, or the security and safety of U.S. persons. This review could result in new actions to restrict U.S. persons from engaging in certain transactions with any identified foreign parties.
Employee Retirement Income Security Act (the “CARES Act”) to provide economic assistance in response to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Among other things, the CARES Act added certain tax-favored withdrawals and increased loan withdrawal limitations from eligible retirement plans, and temporarily waived required minimum distribution rules for qualified retirement plan participants and Individual Retirement Accounts owners. In response to the adverse economic impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic, the Company granted concessions to certain of its commercial, agricultural and residential mortgage loan borrowers, including payment deferrals and other loan modifications.
The Company has made accounting elections under the CARES Act and other recently issued guidance regarding loan and lease concessions. See “Investments — Mortgage Loans — Mortgage Loan Concessions” and “Investments — Leases — Lease Concessions” in Note 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
See “Risk Factors” in the 2019 Annual Report, as amended or supplemented under the caption “Risk Factors — The Course of the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic, and Responses to It, Are Uncertain and Difficult to Predict, But Have Adversely Affected and May Continue to Adversely Affect Our Business, Results of Operations, and Financial Condition.”
Insurance Regulation
National Association of Insurance Commissioners
On June 3, 2020, substantially consistent with the Model Holding Company Act provisions authorizing state insurance commissioners to act as global group-wide supervisors for internationally active insurance groups, the NYDFS amended Regulation 203 to permit the New York Superintendent of Financial Services to act as a group-wide supervisor.

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The NAIC's Corporate Governance Annual Disclosure Model Act and Regulation, which requires insurers to make an annual confidential filing regarding their corporate governance policies, has been substantially adopted in nearly all states, including all of our insurance subsidiaries’ domiciliary states, except New York where a proposed regulation is pending.
On February 26, 2020, the NYDFS amended Regulation 213 relating to principle-based reserving (“PBR”). The amendment deviates from the Valuation Manual and is likely to cause variable annuity reserve and capital requirement increases. Based on conditions at June 30, 2020, we estimate that the new PBR rules have increased our statutory reserves by approximately $1.8 billion and our statutory capital requirements by $0.5 billion over the prior reserve and capital requirements. We will be permitted to grade these effects into our statutory financial statements over a period of up to five years.
The NAIC will require liquidity narratives and data in 2020 as an interim step while it continues to develop a liquidity stress-testing framework for certain large U.S. life insurers and insurance groups that will be used as a regulatory tool.
Surplus and Capital
Solvency Regimes
The U.K. has ceased to be a member of the European Union (“EU”) and has entered into a transition period which it expects to end on December 31, 2020. Following this period, the U.K. will no longer be subject to EU law and, subject to the structure of any future relationship that it may have with the EU, insurance regulation in the U.K. may diverge from the Solvency II Directive.
In Korea, the Financial Supervisory Service plans to implement a new solvency system reflecting the International Capital Standard but incorporating certain product portfolio and other features specific to the Korean market by 2023.
Cybersecurity and Privacy Regulation
Effective July 1, 2020, California’s Attorney General is authorized to bring enforcement actions under the California Consumer Privacy Act.
ERISA,1974, Fiduciary Considerations, and Other Pension and Retirement Regulation
In June 2020, the U.S. DepartmentChilean Congress approved two bills, each of Labor (“DOL”) proposed to allow investment advice fiduciaries to receive compensation without violating Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”), subject to impartial conduct standards and disclosure obligations. The proposal aligns with the SEC’s Regulation Best Interest. The DOL also reinstated its 1975 five-part definition of investment advice.
The SEC's Regulation Best Interest became effective June 30, 2020. The rule requires broker-dealers to act in the best interest of individual investor retail clients when recommending securities or investment strategies to benefit plans governed by ERISA and IRAs, as well as non-benefit plan retail clients. In addition, broker-dealers and investment advisers to retail clients must provide a Form CRS to retail clients describing their services and conflicts of interest. In September 2019, private advisory firms, several states and the District of Columbia brought two lawsuits challenging the validity of Regulation Best Interest. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit dismissed these lawsuits.
On February 21, 2020, the Massachusetts Securities Division adopted a fiduciary duty rule applicable to broker-dealer advice on securities or investment strategies; the rule does not apply to advice on commodities or insurance products, including variable products.
In January 2020, the lower house approved the pension reform bill that Chilean President Sebastian Piñera introduced in November 2018. The next step is discussion of the bill in the Senate committees. The Senate started to discuss the bill in March 2020, but the COVID-19 Pandemic and the economic priorities delayed pension reform. At this time, the proposed amendments would not impact the 10% mandatory employee contributions managed by MetLife’s pension administrator in Chile. We cannot predict the timing of adoption or the terms of the final text of the bill and cannot identify all of the risks or opportunities to our business in Chile.
In July 2020, Chile enacted a law to allowwhich allowed individuals to withdraw up to 10% of pension accounts.accounts or the account balance if it is below a certain amount. ProVida S.A. and other companies have been accepting withdrawal requests.in the industry continue to process such payments. The Chilean Congress approved a third bill allowing for additional withdrawals of pension funds which could deplete approximately one third of pension accounts. The bill also requires insurance companies to advance payments of up to 10% of the reserves allocated to a customer’s annuity. Chile also continues to consider other pension reforms.
Derivatives RegulationLondon Interbank Offered Rate
The SEC’s security-based swaps rulesFinancial Conduct Authority, the U.K. regulator of London Interbank Offered Rates (“LIBOR”), previously indicated that it intends to stop persuading or compelling panel banks to submit quotes used to determine LIBOR after 2021. On March 5, 2021, the Intercontinental Exchange Benchmark Administration, the administrator of LIBOR, announced that it will takecease the publication of one week and two-month U.S. Dollar LIBOR and all non-USD (GBP, EUR, CHF and JPY) LIBOR settings at the end of December 2021, but will extend the publication of the remaining U.S. Dollar LIBOR settings (overnight and one, three, six and 12 month U.S. Dollar LIBOR) until the end of June 2023. U.S. bank regulators have advised banks to cease writing, subject to certain limited exceptions, new U.S. Dollar LIBOR contracts by the end of 2021.
We use LIBOR and other interbank offered rates as interest reference rates in many of our financial instruments. Existing contract fallback provisions, and whether, how, and when we and others develop and adopt alternative reference rates, will influence the effect 18 months followingof any changes to or discontinuation of LIBOR on us. We actively participate in the New York Federal Reserve Bank convened Alternative Reference Rate Committee (“ARRC”) and other industry association efforts on the transition to alternative reference rates. In April 6, 2020.2021, the State of New York enacted legislation to address the transition from LIBOR for certain New York law governed agreements, which is generally consistent with the ARRC’s recommendations to facilitate the transition. We do not expect these rulescontinue to significantly affectassess current and alternative reference rates’ merits, limitations, risks and suitability for our business.

investment and insurance processes.
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Cross-Border Trade
Each of the United States, Canada and Mexico ratified the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement and provided notice that they completed domestic implementation. The agreement entered into effect on July 1, 2020.
Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to adopt accounting policies and make estimates and assumptions that affect amounts reported on the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. The most critical estimates include those used in determining:
(i)liabilities for future policy benefits and the accounting for reinsurance;
(ii)capitalization and amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs (“DAC”) and the establishment and amortization of value of business acquired (“VOBA”);
(iii)estimated fair values of investments in the absence of quoted market values;
(iv)investment allowance for credit loss (“ACL”) and impairments;
(v)estimated fair values of freestanding derivatives and the recognition and estimated fair value of embedded derivatives requiring bifurcation;
(vi)measurement of goodwill and related impairment;
(vii)measurement of employee benefit plan liabilities;
(viii)measurement of income taxes and the valuation of deferred tax assets; and
(ix)liabilities for litigation and regulatory matters.
(i)liabilities for future policy benefits and the accounting for reinsurance;
(ii)capitalization and amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs (“DAC”) and the establishment and amortization of value of business acquired (“VOBA”);
(iii)estimated fair values of investments in the absence of quoted market values;
(iv)investment allowance for credit loss (“ACL”) and impairments;
(v)estimated fair values of freestanding derivatives and the recognition and estimated fair value of embedded derivatives requiring bifurcation;
(vi)measurement of goodwill and related impairment;
(vii)measurement of employee benefit plan liabilities;
(viii)measurement of income taxes and the valuation of deferred tax assets; and
(ix)liabilities for litigation and regulatory matters.
In addition, the application of acquisition accounting requires the use of estimation techniques in determining the estimated fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed — the most significant of which relate to the aforementioned critical accounting estimates. In applying these policies and estimates, management makes subjective and complex judgments that frequently require assumptions about matters that are inherently uncertain. Many of these policies, estimates and related judgments are common in the insurance and financial services industries; others are specific to our business and operations. Actual results could differ from these estimates.
The Company’s critical accounting estimates are described in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates” and Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 20192020 Annual Report. Effective January 1, 2020, the Company adopted new accounting pronouncements related to the measurement of credit loss on financial instruments and simplifying the test for goodwill impairment, as described below and in Note 1 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Investment Allowance for Credit Loss and Impairments
The significant estimates related to our evaluation of credit loss and impairments on our investment portfolio are summarized below. In addition, information about the evaluation processes and measurement methodologies and changes thereto from the implementation of new guidance on January 1, 2020, is contained in Notes 1 and 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Fixed Maturity Securities AFS
The assessment of whether a credit loss has occurred is based on our case-by-case evaluation of whether the net amount expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis. We consider a wide range of factors about the security issuer and use our best judgment in evaluating the cause of the decline in the estimated fair value of the security and in assessing the prospects for near-term recovery. In accordance with new guidance adopted January 1, 2020, we evaluate credit loss by considering information about past events, current and forecasted economic conditions, and we measure credit loss by estimating recovery value using a discounted cash flow analysis. These evaluations are revised as conditions change and new information becomes available.
In accordance with previous guidance, which was an incurred loss model, the credit loss evaluation process and the measurement of credit loss were generally similar.

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Mortgage Loans
The ACL is established both for pools of loans with similar risk characteristics and for loans with dissimilar risk characteristics, collateral dependent loans and reasonably expected troubled debt restructurings, individually on a loan specific basis. We record an allowance for expected credit loss in an amount that represents the portion of the amortized cost basis of mortgage loans that we do not expect to collect, resulting in mortgage loans being presented at the net amount expected to be collected. In accordance with new guidance adopted January 1, 2020, to determine the mortgage loan ACL, we estimate lifetime credit loss expected over the contractual term of our mortgage loans adjusted for expected prepayments and any extensions; and we consider past events, current economic conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions. Our estimates are revised as conditions change and new information becomes available.
In accordance with previous guidance, which was an incurred loss model, the credit loss evaluation process and the measurement of credit loss were generally similar.
Real Estate, Leases and Other Asset Classes
The determination of the amount of ACL and impairments on real estate, leases and the remaining invested asset classes is highly subjective and is based upon our quarterly evaluation and assessment of known and inherent risks associated with the respective asset class. Such evaluations and assessments are revised as conditions change and new information becomes available.
Goodwill
Goodwill is tested for impairment at least annually or more frequently if events or circumstances, such as adverse changes in the business climate, indicate that there may be justification for conducting an interim test.
For purposes of goodwill impairment testing, if the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value, an impairment charge would be recognized for the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value; however, the loss recognized would not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. Additionally, the Company will consider income tax effects from any tax deductible goodwill on the carrying value of the reporting unit when measuring the goodwill impairment loss, if applicable. The key inputs, judgments and assumptions necessary in determining estimated fair value of the reporting units include projected adjusted earnings, current book value, the level of economic capital required to support the mix of business, long-term growth rates, comparative market multiples, the account value of in-force business, projections of new and renewed business, as well as margins on such business, interest rate levels, credit spreads, equity market levels, and the discount rate that we believe is appropriate for the respective reporting unit.
We apply significant judgment when determining the estimated fair value of our reporting units and when assessing the relationship of market capitalization to the aggregate estimated fair value of our reporting units. The valuation methodologies utilized are subject to key judgments and assumptions that are sensitive to change. Estimates of fair value are inherently uncertain and represent only management’s reasonable expectation regarding future developments. These estimates and the judgments and assumptions upon which the estimates are based will, in all likelihood differ in some respects from actual future results. Declines in the estimated fair value of our reporting units could result in goodwill impairments in future periods which could materially adversely affect our results of operations or financial position.
For additional information on goodwill, see Note 1 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Economic Capital
Economic capital is an internally developed risk capital model, the purpose of which is to measure the risk in the business and to provide a basis upon which capital is deployed. The economic capital model accounts for the unique and specific nature of the risks inherent in our business. Our economic capital model, coupled with considerations of local capital requirements, aligns segment allocated equity with emerging standards and consistent risk principles. Economic capital-based risk estimation is an evolving science and industry best practices have emerged and continue to evolve. Areas of evolving industry best practices include stochastic liability valuation techniques, alternative methodologies for the calculation of diversification benefits, and the quantification of appropriate shock levels. MetLife’s management is responsible for the ongoing production and enhancement of the economic capital model and reviews its approach periodically to ensure that it remains consistent with emerging industry practice standards. For further information, see “Financial Measures and Segment Accounting Policies” in Note 2 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Acquisitions and Dispositions
Acquisitions
Acquisition of PetFirst
In January 2020, the Company completed the acquisition of PetFirst Healthcare, LLC (“PetFirst”), a fast-growing pet health insurance administrator.
Disposition of MetLife Hong KongVersant Health
For information regarding the Company’s saleDecember 2020 acquisition of Versant Health, see Note 3 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report.
Dispositions
Pending Disposition of MetLife Poland and Greece
For information regarding the Company's pending disposition of its two wholly-owned subsidiaries MetLife Limitedin Poland and Metropolitan Life Insurance Company of Hong Kong LimitedGreece (collectively, “MetLife Hong Kong”Poland and Greece”) to NN Group N.V., reported as held-for-sale, see NoteNotes 1 and 3 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Disposition of MetLife P&C
For information regarding the Company's April 2021 disposition of MetLife P&C, which was reported as held-for-sale, see Notes 1 and 3 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Disposition of MetLife Russia
For information regarding the Company's January 2021 disposition of its wholly-owned Russian subsidiary, the Joint-stock Company MetLife Insurance Company (“MetLife Russia”), see Note 3 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report.
Disposition of MetLife Seguros de Retiro
For information regarding the Company's October 2020 disposition of one of its wholly-owned Argentinian subsidiaries, MetLife Seguros de Retiro S.A. (“MetLife Seguros de Retiro”), see Note 3 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report.
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Results of Operations
Consolidated Results
  Three Months
Ended
June 30,
 Six Months
Ended
June 30,
  2020 2019 2020 2019
  (In millions)
Revenues        
Premiums $8,736
 $10,129
 $18,202
 $19,534
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees 1,299
 1,412
 2,730
 2,777
Net investment income 4,087
 4,693
 7,148
 9,601
Other revenues 456
 478
 895
 972
Net investment gains (losses) 231
 61
 (57) 76
Net derivative gains (losses) (710) 724
 3,491
 839
Total revenues 14,099
 17,497
 32,409
 33,799
Expenses        
Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends 8,957
 10,295
 18,271
 19,667
Interest credited to policyholder account balances 1,962
 1,515
 2,042
 3,476
Capitalization of DAC (671) (837) (1,445) (1,649)
Amortization of DAC and VOBA 560
 689
 1,348
 1,313
Amortization of negative VOBA (10) (10) (20) (20)
Interest expense on debt 232
 274
 454
 508
Other expenses 2,872
 3,274
 5,919
 6,463
Total expenses 13,902
 15,200
 26,569
 29,758
Income (loss) before provision for income tax 197
 2,297
 5,840
 4,041
Provision for income tax expense (benefit) 47
 551
 1,289
 910
Net income (loss) 150
 1,746
 4,551
 3,131
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests 5
 5
 8
 9
Net income (loss) attributable to MetLife, Inc. 145
 1,741
 4,543
 3,122
Less: Preferred stock dividends 77
 57
 109
 89
Net income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.’s common shareholders $68
 $1,684
 $4,434
 $3,033
Three Months
Ended
June 30,
Six Months
Ended
June 30,
2021202020212020
(In millions)
Revenues
Premiums$9,132 $8,736 $19,459 $18,202 
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees1,422 1,299 2,813 2,730 
Net investment income5,280 4,087 10,594 7,148 
Other revenues664 456 1,295 895 
Net investment gains (losses)1,605 231 1,739 (57)
Net derivative gains (losses)421 (710)(1,814)3,491 
Total revenues18,524 14,099 34,086 32,409 
Expenses
Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends9,641 8,957 20,411 18,271 
Interest credited to policyholder account balances1,515 1,962 2,866 2,042 
Capitalization of DAC(642)(671)(1,417)(1,445)
Amortization of DAC and VOBA537 560 1,127 1,348 
Amortization of negative VOBA(10)(10)(19)(20)
Interest expense on debt228 232 456 454 
Other expenses2,768 2,872 5,884 5,919 
Total expenses14,037 13,902 29,308 26,569 
Income (loss) before provision for income tax4,487 197 4,778 5,840 
Provision for income tax expense (benefit)1,075 47 1,003 1,289 
Net income (loss)3,412 150 3,775 4,551 
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests10 
Net income (loss) attributable to MetLife, Inc.3,407 145 3,765 4,543 
Less: Preferred stock dividends35 77 103 109 
  Preferred stock redemption premium— — 
Net income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.’s common shareholders$3,366 $68 $3,656 $4,434 
Three Months Ended June 30, 20202021 Compared with the Three Months Ended June 30, 20192020
During the three months ended June 30, 2020,2021, net income (loss) decreased $1.6increased $3.3 billion from the prior period, primarily driven by unfavorablefavorable changes in adjusted earnings, net investment gains (losses) and net derivative gains (losses) and adjusted earnings., net of investment hedge adjustments.
Management of Investment Portfolio and Hedging Market Risks with Derivatives. We manage our investment portfolio using disciplined asset/liability management (“ALM”) principles, focusing on cash flow and duration to support our current and future liabilities. Our intent is to match the timing and amount of liability cash outflows with invested assets that have cash inflows of comparable timing and amount, while optimizing risk-adjusted investment income and risk-adjusted total return. Our investment portfolio is heavily weighted toward fixed income investments, with over 80% of our portfolio invested in fixed maturity securities available-for-sale (“AFS”) and mortgage loans. These securities and loans have varying maturities and other characteristics which cause them to be generally well suited for matching the cash flow and duration of insurance liabilities. In addition, our general account investment portfolio includes, within contractholder-directed equity securities and fair value option securities (“FVO Securities”), contractholder-directed equity securities supporting unit-linked variable annuity type liabilities (“Unit-linked investments”), which do not qualify as separate account assets. Returns on these Unit-linked investments, which can vary significantly from period to period, include changes in estimated fair value subsequent to purchase, inure to contractholders and are offset in earnings by a corresponding change in policyholder account balances through interest credited to policyholder account balances.

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We purchase investments to support our insurance liabilities and not to generate net investment gains and losses. However, net investment gains and losses are incurred and can change significantly from period to period due to changes in external influences, including changes in market factors such as interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, credit spreads and equity markets; counterparty specific factors such as financial performance, credit rating and collateral valuation; and internal factors such as portfolio rebalancing. Changes in these factors from period to period can significantly impact the levels of provision for credit loss and impairments on our investment portfolio, as well as realized gains and losses on investments sold.
We also use derivatives as an integral part of our management of the investment portfolio and insurance liabilities to hedge certain risks, including changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, credit spreads and equity market levels. We use freestanding interest rate, equity, credit and currency derivatives to hedge certain invested assets and insurance liabilities. A portion of these hedges are designated and qualify as accounting hedges, which reduce volatility in earnings. For those hedges not designated as accounting hedges, changes in market factors lead to the recognition of fair value changes in net derivative gains (losses) generally without an offsetting gain or loss recognized in earnings for the item being hedged, which creates volatility in earnings. We actively evaluate market risk hedging needs and strategies to ensure our free cash flow and capital objectives are met under a range of market conditions.
Certain variable annuity products with guaranteed minimum benefits contain embedded derivatives that are measured at estimated fair value separately from the host variable annuity contract, with changes in estimated fair value recorded in net derivative gains (losses). We use freestanding derivatives to hedge the market risks inherent in these variable annuity guarantees. We continuously review and refine our strategy and ongoing refinement of the strategy may be required to take advantage of the NAIC rules related to a statutory accounting election for derivatives that mitigate interest rate sensitivity related to variable annuity guarantees. Our macro hedge program, included in the non-VA program derivatives section of the table below, protects our overall statutory capital from significant adverse economic conditions. The valuation of these embedded derivatives includes a nonperformance risk adjustment, which is unhedged, and can be a significant driver of net derivative gains (losses) and volatility in earnings, but does not have an economic impact on us.
We continuously review and refine our strategy and ongoing refinement of the strategy may be required to take advantage of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) rules related to a statutory accounting election for derivatives that mitigate interest rate sensitivity related to variable annuity guarantees. As a part of our current hedge strategy, we maintain portfolio level derivatives in our macro hedge program. These macro hedge program derivatives, which are included in the non-VA program derivatives section of the table below, mitigate the potential loss of our overall statutory capital from significant adverse economic conditions.
94

Net Derivative Gains (Losses). The variable annuity embedded derivatives and associated freestanding derivative hedges are collectively referred to as “VA program derivatives.” All other derivatives that are economic hedges of certain invested assets and insurance liabilities are referred to as “non-VA program derivatives.” The table below presents the impact on net derivative gains (losses) from non-VA program derivatives and VA program derivatives:
 Three Months
Ended
June 30,
 2020 2019
 (In millions)
Non-VA program derivatives   
Interest rate$(53) $884
Foreign currency exchange rate(77) 56
Credit119
 64
Equity(519) (52)
Non-VA embedded derivatives(130) (47)
Total non-VA program derivatives(660) 905
VA program derivatives   
Market risks in embedded derivatives657
 (19)
Nonperformance risk adjustment on embedded derivatives(110) (13)
Other risks in embedded derivatives(46) (67)
Total embedded derivatives501
 (99)
Freestanding derivatives hedging embedded derivatives(551) (82)
Total VA program derivatives(50) (181)
Net derivative gains (losses)$(710) $724

105


Three Months
Ended
June 30,
20212020
(In millions)
Non-VA program derivatives:
Interest rate$660 $(53)
Foreign currency exchange rate(62)(77)
Credit31 119 
Equity(196)(519)
Non-VA embedded derivatives(37)(130)
Total non-VA program derivatives396 (660)
VA program derivatives:
Market risks in embedded derivatives78 657 
Nonperformance risk adjustment on embedded derivatives(8)(110)
Other risks in embedded derivatives(37)(46)
Total embedded derivatives33 501 
Freestanding derivatives hedging embedded derivatives(8)(551)
Total VA program derivatives25 (50)
Net derivative gains (losses)$421 $(710)
The unfavorablefavorable change in net derivative gains (losses) on non-VA program derivatives was $1.6$1.1 billion ($1.2 billion,834 million, net of income tax). This was primarily due to an unfavorable change in interest rate impact due to long-term U.S. interest rates increasingdecreasing in the current period versus decreasingincreasing in the prior period, unfavorably impacting interest rate options,period. This favorably impacted the estimated fair value of receive fixed interest rate swaps and interest total rate of return swaps. In addition, key equity marketsindexes increased moreless in the current period than incompared with the prior period, unfavorably impactingperiod. This favorably impacted the estimated fair value of equity options acquired primarily asand total rate of return swaps that are part of our macro hedge program. In addition, the Japanese yen weakened relative to the Australian dollar in the current period versus strengthened in the prior period, unfavorably impacting foreign currency forwards that primarily hedge foreign currency-denominated bonds. Because certain of these hedging strategies are not designated or do not qualify as accounting hedges, the changes in the estimated fair value of these freestanding derivatives are recognized in net derivative gains (losses) without an offsetting gain or loss recognized in earnings for the items being hedged.
The favorable change in net derivative gains (losses) on VA program derivatives was $131$75 million ($10359 million, net of income tax). This was due to (i) a favorable change of $207$102 million ($163 million, net of income tax) in market risks in embedded derivatives, partially offset by freestanding derivatives hedging market risks in embedded derivatives, in addition to a favorable change of $21 million, ($17 million, net of income tax) in other risks in embedded derivatives, partially offset by an unfavorable change of $97 million ($7781 million, net of income tax) in the nonperformance risk adjustment on embedded derivatives. Otherderivatives, and (ii) a favorable change of $9 million, ($7 million, net of income tax) in other risks relate primarily to the impact ofin embedded derivatives (primarily policyholder behavior and other non-market risks that generally cannot be hedged.
The aforementioned $207hedged), partially offset by an unfavorable change of $36 million ($16328 million, net of income tax) favorable change reflects a $676 million ($534 million, net of income tax) favorable change in market risks in embedded derivatives, partially offset by a $469 million ($371 million, net of income tax) unfavorable change in freestanding derivatives hedging market risks in embedded derivatives.
The primary changes in market factors affecting VA program derivatives are summarized as follows:
Long-term U.S. and Japan interest rates increased in the current period and decreased in the prior period, contributing to an unfavorable change in our freestanding derivatives and a favorable change in our embedded derivatives. For example, the 30-year U.S. swap rate increased 4 basis points in the current period and decreased 37 basis points in the prior period and the 30-year Japan swap rate increased 15 basis points in the current period and decreased 13 basis points in the prior period.
Key equity index levels increased more in the current period than in the prior period, contributing to an unfavorable change in our freestanding derivatives and a favorable change in our embedded derivatives. For example, the S&P 500 Index increased 20% in the current period and increased 4% in the prior period.
The aforementioned $21$102 million ($1781 million, net of income tax) favorable change in other risks in embedded derivatives reflects actuarial assumption updates and a combination of factors, which include fees deducted from accounts, changes in the benefit base, premiums, lapses, withdrawals and deaths, in addition to changes to cross-effect, basis mismatch, risk margin and fund allocation.
The aforementioned $97 million ($77 million, net of income tax) unfavorable change in the nonperformance risk adjustment onincluded in the valuation of embedded derivatives resulted from an unfavorablea favorable change of $63$53 million, before income tax, related to model changes and changes in capital market inputs, such as long-term interest rates and key equity index levels, on variable annuity guarantees, in addition to an unfavorablea favorable change of $34$49 million, before income tax, related to changes in our own credit spread.
The aforementioned $9 million ($7 million, net of income tax) favorable change in other risks in embedded derivatives reflects actuarial assumption updates and a combination of factors, such as fees deducted from accounts, changes in the benefit base, premiums, lapses, withdrawals and deaths, in addition to changes to cross-effect, basis mismatch, risk margin and fund allocation.
95

The aforementioned $36 million ($28 million, net of income tax) unfavorable change reflects a $579 million ($457 million, net of income tax) unfavorable change in market risks in embedded derivatives, partially offset by a $543 million ($429 million, net of income tax) favorable change in freestanding derivatives that hedge market risks in embedded derivatives.
The primary changes in market factors affecting the valuation of VA program derivatives are summarized as follows:
Key equity index levels increased less in the current period compared with the prior period, contributing to an unfavorable change in our embedded derivatives and a favorable change in our freestanding derivatives. For example, the S&P Global Ratings (“S&P”) 500 Index increased 8% in the current period and increased 20% in the prior period.
Long-term interest rates decreased in the current period versus increased in the prior period, contributing to an unfavorable change in our embedded derivatives and a favorable change in our freestanding derivatives. For example, the 30-year U.S. swap rate decreased 43 basis points in the current period and increased 4 basis points in the prior period.
When equity index levels decrease in isolation, the variable annuity guarantees become more valuable to policyholders, which results in an increase in the undiscounted embedded derivative liability. Discounting this unfavorable change by the risk adjusted rate yieldsresults in a smaller loss than by discounting at the risk-free rate, thus creating a gain from including an adjustment for nonperformance risk.
When the risk-free interest rate decreases in isolation, discounting the embedded derivative liability produces a higher valuation of the liability than if the risk-free interest rate had remained constant. Discounting this unfavorable change by the risk adjusted rate yieldsresults in a smaller loss than by discounting at the risk-free interest rate, thus creating a gain from including an adjustment for nonperformance risk.
When our own credit spread increases in isolation, discounting the embedded derivative liability produces a lower valuation of the liability than if our own credit spread had remained constant. As a result, a gain is created from including an adjustment for nonperformance risk. For each of these primary market drivers, the opposite effect occurs when the driver moves in the opposite direction.
Net Investment Gains (Losses).. The favorable change in net investment gains (losses) of $170 million$1.4 billion ($134 million,1.1 billion, net of income tax) primarily reflects a current period recovery on a leveraged lease that was previously impaired, mark-to-market gains on equity securities in the current period which are measured at estimated fair value through net income, and a loss ingain on the prior period as a result of the definitive agreement to selldisposition of MetLife Hong Kong.P&C and gains on sales of real estate investments. These favorable changes were partially offset by a higher provision for creditthe current period loss on mortgage loans.

106


Taxes. For the three months ended June 30, 2021, our effective tax rate on income (loss) before provision for income tax was 24%, which differed from the U.S. statutory rate of 21% primarily due to tax charges from foreign earnings taxed at different rates than the U.S. statutory rate, the completed sale of MetLife P&C and the pending disposition of MetLife Poland and Greece, partially offset by tax benefits related to tax credits and non-taxable investment income. For the three months ended June 30, 2020, our effective tax rate on income (loss) before provision for income tax was 24%. Our effective tax rate, which differed from the U.S. statutory rate of 21% primarily due to tax charges from foreign earnings taxed at different rates than the U.S. statutory rate, partially offset by tax benefits related to tax credits and non-taxable investment income and tax credits. For the three months ended June 30, 2019, our effective tax rate on income (loss) before provision for income tax was 24%. Our effective tax rate differed from the U.S. statutory rate of 21% primarily due to tax charges from foreign earnings taxed at different rates than the U.S. statutory rate and the impact of the definitive agreement to sell MetLife Hong Kong, partially offset by tax benefits related to non-taxable investment income and tax credits.income.
Adjusted EarningsEarnings.. As more fully described in “— Non-GAAP and Other Financial Disclosures,” we use adjusted earnings, which does not equate to net income (loss), as determined in accordance with GAAP, to analyze our performance, evaluate segment performance, and allocate resources. We believe that the presentation of adjusted earnings and other financial measures based on adjusted earnings, as we measure it for management purposes, enhances the understanding of our performance by highlighting the results of operations and the underlying profitability drivers of the business. Adjusted earnings and other financial measures based on adjusted earnings allow analysis of our performance relative to our business plan and facilitate comparisons to industry results. Adjusted earnings should not be viewed as a substitute for net income (loss). Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders and adjusted earnings available to common shareholders on a constant currency basis should not be viewed as substitutes for net income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.’s common shareholders. Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders decreased $561 million,increased $1.3 billion, net of income tax, to $2.1 billion, net of income tax, for the three months ended June 30, 2021 from $758 million, net of income tax, for the three months ended June 30, 2020 from $1,319 million, net2020.
96

Six Months Ended June 30, 20202021 Compared with the Six Months Ended June 30, 20192020
During the six months ended June 30, 2020,2021, net income (loss) increased $1.4 billiondecreased $776 million from the prior period, primarily driven by a favorablean unfavorable change in net derivative gains (losses), net of investment hedge adjustments, partially offset by an unfavorable changefavorable changes in adjusted earnings.earnings and net investment gains (losses).
Net Derivative Gains (Losses). The table below presents the impact on net derivative gains (losses) from non-VA program derivatives and VA program derivatives:
 Six Months
Ended
June 30,
 2020 2019
 (In millions)
Non-VA program derivatives   
Interest rate$4,165
 $1,311
Foreign currency exchange rate(52) 54
Credit(105) 201
Equity(4) (278)
Non-VA embedded derivatives(5) (130)
Total non-VA program derivatives3,999
 1,158
VA program derivatives
 
Market risks in embedded derivatives(830) 366
Nonperformance risk adjustment on embedded derivatives75
 (75)
Other risks in embedded derivatives(291) (114)
Total embedded derivatives(1,046) 177
Freestanding derivatives hedging embedded derivatives538
 (496)
Total VA program derivatives(508) (319)
Net derivative gains (losses)$3,491
 $839

107


Six Months
Ended
June 30,
20212020
(In millions)
Non-VA program derivatives:
Interest rate$(1,025)$4,165 
Foreign currency exchange rate(209)(52)
Credit62 (105)
Equity(682)(4)
Non-VA embedded derivatives19 (5)
Total non-VA program derivatives(1,835)3,999 
VA program derivatives:
Market risks in embedded derivatives738 (830)
Nonperformance risk adjustment on embedded derivatives(51)75 
Other risks in embedded derivatives(37)(291)
Total embedded derivatives650 (1,046)
Freestanding derivatives hedging embedded derivatives(629)538 
Total VA program derivatives21 (508)
Net derivative gains (losses)$(1,814)$3,491 
The favorableunfavorable change in net derivative gains (losses) on non-VA program derivatives was $2.8$5.8 billion ($2.24.6 billion, net of income tax). This was primarily due to a favorable change in interest rate impact due to long-term U.S. interest rates decreasing moreincreasing in the current period thanversus decreasing significantly in the prior period, favorably impacting interest rate options,period. This unfavorably impacted the estimated fair value of receive fixed interest rate swaps and total rate of return swaps. In addition, key equity markets decreased in the current period versus increased in the prior period, favorably impacting equity options acquired primarily asthat are part of our macro hedge program. There was also a change in the value of the underlying assets, favorably impacting non-VA embedded derivatives related to funds withheld on a certain reinsurance agreement. These favorable impacts were partially offset by credit spreads widening in the current period and narrowing in the prior period, unfavorably impacting written credit default swaps used in replications. In addition, the unfavorable impact of the Chilean peso weakening relative to the U.S. dollarkey equity indexes increased in the current period versus strengtheningdecreased in the prior periodperiod. This unfavorably impacted foreign currency forwardsthe estimated fair value of equity options and equity total rate of return swaps that primarilyare part of our macro hedge foreign currency-denominated bonds. Also, changes in the cross currency basis spread and currency volatility between the Japanese yen and the U.S. dollar associated with foreign currency forwards that primarily hedge foreign currency-denominated bonds, contributed to the unfavorable impact.program. Because certain of these hedging strategies are not designated or do not qualify as accounting hedges, the changes in the estimated fair value of these freestanding derivatives are recognized in net derivative gains (losses) without an offsetting gain or loss recognized in earnings for the items being hedged.
The unfavorablefavorable change in net derivative gains (losses) on VA program derivatives was $189$529 million ($149418 million, net of income tax). This was due to an unfavorable(i) a favorable change of $162$401 million ($128317 million, net of income tax) in market risks in embedded derivatives, partially offset bynet of freestanding derivatives hedgingthat hedge market risks in embedded derivatives, in addition to an unfavorableand (ii) a favorable change of $177$254 million, ($140201 million, net of income tax) in other risks in embedded derivatives, (primarily policyholder behavior and other non-market risks that generally cannot be hedged), partially offset by a favorablean unfavorable change of $150$126 million ($119100 million, net of income tax) in the nonperformance risk adjustment onincluded in the valuation of embedded derivatives. Other risks relate primarily to the impact of policyholder behavior and other non-market risks that generally cannot be hedged.
The aforementioned $162$401 million ($128317 million, net of income tax) unfavorablefavorable change reflects a $1.2$1.6 billion ($945 million,1.2 billion, net of income tax) unfavorablefavorable change in market risks in embedded derivatives, partially offset by a $1.0$1.2 billion ($817922 million, net of income tax) favorableunfavorable change in freestanding derivatives hedgingthat hedge market risks in embedded derivatives.
The primary changes in market factors affecting the valuation of VA program derivatives are summarized as follows:
Long-term U.S. interest rates decreased moreKey equity index levels increased in the current period than in the prior period while long-term Japan interest ratesversus decreased less, contributing to an unfavorable change in our freestanding derivatives and an unfavorable change in our embedded derivatives. For example, the 30-year U.S. swap rate decreased 117 basis points in the current period and decreased 62 basis points in the prior period, while the 30-year Japan swap rate decreased 8 basis points in the current period and decreased 31 basis points in the prior period.
Key equity index levels decreased in the current period and increased in the prior period, contributing to a favorable change in our freestandingembedded derivatives and an unfavorable change in our embeddedfreestanding derivatives. For example, the S&P 500 Index decreased 4%increased 14% in the current period and increased 17%decreased 4% in the prior period.
97

Long-term interest rates increased in the current period versus decreased significantly in the prior period, contributing to a favorable change in our embedded derivatives and an unfavorable change in our freestanding derivatives. For example, the 30-year U.S. swap rate increased 37 basis points in the current period and decreased 117 basis points in the prior period.
The aforementioned $177$254 million ($140201 million, net of income tax) unfavorablefavorable change in other risks in embedded derivatives reflects actuarial assumption updates and a combination of factors, which includesuch as fees deducted from accounts, changes in the benefit base, premiums, lapses, withdrawals and deaths, in addition to changes to cross-effect, basis mismatch, risk margin and fund allocation.
The aforementioned $150$126 million ($119100 million, net of income tax) favorableunfavorable change in the nonperformance risk adjustment on embedded derivatives resulted from a favorablean unfavorable change of $81$106 million, before income tax, related to model changes and changes in capital market inputs, such as long-term interest rates and key equity index levels, on variable annuity guarantees, in addition to a favorablean unfavorable change of $69$20 million, before income tax, related to changes in our own credit spread.
Net Investment Gains (Losses).. The unfavorablefavorable change in net investment gains (losses) of $133 million$1.8 billion ($105 million,1.4 billion, net of income tax) primarily reflects (i) the current period gain on the disposition of MetLife P&C, (ii) current period gains on sales of real estate investments, (iii) a current period release compared to a prior period provision for mortgage loan credit loss, and (iv) mark-to-market losses on equity securitiesgains in the current period compared to mark-to-market losses in the prior period on equity securities, which are measured at estimated fair value through net income a prior period gain on a renewable energy partnership and higher provisions for credit loss on fixed maturity securities and mortgage loans.(loss). These unfavorable impactsfavorable changes were partially offset by higherlosses in the current period compared to gains in the prior period on sales of fixed maturity securities aand the current period recoveryloss on a leveraged lease that was previously impaired, a priorthe pending disposition of MetLife Poland and Greece.
Divested Businesses. Income (loss) before provision for income tax related to divested businesses, excluding net investment gains (losses) and net derivative gains (losses), increased $93 million ($75 million, net of income tax) to $84 million ($69 million, net of income tax) in the current period tax credit partnership impairment andfrom a loss of $9 million ($6 million, net of income tax) in the prior period as a resultperiod. Included in this increase was an increase in total revenues of $821 million, before income tax, and an increase in total expenses of $728 million, before income tax. Divested businesses primarily include activity related to the definitive agreement to selldisposition of MetLife Hong Kong.P&C.

108


Taxes. For the six months ended June 30, 2021, our effective tax rate on income (loss) before provision for income tax was equal to the statutory rate of 21% as tax charges from foreign earnings taxed at different rates than the U.S. statutory rate, the completed sale of MetLife P&C, and the pending disposition of MetLife Poland and Greece, were offset by tax benefits related to tax credits, non-taxable investment income and the corporate tax deduction for stock compensation. For the six months ended June 30, 2020, our effective tax rate on income (loss) before provision for income tax was 22%. Our effective tax rate, which differed from the U.S. statutory rate of 21% primarily due to tax charges from foreign earnings taxed at different rates than the U.S. statutory rate, partially offset by tax benefits related to non-taxable investment income, tax credits and the finalization of bankruptcy proceedings for a leveraged lease investment. For the six months ended June 30, 2019, our effective tax rate on income (loss) before provision for income tax was 23%. Our effective tax rate differed from the U.S. statutory rate of 21% primarily due to tax charges from foreign earnings taxed at different rates than the U.S. statutory rate and the impact of the definitive agreement to sell MetLife Hong Kong, partially offset by tax benefits related to non-taxable investment income and tax credits.
Adjusted EarningsEarnings.. Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders decreased $536 million,increased $1.8 billion, net of income tax, to $2,207 million,$4.1 billion, net of income tax, for the six months ended June 30, 20202021 from $2,743 million,$2.2 billion, net of income tax, for the six months ended June 30, 2019.2020.

98
109


Reconciliation of net income (loss) to adjusted earnings available to common shareholders and premiums, fees and other revenues to adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues
Three Months Ended June 30, 20202021
U.S.AsiaLatin AmericaEMEAMetLife HoldingsCorporate & OtherTotal
(In millions)
Net income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.'s common shareholders$1,169 $711 $26 $(69)$492 $1,037 $3,366 
Add: Preferred stock dividends— — — — — 35 35 
Add: Preferred stock redemption premium— — — — — 
Add: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests— — — 
Net income (loss)1,169 712 27 (69)492 1,081 3,412 
Less: adjustments from net income (loss) to adjusted earnings available to common shareholders:
Revenues:
Net investment gains (losses)403 66 (4)(204)(72)1,416 1,605 
Net derivative gains (losses)32 261 (80)21 135 52 421 
Premiums— — — — — — — 
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees— 13 — 20 — 36 
Net investment income(85)(8)(8)333 (69)— 163 
Other revenues— — — — — 60 60 
Expenses:
Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends(12)(15)21 11 (81)— (76)
Interest credited to policyholder account balances(33)(14)(319)— — (365)
Capitalization of DAC— — — — — — — 
Amortization of DAC and VOBA— (9)— 11 — 
Amortization of negative VOBA— — — — — — — 
Interest expense on debt— — — — — — — 
Other expenses— — (4)(2)— (62)(68)
Goodwill impairment— — — — — — — 
Provision for income tax (expense) benefit(72)(83)19 (7)12 (360)(491)
Adjusted earnings$902 $520 $97 $94 $536 (25)2,124 
Less: Preferred stock dividends35 35 
Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders$(60)$2,089 
Premiums, fees and other revenues$6,136 $2,050 $934 $747 $1,201 $150 $11,218 
Less: adjustments to premiums, fees and other revenues— 13 — 20 60 96 
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues$6,136 $2,037 $934 $744 $1,181 $90 $11,122 
99
  U.S. Asia Latin America EMEA MetLife Holdings Corporate& Other Total
  (In millions)
Net income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.'s common shareholders$498
 $139
 $124
 $89
 $(483) $(299) $68
Add: Preferred stock dividends
 
 
 
 
 77
 77
Add: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests
 1
 2
 2
 
 
 5
Net income (loss)$498
 $140
 $126
 $91
 $(483) $(222) $150
Less: adjustments from net income (loss) to adjusted earnings available to common shareholders:             
Revenues:
 Net investment gains (losses)10
 59
 39
 15
 16
 92
 231
 Net derivative gains (losses)49
 (173) 91
 (60) (526) (91) (710)
 Premiums
 20
 
 
 
 
 20
 Universal life and investment-type product policy fees
 7
 
 3
 21
 
 31
 Net investment income(81) 116
 38
 636
 (68) 2
 643
 Other revenues
 
 
 
 
 39
 39
Expenses:
 Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends(12) (38) (104) 5
 (96) 1
 (244)
 Interest credited to policyholder account balances3
 (143) (46) (615) 
 
 (801)
 Capitalization of DAC
 2
 
 
 
 
 2
 Amortization of DAC and VOBA
 (9) 
 
 17
 
 8
 Amortization of negative VOBA
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Interest expense on debt
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Other expenses
 (10) 4
 
 
 (49) (55)
 Goodwill impairment
 
 
 
 
 
 
Provision for income tax (expense) benefit6
 53
 (28) (9) 133
 (4) 151
Adjusted earnings$523
 $256
 $132
 $116
 $20
 $(212) $835
Less: Preferred stock dividends          77
 77
Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders          $(289) $758
               
Premiums, fees and other revenues$5,692
 $2,045
 $737
 $663
 $1,229
 $125
 $10,491
Less: adjustments to premiums, fees and other revenues
 27
 
 3
 21
 39
 90
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues$5,692
 $2,018
 $737
 $660
 $1,208
 $86
 $10,401

110


Three Months Ended June 30, 20192020
 U.S. Asia Latin America EMEA MetLife Holdings Corporate& Other TotalU.S.AsiaLatin AmericaEMEAMetLife HoldingsCorporate & OtherTotal
 (In millions)(In millions)
Net income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.'s common shareholdersNet income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.'s common shareholders$858
 $501
 $98
 $101
 $557
 $(431) $1,684
Net income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.'s common shareholders$498 $139 $124 $89 $(483)$(299)$68 
Add: Preferred stock dividendsAdd: Preferred stock dividends
 
 
 
 
 57
 57
Add: Preferred stock dividends— — — — — 77 77 
Add: Preferred stock redemption premiumAdd: Preferred stock redemption premium— — — — — — — 
Add: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interestsAdd: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests
 
 3
 
 
 2
 5
Add: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests— — — 
Net income (loss)Net income (loss)$858
 $501
 $101
 $101
 $557
 $(372) $1,746
Net income (loss)498 140 126 91 (483)(222)150 
Less: adjustments from net income (loss) to adjusted earnings available to common shareholders:Less: adjustments from net income (loss) to adjusted earnings available to common shareholders:             Less: adjustments from net income (loss) to adjusted earnings available to common shareholders:
Revenues:Revenues:Revenues:
Net investment gains (losses)18
 3
 (19) 16
 86
 (43) 61
Net investment gains (losses)10 59 39 15 16 92 231 
Net derivative gains (losses)197
 329
 21
 11
 264
 (98) 724
Net derivative gains (losses)49 (173)91 (60)(526)(91)(710)
Premiums
 
 
 
 
 
 
Premiums— 20 — — — — 20 
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees
 21
 
 5
 22
 
 48
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees— — 21 — 31 
Net investment income(56) (21) (6) 250
 (31) 3
 139
Net investment income(81)116 38 636 (68)643 
Other revenues
 2
 
 
 
 69
 71
Other revenues— — — — — 39 39 
Expenses:
Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends(6) (3) (62) (2) (42) 3
 (112)Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends(12)(38)(104)(96)(244)
Interest credited to policyholder account balances6
 (5) (10) (242) 
 
 (251)Interest credited to policyholder account balances(143)(46)(615)— — (801)
Capitalization of DAC
 
 
 
 
 
 
Capitalization of DAC— — — — — 
Amortization of DAC and VOBA
 (19) 
 1
 26
 
 8
Amortization of DAC and VOBA— (9)— — 17 — 
Amortization of negative VOBA
 
 
 
 
 
 
Amortization of negative VOBA— — — — — — — 
Interest expense on debt
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest expense on debt— — — — — — — 
Other expenses
 
 3
 (4) 
 (81) (82)Other expenses— (10)— — (49)(55)
Goodwill impairment
 
 
 
 
 
 
Goodwill impairment— — — — — — — 
Provision for income tax (expense) benefitProvision for income tax (expense) benefit(33) (165) 15
 (11) (67) 25
 (236)Provision for income tax (expense) benefit53 (28)(9)133 (4)151 
Adjusted earningsAdjusted earnings$732
 $359
 $159
 $77
 $299
 $(250) $1,376
Adjusted earnings$523 $256 $132 $116 $20 (212)835 
Less: Preferred stock dividendsLess: Preferred stock dividends          57
 57
Less: Preferred stock dividends77 77 
Adjusted earnings available to common shareholdersAdjusted earnings available to common shareholders          $(307) $1,319
Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders$(289)$758 
              
Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders on a constant currency basis (1)Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders on a constant currency basis (1)$732
 $353
 $128
 $73
 $299
 $(307) $1,278
Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders on a constant currency basis (1)$523 $272 $157 $122 $20 $(289)$805 
              
Premiums, fees and other revenuesPremiums, fees and other revenues$6,731
 $2,086
 $1,064
 $674
 $1,297
 $167
 $12,019
Premiums, fees and other revenues$5,692 $2,045 $737 $663 $1,229 $125 $10,491 
Less: adjustments to premiums, fees and other revenuesLess: adjustments to premiums, fees and other revenues
 23
 
 5
 22
 69
 119
Less: adjustments to premiums, fees and other revenues— 27 — 21 39 90 
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenuesAdjusted premiums, fees and other revenues$6,731
 $2,063
 $1,064
 $669
 $1,275
 $98
 $11,900
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues$5,692 $2,018 $737 $660 $1,208 $86 $10,401 
              
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues on a constant currency basis (1)Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues on a constant currency basis (1)$6,731
 $2,073
 $882
 $649
 $1,275
 $98
 $11,708
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues on a constant currency basis (1)$5,692 $2,040 $834 $690 $1,208 $86 $10,550 
__________________
(1)Amounts for U.S., MetLife Holdings and Corporate & Other are shown on a reported basis, as constant currency impact is not significant.

(1)Amounts for U.S., MetLife Holdings and Corporate & Other are shown on a reported basis, as constant currency impact is not significant.






111
100


Six Months Ended June 30, 2021
U.S.AsiaLatin AmericaEMEAMetLife HoldingsCorporate & OtherTotal
(In millions)
Net income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.'s common shareholders$1,927 $561 $83 $(40)$245 $880 $3,656 
Add: Preferred stock dividends— — — — — 103 103 
Add: Preferred stock redemption premium— — — — — 
Add: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests— — 10 
Net income (loss)1,927 562 86 (39)245 994 3,775 
Less: adjustments from net income (loss) to adjusted earnings available to common shareholders:
Revenues:
Net investment gains (losses)358 (60)(187)46 1,578 1,739 
Net derivative gains (losses)41 (703)(113)15 (961)(93)(1,814)
Premiums865 — — — — — 865 
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees— 13 — 40 — 61 
Net investment income(147)61 (18)418 (142)11 183 
Other revenues11 — — — — 95 106 
Expenses:
Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends(595)(38)91 (49)(149)— (740)
Interest credited to policyholder account balances(139)(25)(412)— — (575)
Capitalization of DAC89 — — — — — 89 
Amortization of DAC and VOBA(98)— 15 — (79)
Amortization of negative VOBA— — — — — — — 
Interest expense on debt— — — — — (1)(1)
Other expenses(222)(4)— (107)(330)
Goodwill impairment— — — — — — — 
Provision for income tax (expense) benefit(62)281 242 (361)114 
Adjusted earnings$1,686 $1,143 $137 $165 $1,154 (128)4,157 
Less: Preferred stock dividends103 103 
Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders$(231)$4,054 
Premiums, fees and other revenues$13,404 $4,211 $1,809 $1,430 $2,384 $329 $23,567 
Less: adjustments to premiums, fees and other revenues876 13 — 40 95 1,032 
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues$12,528 $4,198 $1,809 $1,422 $2,344 $234 $22,535 








101

Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
U.S.AsiaLatin AmericaEMEAMetLife HoldingsCorporate & OtherTotal
(In millions)
Net income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.'s common shareholders$1,551 $1,006 $(89)$301 $2,241 $(576)$4,434 
Add: Preferred stock dividends— — — — — 109 109 
Add: Preferred stock redemption premium— — — — — — — 
Add: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests— — 
Net income (loss)1,551 1,007 (86)304 2,241 (466)4,551 
Less: adjustments from net income (loss) to adjusted earnings available to common shareholders:
Revenues:
Net investment gains (losses)(23)157 28 (96)(132)(57)
Net derivative gains (losses)488 600 (269)11 2,680 (19)3,491 
Premiums— 52 — — — — 52 
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees— 28 (3)43 — 77 
Net investment income(134)(125)(15)(229)(116)(617)
Other revenues— — — — — 81 81 
Expenses:
Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends(24)(72)(141)95 (53)— (195)
Interest credited to policyholder account balances92 (6)244 — — 337 
Capitalization of DAC— — — — — 
Amortization of DAC and VOBA— (43)— (1)— (41)
Amortization of negative VOBA— — — — — — — 
Interest expense on debt— — — — — — — 
Other expenses— (24)(2)— (99)(121)
Goodwill impairment— — — — — — — 
Provision for income tax (expense) benefit(66)(269)89 (26)(517)12 (777)
Adjusted earnings$1,303 $606 $227 $194 $297 (311)2,316 
Less: Preferred stock dividends109 109 
Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders$(420)$2,207 
Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders on a constant currency basis (1)$1,303 $639 $250 $202 $297 $(420)$2,271 
Premiums, fees and other revenues$11,881 $4,178 $1,655 $1,366 $2,484 $263 $21,827 
Less: adjustments to premiums, fees and other revenues— 80 (3)43 81 210 
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues$11,881 $4,098 $1,658 $1,357 $2,441 $182 $21,617 
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues on a constant currency basis (1)$11,881 $4,201 $1,762 $1,405 $2,441 $182 $21,872 
__________________
(1)Amounts for U.S., MetLife Holdings and Corporate & Other are shown on a reported basis, as constant currency impact is not significant.
102
  U.S. Asia Latin America EMEA MetLife Holdings Corporate& Other Total
  (In millions)
Net income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.'s common shareholders$1,551
 $1,006
 $(89) $301
 $2,241
 $(576) $4,434
Add: Preferred stock dividends
 
 
 
 
 109
 109
Add: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests
 1
 3
 3
 
 1
 8
Net income (loss)$1,551
 $1,007
 $(86) $304
 $2,241
 $(466) $4,551
Less: adjustments from net income (loss) to adjusted earnings available to common shareholders:             
Revenues:
 Net investment gains (losses)(23) 157
 28
 9
 (96) (132) (57)
 Net derivative gains (losses)488
 600
 (269) 11
 2,680
 (19) 3,491
 Premiums
 52
 
 
 
 
 52
 Universal life and investment-type product policy fees
 28
 (3) 9
 43
 
 77
 Net investment income(134) (125) (15) (229) (116) 2
 (617)
 Other revenues
 
 
 
 
 81
 81
Expenses:
 Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends(24) (72) (141) 95
 (53) 
 (195)
 Interest credited to policyholder account balances7
 92
 (6) 244
 
 
 337
 Capitalization of DAC
 5
 
 
 
 
 5
 Amortization of DAC and VOBA
 (43) 
 (1) 3
 
 (41)
 Amortization of negative VOBA
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Interest expense on debt
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Other expenses
 (24) 4
 (2) 
 (99) (121)
 Goodwill impairment
 
 
 
 
 
 
Provision for income tax (expense) benefit(66) (269) 89
 (26) (517) 12
 (777)
Adjusted earnings$1,303
 $606
 $227
 $194
 $297
 $(311) $2,316
Less: Preferred stock dividends          109
 109
Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders          $(420) $2,207
               
Premiums, fees and other revenues$11,881
 $4,178
 $1,655
 $1,366
 $2,484
 $263
 $21,827
Less: adjustments to premiums, fees and other revenues
 80
 (3) 9
 43
 81
 210
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues$11,881
 $4,098
 $1,658
 $1,357
 $2,441
 $182
 $21,617













112


Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
  U.S. Asia Latin America EMEA MetLife Holdings Corporate& Other Total
  (In millions)
Net income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.'s common shareholders$1,614
 $956
 $258
 $179
 $677
 $(651) $3,033
Add: Preferred stock dividends
 
 
 
 
 89
 89
Add: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests
 
 5
 1
 
 3
 9
Net income (loss)$1,614
 $956
 $263
 $180
 $677
 $(559) $3,131
Less: adjustments from net income (loss) to adjusted earnings available to common shareholders:             
Revenues:
 Net investment gains (losses)(19) 10
 12
 5
 110
 (42) 76
 Net derivative gains (losses)334
 494
 96
 
 44
 (129) 839
 Premiums
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Universal life and investment-type product policy fees
 22
 
 9
 44
 
 75
 Net investment income(112) 92
 3
 840
 (63) 6
 766
 Other revenues
 4
 
 
 
 137
 141
Expenses:
 Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends(12) (3) (131) 19
 (119) 3
 (243)
 Interest credited to policyholder account balances9
 (138) (29) (806) 
 
 (964)
 Capitalization of DAC
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Amortization of DAC and VOBA
 (23) 
 2
 60
 
 39
 Amortization of negative VOBA
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Interest expense on debt
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Other expenses
 (1) 6
 (25) 
 (150) (170)
 Goodwill impairment
 
 
 
 
 
 
Provision for income tax (expense) benefit(42) (216) 13
 (27) (15) 27
 (260)
Adjusted earnings$1,456
 $715
 $293
 $163
 $616
 $(411) $2,832
Less: Preferred stock dividends          89
 89
Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders          $(500) $2,743
               
Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders on a constant currency basis (1)$1,456
 $703
 $246
 $156
 $616
 $(500) $2,677
               
Premiums, fees and other revenues$12,789
 $4,210
 $2,006
 $1,337
 $2,587
 $354
 $23,283
Less: adjustments to premiums, fees and other revenues
 26
 
 9
 44
 137
 216
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues$12,789
 $4,184
 $2,006
 $1,328
 $2,543
 $217
 $23,067
               
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues on a constant currency basis (1)$12,789
 $4,190
 $1,735
 $1,297
 $2,543
 $217
 $22,771
__________________
(1)Amounts for U.S., MetLife Holdings and Corporate & Other are shown on a reported basis, as constant currency impact is not significant.

113


Consolidated Results —Adjusted— Adjusted Earnings
Business Overview.Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues for the three months ended June 30, 2020 decreased $1.5 billion,2021 increased $721 million, or 13%7%, compared to the prior period. Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues, net of foreign currency fluctuations, decreased $1.3 billion,increased $572 million, or 11%5%, compared to the prior period, primarily due to a decreasegrowth in our U.S. segment, which includes significant impacts fromdespite a decrease of $835 million attributable to the COVID-19 Pandemicdisposition of MetLife P&C. The increase in our U.S. segment was due to growth in our Group Benefits business, including the acquisition of Versant Health, as well as higher premiums in our Retirement and related restrictions.Income Solutions (“RIS”) business. In addition, a decreaseour Asia segment, adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues were essentially flat compared to the prior period. Higher sales and persistency in Mexico coupled with higher annuitizations in Chile due to improved market conditions, resulted in an increase in adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues in our Latin America segment was mainly driven by lower annuitizationssegment. An increase in Chile during the COVID-19 Pandemic, resulting in lower annuity sales. A declineadjusted premiums, fees and other revenues in our AsiaEMEA segment was primarily due to growth in our corporate solutions, accident & health and life businesses, as well as certain actuarial refinements in Italy, partially offset by the disposition of MetLife Hong Kong. An increase inRussia. In our EMEA segment was due to growth across the region. Our MetLife Holdings segment, consists of operations relating to products and businesses, previously included in our former retail business, that we no longer actively market in the United States. We anticipate an average decline in adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues of approximately 5% to 7% per year in our MetLife Holdings segment from expected business run-off.
Three Months Ended June 30, 20202021 Compared with the Three Months Ended June 30, 20192020
Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of income tax.
OverviewOverview.. The primary driverdrivers of the decreaseincrease in adjusted earnings was lowerwere higher investment yields. This wasyields due to strong returns in our private equity portfolio and the release of a legal reserve in the current period, partially offset by higherunfavorable underwriting, which reflected impacts from the COVID-19 Pandemic, and the disposition of MetLife P&C. The disposition of MetLife P&C decreased adjusted earnings by $83 million. All amounts discussed below are net investment income due to a larger asset base, a decrease in expenses, including interest credited expenses, and lower DAC amortization.of the results of this business.
Foreign CurrencyCurrency.. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates had a $41$47 million negativepositive impact on adjusted earnings for the second quarter of 20202021 compared to the prior period. Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of foreign currency fluctuations. Foreign currency fluctuations can result in significant variances in the financial statement line items.
Business Growth. We benefited from positive net flows from manyin most of our businesses, which increased our invested asset base. Growth in the investment portfolios of our U.S., Asia MetLife Holdings and Latin America segments resulted in higher net investment income. However, consistent with the growth in average invested assets, interest credited expenses on certain insurance-related liabilities increased. LowerIn addition, higher premiums, fees and other revenues, net of associatedcorresponding changes in policyholder benefits was driven byimproved adjusted earnings, primarily from growth in our Asia and EMEA segments, partially offset by a decline in our Latin America segments. In addition, we had lowersegment. Higher fee income in our EMEA, Latin America and Asia segments was partially offset by decreases in our MetLife Holdings segment. Anand U.S. segments. Also, an increase in expenses was primarily due to business growth was more than offset by the 2020 reinstatementrelated increase in DAC capitalization and the 2021 abatement of the annual health insurer fee under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (“PPACA”) and was more than offset by a corresponding increase in premiums, fees and other revenues.. The combined impact of the items affecting our business growth, in addition to lowerhigher DAC amortization, resulted in an $86a $68 million increase in adjusted earnings.
Market Factors. Market factors, including interest rate levels, variability in equity market returns, and foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, continued to impact our results; however, certain impacts were mitigated by derivatives used to hedge these risks. Excluding the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates on net investment income in our non-U.S. segments and changes in inflation rates on our inflation-indexed investments, investment yields decreased. Investmentincreased. The increase in investment yields were negatively affectedwas primarily driven by lowerthe favorable impact of equity market returns on our private equity funds, and real estate investments, andpartially offset by lower yields on fixed income securities and mortgage loans. These decreases were partially offset by higherdecreased returns on FVO Securities, and higherSecurities. The net investment income on derivatives. The impact of interest rate fluctuations resulted in a decreasedecline in our average interest credited rates on deposit-type and long-duration liabilities, which drove a decrease in interest credited expenses. The changes in market factors discussed above resulted in an $1.3 billion increase in adjusted earnings.
Underwriting. Unfavorable underwriting resulted in a $739$101 million decrease in adjusted earnings.
Underwritingearnings and Other Insurance Adjustments. Underwriting results, which include both positive and negativereflected impacts from the COVID-19 Pandemic and related restrictions, resulted in a $23 million increase in adjusted earnings. This was primarily due to favorable morbidityPandemic. Unfavorable claims experience in our U.S. and EMEA segments, as well as a decrease in non-catastrophe claims in our Property & Casualty business. These favorable results were partially offset bycoupled with unfavorable mortality in our U.S.Latin America segment, was partially offset by favorable mortality and claims experience in our MetLife Holdings segmentssegment and higher catastrophe-related claimsfavorable mortality in our Property & Casualty business. Refinements to DAC and certain insurance-related liabilities in both periods resulted in an $8 million decrease in adjusted earnings.U.S. segment.
Expenses. Expenses decreasedAdjusted earnings increased $85 million compared to the prior period, which resulted in a $141 million increase in adjusted earnings, primarily due to declinesthe release of a legal reserve in costs associated with corporate initiatives and projects and lower employee-related costs, as well as declines in various other expenses.the current period.
103

Taxes.. For both the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019,2021, our effective tax rate on adjusted earnings was 19%. Our22%, which differed from the U.S. statutory rate of 21% primarily due to tax charges from foreign earnings taxed at different rates than the U.S. statutory rate, partially offset by tax benefits from tax credits and non-taxable investment income. For the three months ended June 30, 2020, our effective tax rate on adjusted earnings was 19%, which differed from the U.S. statutory rate of 21% primarily due to tax benefits from tax credits and non-taxable investment income, and tax credits, partially offset by tax charges from foreign earnings taxed at different rates than the U.S. statutory rate.
Six Months Ended June 30, 20202021 Compared with the Six Months Ended June 30, 20192020
Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of income tax.

114


OverviewOverview.. The primary driverdrivers of the decreaseincrease in adjusted earnings was lowerwere higher investment yields. This was partially offset by higheryields due to strong returns in our private equity portfolio, an increase in net investment income due to a larger asset base, and a decrease in expenses, includinglower interest credited expenses.expenses and the release of a legal reserve in the current period, partially offset by unfavorable underwriting, which reflected impacts from the COVID-19 Pandemic, and the disposition of MetLife P&C. The disposition of MetLife P&C decreased adjusted earnings by $192 million. All amounts discussed below are net of the results of this business.
Foreign CurrencyCurrency.. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates had a $66$64 million negativepositive impact on adjusted earnings for the first six months of 20202021 compared to the prior period. Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of foreign currency fluctuations. Foreign currency fluctuations can result in significant variances in the financial statement line items.
Business GrowthGrowth.. We benefited from positive net flows from manyin most of our businesses, which increased our invested asset base. Growth in the investment portfolios of our U.S., Asia MetLife Holdings and Latin America segments resulted in higher net investment income. However, consistent with the growth in average invested assets, interest credited expenses on certain insurance-related liabilities increased. LowerIn addition, higher premiums, net of associatedcorresponding changes in policyholder benefits improved adjusted earnings, primarily from growth in our Asia and Latin AmericaEMEA segments, was partially offset by an increasea decline in our EMEALatin America segment. In addition, lowerLower fee income in our EMEA and MetLife Holdings segmentsegments was partially offset by increases in our non-U.S.Asia, Latin America and U.S. segments. AnAlso, an increase in expenses was primarily due to business growth was more than offset by the 2020 reinstatementrelated increase in DAC capitalization and the 2021 abatement of the annual health insurer fee under the PPACA and was more than offset by a corresponding increase in premiums, fees and other revenues.PPACA. The combined impact of the items affecting our business growth, in addition to lower DAC amortization, resulted in a $167$121 millionincrease in adjusted earnings.
Market FactorsFactors.. Market factors, including interest rate levels, variability in equity market returns, and foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, continued to impact our results; however, certain impacts were mitigated by derivatives used to hedge these risks. Excluding the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates on net investment income in our non-U.S. segments and changes in inflation rates on our inflation-indexed investments, investment yields decreased. Investmentincreased. The increase in investment yields were negatively affectedwas primarily driven by lowerthe favorable impact of equity market returns on our private equity funds, and FVO Securities, andpartially offset by lower yields on fixed income securities and mortgage loans. These decreases were partially offset by higherdecreased returns on FVO Securities. The net investment income on derivatives. The impact of interest rate fluctuations resulted in a decreasedecline in our average interest credited rates on deposit-type and long-duration liabilities, which drove a decrease in interest credited expenses. The changes in market factors discussed above resulted in a $799$2.1 billion increase in adjusted earnings.
Underwriting. Unfavorable underwriting resulted in a $369 million decrease in adjusted earnings.
Underwritingearnings and Other Insurance Adjustments. Underwriting results, which include both positive and negativereflected impacts from the COVID-19 Pandemic and related restrictions, resulted in a $29 million decrease in adjusted earnings. This was primarily due to unfavorablePandemic. Unfavorable mortality in our U.S. and MetLife HoldingsLatin America segments, higher claims and lapses in our Asia segment, and higher catastrophe-related claims in our Property & Casualty business. These unfavorable impacts werewas partially offset by net favorable morbidity in our U.S., EMEA and MetLife Holdings segments and a decrease in non-catastrophe claims in our Property & Casualty business. Refinements to DAC and certain insurance-related liabilities in both periods resulted in a $26 million decrease in adjusted earnings, primarilyexperience. Favorable claims experience in our MetLife Holdings and Asia segments was partially offset by unfavorable claims experience in our EMEA and U.S. segments.segment.
Expenses. Expenses decreasedAdjusted earnings increased $121 million compared to the prior period, which resulted in a $201 million increase in adjusted earnings, primarily due to the release of a legal reserve in the current period, declines in costs associated with corporate initiatives and projectscertain corporate-related expenses, and lower employee-related costs, as well as declines in various otherinterest expenses partially offset by higher interest expense on tax positions due to prioraudit settlements in the current period, audit settlements.partially offset by higher employee-related costs.
TaxesTaxes.. For the six months ended June 30, 2021, our effective tax rate on adjusted earnings was equal to the statutory rate of 21% as tax charges from foreign earnings taxed at different rates than the U.S. statutory rate were offset by tax benefits from tax credits, non-taxable investment income and the corporate tax deduction for stock compensation. For the six months ended June 30, 2020, our effective tax rate on adjusted earnings was 18%. Our effective tax rate, which differed from the U.S. statutory rate of 21% primarily due to tax benefits from tax credits, non-taxable investment income tax credits and the finalization of bankruptcy proceedings for a leveraged lease investment, partially offset by tax charges from foreign earnings taxed at different rates than the U.S. statutory rate. For the six months ended June 30, 2019, our effective tax rate on adjusted earnings was 19%. Our effective tax rate differed from the U.S. statutory rate of 21% primarily due to tax benefits from non-taxable investment income and tax credits, partially offset by tax charges from foreign earnings taxed at different rates than the U.S. statutory rate.

104
115


Segment Results and Corporate & Other
U.S.
Business Overview.Overview. Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues for the three months ended June 30, 2020 decreased $1.0 billion,2021 increased $444 million, or 15%8%, compared to the prior period, attributable to lower premiums across all of our businesses. The decrease in Retirement and Income Solutions (“RIS”) was mainly driven by a declineperiod. Growth in our pension risk transferGroup Benefits business, as well as decreasesincluding the acquisition of Versant Health, coupled with an increase in premiums in our income annuity and structured settlement businesses due to market conditions. Changes in RIS premiums are mostlybusiness, was largely offset by a corresponding changedecrease of $835 million attributable to the disposition of MetLife P&C. See Note 3 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding this disposition. The increase in policyholder benefits. The decrease inour Group Benefits business was primarily due to lowerhigher dental and vision premiums, driven by the impact of an unearned premium reserve established in the prior period to recognize the limited availability of services that could be provided due to the COVID-19 Pandemic restrictions, as well as the impact of premium credits we offered to our customers in the prior period due to such restrictions. Partially offsetting this decrease is growth in our other core and voluntary products despite negative pressures fromrestrictions, coupled with the economiccurrent period impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic. GrowthVersant Health acquisition. In addition, growth in our other core products was driven by increases in ourthe group life and group disability businesses. Growth from our group life business included increased premiums from our participating contracts, which can fluctuate with claims experience. Growth in our voluntary products increased across the segment, driven bywas due to the impact of new sales and growth in membership in our accident & health and legal plans businesses. The decreaseincrease in Property & Casualtypremiums in RIS was primarilymainly driven by premium credits we offered to customersincreases in our auto business as a result of lower miles driven due to the COVID-19 Pandemic restrictions, as well asU.K. longevity reinsurance and institutional income annuity businesses, partially offset by a decrease in exposuresthe structured settlement business. Changes in both the auto and home businesses.RIS premiums are mostly offset by a corresponding change in policyholder benefits.
Growth in RIS’s stable value and capital market investments businesses drove an increaseincreases in policyholder account and separate account balances, resulting in higher fees and interest margins.
Three Months
Ended
June 30,
Six Months
Ended
June 30,
2021202020212020
(In millions)
Adjusted revenues
Premiums$5,474 $5,184 $11,173 $10,858 
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees282 268 579 543 
Net investment income1,998 1,425 4,008 3,191 
Other revenues380 240 776 480 
Total adjusted revenues8,134 7,117 16,536 15,072 
Adjusted expenses
Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends5,739 5,038 11,881 10,473 
Interest credited to policyholder account balances359 412 718 870 
Capitalization of DAC(13)(122)(31)(234)
Amortization of DAC and VOBA115 24 234 
Interest expense on debt
Other expenses898 1,012 1,809 2,078 
Total adjusted expenses6,993 6,457 14,404 13,425 
Provision for income tax expense (benefit)239 137 446 344 
Adjusted earnings$902 $523 $1,686 $1,303 
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues$6,136 $5,692 $12,528 $11,881 
105

 Three Months
Ended
June 30,
 Six Months
Ended
June 30,
 2020 2019 2020 2019
 (In millions)
Adjusted revenues       
Premiums$5,184
 $6,234
 $10,858
 $11,801
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees268
 274
 543
 544
Net investment income1,425
 1,795
 3,191
 3,514
Other revenues240
 223
 480
 444
Total adjusted revenues7,117
 8,526
 15,072
 16,303
Adjusted expenses       
Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends5,038
 6,101
 10,473
 11,474
Interest credited to policyholder account balances412
 504
 870
 1,005
Capitalization of DAC(122) (127) (234) (241)
Amortization of DAC and VOBA115
 117
 234
 231
Interest expense on debt2
 3
 4
 5
Other expenses1,012
 1,009
 2,078
 2,002
Total adjusted expenses6,457
 7,607
 13,425
 14,476
Provision for income tax expense (benefit)137
 187
 344
 371
Adjusted earnings$523
 $732
 $1,303
 $1,456
        
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues$5,692
 $6,731
 $11,881
 $12,789
Three Months Ended June 30, 20202021 Compared with the Three Months Ended June 30, 20192020
Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of income tax.
The disposition of MetLife P&C decreased adjusted earnings by $83 million. All amounts discussed below are net of the results of this business.
Business GrowthGrowth. . The impact of positive flows from pension risk transfer transactions in 2019,and funding agreement issuances and structured settlements resulted in higher average invested assets, improving net investment income. However, consistent with the growth in average invested assets, interest credited expenses on long-duration and deposit-type liabilities increased. An increase in expenses was primarily due to the 2020 reinstatement of the annual health insurer fee under the PPACA and was more than offset by a corresponding increase in premiums, fees and other revenues. The combined impact of the items affecting our business growth increased adjusted earnings by $29 million.

116


Market Factors. Market factors, including interest rate levels, variability in equity market returns and foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, continued to impact our results; however, certain impacts were mitigated by derivatives used to hedge these risks. Investment yields decreased, primarily driven by lower returns on private equity funds, as well as lower yields on fixed income securities and mortgage loans. The impact of interest rate fluctuations resulted in a decrease in our average interest credited rates on deposit-type and long-duration liabilities, which drove a decrease in interest credited expenses. The changes in market factors discussed above resulted in a $241 million decrease in adjusted earnings.
Underwriting and Other Insurance Adjustments. Unfavorable mortality in our Group Benefits business resulted in a decrease in adjusted earnings of $161 million. This was primarily driven by the impact of COVID-19 claims experience across our life businesses, as well as the impact of lower incidence in the prior period in our term life business, partially offset by favorable results in our accidental death & dismemberment business due to lower incidence as a result of the COVID-19 Pandemic restrictions. Favorable claims experience, coupled with the impact of growth in our Group Benefits business resulted in a $97 million increase in adjusted earnings. This increase was primarily driven by: (i) favorable dental results, driven by the impact of the COVID-19-Pandemic restrictions which limited availability of services and reduced utilization in the current period; (ii) the impact of growth and favorable claims experience in our accident & health and critical illness businesses; and (iii) favorable claims experience in our group disability business, partially offset by less favorable individual disability results. Favorable mortality in our RIS business resulted in an increase in adjusted earnings of $43 million, as favorable mortality in our pension risk transfer and institutional annuity businesses was partially offset by less favorable results in our specialized benefit resource business. In our Property & Casualty business, adjusted earnings increased $34 million due to a $71 million decrease in non-catastrophe claims costs, partially offset by a $27 million increase in catastrophe-related claims costs and the impact of adverse prior period development of $9 million. The decrease in non-catastrophe claims costs was the result of lower frequencies, primarily in our auto business, driven by the impact of lower mileage driven due to the impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic restrictions, partially offset by higher severity. Refinements to certain insurance and other liabilities in both periods resulted in an $12 million decrease in adjusted earnings.
Six Months Ended June 30, 2020 Compared with the Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of income tax.
Business Growth. The impact of positive flows from pension risk transfer transactions in 2019, funding agreement issuances and structured settlements resulted in higher average invested assets, improving net investment income. However, consistent with the growth in average invested assets, interest credited expenses on long-duration and deposit-type liabilities increased. Higher volume-related, premium tax and direct expenses, driven by business growth, coupled withwere partially offset by the increase due to the 2020 reinstatement2021 abatement of the annual health insurer fee under the PPACA, werePPACA. This net increase in expenses was more than offset by a corresponding increase in adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues. The combined impact of the items affecting our business growth increased adjusted earnings by $52$25 million.
Market FactorsFactors.. Market factors, including interest rate levels, variability in equity market returns and foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, continued to impact our results; however, certain impacts were mitigated by derivatives used to hedge these risks. Investment yields decreasedincreased primarily driven by lowerthe favorable impact of equity market returns on our private equity funds, partially offset by lower yields on fixed income securities. The net impact of interest rate fluctuations resulted in a decline in our average interest credited rates on deposit-type and long-duration liabilities, which drove a decrease in interest credited expenses. The changes in market factors discussed above resulted in a $511 million increase in adjusted earnings.
Underwriting and Other Insurance Adjustments. Less unfavorable mortality in our Group Benefits business resulted in an increase in adjusted earnings of $25 million. This was primarily driven by decreases in both incidence and severity in COVID-19 claims in the current period, partially offset by unfavorable results in our accidental death & dismemberment business due to lower incidence in the prior period as wella result of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Unfavorable mortality in our RIS business, including the impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic, resulted in a decrease in adjusted earnings of $12 million, driven by our pension risk transfer and institutional income annuity businesses, partially offset by favorable results in our specialized benefit resource business. Unfavorable claims experience, partially offset by the impact of growth in our Group Benefits business, resulted in a $53 million decrease in adjusted earnings. This decrease was primarily driven by: (i) unfavorable dental results, as a result of the COVID-19 Pandemic, which limited availability of services and reduced utilization in the prior period; and (ii) unfavorable claims experience in our group disability and accident & health businesses. This unfavorable claims experience was partially offset by (i) favorable claims experience in our individual disability business; (ii) the impact of the acquisition of Versant Health on our vision business; and (iii) the impact of business growth in our accident & health business. Refinements to certain insurance and other liabilities in both periods resulted in a $28 million decrease in adjusted earnings.
Six Months Ended June 30, 2021 Compared with the Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of income tax.
The disposition of MetLife P&C decreased adjusted earnings by $192 million. All amounts discussed below are net of the results of this business.
Business Growth. The impact of positive flows from pension risk transfer transactions and funding agreement issuances resulted in higher average invested assets, improving net investment income. However, consistent with the growth in average invested assets, interest credited expenses on long-duration and deposit-type liabilities increased. Higher volume-related, premium tax and direct expenses, driven by business growth, were partially offset by the 2021 abatement of the annual health insurer fee under the PPACA. This net increase in expenses was more than offset by a corresponding increase in adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues. The combined impact of the items affecting our business growth increased adjusted earnings by $73 million.
Market Factors. Market factors, including interest rate levels, variability in equity market returns and foreign currency fluctuations, continued to impact our results; however, certain impacts were mitigated by derivatives used to hedge these risks. Investment yields increased primarily driven by the favorable impact of equity market returns on our private equity funds, partially offset by lower yields on fixed income securities and mortgage loans. The net impact of interest rate fluctuations resulted in a decrease in our average interest credited rates on deposit-type and long-duration liabilities, which drove a decrease in interest credited expenses. The changes in market factors discussed above resulted in a $188$779 million decreaseincrease in adjusted earnings.
106

Underwriting and Other Insurance AdjustmentsAdjustments. . Unfavorable mortality in our Group Benefits business resulted in a decrease in adjusted earnings of $203$277 million. This was primarily driven by the impact of(i) increases in both incidence and severity in both COVID-19 and core claims experience across our life businesses as well as the impact of lower incidence in the prior period in our term life business, partially offset by favorableand (ii) unfavorable results in our accidental death & dismemberment business due to lower incidence in the prior period as a result of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Favorable mortality in our RIS business, including the impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic, restrictions. Favorable claims experience, coupled withresulted in an increase in adjusted earnings of $35 million, driven by our pension risk transfer, specialized benefit resource and structured settlement businesses, partially offset by unfavorable results in the institutional income annuity business. The impact of growth in our Group Benefits business resulted in a $108 million increase in adjusted earnings. This increase was offset by net unfavorable claims experience, primarily driven by:due to: (i) the impact of growth andthe acquisition of Versant Health on our vision business; (ii) favorable claims experience in the individual disability and accident & health businesses, and (iii) the impact of business growth in our accident & health business; offset by (i) unfavorable claims experience in the group disability business, and critical illness businesses; (ii) favorableunfavorable dental results, driven byas a result of the impact of COVID-19 Pandemic, restrictions which limited availability of services and reduced utilization in the current period; and (iii) favorable claims experience in our group disability business, partially offset by less favorable individual disability results. Favorable mortality in our RIS business resulted in an increase in adjusted earnings $43 million, as favorable mortality in our pension risk transfer and institutional annuity businesses was partially offset by less favorable results in our specialized benefit resource business. In our Property & Casualty business, adjusted earnings increased $34 million due to a $96 million decrease in non-catastrophe claims costs, partially offset by the impact of adverse prior period development of $32 million and an increase in catastrophe-related claims costs of $30 million. The decrease in non-catastrophe claims costs was the result of lower frequencies, primarily in our auto business, driven by the impact of lower mileage driven due to the impact of COVID-19 Pandemic restrictions, partially offset by higher severity.period. Refinements to certain insurance and other liabilities in both periods resulted in an $8a $31 million decrease in adjusted earnings.

107
117


Asia
Business Overview. Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues for the three months ended June 30, 2020 decreased $452021 increased $19 million, or 2%1%, compared to the prior period. Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues, net of foreign currency fluctuations, decreased $55 million, or 3%,were flat compared to the prior period mainly due to the disposition of MetLife Hong Kongas growth in foreign currency-denominated life and annuities products in Japan, as well as business growth in other markets, was essentially offset by a decrease in premiums from yen-denominated life products, partially offset by growth inand accident &and health and foreign currency-denominated life products in Japan.products.
Three Months
Ended
June 30,
 Six Months
Ended
June 30,
Three Months
Ended
June 30,
Six Months
Ended
June 30,
2020
2019 2020 20192021202020212020
(In millions)(In millions)
Adjusted revenues       Adjusted revenues
Premiums$1,584
 $1,631
 $3,220
 $3,330
Premiums$1,582 $1,584 $3,267 $3,220 
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees420
 419
 850
 825
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees436 420 894 850 
Net investment income767
 944
 1,704
 1,824
Net investment income1,158 767 2,422 1,704 
Other revenues14
 13
 28
 29
Other revenues19 14 37 28 
Total adjusted revenues2,785
 3,007
 5,802
 6,008
Total adjusted revenues3,195 2,785 6,620 5,802 
Adjusted expenses       Adjusted expenses
Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends1,255
 1,279
 2,576
 2,598
Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends1,233 1,255 2,530 2,576 
Interest credited to policyholder account balances447
 424
 892
 827
Interest credited to policyholder account balances496 447 985 892 
Capitalization of DAC(351) (472) (772) (951)Capitalization of DAC(395)(351)(830)(772)
Amortization of DAC and VOBA284
 312
 599
 619
Amortization of DAC and VOBA296 284 610 599 
Amortization of negative VOBA(8) (7) (16) (16)Amortization of negative VOBA(8)(8)(15)(16)
Other expenses797
 955
 1,671
 1,910
Other expenses832 797 1,731 1,671 
Total adjusted expenses2,424
 2,491
 4,950
 4,987
Total adjusted expenses2,454 2,424 5,011 4,950 
Provision for income tax expense (benefit)105
 157
 246
 306
Provision for income tax expense (benefit)221 105 466 246 
Adjusted earnings$256
 $359
 $606
 $715
Adjusted earnings$520 $256 $1,143 $606 
       
Adjusted earnings on a constant currency basis$256
 $353
 $606
 $703
Adjusted earnings on a constant currency basis$520 $272 $1,143 $639 
       
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues$2,018
 $2,063
 $4,098
 $4,184
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues$2,037 $2,018 $4,198 $4,098 
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues on a constant currency basis$2,018
 $2,073
 $4,098
 $4,190
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues on a constant currency basis$2,037$2,040$4,198$4,201
Three Months Ended June 30, 20202021 Compared with the Three Months Ended June 30, 20192020
Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of income tax.
Foreign Currency. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates decreasedincreased adjusted earnings by $6$16 million for the second quarter of 20202021 compared to the prior period, primarily due to the weakeningstrengthening of the Australian dollar and Korean won against the U.S. dollar. Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of foreign currency fluctuations. Foreign currency fluctuations can result in significant variances in the financial statement line items.
Business Growth. Asia’s adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues remained essentially flat as compared to the prior period as discussed above; however, a decline in policyholder benefits improved adjusted earnings. Positive net flows in Japan and Korea resulted in higher average invested assets, which improved net investment income. The increase in net investment income was partially offset by a corresponding increase in interest credited expenses on certain insurance liabilities. Asia’s premiums, fees and other revenues decreased compared to the prior period as discussed above; however, this was partially offset by a related decline in policyholder benefits. Lower commissions and other variable expenses, net of DAC capitalization, resulted in an increase to adjusted earnings. The combined impact of the items affecting our business growth improved adjusted earnings by $29$25 million.

118108


Market Factors. Market factors, including interest rate levels and variability in equity market returns, continued to impact our results; however, certain impacts were mitigated by derivatives used to hedge these risks. Investment yields were unfavorably impactedincreased driven by lowerthe favorable impact of equity market returns fromon our private equity funds, and hedge funds, in addition topartially offset by lower yields on fixed income securities supporting products sold in Japan denominated in U.S. dollar,and Australian dollar and, to a lesser extent, Japanese yen, all sold in Japan.dollars. In addition, net investment income decreased due to the disposition of MetLife Hong Kong.a decrease in interest credited expense improved adjusted earnings. The changes in market factors discussed above decreasedincreased adjusted earnings by $143$225 million.
Underwriting and Other Insurance Adjustments.Higher claims and lapses in Japan decreased adjusted earnings by $9 million. Refinements to certain insurance liabilities and other liabilities in both periods resulted in a $9 million increase in adjusted earnings.
Expenses. Expenses decreased by $11 million, primarily driven by lower expenses in Japan, including advertising, printing and travel costs, as well as lower corporate overhead.
Six Months Ended June 30, 20202021 Compared with the Six Months Ended June 30, 20192020
Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of income tax.
Foreign Currency. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates decreasedincreased adjusted earnings by $12$33 million for the first six months of 20202021 compared to the prior period, primarily due to the weakeningstrengthening of the Australian dollar, and Korean won and Japanese Yen against the U.S. dollar. Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of foreign currency fluctuations. Foreign currency fluctuations can result in significant variances in the financial statement line items.
Business Growth. Asia’s adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues remained essentially flat as compared to the prior period; however, a decline in policyholder benefits improved adjusted earnings. Positive net flows in Japan and Korea resulted in higher average invested assets, which improved net investment income. The increase in net investment income was partiallymore than offset by a corresponding increase in interest credited expenses on certain insurance liabilities. Asia’s premiums, fees and other revenues decreased compared to the prior period as discussed above; however, this was partially offset by a related decline in policyholder benefits. Lower commissions and other variable expenses, net of DAC capitalization, resulted in an increase to adjusted earnings. The combined impact of the items affecting our business growth improved adjusted earnings by $79$33 million.
Market Factors. Market factors, including interest rate levels and variability in equity market returns, continued to impact our results; however, certain impacts were mitigated by derivatives used to hedge these risks. Investment yields were unfavorably impactedincreased driven by lowerthe favorable impact of equity market returns fromon our private equity funds, in addition topartially offset by lower yields on fixed income securities supporting products sold in Japan denominated in U.S. dollar,and Australian dollar and, to a lesser extent, Japanese yen, all sold in Japan.dollars. In addition, net investment income decreased due to the disposition of MetLife Hong Kong.a decrease in interest credited expense improved adjusted earnings. The changes in market factors discussed above decreasedincreased adjusted earnings by $160$430 million.
Underwriting and Other Insurance Adjustments. HigherLower claims, andpartially offset by higher lapses, in Japan and lapses in Korea decreasedincreased adjusted earnings by $33$26 million. Refinements to certain insurance liabilities and other liabilities in both periodsthe prior period resulted in a $5$9 million increase in adjusted earnings.
Expenses. Expenses decreasedAdjusted earnings increased by $6$11 million, primarily due todriven by lower operating expenses in Japan including advertising, printing and travel costs, partially offset by higherlower corporate overhead.

109
119


Latin America
Business Overview.Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues for the three months ended June 30, 2020 decreased $3272021 increased $197 million, or 31%27%, compared to the prior period. Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues, net of foreign currency fluctuations, decreased $145increased $100 million, or 16%12%, compared to the prior period, mainly driven by lower annuitizationshigher sales and persistency in Chile duringMexico and an improvement in the COVID-19 Pandemic, resultingannuity market in lower annuity sales.Chile.
Three Months
Ended
June 30,
 Six Months
Ended
June 30,
Three Months
Ended
June 30,
Six Months
Ended
June 30,
2020 2019 2020 20192021202020212020
(In millions)(In millions)
Adjusted revenues       Adjusted revenues
Premiums$489
 $773
 $1,129
 $1,419
Premiums$636 $489 $1,231 $1,129 
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees238
 280
 508
 564
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees287 238 557 508 
Net investment income260
 360
 478
 656
Net investment income308 260 607 478 
Other revenues10
 11
 21
 23
Other revenues11 10 21 21 
Total adjusted revenues997
 1,424
 2,136
 2,662
Total adjusted revenues1,242 997 2,416 2,136 
Adjusted expenses       Adjusted expenses
Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends449
 790
 1,059
 1,387
Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends724 449 1,485 1,059 
Interest credited to policyholder account balances56
 86
 126
 180
Interest credited to policyholder account balances60 56 119 126 
Capitalization of DAC(74) (100) (174) (194)Capitalization of DAC(100)(74)(195)(174)
Amortization of DAC and VOBA70
 79
 144
 157
Amortization of DAC and VOBA83 70 143 144 
Interest expense on debt1
 1
 2
 2
Interest expense on debt
Other expenses307
 352
 652
 718
Other expenses343 307 678 652 
Total adjusted expenses809
 1,208
 1,809
 2,250
Total adjusted expenses1,111 809 2,232 1,809 
Provision for income tax expense (benefit)56
 57
 100
 119
Provision for income tax expense (benefit)34 56 47 100 
Adjusted earnings$132
 $159
 $227
 $293
Adjusted earnings$97 $132 $137 $227 
       
Adjusted earnings on a constant currency basis$132
 $128
 $227
 $246
Adjusted earnings on a constant currency basis$97 $157 $137 $250 
       
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues$737
 $1,064
 $1,658
 $2,006
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues$934 $737 $1,809 $1,658 
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues on a constant currency basis$737
 $882
 $1,658
 $1,735
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues on a constant currency basis$934 $834 $1,809 $1,762 
Three Months Ended June 30, 20202021 Compared with the Three Months Ended June 30, 20192020
Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of income tax.
Foreign CurrencyCurrency.. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates decreasedincreased adjusted earnings by $31$25 million for the second quarter of 2020 compared to the prior perioddue to the weakening of foreign currencies against the U.S. dollar, primarily the Mexican and Chilean pesos. Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of foreign currency fluctuations. Foreign currency fluctuations can result in significant variances in the financial statement line items.
Business Growth.Despite the aforementioned decrease in annuity premiums in Chile driven by the COVID-19 Pandemic, Latin America experienced growth in Mexico and in other businesses in Chile. The decrease in premiums in Chile was partially offset by related changes in policyholder benefits. An increase in average invested assets, primarily from Chile, generated higher net investment income. In addition, policy fee income increased in our universal life business in Mexico. Although DAC capitalization decreased and commissions and other variable expenses increased, this was largely offset by decreases in interest credited expenses on certain insurance liabilities. The combined impact of the items affecting business growth resulted in a slight increase in adjusted earnings.
Market Factors. Market factors, including interest rate levels and variability in equity market returns, continued to impact our results; however, certain impacts were mitigated by derivatives used to hedge these risks. Investment yields were essentially unchanged, as higher yields on FVO Securities due to the favorable impact of equity markets on our Chilean encaje were offset by lower yields on fixed income securities, as well as lower returns on private equity funds and other investments. The changes in market factors discussed above, as well as a decrease in interest credited expenses, increased adjusted earnings by $6 million.

120


Underwriting. The impact of claims from the COVID-19 Pandemic were more than offset by lower utilization and favorable underwriting in Mexico and Chile, which resulted in a $5 million increase to adjusted earnings.
Expenses and Taxes. Expenses were essentially unchanged, driven by a current period information technology charge, which was offset by lower expenses due to the COVID-19 Pandemic restrictions. Tax-related adjustments in both periods resulted in a net decrease in adjusted earnings of $7 million.
Six Months Ended June 30, 2020 Compared with the Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of income tax.
Foreign Currency. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates decreased adjusted earnings by $47 million for the first six months of 20202021 compared to the prior period, mainly due to the weakeningstrengthening of foreign currencies against the U.S. dollar, mainlyprimarily the Chilean and Mexican pesos. Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of foreign currency fluctuations. Foreign currency fluctuations can result in significant variances in the financial statement line items.
Business GrowthGrowth. Latin America experienced growth across several lines of business, primarily within Mexico and Chile. While this growth resulted in increased premiums and policy fee income, it was offset by related changes in policyholder benefits. An increase in average invested assets, primarily in Chile, generated higher net investment income. Although business growth drove an increase in commissions and other variable expenses, this was more than offset by a corresponding increase in DAC capitalization and lower interest credited expense on certain insurance liabilities. The combined impact of the items affecting business growth increased adjusted earnings by $12 million.
110

Market Factors. Market factors, including interest rate levels and variability in equity market returns, continued to impact our results; however, certain impacts were mitigated by derivatives used to hedge these risks. Investment yields decreased driven by the unfavorable impact of rising rates on FVO Securities within our Chilean encaje and lower yields on fixed income securities, partially offset by higher returns on private equity funds. The decrease in investment yields was partially offset by lower interest credited expense. The changes in market factors discussed above decreased adjusted earnings by $30 million.
Underwriting. Unfavorable underwriting drove a $54 million decrease in adjusted earnings which includes impacts from COVID-19-related claims, primarily in Brazil and Mexico.
Expenses. A decrease in expenses, primarily due to a prior period information technology charge, resulted in an $8 million increase in adjusted earnings.
Six Months Ended June 30, 2021 Compared with the Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of income tax.
Foreign Currency. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates increased adjusted earnings by $23 million for the first six months of 2021 compared to the prior period, mainly due to the strengthening of foreign currencies against the U.S. dollar, primarily the Chilean and Mexican pesos. Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of foreign currency fluctuations. Foreign currency fluctuations can result in significant variances in the financial statement line items.
Business Growth.Despite the aforementioneda decrease in annuity premiums in Chile driven by the COVID-19 Pandemic, Latin America experienced premium and fee growth in Mexico and in other businesses in Chile.Mexico. The decreasenet increase in premiums in Chileand fees was partially offset by related changes in policyholder benefits. An increase in average invested assets, primarily in Chile, generated higher net investment income. In addition, policy fee income increased in our universal life business in Mexico. Although business growth in other businesses drove an increase in commissions, net of DAC capitalization, this was more than offset by decreases inamortization and interest credited expenses on certain insurance liabilities.liabilities decreased. Although business growth in Mexico drove an increase in commissions and other variable expenses, this was mostly offset by higher DAC capitalization. The combined impact of the items affecting business growth partially offset by higher DAC amortization, increased adjusted earnings by $5$26 million.
Market FactorsFactors. . Market factors, including interest rate levels and variability in equity market returns, continued to impact our results; however, certain impacts were mitigated by derivatives used to hedge these risks. Investment yields decreased driven by lower yields on FVO Securities, due tofixed income securities and mortgage loans and the unfavorable impact of equity marketsrising rates on FVO Securities within our Chilean encaje, as well as lower yields on fixed income securities and lowerencaje. These decreases were partially offset by higher returns on private equity funds and derivatives.funds. The net decrease in investment yields was more than offset by lower interest credited expense. The changes in market factors discussed above as well as a decrease in interest credited expenses, decreasedincreased adjusted earnings by $33$18 million.
UnderwritingUnderwriting. . The impact ofUnfavorable underwriting drove a $178 million decrease in adjusted earnings which includes impacts from COVID-19-related life claims, from the COVID-19 Pandemic were more than offset by lower utilization and favorable underwritingprimarily in Mexico and Chile, which resulted in a $14 million increase to adjusted earnings.Mexico.
Expenses and TaxesExpenses.. A slight increase in expenses was primarily driven by a currentprior period information technology charge which was largely offset by lower expenses due toand expense discipline across the COVID-19 Pandemic restrictions. Tax-related adjustments in both periods resulted in a net decreaseregion drove an increase in adjusted earnings of $3$15 million.

111
121


EMEA
Business Overview. Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues for the three months ended June 30, 2020 decreased $92021 increased $84 million, or 1%13%, compared to the prior period. Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues, net of foreign currency fluctuations, increased $11$54 million, or 2%8%, compared to the prior period primarily due to growth in our (i) corporate solutions business in the U.K., (ii) accident and health and variable life businesses across the region, mainly(iii) pension business in our creditRomania, and (iv) ordinary life business in Turkey, our employee benefits businessUkraine and France, as well as a favorable refinement to an unearned premium reserve in Egypt and U.K. and our accident & health business in Europe,Italy. These favorable variances were partially offset by a decrease in our variable life business in the Gulf.disposition of MetLife Russia.
Three Months
Ended
June 30,
 Six Months
Ended
June 30,
Three Months
Ended
June 30,
Six Months
Ended
June 30,
2020 2019 2020 20192021202020212020
(In millions)(In millions)
Adjusted revenues       Adjusted revenues
Premiums$557
 $551
 $1,125
 $1,093
Premiums$621 $557 $1,219 $1,125 
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees92
 105
 208
 208
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees107 92 174 208 
Net investment income63
 73
 132
 147
Net investment income62 63 125 132 
Other revenues11
 13
 24
 27
Other revenues16 11 29 24 
Total adjusted revenues723
 742
 1,489
 1,475
Total adjusted revenues806 723 1,547 1,489 
Adjusted expenses       Adjusted expenses
Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends263
 292
 573
 576
Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends333 263 676 573 
Interest credited to policyholder account balances27
 23
 54
 47
Interest credited to policyholder account balances25 27 49 54 
Capitalization of DAC(115) (126) (245) (243)Capitalization of DAC(122)(115)(249)(245)
Amortization of DAC and VOBA85
 107
 215
 199
Amortization of DAC and VOBA94 85 156 215 
Amortization of negative VOBA(2) (3) (4) (4)Amortization of negative VOBA(2)(2)(4)(4)
Other expenses328
 350
 660
 688
Other expenses349 328 698 660 
Total adjusted expenses586
 643
 1,253
 1,263
Total adjusted expenses677 586 1,326 1,253 
Provision for income tax expense (benefit)21
 22
 42
 49
Provision for income tax expense (benefit)35 21 56 42 
Adjusted earnings$116
 $77
 $194
 $163
Adjusted earnings$94 $116 $165 $194 
       
Adjusted earnings on a constant currency basis$116
 $73
 $194
 $156
Adjusted earnings on a constant currency basis$94 $122 $165 $202 
       
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues$660
 $669
 $1,357
 $1,328
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues$744 $660 $1,422 $1,357 
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues on a constant currency basis$660
 $649
 $1,357
 $1,297
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues on a constant currency basis$744 $690 $1,422 $1,405 
Three Months Ended June 30, 20202021 Compared with the Three Months Ended June 30, 20192020
Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of income tax.
Foreign Currency.Changes in foreign currency exchange rates decreasedincreased adjusted earnings by $4$6 million for the second quarter of 20202021 as compared to the prior period, primarily driven by the weakening of the U.S. dollar against the British pound, the euro, Czech koruna and the Polish zloty, partially offset by the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against the Turkish lira, the euro, the Polish zloty, and the British pound.lira. Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of foreign currency fluctuations. Foreign currency fluctuations can result in significant variances in the financial statement line items.
Business GrowthGrowth.. Growth fromin our credit(i) corporate solutions business in the U.K., (ii) variable life business across the region, (iii) pension business in Romania, as well as (iv) ordinary life and accident and health businesses in Europe, resulted in a $19 million increase in adjusted earnings.
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Underwriting and Other Insurance Adjustments. Adjusted earnings decreased by $42 million as a result of unfavorable underwriting experience, primarily due to the impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic, which resulted in lower utilization in the prior period and higher claims in the current period. Unfavorable underwriting experience in our (i) corporate solutions business across the region, (ii) variable life business in Turkeythe Gulf and in ourLebanon, (iii) accident & health business in Europe, partially offset by a decrease in our variableand (iv) ordinary life business in the Gulf, resulted in a slight increase in adjusted earnings.
Market Factors. Market factors, including interest rate levels, variability in equity market returns, and foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, continued to impact our results. Investment yields were lower across the region, which resulted in a $7 million decrease in adjusted earnings.
Underwriting and Other Insurance Adjustments. Adjusted earnings increasedPortugal was partially offset by $27 million as a result of favorable underwriting experience in (i) our employee benefits business across the region; and (ii) our accident & health business in Greece and Romania, partially offset by unfavorable underwriting in our credit life business in Turkey and our ordinary life business in France. Underwriting results include impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic and related restrictions. Refinements to certain insurance-related assets and liabilities in both periods resulted in a $9$7 million increase in adjusted earnings.

122


Expenses. Taxes and Other.Adjusted Taxes decreased adjusted earnings increased by $10$9 million, primarily due to lower expenses, including travel and advertising,changes in business mix among tax jurisdictions, as well as lower corporate overhead.a revision to a tax asset in Greece. Adjusted earnings decreased by $4 million due to the disposition of MetLife Russia.
Six Months Ended June 30, 20202021 Compared with the Six Months Ended June 30, 20192020
Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of income tax.
Foreign Currency.Changes in foreign currency exchange rates decreasedincreased adjusted earnings by $7$8 million for the first six months of 20202021 as compared to the prior period, primarily driven by the weakening of the U.S. dollar against the euro, the British pound, Czech koruna and the Polish zloty, partially offset by the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against the Turkish lira, the euro, the Polish zloty and the British pound.lira. Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of foreign currency fluctuations. Foreign currency fluctuations can result in significant variances in the financial statement line items.
Business GrowthGrowth.. Growth across the region, mainly in our credit life business in Turkey, our accident & health business in Europe and our variable life(i) corporate solutions business in the Gulf increasedU.K., (ii) pension business in Romania, and (iii) ordinary life and accident and health businesses in Europe resulted in an $18 million increase in adjusted earnings by $12 million.earnings.
Market Factors. Market factors, including interest rate levels and variability in equity market returns favorably impacted results and foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, continuedincreased adjusted earnings by $8 million. This was primarily due to impact our results.a decrease in DAC amortization increased in our variable life business. In addition, investment yields were lower across the region. The changes in market factors discussed above resulted in a $22 million decrease in adjusted earnings.
Underwriting and Other Insurance AdjustmentsAdjustments. . Adjusted earnings increased by $18decreased $53 million as a result of favorableunfavorable underwriting experience, primarily due to the impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic, which resulted in lower utilization in the prior period and higher claims in the current period. Unfavorable underwriting experience in our employee benefits(i) corporate solutions business across the region, (ii) variable life business in the Gulf, Lebanon and Czech Republic, and (iii) accident & health business in Europe and the Gulf was partially offset by unfavorablefavorable underwriting experience in our credit life business in Turkey and our ordinary life business in France. Underwriting results include impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic and related restrictions. Refinements to certain insurance-related assets and liabilities in both periods resulted in a $10$13 million decreaseincrease in adjusted earnings.
Expenses, Taxes and Taxes. Other.Adjusted earnings increased by $34 million, mainly driven by lower Lower prior period compensation-related expenses, lower costs associated with enterprise-wide initiatives, and various other expense decreases. Tax-related adjustments in both periods increasedexpenses decreased adjusted earnings by $6$5 million. Taxes decreased adjusted earnings by $12 million, primarily due to the prior periodchanges in business mix among tax jurisdictions, as well as a revision to a tax asset in Greece. Adjusted earnings decreased by $6 million due to the disposition of MetLife Russia.

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113


MetLife Holdings
Business Overview. Our MetLife Holdings segment consists of operations relating to products and businesses, previously included in our former retail business, that we no longer actively market in the United States. We anticipate an average decline in adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues of approximately 5% to 7% per year from expected business run-off. A significant portion of our adjusted earnings is driven by separate account balances. Most directly, these balances determine asset-based fee income but they also impact DAC amortization and asset-based commissions. Separate account balances are driven by movements in the market, surrenders, deposits, withdrawals, benefit payments, transfers and policy charges. Although we have discontinued selling our long-term care product, we continue to collect premiums and administer the existing block of business, which contributed to asset growth in the segment, and we expect the related reserves to grow as this block matures.
Three Months
Ended
June 30,
 Six Months
Ended
June 30,
Three Months
Ended
June 30,
Six Months
Ended
June 30,
2020 2019 2020 20192021202020212020
(In millions)(In millions)
Adjusted revenues       Adjusted revenues
Premiums$889
 $924
 $1,793
 $1,851
Premiums$839 $889 $1,666 $1,793 
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees249
 286
 543
 560
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees273 249 547 543 
Net investment income981
 1,338
 2,296
 2,625
Net investment income1,543 981 3,189 2,296 
Other revenues70
 65
 105
 132
Other revenues69 70 131 105 
Total adjusted revenues2,189
 2,613
 4,737
 5,168
Total adjusted revenues2,724 2,189 5,533 4,737 
Adjusted expenses       Adjusted expenses
Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends1,705
 1,703
 3,366
 3,351
Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends1,549 1,705 3,072 3,366 
Interest credited to policyholder account balances219
 227
 437
 453
Interest credited to policyholder account balances210 219 420 437 
Capitalization of DAC(5) (8) (10) (14)Capitalization of DAC(9)(5)(17)(10)
Amortization of DAC and VOBA11
 80
 111
 143
Amortization of DAC and VOBA56 11 110 111 
Interest expense on debt1
 2
 3
 4
Interest expense on debt
Other expenses239
 237
 467
 464
Other expenses244 239 497 467 
Total adjusted expenses2,170
 2,241
 4,374
 4,401
Total adjusted expenses2,052 2,170 4,085 4,374 
Provision for income tax expense (benefit)(1) 73
 66
 151
Provision for income tax expense (benefit)136 (1)294 66 
Adjusted earnings$20
 $299
 $297
 $616
Adjusted earnings$536 $20 $1,154 $297 
       
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues$1,208
 $1,275
 $2,441
 $2,543
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues$1,181 $1,208 $2,344 $2,441 
Three Months Ended June 30, 20202021 Compared with the Three Months Ended June 30, 20192020
Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of income tax.
Business Growth. Negative net flows fromin our deferred annuitiesannuity business andresulted in lower asset-based fee income. In addition, a decrease in universal life depositsaverage invested assets resulted in lower fee income. This decrease was offset by higher net investment income, resulting from a higher invested asset base, as well as lower DAC amortization. The higher invested asset base was primarily the result of positive net flows in our long-term care business.income. The combined impact of the items affecting our business growth, offset each other and resulted in essentially no change to adjusted earnings.
Market Factors. Market factors, including interest rate levels, variability in equity market returns, and foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, continued to impact our results; however, certain impacts were mitigated by derivatives used to hedge these risks. Investment yields decreased primarily due to lower returns on private equity funds, as well as lower yields on fixed income securities and mortgage loans. These decreases were partially offset by higher net investment income on derivatives, as well as lower DAC amortization. The changes in market factors discussed aboveamortization, resulted in a $251 million decrease in adjusted earnings.

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Underwriting and Other Insurance Adjustments. Unfavorable underwriting, primarily in our traditional life business, which includes impacts from the COVID-19 Pandemic, decreased adjusted earnings by $21 million. Refinements to DAC in the prior period resulted in a $13 million decrease in adjusted earnings. Run-off of our closed block, as well as a reduction in our dividend scale as a result of the sustained low interest rate environment, contributed to lower dividend expense and resulted in a $9 million increase in adjusted earnings. The impact of this dividend action was more than offset by lower net investment income.
Six Months Ended June 30, 2020 Compared with the Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of income tax.
Business Growth. Negative net flows from our deferred annuities business and a decrease in universal life deposits resulted in lower fee income. This decrease was partially offset by higher net investment income, resulting from a higher invested asset base, as well as lower DAC amortization. The higher invested asset base was primarily the result of positive net flows in our long-term care business. The combined impact of the items affecting our business growth resulted in a $25$18 million decrease in adjusted earnings.
Market Factors. Market factors, including interest rate levels, variability in equity market returns, and foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, continued to impact our results; however, certain impacts were mitigated by derivatives used to hedge these risks. Investment yields decreased primarily due to lowerincreased driven by the favorable impact of equity market returns on our private equity funds, as well aspartially offset by lower yields on fixed income securities and mortgage loans. These decreases were partially offset by higher net investment income on derivatives.securities. In our deferred annuity business, higher costs associated with our variable annuity guaranteed minimum death benefits (“GMDBs”) resulted in a decrease in adjusted earnings. These unfavorable earnings impacts were partially offset by an increase inequity market returns drove higher asset-based fee income, and lower DAC amortization.which increased adjusted earnings. The changes in market factors discussed above, including higher DAC amortization, resulted in a $267$463 million decreaseincrease in adjusted earnings.
Underwriting and Other Insurance Adjustments. UnfavorableFavorable underwriting, mainly in our traditional life and universal lifelong-term care businesses, was partially offset by favorable underwriting in our long-term careimmediate annuity business, resultingresulted in a $20$36 million decreaseincrease in adjusted earnings, which includes impacts fromreflects the impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Refinements to DAC in the prior period resulted in a $13 million decrease in adjusted earnings. Run-off of our closed block,Dividend scale reductions, as well as a reductionrun-off in our dividend scale as a result of the sustained low interest rate environment,Metropolitan Life Insurance Company’s (“MLIC”) closed block, contributed to lower dividend expense and resulted in a $12$39 million increase in adjusted earnings.The impact of this dividend action was more than offset by lower net investment income.

125114


Corporate & Other
 Three Months
Ended
June 30,
 Six Months
Ended
June 30,
 2020
2019 2020
2019
 (In millions)
Adjusted revenues       
Premiums$13
 $16
 $25
 $40
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees1
 
 1
 1
Net investment income(52) 44
 (36) 69
Other revenues72
 82
 156
 176
Total adjusted revenues34
 142
 146
 286
Adjusted expenses       
Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends3
 18
 29
 38
Capitalization of DAC(2) (4) (5) (6)
Amortization of DAC and VOBA3
 2
 4
 3
Interest expense on debt228
 268
 445
 497
Other expenses134
 289
 270
 511
Total adjusted expenses366
 573
 743
 1,043
Provision for income tax expense (benefit)(120) (181) (286) (346)
Adjusted earnings(212) (250) (311) (411)
Less: Preferred stock dividends77
 57
 109
 89
Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders$(289) $(307) $(420) $(500)
        
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues$86
 $98
 $182
 $217
The table below presents adjusted earnings available to common shareholders by source:
 Three Months
Ended
June 30,
 Six Months
Ended
June 30,
 2020 2019 2020 2019
 (In millions)
Business activities$12
 $12
 $30
 $25
Net investment income(50) 46
 (33) 75
Interest expense on debt(238) (280) (467) (519)
Corporate initiatives and projects(25) (117) (56) (217)
Other(31) (92) (71) (121)
Provision for income tax (expense) benefit and other tax-related items120
 181
 286
 346
Preferred stock dividends(77) (57) (109) (89)
Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders$(289) $(307) $(420) $(500)
ThreeSix Months Ended June 30, 20202021 Compared with the ThreeSix Months Ended June 30, 20192020
Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of income tax.
Net Investment Income.Business Growth Net investment income. Negative net flows in our annuity business resulted in lower asset-based fee income. In addition, premiums declined $76 million, primarily due to decreasedbusiness run-off and the impact of dividend scale reductions. Also, a decrease in average invested assets resulted in lower net investment income. The combined impact of the items affecting our business growth, including higher DAC amortization, resulted in a $35 million decrease in adjusted earnings.
Market Factors. Market factors, including interest rate levels, variability in equity market returns, and foreign currency fluctuations, continued to impact our results; however, certain impacts were mitigated by derivatives used to hedge these risks. Investment yields increased driven by the favorable impact of equity market returns on our equity market sensitive investments, including private equity funds and higher net investment income on derivatives, partially offset by lower yields on fixed income securities. In our deferred annuity business, higher equity market returns drove higher asset-based fee income, which increased adjusted earnings. The changes in market factors discussed above resulted in a $761 million increase in adjusted earnings.
Underwriting and Other Insurance Adjustments. Favorable underwriting, mainly in our long-term care and universal life businesses, resulted in a $77 million increase in adjusted earnings, which reflects the impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Dividend scale reductions, as well as run-off in MLIC’s closed block, contributed to lower yields on our fixed income securitiesdividend expense and lower returns on real estate investments.

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Interest Expense on Debt. Interest expense on debt decreased by $33resulted in a $73 million primarily due to the excess premium associated with redeemed debtincrease in the prior period, partially offset by the issuance of senior notes at lower rates in March 2020 and May 2019.adjusted earnings.
Corporate Initiatives and ProjectsExpenses. Adjusted earnings increased $73decreased by $19 million mainly due to lower expenses associated with corporate initiatives and projects, primarily due to prior period costs related to our unit cost initiative.higher corporate-related expenses.
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Provision for Income Tax (Expense) Benefit and Other Tax-Related Items. Table of ContentsAn unfavorable change in
Corporate & Other’s effective tax rate was primarily due to lower utilization of tax preferenced items, which include non-taxable investment income and tax credits.Other
Other. Adjusted earnings increased $48 million, primarily as a result of lower employee-related costs, a prior period loss related to the sale of a run-off business that was previously reinsured, as well as decreases in certain corporate-related expenses, partially offset by higher legal expenses.
Three Months
Ended
June 30,
Six Months
Ended
June 30,
2021202020212020
(In millions)
Adjusted revenues
Premiums$(20)$13 $38 $25 
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees
Net investment income48 (52)60 (36)
Other revenues109 72 195 156 
Total adjusted revenues138 34 294 146 
Adjusted expenses
Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends(13)27 29 
Capitalization of DAC(3)(2)(6)(5)
Amortization of DAC and VOBA
Interest expense on debt223 228 447 445 
Other expenses34 134 141 270 
Total adjusted expenses244 366 614 743 
Provision for income tax expense (benefit)(81)(120)(192)(286)
Adjusted earnings(25)(212)(128)(311)
Less: Preferred stock dividends35 77 103 109 
Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders$(60)$(289)$(231)$(420)
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues$90 $86 $234 $182 
Preferred Stock Dividends. AdjustedThe table below presents adjusted earnings available to common shareholders decreased $20 million as a result of the dividends paid on 4.75% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series F (the “Series F preferred stock”) we issued in January 2020.by source:
Six
Three Months
Ended
June 30,
Six Months
Ended
June 30,
2021202020212020
(In millions)
Business activities$28 $12 $57 $30 
Net investment income51 (50)64 (33)
Interest expense on debt(235)(238)(469)(467)
Corporate initiatives and projects(24)(25)(49)(56)
Other74 (31)77 (71)
Provision for income tax (expense) benefit and other tax-related items81 120 192 286 
Preferred stock dividends(35)(77)(103)(109)
Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders$(60)$(289)$(231)$(420)
Three Months Ended June 30, 20202021 Compared with the SixThree Months Ended June 30, 20192020
Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of income tax.
Business Activities. Adjusted earnings from business activities increased $4$13 million. This was primarily related to improved results from certain of our businesses.
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Net Investment Income. Net investment income increased $80 million, primarily due to increased returns on our private equity funds, partially offset by lower yields on our fixed income securities and decreased returns on FVO Securities.
Provision for Income Tax (Expense) Benefit and Other Tax-Related Items. A favorable change in Corporate & Other’s effective tax rate was primarily due to higher utilization of tax preferenced items, which include non-taxable investment income, tax credits and foreign earnings taxed at different rates than the U.S. statutory rate.
Other. Adjusted earnings increased $83 million, primarily as a result of the release of a legal reserve in the current period and a decrease in other corporate-related expenses.
Preferred Stock Dividends. Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders increased $42 million primarily as a result of changes in dividend payments on the 5.25% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series C (the “Series C preferred stock”) and the partial redemption of this preferred stock in the fourth quarter of 2020.
Six Months Ended June 30, 2021 Compared with the Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of income tax.
Business Activities. Adjusted earnings from business activities increased $21 million. This was primarily related to improved results from certain of our businesses.
Net Investment Income. Net investment income declined $85increased $77 million, primarily due to decreasedincreased returns on our equity market sensitive investments, including private equity funds, as well aspartially offset by lower yields on our fixed income securities.
Interest Expensesecurities and decreased returns on Debt. Interest expense on debt decreased by $41 million, primarily due to the excess premium associated with redeemed debt in the prior period, partially offset by the issuance of senior notes at lower interest rates in March 2020 and May 2019.
Corporate Initiatives and Projects. Adjusted earnings increased $127 million due to lower expenses associated with corporate initiatives and projects, primarily due to prior period costs related to our unit cost initiative.FVO Securities.
Provision for Income Tax (Expense) Benefit and Other Tax-Related Items.An unfavorable change in Corporate & Other’s effective tax ratetaxes was primarily due to the finalization of bankruptcy proceedings for a leveraged lease investment in the prior period, lower taxes on stock compensation and lower utilization of tax preferenced items, which include non-taxable investment income, tax credits and taxes on stock compensation, partially offset byforeign earnings taxed at different rates than the finalization of bankruptcy proceedings for a leveraged lease investment.U.S. statutory rate.
Other. Adjusted earnings increased $40$117 million, primarily as a result of lower employee-related costs, a prior period loss related to the salerelease of a run-off business that was previously reinsured, as well as decreaseslegal reserve in the current period, a decrease in certain corporate-related expenses partially offset by higherand lower interest expensesexpense on tax positions due to prior period audit settlements andin the current period, partially offset by higher legal expenses.employee-related costs.
Preferred Stock Dividends.Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders decreased $20increased $6 million as a result of changes in dividend payments on the Series C preferred stock and the partial redemption in the fourth quarter of 2020 of the Series C preferred stock, partially offset by dividends paid on the 3.85% Fixed Rate Reset Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series F preferred stockG we issued in JanuarySeptember 2020.

117
127


Investments
Investment Risks
Our primary investment objective is to optimize, net of income tax, risk-adjusted investment income and risk-adjusted total return while ensuring that assets and liabilities are managed on a cash flow and duration basis. The Investments Department, led by the Chief Investment Officer, manages investment risks using a risk control framework comprised of policies, procedures and limits. The Investment Risk Committee and Asset-Liability Steering Committee review and monitorsmonitor investment risk limits and tolerances. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Investments — Investment Risks” included in the 20192020 Annual Report for an explanation of investment risks and our risk control framework.
Current Environment
As a global insurance company, we continue to be impacted by the changing global financial and economic environment, the fiscal and monetary policy of governments and central banks around the world and governmentother governmental measures. The COVID-19 Pandemic continues to impact the global economy and financial markets and has caused volatility in the global equity, credit and real estate markets. See “— Industry Trends — Financial and Economic Environment.” Whether or when the global economy will return to the level of output and consumption prior to the COVID-19 Pandemic is uncertain. This uncertainty may persist for some time and may continue to impact pricing levels of risk-bearing investments, as well as our business operations, investment portfolio and derivatives.
Governments and central banks around the world are responding to the COVID-19 Pandemic with unprecedented fiscal and monetary policies, which are expected to have had significant effects and may have ongoing effects on financial markets and the global economy. These policy responses include fiscal and monetary stimulus measures, including, but not limited to, financial assistance, liquidity programs, new financing facilities and reductions in the level of interest rates to near zero, zero and, in some markets, negative.rates. As time progresses, we will know more about the efficacy of these policies and what they may mean for the outlook for the global economy and financial markets, but currently there are too manythe number of factors tomakes reliably estimateestimating the duration and severity of the impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic to adequately determine its impacts on our business operations, investment portfolio and derivatives.
As a result of the impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the global economy and the markets, during the six months ended June 30, 2020, there was an economic slowdown and volatility in the financial markets, including liquidity driven price dislocation and credit spread widening. As a result, during the six months ended June 30, 2020, the value of certain investments within our portfolio decreased; however, some of those effects were mitigated by an increase in the value of certain freestanding derivatives that hedge such market risks. These conditions may persist for some time and may continue to impact pricing levels of risk-bearing investments, as well as our business operations, investment portfolio and derivatives.

128


difficult.
Selected Country and Sector Investments
Selected Country: We have a market presence in numerous countries and, therefore, our investment portfolio, which supports our insurance operations and related policyholder liabilities, as well as our global portfolio diversification objectives, is exposed to risks posed by local political and economic conditions, as well as those resulting from the COVID-19 Pandemic. Our investment portfolio in the following Non-U.S. countries areis currently the most affected by these conditions.conditions for the countries in the table below. The following table presents a summary of selected country fixed maturity securities AFS, at estimated fair value. The information below is presented on a “country of risk basis” (e.g. where the issuer primarily conducts business).
Selected Country Fixed Maturity Securities AFS at June 30, 2021
CountryCountrySovereign (1)  Financial
Services
Non-Financial
Services
Structured ProductsTotal (2)
(Dollars in millions)
MexicoMexico$2,747 $766 $2,202 $36 $5,751 
ChileChile1,527 919 3,161 5,610 
ColombiaColombia380 80 196 — 656 
Selected Country Fixed Maturity Securities AFS at June 30, 2020
Sovereign (1)   Financial
Services
 Non-Financial
Services
 Structured Total (2)
PeruPeru120 49 272 — 441 
TurkeyTurkey99 14 — 115 
(Dollars in millions)
United Kingdom$25
 $5,406
 $11,848
 $117
 $17,396
Mexico2,229
 830
 1,997
 35
 5,091
China267
 2
 461
 
 730
Italy39
 75
 588
 
 702
Hong Kong SAR222
 3
 24
 
 249
Turkey166
 
 11
 19
 196
Argentina (3)39
 26
 51
 
 116
Argentina (3)72 22 — 95 
Lebanon (3)
 
 
 
 
Total$2,987
 $6,342
 $14,980
 $171
 $24,480
Total$4,945 $1,817 $5,867 $39 $12,668 
Investment grade %81.6% 99.1% 94.1% 82.8% 93.8%Investment grade %93.6 %95.9 %89.1 %89.2 %91.8 %
__________________
(1)Sovereign includes government and agency.
(2)The par value, amortized cost net of ACL, and estimated fair value net of purchased credit default swaps of these selected country fixed maturity securities AFS were $22.1 billion, $23.3 billion and $24.1 billion, respectively, at June 30, 2020. The notional value and estimated fair value of the purchased credit default swaps were $393 million and $8 million, respectively, at June 30, 2020.
(3)The sovereign securities amounts for Argentina and Lebanon were net of ACL of $108 million and $21 million, respectively, at June 30, 2020. See “— Investment Allowance for Credit Loss and Impairments - Overview.”
(1)Sovereign includes government and agency.
118

(2)The par value, amortized cost net of ACL, and estimated fair value, net of purchased credit default swaps, of these selected country fixed maturity securities AFS were $11.9 billion, $11.4 billion and $12.0 billion, respectively, at June 30, 2021. The notional value and estimated fair value of the purchased credit default swaps were $710 million and $2 million, respectively, at June 30, 2021.
(3)The sovereign securities amount for Argentina was net of ACL of $2 million at June 30, 2021.
Selected Sector: As a result of current economic conditions including the effects on the global economy and financial markets from the COVID-19 Pandemic, certain sectors of our investment portfolio experienced stress during the six months ended June 30, 2020.have continued to experience stress. Our fixed maturitiesmaturity securities AFS exposure to stressed sectors is summarized below:
 Selected Sectors at June 30, 2021
SectorsBook Value (1) Investment
Grade %
% of Total
Investments
(Dollars in millions)
Airports$3,233 82 %0.6 %
Cruise Lines / Leisure755 92 %0.2 
Airlines459 70 %0.1 
Restaurants427 96 %0.1 
Lodging176 68 %— 
Fixed Maturity Securities AFS Exposure to Stressed Sectors (2)$5,050 1.0 %
Total Investments (3)$516,280 
__________________
(1)Fixed maturity securities AFS at amortized cost, net of ACL.
(2)The par value, estimated fair value, and estimated fair value, net of written credit default swaps, of these selected sectors fixed maturity securities AFS were $5.1 billion, $5.5 billion and $5.7 billion, respectively, at June 30, 2021. The notional value and estimated fair value of the written credit default swaps were $169 million and $3 million, respectively, at June 30, 2021.
 Selected Sectors at June 30, 2020
SectorsBook Value (1)    Investment Grade % % of Total Investments
 (Dollars in millions)
Energy$8,175
 85% 1.5%
Airports3,511
 89% 0.7%
Cruise Lines / Leisure581
 86% 0.1%
Airlines546
 66% 0.1%
Restaurants378
 89% 0.1%
Lodging305
 58% 0.1%
Fixed Maturity Securities AFS Exposure to Stressed Sectors (2)$13,496
   2.6%
Total Investments (3)$519,233
    
(3)Represents total cash, cash equivalents and invested assets.
_________

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(1)Fixed maturity securities AFS at amortized cost, net of ACL.
(2)The estimated fair value of these fixed maturity securities AFS was $14.1 billion at June 30, 2020.
(3)Represents total cash, cash equivalents and invested assets.
We maintain a diversified energyportfolio of Airports sector fixed maturity securities AFS portfoliothat is diversified across sub-sectorsissuers and issuers.geographies, with 46%, 24% and 23% of the exposure in Europe, Asia and U.S., respectively. This portfolio is primarily invested in higher quality, highly rated investment grade securities and is defensively positioned in sub-sectors which are less impacted by low oil prices. During the six months endedsecurities. At June 30, 2020, we reduced our exposure to such securities by 11%. Through our energy sector securities, we have exposure to the volatility in, and current low level of oil prices, largely as a result of the COVID-19 Pandemic. As a result,2021, this securities portfolio decreasedwas in value during the six months ended June 30, 2020, from an unrealized gain at December 31, 2019position of $849 million to an unrealized gain of $519 million at June 30, 2020.
In addition to the above information, we have included additional disclosures later in this section for asset types within our investment portfolio that may be impacted by the COVID-19 Pandemic, including fixed maturity securities AFS, including below investment grade securities and structured products, equity securities, Unit-linked investments, FVO Securities, mortgage loans, real estate and real estate joint ventures, private equity funds, hedge funds and our lease investments. See also “— Executive Summary — Consolidated Company Outlook.”$340 million.
We manage direct and indirect investment exposure in the selected countries sectors and asset typessectors through fundamental analysis and we continually monitor and adjust our level of investment exposure.
Investment Allowance for Credit Loss and Impairments - Overview
On January 1, 2020, we adopted the new expected credit loss guidance. See “— Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates — Investment Allowance for Credit Loss and Impairments.” For our mortgage loans and leveraged and direct financing leases, this new guidance requires that we incorporate the impact of both current and forecasted economic conditions and estimate lifetime expected credit loss in determining the ACL. Upon adoption of this new guidance, our ACL reflected the then current and forecasted economic conditions and our estimate of lifetime expected credit loss. Subsequently, we incorporated the effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic into our economic forecast, using available information, to reflect our best estimate, in determining the level of our ACL for mortgage loans and leveraged and direct financing leases.
Upon adoption of the new expected credit loss guidance, we increased our mortgage loan and lease ACL and liability for unfunded mortgage loan commitments by $141 million, or 40%. During the six months ended June 30, 2020, we increased our mortgage loan and lease ACL and liability for unfunded mortgage loan commitments by another $138 million, or 39%. Our mortgage loan and lease ACL and liability for unfunded mortgage loan commitments totaled $632 million at June 30, 2020, an increase of 79% from December 31, 2019.
During the six months ended June 30, 2020, we recorded an ACL for our fixed maturity securities AFS of $177 million. As a result, our total investments-related ACL and liability for unfunded mortgage loan commitments totaled $809 million at June 30, 2020. During the six months ended June 30, 2020, we recorded a charge for provisions for credit loss and impairments of $363 million.
The determination of the amount of our ACL and impairments on our investment portfolio is highly subjective. Our ACL is revised as conditions change and new information becomes available. Provisions for credit loss and impairments recognized in future quarters on our investment portfolio will depend primarily on future economic fundamentals, including the evolving impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic, performance of our issuers, borrowers, tenants and lessees, changes in credit ratings, collateral valuation and changes in estimated fair value. In upcoming periods, if there are changes in the above factors, provisions for credit loss and impairments may be recorded, as well as changes in the ACL for which a provision for credit loss was previously recorded.

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Investment Portfolio Results
The reconciliation of net investment income under GAAP to adjusted net investment income is presented below.
For the Three Months Ended June 30, For the Six Months Ended June 30, For the Three Months Ended June 30,For the Six Months Ended June 30,
2020 2019 2020 2019 2021202020212020
(In millions) (In millions)
Net investment income — GAAP basis$4,087
 $4,693
 $7,148
 $9,601
Net investment income — GAAP basis$5,280 $4,087 $10,594 $7,148 
Investment hedge adjustments188
 118
 326
 223
Investment hedge adjustments212 188 432 326 
Unit-linked contract income(818) (261) 322
 (997)
Unit-linked investment incomeUnit-linked investment income(378)(818)(585)322 
Other(13) 4
 (31) 8
Other(13)(30)(31)
Adjusted net investment income (1)$3,444
 $4,554
 $7,765
 $8,835
Adjusted net investment income (1)$5,117 $3,444 $10,411 $7,765 
__________________
(1)See “Financial Measures and Segment Accounting Policies” in Note 2 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of the adjustments made to net investment income under GAAP in calculating adjusted net investment income.
119

(1)See “Financial Measures and Segment Accounting Policies” in Note 2 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of the adjustments made to net investment income under GAAP in calculating adjusted net investment income.
The following yield table presentation is consistent with how we measure our investment performance for management purposes, and we believe it enhances understanding of our investment portfolio results.
 For the Three Months Ended June 30,For the Six Months Ended June 30,
 2021202020212020
Asset ClassYield % (1)AmountYield % (1)AmountYield % (1)AmountYield % (1)Amount
 (Dollars in millions)
Fixed maturity securities (2), (3)3.76 %$2,785 3.99 %$2,885 3.74 %$5,569 3.91 %$5,624 
Mortgage loans (3)4.29 885 4.20 862 4.20 1,746 4.28 1,746 
Real estate and real estate joint ventures3.65 109 0.62 18 3.42 204 1.76 99
Policy loans5.18 120 5.15 124 5.16 241 5.19 250
Equity securities4.30 4.12 11 4.62 20 4.77 25
Other limited partnership interests36.58 1,050 (30.23)(605)43.04 2,335 (7.06)(282)
Cash and short-term investments0.72 21 1.35 38 0.79 42 1.53 82
Other invested assets266 247 564 513
Investment income4.85 %5,245 3.40 %3,580 4.95 %10,721 3.84 %8,057 
Investment fees and expenses(0.12)(128)(0.12)(122)(0.13)(274)(0.12)(256)
Net investment income including divested businesses (4)4.73 %5,117 3.28 %3,458 4.82 %10,447 3.72 %7,801 
Less: net investment income from divested businesses (4)— 14 36 36 
Adjusted net investment income$5,117 $3,444 $10,411 $7,765 
 For the Three Months Ended June 30, For the Six Months Ended June 30,
 2020 2019 2020 2019
 Yield % (1)     Amount         Yield % (1)     Amount         Yield % (1) Amount Yield % (1) Amount
 (Dollars in millions)
Fixed maturity securities AFS (2), (3)3.99
%$2,885
 4.30
%$2,975
 3.91
%$5,624
 4.27
%$5,877
Mortgage loans (3)4.20
%862
 4.82
%943
 4.28
%1,746
 4.77
%1,855
Real estate and real estate joint ventures0.62
%18
 3.62
%92
 1.76
%99
 2.84
%142
Policy loans5.15
%124
 5.34
%129
 5.19
%250
 5.31
%257
Equity securities4.12
%11
 5.15
%16
 4.77
%25
 5.29
%32
Other limited partnership interests (4)(30.23)%(605) 14.28
%247
 (7.06)%(282) 10.99
%374
Cash and short-term investments1.35
%38
 2.39
%65
 1.53
%82
 2.73
%144
Other invested assets  247
   225
 

 513
 

 428
Investment income3.40
%3,580
 4.66
%4,692
 3.84
%8,057
 4.55
%9,109
Investment fees and expenses(0.12)%(122) (0.14)%(138) (0.12)%(256) (0.14)%(274)
Net investment income including divested businesses (5)3.28
%3,458
 4.52
%4,554
 3.72
%7,801
 4.41
%8,835
Less: net investment income from divested businesses (5)  14
   
   36
   
Adjusted net investment income  $3,444
   $4,554
   $7,765
   $8,835
__________________
(1)We calculate yields using average quarterly asset carrying values. Yields exclude recognized gains (losses) and include the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Asset carrying values exclude unrealized gains (losses), collateral received in connection with our securities lending program, annuities funding structured settlement claims, freestanding derivative assets, collateral received from derivative counterparties, the effects of consolidating under GAAP certain variable interest entities that are treated as consolidated securitization entities (“CSEs”) and contractholder-directed equity securities. A yield is not presented for other invested assets, as it is not considered a meaningful measure of performance for this asset class.
(2)Investment income from fixed maturity securities AFS includes amounts from FVO Securities of $114 million and $36 million for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively, and $38 million and $93 million for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively.
(3)Investment income from fixed maturity securities AFS and mortgage loans includes prepayment fees.
(4)See “— Other Limited Partnership Interests” for discussion of results for the three months ended June 30, 2020.
(5)See “Financial Measures and Segment Accounting Policies” in Note 2 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for discussion of divested businesses.

(1)We calculate yields using adjusted net investment income as a percent of average quarterly asset carrying values. Adjusted net investment income excludes recognized gains (losses) and includes the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Average quarterly asset carrying values exclude unrealized gains (losses), collateral received in connection with our securities lending program, annuities funding structured settlement claims, freestanding derivative assets, collateral received from derivative counterparties, the effects of consolidating under GAAP certain variable interest entities that are treated as consolidated securitization entities (“CSEs”) and contractholder-directed equity securities. In addition, average quarterly asset carrying values include invested assets reclassified to held-for-sale. A yield is not presented for other invested assets, as it is not considered a meaningful measure of performance for this asset class.
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(3)Investment income from fixed maturity securities AFS and mortgage loans includes prepayment fees.
(4)See “Financial Measures and Segment Accounting Policies” in Note 2 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for discussion of divested businesses.
See “— Results of Operations — Consolidated Results — Adjusted Earnings” for an analysis of the period over period changes in investment portfolio results.
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Fixed Maturity Securities AFS and Equity Securities
The following table presents fixed maturity securities AFS and equity securities by type (public or private) and information about perpetual and redeemable securities held at:
June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
Estimated Fair Value% of TotalEstimated Fair Value% of Total
(Dollars in millions)
Fixed maturity securities AFS:
Publicly-traded$269,568 79.1 %$284,083 80.1 %
Privately-placed71,127 20.9 70,726 19.9 
Total fixed maturity securities AFS$340,695 100.0 %$354,809 100.0 %
Percentage of cash and invested assets66.0 %67.2 %
Equity securities:
Publicly-traded$851 85.0 %$851 78.9 %
Privately-held150 15.0 228 21.1 
Total equity securities$1,001 100.0 %$1,079 100.0 %
Percentage of cash and invested assets0.2 %0.2 %
Perpetual and redeemable securities:
Perpetual securities included within fixed maturity securities AFS and equity securities$337 $344 
Redeemable preferred stock with a stated maturity included within fixed maturity securities AFS$503 $912 
 June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019 
 Estimated Fair Value % of Total Estimated Fair Value % of Total 
 (Dollars in millions) 
Fixed maturity securities AFS        
  Publicly-traded$276,306
 81.3%$267,617
 81.6%
  Privately-placed63,699
 18.7 60,203
 18.4 
    Total fixed maturity securities AFS$340,005
 100.0%$327,820
 100.0%
        Percentage of cash and invested assets65.5%   66.8%   
Equity securities        
  Publicly-traded$920
 83.3%$1,156
 86.1%
  Privately-held185
 16.7 186
 13.9 
    Total equity securities$1,105
 100.0%$1,342
 100.0%
        Percentage of cash and invested assets0.2%   0.3%   
Perpetual and redeemable securities        
  Perpetual securities included within fixed maturity securities AFS and equity securities$355
   $363
   
  Redeemable preferred stock with a stated maturity included within fixed maturity securities AFS$496
   $960
   
See Note 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information about fixed maturity securities AFS by sector, contractual maturities and continuous gross unrealized losses.
Included within fixed maturity securities AFS are structured securities, including residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”), asset-backed securities (“ABS”) and commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”) (collectively, “Structured Products”).
Perpetual securities are included within fixed maturity securities AFS and equity securities. Upon acquisition, we classify perpetual securities that have attributes of both debt and equity as fixed maturity securities AFS if the securities have an interest rate step-up feature which, when combined with other qualitative factors, indicates that the securities have more debt-like characteristics; while those with more equity-like characteristics are classified as equity securities. Many of such securities, commonly referred to as “perpetual hybrid securities,” have been issued by non-U.S. financial institutions that are accorded the highest two capital treatment categories by their respective regulatory bodies (i.e. core capital, or “Tier 1 capital,”capital” and perpetual deferrable securities, or “Upper Tier 2 capital”).
Redeemable preferred stock with a stated maturity is included within fixed maturity securities AFS. These securities, which are commonly referred to as “capital securities,” primarily have cumulative interest deferral features and are primarily issued by U.S. financial institutions.
See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Investments — Fixed Maturity Securities AFS and Equity Securities — Valuation of Securities” included in the 20192020 Annual Report for further information on the processes used to value securities and the related controls.
The COVID-19 Pandemic contributed to financial market volatility, credit spread widening and equity market declines during the six months ended June 30, 2020. Central banks around the world have responded with unprecedented fiscal and monetary policies, including reductions in the level of interest rates to near zero, zero and, in some markets, negative. See “— Current Environment.” As a result of the interest rate reductions, partially offset by credit spread widening, during the six months ended June 30, 2020, the net unrealized gain on our fixed maturity securities AFS increased $7.2 billion, from $30.1 billion at December 31, 2019 to $37.3 billion at June 30, 2020. As a result of the equity market declines during the six months ended June 30, 2020, the value of our equity securities decreased, resulting in a mark-to-market loss of $223 million in net investment gains (losses), as the change in estimated fair value on these securities is recorded in net income.
See Note 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information about fixed maturity securities AFS by sector, contractual maturities and continuous gross unrealized losses.

132121


Fair Value of Fixed Maturity Securities AFS and Equity Securities
Fixed maturity securities AFS and equity securities measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis and their corresponding fair value pricing sources arewere as follows:
June 30, 2020 June 30, 2021
Fixed Maturity
Securities AFS
 
Equity
Securities
Fixed Maturity
Securities AFS
Equity
Securities
(Dollars in millions)  (Dollars in millions)
Level 1    Level 1
Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets$22,551
 6.6% $556
 50.3%Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets$25,820 7.6 %$662 66.1 %
Level 2    Level 2
Independent pricing sources290,220
 85.4 138
 12.5 Independent pricing sources283,869 83.4 184 18.4 
Internal matrix pricing or discounted cash flow techniques1,068
 0.3 38
 3.4 Internal matrix pricing or discounted cash flow techniques1,085 0.3 12 1.2 
Significant other observable inputs291,288
 85.7 176
 15.9 Significant other observable inputs284,954 83.7 196 19.6 
Level 3    Level 3
Independent pricing sources21,227
 6.2 234
 21.2 Independent pricing sources24,195 7.1 0.8 
Internal matrix pricing or discounted cash flow techniques4,393
 1.3 139
 12.6 Internal matrix pricing or discounted cash flow techniques5,243 1.5 135 13.5 
Independent broker quotations546
 0.2 
  Independent broker quotations483 0.1 — — 
Significant unobservable inputs26,166
 7.7 373
 33.8 Significant unobservable inputs29,921 8.7 143 14.3 
Total estimated fair value$340,005
 100.0% $1,105
 100.0%Total estimated fair value$340,695 100.0 %$1,001 100.0 %
See Note 8 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for the fixed maturity securities AFS and equity securities fair value hierarchy.
The majority of the Level 3 fixed maturity securities AFS and equity securities were concentrated in three sectors at June 30, 2020:2021: foreign corporate securities, U.S. corporate securities and RMBS. During the three months ended June 30, 2020,2021, Level 3 fixed maturity securities AFS increased by $2.2 billion,$858 million, or 9%3%. The increase was driven by purchases in excess of sales and by an increase in estimated fair value recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) (“OCI”), partially offset by transfers out of Level 3 in excess of transfers into Level 3. During the six months ended June 30, 2020,2021, Level 3 fixed maturity securities AFS increased by $7.4 billion,$414 million, or 39%1%. The increase was driven by transfers into Level 3 in excess of transfers out of Level 3 and purchases in excess of sales, partially offset by transfers out of Level 3 in excess of transfers into Level 3 and a decrease in estimated fair value recognized in OCI. The increase in transfers into Level 3 for the six months ended June 30, 2020, in part, was from market conditions including decreased liquidity, decreased transparency of valuations and an increased use of unobservable inputs, principally for U.S. and foreign corporate securities.
See Note 8 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a rollforward of the fair value measurements for securities measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable (Level 3) inputs, transfers into and/or out of Level 3, and further information about the valuation approaches and inputs by level by major classes of invested assets that affect the amounts reported above. See also “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Investments — Fixed Maturity Securities AFS and Equity Securities — Valuation of Securities” included in the 20192020 Annual Report for further information on the estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported above.
Fixed Maturity Securities AFS
See Notes 1 and 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information about fixed maturity securities AFS by sector, contractual maturities and continuous gross unrealized losses.
Fixed Maturity Securities AFS Credit Quality — Ratings
See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Investments — Fixed Maturity Securities AFS and Equity Securities — Fixed Maturity Securities AFS Credit Quality — Ratings” included in the 20192020 Annual Report for a discussion of the credit quality ratings assigned by Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations (“NRSRO”), credit quality designations assigned by and methodologies used by the Securities Valuation Office of the NAIC for fixed maturity securities AFS and revised methodologies adopted by the NAIC for certain Structured Products.

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The following table presents total fixed maturity securities AFS by NRSRO rating and the applicable NAIC designation from the NAIC published comparison of NRSRO ratings to NAIC designations, except for non-agency RMBS and CMBS, held by MetLife, Inc.'s insurance subsidiaries that maintain the NAIC statutory basis of accounting, which are presented using revised NAIC methodologies. NRSRO ratings are as of the dates shown below. Over time, credit ratings can migrate, up or down, through the NRSRO continuous monitoring process. As of June 30, 2020, securities are presented net of ACL, reflecting the adoption of new guidance on January 1, 2020 regarding expected credit loss. As of December 31, 2019, securities are presented at amortized cost in accordance with prior guidance. See Notes 1 and 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.
  June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
NAIC
Designation
NRSRO RatingAmortized
Cost net of ACL
Unrealized
Gains (Losses) (1)
Estimated
Fair
Value
% of
Total
Amortized
Cost net of ACL
Unrealized
Gains (Losses) (1)
Estimated
Fair
Value
% of
Total
  (Dollars in millions)
1Aaa/Aa/A$213,767 $23,464 $237,231 69.6 %$218,252 $31,761 $250,013 70.5 %
2Baa77,046 9,247 86,293 25.3 76,342 11,360 87,702 24.7 
Subtotal investment grade290,813 32,711 323,524 94.9 294,594 43,121 337,715 95.2 
3Ba11,993 985 12,978 3.8 11,840 972 12,812 3.6 
4B3,511 23 3,534 1.1 3,688 14 3,702 1.1 
5Caa and lower636 (32)604 0.2 536 (33)503 0.1 
6In or near default50 55 — 72 77 — 
Subtotal below investment  grade16,190 981 17,171 5.1 16,136 958 17,094 4.8 
Total fixed maturity securities AFS$307,003 $33,692 $340,695 100.0 %$310,730 $44,079 $354,809 100.0 %
    June 30, 2020  December 31, 2019 
NAIC
Designation
 NRSRO Rating 
Amortized
Cost net of ACL
 
Unrealized
Gain (Loss)
 
Estimated
Fair
Value
 
% of
Total
  
Amortized
Cost
 
Unrealized
Gain (Loss)
 
Estimated
Fair
Value
 
% of
Total
 
    (Dollars in millions) 
1 Aaa/Aa/A $213,386
 $30,259
 $243,645
 71.7% $207,742
 $22,966
 $230,708
 70.4%
2 Baa 73,431
 7,283
 80,714
 23.7  74,568
 6,857
 81,425
 24.8 
  Subtotal investment grade 286,817

37,542

324,359
 95.4  282,310
 29,823
 312,133
 95.2 
3 Ba 11,226
 24
 11,250
 3.3  11,210
 442
 11,652
 3.6 
4 B 3,838
 (184) 3,654
 1.1  3,297
 40
 3,337
 1.0 
5 Caa and lower 717
 (77) 640
 0.2  832
 (139) 693
 0.2 
6 In or near default 98
 4
 102
   6
 (1) 5
  
  Subtotal below investment  grade 15,879

(233)
15,646
 4.6  15,345
 342
 15,687
 4.8 
  Total fixed maturity securities AFS $302,696

$37,309

$340,005
 100.0% $297,655
 $30,165
 $327,820
 100.0%
__________________
As a result of current economic conditions, including the effects(1) Excludes gross unrealized gains (losses) related to assets held-for-sale. See Note 3 of the COVID-19 Pandemic which caused increased concerns over more highly leveraged issuers and downgrade risk, our below investment grade securities decreased in value duringNotes to the six months ended June 30, 2020, from an unrealized gain position at December 31, 2019 of $342 million to an unrealized loss position of $233 million at June 30, 2020. Foreign government securities, acquired to support our local insurance operations and related policyholder liabilities, represented $3.2 billion, or 21% of our $15.6 billion below investment grade securities, at estimated fair value, at June 30, 2020. U.S. corporate and foreign corporate securities compriseInterim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information on the vast majority of the remaining below investment grade securities. We have been actively repositioning our corporate below investment grade portfolios, including our syndicated bank loan portfolio, into higher quality, higher rated securities and with an increased allocation to privately-placed securities that include covenant protections.

Company’s business dispositions.
134
123


The following tables present total fixed maturity securities AFS, based on estimated fair value, by sector classification and by NRSRO rating and the applicable NAIC designations from the NAIC published comparison of NRSRO ratings to NAIC designations, except for non-agency RMBS and CMBS, which are presented using the revised NAIC methodologies:
 Fixed Maturity Securities AFS — by Sector & Credit Quality Rating
NAIC Designation123456Total
Estimated
Fair Value
NRSRO RatingAaa/Aa/ABaaBaBCaa and LowerIn or Near
Default
 (Dollars in millions)
June 30, 2021
U.S. corporate$45,342 $39,077 $4,743 $1,883 $305 $21 $91,371 
Foreign government54,759 6,156 3,169 467 73 64,630 
Foreign corporate23,993 36,963 3,896 543 201 65,605 
U.S. government and agency46,014 542 — — — — 46,556 
RMBS28,549 881 223 160 16 19 29,848 
ABS14,548 1,804 270 90 — 16,713 
Municipals13,406 499 18 — — — 13,923 
CMBS10,620 371 659 391 — 12,049 
Total fixed maturity securities AFS$237,231 $86,293 $12,978 $3,534 $604 $55 $340,695 
Percentage of total69.6 %25.3 %3.8 %1.1 %0.2 %— %100.0 %
December 31, 2020
U.S. corporate$46,847 $39,552 $4,649 $2,018 $326 $24 $93,416 
Foreign government61,322 6,678 3,161 456 77 71,699 
Foreign corporate26,812 37,884 3,984 648 74 69,408 
U.S. government and agency46,543 557 — — — — 47,100 
RMBS29,347 706 197 153 14 18 30,435 
ABS15,328 1,496 197 96 17,119 
Municipals13,240 460 22 — — — 13,722 
CMBS10,574 369 602 331 11 23 11,910 
Total fixed maturity securities AFS$250,013 $87,702 $12,812 $3,702 $503 $77 $354,809 
Percentage of total70.5 %24.7 %3.6 %1.1 %0.1 %— %100.0 %
124

 Fixed Maturity Securities AFS — by Sector & Credit Quality Rating
NAIC Designation:1 2 3 4 5 6 
Total
Estimated
Fair Value
NRSRO Rating:Aaa/Aa/A Baa Ba B Caa and Lower 
In or Near
Default
 
 (Dollars in millions)
June 30, 2020             
U.S. corporate$44,866
 $37,580
 $4,869
 $2,360
 $436
 $1
 $90,112
Foreign government56,438
 6,055
 2,608
 381
 128
 96
 65,706
Foreign corporate24,724
 34,013
 3,311
 702
 67
 
 62,817
U.S. government and agency46,727
 560
 
 
 
 
 47,287
RMBS31,101
 527
 165
 71
 7
 4
 31,875
ABS14,787
 1,285
 208
 41
 2
 1
 16,324
Municipals14,030
 559
 22
 
 
 
 14,611
CMBS10,972
 135
 67
 99
 
 
 11,273
Total fixed maturity securities AFS$243,645

$80,714

$11,250

$3,654

$640

$102

$340,005
Percentage of total71.7% 23.7% 3.3% 1.1% 0.2% % 100.0%
              
December 31, 2019             
U.S. corporate$41,504
 $37,915
 $5,760
 $2,199
 $374
 $1
 $87,753
Foreign government58,325
 5,866
 2,383
 392
 263
 
 67,229
Foreign corporate26,078
 34,674
 2,810
 556
 47
 
 64,165
U.S. government and agency41,577
 507
 
 
 
 
 42,084
RMBS27,957
 403
 102
 75
 7
 3
 28,547
ABS12,727
 1,339
 448
 25
 2
 1
 14,542
Municipals12,397
 624
 32
 
 
 
 13,053
CMBS10,143
 97
 117
 90
 
 
 10,447
Total fixed maturity securities AFS$230,708

$81,425

$11,652

$3,337

$693

$5

$327,820
Percentage of total70.4% 24.8% 3.6% 1.0% 0.2% % 100.0%
U.S. and Foreign Corporate Fixed Maturity Securities AFS
We maintain a diversified portfolio of corporate fixed maturity securities AFS across industries and issuers. This portfolio did not have any exposure to any single issuer in excess of 1% of total investments at June 30, 2020.2021. The top 10 holdings comprised 2% of total investments at both June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019.2020. The tablestable below presentpresents our U.S. and foreign corporate securities holdings by industry at:
 June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
 
Estimated
Fair
Value
 
% of
Total
 
Estimated
Fair
Value
 
% of
Total
 (Dollars in millions)
Industrial$45,179
 29.5% $46,018
 30.3%
Finance35,098
 23.0
 34,776
 22.9
Consumer31,175
 20.4
 31,952
 21.0
Utility27,816
 18.2
 25,763
 17.0
Communications11,612
 7.6
 11,471
 7.5
Other2,049
 1.3
 1,938
 1.3
Total$152,929
 100.0% $151,918
 100.0%

135


 June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
IndustryEstimated
Fair
Value
% of
Total
Estimated
Fair
Value
% of
Total
 (Dollars in millions)
Industrial$46,489 29.6 %$47,472 29.2 %
Finance35,711 22.8 37,645 23.1 
Consumer31,113 19.8 33,384 20.5 
Utility29,149 18.6 29,984 18.4 
Communications12,161 7.7 12,107 7.4 
Other2,353 1.5 2,232 1.4 
Total$156,976 100.0 %$162,824 100.0 %
As a result of current economic conditions, including the effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic, we have experienced stress within certain sub-sectors of our industrial and consumer corporate securities portfolios, principally in Energy, Airports, Airlines, Cruise Lines / Leisure, Airlines, Restaurants and Lodging. See “— Current Environment — Selected Country and Sector Investments.”
Structured Products 
We held $59.5$58.6 billion and $53.5$59.5 billion of Structured Products, at estimated fair value, at June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019,2020, respectively, as presented in the RMBS, ABS and CMBS sections below.
RMBS
Our RMBS portfolio is diversified by security type and risk profile. The following table presents our RMBS portfolio by security type, risk profile and ratings profile at:
June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
Estimated
Fair
Value
% of
Total
Net
Unrealized
Gains (Losses) (1)
Estimated
Fair
Value
% of
Total
Net
Unrealized
Gains (Losses) (1)
(Dollars in millions)
Security type
Collateralized mortgage obligations$17,248 57.8 %$1,327 $17,342 57.0 %$1,468 
Pass-through mortgage-backed securities12,600 42.2 310 13,093 43.0 552 
Total RMBS$29,848 100.0 %$1,637 $30,435 100.0 %$2,020 
Risk profile
Agency$19,622 65.7 %$950 $20,408 67.1 %$1,314 
Prime2,331 7.8 35 1,637 5.4 38 
Alt-A3,602 12.1 305 3,809 12.5 306 
Sub-prime4,293 14.4 347 4,581 15.0 362 
Total RMBS$29,848 100.0 %$1,637 $30,435 100.0 %$2,020 
Ratings profile
Rated Aaa/AAA$21,752 72.9 %$22,555 74.1 %
Designated NAIC 1$28,549 95.6 %$29,347 96.4 %
__________________
(1) Excludes gross unrealized gains (losses) related to assets held-for-sale. See Note 3 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information on the disposition of MetLife P&C.
125

 June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
 
Estimated
Fair
Value
 
% of
Total
 
Net
Unrealized
Gains (Losses)
 
Estimated
Fair
Value
 
% of
Total
 
Net
Unrealized
Gains (Losses)
 (Dollars in millions)
By security type:           
Collateralized mortgage obligations$17,578
 55.1% $1,290
 $16,315
 57.2% $1,185
Pass-through mortgage-backed securities14,297
 44.9
 624
 12,232
 42.8
 311
Total RMBS$31,875
 100.0% $1,914
 $28,547
 100.0% $1,496
By risk profile:           
Agency$21,848
 68.6% $1,468
 $19,563
 68.5% $797
Prime1,855
 5.8
 19
 1,142
 4.0
 48
Alt-A3,734
 11.7
 220
 3,323
 11.7
 347
Sub-prime4,438
 13.9
 207
 4,519
 15.8
 304
Total RMBS$31,875
 100.0% $1,914
 $28,547
 100.0% $1,496
Ratings profile:           
Rated Aaa/AAA$24,108
 75.6%   $21,122
 74.0%  
Designated NAIC 1$31,101
 97.6%   $27,957
 97.9%  
See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Investments — Fixed Maturity Securities AFS and Equity Securities — Structured Products — RMBS” included in the 20192020 Annual Report for further information about collateralized mortgage obligations and pass-through mortgage-backed securities, as well as agency, prime, alternative residential mortgage loans (“Alt-A”) and sub-prime RMBS.
Our RMBS holdings were comprised of 69% Agency securities that were all designated NAIC 1 and 31% of non-agency securities, of which 96% were designated NAIC 1, at June 30, 2020. As result of concerns about general economic conditions, including increased unemployment levels as result of the COVID-19 Pandemic, the unrealized gain on our non-agency RMBS holdings decreased during the six months ended June 30, 2020, from an unrealized gain of $699 million at December 31, 2019 to an unrealized gain of $446 million at June 30, 2020. Our non-agency RMBS portfolio is defensively positioned with most of the portfolio concentrated in senior tranches with strong structural protections including credit enhancement in the form of capital structure subordination that is available to absorb losses before they impact the securities we own.
Historically, we have managed our exposure to sub-prime RMBS holdings by focusing primarily on senior tranche securities, stress testing the portfolio with severe loss assumptions and closely monitoring the performance of the portfolio. Our sub-prime RMBS portfolio consists predominantly of securities that were purchased after 2012 at significant discounts to par value and discounts to the expected principal recovery value of these securities. The vast majority of these securities are investment grade under the NAIC designations (e.g., NAIC 1 and NAIC 2).

136


ABS
Our ABS portfolio is diversified by collateral type and issuer. The following table presents our ABS portfolio by collateral type and ratings profile at:
June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019 Estimated
Fair
Value
% of
Total
Net
Unrealized
Gains (Losses) (1)
Estimated
Fair
Value
% of
Total
Net
Unrealized
Gains (Losses) (1)
Estimated
Fair
Value
 
% of
Total
 
Net
Unrealized
Gains (Losses)
 
Estimated
Fair
Value
 
% of
Total
 
Net
Unrealized
Gains (Losses)
(Dollars in millions)
(Dollars in millions)
By collateral type:           
Collateralized obligations (1)$8,515
 52.2% $(282) $7,974
 54.8% $(54)
Collateral typeCollateral type
Collateralized obligations (2)Collateralized obligations (2)$8,269 49.5 %$20 $8,946 52.2 %$(16)
Consumer loansConsumer loans1,700 10.2 48 1,535 9.0 46 
Student loans1,298
 8.0
 (38) 1,350
 9.3
 (5)Student loans1,145 6.9 17 1,174 6.9 
Consumer loans1,349
 8.3
 (24) 1,181
 8.1
 9
Credit card loansCredit card loans722 4.3 11 1,006 5.9 13 
Automobile loansAutomobile loans1,103 6.6 20 976 5.7 20 
Foreign residential loans975
 6.0
 10
 1,088
 7.5
 14
Foreign residential loans871 5.2 956 5.5 15 
Automobile loans1,264
 7.7
 13
 813
 5.6
 7
Credit card loans939
 5.7
 15
 454
 3.1
 4
Other loans1,984
 12.1
 27
 1,682
 11.6
 20
Other loans2,903 17.3 69 2,526 14.8 71 
Total$16,324
 100.0% $(279) $14,542
 100.0% $(5)Total$16,713 100.0 %$194 $17,119 100.0 %$156 
Ratings profile:           
Ratings profileRatings profile
Rated Aaa/AAA$9,520
 58.3%   $7,711
 53.0%  Rated Aaa/AAA$7,958 47.6 %$9,164 53.5 %
Designated NAIC 1$14,787
 90.6%   $12,727
 87.5%  Designated NAIC 1$14,548 87.0 %$15,328 89.5 %
__________________
(1) Excludes gross unrealized gains (losses) related to assets held-for-sale. See Note 3 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information on the Company’s business dispositions.
(2) Includes primarily collateralized loan obligations.
As a result of current economic conditions, including the effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic, causing increased concerns over leveraged lending, our $8.5 billion collateralized obligations securities portfolio, at estimated fair value, decreased in value during the six months ended June 30, 2020, from an unrealized loss position of $54 million at December 31, 2019 to an unrealized loss position of $282 million at June 30, 2020. We have been actively repositioning this portfolio into higher quality, higher rated securities primarily collateralized by first lien senior secured loans. As a result, this portfolio includes strong structural protections, primarily credit enhancement in the form of capital structure subordination that is available to absorb losses before they impact the securities we own. We do not own equity tranches of such securities or combination notes in this portfolio. As we invest primarily in securities rated AAA, AA or A, 98% of this portfolio was investment grade rated at June 30, 2020.

137126


CMBS
Our CMBS portfolio is comprised primarily of securities collateralized by multiple commercial mortgage loans and is diversified by property type, borrower, geography and vintage year. The following tables present our CMBS portfolio by NRSRO rating and vintage year. As of June 30, 2020, securities are presented net of ACL, reflecting the adoption of new guidance on January 1, 2020 regarding expected credit loss. As of December 31, 2019, securities are presented at amortized cost in accordance with the prior guidance. See Notes 1 and 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.
June 30, 2021
June 30, 2020 AaaAaABaaBelow
Investment
Grade
Total
Vintage YearVintage YearAmortized
Cost net of ACL
Estimated
Fair
Value
Amortized
Cost net of ACL
Estimated
Fair
Value
Amortized
Cost net of ACL
Estimated
Fair
Value
Amortized
Cost net of ACL
Estimated
Fair
Value
Amortized
Cost net of ACL
Estimated
Fair
Value
Amortized
Cost net of ACL
Estimated
Fair
Value
(Dollars in millions)
2003-20142003-2014$1,202 $1,278 $1,098 $1,152 $581 $593 $202 $194 $181 $167 $3,264 $3,384 
20152015415 444 109 117 49 51 — — 580 619 
20162016232 252 106 114 50 52 — — 389 419 
20172017695 735 419 449 182 188 — — 1,304 1,380 
201820181,625 1,791 580 632 184 198 10 10 — — 2,399 2,631 
201920191,022 1,064 146 150 656 677 — — — — 1,824 1,891 
20202020615 621 276 283 203 210 27 28 — — 1,121 1,142 
20212021253 256 127 129 174 176 22 22 — — 576 583 
TotalTotal$6,059 $6,441 $2,861 $3,026 $2,079 $2,145 $277 $270 $181 $167 $11,457 $12,049 
Ratings DistributionRatings Distribution53.5 %25.1 %17.8 %2.2 %1.4 %100.0 %
Aaa Aa A Baa 
Below
Investment
Grade
 Total
Amortized
Cost net of ACL
 
Estimated
Fair
Value
 
Amortized
Cost net of ACL
 
Estimated
Fair
Value
 
Amortized
Cost net of ACL
 
Estimated
Fair
Value
 
Amortized
Cost net of ACL
 
Estimated
Fair
Value
 
Amortized
Cost net of ACL
 
Estimated
Fair
Value
 
Amortized
Cost net of ACL
 
Estimated
Fair
Value
December 31, 2020
(Dollars in millions) AaaAaABaaBelow
Investment
Grade
Total
2003-2013$1,141
 $1,197
 $996
 $989
 $357
 $323
 $37
 $32
 $37
 $28
 $2,568
 $2,569
Vintage YearVintage YearAmortized
Cost net of ACL
Estimated
Fair
Value
Amortized
Cost net of ACL
Estimated
Fair
Value
Amortized
Cost net of ACL
Estimated
Fair
Value
Amortized
Cost net of ACL
Estimated
Fair
Value
Amortized
Cost net of ACL
Estimated
Fair
Value
Amortized
Cost net of ACL
Estimated
Fair
Value
(Dollars in millions)
2003 - 20132003 - 2013$958 $1,011 $898 $917 $373 $355 $105 $96 $114 $98 $2,448 $2,477 
2014420
 444
 495
 498
 112
 105
 
 
 
 
 1,027
 1,047
2014451 480 429 449 169 171 10 — — 1,059 1,109 
2015437
 459
 64
 66
 31
 31
 6
 5
 
 
 538
 561
2015462 492 65 69 38 40 — — 572 607 
2016283
 302
 70
 71
 54
 48
 
 
 
 
 407
 421
2016282 310 56 60 54 53 — — — — 392 423 
2017665
 698
 512
 518
 162
 144
 
 
 
 
 1,339
 1,360
2017757 807 432 463 150 150 — — — — 1,339 1,420 
20181,682
 1,847
 657
 673
 242
 222
 22
 22
 
 
 2,603
 2,764
20181,704 1,891 592 647 205 214 — — 2,510 2,761 
2019964
 1,002
 160
 153
 625
 566
 
 
 
 
 1,749
 1,721
20191,048 1,100 138 141 596 610 — — — — 1,782 1,851 
2020504
 507
 180
 181
 124
 113
 28
 29
 
 
 836
 830
2020734 748 280 293 186 191 29 30 — — 1,229 1,262 
Total$6,096

$6,456

$3,134

$3,149

$1,707

$1,552

$93

$88

$37

$28

$11,067

$11,273
Total$6,396 $6,839 $2,890 $3,039 $1,771 $1,784 $160 $150 $114 $98 $11,331 $11,910 
Ratings Distribution  57.3%   27.9%   13.8%   0.8%   0.2%   100.0%Ratings Distribution57.4 %25.5 %15.0 %1.3 %0.8 %100.0 %
                       
December 31, 2019
Aaa Aa A Baa 
Below
Investment
Grade
 Total
Amortized
Cost
 Estimated
Fair
Value
 Amortized
Cost
 Estimated
Fair
Value
 Amortized
Cost
 Estimated
Fair
Value
 Amortized
Cost
 Estimated
Fair
Value
 Amortized
Cost
 Estimated
Fair
Value
 Amortized
Cost
 Estimated
Fair
Value
(Dollars in millions)
2003 - 2013$1,109
 $1,169
 $973
 $1,007
 $368
 $376
 $37
 $36
 $52
 $41
 $2,539
 $2,629
2014372
 389
 486
 502
 114
 119
 
 
 
 
 972
 1,010
2015419
 436
 65
 67
 31
 33
 
 
 
 
 515
 536
2016285
 298
 71
 73
 55
 56
 
 
 
 
 411
 427
2017668
 689
 589
 608
 181
 182
 
 
 
 
 1,438
 1,479
20181,713
 1,804
 704
 739
 240
 249
 22
 22
 
 
 2,679
 2,814
2019744
 754
 143
 143
 652
 655
 
 
 
 
 1,539
 1,552
Total$5,310

$5,539

$3,031

$3,139

$1,641

$1,670

$59

$58

$52

$41

$10,093

$10,447
Ratings Distribution  53.0%   30.0%   16.0%   0.6%   0.4%   100.0%
The tables above reflect NRSRO ratings including Moody’s Investors Service, S&P, Fitch Ratings and Morningstar, Inc. CMBS designated NAIC 1 were 97.3%88.1% and 97.1%88.8% of total CMBS at June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019,2020, respectively.
Evaluation of Fixed Maturity Securities AFS for Credit Loss, EvaluationRollforward of Fixed Maturity Securities AFS in an UnrealizedAllowance for Credit Loss Position and Credit Loss on Fixed Maturity Securities AFS Recognized in Earnings
See Note 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information about the evaluation of fixed maturity securities AFS for credit loss, evaluation of fixed maturity securities AFS in an unrealized loss position without an ACL, rollforward of the ACL, andnet provision (release) for credit loss, as well as gross gains and gross losses on fixed maturity securities AFS sold at and for the periods ended June 30, 2020.

138


Overview of Credit Loss on Fixed Maturity Securities AFS
Overall the provision for credit loss on fixed maturity securities AFS was $8 million and $223 million for the three months and six months endedJune 30, 2020, respectively, as compared to $0 and $10 million for the three months and six months endedJune 30, 2019, respectively. The provision for credit loss increased on foreign government securities by $131 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020, which was concentrated in Argentine sovereign securities, from issuer specific factors in 2020. The provision for credit loss increased on U.S. corporate securities and foreign corporate securities by $17 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and $81 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020, which was concentrated in industrial and consumer securities, from market driven and issuer specific factors, primarily in the energy, manufacturing, services and airline sectors in 2020.2021.
See Notes 1 and 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information on new guidance adopted on January 1, 2020 affecting the credit loss evaluation process and the measurement of credit loss; and a summary of the similarities and the differences of this new guidance with the previous guidance.
Future Credit Losses
Provisions for credit loss recognized in future quarters on fixed maturity securities AFS will depend primarily on future economic fundamentals, issuer performance (including changes in the present value of future cash flows expected to be collected), changes in credit ratings and collateral valuation. In upcoming periods, if there are changes in the above factors, provisions for credit loss may be recorded, as well as changes in the ACL on securities for which a provision for credit loss was previously recorded.
Contractholder-Directed Equity Securities and Fair Value Option Securities
The estimated fair value of these investments, which are primarily comprised of Unit-linked investments, was $11.9$12.2 billion and $13.1$13.3 billion, or 2.3%2.4% and 2.7%2.5% of cash and invested assets, at June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019,2020, respectively. See Notes 6 and 8 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a description of this portfolio, its fair value hierarchy and a rollforward of the fair value measurements for these investments measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable (Level 3) inputs.
During the six months ended June 30, 2020, the COVID-19 Pandemic contributed to financial market volatility, credit spread widening and equity market declines. As a result, for the six months ended June 30, 2020, the value
127

Securities Lending Repurchase Agreements and Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) of Boston AdvanceRepurchase Agreements
We participate in a securities lending program whereby securities are loaned to third parties,third-parties, primarily brokerage firms and commercial banks. We also participate in short-term repurchase agreement transactions with unaffiliated financial institutions. In addition, a subsidiary of the Company has entered into short-term advance agreements with the FHLB of Boston. See “— Liquidity and Capital Resources — The Company — Liquidity and Capital Uses — Securities Lending and Repurchase Agreements” and Note 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.
Mortgage Loans
Our mortgage loans held for investmentheld-for-investment are principally collateralized by commercial, agricultural and residential properties. Mortgage loans held for investmentheld-for-investment are carried at amortized cost and the related ACL are summarized as follows at:
June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
 Amortized Cost 
% of
Total
 ACL 
% of
Amortized Cost
 Amortized Cost 
% of
Total
 ACL 
% of
Amortized Cost
Portfolio SegmentPortfolio SegmentAmortized Cost
% of
Total
ACL
% of
Amortized Cost
Amortized Cost
% of
Total
ACL
% of
Amortized Cost
 (Dollars in millions)(Dollars in millions)
Commercial $51,043
 61.3% $175
 0.3% $49,624
 61.5% $246
 0.5%Commercial$51,602 63.0 %$274 0.5 %$52,434 62.2 %$252 0.5 %
Agricultural 17,167
 20.6
 91
 0.5% 16,695
 20.7
 52
 0.3%Agricultural18,044 22.0 86 0.5 18,128 21.5 106 0.6 
Residential 15,060
 18.1
 289
 1.9% 14,316
 17.8
 55
 0.4%Residential12,281 15.0 210 1.7 13,782 16.3 232 1.7 
Total $83,270
 100.0% $555
 0.7% $80,635
 100.0% $353
 0.4%Total$81,927 100.0 %$570 0.7 %$84,344 100.0 %$590 0.7 %
The carrying value of all mortgage loans, net of ACL, was 16.0%15.8% and 16.4%15.9% of cash and invested assets at June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019,2020, respectively.

139


Our commercial, agricultural and residential mortgage loan portfolios are subject to uncertain market conditions, including the effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic and related economic slowdown.Pandemic. As a result duringof the six months ended June 30, 2020,COVID-19 Pandemic, we granted concessions (e.g., payment deferrals and other loan modifications) to certain of our commercial mortgage loan borrowers (principally in the hotel and retail sectors) and residential mortgage loan borrowers and, to a much lesser extent, some of our agricultural mortgage loan borrowers. While we granted concessions in 2021, the pace has significantly decreased from 2020. See Note 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding COVID-19 Pandemic-related mortgage loan concessions. See also “— Commercial Mortgage Loans by Geographic Region and Property Type.”
We diversify our mortgage loan portfolio by both geographic region and property type to reduce the risk of concentration. Of our commercial and agricultural mortgage loan held-for-investment portfolios, 84%83% are collateralized by properties located in the United States, with the remaining 16%17% collateralized by properties located outside the United States, which includes 4% of properties located in the U.K. and 4%5% of properties located in Mexico and 1% of properties located in Chile, at June 30, 2020.2021. The carrying values of our commercial and agricultural mortgage loans held-for-investment located in California, New York and Texas were 17%, 11%10% and 7%, respectively, of total commercial and agricultural mortgage loans heldforinvestment at June 30, 2020.2021. Additionally, we manage risk when originating commercial and agricultural mortgage loans by generally lending up to 75% of the estimated fair value of the underlying real estate collateral.
We manage our residential mortgage loan heldforinvestment portfolio in a similar manner to reduce risk of concentration, with 94%91% collateralized by properties located in the United States, and the remaining 6% collateralized9% collateralized by properties located outside the United States, principally in Chile, at June 30, 2020.2021. The carrying values of our residential mortgage loans located in California, Florida, and New York were 35%31%, 9%, and 6%8%, respectively, of total residential mortgage loans at June 30, 2020.2021.
128

Commercial Mortgage Loans by Geographic Region and Property Type.Type. Commercial mortgage loans are the largest component of the mortgage loan invested asset class. The tables below present the diversification across geographic regions and property types of commercial mortgage loans held-for-investment at:
June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
Amount% of
Total
Amount% of
Total
(Dollars in millions)
Region
Non-U.S.$10,227 19.8 %$10,581 20.2 %
Pacific10,161 19.7 10,235 19.5 
Middle Atlantic8,115 15.7 8,233 15.7 
South Atlantic7,186 13.9 7,217 13.8 
West South Central3,636 7.0 3,887 7.4 
East North Central2,197 4.3 2,494 4.8 
New England2,214 4.3 2,126 4.0 
Mountain1,903 3.7 1,777 3.4 
East South Central781 1.5 700 1.3 
West North Central649 1.3 609 1.2 
Multi-Region and Other4,533 8.8 4,575 8.7 
Total amortized cost51,602 100.0 %52,434 100.0 %
Less: ACL274 252 
Carrying value, net of ACL$51,328 $52,182 
Property Type
Office$22,883 44.3 %$23,928 45.6 %
Retail8,960 17.4 8,911 17.0 
Apartment8,699 16.9 8,764 16.7 
Industrial5,437 10.5 5,365 10.2 
Hotel3,187 6.2 3,377 6.5 
Other2,436 4.7 2,089 4.0 
Total amortized cost51,602 100.0 %52,434 100.0 %
Less: ACL274 252 
Carrying value, net of ACL$51,328 $52,182 
 June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
 Amount 
% of
Total
 Amount 
% of
Total
 (Dollars in millions)
Region:       
Pacific$10,275  20.1% $10,169  20.5%
Non-U.S.9,542  18.7
 10,093  20.3
Middle Atlantic8,257  16.2
 8,302  16.7
South Atlantic6,513  12.8
 6,487  13.1
West South Central3,945  7.7
 4,255  8.6
East North Central2,443  4.8
 3,066  6.2
Mountain1,755  3.4
 1,602  3.2
New England1,719  3.4
 1,433  2.9
West North Central633  1.2
 607  1.2
East South Central482  1.0
 502  1.0
Multi-Region and Other5,479  10.7
 3,108  6.3
Total amortized cost51,043  100.0% 49,624  100.0%
  Less: ACL175    246   
  Carrying value, net of ACL$50,868    $49,378   
Property Type:       
Office$23,359  45.8% $22,925  46.2%
Retail8,906  17.4
 9,052  18.2
Apartment8,639  16.9
 8,212  16.6
Industrial4,431  8.7
 3,985  8.0
Hotel3,333  6.5
 3,471  7.0
Other2,375  4.7
 1,979  4.0
Total amortized cost51,043  100.0% 49,624  100.0%
  Less: ACL175    246   
  Carrying value, net of ACL$50,868    $49,378   

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Our commercial mortgage loan portfolio is well positioned with exposures concentrated in high quality underlying properties located in primary markets typically with institutional investors who are better positioned to manage their assets during periods of market volatility. Our portfolio is comprised primarily of lower risk loans with higher debt-service coverage ratios (“DSCR”) and lower loan-to-value (“LTV”) ratios. See “— Mortgage Loan Credit Quality - Monitoring Process” for further information.information and Note 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a distribution of our commercial mortgage loans by DSCR and LTV ratios. Excluding loans with a COVID-19 Pandemic-related payment deferral, over 99% of our commercial mortgage loan portfolio was current and 100% of our hotel and retail commercial mortgage loan portfolio was current at June 30, 2020.2021, including all of our hotel and retail commercial mortgage loans. See Note 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding COVID-19 Pandemic-related mortgage loan concessions.
Mortgage Loan Credit Quality - Monitoring Process. We monitor our mortgage loan investments on an ongoing basis, including a review of loans by credit quality indicator and loans that are current, past due, restructured and under foreclosure. See Note 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding mortgage loans by credit quality indicator, past due and nonaccrual mortgage loans.
129

We review our commercial mortgage loans on an ongoing basis. These reviews may include an analysis of the property financial statements and rent roll, lease rollover analysis, property inspections, market analysis, estimated valuations of the underlying collateral, loan-to-valueLTV ratios, debt service coverage ratiosDSCR and tenant creditworthiness. The monitoring process focuses on higher risk loans, which include those that are classified as restructured, delinquent or in foreclosure, as well as loans with higher loan-to-valueLTV ratios and lower debt service coverage ratios.DSCR and loans with a COVID-19 Pandemic-related payment deferral. The monitoring process for agricultural mortgage loans is generally similar, with a focus on higher risk loans, such as loans with higher loan-to-valueLTV ratios. Agricultural mortgage loans are reviewed on an ongoing basis which include, but are not limited to, property inspections, market analysis, estimated valuations of the underlying collateral, loan-to-valueLTV ratios and borrower creditworthiness, including reviews on a geographic and property-type basis. We review our residential mortgage loans on an ongoing basis, with a focus on higher risk loans, such as nonperforming loans. See Notes 1 and 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information on our evaluation of residential mortgage loans and related ACL methodology.
Loan-to-valueLTV ratios and debt service coverage ratiosDSCR are common measures in the assessment of the quality of commercial mortgage loans. Loan-to-valueLTV ratios are a common measure in the assessment of the quality of agricultural mortgage loans. Loan-to-valueLTV ratios compare the amount of the loan to the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral. A loan-to-valueAn LTV ratio greater than 100% indicates that the loan amount is greater than the collateral value. A loan-to-valueAn LTV ratio of less than 100% indicates an excess of collateral value over the loan amount. Generally, the higher the loan-to-valueLTV ratio, the higher the risk of experiencing a credit loss. The debt service coverage ratioDSCR compares a property’s net operating income to amounts needed to service the principal and interest due under the loan. Generally, the lower the debt service coverage ratio,DSCR, the higher the risk of experiencing a credit loss. For our commercial mortgage loans, our average loan-to-valueLTV ratio was 57% and 55% at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, and our average debt service coverage ratio was 2.4x58% at both June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019.2020 and our average DSCR was 2.6x and 2.5x at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. The debt service coverage ratioDSCR and the values utilized in calculating the ratio are updated routinely. In addition, the loan-to-valueLTV ratio is routinely updated for all but the lowest risk loans as part of our ongoing review of our commercial mortgage loan portfolio. For our agricultural mortgage loans, our average loan-to-valueLTV ratio was 47%48% at both June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019.2020. The values utilized in calculating our agricultural mortgage loan loan-to-valueLTV ratio are developed in connection with the ongoing review of our agricultural loan portfolio and are routinely updated.
Mortgage Loan Allowance for Credit Loss. Our ACL is established for both pools of loans with similar risk characteristics and for mortgage loans with dissimilar risk characteristics, collateral dependent loans and reasonably expected troubled debt restructurings, individually on a loan specific basis. We record an allowance for expected lifetime credit loss in an amount that represents the portion of the amortized cost basis of mortgage loans that the Company does not expect to collect, resulting in mortgage loans being presented at the net amount expected to be collected.
In determining our ACL, management (i) pools mortgage loans that share similar risk characteristics, (ii) considers expected lifetime credit loss expected over the contractual term of our mortgage loans, as adjusted for expected prepayments and any extensions, and (iii) considers past events and current economic conditions and forecasts of futureforecasted economic conditions. Actual credit loss realized could be different from the amount of the ACL recorded. These evaluations and assessments are revised as conditions change and new information becomes available, which can cause the ACL to increase or decrease over time as such evaluations are revised. Negative credit migration, including an actual or expected increase in the level of problem loans, will result in an increase in the ACL. Positive credit migration, including an actual or expected decrease in the level of problem loans, will result in a decrease in the ACL. See Notes 1 andNote 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information on how the ACL is established and monitored, and activity in and balances of the ACL, as of and for the six months ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019.2020.
See Notes 1 and 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information on the new guidance adopted in 2020 affecting the credit loss evaluation process and the measurement of credit loss effective January 1, 2020, as well as a summary of the similarities and the differences of this new guidance with the previous guidance.

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Real Estate and Real Estate Joint Ventures
Real estate and real estate joint ventures is comprised of wholly-owned real estate and joint ventures with interests in single property income-producing real estate and, to a lesser extent, joint ventures with interests in multi-property projects with varying strategies ranging from the development of properties to the operation of income-producing properties, as well as a runoff portfolio. The carrying value of real estate and real estate joint ventures was $11.5 billion and $10.7$11.9 billion, or 2.2% and 2.2%2.3% of cash and invested assets, at both June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019, respectively.2020.
As a result
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Our real estate investments are typically stabilized properties that we intend to hold for the longer-term for portfolio diversification and long-term appreciation. Our real estate investment portfolio has significantly appreciated since acquisition to a $6.2 billion and $6.1 billion unrealized gain position at June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020, respectively, that is available to absorb valuation declines from the current economic conditions. We continuously monitor expected future cash flows of each of our real estate investments and incorporate them into our periodic impairment analyses. As a result of the COVID-19 Pandemic, we performed an impairment analyses during the six months ended June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020, which included updated estimates of expected future cash flows. As a result of our impairment analyses, we recorded one impairment during the six months ended June 30, 2020 for $13 million. This impairment was recorded in net investment income as the investment is in a real estate fund. There were no impairments recognized in net investment gains (losses) on real estate and real estate joint ventures for either the six months ended June 30, 20202021 or 2019.2020.
We diversify our real estate investments by both geographic region and property type to reduce risk of concentration. See Note 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a summary of real estate investments, by income type, as well as income earned.
Other Limited Partnership Interests
Other limited partnership interests are comprised of investments in private funds, including private equity funds and hedge funds. At June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019,2020, the carrying value of other limited partnership interests was $7.8$12.0 billion and $7.7$9.5 billion, which included $574$643 million and $575$643 million of hedge funds, respectively. Other limited partnership interests were 1.50%2.32% and 1.57%1.79% of cash and invested assets at June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019,2020, respectively. Cash distributions on these investments are generated from realized investment gains, operating income from the underlying investments of the funds and liquidation of the underlying investments of the funds.
We use the equity method of accounting for most of our private equity funds. We generally recognize our share of a private equity fund’s earnings in net investment income on a three-month lag when the information is reported to us. Accordingly, declineschanges in the equity markets,market levels, which can impact the underlying results of these private equity funds, are recorded in our net investment income on a three-month lag. As a result of declines in the equity market in the first quarter of 2020, which were reported to us in the second quarter of 2020 by our investees, we recorded negative net investment income of $607 million on our private equity and hedge fund investments during the three months ended June 30, 2020. For a discussion of our expectation of the impact of the equity market recovery in the second quarter of 2020 on our private equity returns in the third quarter of 2020, see “— Executive Summary — Consolidated Company Outlook.”

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Other Invested Assets
The following table presents the carrying value of our other invested assets by type at:
 June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
Asset TypeCarrying
Value
% of
Total
Carrying
Value
% of
Total
 (Dollars in millions)
Freestanding derivatives with positive estimated fair values$10,361 54.6 %$11,866 57.6 %
Tax credit and renewable energy partnerships1,636 8.6 1,751 8.5 
Direct financing leases1,336 7.0 1,340 6.5 
Annuities funding structured settlement claims1,256 6.6 1,263 6.1 
Leveraged leases796 4.2 816 4.0 
FHLB common stock791 4.2 814 4.1 
Operating joint ventures777 4.1 733 3.6 
Funds withheld516 2.7 508 2.5 
Other1,508 8.0 1,502 7.2 
Total$18,977 100.0 %$20,593 100.0 %
Percentage of cash and invested assets3.7 %3.9 %

131
 June 30, 2020
December 31, 2019
 Carrying
Value

% of
Total

Carrying
Value

% of
Total
 (Dollars in millions)
Freestanding derivatives with positive estimated fair values$15,871

64.2%
$10,084

53.0%
Tax credit and renewable energy partnerships1,855

7.5

1,993

10.5
Annuities funding structured settlement claims1,264

5.1

1,271

6.7
Direct financing leases1,157

4.7

1,247

6.6
Leveraged leases888

3.6

1,052

5.4
Operating joint ventures965

3.9

838

4.4
FHLB common stock848

3.4

809

4.3
Funds withheld490

2.0

470

2.5
Other1,393

5.6

1,251

6.6
Total$24,731

100.0%
$19,015

100.0%
Percentage of cash and invested assets4.8%


3.9%

Our direct financing and leveraged lease portfolios are subject to uncertain market conditions, including the effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic and related economic slowdown. In response to the COVID-19 Pandemic, during the six months ended June 30, 2020, we granted lease concessions, primarily in the form of rent deferrals, to some of our lessees. See Note 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding COVID-19 Pandemic-related direct financing lease concessions.
See Note 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information on the new guidance adopted in 2020 affecting the credit loss evaluation process and the measurement of credit loss, including direct financing and leveraged leases effective January 1, 2020.

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Derivatives
Derivative Risks
We are exposed to various risks relating to our ongoing business operations, including interest rate, foreign currency exchange rate, credit and equity market. We use a variety of strategies to manage these risks, including the use of derivatives. See Note 7 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for: 
A comprehensive description of the nature of our derivatives, including the strategies for which derivatives are used in managing various risks.
Information about the primary underlying risk exposure, gross notional amount, and estimated fair value of our derivatives by type of hedge designation, excluding embedded derivatives held at June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019.2020.
The statement of operations effects of derivatives in net investments in foreign operations, cash flow, fair value, or nonqualifying hedge relationships for thethree monthsand six months ended June 30, 2020and2019.
The statement of operations effects of derivatives in net investments in foreign operations, cash flow, fair value, or nonqualifying hedge relationships for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020.
See “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk — Management of Market Risk Exposures — Hedging Activities” included in the 20192020 Annual Report for more information about our use of derivatives by major hedge program.
Fair Value Hierarchy
See Note 8 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for derivatives measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis and their corresponding fair value hierarchy.
The valuation of Level 3 derivatives involves the use of significant unobservable inputs and generally requires a higher degree of management judgment or estimation than the valuations of Level 1 and Level 2 derivatives. Although Level 3 inputs are unobservable, management believes they are consistent with what other market participants would use when pricing such instruments and are considered appropriate given the circumstances. The use of different inputs or methodologies could have a material effect on the estimated fair value of Level 3 derivatives and could materially affect net income.
Derivatives categorized as Level 3 at June 30, 20202021 include: interest rate forwards with maturities which extend beyond the observable portion of the yield curve; interest rate total return swaps with unobservable repurchase rates; interest rate caps with unobservable volatility inputs; foreign currency swaps and forwards with certain unobservable inputs, including the unobservable portion of the yield curve; credit default swaps priced using unobservable credit spreads, or that are priced through independent broker quotations; equity variance swaps with unobservable volatility inputs; and equity index options with unobservable correlation inputs. At June 30, 2020,2021, less than 1% of the estimated fair value of our derivatives was priced through independent broker quotations.
See Note 8 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a rollforward of the fair value measurements for derivatives measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable (Level 3) inputs.
The gain (loss) on Level 3 derivatives primarily relates to foreign currency derivatives that are valued using an unobservable portion of the swap yield curves and interest rate total return swaps with unobservable repurchaseobservable interest rates. Other significant inputs include the unobservable interest rate which areextends beyond the observable include equity index levels and equity volatility, partially offset by currency volatility in foreign currency derivatives.portion of the yield curve. We validate the reasonableness of these inputs by valuing the positions using internal models and comparing the results to broker quotations.

144132


The gain (loss) on Level 3 derivatives, percentage of gain (loss) attributable to observable and unobservable inputs, and the primary drivers of observable gain (loss) are summarized as follows:
 Three Months
Ended
June 30, 2020
 Six Months
Ended
June 30, 2020
Three Months
Ended
June 30, 2021
Six Months
Ended
June 30, 2021
Gain (loss) recognized in net income (loss) (in millions) $38 $112Gain (loss) recognized in net income (loss) (in millions)($49)($217)
Approximate percentage of gain (loss) attributable to observable inputs 35% 66%Approximate percentage of gain (loss) attributable to observable inputs(27%)53%
Primary drivers of observable gain (loss) 
Increases in interest rates on interest rate total return swaps and increases in certain equity index levels on equity derivatives.

 
Decreases in interest rates on interest rate total return swaps and decreases in certain equity index levels on equity derivatives.

Primary drivers of observable gain (loss)Decreases in interest rates on interest rate total return swaps and increases in certain equity index levels on equity derivatives.Increases in interest rates on interest rate total return swaps and increases in certain equity index levels on equity derivatives.
Approximate percentage of gain (loss) attributable to unobservable inputs 65% 34%Approximate percentage of gain (loss) attributable to unobservable inputs127%47%
See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates — Derivatives” included in the 20192020 Annual Report for further information on the estimates and assumptions that affect derivatives.
Credit Risk
See Note 7 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information about how we manage credit risk related to derivatives and for the estimated fair value of our net derivative assets and net derivative liabilities after the application of master netting agreements and collateral.
Our policy is not to offset the fair value amounts recognized for derivatives executed with the same counterparty under the same master netting agreement. This policy applies to the recognition of derivatives on the consolidated balance sheets, and does not affect our legal right of offset.
Credit Derivatives
The following table presents the gross notional amount and estimated fair value of credit default swaps at:
  June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
Credit Default Swaps 
Gross
Notional
Amount
 
Estimated
Fair Value
 
Gross
Notional
Amount
 
Estimated
Fair Value
  (In millions)
Purchased $3,031
 $(80) $2,944
 $(98)
Written 10,780
 107
 11,520
 271
Total $13,811
 $27
 $14,464
 $173
June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
Credit Default SwapsGross
Notional
Amount
Estimated
Fair Value
Gross
Notional
Amount
Estimated
Fair Value
(In millions)
Purchased$2,999 $(103)$2,978 $(112)
Written9,216 186 9,609 196 
Total$12,215 $83 $12,587 $84 

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The following table presents the gross gains, gross losses and net gains (losses) recognized in net derivative gains (losses) for credit default swaps as follows:
 Three Months
Ended
June 30,
 Six Months
Ended
June 30,
Three Months
Ended
June 30,
Six Months
Ended
June 30,
 2020 2019 2020 20192021202020212020
Credit Default Swaps 
Gross
Gains
 
Gross
Losses
 
Net
Gains
(Losses)
 
Gross
Gains
 
Gross
Losses
 
Net
Gains
(Losses)
 
Gross
Gains
 
Gross
Losses
 
Net
Gains
(Losses)
 
Gross
Gains
 
Gross
Losses
 
Net
Gains
(Losses)
Credit Default SwapsGross
Gains
Gross
Losses
Net
Gains
(Losses)
Gross
Gains
Gross
Losses
Net
Gains
(Losses)
Gross
Gains
Gross
Losses
Net
Gains
(Losses)
Gross
Gains
Gross
Losses
Net
Gains
(Losses)
 (In millions)(In millions)
Purchased (1) $(39) $(22) $(61) $
 $(5) $(5) $39
 $(27) $12
 $3
 $(23) $(20)Purchased (1)$(4)$(3)$(7)$(39)$(22)$(61)$16 $(4)$12 $39 $(27)$12 
Written (1) 27
 135
 162
 52
 (2) 50
 29
 (178) (149) 189
 (3) 186
Written (1)30 — 30 27 135 162 42 (7)35 29 (178)(149)
Total $(12) $113
 $101
 $52
 $(7) $45
 $68
 $(205) $(137) $192
 $(26) $166
Total$26 $(3)$23 $(12)$113 $101 $58 $(11)$47 $68 $(205)$(137)
__________________
(1)Gains (losses) do not include earned income (expense) on credit default swaps.
(1)Gains (losses) do not include earned income (expense) on credit default swaps.
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The favorable change in net gains (losses) on written credit default swaps of $112$184 million for the threesix months ended June 30, 20202021 compared to the threesix months ended June 30, 20192020 was due to certain credit spreads on certain credit default swaps used as replications narrowing more in the current period than the prior period. The unfavorable change in net gains (losses) on purchased credit default swaps of $56 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2019 was due to certain credit spreads on credit default swaps hedging certain bonds narrowing more in the current period as compared to the prior period. The unfavorable change in net gains (losses) on written credit default swaps of $335 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2019 was due to certain credit spreads on certain credit default swaps used as replications widening in the current period as compared to narrowing in the prior period.
The maximum amount at risk related to our written credit default swaps is equal to the corresponding gross notional amount. In a replication transaction, we pair an asset on our balance sheet with a written credit default swap to synthetically replicate a corporate bond, a core asset holding of life insurance companies. Replications are entered into in accordance with the guidelines approved by state insurance regulators and the NAIC and are an important tool in managing the overall corporate credit risk within the Company. In order to match our long-dated insurance liabilities, we seek to buy long-dated corporate bonds. In some instances, these may not be readily available in the market, or they may be issued by corporations to which we already have significant corporate credit exposure. For example, by purchasing Treasury bonds (or other high-quality assets) and associating them with written credit default swaps on the desired corporate credit name, we can replicate the desired bond exposures and meet our ALM needs. In addition, given the shorter tenor of the credit default swaps (generally five-year tenors) versus a long dated corporate bond, we have more flexibility in managing our credit exposures.
Embedded Derivatives
See Note 8 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information about embedded derivatives measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis and their corresponding fair value hierarchy and a rollforward of the fair value measurements for embedded derivatives measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable (Level 3) inputs.
See Note 7 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information about the nonperformance risk adjustment included in the valuation of guaranteed minimum benefits accounted for as embedded derivatives.
See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates — Derivatives” included in the 20192020 Annual Report for further information on the estimates and assumptions that affect embedded derivatives.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
Credit and Committed Facilities
We maintain an unsecured revolving credit facility, as well as certain committed facilities, with various financial institutions. See “— Liquidity and Capital Resources — The Company — Liquidity and Capital Sources — Global Funding Sources — Credit and Committed Facilities” for descriptions of such arrangements. For the classification of expenses on such credit and committed facilities and the nature of the associated liability for letters of credit issued and drawdowns on these credit and committed facilities, see Note 13 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 20192020 Annual Report.

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Collateral for Securities Lending, Repurchase Agreements, Third-Party Custodian Administered Repurchase Programs and Derivatives
We participate in securities lending transactions, repurchase agreements and third-party custodian administered repurchase programs in the normal course of business for the purpose of enhancing the total return on our investment portfolio. See Note 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, as well as “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Investments — Securities Lending, Repurchase Agreements and FHLB of Boston Advance Agreements” in Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 20192020 Annual Report for further discussion of our securities lending transactions and repurchase agreements, the classification of revenues and expenses, and the nature of the secured financing arrangements and associated liabilities.
Securities lending and repurchase agreements: Periodically we receive non-cash collateral for securities lending and repurchase agreements from counterparties, and which is not reflected on our consolidated financial statements. The amount of this non-cash collateral was $25$31 million and $0 $1 million at estimated fair value, at June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019,2020, respectively.
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Third-party custodian administered repurchase programs: We loan certain of our fixed maturity securities AFS to unaffiliated financial institutions and, in exchange, non-cash collateral is put on deposit by the unaffiliated financial institutions on our behalf with third-party custodians. The estimated fair value of securities loaned in connection with these transactions was $114$223 million and $85$19 million at June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019,2020, respectively. Non-cash collateral on deposit with third-party custodians held on our behalf was $110$236 million and $90$20 million, at estimated fair value, at June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019,2020, respectively, which cannot be sold or re-pledged, and which is not reflected onin our consolidated balance sheets.financial statements.
Derivatives: We enter into derivatives to manage various risks relating to our ongoing business operations. We receive non-cash collateral from counterparties for derivatives, which can be sold or re-pledged subject to certain constraints, and which is not reflected onin our consolidated balance sheets.financial statements. The amount of this non-cash collateral was $2.8$1.3 billion and $1.7 billion, at estimated fair value, at June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019,2020, respectively. See “— Liquidity and Capital Resources — The Company — Liquidity and Capital Uses — Pledged Collateral” and Note 7 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information regarding the earned income on and the gross notional amount, estimated fair value of assets and liabilities and primary underlying risk exposure of our derivatives.
Investment Commitments
We enter into the following commitments in the normal course of business for the purpose of enhancing the total return on our investment portfolio: mortgage loan commitments and commitments to fund partnerships, bank credit facilities, bridge loans and private corporate bond investments. See Note 15 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information about these investment commitments. See “Net Investment Income” and “Net Investment Gains (Losses)” in Note 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information on the investment income, investment expense, and gains and losses from such investments.investments and the liability for credit loss for unfunded mortgage loan commitments. See also “— Investments — Fixed Maturity Securities AFS and Equity Securities,” “— Investments — Mortgage Loans,” “— Investments — Real Estate and Real Estate Joint Ventures” and “— Investments — Other Limited Partnership Interests.”
Lease Commitments
As lessee, we have entered into various lease and sublease agreements for office space and equipment. Our commitments under such lease agreements are included within the contractual obligations table in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources — The Company — Contractual Obligations” in the 20192020 Annual Report. See also Note 11 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 20192020 Annual Report.
Guarantees
See “Guarantees” in Note 15 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Policyholder Liabilities
We establish, and carry as liabilities, actuarially determined amounts that are calculated to meet policy obligations or to provide for future annuity payments. Amounts for actuarial liabilities are computed and reported on the interim condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP. For more details on Policyholder Liabilities, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates” included in the 20192020 Annual Report.

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Due to the nature of the underlying risks and the uncertainty associated with the determination of actuarial liabilities, we cannot precisely determine the amounts that will ultimately be paid with respect to these actuarial liabilities, and the ultimate amounts may vary from the estimated amounts, particularly when payments may not occur until well into the future.
We periodically review our estimates of actuarial liabilities for future benefits and compare them with our actual experience. We revise estimates, to the extent permitted or required under GAAP, if we determine that future expected experience differs from assumptions used in the development of actuarial liabilities. We charge or credit changes in our liabilities to expenses in the period the liabilities are established or re-estimated. If the liabilities originally established for future benefit payments prove inadequate, we must increase them. Such an increase could adversely affect our earnings and have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We have experienced, and will likely in the future experience, catastrophe losses and possibly acts of terrorism, as well as turbulent financial markets that may have an adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Due to their nature, we cannot predict the incidence, timing, severity or amount of losses from catastrophes and acts of terrorism, but we make broad use of catastrophic and non-catastrophic reinsurance to manage risk from these perils. We also use hedging, reinsurance and other risk management activities to mitigate financial market volatility.
See “Business — Regulation — Insurance Regulation — Policy and Contract Reserve Adequacy Analysis” and “Risk Factors — Business Risks” included in the 20192020 Annual Report for further information regarding required analyses of the adequacy of statutory reserves of our insurance operations.
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Future Policy Benefits
We establish liabilities for amounts payable under insurance policies. See Notes 1The following discussion on future policy benefits and 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements includedpolicyholder account balances should be read in the 2019 Annual Report for additional information. See alsoconjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Industry Trends — Impact of a Sustained Low Interest Rate Environment — Low Interest Rate Scenario”Environment” included in the 20192020 Annual Report, as amended or supplemented in our subsequently filed Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q under similarly captioned sections, and “— Variable Annuity Guarantees.” See also Notes 1 and 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report for additional information.
Future Policy Benefits
We establish liabilities for amounts payable under insurance policies. A discussion of future policy benefits by segment (as well as Corporate & Other) follows.
U.S.
Amounts payable under insurance policies for this segment are comprised of group insurance and annuities, as well as property and casualty policies.annuities. For group insurance, future policyholder benefits are comprised mainly of liabilities for disabled lives under disability waiver of premium policy provisions, liabilities for survivor income benefit insurance, active life policies and premium stabilization and other contingency liabilities held under life insurance contracts. For group annuity contracts, future policyholder benefits are primarily related to payout annuities, including pension risk transfers, structured settlement annuities and institutional income annuities. There is no interest rate crediting flexibility on these liabilities. As a result, a sustained low interest rate environment could negatively impact earnings; however, we mitigate our risks by applying various ALM strategies, including the use of various interest rate derivative positions. The components of future policy benefits related to our property and casualty policies are liabilities for unpaid claims, estimated based upon assumptions such as rates of claim frequencies, levels of severities, inflation, judicial trends, legislative changes or regulatory decisions. Assumptions are based upon our historical experience and analysis of historical development patterns of the relationship of loss adjustment expenses to losses for each line of business, and we consider the effects of current developments, anticipated trends and risk management programs, reduced for anticipated salvage and subrogation.
Asia
Future policy benefits for this segment are held primarily for traditional life, endowment, annuity and accident & health contracts. They are also held for total return pass-through provisions included in certain universal life and savings products. They include certain liabilities for variable annuity and variable life guarantees of minimum death benefits, and longevity guarantees. Factors impacting these liabilities include sustained periods of lower than expected yields, lower than expected asset reinvestment rates, market volatility, actual lapses resulting in lower than expected income, and actual mortality or morbidity resulting in higher than expected benefit payments. We mitigate our risks by applying various ALM strategies and by the use of reinsurance.

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Latin America
Future policy benefitsbenefit liabilities for this segment are held primarily for immediate annuities, in Chile, Mexico and Argentina and traditional life contracts mainly in Mexico, Brazil and Colombia. There are also liabilities held for total return pass-through provisions included in certain universal life and savings products in Mexico.products. There is limited interest rate crediting flexibility on the immediate annuity and traditional life liabilities. As a result, sustained periods of lower than expected yields could negatively impact earnings; however, we mitigate our risks by applying various ALM strategies. Other factors impacting these liabilities are actual mortality resulting in higher than expected benefit payments and actual lapses resulting in lower than expected income.
EMEA
Future policy benefits for this segment include unearned premium reserves for group life and medical and credit insurance contracts. Future policy benefits are also held for traditional life, endowment and annuity contracts with significant mortality risk and accident & health contracts. Factors impacting these liabilities include lower than expected asset reinvestment rates, market volatility, actual lapses resulting in lower than expected income, and actual mortality or morbidity resulting in higher than expected benefit payments. We mitigate our risks by having premiums which are adjustable or cancellable in some cases, applying various ALM strategies and by the use of reinsurance.
MetLife Holdings
Future policy benefits for the life insurance business are comprised mainly of liabilities for traditional life insurance contracts. In order to manage risk, we have often reinsured a portion of the mortality risk on life insurance policies. We routinely evaluate our reinsurance programs, which may result in increases or decreases to existing coverage. We have entered into various interest rate derivative positions to mitigate the risk that investment of premiums received and reinvestment of maturing assets over the life of the policy will be at rates below those assumed in the original pricing of these contracts. For the annuities business, future policy benefits are comprised mainly of liabilities for life-contingent income annuities and liabilities for the variable annuity guaranteed minimum benefits that are accounted for as insurance. OtherFor the long-term care business, future policyholder benefits are comprised mainly of liabilities for disabled lives under disability waiver of premium policy provisions, and active life policies. In addition, for our other products, future policyholder benefits related to the reinsurance of our former Japan joint venture are comprised of liabilities for the variable annuity guaranteed minimum benefits that are accounted for as insurance.
Corporate & Other
Future policy benefits primarily include liabilities for other reinsurance business.
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Policyholder Account Balances
Policyholder account balances are generally equal to the account value, which includes accrued interest credited, but excludes the impact of any applicable charge that may be incurred upon surrender. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Industry Trends — Impact of a Sustained Low Interest Rate Environment — Low Interest Rate Scenario” included in the 2019 Annual Report and “— Variable Annuity Guarantees.” See also Notes 1 and 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2019 Annual Report for additional information. A discussion of policyholder account balances by segment follows.
U.S.
Policyholder account balances in this segment are comprised of funding agreements, retained asset accounts, universal life policies, the fixed account of variable life insurance policies and specialized life insurance products for benefit programs.
Group Benefits
Policyholder account balances in this business are held for retained asset accounts, universal life policies, the fixed account of variable life insurance policies and specialized life insurance products for benefit programs. Policyholder account balances are credited interest at a rate we determine, which is influenced by current market rates. A sustained low interest rate environment could adversely impact liabilities and earnings as a result of the minimum credited rate guarantees present in mostMost of these policyholder account balances. Webalances have various interestminimum credited rate derivative positions to partially mitigate the risks associated with such a scenario.

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guarantees.
The table below presents the breakdown of account value subject to minimum guaranteed crediting rates for Group Benefits:
June 30, 2020June 30, 2021
Guaranteed Minimum Crediting Rate
Account
Value
 
Account
Value at
Guarantee
Guaranteed Minimum Crediting RateAccount
Value
Account
Value at
Guarantee
(In millions)(In millions)
Greater than 0% but less than 2%$4,872
 $4,750
Greater than 0% but less than 2%$5,217 $5,090 
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4%$1,662
 $1,627
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4%$1,597 $1,559 
Equal to or greater than 4%$767
 $739
Equal to or greater than 4%$794 $765 
Retirement and Income Solutions
Policyholder account balances in this business are held largely for investment-type products, mainly funding agreements, as well as postretirement benefits and corporate ownedcorporate-owned life insurance to fund non-qualified benefit programs for executives. Interest crediting rates vary by type of contract and can be fixed or variable. Variable interest crediting rates are generally tied to an external index, most commonly (1-month or 3-month) London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) or Secured Overnight Financing Rate. We are exposed to interest rate risks, as well as foreign currency exchange rate risk, when guaranteeingguarantee payment of interest and return of principal at the contractual maturity date. We may invest in floating rate assets or enter into receive-floating interest rate swaps, also tied to external indices, as well as interest rate caps, to mitigate the impact of changes in market interest rates. We also mitigate our risks by applying various ALM strategies and seek to hedge all foreign currency exchange rate risk through the use of foreign currency hedges, including cross currency swaps.
The table below presents the breakdown of account value subject to minimum guaranteed crediting rates for RIS:
June 30, 2020June 30, 2021
Guaranteed Minimum Crediting Rate
Account
Value
 
Account
Value at
Guarantee
Guaranteed Minimum Crediting RateAccount
Value
Account
Value at
Guarantee
(In millions)(In millions)
Greater than 0% but less than 2%$147
 $
Greater than 0% but less than 2%$146 $— 
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4%$1,065
 $101
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4%$1,049 $143 
Equal to or greater than 4%$4,593
 $4,392
Equal to or greater than 4%$4,619 $4,383 
Asia
Policyholder account balances in this segment are held largely for fixed income retirement and savings plans, fixed deferred annuities, interest sensitive whole life products, universal life and, to a lesser degree, liability amounts for Unit-linked investments that do not meet the GAAP definition of separate accounts. Also included are certain liabilities for retirement and savings products sold in certain countries in Asia that generally are sold with minimum credited rate guarantees. Liabilities for guarantees on certain variable annuities in Asia are accounted for as embedded derivatives and recorded at estimated fair value and are also included within policyholder account balances. A sustained low interest rate environment could adversely impact liabilities and earnings as a result of the minimum credited rate guarantees present in mostMost of these policyholder account balances. We mitigate our risks by applying various ALM strategies and with reinsurance.balances have minimum credited rate guarantees. Liabilities for Unit-linked investments are impacted by changes in the fair value of the associated underlying investments, as the return on assets is generally passed directly to the policyholder.

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The table below presents the breakdown of account value subject to minimum guaranteed crediting rates for Asia:
June 30, 2020June 30, 2021
Guaranteed Minimum Crediting Rate
Account
Value
 
Account
Value at
Guarantee
Guaranteed Minimum Crediting RateAccount
Value
Account
Value at
Guarantee
(In millions)(In millions)
Annuities   
Annuities:Annuities:
Greater than 0% but less than 2%$29,482
 $1,421
Greater than 0% but less than 2%$31,595 $1,799 
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4%$1,017
 $368
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4%$1,026 $427 
Equal to or greater than 4%$1
 $1
Equal to or greater than 4%$$
Life & Other   
Life & Other:Life & Other:
Greater than 0% but less than 2%$12,015
 $11,586
Greater than 0% but less than 2%$12,745 $12,211 
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4%$29,227
 $9,437
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4%$32,574 $20,779 
Equal to or greater than 4%$277
 $277
Equal to or greater than 4%$280 $280 
Latin America
Policyholder account balances in this segment are held largely for investment-type products, and universal life products, in Mexico and Chile, and deferred annuities in Brazil. Some products in Chile and some of the deferred annuities in Brazil are Unit-linked investments that do not meet the GAAP definition of separate accounts. Liabilities for Unit-linked investments are impacted by changes in the fair value of the associated investments, as the return on assets is generally passed directly to the policyholder. Many of the other liabilities have minimum credited rate guarantees, which could adversely impact liabilities and earnings in a sustained low interest rate environment.guarantees.
EMEA
Policyholder account balances in this segment are held mostly for universal life, deferred annuities, pension products, and Unit-linked investments that do not meet the GAAP definition of separate accounts. They are also held for endowment products without significant mortality risk. A sustained low interest rate environment could adversely impact liabilities and earnings as a result of the minimum credited rate guarantees present in manyMost of these policyholder account balances. We mitigate our risks by applying various ALM strategies.balances have minimum credited rate guarantees. Liabilities for Unit-linked investments are impacted by changes in the fair value of the associated investments, as the return on assets is generally passed directly to the policyholder.
MetLife Holdings
Life policyholder account balances in this segment are held for retained asset accounts, universal life policies, the fixed account of variable life insurance policies, and funding agreements. For annuities, policyholder account balances are held for fixed deferred annuities, the fixed account portion of variable annuities, non-life contingent income annuities, and embedded derivatives related to variable annuity guarantees. Interest is credited to the policyholder’s account at interest rates we determine which are influenced by current market rates, subject to specified minimums. A sustained low interest rate environment could adversely impact liabilities and earnings as a result of the minimum credited rate guarantees present in mostMost of these policyholder account balances. Webalances have various interestminimum credited rate derivative positions to partially mitigate the risks associated with such a scenario.guarantees. Additionally, for our other products, policyholder account balances are held for variable annuity guarantees assumed from a former operating joint venture in Japan that are accounted for as embedded derivatives.
The table below presents the breakdown of account value subject to minimum guaranteed crediting rates for the MetLife Holdings segment:
June 30, 2021
Guaranteed Minimum Crediting RateAccount
Value
Account
Value at
Guarantee
(In millions)
Greater than 0% but less than 2%$1,202 $1,167 
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4%$17,619 $16,005 
Equal to or greater than 4%$7,486 $6,872 
 June 30, 2020
Guaranteed Minimum Crediting Rate
Account
Value
 
Account
Value at
Guarantee
 (In millions)
Greater than 0% but less than 2%$1,275
 $1,196
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4%$17,799
 $15,453
Equal to or greater than 4%$7,749
 $5,466

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Variable Annuity Guarantees
We issue, directly and through assumed business, certain variable annuity products with guaranteed minimum benefits that provide the policyholder a minimum return based on their initial deposit (i.e., the benefit base) less withdrawals. In some cases, the benefit base may be increased by additional deposits, bonus amounts, accruals or optional market value resets. See Note 4 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, as well as Notes 1 and 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 20192020 Annual Report for additional information.
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Certain guarantees, including portions thereof, have insurance liabilities established that are included in future policy benefits. Guarantees accounted for in this manner include GMDBs,guaranteed minimum death benefits (“GMDBs”), the life-contingent portion of guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits (“GMWBs”), elective guaranteed minimum income benefit (“GMIB”) annuitizations, and the life contingent portion of GMIBs that require annuitization when the account balance goes to zero. These liabilities are accrued over the life of the contract in proportion to actual and future expected policy assessments based on the level of guaranteed minimum benefits generated using multiple scenarios of separate account returns. The scenarios are based on best estimate assumptions consistent with those used to amortize DAC. When current estimates of future benefits exceed those previously projected or when current estimates of future assessments are lower than those previously projected, liabilities will increase, resulting in a current period charge to net income. The opposite result occurs when the current estimates of future benefits are lower than those previously projected or when current estimates of future assessments exceed those previously projected. At the end of each reporting period, we update the actual amount of business remaining in-force, which impacts expected future assessments and the projection of estimated future benefits resulting in a current period charge or increase to earnings.
Certain guarantees, including portions thereof, accounted for as embedded derivatives, are recorded at estimated fair value and included in policyholder account balances. Guarantees accounted for as embedded derivatives include guaranteed minimum accumulation benefits (“GMABs”), the non-life contingent portion of GMWBs and certain non-life contingent portions of GMIBs. The estimated fair values of guarantees accounted for as embedded derivatives are determined based on the present value of projected future benefits minus the present value of projected future fees. The projections of future benefits and future fees require capital market and actuarial assumptions including expectations concerning policyholder behavior. A risk-neutral valuation methodology is used to project the cash flows from the guarantees under multiple capital market scenarios to determine an economic liability. The reported estimated fair value is then determined by taking the present value of these risk-free generated cash flows using a discount rate that incorporates a spread over the risk-free rate to reflect our nonperformance risk and adding a risk margin. For more information on the determination of estimated fair value, see Note 8 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
The table below presents the carrying value for guarantees at: 
 
Future Policy
Benefits
 
Policyholder
Account Balances
 June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019 June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
 (In millions)
Asia       
GMDB$4
 $3
 $
 $
GMAB
 
 50
 34
GMWB34
 34
 177
 143
EMEA       
GMDB6
 3
 
 
GMAB
 
 50
 25
GMWB30
 15
 16
 (62)
MetLife Holdings       
GMDB359
 335
 
 
GMIB852
 756
 789
 110
GMAB
 
 2
 (1)
GMWB133
 125
 724
 375
Total$1,418
 $1,271
 $1,808
 $624

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Future Policy
Benefits
Policyholder
Account Balances
June 30, 2021December 31, 2020June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
(In millions)
Asia
GMDB$$$— $— 
GMAB— — 12 26 
GMWB34 35 118 134 
EMEA
GMDB— — 
GMAB— — 11 31 
GMWB24 31 (68)(23)
MetLife Holdings
GMDB465 450 — — 
GMIB925 954 80 323 
GMAB— — (1)— 
GMWB178 179 224 443 
Total$1,636 $1,661 $376 $934 
The carrying amounts for guarantees included in policyholder account balances above include nonperformance risk adjustments of $222$86 million and $147$137 million at June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019,2020, respectively. These nonperformance risk adjustments represent the impact of including a credit spread when discounting the underlying risk-neutral cash flows to determine the estimated fair values. The nonperformance risk adjustment does not have an economic impact on us as it cannot be monetized given the nature of these policyholder liabilities. The change in valuation arising from the nonperformance risk adjustment is not hedged.
The carrying values of these guarantees can change significantly during periods of sizable and sustained shifts in equity market performance, equity volatility, interest rates or foreign currency exchange rates. Carrying values are also impacted by our assumptions around mortality, separate account returns and policyholder behavior, including lapse rates.
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As discussed below, we use a combination of product design, hedging strategies, reinsurance, and other risk management actions to mitigate the risks related to these benefits. Within each type of guarantee, there is a range of product offerings reflecting the changing nature of these products over time. Changes in product features and terms are in part driven by customer demand but, more importantly, reflect our risk management practices of continuously evaluating the guaranteed benefits and their associated asset-liability matching. We continue to diversify the concentration of income benefits in our portfolio by focusing on withdrawal benefits, variable annuities without living benefits and index-linked annuities.
The sections below provide further detail by total account value for certain of our most popular guarantees. Total account values include amounts not reported on the consolidated balance sheets from assumed business, Unit-linked investments that do not qualify for presentation as separate account assets, and amounts included in our general account. The total account values and the net amounts at risk include direct and assumed business, but exclude offsets from hedging or ceded reinsurance, if any.
GMDBs
We offer a range of GMDBs to our contractholders. The table below presents GMDBs, by benefit type, at June 30, 2020:2021:
Total Account Value (1)Total Account Value (1)
Asia & EMEA MetLife HoldingsAsia & EMEAMetLife Holdings
(In millions)(In millions)
Return of premium or five to seven year step-up$7,237
 $44,380
Return of premium or five to seven year step-up$7,921 $47,951 
Annual step-up
 2,932
Annual step-up— 3,234 
Roll-up and step-up combination
 5,308
Roll-up and step-up combination— 5,585 
Total$7,237
 $52,620
Total$7,921 $56,770 
__________________
(1)Total account value excludes $593 million for contracts with no GMDBs. The Company’s annuity contracts with guarantees may offer more than one type of guarantee in each contract. Therefore, the amounts listed for GMDBs and for living benefit guarantees are not mutually exclusive.
(1)Total account value excludes $607 million for contracts with no GMDBs. The Company’s annuity contracts with guarantees may offer more than one type of guarantee in each contract. Therefore, the amounts listed for GMDBs and for living benefit guarantees are not mutually exclusive.
Based on total account value, less than 18% of our GMDBs included enhanced death benefits such as the annual step-up or roll-up and step-up combination products at June 30, 2020. We expect the above GMDB risk profile to be relatively consistent for the foreseeable future.2021.

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Living Benefit Guarantees
The table below presents our living benefit guarantees based on total account values at June 30, 2020:2021:
Total Account Value (1)Total Account Value (1)
Asia & EMEA MetLife HoldingsAsia & EMEAMetLife Holdings
(In millions)(In millions)
GMIB$
 $19,683
GMIB$— $21,100 
GMWB - non-life contingent (2)1,087
 2,312
GMWB - non-life contingent (2)1,053 2,238 
GMWB - life-contingent3,223
 8,696
GMWB - life-contingent3,392 8,816 
GMAB1,719
 192
GMAB1,780 166 
Total$6,029
 $30,883
Total$6,225 $32,320 
__________________
(1)Total account value excludes $23.5 billion for contracts with no living benefit guarantees. The Company’s annuity contracts with guarantees may offer more than one type of guarantee in each contract. Therefore, the amounts listed for GMDBs and for living benefit guarantee amounts are not mutually exclusive.
(2)The Asia and EMEA segments include the non-life contingent portion of the GMWB total account value of $1.1 billion with a guarantee at annuitization.
(1)Total account value excludes $26.8 billion for contracts with no living benefit guarantees. The Company’s annuity contracts with guarantees may offer more than one type of guarantee in each contract. Therefore, the amounts listed for GMDBs and for living benefit guarantee amounts are not mutually exclusive.
(2)The Asia and EMEA segments include the non-life contingent portion of the GMWB total account value of $1.0 billion with a guarantee at annuitization.
In terms of total account value, GMIBs are our most significant living benefit guarantee. Our primary risk management strategy for our GMIB products is our derivatives hedging program as discussed below. Additionally, we have engaged in certain reinsurance agreements covering some of our GMIB business. As part of our overall risk management approach for living benefit guarantees, we continually monitor the reinsurance markets for the right opportunity to purchase additional coverage for our GMIB business. We stopped selling GMIBs in February 2016.
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The table below presents our GMIB associated total account values, by their guaranteed payout basis, at June 30, 2020:2021:
 Total Account Value
 (In millions)
7-year setback, 2.5% interest rate$5,549
7-year setback, 1.5% interest rate890
10-year setback, 1.5% interest rate3,952
10-year mortality projection, 10-year setback, 1.0% interest rate7,890
10-year mortality projection, 10-year setback, 0.5% interest rate1,402
 $19,683
Total Account Value
(In millions)
7-year setback, 2.5% interest rate$6,191 
7-year setback, 1.5% interest rate1,232 
10-year setback, 1.5% interest rate4,221 
10-year mortality projection, 10-year setback, 1.0% interest rate8,044 
10-year mortality projection, 10-year setback, 0.5% interest rate1,412 
$21,100 
The annuitization interest rates on GMIBs have been decreased from 2.5% to 0.5% over time, partially in response to the low interest rate environment, accompanied by an increase in the setback period from seven years to 10 years and the introduction of a 10-year mortality projection.
Additionally, 41%39% of the $19.7$21.1 billion of GMIB total account value has been invested in managed volatility funds as of June 30, 2020.2021. These funds seek to manage volatility by adjusting the fund holdings within certain guidelines based on capital market movements. Such activity reduces the overall risk of the underlying funds while maintaining their growth opportunities. These risk mitigation techniques reduce or eliminate the need for us to manage the funds’ volatility through hedging or reinsurance.
Our GMIB products typically have a waiting period of 10 years to be eligible for annuitization. As of June 30, 2020,2021, only 23%32% of our contracts with GMIBs were eligible for annuitization. The remaining contracts are not eligible for annuitization for an average of three years.

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Once eligible for annuitization, contractholders would be expected to annuitize only if their contracts were in-the-money. We calculate in-the-moneyness with respect to GMIBs consistent with net amount at risk as discussed in Note 4 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, by comparing the contractholders’ income benefits based on total account values and current annuity rates versus the guaranteed income benefits. The net amount at risk was $823$451 million at June 30, 2020,2021, of which $745$406 million was related to GMIBs. For those contracts with GMIB, the table below presents details of contracts that are in-the-money and out-of-the-money at June 30, 2020:2021:
In-the-
Moneyness
Total
Account Value
% of Total
(In millions)
In-the-money30% or greater$413 %
20% to less than 30%201 %
10% to less than 20%384 %
0% to less than 10%636 %
1,634 
Out-of-the-money-10% to 0%1,542 %
-20% to less than -10%4,160 20 %
Greater than -20%13,764 65 %
19,466 
Total GMIBs$21,100 
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In-the-
Moneyness
 
Total
Account Value
 % of Total
 (In millions)
In-the-money30% or greater $724
 3.7%
 20% to less than 30% 454
 2.3%
 10% to less than 20% 967
 4.9%
 0% to less than 10% 1,723
 8.8%
   3,868
  
Out-of-the-money-10% to 0% 2,446
 12.4%
 -20% to less than -10% 4,741
 24.1%
 Greater than -20% 8,628
 43.8%
   15,815
  
Total GMIBs  $19,683
  
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Derivatives Hedging Variable Annuity Guarantees
Our risk mitigating hedging strategy uses various over-the-counter and exchange traded derivatives. The table below presents the gross notional amount, estimated fair value and primary underlying risk exposure of the derivatives hedging our variable annuity guarantees:
 Instrument Type June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019Instrument TypeJune 30, 2021December 31, 2020
Primary Underlying
Risk Exposure
 
Gross Notional
Amount
 Estimated Fair Value 
Gross Notional
Amount
 Estimated Fair ValuePrimary Underlying
Risk Exposure
Gross Notional
Amount
Estimated Fair ValueGross Notional
Amount
Estimated Fair Value
Instrument Type Assets Liabilities Assets LiabilitiesInstrument TypeLiabilitiesAssetsLiabilities
 (In millions)(In millions)
Interest rate Interest rate swaps $8,943
 
 $24
 $8,639
 $73
 $16
Interest rateInterest rate swaps$13,078 $16 $14,188 $85 $21 
 Interest rate futures 1,707
 2
 
 1,678
 3
 3
Interest rate futures1,610 — 1,442 — 
 Interest rate options 888
 222
 
 838
 209
 
Interest rate options77 — 637 134 — 
Foreign currency exchange rate Foreign currency forwards 1,614
 3
 14
 1,644
 16
 24
Foreign currency exchange rateForeign currency forwards1,388 1,834 27 13 
 Currency options 
 
 
 1
 
 
Equity market Equity futures 3,421
 2
 33
 4,127
 5
 8
Equity marketEquity futures3,644 4,891 12 38 
 Equity index options 6,954
 505
 402
 8,775
 473
 667
Equity index options4,940 409 413 5,360 558 408 
 Equity variance swaps 937
 33
 12
 1,115
 23
 19
Equity variance swaps716 17 15 716 15 12 
 Equity total return swaps 752
 
 86
 761
 
 70
Equity total return swaps2,292 46 1,533 124 
 Total $25,216
 $852
 $571
 $27,578
 $802
 $807
Total$27,745 $505 $508 $30,601 $834 $618 
The change in estimated fair values of our derivatives is recorded in policyholder benefits and claims if such derivatives are hedging guarantees included in future policy benefits, and in net derivative gains (losses) if such derivatives are hedging guarantees included in policyholder account balances.

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Our hedging strategy involves the significant use of static longer-term derivative instruments to avoid the need to execute transactions during periods of market disruption or higher volatility. We continually monitor the capital markets for opportunities to adjust our liability coverage, as appropriate. Futures are also used to dynamically adjust the daily coverage levels as markets and liability exposures fluctuate.
We remain liable for the guaranteed benefits in the event that reinsurers or derivative counterparties are unable or unwilling to pay. Certain of our reinsurance agreements and all derivative positions are collateralized and derivatives positions are subject to master netting agreements, both of which significantly reduce the exposure to counterparty risk. In addition, we are subject to the risk that hedging and other risk management actions prove ineffective or that unanticipated policyholder behavior or mortality, combined with adverse market events, produces economic losses beyond the scope of the risk management techniques employed.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Overview
Our business and results of operations are materially affected by conditions in the global capital markets and the economy generally. Stressed conditions, volatility and disruptions in global capital markets, particular markets, or financial asset classes can have an adverse effect on us, in part because we have a large investment portfolio and our insurance liabilities and derivatives are sensitive to changing market factors. Changing conditions in the global capital markets and the economy including the COVID-19 Pandemic, may affect our financing costs and market interest for our debt or equity securities. For further information regarding market factors that could affect our ability to meet liquidity and capital needs, see “— Executive Summary — Consolidated Company Outlook,” “— Industry Trends” and “— Investments — Current Environment.”
Liquidity Management
Based upon the strength of our franchise, diversification of our businesses, strong financial fundamentals and the substantial funding sources available to us as described herein, we continue to believe we have access to ample liquidity to meet business requirements under current market conditions and reasonably possible stress scenarios. We continuously monitor and adjust our liquidity and capital plans for MetLife, Inc. and its subsidiaries in light of market conditions, as well as changing needs and opportunities.
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Short-term Liquidity
We maintain a substantial short-term liquidity position, which was $14.4$13.4 billion and $9.8$9.4 billion at June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019,2020, respectively. Short-term liquidity includes cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments, excluding assets that are pledged or otherwise committed, including amounts received in connection with securities lending, repurchase agreements, derivatives, and secured borrowings, as well as amounts held in the closed block.
Liquid Assets
An integral part of our liquidity management includes managing our level of liquid assets, which was $227.3$226.6 billion and $221.4$235.1 billion at June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019,2020, respectively. Liquid assets include cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments and publicly-traded securities, excluding assets that are pledged or otherwise committed. Assets pledged or otherwise committed include amounts received in connection with securities lending, repurchase agreements, derivatives, regulatory deposits, the collateral financing arrangement, funding agreements and secured borrowings, as well as amounts held in the closed block.
Capital Management
We have established several senior management committees as part of our capital management process. These committees, including the Capital Management Committee and the Enterprise Risk Committee (“ERC”), regularly review actual and projected capital levels (under a variety of scenarios including stress scenarios) and our annual capital plan in accordance with our capital policy. The Capital Management Committee is comprised of members of senior management, including MetLife, Inc.’s Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), Treasurer, and Chief Risk Officer (“CRO”). The ERC is also comprised of members of senior management, including MetLife, Inc.’s CFO, CRO and Chief Investment Officer.
MetLife, Inc.’s Board of Directors (“Board of Directors”) and senior management are directly involved in the development and maintenance of our capital policy. The capital policy sets forth, among other things, minimum and target capital levels and the governance of the capital management process. All capital actions, including proposed changes to the annual capital plan, capital targets or capital policy, are reviewed by the Finance and Risk Committee of the Board of Directors prior to obtaining full Board of Directors approval. The Board of Directors approves the capital policy and the annual capital plan and authorizes capital actions, as required.

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See “Risk Factors — Capital Risks — We May not be Able to Pay Dividends or Repurchase Our Stock Due to Legal and Regulatory Restrictions May Prevent Us from Paying Dividends and Repurchasing Our Stock”or Cash Buffer Needs” and Note 16 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 20192020 Annual Report for information regarding restrictions on payment of dividends and stock repurchases. See also “— The Company — Liquidity and Capital Uses — Common Stock Repurchases” for information regarding MetLife, Inc.’s common stock repurchase authorizations.
The Company
Liquidity
Liquidity refers to the ability to generate adequate amounts of cash to meet our needs. In the event of significant cash requirements beyond anticipated liquidity needs, we have various alternatives available depending on market conditions and the amount and timing of the liquidity need. These available alternatives include cash flows from operations, sales of liquid assets, global funding sources including commercial paper and various credit and committed facilities. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition — Liquidity and Capital Resources — The Company — Liquidity” included in the 20192020 Annual Report.
Capital
We manage our capital position to maintain our financial strength and credit ratings. Our capital position is supported by our ability to generate strong cash flows within our operating companies and borrow funds at competitive rates, as well as by our demonstrated ability to raise additional capital to meet operating and growth needs despite adverse market and economic conditions.

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Summary of the Company’s Primary Sources and Uses of Liquidity and Capital
Our primary sources and uses of liquidity and capital are summarized as follows:
Six Months
Ended
June 30,
Six Months
Ended
June 30,
2020 201920212020
(In millions)(In millions)
Sources:   Sources:
Operating activities, net$2,693
 $4,459
Operating activities, net$3,750 $2,693 
Net change in policyholder account balances7,011
 4,566
Net change in policyholder account balances3,870 7,011 
Net change in payables for collateral under securities loaned and other transactions7,401
 725
Net change in payables for collateral under securities loaned and other transactions506 7,401 
Cash received for other transactions with tenors greater than three months50
 
Cash received for other transactions with tenors greater than three months— 50 
Long-term debt issued1,074
 1,382
Long-term debt issued15 1,074 
Financing element on certain derivative instruments and other derivative related transactions, netFinancing element on certain derivative instruments and other derivative related transactions, net318 — 
Preferred stock issued, net of issuance costs972
 
Preferred stock issued, net of issuance costs— 972 
Other, net91
 
Other, net58 91 
Effect of change in foreign currency exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents
 47
Total sources19,292
 11,179
Total sources8,517 19,292 
Uses:   Uses:
Investing activities, net9,728
 5,142
Investing activities, net45 9,728 
Cash paid for other transactions with tenors greater than three months50
 200
Cash paid for other transactions with tenors greater than three months100 50 
Long-term debt repaid13
 895
Long-term debt repaid28 13 
Collateral financing arrangement repaid25
 34
Collateral financing arrangement repaid27 25 
Financing element on certain derivative instruments and other derivative related transactions, net242
 14
Financing element on certain derivative instruments and other derivative related transactions, net— 242 
Treasury stock acquired in connection with share repurchases500
 1,250
Treasury stock acquired in connection with share repurchases2,112 500 
Redemption of preferred stockRedemption of preferred stock494 — 
Preferred stock redemption premiumPreferred stock redemption premium— 
Dividends on preferred stock109
 89
Dividends on preferred stock103 109 
Dividends on common stock823
 824
Dividends on common stock829 823 
Other, net
 117
Effect of change in foreign currency exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents111
 
Effect of change in foreign currency exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents192 111 
Total uses11,601
 8,565
Total uses3,936 11,601 
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents$7,691
 $2,614
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents$4,581 $7,691 
Cash Flows from Operations
The principal cash inflows from our insurance activities come from insurance premiums, net investment income, annuity considerations and deposit funds. The principal cash outflows are the result of various life insurance, property and casualty, annuity and pension products, operating expenses and income tax, as well as interest expense. A primary liquidity concern with respect to these cash flows is the risk of early contractholder and policyholder withdrawal.
Cash Flows from Investments
The principal cash inflows from our investment activities come from repayments of principal, proceeds from maturities and sales of investments and settlements of freestanding derivatives. The principal cash outflows relate to purchases of investments, issuances of policy loans and settlements of freestanding derivatives. Additional cash outflows relate to purchases of businesses. We typically have a net cash outflow from investing activities because cash inflows from insurance operations are reinvested in accordance with our ALM discipline to fund insurance liabilities. We closely monitor and manage these risks through our comprehensive investment risk management process. The primary liquidity concerns with respect to these cash flows are the risk of default by debtors and market disruption.

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Cash Flows from Financing
The principal cash inflows from our financing activities come from issuances of debt and other securities, deposits of funds associated with policyholder account balances and lending of securities. The principal cash outflows come from repayments of debt and the collateral financing arrangement, payments of dividends on and repurchases of MetLife, Inc.’s securities, withdrawals associated with policyholder account balances and the return of securities on loan. The primary liquidity concerns with respect to these cash flows are market disruption and the risk
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Liquidity and Capital Sources
In addition to the general description of liquidity and capital sources in “— Summary of the Company’s Primary Sources and Uses of Liquidity and Capital,” the Company’s primary sources of liquidity and capital are set forth below.
Global Funding Sources
Liquidity is provided by a variety of global funding sources, including funding agreements, credit and committed facilities and commercial paper. Capital is provided by a variety of global funding sources, including short-term and long-term debt, the collateral financing arrangement, junior subordinated debt securities, preferred securities, equity securities and equity-linked securities. MetLife, Inc. maintains a shelf registration statement with the SEC that permits the issuance of public debt, equity and hybrid securities. As a “Well-Known Seasoned Issuer” under SEC rules, MetLife, Inc.’s shelf registration statement provides for automatic effectiveness upon filing and has no stated issuance capacity. The diversity of our global funding sources enhances our funding flexibility, limits dependence on any one market or source of funds and generally lowers the cost of funds. Our primary global funding sources include:
Preferred Stock
See Note 10 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and Note 16 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 20192020 Annual Report.
Common Stock
For the six months ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019,2020, MetLife, Inc. issued 2,947,2504,317,294 and 4,263,1892,947,250 new shares of its common stock, respectively, for $115$174 million and $142$115 million, respectively, to satisfy various stock option exercises and other stock-based awards.
Commercial Paper, Reported in Short-term Debt
MetLife, Inc. and MetLife Funding, Inc. (“MetLife Funding”), a subsidiary of Metropolitan Life Insurance Company (“MLIC”),MLIC, each have a commercial paper program that is supported by our unsecured revolving credit facility (see “— Credit and Committed Facilities”). MetLife Funding raises cash from its commercial paper program and uses the proceeds to extend loans through MetLife Credit Corp., another subsidiary of MLIC, to affiliates in order to enhance the financial flexibility and liquidity of these companies.
Federal Home Loan Bank Funding Agreements, Reported in Policyholder Account Balances
Certain of our U.S. insurance subsidiaries are members of a regional FHLB.Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”). For the six months ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019,2020, we issued $19.1$18.2 billion and $14.9$19.1 billion, respectively, and repaid $18.1$18.2 billion and $14.9$18.1 billion, respectively, of funding agreements with certain regional FHLBs. At both June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019,2020, total obligations outstanding under these funding agreements were $16.3 billion and $15.3 billion, respectively.billion. See Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 20192020 Annual Report.
Federal Home Loan Bank Advance Agreements, Reported in Payables for Collateral Under Securities Loaned and Other TransactionsLiabilities Held-for-Sale
For the six months ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019,2020, we borrowed $1.4 billion$0 and $1.5$1.4 billion, respectively, and repaid $1.4 billion$700 million and $1.5$1.4 billion, respectively, under advance agreements with the FHLB of Boston. At both June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019,2020, total obligations outstanding under these advance agreements were $800 million. See Note 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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$0 and $700 million, respectively.
Special Purpose Entity Funding Agreements, Reported in Policyholder Account Balances
We issue fixed and floating rate funding agreements, which are denominated in either U.S. dollars or foreign currencies, to certain unconsolidated special purpose entities that have issued either debt securities or commercial paper for which payment of interest and principal is secured by such funding agreements. For the six months ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019,2020, we issued $22.5$22.0 billion and $19.1$22.5 billion, respectively, and repaid $18.3$20.7 billion and $17.1$18.3 billion, respectively, under such funding agreements. At June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019,2020, total obligations outstanding under these funding agreements were $38.9$41.2 billion and $34.6$39.9 billion, respectively. See Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 20192020 Annual Report.
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Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation Funding Agreements, Reported in Policyholder Account Balances
We have issued funding agreements to a subsidiary of the Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation. The obligations under all such funding agreements are secured by a pledge of certain eligible agricultural mortgage loans. For the six months ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019,2020, we issued $250$225 million and $575$250 million, respectively, and repaid $250$350 million and $575$250 million, respectively, under such funding agreements. At both June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019,2020, total obligations outstanding under these funding agreements were $2.6 billion.$2.3 billion and $2.4 billion, respectively. See Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 20192020 Annual Report.
Debt Issuances
See Note 9 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information on a senior note issuance.
Credit and Committed Facilities
At June 30, 2020,2021, we maintained a $3.0 billion unsecured revolving credit facility and certain committed facilities aggregating $3.3 billion, of which MetLife, Inc. is a party and/or guarantor. When drawn upon, these facilities bear interest at varying rates in accordance with the respective agreements.
The unsecured revolving credit facility is used for general corporate purposes, to support the borrowers’ commercial paper programs and for the issuance of letters of credit. At June 30, 2020,2021, we had outstanding $930$462 million in letters of credit and no drawdowns against this facility. Remaining availability was $2.1$2.5 billion at June 30, 2020.2021.
The committed facilities are used as collateral for certain of our affiliated reinsurance liabilities. At June 30, 2020,2021, we had outstanding $2.9 billion in letters of credit and no drawdowns against these facilities. Remaining availability was $429$413 million at June 30, 2020.2021.
See Note 13 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 20192020 Annual Report for further information on credit and committed facilities.
We have no reason to believe that our lending counterparties will be unable to fulfill their respective contractual obligations under these facilities. As commitments under our credit and committed facilities may expire unused, these amounts do not necessarily reflect our actual future cash funding requirements.
Outstanding Debt Under Global Funding Sources
The following table summarizes our outstanding debt, excluding long-term debt relating to CSEs, at:
June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
(In millions)(In millions)
Short-term debt (1)$303
 $235
Short-term debt (1)$393 $393 
Long-term debt (2)$14,508
 $13,461
Long-term debt (2)$14,518 $14,598 
Collateral financing arrangement$968
 $993
Collateral financing arrangement$818 $845 
Junior subordinated debt securities$3,151
 $3,150
Junior subordinated debt securities$3,154 $3,153 
__________________
(1)Includes $204 million and $136 million of debt that is non-recourse to MetLife, Inc. and MLIC, subject to customary exceptions, at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. Certain subsidiaries have pledged assets to secure this debt.

(1)Includes $293 million of debt that is non-recourse to MetLife, Inc. and MLIC, subject to customary exceptions, at both June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020. Certain subsidiaries have pledged assets to secure this debt.
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Table(2)Includes $500 million and $474 million of Contentsdebt that is non-recourse to MetLife, Inc. and MLIC, subject to customary exceptions, at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. Certain investment subsidiaries have pledged assets to secure this debt.

(2)Includes $487 million and $403 million of debt that is non-recourse to MetLife, Inc. and MLIC, subject to customary exceptions, at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. Certain investment subsidiaries have pledged assets to secure this debt.
Debt and Facility Covenants
Certain of our debt instruments and committed facilities, as well as our unsecured revolving credit facility, contain various administrative, reporting, legal and financial covenants. We believe we were in compliance with all applicable financial covenants at June 30, 2020.2021.
Dispositions
For information regarding the disposition of MetLife Hong Kong,pending and other dispositions, see Note 3 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Liquidity and Capital Uses
In addition to the general description of liquidity and capital uses in “— Summary of the Company’s Primary Sources and Uses of Liquidity and Capital,” the Company’s primary uses of liquidity and capital are set forth below.
Preferred Stock Redemption
See Note 10 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information about the redemption of Series C preferred stock.
Common Stock Repurchases
See Note 10 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information relating to authorizations by the Board of Directors to repurchase MetLife, Inc. common stock, amounts of common stock repurchased pursuant to such authorizations for the six months ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019,2020, and the amount remaining under such authorizations at June 30, 2020.2021.
On August 4, 2021, MetLife, Inc. announced that its Board of Directors authorized an additional $3.0 billion of common stock repurchases.
Common stock repurchases are subject to the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend upon our capital position, liquidity, financial strength and credit ratings, general market conditions, the market price of MetLife, Inc.’s common stock compared to management’s assessment of the stock’s underlying value, applicable regulatory approvals, and other legal and accounting factors. Restrictions on the payment of dividends that may arise under so-called “Dividend Stopper” provisions would also restrict MetLife, Inc.’s ability to repurchase common stock. See “Business — Regulation,” “Risk Factors — Capital Risks — We May not be Able to Pay Dividends or Repurchase Our Stock Due to Legal and Regulatory Restrictions May Prevent Us from Paying Dividends and Repurchasing Our Stock”or Cash Buffer Needs” and Note 16 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 20192020 Annual Report.
Dividends
For the six months ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019,2020, MetLife, Inc. paid dividends on its preferred stock of $109$103 million and $89$109 million, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019,2020, MetLife, Inc. paid $823$829 million and $824$823 million respectively, of dividends on its common stock.stock, respectively. See Note 10 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and Note 16 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report for information regarding the calculation and timing of these dividend payments.
Dividends are paid quarterly on MetLife, Inc.’s Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series A. Dividends were paid semi-annually on MetLife, Inc.’s 5.25% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series C, until June 15, 2020 and, thereafter, will be paid quarterly. Dividends are paid semi-annually on MetLife, Inc.’s 5.875% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series D, until March 15, 2028 and, thereafter, will be paid quarterly. Dividends are paid quarterly on MetLife, Inc.’s 5.625% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series E. Dividends are paid quarterly on MetLife, Inc.’s 4.75% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series F, commencing on June 15, 2020.
The declaration and payment of common stock dividends are subject to the discretion of our Board of Directors, and will depend on MetLife, Inc.’s financial condition, results of operations, cash requirements, future prospects, regulatory restrictions on the payment of dividends by MetLife, Inc.’s insurance subsidiaries and other factors deemed relevant by the Board of Directors. See Note 16 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 20192020 Annual Report for additional information. See also Note 16 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information regarding a common stock dividend declared subsequent to June 30, 2020.

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Dividend Restrictions
The payment of dividends is also subject to restrictions under the terms of our preferred stock and junior subordinated debentures in situations where we may be experiencing financial stress. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources — The Company — Liquidity and Capital Uses — Dividends — “Dividend Stopper” Provisions in MetLife’s Preferred Stock and Junior Subordinated Debentures,” “Risk Factors — Capital Risks — We May not be Able to Pay Dividends or Repurchase Our Stock Due to Legal and Regulatory Restrictions May Prevent Us from Paying Dividends and Repurchasing Our Stock”or Cash Buffer Needs” and Note 16 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 20192020 Annual Report.
Debt Repayments
For the six months ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019,2020, following regulatory approval, MetLife Reinsurance Company of Charleston, a wholly-owned subsidiary of MetLife, Inc., repurchased and canceled $25$27 million and $34$25 million, respectively, in aggregate principal amount of its surplus notes, which were reported in collateral financing arrangement on the consolidated balance sheets.
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Debt Repurchases, Redemptions and Exchanges
We may from time to time seek to retire or purchase our outstanding debt through cash purchases, redemptions and/or exchanges for other securities, in open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions or otherwise. Any such repurchases, redemptions, or exchanges will be dependent upon several factors, including our liquidity requirements, contractual restrictions, general market conditions, and applicable regulatory, legal and accounting factors. Whether or not to repurchase or redeem any debt and the size and timing of any such repurchases or redemptions will be determined at our discretion.
See Note 16 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information about the redemption and cancellation of senior notes subsequent to June 30, 2021.
Support Agreements
MetLife, Inc. and several of its subsidiaries (each, an “Obligor”) are parties to various capital support commitments and guarantees with subsidiaries. Under these arrangements, each Obligor has agreed to cause the applicable entity to meet specified capital and surplus levels or has guaranteed certain contractual obligations. We anticipate that in the event these arrangements place demands upon us, there will be sufficient liquidity and capital to enable us to meet such demands. See Note 5 of the Notes to the MetLife, Inc. (Parent Company Only) Condensed Financial Information included in the 20192020 Annual Report.
Insurance Liabilities
Liabilities arising from our insurance activities primarily relate to benefit payments under various life insurance, property and casualty, annuity and group pension products, as well as payments for policy surrenders, withdrawals and loans. For annuity or deposit type products, surrender or lapse behavior differs somewhat by segment. In the MetLife Holdings segment, which includes individual annuities, lapses and surrenders tend to occur in the normal course of business. For the six months ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019,2020, general account surrenders and withdrawals from annuity products were $667$645 million and $911$667 million, respectively. In the RIS business within the U.S. segment, which includes pension risk transfers, bank-owned life insurance and other fixed annuity contracts, as well as funding agreements and other capital market products, most of the products offered have fixed maturities or fairly predictable surrenders or withdrawals. With regard to the RIS business products that provide customers with limited rights to accelerate payments, at June 30, 20202021 there were funding agreements totaling $131$141 million that could be put back to the Company.
Pledged Collateral
We pledge collateral to, and have collateral pledged to us by, counterparties in connection with our derivatives. At June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019,2020, we had received pledged cash collateral from counterparties of $10.7$6.7 billion and $6.3$7.6 billion, respectively. At June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019,2020, we had pledged cash collateral to counterparties of $282$251 million and $275$266 million, respectively. See Note 7 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information about collateral pledged to us, collateral we pledge and derivatives subject to credit contingent provisions.
We pledge collateral and have had collateral pledged to us, and may be required from time to time to pledge additional collateral or be entitled to have additional collateral pledged to us, in connection with the collateral financing arrangement related to the reinsurance of closed block liabilities.

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We pledge collateral from time to time in connection with funding agreements and advance agreements. See Note 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, as well as Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 20192020 Annual Report.
Securities Lending and Repurchase Agreements
We participate in a securities lending program and in short-term repurchase agreements whereby securities are loaned to unaffiliated financial institutions. We obtain collateral, usually cash, from the borrower, which must be returned to the borrower when the loaned securities are returned to us. Through these arrangements, we were liable for cash collateral under our control of $22.7$23.9 billion and $19.7$21.8 billion at June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019,2020, respectively, including a portion that may require the immediate return of cash collateral we hold. See Note 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Litigation
We establish liabilities for litigation and regulatory loss contingencies when it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. For material matters where a loss is believed to be reasonably possible but not probable, no accrual is made but we disclose the nature of the contingency and an aggregate estimate of the reasonably possible range of loss in excess of amounts accrued, when such an estimate can be made. It is not possible to predict the ultimate outcome of all pending investigations and legal proceedings. In some of the matters referred to herein, very large and/or indeterminate amounts, including punitive and treble damages, are sought. Given the large and/or indeterminate amounts sought in certain of these matters and the inherent unpredictability of litigation, it is possible that an adverse outcome in certain matters could, from time to time, have a material adverse effect on our consolidated net income or cash flows in particular quarterly or annual periods. See Note 15 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Contractual ObligationsCredit and Committed Facilities
We maintain an unsecured revolving credit facility, as well as certain committed facilities, with various financial institutions. See “— Liquidity and Capital Resources — The Company — Liquidity and Capital Sources — Global Funding Sources — Credit and Committed Facilities” for descriptions of such arrangements. For the classification of expenses on such credit and committed facilities and the nature of the associated liability for letters of credit issued and drawdowns on these credit and committed facilities, see Note 13 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report.
Collateral for Securities Lending, Repurchase Agreements, Third-Party Custodian Administered Repurchase Programs and Derivatives
We participate in securities lending transactions, repurchase agreements and third-party custodian administered repurchase programs in the normal course of business for the purpose of enhancing the total return on our investment portfolio. See Note 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, as well as “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Investments — Securities Lending, Repurchase Agreements and FHLB of Boston Advance Agreements” in Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report for further discussion of our securities lending transactions and repurchase agreements, the classification of revenues and expenses, and the nature of the secured financing arrangements and associated liabilities.
Securities lending and repurchase agreements: Periodically we receive non-cash collateral for securities lending and repurchase agreements from counterparties, which is not reflected on our consolidated financial statements. The amount of this non-cash collateral was $31 million and $1 million at estimated fair value, at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.
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Third-party custodian administered repurchase programs: We loan certain of our fixed maturity securities AFS to unaffiliated financial institutions and, in exchange, non-cash collateral is put on deposit by the unaffiliated financial institutions on our behalf with third-party custodians. The estimated fair value of securities loaned in connection with these transactions was $223 million and $19 million at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. Non-cash collateral on deposit with third-party custodians held on our behalf was $236 million and $20 million, at estimated fair value, at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, which cannot be sold or re-pledged, and which is not reflected in our consolidated financial statements.
Derivatives: We enter into derivatives to manage various risks relating to our ongoing business operations. We receive non-cash collateral from counterparties for derivatives, which can be sold or re-pledged subject to certain constraints, and which is not reflected in our consolidated financial statements. The amount of this non-cash collateral was $1.3 billion and $1.7 billion, at estimated fair value, at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. See “— Liquidity and Capital Resources — The Company — Liquidity and Capital Uses — Pledged Collateral” and Note 7 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information regarding the earned income on and the gross notional amount, estimated fair value of assets and liabilities and primary underlying risk exposure of our derivatives.
InvestmentCommitments
We enter into the following commitments in the normal course of business for the purpose of enhancing the total return on our investment portfolio: mortgage loan commitments and commitments to fund partnerships, bank credit facilities, bridge loans and private corporate bond investments. See Note 15 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information about these investment commitments. See “Net Investment Income” and “Net Investment Gains (Losses)” in Note 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information on the investment income, investment expense, gains and losses from such investments and the liability for credit loss for unfunded mortgage loan commitments. See also “— Investments — Fixed Maturity Securities AFS and Equity Securities,” “— Investments — Mortgage Loans,” “— Investments — Real Estate and Real Estate Joint Ventures” and “— Investments — Other Limited Partnership Interests.”
Lease Commitments
As lessee, we have entered into various lease and sublease agreements for office space and equipment. Our commitments under such lease agreements are included within the contractual obligations table in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources — The Company — Contractual Obligations” in the 2020 Annual Report. See also Note 11 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 20192020 Annual Report for additional information regardingReport.
Guarantees
See “Guarantees” in Note 15 of the Company’s contractual obligations.Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
MetLife, Inc.Policyholder Liabilities
LiquidityWe establish, and Capital Management
Liquidity and capitalcarry as liabilities, actuarially determined amounts that are managed to preserve stable, reliable and cost-effective sources of cashcalculated to meet all currentpolicy obligations or to provide for future annuity payments. Amounts for actuarial liabilities are computed and futurereported on the interim condensed consolidated financial obligations and are provided by a variety of sources, including a portfolio of liquid assets, a diversified mix of short- and long-term funding sources from the wholesale financial markets and the ability to borrow through credit and committed facilities. Liquidity is monitored through the use of internal liquidity risk metrics, including the composition and level of the liquid asset portfolio, timing differencesstatements in short-term cash flow obligations, access to the financial markets for capital and debt transactions and exposure to contingent drawsconformity with GAAP. For more details on MetLife, Inc.’s liquidity. MetLife, Inc. is an active participant in the global financial markets through which it obtains a significant amount of funding. These markets, which serve as cost-effective sources of funds, are critical components of MetLife, Inc.’s liquidity and capital management. Decisions to access these markets are based upon relative costs, prospective views of balance sheet growth and a targeted liquidity profile and capital structure. A disruption in the financial markets could limit MetLife, Inc.’s access to liquidity.
MetLife, Inc.’s ability to maintain regular access to competitively priced wholesale funds is fostered by its current credit ratings from the major credit rating agencies. We view our capital ratios, credit quality, stable and diverse earnings streams, diversity of liquidity sources and our liquidity monitoring procedures as critical to retaining such credit ratings. SeePolicyholder Liabilities, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates” included in the 2020 Annual Report.
We periodically review our estimates of actuarial liabilities for future benefits and compare them with our actual experience. We revise estimates, to the extent permitted or required under GAAP, if we determine that future expected experience differs from assumptions used in the development of actuarial liabilities. We charge or credit changes in our liabilities to expenses in the period the liabilities are established or re-estimated. If the liabilities originally established for future benefit payments prove inadequate, we must increase them. Such an increase could adversely affect our earnings and have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
See “Business — Regulation — Insurance Regulation — Policy and Contract Reserve Adequacy Analysis” and “Risk Factors — Business Risks” included in the 2020 Annual Report for further information regarding required analyses of the adequacy of statutory reserves of our insurance operations.
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The following discussion on future policy benefits and policyholder account balances should be read in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Industry Trends — Impact of a Sustained Low Interest Rate Environment” included in the 2020 Annual Report, as amended or supplemented in our subsequently filed Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q under similarly captioned sections, and “— Variable Annuity Guarantees.” See also Notes 1 and 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report for additional information.
Future Policy Benefits
We establish liabilities for amounts payable under insurance policies. A discussion of future policy benefits by segment (as well as Corporate & Other) follows.
U.S.
Amounts payable under insurance policies for this segment are comprised of group insurance and annuities. For group insurance, future policyholder benefits are comprised mainly of liabilities for disabled lives under disability waiver of premium policy provisions, liabilities for survivor income benefit insurance, active life policies and premium stabilization and other contingency liabilities held under life insurance contracts. For group annuity contracts, future policyholder benefits are primarily related to payout annuities, including pension risk transfers, structured settlement annuities and institutional income annuities. There is no interest rate crediting flexibility on these liabilities.
Asia
Future policy benefits for this segment are held primarily for traditional life, endowment, annuity and accident & health contracts. They are also held for total return pass-through provisions included in certain universal life and savings products. They include certain liabilities for variable annuity and variable life guarantees of minimum death benefits, and longevity guarantees. Factors impacting these liabilities include sustained periods of lower than expected yields, lower than expected asset reinvestment rates, market volatility, actual lapses resulting in lower than expected income, and actual mortality or morbidity resulting in higher than expected benefit payments.
Latin America
Future policy benefit liabilities for this segment are held primarily for immediate annuities, traditional life contracts and total return pass-through provisions included in certain universal life and savings products. There is limited interest rate crediting flexibility on the immediate annuity and traditional life liabilities. Other factors impacting these liabilities are actual mortality resulting in higher than expected benefit payments and actual lapses resulting in lower than expected income.
EMEA
Future policy benefits for this segment include unearned premium reserves for group life and medical and credit insurance contracts. Future policy benefits are also held for traditional life, endowment and annuity contracts with significant mortality risk and accident & health contracts. Factors impacting these liabilities include lower than expected asset reinvestment rates, market volatility, actual lapses resulting in lower than expected income, and actual mortality or morbidity resulting in higher than expected benefit payments.
MetLife Holdings
Future policy benefits for the life insurance business are comprised mainly of liabilities for traditional life insurance contracts. For the annuities business, future policy benefits are comprised mainly of liabilities for life-contingent income annuities and liabilities for the variable annuity guaranteed minimum benefits that are accounted for as insurance. For the long-term care business, future policyholder benefits are comprised mainly of liabilities for disabled lives under disability waiver of premium policy provisions, and active life policies. In addition, for our other products, future policyholder benefits related to the reinsurance of our former Japan joint venture are comprised of liabilities for the variable annuity guaranteed minimum benefits that are accounted for as insurance.
Corporate & Other
Future policy benefits primarily include liabilities for other reinsurance business.
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Policyholder Account Balances
Policyholder account balances are generally equal to the account value, which includes accrued interest credited, but excludes the impact of any applicable charge that may be incurred upon surrender. A discussion of policyholder account balances by segment follows.
U.S.
Policyholder account balances in this segment are comprised of funding agreements, retained asset accounts, universal life policies, the fixed account of variable life insurance policies and specialized life insurance products for benefit programs.
Group Benefits
Policyholder account balances in this business are held for retained asset accounts, universal life policies, the fixed account of variable life insurance policies and specialized life insurance products for benefit programs. Policyholder account balances are credited interest at a rate we determine, which is influenced by current market rates. Most of these policyholder account balances have minimum credited rate guarantees.
The table below presents the breakdown of account value subject to minimum guaranteed crediting rates for Group Benefits:
June 30, 2021
Guaranteed Minimum Crediting RateAccount
Value
Account
Value at
Guarantee
(In millions)
Greater than 0% but less than 2%$5,217 $5,090 
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4%$1,597 $1,559 
Equal to or greater than 4%$794 $765 
Retirement and Income Solutions
Policyholder account balances in this business are held largely for investment-type products, mainly funding agreements, as well as postretirement benefits and corporate-owned life insurance to fund non-qualified benefit programs for executives. Interest crediting rates vary by type of contract and can be fixed or variable. Variable interest crediting rates are generally tied to an external index, most commonly (1-month or 3-month) London Interbank Offered Rate or Secured Overnight Financing Rate. We guarantee payment of interest and return of principal at the contractual maturity date.
The table below presents the breakdown of account value subject to minimum guaranteed crediting rates for RIS:
June 30, 2021
Guaranteed Minimum Crediting RateAccount
Value
Account
Value at
Guarantee
(In millions)
Greater than 0% but less than 2%$146 $— 
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4%$1,049 $143 
Equal to or greater than 4%$4,619 $4,383 
Asia
Policyholder account balances in this segment are held largely for fixed income retirement and savings plans, fixed deferred annuities, interest sensitive whole life products, universal life and, to a lesser degree, liability amounts for Unit-linked investments that do not meet the GAAP definition of separate accounts. Also included are certain liabilities for retirement and savings products sold in certain countries in Asia that generally are sold with minimum credited rate guarantees. Liabilities for guarantees on certain variable annuities in Asia are accounted for as embedded derivatives and recorded at estimated fair value and are also included within policyholder account balances. Most of these policyholder account balances have minimum credited rate guarantees. Liabilities for Unit-linked investments are impacted by changes in the fair value of the associated underlying investments, as the return on assets is generally passed directly to the policyholder.
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The table below presents the breakdown of account value subject to minimum guaranteed crediting rates for Asia:
June 30, 2021
Guaranteed Minimum Crediting RateAccount
Value
Account
Value at
Guarantee
(In millions)
Annuities:
Greater than 0% but less than 2%$31,595 $1,799 
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4%$1,026 $427 
Equal to or greater than 4%$$
Life & Other:
Greater than 0% but less than 2%$12,745 $12,211 
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4%$32,574 $20,779 
Equal to or greater than 4%$280 $280 
Latin America
Policyholder account balances in this segment are held largely for investment-type products, universal life products, deferred annuities and Unit-linked investments that do not meet the GAAP definition of separate accounts. Liabilities for Unit-linked investments are impacted by changes in the fair value of the associated investments, as the return on assets is generally passed directly to the policyholder. Many of the other liabilities have minimum credited rate guarantees.
EMEA
Policyholder account balances in this segment are held mostly for universal life, deferred annuities, pension products, and Unit-linked investments that do not meet the GAAP definition of separate accounts. They are also held for endowment products without significant mortality risk. Most of these policyholder account balances have minimum credited rate guarantees. Liabilities for Unit-linked investments are impacted by changes in the fair value of the associated investments, as the return on assets is generally passed directly to the policyholder.
MetLife Holdings
Life policyholder account balances in this segment are held for retained asset accounts, universal life policies, the fixed account of variable life insurance policies, and funding agreements. For annuities, policyholder account balances are held for fixed deferred annuities, the fixed account portion of variable annuities, non-life contingent income annuities, and embedded derivatives related to variable annuity guarantees. Interest is credited to the policyholder’s account at interest rates we determine which are influenced by current market rates, subject to specified minimums. Most of these policyholder account balances have minimum credited rate guarantees. Additionally, for our other products, policyholder account balances are held for variable annuity guarantees assumed from a former operating joint venture in Japan that are accounted for as embedded derivatives.
The table below presents the breakdown of account value subject to minimum guaranteed crediting rates for the MetLife Holdings segment:
June 30, 2021
Guaranteed Minimum Crediting RateAccount
Value
Account
Value at
Guarantee
(In millions)
Greater than 0% but less than 2%$1,202 $1,167 
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4%$17,619 $16,005 
Equal to or greater than 4%$7,486 $6,872 
Variable Annuity Guarantees
We issue, directly and through assumed business, certain variable annuity products with guaranteed minimum benefits that provide the policyholder a minimum return based on their initial deposit (i.e., the benefit base) less withdrawals. In some cases, the benefit base may be increased by additional deposits, bonus amounts, accruals or optional market value resets. See Note 4 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, as well as Notes 1 and 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report for additional information.
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Certain guarantees, including portions thereof, have insurance liabilities established that are included in future policy benefits. Guarantees accounted for in this manner include guaranteed minimum death benefits (“GMDBs”), the life-contingent portion of guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits (“GMWBs”), elective guaranteed minimum income benefit (“GMIB”) annuitizations, and the life contingent portion of GMIBs that require annuitization when the account balance goes to zero. These liabilities are accrued over the life of the contract in proportion to actual and future expected policy assessments based on the level of guaranteed minimum benefits generated using multiple scenarios of separate account returns. The scenarios are based on best estimate assumptions consistent with those used to amortize DAC. When current estimates of future benefits exceed those previously projected or when current estimates of future assessments are lower than those previously projected, liabilities will increase, resulting in a current period charge to net income. The opposite result occurs when the current estimates of future benefits are lower than those previously projected or when current estimates of future assessments exceed those previously projected. At the end of each reporting period, we update the actual amount of business remaining in-force, which impacts expected future assessments and the projection of estimated future benefits resulting in a current period charge or increase to earnings.
Certain guarantees, including portions thereof, accounted for as embedded derivatives, are recorded at estimated fair value and included in policyholder account balances. Guarantees accounted for as embedded derivatives include guaranteed minimum accumulation benefits (“GMABs”), the non-life contingent portion of GMWBs and certain non-life contingent portions of GMIBs. The estimated fair values of guarantees accounted for as embedded derivatives are determined based on the present value of projected future benefits minus the present value of projected future fees. The projections of future benefits and future fees require capital market and actuarial assumptions including expectations concerning policyholder behavior. A risk-neutral valuation methodology is used to project the cash flows from the guarantees under multiple capital market scenarios to determine an economic liability. The reported estimated fair value is then determined by taking the present value of these risk-free generated cash flows using a discount rate that incorporates a spread over the risk-free rate to reflect our nonperformance risk and adding a risk margin. For more information on the determination of estimated fair value, see Note 8 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
The table below presents the carrying value for guarantees at: 
Future Policy
Benefits
Policyholder
Account Balances
June 30, 2021December 31, 2020June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
(In millions)
Asia
GMDB$$$— $— 
GMAB— — 12 26 
GMWB34 35 118 134 
EMEA
GMDB— — 
GMAB— — 11 31 
GMWB24 31 (68)(23)
MetLife Holdings
GMDB465 450 — — 
GMIB925 954 80 323 
GMAB— — (1)— 
GMWB178 179 224 443 
Total$1,636 $1,661 $376 $934 
The carrying amounts for guarantees included in policyholder account balances above include nonperformance risk adjustments of $86 million and $137 million at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. These nonperformance risk adjustments represent the impact of including a credit spread when discounting the underlying risk-neutral cash flows to determine the estimated fair values. The nonperformance risk adjustment does not have an economic impact on us as it cannot be monetized given the nature of these policyholder liabilities. The change in valuation arising from the nonperformance risk adjustment is not hedged.
The carrying values of these guarantees can change significantly during periods of sizable and sustained shifts in equity market performance, equity volatility, interest rates or foreign currency exchange rates. Carrying values are also impacted by our assumptions around mortality, separate account returns and policyholder behavior, including lapse rates.
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As discussed below, we use a combination of product design, hedging strategies, reinsurance, and other risk management actions to mitigate the risks related to these benefits. Within each type of guarantee, there is a range of product offerings reflecting the changing nature of these products over time. Changes in product features and terms are in part driven by customer demand but, more importantly, reflect our risk management practices of continuously evaluating the guaranteed benefits and their associated asset-liability matching. We continue to diversify the concentration of income benefits in our portfolio by focusing on withdrawal benefits, variable annuities without living benefits and index-linked annuities.
The sections below provide further detail by total account value for certain of our most popular guarantees. Total account values include amounts not reported on the consolidated balance sheets from assumed business, Unit-linked investments that do not qualify for presentation as separate account assets, and amounts included in our general account. The total account values and the net amounts at risk include direct and assumed business, but exclude offsets from hedging or ceded reinsurance, if any.
GMDBs
We offer a range of GMDBs to our contractholders. The table below presents GMDBs, by benefit type, at June 30, 2021:
Total Account Value (1)
Asia & EMEAMetLife Holdings
(In millions)
Return of premium or five to seven year step-up$7,921 $47,951 
Annual step-up— 3,234 
Roll-up and step-up combination— 5,585 
Total$7,921 $56,770 
__________________
(1)Total account value excludes $607 million for contracts with no GMDBs. The Company’s annuity contracts with guarantees may offer more than one type of guarantee in each contract. Therefore, the amounts listed for GMDBs and for living benefit guarantees are not mutually exclusive.
Based on total account value, less than 18% of our GMDBs included enhanced death benefits such as the annual step-up or roll-up and step-up combination products at June 30, 2021.
Living Benefit Guarantees
The table below presents our living benefit guarantees based on total account values at June 30, 2021:
Total Account Value (1)
Asia & EMEAMetLife Holdings
(In millions)
GMIB$— $21,100 
GMWB - non-life contingent (2)1,053 2,238 
GMWB - life-contingent3,392 8,816 
GMAB1,780 166 
Total$6,225 $32,320 
__________________
(1)Total account value excludes $26.8 billion for contracts with no living benefit guarantees. The Company’s annuity contracts with guarantees may offer more than one type of guarantee in each contract. Therefore, the amounts listed for GMDBs and for living benefit guarantee amounts are not mutually exclusive.
(2)The Asia and EMEA segments include the non-life contingent portion of the GMWB total account value of $1.0 billion with a guarantee at annuitization.
In terms of total account value, GMIBs are our most significant living benefit guarantee. Our primary risk management strategy for our GMIB products is our derivatives hedging program as discussed below. Additionally, we have engaged in certain reinsurance agreements covering some of our GMIB business. As part of our overall risk management approach for living benefit guarantees, we continually monitor the reinsurance markets for the right opportunity to purchase additional coverage for our GMIB business. We stopped selling GMIBs in February 2016.
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The table below presents our GMIB associated total account values, by their guaranteed payout basis, at June 30, 2021:
Total Account Value
(In millions)
7-year setback, 2.5% interest rate$6,191 
7-year setback, 1.5% interest rate1,232 
10-year setback, 1.5% interest rate4,221 
10-year mortality projection, 10-year setback, 1.0% interest rate8,044 
10-year mortality projection, 10-year setback, 0.5% interest rate1,412 
$21,100 
The annuitization interest rates on GMIBs have been decreased from 2.5% to 0.5% over time, partially in response to the low interest rate environment, accompanied by an increase in the setback period from seven years to 10 years and the introduction of a 10-year mortality projection.
Additionally, 39% of the $21.1 billion of GMIB total account value has been invested in managed volatility funds as of June 30, 2021. These funds seek to manage volatility by adjusting the fund holdings within certain guidelines based on capital market movements. Such activity reduces the overall risk of the underlying funds while maintaining their growth opportunities. These risk mitigation techniques reduce or eliminate the need for us to manage the funds’ volatility through hedging or reinsurance.
Our GMIB products typically have a waiting period of 10 years to be eligible for annuitization. As of June 30, 2021, only 32% of our contracts with GMIBs were eligible for annuitization. The remaining contracts are not eligible for annuitization for an average of three years.
Once eligible for annuitization, contractholders would be expected to annuitize only if their contracts were in-the-money. We calculate in-the-moneyness with respect to GMIBs consistent with net amount at risk as discussed in Note 4 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, by comparing the contractholders’ income benefits based on total account values and current annuity rates versus the guaranteed income benefits. The net amount at risk was $451 million at June 30, 2021, of which $406 million was related to GMIBs. For those contracts with GMIB, the table below presents details of contracts that are in-the-money and out-of-the-money at June 30, 2021:
In-the-
Moneyness
Total
Account Value
% of Total
(In millions)
In-the-money30% or greater$413 %
20% to less than 30%201 %
10% to less than 20%384 %
0% to less than 10%636 %
1,634 
Out-of-the-money-10% to 0%1,542 %
-20% to less than -10%4,160 20 %
Greater than -20%13,764 65 %
19,466 
Total GMIBs$21,100 
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Derivatives Hedging Variable Annuity Guarantees
Our risk mitigating hedging strategy uses various over-the-counter and exchange traded derivatives. The table below presents the gross notional amount, estimated fair value and primary underlying risk exposure of the derivatives hedging our variable annuity guarantees:
Instrument TypeJune 30, 2021December 31, 2020
Primary Underlying
Risk Exposure
Gross Notional
Amount
Estimated Fair ValueGross Notional
Amount
Estimated Fair Value
AssetsLiabilitiesAssetsLiabilities
(In millions)
Interest rateInterest rate swaps$13,078 $61 $16 $14,188 $85 $21 
Interest rate futures1,610 — 1,442 — 
Interest rate options77 — 637 134 — 
Foreign currency exchange rateForeign currency forwards1,388 1,834 27 13 
Equity marketEquity futures3,644 4,891 12 38 
Equity index options4,940 409 413 5,360 558 408 
Equity variance swaps716 17 15 716 15 12 
Equity total return swaps2,292 46 1,533 124 
Total$27,745 $505 $508 $30,601 $834 $618 
The change in estimated fair values of our derivatives is recorded in policyholder benefits and claims if such derivatives are hedging guarantees included in future policy benefits, and in net derivative gains (losses) if such derivatives are hedging guarantees included in policyholder account balances.
Our hedging strategy involves the significant use of static longer-term derivative instruments to avoid the need to execute transactions during periods of market disruption or higher volatility. We continually monitor the capital markets for opportunities to adjust our liability coverage, as appropriate. Futures are also used to dynamically adjust the daily coverage levels as markets and liability exposures fluctuate.
We remain liable for the guaranteed benefits in the event that reinsurers or derivative counterparties are unable or unwilling to pay. Certain of our reinsurance agreements and all derivative positions are collateralized and derivatives positions are subject to master netting agreements, both of which significantly reduce the exposure to counterparty risk. In addition, we are subject to the risk that hedging and other risk management actions prove ineffective or that unanticipated policyholder behavior or mortality, combined with adverse market events, produces economic losses beyond the scope of the risk management techniques employed.
Liquidity and Capital Resources — The Company — Rating Agencies” included
Overview
Our business and results of operations are materially affected by conditions in the 2019 Annual Report.
Liquidity
global capital markets and the economy generally. Stressed conditions, volatility and disruptions in global capital markets, particular markets, or financial asset classes can have an adverse effect on us, in part because we have a large investment portfolio and our insurance liabilities and derivatives are sensitive to changing market factors. Changing conditions in the global capital markets and the economy may affect our financing costs and market interest for our debt or equity securities. For a summary of MetLife, Inc.’sfurther information regarding market factors that could affect our ability to meet liquidity and capital needs, see “— The CompanyIndustry Trends” and “— InvestmentsLiquidity.Current Environment.
CapitalLiquidity Management
For a summaryBased upon the strength of our franchise, diversification of our businesses, strong financial fundamentals and the substantial funding sources available to us as described herein, we continue to believe we have access to ample liquidity to meet business requirements under current market conditions and reasonably possible stress scenarios. We continuously monitor and adjust our liquidity and capital plans for MetLife, Inc.’s capital, see “— The Company — Capital.” See also “— The Company — Liquidity and Capital Uses — Common Stock Repurchases” for information regarding MetLife, Inc.’s common stock repurchases.

its subsidiaries in light of market conditions, as well as changing needs and opportunities.
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Short-term Liquidity
We maintain a substantial short-term liquidity position, which was $13.4 billion and $9.4 billion at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. Short-term liquidity includes cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments, excluding assets that are pledged or otherwise committed, including amounts received in connection with securities lending, repurchase agreements, derivatives, and secured borrowings, as well as amounts held in the closed block.
Liquid Assets
AtAn integral part of our liquidity management includes managing our level of liquid assets, which was $226.6 billion and $235.1 billion at June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019, MetLife, Inc., collectively with other MetLife holding companies, had $6.6 billion and $4.2 billion, respectively, in liquid assets. Of these amounts, $5.2 billion and $3.0 billion were held by MetLife, Inc. and $1.4 billion and $1.2 billion were held by other MetLife holding companies at June 30, 2020, and December 31, 2019, respectively. Liquid assets include cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments and publicly-traded securities, excluding assets that are pledged or otherwise committed. Assets pledged or otherwise committed include amounts received in connection with securities lending, repurchase agreements, derivatives, and aregulatory deposits, the collateral financing arrangement.arrangement, funding agreements and secured borrowings, as well as amounts held in the closed block.
Capital Management
We have established several senior management committees as part of our capital management process. These committees, including the Capital Management Committee and the Enterprise Risk Committee (“ERC”), regularly review actual and projected capital levels (under a variety of scenarios including stress scenarios) and our annual capital plan in accordance with our capital policy. The Capital Management Committee is comprised of members of senior management, including MetLife, Inc.’s Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), Treasurer, and Chief Risk Officer (“CRO”). The ERC is also comprised of members of senior management, including MetLife, Inc.’s CFO, CRO and Chief Investment Officer.
MetLife, Inc.’s Board of Directors (“Board of Directors”) and senior management are directly involved in the development and maintenance of our capital policy. The capital policy sets forth, among other things, minimum and target capital levels and the governance of the capital management process. All capital actions, including proposed changes to the annual capital plan, capital targets or capital policy, are reviewed by the Finance and Risk Committee of the Board of Directors prior to obtaining full Board of Directors approval. The Board of Directors approves the capital policy and the annual capital plan and authorizes capital actions, as required.
See “Risk Factors — Capital Risks — We May not be Able to Pay Dividends or Repurchase Our Stock Due to Legal and Regulatory Restrictions or Cash Buffer Needs” and Note 16 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report for information regarding restrictions on payment of dividends and stock repurchases. See also “— The Company — Liquidity and Capital Uses — Common Stock Repurchases” for information regarding MetLife, Inc.’s common stock repurchase authorizations.
The Company
Liquidity
Liquidity refers to the ability to generate adequate amounts of cash to meet our needs. In the event of significant cash requirements beyond anticipated liquidity needs, we have various alternatives available depending on market conditions and the amount and timing of the liquidity need. These available alternatives include cash flows from operations, sales of liquid assets, global funding sources including commercial paper and various credit and committed facilities. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition — Liquidity and Capital Resources — The Company — Liquidity” included in the 2020 Annual Report.
Capital
We manage our capital position to maintain our financial strength and credit ratings. Our capital position is supported by our ability to generate strong cash flows within our operating companies and borrow funds at competitive rates, as well as by our demonstrated ability to raise additional capital to meet operating and growth needs despite adverse market and economic conditions.
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Summary of the Company’s Primary Sources and Uses of Liquidity and Capital
Our primary sources and uses of liquidity and capital are summarized as follows:
Six Months
Ended
June 30,
20212020
(In millions)
Sources:
Operating activities, net$3,750 $2,693 
Net change in policyholder account balances3,870 7,011 
Net change in payables for collateral under securities loaned and other transactions506 7,401 
Cash received for other transactions with tenors greater than three months— 50 
Long-term debt issued15 1,074 
Financing element on certain derivative instruments and other derivative related transactions, net318 — 
Preferred stock issued, net of issuance costs— 972 
Other, net58 91 
Total sources8,517 19,292 
Uses:
Investing activities, net45 9,728 
Cash paid for other transactions with tenors greater than three months100 50 
Long-term debt repaid28 13 
Collateral financing arrangement repaid27 25 
Financing element on certain derivative instruments and other derivative related transactions, net— 242 
Treasury stock acquired in connection with share repurchases2,112 500 
Redemption of preferred stock494 — 
Preferred stock redemption premium— 
Dividends on preferred stock103 109 
Dividends on common stock829 823 
Effect of change in foreign currency exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents192 111 
Total uses3,936 11,601 
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents$4,581 $7,691 
Cash Flows from Operations
The principal cash inflows from our insurance activities come from insurance premiums, net investment income, annuity considerations and deposit funds. The principal cash outflows are the result of various life insurance, property and casualty, annuity and pension products, operating expenses and income tax, as well as interest expense.
Cash Flows from Investments
The principal cash inflows from our investment activities come from repayments of principal, proceeds from maturities and sales of investments and settlements of freestanding derivatives. The principal cash outflows relate to purchases of investments, issuances of policy loans and settlements of freestanding derivatives. Additional cash outflows relate to purchases of businesses. We typically have a net cash outflow from investing activities because cash inflows from insurance operations are reinvested in accordance with our ALM discipline to fund insurance liabilities. We closely monitor and manage these risks through our comprehensive investment risk management process.
Cash Flows from Financing
The principal cash inflows from our financing activities come from issuances of debt and other securities, deposits of funds associated with policyholder account balances and lending of securities. The principal cash outflows come from repayments of debt and the collateral financing arrangement, payments of dividends on and repurchases of MetLife, Inc.’s securities, withdrawals associated with policyholder account balances and the return of securities on loan.
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Liquidity and Capital Sources
In addition to the general description of liquidity and capital sources in “— Summary of the Company’s Primary Sources and Uses of Liquidity and Capital,” the Company’s primary sources of liquidity and capital are set forth below.
Global Funding Sources
Liquidity is provided by a variety of global funding sources, including funding agreements, credit and committed facilities and commercial paper. Capital is provided by a variety of global funding sources, including short-term and long-term debt, the collateral financing arrangement, junior subordinated debt securities, preferred securities, equity securities and equity-linked securities. MetLife, Inc. maintains a shelf registration statement with the SEC that permits the issuance of public debt, equity and hybrid securities. As a “Well-Known Seasoned Issuer” under SEC rules, MetLife, Inc.’s shelf registration statement provides for automatic effectiveness upon filing and has no stated issuance capacity. The diversity of our global funding sources enhances our funding flexibility, limits dependence on any one market or source of funds and generally lowers the cost of funds. Our primary global funding sources include:
Preferred Stock
See Note 10 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and Note 16 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report.
Common Stock
For the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, MetLife, Inc. issued 4,317,294 and 2,947,250 new shares of its common stock, respectively, for $174 million and $115 million, respectively, to satisfy various stock option exercises and other stock-based awards.
Commercial Paper, Reported in Short-term Debt
MetLife, Inc. and MetLife Funding, Inc. (“MetLife Funding”), a subsidiary of MLIC, each have a commercial paper program that is supported by our unsecured revolving credit facility (see “— Credit and Committed Facilities”). MetLife Funding raises cash from its commercial paper program and uses the proceeds to extend loans through MetLife Credit Corp., another subsidiary of MLIC, to affiliates in order to enhance the financial flexibility and liquidity of these companies.
Federal Home Loan Bank Funding Agreements, Reported in Policyholder Account Balances
Certain of our U.S. insurance subsidiaries are members of a regional Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”). For the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, we issued $18.2 billion and $19.1 billion, respectively, and repaid $18.2 billion and $18.1 billion, respectively, of funding agreements with certain regional FHLBs. At both June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, total obligations outstanding under these funding agreements were $16.3 billion. See Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report.
Federal Home Loan Bank Advance Agreements, Reported in Liabilities Held-for-Sale
For the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, we borrowed $0 and $1.4 billion, respectively, and repaid $700 million and $1.4 billion, respectively, under advance agreements with the FHLB of Boston. At June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, total obligations outstanding under these advance agreements were $0 and $700 million, respectively.
Special Purpose Entity Funding Agreements, Reported in Policyholder Account Balances
We issue fixed and floating rate funding agreements, which are denominated in either U.S. dollars or foreign currencies, to certain unconsolidated special purpose entities that have issued either debt securities or commercial paper for which payment of interest and principal is secured by such funding agreements. For the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, we issued $22.0 billion and $22.5 billion, respectively, and repaid $20.7 billion and $18.3 billion, respectively, under such funding agreements. At June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, total obligations outstanding under these funding agreements were $41.2 billion and $39.9 billion, respectively. See Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report.
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Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation Funding Agreements, Reported in Policyholder Account Balances
We have issued funding agreements to a subsidiary of the Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation. The obligations under all such funding agreements are secured by a pledge of certain eligible agricultural mortgage loans. For the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, we issued $225 million and $250 million, respectively, and repaid $350 million and $250 million, respectively, under such funding agreements. At June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, total obligations outstanding under these funding agreements were $2.3 billion and $2.4 billion, respectively. See Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report.
Credit and Committed Facilities
At June 30, 2021, we maintained a $3.0 billion unsecured revolving credit facility and certain committed facilities aggregating $3.3 billion, of which MetLife, Inc. is a party and/or guarantor. When drawn upon, these facilities bear interest at varying rates in accordance with the respective agreements.
The unsecured revolving credit facility is used for general corporate purposes, to support the borrowers’ commercial paper programs and for the issuance of letters of credit. At June 30, 2021, we had outstanding $462 million in letters of credit and no drawdowns against this facility. Remaining availability was $2.5 billion at June 30, 2021.
The committed facilities are used as collateral for certain of our affiliated reinsurance liabilities. At June 30, 2021, we had outstanding $2.9 billion in letters of credit and no drawdowns against these facilities. Remaining availability was $413 million at June 30, 2021.
See Note 13 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report for further information on credit and committed facilities.
We have no reason to believe that our lending counterparties will be unable to fulfill their respective contractual obligations under these facilities. As commitments under our credit and committed facilities may expire unused, these amounts do not necessarily reflect our actual future cash funding requirements.
Outstanding Debt Under Global Funding Sources
The following table summarizes our outstanding debt, excluding long-term debt relating to CSEs, at:
June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
(In millions)
Short-term debt (1)$393 $393 
Long-term debt (2)$14,518 $14,598 
Collateral financing arrangement$818 $845 
Junior subordinated debt securities$3,154 $3,153 
__________________
(1)Includes $293 million of debt that is non-recourse to MetLife, Inc. and MLIC, subject to customary exceptions, at both June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020. Certain subsidiaries have pledged assets to secure this debt.
(2)Includes $500 million and $474 million of debt that is non-recourse to MetLife, Inc. and MLIC, subject to customary exceptions, at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. Certain investment subsidiaries have pledged assets to secure this debt.
Debt and Facility Covenants
Certain of our debt instruments and committed facilities, as well as our unsecured revolving credit facility, contain various administrative, reporting, legal and financial covenants. We believe we were in compliance with all applicable financial covenants at June 30, 2021.
Dispositions
For information regarding pending and other dispositions, see Note 3 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Liquidity and Capital Uses
In addition to the general description of liquidity and capital uses in “— Summary of the Company’s Primary Sources and Uses of Liquidity and Capital,” the Company’s primary uses of liquidity and capital are set forth below.
Preferred Stock Redemption
See Note 10 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information about the redemption of Series C preferred stock.
Common Stock Repurchases
See Note 10 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information relating to authorizations by the Board of Directors to repurchase MetLife, Inc. common stock, amounts of common stock repurchased pursuant to such authorizations for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, and the amount remaining under such authorizations at June 30, 2021.
On August 4, 2021, MetLife, Inc. announced that its Board of Directors authorized an additional $3.0 billion of common stock repurchases.
Common stock repurchases are subject to the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend upon our capital position, liquidity, financial strength and credit ratings, general market conditions, the market price of MetLife, Inc.’s common stock compared to management’s assessment of the stock’s underlying value, applicable regulatory approvals, and other legal and accounting factors. Restrictions on the payment of dividends that may arise under so-called “Dividend Stopper” provisions would also restrict MetLife, Inc.’s ability to repurchase common stock. See “Business — Regulation,” “Risk Factors — Capital Risks — We May not be Able to Pay Dividends or Repurchase Our Stock Due to Legal and Regulatory Restrictions or Cash Buffer Needs” and Note 16 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report.
Dividends
For the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, MetLife, Inc. paid dividends on its preferred stock of $103 million and $109 million, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, MetLife, Inc. paid $829 million and $823 million of dividends on its common stock, respectively. See Note 10 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and Note 16 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report for information regarding the calculation and timing of these dividend payments.
The declaration and payment of common stock dividends are subject to the discretion of our Board of Directors, and will depend on MetLife, Inc.’s financial condition, results of operations, cash requirements, future prospects, regulatory restrictions on the payment of dividends by MetLife, Inc.’s insurance subsidiaries and other factors deemed relevant by the Board of Directors. See Note 16 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report for additional information.
Dividend Restrictions
The payment of dividends is also subject to restrictions under the terms of our preferred stock and junior subordinated debentures in situations where we may be experiencing financial stress. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources — MetLife, Inc. — Liquid Assets” included in the 2019 Annual Report for additional information on the sources and uses of liquid assets, as well as sources and uses of liquid assets included in free cash flow for MetLife, Inc. and other MetLife holding companies.
Liquidity and Capital Sources
In addition to the description of liquidity and capital sources in “— The Company — Summary of the Company’s Primary Sources and Uses of Liquidity and Capital” and “— The Company — Liquidity and Capital Sources,” MetLife, Inc.’s primary sources of liquidityUses — Dividends — “Dividend Stopper” Provisions in MetLife’s Preferred Stock and capital are set forth below.
Dividends from Subsidiaries
MetLife, Inc. relies, in part, on dividends from its subsidiaries to meet its cash requirements. MetLife, Inc.’s insurance subsidiaries are subject to regulatory restrictions on the payment of dividends imposed by the regulators of their respective domiciles. The dividend limitation for U.S. insurance subsidiaries is generally based on the surplus to policyholders at the end of the immediately preceding calendar year and statutory net gain from operations for the immediately preceding calendar year. Statutory accounting practices, as prescribed by insurance regulators of various states in which we conduct business, differ in certain respects from accounting principles used in financial statements prepared in conformity with GAAP. The significant differences relate to the treatment of DAC, certain deferred income tax, required investment liabilities, statutory reserve calculation assumptions, goodwill and surplus notes.
The table below sets forth the dividends permitted to be paid in 2020 by MetLife, Inc.’s primary U.S. insurance subsidiaries without insurance regulatory approval and the actual dividends paid for the six months ended June 30, 2020:
Company Paid (1) 
Permitted Without
Approval (2)
  (In millions)
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company $1,177
 $3,272
American Life Insurance Company $
 $
Metropolitan Property and Casualty Insurance Company $250
 $114
Metropolitan Tower Life Insurance Company $
 $149
__________________
(1)Reflects all amounts paid, including those where regulatory approval was obtained as required.
(2)Reflects dividend amounts that may be paid during 2020 without prior regulatory approval. However, because dividend tests may be based on dividends previously paid over rolling 12-month periods, if paid before a specified date during 2020, some or all of such dividends may require regulatory approval.
In addition to the amounts presented in the table above, for the six months ended June 30, 2020, MetLife, Inc. also received from certain other subsidiaries cash dividends of $21 million, as well as cash returns of capital of $7 million.
The dividend capacity of our non-U.S. operations is subject to similar restrictions established by the local regulators. The non-U.S. regulatory regimes also commonly limit dividend payments to the parent company to a portion of the subsidiary’s prior year statutory income, as determined by the local accounting principles. The regulators of our non-U.S. operations, including Japan’s Financial Services Agency, may also limit or not permit profit repatriations or other transfers of funds to the U.S. if such transfers are deemed to be detrimental to the solvency or financial strength of the non-U.S. operations, or for other reasons. Most of our non-U.S. subsidiaries are second tier subsidiaries which are owned by various non-U.S. holding companies. The capital and rating considerations applicable to our first tier subsidiaries may also impact the dividend flow into MetLife, Inc.

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We proactively manage target and excess capital levels and dividend flows and forecast local capital positions as part of the financial planning cycle. The dividend capacity of certain U.S. and non-U.S. subsidiaries is also subject to business targets in excess of the minimum capital necessary to maintain the desired rating or level of financial strength in the relevant market. SeeJunior Subordinated Debentures,” “Risk Factors — Capital Risks — As a Holding Company, MetLife, Inc. Depends on the Ability of Its SubsidiariesWe May not be Able to Pay Dividends a Major Component of Holding Company Freeor Repurchase Our Stock Due to Legal and Regulatory Restrictions or Cash Flow”Buffer Needs” and Note 16 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 20192020 Annual Report.
Debt Repayments
For the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, following regulatory approval, MetLife Reinsurance Company of Charleston, a wholly-owned subsidiary of MetLife, Inc., repurchased and canceled $27 million and $25 million, respectively, in aggregate principal amount of its surplus notes, which were reported in collateral financing arrangement on the consolidated balance sheets.
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Debt Repurchases, Redemptions and Exchanges
We may from time to time seek to retire or purchase our outstanding debt through cash purchases, redemptions and/or exchanges for other securities, in open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions or otherwise. Any such repurchases, redemptions, or exchanges will be dependent upon several factors, including our liquidity requirements, contractual restrictions, general market conditions, and applicable regulatory, legal and accounting factors. Whether or not to repurchase or redeem any debt and the size and timing of any such repurchases or redemptions will be determined at our discretion.
See Note 16 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information about the redemption and cancellation of senior notes subsequent to June 30, 2021.
Support Agreements
MetLife, Inc. and several of its subsidiaries (each, an “Obligor”) are parties to various capital support commitments and guarantees with subsidiaries. Under these arrangements, each Obligor has agreed to cause the applicable entity to meet specified capital and surplus levels or has guaranteed certain contractual obligations. We anticipate that in the event these arrangements place demands upon us, there will be sufficient liquidity and capital to enable us to meet such demands. See Note 5 of the Notes to the MetLife, Inc. (Parent Company Only) Condensed Financial Information included in the 2020 Annual Report.
Insurance Liabilities
Liabilities arising from our insurance activities primarily relate to benefit payments under various life insurance, annuity and group pension products, as well as payments for policy surrenders, withdrawals and loans. For annuity or deposit type products, surrender or lapse behavior differs somewhat by segment. In the MetLife Holdings segment, which includes individual annuities, lapses and surrenders tend to occur in the normal course of business. For the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, general account surrenders and withdrawals from annuity products were $645 million and $667 million, respectively. In the RIS business within the U.S. segment, which includes pension risk transfers, bank-owned life insurance and other fixed annuity contracts, as well as funding agreements and other capital market products, most of the products offered have fixed maturities or fairly predictable surrenders or withdrawals. With regard to the RIS business products that provide customers with limited rights to accelerate payments, at June 30, 2021 there were funding agreements totaling $141 million that could be put back to the Company.
Pledged Collateral
We pledge collateral to, and have collateral pledged to us by, counterparties in connection with our derivatives. At June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, we had received pledged cash collateral from counterparties of $6.7 billion and $7.6 billion, respectively. At June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, we had pledged cash collateral to counterparties of $251 million and $266 million, respectively. See Note 7 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information about collateral pledged to us, collateral we pledge and derivatives subject to credit contingent provisions.
We pledge collateral and have had collateral pledged to us, and may be required from time to time to pledge additional collateral or be entitled to have additional collateral pledged to us, in connection with the collateral financing arrangement related to the reinsurance of closed block liabilities.
We pledge collateral from time to time in connection with funding agreements and advance agreements. See Note 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, as well as Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report.
Securities Lending and Repurchase Agreements
We participate in a securities lending program and in short-term repurchase agreements whereby securities are loaned to unaffiliated financial institutions. We obtain collateral, usually cash, from the borrower, which must be returned to the borrower when the loaned securities are returned to us. Through these arrangements, we were liable for cash collateral under our control of $23.9 billion and $21.8 billion at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, including a portion that may require the immediate return of cash collateral we hold. See Note 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Litigation
We establish liabilities for litigation and regulatory loss contingencies when it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. For material matters where a loss is believed to be reasonably possible but not probable, no accrual is made but we disclose the nature of the contingency and an aggregate estimate of the reasonably possible range of loss in excess of amounts accrued, when such an estimate can be made. It is not possible to predict the ultimate outcome of all pending investigations and legal proceedings. In some of the matters referred to herein, very large and/or indeterminate amounts, including punitive and treble damages, are sought. Given the large and/or indeterminate amounts sought in certain of these matters and the inherent unpredictability of litigation, it is possible that an adverse outcome in certain matters could, from time to time, have a material adverse effect on our consolidated net income or cash flows in particular quarterly or annual periods. See Note 15 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Credit and Committed Facilities
We maintain an unsecured revolving credit facility, as well as certain committed facilities, with various financial institutions. See “— Liquidity and Capital Resources — The Company — Liquidity and Capital Sources — Global Funding Sources — Credit and Committed Facilities” for descriptions of such arrangements. For the classification of expenses on such credit and committed facilities and the nature of the associated liability for letters of credit issued and drawdowns on these credit and committed facilities, see Note 13 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report.
Collateral for Securities Lending, Repurchase Agreements, Third-Party Custodian Administered Repurchase Programs and Derivatives
We participate in securities lending transactions, repurchase agreements and third-party custodian administered repurchase programs in the normal course of business for the purpose of enhancing the total return on our investment portfolio. See Note 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, as well as “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Investments — Securities Lending, Repurchase Agreements and FHLB of Boston Advance Agreements” in Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report for further discussion of our securities lending transactions and repurchase agreements, the classification of revenues and expenses, and the nature of the secured financing arrangements and associated liabilities.
Securities lending and repurchase agreements: Periodically we receive non-cash collateral for securities lending and repurchase agreements from counterparties, which is not reflected on our consolidated financial statements. The amount of this non-cash collateral was $31 million and $1 million at estimated fair value, at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.
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Third-party custodian administered repurchase programs: We loan certain of our fixed maturity securities AFS to unaffiliated financial institutions and, in exchange, non-cash collateral is put on deposit by the unaffiliated financial institutions on our behalf with third-party custodians. The estimated fair value of securities loaned in connection with these transactions was $223 million and $19 million at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. Non-cash collateral on deposit with third-party custodians held on our behalf was $236 million and $20 million, at estimated fair value, at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, which cannot be sold or re-pledged, and which is not reflected in our consolidated financial statements.
Derivatives: We enter into derivatives to manage various risks relating to our ongoing business operations. We receive non-cash collateral from counterparties for derivatives, which can be sold or re-pledged subject to certain constraints, and which is not reflected in our consolidated financial statements. The amount of this non-cash collateral was $1.3 billion and $1.7 billion, at estimated fair value, at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. See “— Liquidity and Capital Resources — The Company — Liquidity and Capital Uses — Pledged Collateral” and Note 7 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information regarding the earned income on and the gross notional amount, estimated fair value of assets and liabilities and primary underlying risk exposure of our derivatives.
InvestmentCommitments
We enter into the following commitments in the normal course of business for the purpose of enhancing the total return on our investment portfolio: mortgage loan commitments and commitments to fund partnerships, bank credit facilities, bridge loans and private corporate bond investments. See Note 15 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information about these investment commitments. See “Net Investment Income” and “Net Investment Gains (Losses)” in Note 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information on the investment income, investment expense, gains and losses from such investments and the liability for credit loss for unfunded mortgage loan commitments. See also “— Investments — Fixed Maturity Securities AFS and Equity Securities,” “— Investments — Mortgage Loans,” “— Investments — Real Estate and Real Estate Joint Ventures” and “— Investments — Other Limited Partnership Interests.”
Lease Commitments
As lessee, we have entered into various lease and sublease agreements for office space and equipment. Our commitments under such lease agreements are included within the contractual obligations table in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources — The Company — Contractual Obligations” in the 2020 Annual Report. See also Note 11 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report.
Guarantees
See “Guarantees” in Note 15 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Policyholder Liabilities
We establish, and carry as liabilities, actuarially determined amounts that are calculated to meet policy obligations or to provide for future annuity payments. Amounts for actuarial liabilities are computed and reported on the interim condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP. For more details on Policyholder Liabilities, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates” included in the 2020 Annual Report.
We periodically review our estimates of actuarial liabilities for future benefits and compare them with our actual experience. We revise estimates, to the extent permitted or required under GAAP, if we determine that future expected experience differs from assumptions used in the development of actuarial liabilities. We charge or credit changes in our liabilities to expenses in the period the liabilities are established or re-estimated. If the liabilities originally established for future benefit payments prove inadequate, we must increase them. Such an increase could adversely affect our earnings and have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
See “Business — Regulation — Insurance Regulation — Policy and Contract Reserve Adequacy Analysis” and “Risk Factors — Business Risks” included in the 2020 Annual Report for further information regarding required analyses of the adequacy of statutory reserves of our insurance operations.
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The following discussion on future policy benefits and policyholder account balances should be read in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Industry Trends — Impact of a Sustained Low Interest Rate Environment” included in the 2020 Annual Report, as amended or supplemented in our subsequently filed Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q under similarly captioned sections, and “— Variable Annuity Guarantees.” See also Notes 1 and 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report for additional information.
Future Policy Benefits
We establish liabilities for amounts payable under insurance policies. A discussion of future policy benefits by segment (as well as Corporate & Other) follows.
U.S.
Amounts payable under insurance policies for this segment are comprised of group insurance and annuities. For group insurance, future policyholder benefits are comprised mainly of liabilities for disabled lives under disability waiver of premium policy provisions, liabilities for survivor income benefit insurance, active life policies and premium stabilization and other contingency liabilities held under life insurance contracts. For group annuity contracts, future policyholder benefits are primarily related to payout annuities, including pension risk transfers, structured settlement annuities and institutional income annuities. There is no interest rate crediting flexibility on these liabilities.
Asia
Future policy benefits for this segment are held primarily for traditional life, endowment, annuity and accident & health contracts. They are also held for total return pass-through provisions included in certain universal life and savings products. They include certain liabilities for variable annuity and variable life guarantees of minimum death benefits, and longevity guarantees. Factors impacting these liabilities include sustained periods of lower than expected yields, lower than expected asset reinvestment rates, market volatility, actual lapses resulting in lower than expected income, and actual mortality or morbidity resulting in higher than expected benefit payments.
Latin America
Future policy benefit liabilities for this segment are held primarily for immediate annuities, traditional life contracts and total return pass-through provisions included in certain universal life and savings products. There is limited interest rate crediting flexibility on the immediate annuity and traditional life liabilities. Other factors impacting these liabilities are actual mortality resulting in higher than expected benefit payments and actual lapses resulting in lower than expected income.
EMEA
Future policy benefits for this segment include unearned premium reserves for group life and medical and credit insurance contracts. Future policy benefits are also held for traditional life, endowment and annuity contracts with significant mortality risk and accident & health contracts. Factors impacting these liabilities include lower than expected asset reinvestment rates, market volatility, actual lapses resulting in lower than expected income, and actual mortality or morbidity resulting in higher than expected benefit payments.
MetLife Holdings
Future policy benefits for the life insurance business are comprised mainly of liabilities for traditional life insurance contracts. For the annuities business, future policy benefits are comprised mainly of liabilities for life-contingent income annuities and liabilities for the variable annuity guaranteed minimum benefits that are accounted for as insurance. For the long-term care business, future policyholder benefits are comprised mainly of liabilities for disabled lives under disability waiver of premium policy provisions, and active life policies. In addition, for our other products, future policyholder benefits related to the reinsurance of our former Japan joint venture are comprised of liabilities for the variable annuity guaranteed minimum benefits that are accounted for as insurance.
Corporate & Other
Future policy benefits primarily include liabilities for other reinsurance business.
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Policyholder Account Balances
Policyholder account balances are generally equal to the account value, which includes accrued interest credited, but excludes the impact of any applicable charge that may be incurred upon surrender. A discussion of policyholder account balances by segment follows.
U.S.
Policyholder account balances in this segment are comprised of funding agreements, retained asset accounts, universal life policies, the fixed account of variable life insurance policies and specialized life insurance products for benefit programs.
Group Benefits
Policyholder account balances in this business are held for retained asset accounts, universal life policies, the fixed account of variable life insurance policies and specialized life insurance products for benefit programs. Policyholder account balances are credited interest at a rate we determine, which is influenced by current market rates. Most of these policyholder account balances have minimum credited rate guarantees.
The table below presents the breakdown of account value subject to minimum guaranteed crediting rates for Group Benefits:
June 30, 2021
Guaranteed Minimum Crediting RateAccount
Value
Account
Value at
Guarantee
(In millions)
Greater than 0% but less than 2%$5,217 $5,090 
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4%$1,597 $1,559 
Equal to or greater than 4%$794 $765 
Retirement and Income Solutions
Policyholder account balances in this business are held largely for investment-type products, mainly funding agreements, as well as postretirement benefits and corporate-owned life insurance to fund non-qualified benefit programs for executives. Interest crediting rates vary by type of contract and can be fixed or variable. Variable interest crediting rates are generally tied to an external index, most commonly (1-month or 3-month) London Interbank Offered Rate or Secured Overnight Financing Rate. We guarantee payment of interest and return of principal at the contractual maturity date.
The table below presents the breakdown of account value subject to minimum guaranteed crediting rates for RIS:
June 30, 2021
Guaranteed Minimum Crediting RateAccount
Value
Account
Value at
Guarantee
(In millions)
Greater than 0% but less than 2%$146 $— 
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4%$1,049 $143 
Equal to or greater than 4%$4,619 $4,383 
Asia
Policyholder account balances in this segment are held largely for fixed income retirement and savings plans, fixed deferred annuities, interest sensitive whole life products, universal life and, to a lesser degree, liability amounts for Unit-linked investments that do not meet the GAAP definition of separate accounts. Also included are certain liabilities for retirement and savings products sold in certain countries in Asia that generally are sold with minimum credited rate guarantees. Liabilities for guarantees on certain variable annuities in Asia are accounted for as embedded derivatives and recorded at estimated fair value and are also included within policyholder account balances. Most of these policyholder account balances have minimum credited rate guarantees. Liabilities for Unit-linked investments are impacted by changes in the fair value of the associated underlying investments, as the return on assets is generally passed directly to the policyholder.
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The table below presents the breakdown of account value subject to minimum guaranteed crediting rates for Asia:
June 30, 2021
Guaranteed Minimum Crediting RateAccount
Value
Account
Value at
Guarantee
(In millions)
Annuities:
Greater than 0% but less than 2%$31,595 $1,799 
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4%$1,026 $427 
Equal to or greater than 4%$$
Life & Other:
Greater than 0% but less than 2%$12,745 $12,211 
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4%$32,574 $20,779 
Equal to or greater than 4%$280 $280 
Latin America
Policyholder account balances in this segment are held largely for investment-type products, universal life products, deferred annuities and Unit-linked investments that do not meet the GAAP definition of separate accounts. Liabilities for Unit-linked investments are impacted by changes in the fair value of the associated investments, as the return on assets is generally passed directly to the policyholder. Many of the other liabilities have minimum credited rate guarantees.
EMEA
Policyholder account balances in this segment are held mostly for universal life, deferred annuities, pension products, and Unit-linked investments that do not meet the GAAP definition of separate accounts. They are also held for endowment products without significant mortality risk. Most of these policyholder account balances have minimum credited rate guarantees. Liabilities for Unit-linked investments are impacted by changes in the fair value of the associated investments, as the return on assets is generally passed directly to the policyholder.
MetLife Holdings
Life policyholder account balances in this segment are held for retained asset accounts, universal life policies, the fixed account of variable life insurance policies, and funding agreements. For annuities, policyholder account balances are held for fixed deferred annuities, the fixed account portion of variable annuities, non-life contingent income annuities, and embedded derivatives related to variable annuity guarantees. Interest is credited to the policyholder’s account at interest rates we determine which are influenced by current market rates, subject to specified minimums. Most of these policyholder account balances have minimum credited rate guarantees. Additionally, for our other products, policyholder account balances are held for variable annuity guarantees assumed from a former operating joint venture in Japan that are accounted for as embedded derivatives.
The table below presents the breakdown of account value subject to minimum guaranteed crediting rates for the MetLife Holdings segment:
June 30, 2021
Guaranteed Minimum Crediting RateAccount
Value
Account
Value at
Guarantee
(In millions)
Greater than 0% but less than 2%$1,202 $1,167 
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4%$17,619 $16,005 
Equal to or greater than 4%$7,486 $6,872 
Variable Annuity Guarantees
We issue, directly and through assumed business, certain variable annuity products with guaranteed minimum benefits that provide the policyholder a minimum return based on their initial deposit (i.e., the benefit base) less withdrawals. In some cases, the benefit base may be increased by additional deposits, bonus amounts, accruals or optional market value resets. See Note 4 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, as well as Notes 1 and 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report for additional information.
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Certain guarantees, including portions thereof, have insurance liabilities established that are included in future policy benefits. Guarantees accounted for in this manner include guaranteed minimum death benefits (“GMDBs”), the life-contingent portion of guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits (“GMWBs”), elective guaranteed minimum income benefit (“GMIB”) annuitizations, and the life contingent portion of GMIBs that require annuitization when the account balance goes to zero. These liabilities are accrued over the life of the contract in proportion to actual and future expected policy assessments based on the level of guaranteed minimum benefits generated using multiple scenarios of separate account returns. The scenarios are based on best estimate assumptions consistent with those used to amortize DAC. When current estimates of future benefits exceed those previously projected or when current estimates of future assessments are lower than those previously projected, liabilities will increase, resulting in a current period charge to net income. The opposite result occurs when the current estimates of future benefits are lower than those previously projected or when current estimates of future assessments exceed those previously projected. At the end of each reporting period, we update the actual amount of business remaining in-force, which impacts expected future assessments and the projection of estimated future benefits resulting in a current period charge or increase to earnings.
Certain guarantees, including portions thereof, accounted for as embedded derivatives, are recorded at estimated fair value and included in policyholder account balances. Guarantees accounted for as embedded derivatives include guaranteed minimum accumulation benefits (“GMABs”), the non-life contingent portion of GMWBs and certain non-life contingent portions of GMIBs. The estimated fair values of guarantees accounted for as embedded derivatives are determined based on the present value of projected future benefits minus the present value of projected future fees. The projections of future benefits and future fees require capital market and actuarial assumptions including expectations concerning policyholder behavior. A risk-neutral valuation methodology is used to project the cash flows from the guarantees under multiple capital market scenarios to determine an economic liability. The reported estimated fair value is then determined by taking the present value of these risk-free generated cash flows using a discount rate that incorporates a spread over the risk-free rate to reflect our nonperformance risk and adding a risk margin. For more information on the determination of estimated fair value, see Note 8 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
The table below presents the carrying value for guarantees at: 
Future Policy
Benefits
Policyholder
Account Balances
June 30, 2021December 31, 2020June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
(In millions)
Asia
GMDB$$$— $— 
GMAB— — 12 26 
GMWB34 35 118 134 
EMEA
GMDB— — 
GMAB— — 11 31 
GMWB24 31 (68)(23)
MetLife Holdings
GMDB465 450 — — 
GMIB925 954 80 323 
GMAB— — (1)— 
GMWB178 179 224 443 
Total$1,636 $1,661 $376 $934 
The carrying amounts for guarantees included in policyholder account balances above include nonperformance risk adjustments of $86 million and $137 million at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. These nonperformance risk adjustments represent the impact of including a credit spread when discounting the underlying risk-neutral cash flows to determine the estimated fair values. The nonperformance risk adjustment does not have an economic impact on us as it cannot be monetized given the nature of these policyholder liabilities. The change in valuation arising from the nonperformance risk adjustment is not hedged.
The carrying values of these guarantees can change significantly during periods of sizable and sustained shifts in equity market performance, equity volatility, interest rates or foreign currency exchange rates. Carrying values are also impacted by our assumptions around mortality, separate account returns and policyholder behavior, including lapse rates.
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As discussed below, we use a combination of product design, hedging strategies, reinsurance, and other risk management actions to mitigate the risks related to these benefits. Within each type of guarantee, there is a range of product offerings reflecting the changing nature of these products over time. Changes in product features and terms are in part driven by customer demand but, more importantly, reflect our risk management practices of continuously evaluating the guaranteed benefits and their associated asset-liability matching. We continue to diversify the concentration of income benefits in our portfolio by focusing on withdrawal benefits, variable annuities without living benefits and index-linked annuities.
The sections below provide further detail by total account value for certain of our most popular guarantees. Total account values include amounts not reported on the consolidated balance sheets from assumed business, Unit-linked investments that do not qualify for presentation as separate account assets, and amounts included in our general account. The total account values and the net amounts at risk include direct and assumed business, but exclude offsets from hedging or ceded reinsurance, if any.
GMDBs
We offer a range of GMDBs to our contractholders. The table below presents GMDBs, by benefit type, at June 30, 2021:
Total Account Value (1)
Asia & EMEAMetLife Holdings
(In millions)
Return of premium or five to seven year step-up$7,921 $47,951 
Annual step-up— 3,234 
Roll-up and step-up combination— 5,585 
Total$7,921 $56,770 
__________________
(1)Total account value excludes $607 million for contracts with no GMDBs. The Company’s annuity contracts with guarantees may offer more than one type of guarantee in each contract. Therefore, the amounts listed for GMDBs and for living benefit guarantees are not mutually exclusive.
Based on total account value, less than 18% of our GMDBs included enhanced death benefits such as the annual step-up or roll-up and step-up combination products at June 30, 2021.
Living Benefit Guarantees
The table below presents our living benefit guarantees based on total account values at June 30, 2021:
Total Account Value (1)
Asia & EMEAMetLife Holdings
(In millions)
GMIB$— $21,100 
GMWB - non-life contingent (2)1,053 2,238 
GMWB - life-contingent3,392 8,816 
GMAB1,780 166 
Total$6,225 $32,320 
__________________
(1)Total account value excludes $26.8 billion for contracts with no living benefit guarantees. The Company’s annuity contracts with guarantees may offer more than one type of guarantee in each contract. Therefore, the amounts listed for GMDBs and for living benefit guarantee amounts are not mutually exclusive.
(2)The Asia and EMEA segments include the non-life contingent portion of the GMWB total account value of $1.0 billion with a guarantee at annuitization.
In terms of total account value, GMIBs are our most significant living benefit guarantee. Our primary risk management strategy for our GMIB products is our derivatives hedging program as discussed below. Additionally, we have engaged in certain reinsurance agreements covering some of our GMIB business. As part of our overall risk management approach for living benefit guarantees, we continually monitor the reinsurance markets for the right opportunity to purchase additional coverage for our GMIB business. We stopped selling GMIBs in February 2016.
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The table below presents our GMIB associated total account values, by their guaranteed payout basis, at June 30, 2021:
Total Account Value
(In millions)
7-year setback, 2.5% interest rate$6,191 
7-year setback, 1.5% interest rate1,232 
10-year setback, 1.5% interest rate4,221 
10-year mortality projection, 10-year setback, 1.0% interest rate8,044 
10-year mortality projection, 10-year setback, 0.5% interest rate1,412 
$21,100 
The annuitization interest rates on GMIBs have been decreased from 2.5% to 0.5% over time, partially in response to the low interest rate environment, accompanied by an increase in the setback period from seven years to 10 years and the introduction of a 10-year mortality projection.
Additionally, 39% of the $21.1 billion of GMIB total account value has been invested in managed volatility funds as of June 30, 2021. These funds seek to manage volatility by adjusting the fund holdings within certain guidelines based on capital market movements. Such activity reduces the overall risk of the underlying funds while maintaining their growth opportunities. These risk mitigation techniques reduce or eliminate the need for us to manage the funds’ volatility through hedging or reinsurance.
Our GMIB products typically have a waiting period of 10 years to be eligible for annuitization. As of June 30, 2021, only 32% of our contracts with GMIBs were eligible for annuitization. The remaining contracts are not eligible for annuitization for an average of three years.
Once eligible for annuitization, contractholders would be expected to annuitize only if their contracts were in-the-money. We calculate in-the-moneyness with respect to GMIBs consistent with net amount at risk as discussed in Note 4 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, by comparing the contractholders’ income benefits based on total account values and current annuity rates versus the guaranteed income benefits. The net amount at risk was $451 million at June 30, 2021, of which $406 million was related to GMIBs. For those contracts with GMIB, the table below presents details of contracts that are in-the-money and out-of-the-money at June 30, 2021:
In-the-
Moneyness
Total
Account Value
% of Total
(In millions)
In-the-money30% or greater$413 %
20% to less than 30%201 %
10% to less than 20%384 %
0% to less than 10%636 %
1,634 
Out-of-the-money-10% to 0%1,542 %
-20% to less than -10%4,160 20 %
Greater than -20%13,764 65 %
19,466 
Total GMIBs$21,100 
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Derivatives Hedging Variable Annuity Guarantees
Our risk mitigating hedging strategy uses various over-the-counter and exchange traded derivatives. The table below presents the gross notional amount, estimated fair value and primary underlying risk exposure of the derivatives hedging our variable annuity guarantees:
Instrument TypeJune 30, 2021December 31, 2020
Primary Underlying
Risk Exposure
Gross Notional
Amount
Estimated Fair ValueGross Notional
Amount
Estimated Fair Value
AssetsLiabilitiesAssetsLiabilities
(In millions)
Interest rateInterest rate swaps$13,078 $61 $16 $14,188 $85 $21 
Interest rate futures1,610 — 1,442 — 
Interest rate options77 — 637 134 — 
Foreign currency exchange rateForeign currency forwards1,388 1,834 27 13 
Equity marketEquity futures3,644 4,891 12 38 
Equity index options4,940 409 413 5,360 558 408 
Equity variance swaps716 17 15 716 15 12 
Equity total return swaps2,292 46 1,533 124 
Total$27,745 $505 $508 $30,601 $834 $618 
The change in estimated fair values of our derivatives is recorded in policyholder benefits and claims if such derivatives are hedging guarantees included in future policy benefits, and in net derivative gains (losses) if such derivatives are hedging guarantees included in policyholder account balances.
Our hedging strategy involves the significant use of static longer-term derivative instruments to avoid the need to execute transactions during periods of market disruption or higher volatility. We continually monitor the capital markets for opportunities to adjust our liability coverage, as appropriate. Futures are also used to dynamically adjust the daily coverage levels as markets and liability exposures fluctuate.
We remain liable for the guaranteed benefits in the event that reinsurers or derivative counterparties are unable or unwilling to pay. Certain of our reinsurance agreements and all derivative positions are collateralized and derivatives positions are subject to master netting agreements, both of which significantly reduce the exposure to counterparty risk. In addition, we are subject to the risk that hedging and other risk management actions prove ineffective or that unanticipated policyholder behavior or mortality, combined with adverse market events, produces economic losses beyond the scope of the risk management techniques employed.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Overview
Our business and results of operations are materially affected by conditions in the global capital markets and the economy generally. Stressed conditions, volatility and disruptions in global capital markets, particular markets, or financial asset classes can have an adverse effect on us, in part because we have a large investment portfolio and our insurance liabilities and derivatives are sensitive to changing market factors. Changing conditions in the global capital markets and the economy may affect our financing costs and market interest for our debt or equity securities. For further information regarding market factors that could affect our ability to meet liquidity and capital needs, see “— Industry Trends” and “— Investments — Current Environment.”
Liquidity Management
Based upon the strength of our franchise, diversification of our businesses, strong financial fundamentals and the substantial funding sources available to us as described herein, we continue to believe we have access to ample liquidity to meet business requirements under current market conditions and reasonably possible stress scenarios. We continuously monitor and adjust our liquidity and capital plans for MetLife, Inc. and its subsidiaries in light of market conditions, as well as changing needs and opportunities.
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Short-term Liquidity
We maintain a substantial short-term liquidity position, which was $13.4 billion and $9.4 billion at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. Short-term liquidity includes cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments, excluding assets that are pledged or otherwise committed, including amounts received in connection with securities lending, repurchase agreements, derivatives, and secured borrowings, as well as amounts held in the closed block.
Liquid Assets
An integral part of our liquidity management includes managing our level of liquid assets, which was $226.6 billion and $235.1 billion at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. Liquid assets include cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments and publicly-traded securities, excluding assets that are pledged or otherwise committed. Assets pledged or otherwise committed include amounts received in connection with securities lending, repurchase agreements, derivatives, regulatory deposits, the collateral financing arrangement, funding agreements and secured borrowings, as well as amounts held in the closed block.
Capital Management
We have established several senior management committees as part of our capital management process. These committees, including the Capital Management Committee and the Enterprise Risk Committee (“ERC”), regularly review actual and projected capital levels (under a variety of scenarios including stress scenarios) and our annual capital plan in accordance with our capital policy. The Capital Management Committee is comprised of members of senior management, including MetLife, Inc.’s Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), Treasurer, and Chief Risk Officer (“CRO”). The ERC is also comprised of members of senior management, including MetLife, Inc.’s CFO, CRO and Chief Investment Officer.
MetLife, Inc.’s Board of Directors (“Board of Directors”) and senior management are directly involved in the development and maintenance of our capital policy. The capital policy sets forth, among other things, minimum and target capital levels and the governance of the capital management process. All capital actions, including proposed changes to the annual capital plan, capital targets or capital policy, are reviewed by the Finance and Risk Committee of the Board of Directors prior to obtaining full Board of Directors approval. The Board of Directors approves the capital policy and the annual capital plan and authorizes capital actions, as required.
See “Risk Factors — Capital Risks — We May not be Able to Pay Dividends or Repurchase Our Stock Due to Legal and Regulatory Restrictions or Cash Buffer Needs” and Note 16 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report for information regarding restrictions on payment of dividends and stock repurchases. See also “— The Company — Liquidity and Capital Uses — Common Stock Repurchases” for information regarding MetLife, Inc.’s common stock repurchase authorizations.
The Company
Liquidity
Liquidity refers to the ability to generate adequate amounts of cash to meet our needs. In the event of significant cash requirements beyond anticipated liquidity needs, we have various alternatives available depending on market conditions and the amount and timing of the liquidity need. These available alternatives include cash flows from operations, sales of liquid assets, global funding sources including commercial paper and various credit and committed facilities. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition — Liquidity and Capital Resources — The Company — Liquidity” included in the 2020 Annual Report.
Capital
We manage our capital position to maintain our financial strength and credit ratings. Our capital position is supported by our ability to generate strong cash flows within our operating companies and borrow funds at competitive rates, as well as by our demonstrated ability to raise additional capital to meet operating and growth needs despite adverse market and economic conditions.
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Summary of the Company’s Primary Sources and Uses of Liquidity and Capital
Our primary sources and uses of liquidity and capital are summarized as follows:
Six Months
Ended
June 30,
20212020
(In millions)
Sources:
Operating activities, net$3,750 $2,693 
Net change in policyholder account balances3,870 7,011 
Net change in payables for collateral under securities loaned and other transactions506 7,401 
Cash received for other transactions with tenors greater than three months— 50 
Long-term debt issued15 1,074 
Financing element on certain derivative instruments and other derivative related transactions, net318 — 
Preferred stock issued, net of issuance costs— 972 
Other, net58 91 
Total sources8,517 19,292 
Uses:
Investing activities, net45 9,728 
Cash paid for other transactions with tenors greater than three months100 50 
Long-term debt repaid28 13 
Collateral financing arrangement repaid27 25 
Financing element on certain derivative instruments and other derivative related transactions, net— 242 
Treasury stock acquired in connection with share repurchases2,112 500 
Redemption of preferred stock494 — 
Preferred stock redemption premium— 
Dividends on preferred stock103 109 
Dividends on common stock829 823 
Effect of change in foreign currency exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents192 111 
Total uses3,936 11,601 
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents$4,581 $7,691 
Cash Flows from Operations
The principal cash inflows from our insurance activities come from insurance premiums, net investment income, annuity considerations and deposit funds. The principal cash outflows are the result of various life insurance, property and casualty, annuity and pension products, operating expenses and income tax, as well as interest expense.
Cash Flows from Investments
The principal cash inflows from our investment activities come from repayments of principal, proceeds from maturities and sales of investments and settlements of freestanding derivatives. The principal cash outflows relate to purchases of investments, issuances of policy loans and settlements of freestanding derivatives. Additional cash outflows relate to purchases of businesses. We typically have a net cash outflow from investing activities because cash inflows from insurance operations are reinvested in accordance with our ALM discipline to fund insurance liabilities. We closely monitor and manage these risks through our comprehensive investment risk management process.
Cash Flows from Financing
The principal cash inflows from our financing activities come from issuances of debt and other securities, deposits of funds associated with policyholder account balances and lending of securities. The principal cash outflows come from repayments of debt and the collateral financing arrangement, payments of dividends on and repurchases of MetLife, Inc.’s securities, withdrawals associated with policyholder account balances and the return of securities on loan.
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Liquidity and Capital Sources
In addition to the general description of liquidity and capital sources in “— Summary of the Company’s Primary Sources and Uses of Liquidity and Capital,” the Company’s primary sources of liquidity and capital are set forth below.
Global Funding Sources
Liquidity is provided by a variety of global funding sources, including funding agreements, credit and committed facilities and commercial paper. Capital is provided by a variety of global funding sources, including short-term and long-term debt, the collateral financing arrangement, junior subordinated debt securities, preferred securities, equity securities and equity-linked securities. MetLife, Inc. maintains a shelf registration statement with the SEC that permits the issuance of public debt, equity and hybrid securities. As a “Well-Known Seasoned Issuer” under SEC rules, MetLife, Inc.’s shelf registration statement provides for automatic effectiveness upon filing and has no stated issuance capacity. The diversity of our global funding sources enhances our funding flexibility, limits dependence on any one market or source of funds and generally lowers the cost of funds. Our primary global funding sources include:
Preferred Stock
See Note 10 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and Note 16 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report.
Common Stock
For the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, MetLife, Inc. issued 4,317,294 and 2,947,250 new shares of its common stock, respectively, for $174 million and $115 million, respectively, to satisfy various stock option exercises and other stock-based awards.
Commercial Paper, Reported in Short-term Debt
MetLife, Inc. and MetLife Funding, Inc. (“MetLife Funding”), a subsidiary of MLIC, each have a commercial paper program that is supported by our unsecured revolving credit facility (see “— Credit and Committed Facilities”). MetLife Funding raises cash from its commercial paper program and uses the proceeds to extend loans through MetLife Credit Corp., another subsidiary of MLIC, to affiliates in order to enhance the financial flexibility and liquidity of these companies.
Federal Home Loan Bank Funding Agreements, Reported in Policyholder Account Balances
Certain of our U.S. insurance subsidiaries are members of a regional Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”). For the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, we issued $18.2 billion and $19.1 billion, respectively, and repaid $18.2 billion and $18.1 billion, respectively, of funding agreements with certain regional FHLBs. At both June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, total obligations outstanding under these funding agreements were $16.3 billion. See Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report.
Federal Home Loan Bank Advance Agreements, Reported in Liabilities Held-for-Sale
For the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, we borrowed $0 and $1.4 billion, respectively, and repaid $700 million and $1.4 billion, respectively, under advance agreements with the FHLB of Boston. At June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, total obligations outstanding under these advance agreements were $0 and $700 million, respectively.
Special Purpose Entity Funding Agreements, Reported in Policyholder Account Balances
We issue fixed and floating rate funding agreements, which are denominated in either U.S. dollars or foreign currencies, to certain unconsolidated special purpose entities that have issued either debt securities or commercial paper for which payment of interest and principal is secured by such funding agreements. For the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, we issued $22.0 billion and $22.5 billion, respectively, and repaid $20.7 billion and $18.3 billion, respectively, under such funding agreements. At June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, total obligations outstanding under these funding agreements were $41.2 billion and $39.9 billion, respectively. See Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report.
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Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation Funding Agreements, Reported in Policyholder Account Balances
We have issued funding agreements to a subsidiary of the Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation. The obligations under all such funding agreements are secured by a pledge of certain eligible agricultural mortgage loans. For the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, we issued $225 million and $250 million, respectively, and repaid $350 million and $250 million, respectively, under such funding agreements. At June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, total obligations outstanding under these funding agreements were $2.3 billion and $2.4 billion, respectively. See Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report.
Credit and Committed Facilities
At June 30, 2021, we maintained a $3.0 billion unsecured revolving credit facility and certain committed facilities aggregating $3.3 billion, of which MetLife, Inc. is a party and/or guarantor. When drawn upon, these facilities bear interest at varying rates in accordance with the respective agreements.
The unsecured revolving credit facility is used for general corporate purposes, to support the borrowers’ commercial paper programs and for the issuance of letters of credit. At June 30, 2021, we had outstanding $462 million in letters of credit and no drawdowns against this facility. Remaining availability was $2.5 billion at June 30, 2021.
The committed facilities are used as collateral for certain of our affiliated reinsurance liabilities. At June 30, 2021, we had outstanding $2.9 billion in letters of credit and no drawdowns against these facilities. Remaining availability was $413 million at June 30, 2021.
See Note 13 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report for further information on credit and committed facilities.
We have no reason to believe that our lending counterparties will be unable to fulfill their respective contractual obligations under these facilities. As commitments under our credit and committed facilities may expire unused, these amounts do not necessarily reflect our actual future cash funding requirements.
Outstanding Debt Under Global Funding Sources
The following table summarizes our outstanding debt, excluding long-term debt relating to CSEs, at:
June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
(In millions)
Short-term debt (1)$393 $393 
Long-term debt (2)$14,518 $14,598 
Collateral financing arrangement$818 $845 
Junior subordinated debt securities$3,154 $3,153 
__________________
(1)Includes $293 million of debt that is non-recourse to MetLife, Inc. and MLIC, subject to customary exceptions, at both June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020. Certain subsidiaries have pledged assets to secure this debt.
(2)Includes $500 million and $474 million of debt that is non-recourse to MetLife, Inc. and MLIC, subject to customary exceptions, at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. Certain investment subsidiaries have pledged assets to secure this debt.
Debt and Facility Covenants
Certain of our debt instruments and committed facilities, as well as our unsecured revolving credit facility, contain various administrative, reporting, legal and financial covenants. We believe we were in compliance with all applicable financial covenants at June 30, 2021.
Dispositions
For information regarding pending and other dispositions, see Note 3 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Liquidity and Capital Uses
In addition to the general description of liquidity and capital uses in “— Summary of the Company’s Primary Sources and Uses of Liquidity and Capital,” the Company’s primary uses of liquidity and capital are set forth below.
Preferred Stock Redemption
See Note 10 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information about the redemption of Series C preferred stock.
Common Stock Repurchases
See Note 10 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information relating to authorizations by the Board of Directors to repurchase MetLife, Inc. common stock, amounts of common stock repurchased pursuant to such authorizations for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, and the amount remaining under such authorizations at June 30, 2021.
On August 4, 2021, MetLife, Inc. announced that its Board of Directors authorized an additional $3.0 billion of common stock repurchases.
Common stock repurchases are subject to the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend upon our capital position, liquidity, financial strength and credit ratings, general market conditions, the market price of MetLife, Inc.’s common stock compared to management’s assessment of the stock’s underlying value, applicable regulatory approvals, and other legal and accounting factors. Restrictions on the payment of dividends that may arise under so-called “Dividend Stopper” provisions would also restrict MetLife, Inc.’s ability to repurchase common stock. See “Business — Regulation,” “Risk Factors — Capital Risks — We May not be Able to Pay Dividends or Repurchase Our Stock Due to Legal and Regulatory Restrictions or Cash Buffer Needs” and Note 16 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report.
Dividends
For the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, MetLife, Inc. paid dividends on its preferred stock of $103 million and $109 million, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, MetLife, Inc. paid $829 million and $823 million of dividends on its common stock, respectively. See Note 10 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and Note 16 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report for information regarding the calculation and timing of these dividend payments.
The declaration and payment of common stock dividends are subject to the discretion of our Board of Directors, and will depend on MetLife, Inc.’s financial condition, results of operations, cash requirements, future prospects, regulatory restrictions on the payment of dividends by MetLife, Inc.’s insurance subsidiaries and other factors deemed relevant by the Board of Directors. See Note 16 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report for additional information.
Dividend Restrictions
The payment of dividends is also subject to restrictions under the terms of our preferred stock and junior subordinated debentures in situations where we may be experiencing financial stress. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources — The Company — Liquidity and Capital Uses — Dividends — “Dividend Stopper” Provisions in MetLife’s Preferred Stock and Junior Subordinated Debentures,” “Risk Factors — Capital Risks — We May not be Able to Pay Dividends or Repurchase Our Stock Due to Legal and Regulatory Restrictions or Cash Buffer Needs” and Note 16 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report.
Debt Repayments
For the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, following regulatory approval, MetLife Reinsurance Company of Charleston, a wholly-owned subsidiary of MetLife, Inc., repurchased and canceled $27 million and $25 million, respectively, in aggregate principal amount of its surplus notes, which were reported in collateral financing arrangement on the consolidated balance sheets.
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Debt Repurchases, Redemptions and Exchanges
We may from time to time seek to retire or purchase our outstanding debt through cash purchases, redemptions and/or exchanges for other securities, in open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions or otherwise. Any such repurchases, redemptions, or exchanges will be dependent upon several factors, including our liquidity requirements, contractual restrictions, general market conditions, and applicable regulatory, legal and accounting factors. Whether or not to repurchase or redeem any debt and the size and timing of any such repurchases or redemptions will be determined at our discretion.
See Note 16 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information about the redemption and cancellation of senior notes subsequent to June 30, 2021.
Support Agreements
MetLife, Inc. and several of its subsidiaries (each, an “Obligor”) are parties to various capital support commitments and guarantees with subsidiaries. Under these arrangements, each Obligor has agreed to cause the applicable entity to meet specified capital and surplus levels or has guaranteed certain contractual obligations. We anticipate that in the event these arrangements place demands upon us, there will be sufficient liquidity and capital to enable us to meet such demands. See Note 5 of the Notes to the MetLife, Inc. (Parent Company Only) Condensed Financial Information included in the 2020 Annual Report.
Insurance Liabilities
Liabilities arising from our insurance activities primarily relate to benefit payments under various life insurance, annuity and group pension products, as well as payments for policy surrenders, withdrawals and loans. For annuity or deposit type products, surrender or lapse behavior differs somewhat by segment. In the MetLife Holdings segment, which includes individual annuities, lapses and surrenders tend to occur in the normal course of business. For the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, general account surrenders and withdrawals from annuity products were $645 million and $667 million, respectively. In the RIS business within the U.S. segment, which includes pension risk transfers, bank-owned life insurance and other fixed annuity contracts, as well as funding agreements and other capital market products, most of the products offered have fixed maturities or fairly predictable surrenders or withdrawals. With regard to the RIS business products that provide customers with limited rights to accelerate payments, at June 30, 2021 there were funding agreements totaling $141 million that could be put back to the Company.
Pledged Collateral
We pledge collateral to, and have collateral pledged to us by, counterparties in connection with our derivatives. At June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, we had received pledged cash collateral from counterparties of $6.7 billion and $7.6 billion, respectively. At June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, we had pledged cash collateral to counterparties of $251 million and $266 million, respectively. See Note 7 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information about collateral pledged to us, collateral we pledge and derivatives subject to credit contingent provisions.
We pledge collateral and have had collateral pledged to us, and may be required from time to time to pledge additional collateral or be entitled to have additional collateral pledged to us, in connection with the collateral financing arrangement related to the reinsurance of closed block liabilities.
We pledge collateral from time to time in connection with funding agreements and advance agreements. See Note 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, as well as Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report.
Securities Lending and Repurchase Agreements
We participate in a securities lending program and in short-term repurchase agreements whereby securities are loaned to unaffiliated financial institutions. We obtain collateral, usually cash, from the borrower, which must be returned to the borrower when the loaned securities are returned to us. Through these arrangements, we were liable for cash collateral under our control of $23.9 billion and $21.8 billion at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, including a portion that may require the immediate return of cash collateral we hold. See Note 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Litigation
We establish liabilities for litigation and regulatory loss contingencies when it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. For material matters where a loss is believed to be reasonably possible but not probable, no accrual is made but we disclose the nature of the contingency and an aggregate estimate of the reasonably possible range of loss in excess of amounts accrued, when such an estimate can be made. It is not possible to predict the ultimate outcome of all pending investigations and legal proceedings. In some of the matters referred to herein, very large and/or indeterminate amounts, including punitive and treble damages, are sought. Given the large and/or indeterminate amounts sought in certain of these matters and the inherent unpredictability of litigation, it is possible that an adverse outcome in certain matters could, from time to time, have a material adverse effect on our consolidated net income or cash flows in particular quarterly or annual periods. See Note 15 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Contractual Obligations
See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources — The Company — Contractual Obligations” included in the 2020 Annual Report for additional information regarding the Company’s contractual obligations.
MetLife, Inc.
Liquidity and Capital Management
Liquidity and capital are managed to preserve stable, reliable and cost-effective sources of cash to meet all current and future financial obligations and are provided by a variety of sources, including a portfolio of liquid assets, a diversified mix of short- and long-term funding sources from the wholesale financial markets and the ability to borrow through credit and committed facilities. Liquidity is monitored through the use of internal liquidity risk metrics, including the composition and level of the liquid asset portfolio, timing differences in short-term cash flow obligations, access to the financial markets for capital and debt transactions and exposure to contingent draws on MetLife, Inc.’s liquidity. MetLife, Inc. is an active participant in the global financial markets through which it obtains a significant amount of funding. These markets, which serve as cost-effective sources of funds, are critical components of MetLife, Inc.’s liquidity and capital management. Decisions to access these markets are based upon relative costs, prospective views of balance sheet growth and a targeted liquidity profile and capital structure. A disruption in the financial markets could limit MetLife, Inc.’s access to liquidity.
MetLife, Inc.’s ability to maintain regular access to competitively priced wholesale funds is fostered by its current credit ratings from the major credit rating agencies. We view our capital ratios, credit quality, stable and diverse earnings streams, diversity of liquidity sources and our liquidity monitoring procedures as critical to retaining such credit ratings. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources — The Company — Rating Agencies” included in the 2020 Annual Report.
Liquidity
For a summary of MetLife, Inc.’s liquidity, see “— The Company — Liquidity.”
Capital
For a summary of MetLife, Inc.’s capital, see “— The Company — Capital.” See also “— The Company — Liquidity and Capital Uses — Common Stock Repurchases” for information regarding MetLife, Inc.’s common stock repurchases.
Liquid Assets
At June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, MetLife, Inc., collectively with other MetLife holding companies, had $6.5 billion and $4.5 billion, respectively, in liquid assets. Of these amounts, $5.7 billion and $3.6 billion were held by MetLife, Inc. and $824 million and $873 million were held by other MetLife holding companies at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. Liquid assets include cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments and publicly-traded securities, excluding assets that are pledged or otherwise committed. Assets pledged or otherwise committed include amounts received in connection with derivatives and a collateral financing arrangement.
See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources — MetLife, Inc. — Liquid Assets” included in the 2020 Annual Report for additional information on the sources and uses of liquid assets, as well as sources and uses of liquid assets included in free cash flow for MetLife, Inc. and other MetLife holding companies.
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Liquidity and Capital Sources
In addition to the description of liquidity and capital sources in “— The Company — Summary of the Company’s Primary Sources and Uses of Liquidity and Capital” and “— The Company — Liquidity and Capital Sources,” MetLife, Inc.’s primary sources of liquidity and capital are set forth below.
Dividends from Subsidiaries
MetLife, Inc. relies, in part, on dividends from its subsidiaries to meet its cash requirements. MetLife, Inc.’s insurance subsidiaries are subject to regulatory restrictions on the payment of dividends imposed by the regulators of their respective domiciles. The dividend limitation for U.S. insurance subsidiaries is generally based on the surplus to policyholders at the end of the immediately preceding calendar year and statutory net gain from operations for the immediately preceding calendar year. Statutory accounting practices, as prescribed by insurance regulators of various states in which we conduct business, differ in certain respects from accounting principles used in financial statements prepared in conformity with GAAP. The significant differences relate to the treatment of DAC, certain deferred income tax, required investment liabilities, statutory reserve calculation assumptions, goodwill and surplus notes.
The table below sets forth the dividends permitted to be paid in 2021 by MetLife, Inc.’s primary U.S. insurance subsidiaries without insurance regulatory approval and the actual dividends paid for the six months ended June 30, 2021:
CompanyPaid (1)Permitted Without
Approval (2)
(In millions)
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company$1,430 $3,392 
American Life Insurance Company$600 $800 
Metropolitan Property and Casualty Insurance Company (3)$35 $222 
Metropolitan Tower Life Insurance Company$— $82 
__________________
(1)Reflects all amounts paid, including those where regulatory approval was obtained as required.
(2)Reflects dividend amounts that may be paid during 2021 without prior regulatory approval. However, because dividend tests may be based on dividends previously paid over rolling 12-month periods, if paid before a specified date during 2021, some or all of such dividends may require regulatory approval.
(3)In April 2021, Metropolitan Property and Casualty Insurance Company paid a $35 million non-cash dividend consisting of the stock of a subsidiary. See Note 3 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information on the disposition of MetLife P&C.
In addition to the amounts presented in the table above, for the six months ended June 30, 2021, MetLife, Inc. also received from certain other subsidiaries cash dividends of $86 million, as well as cash returns of capital of $7 million.
The dividend capacity of our non-U.S. operations is subject to similar restrictions established by the local regulators. The non-U.S. regulatory regimes also commonly limit dividend payments to the parent company to a portion of the subsidiary’s prior year statutory income, as determined by the local accounting principles. The regulators of our non-U.S. operations, including Japan’s Financial Services Agency, may also limit or not permit profit repatriations or other transfers of funds to the U.S. if such transfers are deemed to be detrimental to the solvency or financial strength of the non-U.S. operations, or for other reasons. Most of our non-U.S. subsidiaries are second tier subsidiaries which are owned by various non-U.S. holding companies. The capital and rating considerations applicable to our first tier subsidiaries may also impact the dividend flow into MetLife, Inc.
We proactively manage target and excess capital levels and dividend flows and forecast local capital positions as part of the financial planning cycle. The dividend capacity of certain U.S. and non-U.S. subsidiaries is also subject to business targets in excess of the minimum capital necessary to maintain the desired rating or level of financial strength in the relevant market. See “Risk Factors — Capital Risks — Our Subsidiaries May be Unable to Pay Dividends, a Major Component of Holding Company Free Cash Flow” and Note 16 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report.
Credit and Committed Facilities
See “— The Company — Liquidity and Capital Sources — Global Funding Sources — Credit and Committed Facilities” for further information regarding the Company’s unsecured revolving credit facility and certain committed facilities.
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Long-term Debt Outstanding
The following table summarizes the outstanding long-term debt of MetLife, Inc. at:
June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
(In millions)(In millions)
Long-term debt — unaffiliated$13,351
 $12,379
Long-term debt — unaffiliated$13,369 $13,463 
Long-term debt — affiliated (1)$2,240
 $1,976
Long-term debt — affiliated (1)$1,945 $2,073 
Junior subordinated debt securities$2,460
 $2,458
Junior subordinated debt securities$2,462 $2,461 
__________________
(1)In June 2020, MetLife, Inc. issued a new $250 million senior unsecured floating rate note to MetLife Insurance K.K. The senior unsecured floating rate note matures in June 2025 and bears interest at a variable rate of three-month LIBOR plus 1.82%, payable quarterly.
(1)In July 2021, a ¥53.7 billion 2.9725% senior unsecured note issued to various subsidiaries matured and was refinanced with the following senior unsecured notes issued to various subsidiaries: (i) ¥13.7 billion 1.610% due July 2026, (ii) ¥14.3 billion 1.755% due July 2028 and (iii) ¥25.7 billion 1.852% due July 2031.
Debt and Facility Covenants
Certain of MetLife, Inc.’s debt instruments and committed facilities, as well as its unsecured revolving credit facility, contain various administrative, reporting, legal and financial covenants. MetLife, Inc. believes it was in compliance with all applicable financial covenants at June 30, 2020.2021.
Dispositions
For information on the disposition of MetLife P&C, see Note 3 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Liquidity and Capital Uses
The primary uses of liquidity of MetLife, Inc. include debt service, cash dividends on common and preferred stock, capital contributions to subsidiaries, common stock, preferred stock and debt repurchases, payment of general operating expenses and acquisitions. Based on our analysis and comparison of our current and future cash inflows from the dividends we receive from subsidiaries that are permitted to be paid without prior insurance regulatory approval, our investment portfolio and other cash flows and anticipated access to the capital markets, we believe there will be sufficient liquidity and capital to enable MetLife, Inc. to make payments on debt, pay cash dividends on its common and preferred stock, contribute capital to its subsidiaries, repurchase its common stock and certain of its other securities, pay all general operating expenses and meet its cash needs under current market conditions and reasonably possible stress scenarios.
In addition to the description of liquidity and capital uses in “— The Company — Liquidity and Capital Uses,” MetLife, Inc.’s primary uses of liquidity and capital are set forth below.
Affiliated Capital and Debt Transactions
For the six months ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019,2020, MetLife, Inc. invested a net amount of $115$114 million and $42$115 million, respectively, in various subsidiaries.
MetLife, Inc. lends funds, as necessary, through credit agreements or otherwise to its subsidiaries and affiliates, some of which are regulated, to meet their capital requirements or to provide liquidity. MetLife, Inc. had loans to subsidiaries outstanding of $0$140 million and $100 million$0 at June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019,2020, respectively. In June 2020, the $100 million loan was repaid at maturity.
Support Agreements
MetLife, Inc. is party to various capital support commitments and guarantees with certain of its subsidiaries. Under these arrangements, MetLife, Inc. has agreed to cause each such entity to meet specified capital and surplus levels or has guaranteed certain contractual obligations. See “— The Company — Liquidity and Capital Uses — Support Agreements.”

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Adoption of New Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 1 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Future Adoption of New Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 1 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Non-GAAP and Other Financial Disclosures
In this report, the Company presents certain measures of its performance on a consolidated and segment basis that are not calculated in accordance with GAAP. We believe that these non-GAAP financial measures enhance the understanding for the Company and our investors of our performance by highlighting the results of operations and the underlying profitability drivers of our business. Segment-specific financial measures are calculated using only the portion of consolidated results attributable to that specific segment.
The following non-GAAP financial measures should not be viewed as substitutes for the most directly comparable financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP:
Non-GAAP financial measures:Comparable GAAP financial measures:
(i)adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues(i)premiums, fees and other revenues
(ii)adjusted earnings(ii)net income (loss)
(iii)adjusted earnings available to common
shareholders
(iii)net income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.’s common shareholders
(iv)adjusted net investment income(iv)net investment income
Any of these financial measures shown on a constant currency basis reflect the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates and are calculated using the average foreign currency exchange rates for the most recent period and applied to the comparable prior period (“constant currency basis”).
Reconciliations of these non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable historical GAAP financial measures are included in “— Results of Operations.Operations” and “— Investments.” Reconciliations of these non-GAAP measures to the most directly comparable GAAP measures are not accessible on a forward-looking basis because we believe it is not possible without unreasonable effort to provide other than a range of net investment gains and losses and net derivative gains and losses, which can fluctuate significantly within or outside the range and from period to period and may have a material impact on net income.
Our definitions of non-GAAP and other financial measures discussed in this report may differ from those used by other companies.
Adjusted earnings and related measures:
adjusted earnings;
adjusted earnings available to common shareholders; and
adjusted earnings available to common shareholders on a constant currency basis.
These measures are used by management to evaluate performance and allocate resources. Consistent with GAAP guidance for segment reporting, adjusted earnings and components of, or other financial measures based on, adjusted earnings are also our GAAP measures of segment performance. Adjusted earnings and other financial measures based on adjusted earnings are also the measures by which senior management’s and many other employees’ performance is evaluated for the purposes of determining their compensation under applicable compensation plans. Adjusted earnings and other financial measures based on adjusted earnings allow analysis of our performance relative to our business plan and facilitate comparisons to industry results.
Adjusted earnings is defined as adjusted revenues less adjusted expenses, net of income tax. Adjusted loss is defined as negative adjusted earnings. Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders is defined as adjusted earnings less preferred stock dividends. For information relating to adjusted revenues and adjusted expenses, see “Financial Measures and Segment Accounting Policies” in Note 2 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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TableIn addition, adjusted earnings available to common shareholders excludes the impact of Contents

preferred stock redemption premium, which is reported as a reduction to net income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.’s common shareholders.
Return on equity, allocated equity and related measures:
Total MetLife, Inc.’s common stockholders’ equity, excluding AOCIaccumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) other than FCTA,foreign currency translation adjustments (“FCTA”), is defined as total MetLife, Inc.’s common stockholders’ equity, excluding the net unrealized investment gains (losses) and defined benefit plans adjustment components of AOCI, net of income tax.
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Adjusted return on MetLife, Inc.’s common stockholders’ equity is defined as adjusted earnings available to common shareholders divided by MetLife, Inc.’s average common stockholders’ equity.
Adjusted return on MetLife, Inc.’s common stockholders’ equity, excluding AOCI other than FCTA, is defined as adjusted earnings available to common shareholders divided by MetLife, Inc.’s average common stockholders’ equity, excluding AOCI other than FCTA.
Allocated equity is the portion of MetLife, Inc.’s common stockholders’ equity that management allocates to each of its segments and sub-segments based on local capital requirements and economic capital. See “— Economic Capital.” Allocated equity excludes the impact of AOCI other than FCTA.
The above measures represent a level of equity consistent with the view that, in the ordinary course of business, we do not plan to sell most investments for the sole purpose of realizing gains or losses. Also, refer to the utilization of adjusted earnings and components of, or other financial measures based on, adjusted earnings mentioned above.
Expense ratio and direct expense ratio:
Expense ratio: other expenses, net of capitalization of DAC, divided by premiums, fees and other revenues.
Direct expense ratio: adjusted direct expenses divided by adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues. Direct expenses are comprised of employee-related costs, third party staffing costs, and general and administrative expenses.
Direct expense ratio, excluding total notable items related to direct expenses and pension risk transfers: adjusted direct expenses excluding total notable items related to direct expenses, divided by adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues, excluding pension risk transfers.
The following additional information is relevant to an understanding of our performance results and outlook:results:
We sometimes refer to sales activity for various products. These sales statistics do not correspond to revenues under GAAP, but are used as relevant measures of business activity. Further, sales statistics for our Latin America, Asia and EMEA segments are on a constant currency basis.
Near-term represents one to three years.
We refer to observable forward yield curves as of a particular date in connection with making our estimates for future results. The observable forward yield curves at a given time are based on implied future interest rates along a range of interest rate durations. This includes the 10-year U.S. Treasury rate which we use as a benchmark rate to describe longer-term interest rates used in our estimates for future results.
Notable items represent a positive (negative) impact to adjusted earnings available to common shareholders. Notable items reflect the unexpected impact of events that affect MetLife’sthe Company’s results, but that were unknown and that MetLifethe Company could not anticipate when it devised its business plan. Notable items also include certain items regardless of the extent anticipated in the business plan, to help investors have a better understanding of MetLife’s results and to evaluate and forecast those results. Notable items represent a positive (negative) impact to adjusted earnings available to common shareholders.
The Company uses a measure of free cash flow to facilitate an understanding of its ability to generate cash for reinvestment into its businesses or use in non-mandatory capital actions. The Company defines free cash flow as the sum of cash available at MetLife’s holding companies from dividends from operating subsidiaries, expenses and other net flows of the holding companies (including capital contributions to subsidiaries), and net contributions from debt to be at or below target leverage ratios. This measure of free cash flow is prior to capital actions, such as common stock dividends and repurchases, debt reduction and mergers and acquisitions. Free cash flow should not be viewed as a substitute for net cash provided by (used in) operating activities calculated in accordance with GAAP. The free cash flow ratio is typically expressed as a percentage of annual adjusted earnings available to common shareholders.
Subsequent Events
See Note 16 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
We regularly analyze our exposure to interest rate, equity market price and foreign currency exchange rate risks. As a result of that analysis, we have determined that the estimated fair values of certain assets and liabilities are materially exposed to changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and changes in the equity markets. We have exposure to market risk through our insurance operations and investment activities. Our exposure is and will remain elevated due to the COVID-19 Pandemic. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Executive Summary — Consolidated Company Outlook.COVID-19 Pandemic.” We use a variety of strategies to manage interest rate, foreign currency exchange rate and equity market risk, including the use of derivatives. A description of our market risk exposures may be found under “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” included in the 20192020 Annual Report.

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Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Management, with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and CFO, has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (“Exchange Act”), as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, the CEO and CFO have concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures are effective.
There were no changes to the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f) during the quarter ended June 30, 20202021 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

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Part II — Other Information
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
See Note 15 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Certain factors that may affect the Company’s business or operations are described under “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A, of the 20192020 Annual Report, as amended or supplemented here.
The Course of the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic, and ResponsesReport. There have been no material changes to It, Are Uncertain and Difficult to Predict, But Have Adversely Affected and May Continue to Adversely Affect Our Business, Results of Operations, and Financial Condition
Major public health issues, including the COVID-19 Pandemic, have caused and may continue to cause a large number of illnesses and deaths. Various government bodies in any number of jurisdictions, their representatives, regulators, executive branch officials, legislators, courts, employee representatives, arbitrators, mediators and other persons exercising governmental, political, or related authority or influence (collectively, “Authorities”) and other organizations may not effectively respond to the spread and severity of the COVID-19 Pandemic, and their actions and the resulting impacts are unpredictable. In addition, efforts to successfully develop and make available treatments, vaccines, or other therapeutics may be prolonged, and some or all of these efforts may never succeed. The ultimate spread, duration, and severity of the COVID-19 Pandemic, and of Authorities’ actions to address it, are uncertain, and may persist. Adverse conditions may worsen over time. Actions to respond to the COVID-19 Pandemic have reduced and altered economic activity and financial markets. New information about the severity and duration of the COVID-19 Pandemic or other public health issues, and Authorities’, businesses’, and societal reactions to that information, may increase the severity or duration of the COVID-19 Pandemic and its effects.
The COVID-19 Pandemic, and its effect on financial markets, have adversely affected our investment portfolio (and, specifically, increasedrisk factors from the risk of defaults, downgrades and volatilityfactors previously disclosed in the value of the investments we hold, and lowered variable investment income and returns) and may continue to do so. Market volatility may slow or prevent us from reacting to market events as effectively as we otherwise could. When we sell our investment holdings, we may not receive the prices we seek, and may sell at a price lower than our carrying value, due to reduced liquidity during periods of market volatility or disruption, or other reasons. This may affect privately-placed fixed income securities, certain derivative instruments, mortgage or other loans, direct financing and leveraged leases, other limited partnership interests, tax credit and renewable energy partnerships and real estate equity, including real estate joint ventures and funds. Borrowers may delay or fail to pay principal and interest when due, or may demand loan modifications. Tenants may delay paying rent, or fail to pay it, or demand lease modifications. Authorities may delay or place a moratorium on foreclosures or otherwise impair enforcement actions or demand loan or lease modifications, affecting the value of our mortgage investments, mortgage-backed securities, real estate and other equity investments, other investments, and in each case the cash flows they produce. Market volatility has also significantly increased credit spreads and may continue to do so, which may increase our borrowing costs and decrease product fee income. Further, the issuers or guarantors of fixed income securities and mortgage loans we own may default at an increased rate, especially if economic conditions fail to recover or continue to deteriorate.
Low, zero, or negative interest rates, yields and returns, reduced liquidity and a continued slowdown in U.S. or global economic conditions, and COVID-19 Pandemic-related actions, have adversely affected the values and cash flows of assets in our investment portfolio and may continue to do so, especially if prolonged. Such conditions, whether due to the COVID-19 Pandemic or efforts to counter it or its impact, may make any of the effects we have described for low interest rates, yields, and returns more severe. Conversely, Authorities’ actions, including activity by the U.S. Federal Reserve and other central banks, in response to the COVID-19 Pandemic could cause inflation to be higher than we expected, which could require us to strengthen certain reserves.
We have built, and may continue to build, our cash and other liquid assets beyond the range we anticipated before the COVID-19 Pandemic. As a result, we may have less capital to devote to other uses, such as innovation, acquisitions, development, return of capital to shareholders, or other uses. In addition, Authorities may limit the dividends that our operating companies may distribute to holding companies, limiting the capital available for a variety of purposes at the holding companies. We may be unable to continue to build our capital position, especially if we have limited access to capital markets, or building our position becomes more expensive or subject to more onerous terms.

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Market dislocations, decreases in observable market activity, or unavailability of information, may restrict our access to key inputs used to derive certain estimates and assumptions made in connection with financial reporting or otherwise. As a result, the variability of our financial statement balances, estimates and assumptions we use to run our business may increase, and their reliability decrease.
The COVID-19 Pandemic has increased, and may continue to increase, claims under many of our policies (for example, life, disability, long-term care, and supplemental health products) and our resulting costs. The impact on claims in a given quarter may be far greater than in prior quarters. In addition, an increased number of policyholders and contractholders may have less income or assets, and as a result have difficulty paying premiums and fees. Authorities may require (or suggest) “no lapse” in policy coverage for uncertain or prolonged periods of time, regardless of whether we receive premiums or are able to assess fees against policyholder account balances. Legal and regulatory responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic and related public health issues may also include the extension of insurance coverage beyond our policy or contract language, and/or changes to insurance policy conditions such as premium grace periods, suspension of cancellations and extensions of proof of loss deadlines. Authorities may also purport to change policy coverage, including retroactively, exposing us to risks and costs we were unable to foresee or underwrite. We may also voluntarily (or in response to requirements, guidance, or pressure) adopt customer accommodations, such as waiving exclusions, forgoing rate increases or implementing lower rate increases than we would otherwise, relaxation of claim documentation requirements premium credit, or accommodations for customers experiencing economic or other distress as a result of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Authorities may also limit the bases of our underwriting on public policy or other grounds, excluding factors such as exposure, quarantine, infection, and association with anyone suffering any COVID-19 Pandemic-related conditions. Our New York regulator's annual letters on Special Considerations that affect year-end asset adequacy testing may impose unforeseen assumptions or requirements that require us to increase or release reserves, which could affect our statutory capital and surplus.
Our cost of reinsurance for policies could increase, and we may find reinsurance unavailable. Reinsurers may dispute, or seek to reduce or eliminate, coverage on policies as a result of any changes to policies or practices we make as a result of the COVID-19 Pandemic.
Policyholders may change their behavior in unexpected ways. For example, policyholders and contractholders seeking sources of liquidity due to COVID-19 Pandemic-related economic uncertainty and increased unemployment may withdraw or surrender at greater rates than we expected. They may also change their premium payment practices, exercise product options, or take other actions as a result of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Authorities efforts to respond to it. Potential customers' demand for our products may decline, especially if economic conditions fail to recover or continue to deteriorate.
We have incurred, and may continue to incur, increased administrative expenses as a result of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Authorities’ efforts to respond to it. These conditions may affect our employees, agents, brokers and distribution partners, as well as the workforces of our vendors, service providers and counterparties. We may have difficulties conducting our business, including in selling our products, such as those traditionally sold in person. We may find it difficult or impossible to obtain required or appropriate signatures from our representatives, customers, or others for a variety of purposes, including property title-related or other filings with Authorities, increasing the uncertainties and risks from a variety of transactions, such as product sales, regulatory matters, or real estate-related transactions. We may face increased workplace safety costs and risks, lose access to critical employees, and face increased employment-related claims and employee-relations challenges, each of which may increase when our employees begin to return to our workplaces. Any of the third parties to whom we outsource certain critical business activities may fail to perform as a result of the COVID-19 Pandemic or claim that it cannot perform due to a force majeure.
Our risk management, contingency, and business continuity plans may not adequately protect our operations. Extended periods of remote work arrangements and other unusual business conditions and circumstances as a result of the COVID-19 Pandemic could strain our business continuity plans, introduce operational risk, increase our cybersecurity risks, and impair our ability to manage our business. The frequency and sophistication of attempts at unauthorized access to our technology systems and fraud may increase, and COVID-19 Pandemic conditions may impair our cybersecurity efforts and risk management. Our efforts to prevent money-laundering or other fraud, whether due to limited abilities to "know our customers," strains on our programs to avoid and deter foreign corrupt practices, or otherwise, may increase our compliance costs and risk of violations.
The COVID-19 Pandemic could affect our internal controls. We have developed, and may continue to develop, new and less-seasoned processes, procedures, and controls to respond to changes in our business environment. If any employees who are key to our controls become ill from the COVID-19 Pandemic and are unable to work, this may affect our ability to operate our internal controls.

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Authorities may delay, or consider delaying, implementing legal or regulatory changes, increasing uncertainty and creating the potential for later, rapid changes. Authorities may also not be able to act on other policy or regulatory priorities as a result of the COVID-19 Pandemic. The U.K. and the EU may extend their trade negotiations. This could prolong the U.K.’s post-exit transition period beyond 2020 thereby extending its prior relationship with the European Union.
Our efforts to return excess capital to our shareholders may be challenged. For example, Authorities, investors, or media may exert pressure on us not to repurchase shares of our common stock or other securities, or prohibit us from doing so. Our use of other means to return excess capital to shareholders may be less tax-efficient than repurchases.
Any uncertainty as a result of any of these events, including but not limited to investment portfolio impact, mortality or morbidity rate changes, an increase in expenses, or policyholder behavior changes, may require us to change our estimates, assumptions, models or reserves. Important data available to us may also be incomplete or inaccurate. For example, Authorities may not accurately report population and impact data, such as death rates, infections, morbidity, hospitalization, or illness that we use in our estimates, assumptions, models or reserves.
Any of the direct or indirect effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic may cause litigation or regulatory, investor, media, or public inquiries. Our costs to manage and effectively respond to these matters, and to address them in settlement or other ways, may increase.
Any of the events described above have adversely affected, may continue to adversely affect, or may adversely affect the global economy, global financial markets, our business, our results of operations, or our financial condition. The effects may vary widely from product to product, market to market, region to region, or segment to segment. These events could also cause, contribute to, or exacerbate the risks and uncertainties we described in our 2019 Annual Report.
Economic Environment and Capital Markets Risks
Difficult Economic Conditions May Harm Our Businesses, Results of Operations or Financial Condition
* * *
Obligor and Counterparty Risk
* * *
Our efforts to manage our total exposure to a single counterparty or limited number of counterparties within or among any of our investment, derivative, treasury, and reinsurance relationships may not completely or adequately mitigate counterparty risks. We may also choose to limit these efforts, in certain cases, in order to achieve benefits we believe justify the corresponding counterparty risk, and in those cases we may fail to realize those benefits or suffer the adverse consequences of those risks.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Purchases of MetLife, Inc. common stock made by or on behalf of MetLife, Inc. or its affiliates during the quarter ended June 30, 20202021 are set forth below:
Period Total Number
of Shares Purchased (1)
 Average Price Paid per Share Total Number
of Shares
Purchased as Part
of Publicly
Announced Plans
or Programs
 Maximum Number
(or Approximate
Dollar Value) of
Shares that May Yet
Be Purchased Under the
Plans or Programs (2)
April 1 — April 30, 2020 
 $
 
 $485,343,836
May 1 — May 31, 2020 146
 $34.93
 
 $485,343,836
June 1 — June 30, 2020 
 $
 
 $485,343,836
Total 146
   
 

PeriodTotal Number
of Shares Purchased (1)
Average Price Paid per ShareTotal Number
of Shares
Purchased as Part
of Publicly
Announced Plans
or Programs
Maximum Number
(or Approximate
Dollar Value) of
Shares that May Yet
Be Purchased Under the
Plans or Programs (2)
April 1 — April 30, 20213,052,063 $62.26 3,051,588 $1,645,046,022 
May 1 — May 31, 20215,237,981 $64.91 5,237,981 $1,305,047,439 
June 1 — June 30, 20219,315,096 $62.55 9,312,721 $722,548,342 
Total17,605,140 17,602,290 
__________________
(1)During the periods April 1 through April 30, 2020, May 1 through May 31, 2020 and June 1 through June 30, 2020, separate account index funds purchased 0 shares, 146 shares and 0 shares, respectively, of MetLife, Inc. common stock on the open market in non-discretionary transactions.

(1)During the periods April 1 through April 30, 2021, May 1 through May 31, 2021 and June 1 through June 30, 2021, separate account index funds purchased 475 shares, 0 shares and 2,375 shares, respectively, of MetLife, Inc. common stock on the open market in non-discretionary transactions.
(2)In December 2020, MetLife, Inc. announced that its Board of Directors authorized $3.0 billion of common stock repurchases. At June 30, 2021, MetLife, Inc. had $723 million of common stock repurchases remaining under the authorization. On August 4, 2021, MetLife, Inc. announced that its Board of Directors authorized an additional $3.0 billion of common stock repurchases. For more information on common stock repurchases, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources — The Company — Liquidity and Capital Uses — Common Stock Repurchases.” See also “Risk Factors — Capital Risks — We May not be Able to Pay Dividends or Repurchase Our Stock Due to Legal and Regulatory Restrictions or Cash Buffer Needs” and Note 16 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report.
Purchases of MetLife, Inc. preferred stock made by or on behalf of MetLife, Inc. or its affiliates during the quarter ended June 30, 2021 are set forth below:
PeriodTotal Number
of Shares Purchased (1)
Average Price Paid per ShareTotal Number
of Shares
Purchased as Part
of Publicly
Announced Plans
or Programs
Maximum Number
(or Approximate
Dollar Value) of
Shares that May Yet
Be Purchased Under the
Plans or Programs
April 1 — April 30, 2021— $— — $— 
May 1 — May 31, 2021— $— — $— 
June 1 — June 30, 2021500,000 $1,000.00 500,000 $— 
Total500,000 500,000 
172
156


__________________
(2)In July 2019, MetLife, Inc. announced that its Board of Directors authorized $2.0 billion of common stock repurchases. At June 30, 2020, MetLife, Inc. had $485 million of common stock repurchases remaining under the authorization. For more information on common stock repurchases, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources — The Company — Liquidity and Capital Uses — Common Stock Repurchases.” See also “Risk Factors — Capital Risks — Legal and Regulatory Restrictions May Prevent Us from Paying Dividends and Repurchasing Our Stock” and Note 16 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2019 Annual Report.

(1)In May 2021, MetLife, Inc. delivered a notice of redemption to the holders of MetLife, Inc.’s Series C preferred stock pursuant to which it would redeem the remaining 500,000 shares of Series C preferred stock at a redemption price of $1,000 per share. In June 2021, MetLife, Inc. redeemed and canceled 500,000 shares of Series C preferred stock for an aggregate redemption price of $500 million in cash. See Note 10 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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157


Item 6. Exhibits
(Note Regarding Reliance on Statements in Our Contracts: In reviewing the agreements included as exhibits to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, please remember that they are included to provide you with information regarding their terms and are not intended to provide any other factual or disclosure information about MetLife, Inc., its subsidiaries or affiliates, or the other parties to the agreements. The agreements contain representations and warranties by each of the parties to the applicable agreement. These representations and warranties have been made solely for the benefit of the other parties to the applicable agreement and (i) should not in all instances be treated as categorical statements of fact, but rather as a way of allocating the risk to one of the parties if those statements prove to be inaccurate; (ii) have been qualified by disclosures that were made to the other party in connection with the negotiation of the applicable agreement, which disclosures are not necessarily reflected in the agreement; (iii) may apply standards of materiality in a way that is different from what may be viewed as material to investors; and (iv) were made only as of the date of the applicable agreement or such other date or dates as may be specified in the agreement and are subject to more recent developments. Accordingly, these representations and warranties may not describe the actual state of affairs as of the date they were made or at any other time. Additional information about MetLife, Inc., its subsidiaries and affiliates may be found elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and MetLife, Inc.’s other public filings, which are available without charge through the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission website at www.sec.gov.)
Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit No.DescriptionFormFile NumberExhibitFiling DateFiled or Furnished Herewith
31.1X
31.2X
32.1X
32.2X
101.INSXBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.X
101.SCHInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.X
101.CALInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.X
101.LABInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.X
101.PREInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.X
101.DEFInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.X
104
Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document and included in Exhibit 101).

X





 Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit No.DescriptionFormFile NumberExhibitFiling DateFiled or Furnished Herewith
3.1.110-K001-157873.1March 1, 2017
3.1.210-Q001-157873.6November 7, 2013
3.1.38-K001-157873.1April 30, 2015
3.1.48-K001-157873.1June 29, 2021
3.1.510-Q001-157873.7November 5, 2015
3.1.610-K001-157873.4March 1, 2017
3.1.710-K001-157873.2March 1, 2017
3.1.810-K001-157873.3March 1, 2017
3.1.98-K001-157873.1October 24, 2017
3.1.108-K001-157873.1March 22, 2018
3.1.118-K001-157873.1June 4, 2018
3.1.128-K001-157873.1January 9, 2020
174
158

3.1.138-K001-157873.1September 10, 2020
31.1X
31.2X
32.1X
32.2X
101.SCHInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.X
101.CALInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase DocumentX
101.DEFInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase DocumentX
101.LABInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase DocumentX
101.PREInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.X
101.INSXBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.X
104
Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document and included in Exhibit 101).

X




159

Signatures
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized. 
METLIFE, INC.
METLIFE, INC.
By:
By:/s/ Tamara L. Schock
Name:  Tamara L. Schock
Title:    Executive Vice President
             and Chief Accounting Officer
             (Authorized Signatory and Principal
              Accounting Officer)
Date: August 6, 2020

5, 2021
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160