UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(mark one)



x☒	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2019

~~For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2018~~
or
o☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OF 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ____ to ____

Commission File Number: 000-31225

Pinnacle Financial Partners Inc.

, Inc.



(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Tennessee			62-1812853
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)			(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
150 Third Avenue South, Suite 900	Nashville, ~~Tennessee~~	TN	37201
(Address of principal executive offices)			(Zip Code)
~~(615) 744-3700~~
~~(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)~~
~~Not Applicable~~
~~(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changes since last report)~~

(615)744-3700

(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

Not Applicable

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changes since last report)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.Yes☒ No ☐



~~Yes~~ x	No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).Yes☒ No ☐



~~Yes~~ x	No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of "large accelerated filer", "accelerated filer", "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):



~~Large Accelerated Filer~~ x	~~Accelerated Filer~~ o
~~Non-accelerated Filer~~ o ~~(do not check if you are a smaller reporting company)~~	~~Smaller reporting company~~ o
	~~Emerging growth company~~ o

Large Accelerated Filer ☒ Accelerated Filer ☐

Non-accelerated Filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐

(do not check if you are a smaller reporting company) Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Exchange ~~Act).~~Act:



~~Yes~~ o Title of Each Class	No x Trading Symbol	Name of Exchange on which Registered
Common Stock, par value $1.00	PNFP	Nasdaq Global Select Market

As of October 31, ~~2018~~2019 there were ~~77,888,834~~76,565,438 shares of common stock, $1.00 par value per share, issued and outstanding.

Pinnacle Financial Partners, Inc.

Report on Form 10-Q

September 30, ~~2018~~2019

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

All statements, other than statements of historical fact, included in this report, are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The words "expect," ~~"aim,"~~ "anticipate," "intend," ~~"may",~~"may," "should," "plan," "believe," "seek," "estimate" and similar expressions are intended to identify such forward-looking statements, but other statements not based on historical information may also be considered forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause the actual results to differ materially from the statements, including, but not limited to: (i) deterioration in the financial condition of borrowers of Pinnacle Bank or BHG resulting in significant increases in loan losses and provisions for those ~~losses;~~losses or, in the case of BHG, substitutions; (ii) the ability to grow and retain low-cost core deposits and retain large, uninsured deposits, including during times when Pinnacle Bank is seeking to lower rates it pays on deposits; (iii) the inability of Pinnacle Financial, or entities in which it has significant investments, like ~~Bankers Healthcare Group, LLC (BHG),~~BHG, to maintain the historical growth rate of its, or such entities', loan portfolio; (iv) changes in loan underwriting, credit review or loss reserve policies associated with economic conditions, examination conclusions, or regulatory developments; (v) effectiveness of Pinnacle Financial's asset management activities in improving, resolving or liquidating lower-quality assets; (vi) the impact of competition with other financial institutions, including pricing pressures ~~(including those resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act)~~ and the resulting impact on Pinnacle Financial’s results, including as a result of compression to net interest margin; (vii) ~~greater than anticipated~~ adverse conditions in the national or local economies including in Pinnacle Financial's markets throughout Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia, particularly in commercial and residential real estate markets; (viii) fluctuations or ~~unanticipated changes~~differences in interest rates on loans or deposits from those that Pinnacle Financial is modeling or anticipating, including as a result of Pinnacle Bank's inability to lower deposit rates with the speed and at the levels desired in connection with the declining short-term rate environment currently contemplated, or that affect the yield curve; (ix) the results of regulatory examinations; (x) ~~a merger~~Pinnacle Financial's ability to identify potential candidates for, consummate, and achieve synergies from, potential future acquisitions; (xi) difficulties and delays in integrating acquired businesses or ~~acquisition; (xi)~~fully realizing costs savings and other benefits from acquisitions; (xii) BHG's ability to profitably grow its business and successfully execute on its business plans; (xiii) risks of expansion into new geographic or product markets; ~~(xii)~~(xiv) any matter that would cause Pinnacle Financial to conclude that there was impairment of any asset, including goodwill or the intangible assets; ~~(xiii)~~(xv) reduced ability to attract additional financial advisors (or failure of such advisors to cause their clients to switch to Pinnacle ~~Bank as quickly as anticipated or at all)~~Bank), to retain financial advisors (including as a result of the competitive environment ~~resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act)~~for associates) or otherwise to attract customers from other financial institutions; ~~(xiv) further~~(xvi) the ability of Pinnacle Financial to implement its branch consolidation strategy on the timelines, and at the costs, presently contemplated; (xvii) deterioration in the valuation of other real estate owned and increased expenses associated therewith; ~~(xv)~~(xviii) inability to comply with regulatory capital requirements, including those resulting from changes to capital calculation methodologies, required capital maintenance levels or regulatory requests or directives, particularly if Pinnacle Financial's level of applicable commercial real estate loans were to exceed percentage levels of total capital in guidelines recommended by its regulators; ~~(xvi) risks associated with litigation, including the applicability of insurance coverage; (xvii)~~(xix) approval of the declaration of any dividend by Pinnacle Financial's board of directors; ~~(xviii)~~(xx) the vulnerability of Pinnacle Bank's network and online banking portals, and the systems of parties with whom Pinnacle Financial contracts, to unauthorized access, computer viruses, phishing schemes, spam attacks, human error, natural disasters, power loss and other security breaches; ~~(xix)~~(xxi) the possibility of increased compliance ~~costs or other~~and operational ~~expenses~~costs as a result of increased regulatory oversight (including by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau), including oversight of companies in which Pinnacle Financial or Pinnacle Bank have significant investments, like BHG, and the development of additional banking products for Pinnacle Bank's corporate and consumer clients; ~~(xx)~~(xxii) the risks associated with Pinnacle Financial and Pinnacle Bank being a minority investor in BHG, including the risk that the owners of a majority of the equity interests in BHG decide to sell the company if not prohibited from doing so by Pinnacle Financial or Pinnacle Bank; ~~(xxi)~~(xxiii) changes in state and federal legislation, regulations or policies applicable to banks and other financial service providers, like BHG, including regulatory or legislative developments; ~~(xxii)~~(xxiv) risks associated with the possible shutdown of the United States federal government, including adverse effects on the national or local economies and adverse effects resulting from a shutdown of the U.S. Small Business Administration's SBA loan program; (xxv) the availability of and access to capital; ~~(xxiii)~~(xxvi) adverse results (including costs, fines, reputational harm, inability to obtain necessary approvals and/or other negative effects) from current or future litigation, regulatory examinations or other legal and/or regulatory actions; and ~~(xxiv)~~(xxvii) general competitive, economic, political and market conditions. Additional factors which could affect the forward looking statements can be found in Pinnacle Financial's Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, and Current Reports on Form 8-K filed with the SEC and available on the SEC's website at http://www.sec.gov. Pinnacle Financial disclaims any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements contained in this report, which speak only as of the date hereof, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.



Item 1.	Part I. Financial Information

PINNACLE FINANCIAL PARTNERS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Unaudited)

(in thousands)


	September 30, 2018			December 31, 2017			September 30, 2019			December 31, 2018
ASSETS
Cash and noninterest-bearing due from banks	$	145,638		$	176,553		$	197,660		$	137,433
Restricted cash							157,544			65,491
Interest-bearing due from banks	394,129			496,911			553,124			516,920
Federal funds sold and other	11,313			106,132			11,975			1,848
Cash and cash equivalents	551,080			779,596			920,303			721,692

Securities available-for-sale, at fair value	3,004,582			2,515,283			3,393,435			3,083,686
Securities held-to-maturity (fair value of $192.5 million and $20.8 million at Sept. 30, 2018 and Dec. 31, 2017, respectively)	194,997			20,762
Securities held-to-maturity (fair value of $202.8 million and $193.1 million at Sept. 30, 2019 and Dec. 31, 2018, respectively)							189,684			194,282
Consumer loans held-for-sale	47,417			103,729			73,042			34,196
Commercial loans held-for-sale	11,402			25,456			21,312			15,954

Loans	17,464,009			15,633,116			19,345,642			17,707,549
Less allowance for loan losses	(79,985		)	(67,240		)	(93,647		)	(83,575		)
Loans, net	17,384,024			15,565,876			19,251,995			17,623,974

Premises and equipment, net	268,387			266,014			274,983			265,560
Equity method investment	221,302			221,667			267,097			239,237
Accrued interest receivable	73,366			57,440			81,124			79,657
Goodwill	1,807,121			1,808,002			1,830,652			1,807,121
Core deposits and other intangible assets	48,737			56,710			39,349			46,161
Other real estate owned	17,467			27,831			30,049			15,165
Other assets	927,663			757,334			1,174,809			904,359
Total assets	$	24,557,545		$	22,205,700		$	27,547,834		$	25,031,044

LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Deposits:
Noninterest-bearing	$	4,476,925		$	4,381,386		$	4,702,155		$	4,309,067
Interest-bearing	3,195,657			2,987,291			3,372,028			3,464,001
Savings and money market accounts	7,262,968			6,548,964			7,625,872			7,607,796
Time	3,471,965			2,534,061			4,300,622			3,468,243
Total deposits	18,407,515			16,451,702			20,000,677			18,849,107
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase	130,217			135,262			95,402			104,741
Federal Home Loan Bank advances	1,520,603			1,319,909			2,052,548			1,443,589
Subordinated debt and other borrowings	465,487			465,505			750,488			485,130
Accrued interest payable	20,944			10,480			36,836			23,586
Other liabilities	115,738			114,890			317,253			158,951
Total liabilities	20,660,504			18,497,748			23,253,204			21,065,104
Stockholders' equity:
Preferred stock, no par value; 10.0 million shares authorized; no shares issued and outstanding	—			—			—			—
Common stock, par value $1.00; 180.0 million shares authorized at Sept. 30, 2018 and 90.0 million shares authorized at Dec. 31, 2017; 77.9 million and 77.7 million shares issued and outstanding at Sept. 30, 2018 and Dec. 31, 2017, respectively	77,867			77,740
Common stock, par value $1.00; 180.0 million shares authorized at Sept. 30, 2019 and Dec. 31, 2018; 76.7 million and 77.5 million shares issued and outstanding at Sept. 30, 2019 and Dec. 31, 2018, respectively							76,736			77,484
Additional paid-in capital	3,123,323			3,115,304			3,070,235			3,107,431
Retained earnings	750,363			519,144			1,100,517			833,130
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of taxes	(54,512		)	(4,236		)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes							47,142			(52,105		)
Total stockholders' equity	3,897,041			3,707,952			4,294,630			3,965,940
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	24,557,545		$	22,205,700		$	27,547,834		$	25,031,044

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

PINNACLE FINANCIAL PARTNERS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

(Unaudited)

(dollars in thousands, except per share data)


	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,				Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017		2019		2018		2019			2018
Interest income:
Loans, including fees	$	221,901	$	183,570	$	621,873	$	389,093	$	247,147	$	221,901	$	714,179		$	621,873
Securities:
Taxable	12,209		12,067		35,179		26,765		10,655		12,209		36,438			35,179
Tax-exempt	10,074		4,620		25,709		8,533		13,313		10,074		37,541			25,709
Federal funds sold and other	3,926		1,639		7,861		3,376		4,634		3,926		11,325			7,861
Total interest income	248,110		201,896		690,622		427,767		275,749		248,110		799,483			690,622

Interest expense:
Deposits	44,172		19,104		100,920		38,216		62,531		44,172		175,736			100,920
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase	165		148		438		277		152		165		439			438
Federal Home Loan Bank advances and other borrowings	14,353		9,734		43,137		20,984		17,260		14,353		51,338			43,137
Total interest expense	58,690		28,986		144,495		59,477		79,943		58,690		227,513			144,495
Net interest income	189,420		172,910		546,127		368,290		195,806		189,420		571,970			546,127
Provision for loan losses	8,725		6,920		25,058		17,384		8,260		8,725		22,639			25,058
Net interest income after provision for loan losses	180,695		165,990		521,069		350,906		187,546		180,695		549,331			521,069

Noninterest income:
Service charges on deposit accounts	6,404		5,921		18,289		13,955		10,193		9,972		27,675			26,333
Investment services	5,237		3,660		15,250		9,592		6,270		5,450		17,607			15,817
Insurance sales commissions	2,126		2,123		7,293		5,444		2,252		2,126		7,327			7,293
Gain on mortgage loans sold, net	3,902		5,963		11,423		14,785		7,402		3,902		18,291			11,423
Gain on sale of investment securities, net	11		—		41		—
Investment gains and losses on sales, net									417		11		(6,009		)	41
Trust fees	3,087		2,636		9,768		6,019		3,593		3,087		10,349			9,768
Income from equity method investment	14,236		8,937		33,286		25,514		32,248		14,236		77,799			33,286
Other noninterest income	16,475		14,008		48,250		33,392		20,244		12,694		51,325			39,639
Total noninterest income	51,478		43,248		143,600		108,701		82,619		51,478		204,364			143,600

Noninterest expense:
Salaries and employee benefits	69,117		64,288		196,948		146,316		85,919		69,117		231,915			196,948
Equipment and occupancy	19,252		16,590		55,203		36,978		20,348		19,252		63,523			55,203
Other real estate expense	67		513		92		827
Other real estate expense, net									655		67		3,424			92
Marketing and other business development	3,293		2,222		8,084		6,228		2,723		3,293		8,953			8,084
Postage and supplies	1,654		1,755		5,984		4,074		1,766		1,654		5,737			5,984
Amortization of intangibles	2,616		3,077		7,973		5,745		2,430		2,616		7,012			7,973
Merger related expense	—		8,847		8,259		12,740
Merger-related expense									—		—		—			8,259
Other noninterest expense	17,991		12,444		50,935		30,679		19,100		17,991		54,114			50,935
Total noninterest expense	113,990		109,736		333,478		243,587		132,941		113,990		374,678			333,478
Income before income taxes	118,183		99,502		331,191		216,020		137,224		118,183		379,017			331,191
Income tax expense	24,436		35,060		67,069		68,839		26,703		24,436		74,215			67,069
Net income	$	93,747	$	64,442	$	264,122	$	147,181	$	110,521	$	93,747	$	304,802		$	264,122
Per share information:
Basic net income per common share	$	1.22	$	0.84	$	3.42	$	2.48	$	1.45	$	1.22	$	3.99		$	3.42
Diluted net income per common share	$	1.21	$	0.83	$	3.41	$	2.46	$	1.44	$	1.21	$	3.97		$	3.41
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic	77,145,023		76,678,584		77,116,377		59,371,202		76,301,010		77,145,023		76,480,757			77,116,377
Diluted	77,490,977		77,232,098		77,442,554		59,910,344		76,556,309		77,490,977		76,761,167			77,442,554

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

PINNACLE FINANCIAL PARTNERS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(Unaudited)

(dollars in thousands)


	Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,						Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017			2019			2018			2019		2018
Net income	$	93,747		$	64,442		$	264,122		$	147,181		$	110,521		$	93,747		$	304,802	$	264,122
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Change in fair value on available-for-sale securities, net of tax	(16,899		)	(967		)	(53,167		)	133			25,259			(16,899		)	87,153		(53,167		)
Change in fair value of cash flow hedges, net of tax	783			239			3,453			1,307			494			783			6,584		3,453
Amortization of net unrealized gains on securities transferred from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity, net of tax	(10		)	(47		)	(103		)	(160		)
Gain on cash flow hedges reclassified from other comprehensive income into net income, net of tax	(145		)	(139		)	(429		)	(204		)
Net gain on sale of investment securities reclassified from other comprehensive income into net income, net of tax	(8		)	—			(30		)	—
Amortization of net unrealized losses (gains) on securities transferred from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity, net of tax													56			(10		)	126		(103		)
Net loss (gain) on cash flow hedges reclassified from other comprehensive income into net income, net of tax													1,129			(145		)	946		(429		)
Net loss (gain) on sale of investment securities reclassified from other comprehensive income into net income, net of tax													(308		)	(8		)	4,438		(30		)
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	(16,279		)	(914		)	(50,276		)	1,076			26,630			(16,279		)	99,247		(50,276		)
Total comprehensive income	$	77,468		$	63,528		$	213,846		$	148,257		$	137,151		$	77,468		$	404,049	$	213,846

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

PINNACLE FINANCIAL PARTNERS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

(Unaudited)

(dollars and shares in thousands)


	Common Stock																	Common Stock
	Shares		Amounts			Additional Paid-in Capital			Retained Earnings			Accumulated Other Comp. Income (Loss), net			Total Stockholder's Equity			Shares		Amounts			Additional Paid-in Capital			Retained Earnings			Accumulated Other Comp. Income (Loss), net			Total Stockholder's Equity
Balance at December 31, 2016	46,359		$	46,359		$	1,083,491		$	381,072		$	(14,227	)	$	1,496,695
Balance at June 30, 2018																		77,855		$	77,855		$	3,119,461		$	667,594		$	(38,233	)	$	3,826,677
Exercise of employee common stock options and related tax benefits	194		194			3,627			—			—			3,821			—		—			—			—			—			—
Common dividends paid	—		—			—			(24,983		)	—			(24,983		)
Common stock dividends paid ($0.14 per share)																		—		—			—			(10,978		)	—			(10,978		)
Issuance of restricted common shares, net of forfeitures	264		264			(264		)	—			—			—			22		22			(22		)	—			—			—
Issuance of common equity, net of costs	3,220		3,220			188,974			—			—			192,194
Common stock issued in conjunction with acquisition of BNC Bancorp, net of issuance costs	27,687		27,687			1,820,146			—			—			1,847,833
Restricted shares withheld for taxes and related tax benefit	(72	)	(72		)	(4,808		)	—			—			(4,880		)
Compensation expense for restricted shares	—		—			14,412			—			—			14,412
Net income	—		—			—			147,181			—			147,181
Other comprehensive income	—		—			—			—			1,076			1,076
Balance at September 30, 2017	77,652		$	77,652		$	3,105,578		$	503,270		$	(13,151	)	$	3,673,349

Balance at December 31, 2017	77,740		$	77,740		$	3,115,304		$	519,144		$	(4,236	)	$	3,707,952
Exercise of employee common stock options and related tax benefits	90		90			1,610			—			—			1,700
Common dividends paid	—		—			—			(32,903		)	—			(32,903		)
Issuance of restricted common shares, net of forfeitures	141		141			(141		)	—			—			—
Restricted shares withheld for taxes and related tax benefit	(104	)	(104		)	(6,704		)	—			—			(6,808		)
Restricted shares withheld for taxes & related tax benefit																		(10	)	(10		)	(619		)	—			—			(629		)
Compensation expense for restricted shares	—		—			13,254			—			—			13,254			—		—			4,503			—			—			4,503
Net income	—		—			—			264,122			—			264,122			—		—			—			93,747			—			93,747
Other comprehensive loss	—		—			—			—			(50,276		)	(50,276		)	—		—			—			—			(16,279		)	(16,279		)
Balance at September 30, 2018	77,867		$	77,867		$	3,123,323		$	750,363		$	(54,512	)	$	3,897,041		77,867		$	77,867		$	3,123,323		$	750,363		$	(54,512	)	$	3,897,041

Balance at December 31, 2017																		77,740		$	77,740		$	3,115,304		$	519,144		$	(4,236	)	$	3,707,952
Exercise of employee common stock options and related tax benefits																		90		$	90		$	1,610		—			$	—		$	1,700
Common stock dividends paid ($0.14 per share)																		—		—			—			(32,903		)	—			(32,903		)
Issuance of restricted common shares, net of forfeitures																		141		141			(141		)	—			—			—
Restricted shares withheld for taxes & related tax benefit																		(104	)	(104		)	(6,704		)	—			—			(6,808		)
Compensation expense for restricted shares																		—		—			13,254			—			—			13,254
Net income																		—		—			—			264,122			—			264,122
Other comprehensive loss																		—		—			—			—			(50,276		)	(50,276		)
Balance at September 30, 2018																		77,867		$	77,867		$	3,123,323		$	750,363		$	(54,512	)	$	3,897,041

Balance at June 30, 2019																		76,929		$	76,929		$	3,076,486		$	1,002,434		$	20,512		$	4,176,361
Exercise of employee common stock options and related tax benefits																		4		4			104			—			—			108
Common stock dividends paid ($0.16 per share)																		—		—			—			(12,438		)	—			(12,438		)
Repurchase of common stock																		(198	)	(198		)	(10,867		)	—			—			(11,065		)
Issuance of restricted common shares, net of forfeitures																		10		10			(10		)	—			—			—
Restricted shares withheld for taxes & related tax benefit																		(9	)	(9		)	(496		)	—			—			(505		)
Compensation expense for restricted shares																		—		—			5,018			—			—			5,018
Net income																		—		—			—			110,521			—			110,521
Other comprehensive income																		—		—			—			—			26,630			26,630
Balance at September 30, 2019																		76,736		$	76,736		$	3,070,235		$	1,100,517		$	47,142		$	4,294,630

Balance at December 31, 2018																		77,484		$	77,484		$	3,107,431		$	833,130		$	(52,105	)	$	3,965,940
Exercise of employee common stock options and related tax benefits																		10		10			237			—			—			247
Common stock dividends paid ($0.16 per share)																		—		—			—			(37,415		)	—			(37,415		)
Repurchase of common stock																		(873	)	(873		)	(47,616		)	—			—			(48,489		)
Issuance of restricted common shares, net of forfeitures																		200		200			(200		)	—			—			—
Restricted shares withheld for taxes & related tax benefit																		(85	)	(85		)	(4,708		)	—			—			(4,793		)
Compensation expense for restricted shares																		—		—			15,091			—			—			15,091
Net income																		—		—			—			304,802			—			304,802
Other comprehensive income																		—		—			—			—			99,247			99,247
Balance at September 30, 2019																		76,736		$	76,736		$	3,070,235		$	1,100,517		$	47,142		$	4,294,630

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

PINNACLE FINANCIAL PARTNERS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Unaudited)

(dollars in thousands)


	Nine months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
	2018			2017			2019			2018
Operating activities:
Net income	$	264,122		$	147,181		$	304,802		$	264,122
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Net amortization/accretion of premium/discount on securities	14,366			8,388			14,365			14,366
Depreciation, amortization and accretion	(20,959		)	(14,848		)
Depreciation, amortization and accretion expense (income)							4,365			(20,959		)
Provision for loan losses	25,058			17,384			22,639			25,058
Gain on mortgage loans sold, net	(11,423		)	(14,785		)	(18,291		)	(11,423		)
Investment gains on sales, net	(41		)	—
Investment losses (gains) on sales, net							6,009			(41		)
Stock-based compensation expense	13,254			14,412			15,091			13,254
Deferred tax expense	17,339			15,646			5,355			17,339
Losses (gains) on dispositions of other real estate and other investments	(259		)	74			2,612			(259		)
Income from equity method investment	(33,286		)	(25,514		)	(77,799		)	(33,286		)
Dividends received from equity method investment	33,651			19,372			49,940			33,651
Excess tax benefit from stock compensation	(2,953		)	(4,608		)	(832		)	(2,953		)
Gain on commercial loans sold, net	(1,985		)	(791		)	(2,841		)	(1,985		)
Commercial loans held for sale:
Loans originated	(226,551		)	(116,013		)	(315,454		)	(226,551		)
Loans sold	242,590			119,007			312,936			242,590
Consumer loans held for sale:
Loans originated	(941,991		)	(772,239		)	(1,001,377		)	(941,991		)
Loans sold	964,747			756,729			980,822			964,747
Decrease (increase) in other assets	(31,805		)	793
Increase (decrease) in other liabilities	14,626			(30,057		)
Increase in other assets							(79,462		)	(31,805		)
Increase in other liabilities							91,624			14,626
Net cash provided by operating activities	318,500			120,131			314,504			318,500
Investing activities:
Activities in securities available-for-sale:
Purchases	(1,023,876		)	(1,158,038		)	(1,039,225		)	(1,023,876		)
Sales	22,702			7,492			626,097			22,702
Maturities, prepayments and calls	243,678			207,209			253,350			243,678
Activities in securities held-to-maturity:
Purchases							(3,822		)	—
Maturities, prepayments and calls	5,280			4,115			7,800			5,280
Increase in loans, net	(1,757,157		)	(1,194,966		)	(1,488,436		)	(1,757,157		)
Purchases of software, premises and equipment	(18,478		)	(36,045		)	(34,190		)	(18,478		)
Proceeds from sales of software, premises and equipment	458			23			66			458
Proceeds from sale of other real estate	13,204			6,931			4,947			13,204
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired	—			155,142			(44,594		)	—
Purchase of bank owned life insurance policies	(100,000		)	(55,000		)	(110,000		)	(100,000		)
Proceeds from bank owned life insurance settlements							308			—
Payments related to derivative instruments							(37,982		)	—
Increase in other investments	(47,687		)	(22,508		)	(43,260		)	(47,687		)
Net cash used in investing activities	(2,661,876		)	(2,085,645		)	(1,908,941		)	(2,661,876		)
Financing activities:
Net increase in deposits	1,957,566			825,060			1,152,021			1,957,566
Net decrease in securities sold under agreements to repurchase	(5,045		)	(18,460		)	(9,339		)	(5,045		)
Advances from Federal Home Loan Bank:
Issuances	1,439,906			1,934,750
Payments/maturities	(1,239,198		)	(717,048		)
Decrease in other borrowings, net	(240		)	(190		)
Principal payments of capital lease obligation	(118		)	(111		)
Proceeds from common stock issuance, net	—			192,194
Exercise of common stock options and stock appreciation rights, net of repurchase of restricted shares	(5,107		)	(1,060		)
Advances from Federal Home Loan Bank: Issuances							2,572,500			1,439,906
Advances from Federal Home Loan Bank: Payments/maturities							(1,963,541		)	(1,239,198		)
Increase in other borrowings, net of issuance costs							316,200			—
Decrease in other borrowings							(184,175		)	(240		)
Principal payments of finance lease obligation							(168		)	(118		)
Exercise of common stock options, net of repurchase of restricted shares							(4,546		)	(5,108		)
Repurchase of common stock							(48,489		)	—
Common stock dividends paid	(32,904		)	(24,984		)	(37,415		)	(32,903		)
Net cash provided by financing activities	2,114,860			2,190,151			1,793,048			2,114,860
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	(228,516		)	224,637
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	779,596			183,645
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	551,080		$	408,282
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash							198,611			(228,516		)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, beginning of period							721,692			779,596
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of period							$	920,303		$	551,080

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

PINNACLE FINANCIAL PARTNERS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Nature of Business — Pinnacle Financial Partners, Inc. (Pinnacle Financial) is a ~~bank~~financial holding company whose primary business is conducted by its wholly-owned subsidiary, Pinnacle Bank. Pinnacle Bank is a commercial bank headquartered in Nashville, Tennessee. Pinnacle Financial completed its acquisitions of CapitalMark Bank & Trust (CapitalMark), Magna Bank (Magna), Avenue Financial Holdings, Inc. (Avenue) and BNC Bancorp (BNC) on July 31, 2015, September 1, 2015, July 1, 2016 and June 16, 2017, respectively. Pinnacle Financial and Pinnacle Bank also collectively hold a 49% interest in Bankers Healthcare Group, LLC (BHG), a full-service ~~commercial~~ loan provider primarily engaged in the business of making loans to healthcare and other professional practices. Pinnacle Bank provides a full range of banking services, including investment, mortgage, insurance, and comprehensive wealth management services, in its 11 primarily urban markets within Tennessee, the Carolinas and Virginia.

On July 2, 2019, Pinnacle Bank acquired all of the outstanding stock of Advocate Capital, Inc. (Advocate Capital) for a cash price of $59 million. Advocate Capital is a finance firm headquartered in Nashville, TN which supports the financial needs of legal firms through both case expense financing and working capital lines of credit. Pinnacle Financial accounted for the acquisition of Advocate Capital under the acquisition method in accordance with ASC Topic 805. Accordingly, the purchase price is allocated to the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities acquired as of the date of acquisition. Determining the fair value of assets and liabilities, particularly illiquid assets and liabilities, is a complicated process involving significant judgment regarding estimates and assumptions used to calculate estimated fair value. Fair value adjustments based on updated estimates could materially affect the goodwill recorded on the Advocate Capital acquisition. At the acquisition date, Advocate Capital's net assets were initially recorded at a fair value of approximately $34.6 million, consisting mainly of loans receivable. Advocate Capital's $134.3 million of indebtedness was also paid off in connection with consummation of the acquisition. The purchase price allocations for the acquisition of Advocate Capital are preliminary and will be finalized upon the receipt of final valuations on certain assets and liabilities.

Basis of Presentation — The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with instructions to Form 10-Q and therefore do not include all information and footnotes necessary for a fair presentation of financial position, results of operations, and cash flows in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (U.S. GAAP). All adjustments consisting of normally recurring accruals that, in the opinion of management, are necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position and results of operations for the periods covered by the report have been included. The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing in Pinnacle Financial's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2017 (2017~~2018 (2018 10-K).

These consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Pinnacle Financial and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. Certain statutory trust affiliates of Pinnacle Financial, as noted in Note ~~12.~~11. Subordinated Debt and Other Borrowings are included in these consolidated financial statements pursuant to the equity method of accounting. Significant intercompany transactions and accounts are eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates — The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities as of the balance sheet date and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change in the near term include the determination of the allowance for loan losses and determination of any impairment of intangible ~~assets and the valuation of deferred tax~~ assets. There have been no significant changes to Pinnacle Financial's significant accounting policies as disclosed in the ~~2017~~2018 10-K.

~~Goodwill — ASC 350-35-3~~ provides an entity the option to first perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If an entity determines that this is the case, it is required to perform the quantitative two-step goodwill impairment test to identify potential goodwill impairment and measure the amount of goodwill impairment loss to be recognized. Based on the qualitative assessment, if an entity determines that the fair value of a reporting unit is more than its carrying amount, the quantitative two-step goodwill impairment test is not required. Pinnacle Financial performed its annual qualitative assessment as of September 30, 2018. As a result of this assessment, Pinnacle Financial believes that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of our entity is less than book value, and accordingly, the assessment indicates there is no impairment of goodwill as of September 30, 2018. As such, the additional two-step quantitative assessment was not required.

Cash Flow Information — Supplemental cash flow information addressing certain cash and noncash transactions for ~~each of~~ the nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and September 30, ~~2017~~2018 was as follows (in thousands):

For the nine months ended
September 30,
2018 2017
Cash Transactions:
Interest paid $ 136,154
$ 56,804
Income taxes paid, net 55,525
53,199
Noncash Transactions:

Loans charged-off to the allowance for loan losses 22,316
16,308
Loans foreclosed upon and transferred to other real estate owned 2,066
3,573
Loans foreclosed upon and transferred to other assets 1,580
641
Other real estate sales financed 276
—
Available-for-sale securities transferred to held-to-maturity portfolio 179,763
—
Held-for-sale loans transferred to held-for-investment loan portfolio 44,980
—
Common stock issued in connection with acquisition ⁽¹⁾
—
1,858,133



	For the nine months ended September 30,
	2019		2018
Cash Transactions:
Interest paid	$	216,261	$	136,154
Income taxes paid, net	61,238		55,525
Noncash Transactions:
Loans charged-off to the allowance for loan losses	21,328		22,316
Loans foreclosed upon and transferred to other real estate owned	16,870		2,066
Loans foreclosed upon and transferred to other assets	93		1,580
Other real estate sales financed	—		276
Fixed assets transferred to other real estate owned	5,126		—
Available-for-sale securities transferred to held-to-maturity portfolio	—		179,763
Held-for-sale loans transferred to held-for-investment loan portfolio	—		44,980
Right-of-use asset recognized during the period in exchange for lease obligations ⁽¹⁾	82,856		—

⁽¹⁾~~See Note 2 to these consolidated financial statement for more detailed information.~~Includes $79.9 million recognized upon initial adoption of ASU 2016-02 on January 1, 2019.

Income Per Common Share — Basic net income per common share (EPS) is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS reflects the dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted. The difference between basic and diluted weighted average common shares outstanding is attributable to common stock options, ~~common stock appreciation rights,~~ restricted share awards, and restricted share unit awards. The dilutive effect of outstanding options, ~~common stock appreciation rights,~~ restricted share awards, and restricted share unit awards is reflected in diluted EPS by application of the treasury stock method.

The following is a summary of the basic and diluted net income per share calculations for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017~~2018 (in thousands, except per share data):



	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
	2019		2018		2019		2018
Basic net income per share calculation:
Numerator - Net income	$	110,521	$	93,747	$	304,802	$	264,122

Denominator - Weighted average common shares outstanding	76,301		77,145		76,481		77,116
Basic net income per common share	$	1.45	$	1.22	$	3.99	$	3.42

Diluted net income per share calculation:
Numerator – Net income	$	110,521	$	93,747	$	304,802	$	264,122

Denominator - Weighted average common shares outstanding	76,301		77,145		76,481		77,116
Dilutive shares contingently issuable	255		346		280		326
Weighted average diluted common shares outstanding	76,556		77,491		76,761		77,443
Diluted net income per common share	$	1.44	$	1.21	$	3.97	$	3.41

Three months ended
September 30, Nine months ended
September 30,
2018 2017 2018 2017
Basic net income per share calculation:
Numerator - Net income
$ 93,747
$ 64,442
$ 264,122
$ 147,181

Denominator - Weighted average common shares outstanding
77,145
76,679
77,116
59,371
Basic net income per common share $ 1.22
$ 0.84
$ 3.42
$ 2.48

Diluted net income per share calculation:

Numerator – Net income
$ 93,747
$ 64,442
$ 264,122
$ 147,181

Denominator - Weighted average common shares outstanding
77,145
76,679
77,116
59,371
Dilutive shares contingently issuable 346
554
326
539
Weighted average diluted common shares outstanding 77,491
77,232
77,443
59,910
Diluted net income per common share $ 1.21
$ 0.83
$ 3.41
$ 2.46

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements—

~~On January 27, 2017, Pinnacle Financial completed~~

In February 2016, the ~~issuance~~FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2016-02, Leases which requires recognition in the statement of financial position of lease right of use assets and ~~sale~~lease liabilities by lessees for those leases classified as operating leases under previous GAAP guidance. The guidance requires that a lessee should recognize lease assets and lease liabilities as compared to previous GAAP guidance that did not require lease assets and lease liabilities to be recognized for operating leases. In July 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2018-10, Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases which provided technical corrections and improvements to ASU 2016-02. In July 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements which provided an optional transition method to adopt the new requirements of ~~3,220,000 shares of common stock (including 420,000 shares issued~~ASU 2016-02 as ~~a result~~ of the ~~underwriter exercising its over-allotment option) in an underwritten public offering, which shares are~~adoption date with no adjustment to the presentation or disclosure of comparative prior periods included in the ~~share count above. The net proceeds~~financial statements in the period of ~~the offering, after deducting the underwriting discount and offering expenses, were approximately $192.2 million. Also,~~adoption. Pinnacle Financial ~~issued 27,687,100 shares~~has elected this optional transition method and has presented periods prior to adoption under the prior lease guidance of ~~common stock in conjunction with the acquisition of BNC on June 16, 2017.~~

~~Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements~~—ASC Topic 840. In ~~August 2017,~~December 2018, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2018-20, Leases (Topic

842): Narrow-Scope Improvements for Lessors. ASU 2018-20 permits lessors to account for certain taxes as lessee costs, permits lessors to exclude from revenue certain lessor costs paid by lessees directly to third parties, and requires lessors to allocate certain variable payments to lease and non-lease components. In March 2019, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. ~~2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging: Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities~~.2019-01, Leases (Topic 842): Codification Improvements. The amendments in this ASU make more financial and non-financial hedging strategies eligible for hedge accounting. It also amends the presentation and disclosure requirements and changes how companies assess effectiveness. The amendments will be effective for public companies for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. Pinnacle Financial early adopted this standard in the first quarter of 2018 and subsequently entered into three hedging transactions during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, all of which are eligible for hedge accounting as a result of the new standard, as noted in ~~Note 9. Derivative Instruments~~.

~~In March 2017, the FASB issued~~ ~~Accounting Standards Update No. 2017-08, Receivables - Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs (Subtopic 310-20): Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities~~. The amendment in this ASU shortens the amortization period for certain callable debt securities held at a premium to the earliest call date. The amendment does not require an accounting change for securities held at a discount; the discount continues to be amortized to maturity. The amendment is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those periods. Early adoption is permitted with modified retrospective application. Pinnacle Financial elected to early adopt this standard in the first quarter of 2018 and it continues to have no material impact to its consolidated financial statements.

~~In January 2017, the FASB issued~~ ~~Accounting Standards Update 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business~~. The amendment in this ASU clarifies the definition of a business with the objective of adding guidance to assist entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. The amendment is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those periods. There has been no material impact on Pinnacle Financial's consolidated financial statements due to the adoption of this standard in the first quarter of 2018.

~~In August 2016, the FASB issued~~ ~~Accounting Standards Update 2016-15,Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230)~~ intended to reduce the diversity in practice around how certain transactions are classified within the statement of cash flows. The guidance became effective for public companies for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Pinnacle Financial adopted this standard in the first quarter of 2018 and it continues to have no material impact to its consolidated financial statements, with(i) reinstate the exception ~~of dividends received from its and Pinnacle Bank's equity method investments which were reclassified from cash flow from investments to operating cash flow.~~

~~In January 2016, the FASB issued~~ ~~Accounting Standards Update 2016-01, Financial Instruments – Overall (Subtopic 825-10)~~ ~~which, among other things, (i) requires equity investments, excluding those accounted~~in Topic 842 for ~~under the equity method~~lessors that are not manufacturers or that result in consolidation, to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income, (ii) simplifies the impairment assessment of equity investments without readily determinable fair values by requiring a qualitative assessment to identify impairment, (iii) eliminates the requirement for public business entities to disclose the methods and significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value that is required to be disclosed for financial instruments measured at amortized cost on the balance sheet, (iv) requires public business entitiesdealers to use ~~the exit price notion when measuring~~cost as the fair value of ~~financial instruments for~~the underlying asset, (ii) state that lessors that are depository and lending institutions should present principal payments received under sales type and direct financing leases within investing activities, and (iii) exempt Topic 842 from certain transition related interim disclosure ~~purposes, (v) requires an entity to present separately in other comprehensive income~~requirements. ASU 2016-02 and the portion of the total change in the fair value of a liability resulting from a change in the instrument-specific credit risk when the entity has elected to measure the liability at fair value in accordance with the fair value option for financial instruments, (vi) requires separate presentation of financial assets and financial liabilities by measurement category and form of financial asset on the balance sheet or the accompanying notes to the financial statements and (viii) clarifies that an entity should evaluate the need for a valuation allowance on a deferred tax assetsubsequently issued ASUs related to ~~available-for-sale securities in combination with the entity's other deferred tax assets. ASU 2016-01~~Topic 842 became effective for Pinnacle Financial ~~in the first quarter of 2018 and continues to have no material impact~~ on ~~its consolidated financial statements. See~~ ~~Note 10. Fair Value of Financial Instruments~~ ~~for disclosure~~January 1, 2019. As part of the ~~fair value~~adoption of ~~financial instruments based on an exit price notion as required by ASU 2016-01.~~

~~In May 2014, the FASB issued~~ ~~Accounting Standards Update 2014-09,Revenue from Contracts with Customers(Topic 606~~), which was developed as a joint project with the International Accounting Standards Board to remove inconsistencies in revenue requirements and provide a more robust framework for addressing revenue issues. The ASU's core principle is that an entity should recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. In August 2015, the FASB issued ~~Accounting Standards Update 2015-14~~, which deferred the effective date by one year (i.e., interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017). Pinnacle Financial adopted the ASU during the first quarter of 2018, as required, using a modified retrospective approach. The majority of Pinnacle Financial's revenue stream is generated from interest income on loans and securities, which are outside the scope of Topic 606. Pinnacle Financial’s sources of income that fall within the scope of Topic 606 include service charges on deposits, investment services, insurance sales commissions, trust fees, interchange fees and gains and losses on sales of other real estate, all of which are presented within noninterest income.these updates, Pinnacle Financial has ~~evaluated~~elected the ~~effect of Topic 606~~following practical expedients: 1) to not reassess whether existing contracts are or contain a lease, 2) to not reassess lease classification for existing leases, 3) to not reassess initial direct costs, 4) to not separate lease components from nonlease components for real estate leases, and 5) to not recognize short term leases (12 months or less) on ~~these fee-based income streams and concluded that adoption of~~ the ~~standard did not materially impact its financial statements. The following is a summary of the implementation considerations~~balance sheet. See Note 12 for ~~the revenue streams that fall within the scope of Topic 606:~~

~~Service charges on deposits, investment services, trust fees and interchange fees —~~ Fees from these services are either transaction based, for which the performance obligations are satisfied when the individual transaction is processed, or set periodic service charges, for which the performance obligations are satisfied over the period the service is provided. Transaction-based fees are recognized at the time the transaction is processed, and periodic service charges are recognized over the service period. The adoption of Topic 606 had no impact on Pinnacle Financial's revenue recognition practice for these services.

~~Insurance sales commissions —~~ ~~Insurance commissions are received from insurance companies in return for the placement of policies with customers. While~~ additional services, such as claims assistance, may be provided over the term of the policy, the revenues are substantially earned at the time of policy placement. The only contingency in earning the revenue relates to the potential for subsequent cancellation of policies. Accordingly, revenue is recognized at the time of policy placement, net of an allowance for estimated policy cancellations. The adoption of Topic 606 had no impact on Pinnacle Financial's revenue recognitiondetail related to ~~insurance sales commissions.~~

~~Gains on sales of other real estate —~~ ~~ASU 2014-09 also creates Topic 610-20, under which a gain on sale should be~~lease amounts recognized when a contract for sale exists and control of the asset has been transferred to the buyer. Topic 606 lists several criteria which must exist to conclude that a contract for sale exists, including a determination that the institution will collect substantially all of the consideration to which it is entitled. This presents a key difference between the prior and new guidance related to the recognition of the gain when the institution finances the sale of the property. Rather than basing recognition on the amount of the buyer's initial investment, which was the primary consideration under prior guidance, the analysis is now based on various factors including not only the loan to value ratio, but also the credit quality of the borrower, the structure of the loan, and any other factors that may affect collectability. While these differences may affect the decision to recognize or defer gains on sales of other real estate in circumstances where Pinnacle Bank has financed the sale, the effects would not be material to Pinnacle Financial's consolidated financial statements.

~~Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements, not yet adopted~~— ~~In August 2018, the FASB issued~~ Accounting Standards Update 2018-15, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other-Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement that is a Service Contract. ASU 2018-15 requires implementation costs incurred by customers in cloud computing arrangements (i.e., hosting arrangements) to be capitalized under the same premises of authoritative guidance for internal-use software, and deferred over the noncancellable term of the cloud computing arrangements plus any option renewal periods that are reasonably certain to be exercised by the customer or for which the exercise is controlled by the service provider. This update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those periods. Early adoption is permitted. If this standard had been effective as of ~~the date of the financial statements included in this report, there would have been no impact on Pinnacle Financial's consolidated financial statements.~~September 30, 2019 under Topic 842.

~~In August 2018, the FASB issued~~ ~~Accounting Standards Update 2018-13,Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurements.~~ This update is part of the disclosure framework project and eliminates certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements, requires entities to disclose new information, and modifies existing disclosure requirements. The new disclosure guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted. Pinnacle Financial is currently evaluating the impact this change will have on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

In February 2018, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2018-02,Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive ~~Income.~~ Income. The amendments in this ASU addressed the income tax accounting treatment of the stranded tax effects within other comprehensive income due to the ~~newly enacted~~lower federal corporate tax rate included in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act issued December 22, ~~2017.~~2017 (Tax Act). These amendments allow an entity to make a reclassification from other comprehensive income to retained earnings for the difference between the historical corporate income tax rate and the ~~newly enacted~~lower corporate income tax ~~rate.~~rate included in the Tax Act. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those years. ~~Early adoption is permitted with retrospective application. This~~Pinnacle Financial has elected not to adopt this standard ~~will not have a material~~due to its insignificant impact on Pinnacle Financial's consolidated financial ~~statements.~~position.

Newly Issued not yet Effective Accounting Standards — In January 2017, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2017-04, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment to simplify how entities other than private companies, such as public business entities and not-for-profit entities, are required to test goodwill for impairment by eliminating the comparison of the implied fair value of the reporting unit's goodwill with the carrying amount of that goodwill. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those periods. If this standard had been effective as of the date of the financial statements included in this report, there would have been no impact on Pinnacle Financial's consolidated financial statements.

~~In February 2016, the FASB issued~~ ~~Accounting Standards Update 2016-02, Leases~~ which requires recognition in the statement of financial position of lease assets and lease liabilities by lessees for those leases classified as operating leases under previous GAAP. The guidance requires that a lessee should recognize lease assets and lease liabilities as compared to previous GAAP that did not require lease assets and lease liabilities to be recognized for operating leases. The guidance becomes effective for Pinnacle Financial on January 1, 2019. Had this standard been effective as of September 30, 2018, we would have recorded a right of use asset and lease liability of approximately $70 million. In July 2016, the FASB issued ~~Accounting Standards Update 2018-10, Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases~~ ~~which provides technical corrections and improvements to ASU 2016-02. It is not anticipated that this update will have an impact on our adoption of ASU 2016-02. Also in July 2016, the FASB issued~~ ~~Accounting Standards Update 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements~~ which provides an optional transition method to adopt the new requirements of ASU 2016-02 as of the adoption date with no adjustment to the presentation or disclosure of comparative prior periods included in the financial statements in the period of adoption. Pinnacle Financial intends to elect the optional transition method which will result in presentation of periods prior to adoption under the prior lease guidance of ASC Topic 840.

In June 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2016-13,, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (CECL), which introduces the current expected credit losses methodology. Among other things, CECL requires the measurement of all expected credit losses for financial assets, including loans and held-to-maturity debt securities, held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. The new model will require institutions to calculate all probable and estimable losses that are expected to be incurred through the financial asset's entire life through a provision for credit losses, including loans obtained as a result of any acquisition not deemed to be purchased credit deteriorated (PCD). CECL also requires the allowance for credit losses for PCD loans to be determined in a manner similar to that of other financial assets measured at amortized cost; however, the initial allowance will be added to the purchase price rather than recorded as provision expense. The disclosure of credit quality indicators related to the amortized cost of financing receivables will be further disaggregated by year of origination (or vintage). Institutions are to apply the changes through a cumulative-effect adjustment to their retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the standard is effective. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early application ~~will be~~is permitted for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. Management continues to evaluate the impact this ASU will have on Pinnacle Financial’s financial position, results of operations and financial statement disclosures and determine the most appropriate method to implement the guidance.

Pinnacle Financial has established a cross-functional Current Expected Credit Loss (CECL) Steering Committee, which includes members from the accounting, treasury, credit and lending functions, with involvement from members of model risk management, independent loan review and internal audit. Pinnacle Financial is ~~currently assessing~~leveraging both internal and external expertise in the ~~impact~~development of the ~~new guidance~~models that will be utilized in the determination of the allowance for credit losses determined pursuant to CECL. At this time, Pinnacle Financial is focused on ~~its consolidated~~the finalization of the model validations as well as development of process and related controls and the financial ~~statements. An~~statement disclosures. Pinnacle Financial has concluded that an increase in the overall allowance for loan losses is likely upon adoption of CECL in order to provide for expected credit losses over the life of the loan portfolio.

Other than those pronouncements discussed above and those which have been recently adopted, we do not believe there were any other recently issued accounting pronouncements that are expected to materially impact Pinnacle Financial.

Reclassifications — Some items in the prior year financial statements were reclassified to conform to the current presentation. Reclassifications had no effect on prior year net income or stockholders' equity.

Subsequent Events— ~~Accounting Standards Codification (ASC)~~ ASC Topic 855, Subsequent Events, establishes general standards of accounting for and disclosure of events that occur after the balance sheet date but before financial statements are issued. Pinnacle Financial evaluated all events or transactions that occurred after September 30, ~~2018~~2019 through the date of the issued financial statements. ~~Pinnacle Financial entered into multiple hedging transactions in October that have been more fully disclosed in~~ ~~Note 9. Derivative Instruments~~. Additionally, consistent with the investment policy, during the month of October, Pinnacle Financial sold $119.9 million in available-for-sale securities for net unrealized losses, net of tax, of $1.1 million. The net unrealized loss will be reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income into net income. Other than the above-noted transaction, no other subsequent events were noted.

~~Note 2. Acquisitions~~

��

~~BNC Bancorp.~~ On June 16, 2017, Pinnacle Financial consummated its merger with BNC. Pursuant to the terms of the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of January 22, 2017, by and between Pinnacle Financial and BNC, BNC merged with and into Pinnacle Financial, with Pinnacle Financial continuing as the surviving corporation (the BNC Merger). On that same day, Pinnacle Bank and Bank of North Carolina, BNC's wholly-owned bank subsidiary, merged, with Pinnacle Bank continuing as the surviving entity.

~~The following summarizes the consideration paid and an allocation of purchase price to net assets acquired (in thousands):~~

Number of Shares Amount
Equity consideration:
Common stock issued 27,687,100
$ 1,858,133
Total equity consideration $ 1,858,133
Non-equity consideration:
Cash paid to redeem common stock $ 129
Total consideration paid $ 1,858,262
Allocation of total consideration paid:
Fair value of net assets assumed including estimated identifiable intangible assets $ 602,689
Goodwill 1,255,573
$ 1,858,262

Pinnacle Financial recorded costs incurred in connection with the issuance of Pinnacle Financial common stock resulting from the BNC Merger of $7.2 million, net of related tax benefits, as a reduction to additional paid in capital. Certain merger-related expenses resulting from cultural and systems integrations, as well as stock-based compensation expense incurred as a result of change-in-control provisions applicable to assumed equity-based awards were recorded as merger-related expense.

Goodwill originating from the BNC Merger resulted primarily from anticipated synergies arising from the combination of certain operational areas of the businesses of BNC and Pinnacle Financial as well as the purchase premium inherent in buying a complete and successful banking operation. Goodwill associated with the BNC Merger is not amortizable for book or tax purposes. Adjustments totaling $82.0 million were recorded to goodwill to appropriately reflect the valuation of the acquired loan portfolio, OREO acquired, and certain liabilities assumed and have been included in the table below.

Pinnacle Financial accounted for the BNC Merger under the acquisition method in accordance with ASC Topic 805. Accordingly, the purchase price is allocated to the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the date of merger. Purchase price allocations related to the acquisition of BNC have been completed and are reflected in the following table (in thousands):

As of June 16, 2017

BNC
Historical Cost Basis

Fair Value Adjustments⁽¹⁾
As Recorded by Pinnacle Financial
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents $ 155,271
$ —
$ 155,271
Investment securities 643,875
1,667
645,542
Loans ⁽²⁾
5,782,720
(181,430 ) 5,601,290
Mortgage loans held for sale 27,026
—
27,026
Other real estate owned⁽³⁾
20,143
1,382
21,525
Core deposit and other intangible ⁽⁴⁾
—
50,422
50,422
Property, plant and equipment ⁽⁵⁾
156,805
(3,341 ) 153,464
Other assets ⁽⁶⁾
320,988
54,057
375,045
Total Assets $ 7,106,828
$ (77,243 ) $ 7,029,585

Liabilities

Interest-bearing deposits ⁽⁷⁾
$ 5,003,653
$ 4,355
$ 5,008,008
Non-interest bearing deposits 1,199,342
—
1,199,342
Borrowings ⁽⁸⁾
183,389
(6,412 ) 176,977
Other liabilities ⁽⁹⁾
35,729
6,840
42,569
Total Liabilities $ 6,422,113
$ 4,783
$ 6,426,896
Net Assets Acquired $ 684,715
$ (82,026 ) $ 602,689

~~Explanation of certain fair value adjustments:~~


~~(1)~~	The amount represents the adjustment of the book value of BNC's assets and liabilities to their estimated fair value on the date of acquisition. Fair value adjustments were updated subsequent to the merger date based on the results of finalized valuation assessments.


~~(2)~~	The amount represents the adjustment of the net book value of BNC's loans to their estimated fair value based on interest rates and expected cash flows as of the date of acquisition, which includes estimates of expected credit losses inherent in the portfolio of approximately 2.6% of the 3.1% mark on the acquired loan portfolio.


~~(3)~~	~~This adjustment reflects the Day 1 value of OREO properties.~~


~~(4)~~	The amount represents the fair value of the core deposit intangible asset representing the intangible value of the deposit base acquired and the fair value of the customer relationship intangible assets representing the intangible value of customer relationships acquired.


~~(5)~~	~~The amount represents the adjustment of the net book value of BNC's property, plant and equipment to estimated fair value based on market values of similar assets.~~


~~(6)~~	The amount represents the deferred tax asset recognized on the fair value adjustment of BNC's acquired assets and assumed liabilities and an adjustment to the Day 1 fair value of an alternative investment.


~~(7)~~	The amount represents the adjustment necessary because the weighted average interest rate of BNC's deposits exceeded the cost of similar funding at the time of acquisition. The fair value adjustment will be amortized to reduce future interest expense over the life of the portfolio.

~~(8)~~

The amount represents the combined adjustment necessary because the weighted average interest rate of BNC's subordinated debt issuance exceeded the cost of similar funding at the time of acquisition and because the weighted average interest rate of BNC's trust preferred securities issuances was lower than the cost of similar funding at the time of acquisition. The combined fair value adjustments will be amortized to increase future interest expense over the lives of the instruments.


~~(9)~~	~~The amount represents the adjustment to accrue obligations that existed but had not been recorded as of the acquisition date and the fair value of BNC lease obligations.~~

~~Supplemental Pro Forma Combined Results of Operations~~

For the three months ended September 30, 2017, BNC was included in the operations of PNFP and, as such, no supplemental proforma information is necessary. The supplemental proforma information below for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 gives effect to the BNC acquisition as if it had occurred on January 1, 2017. These results combine the historical results of BNC into Pinnacle Financial's consolidated statement of income and, while certain adjustments were made for the estimated impact of certain fair value adjustments, they are not indicative of what would have occurred had the BNC Merger taken place on the indicated date nor are they intended to represent or be indicative of future results of operations. In particular, no adjustments have been made to eliminate the amount of BNC's provision for credit losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 that may not have been necessary had the acquired loans been recorded at fair value as of the beginning of 2017. Additionally, these financial statements were not adjusted for non-recurring expenses, such as merger-related expenses incurred by either Pinnacle Financial or BNC. Pinnacle Financial expects to achieve operating cost savings and other business synergies as a result of the acquisition which are also not reflected in the proforma amounts.

(dollars in thousands) Nine Months Ended
September 30, 2017
Revenue ⁽¹⁾
$ 619,326
Income before income taxes 261,516

⁽¹⁾~~Net interest income plus noninterest income.~~

Note 3.2. Equity method investment

A summary of BHG's financial position as of September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017~~2018 and results of operations as of and for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017,~~2018, were as follows (in thousands):


	As of				As of
	September 30, 2018		December 31, 2017		September 30, 2019		December 31, 2018
Assets	$	436,693	$	330,030	$	695,300	$	459,816

Liabilities	322,323		224,837		499,460		324,211
Membership interests	114,370		105,193
Total liabilities and membership interests	$	436,693	$	330,030
Equity interests					195,840		135,605
Total liabilities and equity					$	695,300	$	459,816



	For the three months ended September 30,				For the nine months ended September 30,
	2019		2018		2019		2018
Revenues	$	108,770	$	59,133	$	279,569	$	151,937
Net income	$	61,364	$	30,933	$	156,064	$	69,039

For the three months ended
September 30, For the nine months ended
September 30,
2018 2017 2018 2017
Revenues $ 59,133
$ 41,997
$ 151,937
$ 113,244
Net income $ 30,933
$ 20,428
$ 69,039
$ 54,453

At September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, technology, trade name and customer relationship intangibles, net of related amortization, totaled ~~$11.3~~$9.2 million compared to ~~$13.4~~$10.7 million as of December 31, ~~2017.~~2018. Amortization expense of ~~$693,000~~$475,000 and ~~$2.1~~$1.4 million, respectively, was included for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 compared to ~~$832,000~~$693,000 and ~~$2.5~~$2.1 million, respectively, for the same periods in the prior year. Accretion income of ~~$719,000~~$630,000 and ~~$2.2~~$2.0 million, respectively was included in the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 compared to ~~$758,000~~$719,000 and ~~$2.3~~$2.2 million, respectively, for the same periods in the prior year.

Note 4.3. Securities

The amortized cost and fair value of securities available-for-sale and held-to-maturity at September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017~~2018 are summarized as follows (in thousands):


	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
September 30, 2018:
September 30, 2019:
Securities available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	30,573	$	—	$	45	$	30,528	$	48,635	$	31	$	4	$	48,662
U.S. government agency securities	64,640		45		1,500		63,185		92,668		412		834		92,246
Mortgage-backed securities	1,334,640		3,268		43,363		1,294,545		1,318,953		19,229		3,665		1,334,517
State and municipal securities	1,240,136		1,995		29,860		1,212,271		1,658,734		54,839		13,687		1,699,886
Asset-backed securities	334,547		870		759		334,658		163,334		601		1,202		162,733
Corporate notes and other	69,738		617		960		69,395		55,667		565		841		55,391
	$	3,074,274	$	6,795	$	76,487	$	3,004,582	$	3,337,991	$	75,677	$	20,233	$	3,393,435
Securities held-to-maturity:
State and municipal securities	$	194,997	$	9	$	2,506	$	192,500	$	189,684	$	13,137	$	—	$	202,821
	$	194,997	$	9	$	2,506	$	192,500	$	189,684	$	13,137	$	—	$	202,821

December 31, 2017:
Securities available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury securities $ 30,505
$ —
$ 60
$ 30,445
U.S. government agency securities 182,500
67
1,766
180,801
Mortgage-backed securities 1,270,625
5,318
12,124
1,263,819
State and municipal securities 774,949
12,251
2,588
784,612
Asset-backed securities 173,346
262
316
173,292
Corporate notes and other 81,615
1,346
647
82,314
$ 2,513,540
$ 19,244
17,501
$ 2,515,283
Securities held-to-maturity:

State and municipal securities $ 20,762
$ 114
$ 46
$ 20,830
$ 20,762
$ 114
$ 46
$ 20,830



December 31, 2018:
Securities available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	30,325	$	—	$	25	$	30,300
U.S. government agency securities	71,456		49		1,346		70,159
Mortgage-backed securities	1,336,469		3,110		28,634		1,310,945
State and municipal securities	1,259,267		1,126		30,739		1,229,654
Asset-backed securities	379,107		820		4,345		375,582
Corporate notes and other	69,399		170		2,523		67,046
	$	3,146,023	$	5,275	67,612		$	3,083,686
Securities held-to-maturity:
State and municipal securities	$	194,282	$	152	$	1,303	$	193,131
	$	194,282	$	152	$	1,303	$	193,131

During the third quarter of 2018, Pinnacle Financial transferred, at fair value, $179.8 million of municipal securities from the available-for-sale portfolio to the held-to-maturity portfolio. The related unrealized after tax losses of $2.2 million remained in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and will be amortized over the remaining life of the securities, offsetting the related amortization of discount on the transferred securities. No gains or losses were recognized at the time of transfer. At September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, approximately ~~$1.35~~$1.2 billion of securities within Pinnacle Financial's investment portfolio were pledged to secure either public funds and other deposits or securities sold under agreements to repurchase. At September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, repurchase agreements comprised of secured borrowings totaled ~~$130.2~~$95.4 million and were secured by ~~$130.2~~$95.4 million of pledged U.S. government agency securities, municipal securities, ~~asset backed~~asset-backed securities, and corporate debentures. As the fair value of securities pledged to secure repurchase agreements may decline, Pinnacle Financial regularly evaluates its need to pledge additional securities to remain adequately secured.

The amortized cost and fair value of debt securities as of September 30, ~~2018~~2019 by contractual maturity are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities of mortgage- and asset-backed securities since the mortgages and assets underlying the securities may be called or prepaid with or without penalty. Therefore, these securities are not included in the maturity categories in the following summary (in thousands):



	Available-for-sale				Held-to-maturity
September 30, 2019:	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	63,488	$	63,507	$	1,394	$	1,394
Due in one year to five years	16,772		16,986		—		—
Due in five years to ten years	106,774		107,322		5,775		5,877
Due after ten years	1,668,670		1,708,370		182,515		195,550
Mortgage-backed securities	1,318,953		1,334,517		—		—
Asset-backed securities	163,334		162,733		—		—
	$	3,337,991	$	3,393,435	$	189,684	$	202,821

Available-for-sale Held-to-maturity
September 30, 2018:
Amortized
Cost

Fair
Value

Amortized
Cost

Fair
Value
Due in one year or less $ 34,856
$ 34,802
$ 315
$ 316
Due in one year to five years 77,055
77,059
6,066
6,044
Due in five years to ten years 159,471
157,274
7,997
7,875
Due after ten years 1,133,705
1,106,244
180,619
178,265
Mortgage-backed securities 1,334,640
1,294,545
—
—
Asset-backed securities 334,547
334,658
—
—
$ 3,074,274
$ 3,004,582
$ 194,997
$ 192,500

At September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017,~~2018, the following investments had unrealized losses. The table below classifies these investments according to the term of the unrealized losses of less than twelve months or twelve months or longer (in thousands):



	Investments with an Unrealized Loss of less than 12 months				Investments with an Unrealized Loss of 12 months or longer				Total Investments with an Unrealized Loss
	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
At September 30, 2019
U.S. Treasury securities	$	9,622	$	4	$	—	$	—	$	9,622	$	4
U.S. government agency securities	2,942		5		33,247		829		36,189		834
Mortgage-backed securities	116,784		515		210,395		3,150		327,179		3,665
State and municipal securities	214,033		1,874		383,023		11,813		597,056		13,687
Asset-backed securities	69,921		699		57,709		503		127,630		1,202
Corporate notes	14,959		120		12,053		721		27,012		841
Total temporarily-impaired securities	$	428,261	$	3,217	$	696,427	$	17,016	$	1,124,688	$	20,233

At December 31, 2018
U.S. Treasury securities	$	30,054	$	22	$	246	$	3	$	30,300	$	25
U.S. government agency securities	13,697		328		42,539		1,018		56,236		1,346
Mortgage-backed securities	203,299		2,134		882,231		26,500		1,085,530		28,634

Investments with an Unrealized Loss of
less than 12 months

Investments with an Unrealized Loss of
12 months or longer

Total Investments with an
Unrealized Loss
Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value
Unrealized
Losses
At September 30, 2018

U.S. Treasury securities $ 30,284
$ 39
$ 244
$ 6
$ 30,528
$ 45
U.S. government agency securities 13,605
360
45,118
1,140
58,723
1,500
Mortgage-backed securities 289,149
5,951
807,418
37,412
1,096,567
43,363
State and municipal securities 1,144,600
29,599
108,653
5,663
1,253,253
35,262
Asset-backed securities 204,638
741
4,505
18
209,143
759
Corporate notes 22,329
260
18,681
700
41,010
960
Total temporarily-impaired securities $ 1,704,605
$ 36,950
$ 984,619
$ 44,939
$ 2,689,224
$ 81,889

At December 31, 2017

U.S. Treasury securities $ 29,948
$ 60
$ —
$ —
$ 29,948
$ 60
U.S. government agency securities 173,677
1,766
—
—
173,677
1,766
Mortgage-backed securities 607,408
5,042
285,561
7,082
892,969
12,124
State and municipal securities 115,403
1,408
50,083
1,226
165,486
2,634
Asset-backed securities 68,742
198
14,136
118
82,878
316
Corporate notes 22,168
547
11,944
100
34,112
647
Total temporarily-impaired securities $ 1,017,346
$ 9,021
$ 361,724
$ 8,526
$ 1,379,070
$ 17,547



	Investments with an Unrealized Loss of less than 12 months				Investments with an Unrealized Loss of 12 months or longer				Total Investments with an Unrealized Loss
	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
State and municipal securities	1,044,757		30,780		198,610		4,078		1,243,367		34,858
Asset-backed securities	268,677		4,118		11,828		227		280,505		4,345
Corporate notes	26,272		1,538		25,915		985		52,187		2,523
Total temporarily-impaired securities	$	1,586,756	$	38,920	$	1,161,369	$	32,811	$	2,748,125	$	71,731

The applicable dates for determining when securities were in an unrealized loss position were September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017.~~2018. As such, it is possible that a security had a market value ~~that exceeded~~less than its amortized cost on other days during the past twelve-month periods ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017,~~2018, but is not in the "Investments with an Unrealized Loss of less than 12 months" category above.

As shown in the tables above, including both available-for-sale and held-to-maturity investment securities, at September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, Pinnacle Financial had approximately ~~$81.9~~$20.2 million in unrealized losses on ~~$2.69~~$1.1 billion of securities. The unrealized losses associated with ~~the~~ $179.8 million of municipal securities transferred from the available-for-sale portfolio to the held-to-maturity portfolio in 2018 described below represent unrealized losses since the date of purchase, independent of the impact associated with changes in the cost basis upon transfer between portfolios. The unrealized losses associated with these investment securities are driven by changes in interest rates and are not due to the credit quality of the securities. These securities will continue to be monitored as a part of Pinnacle Financial's ongoing impairment analysis. Management evaluates the financial performance of the issuers on a quarterly basis to determine if it is probable that the issuers can make all contractual principal and interest payments. Because Pinnacle Financial currently does not intend to sell those securities that have an unrealized loss at September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, and it is not more-likely-than-not that Pinnacle Financial will be required to sell the securities before recovery of their amortized cost bases, which may be maturity, Pinnacle Financial does not consider these securities to be other-than-temporarily impaired at September 30, ~~2018.~~2019.

In the third quarter of 2018, Pinnacle Financial transferred, at fair value, $179.8 million of municipal securities from the available-for-sale portfolio to the held-to-maturity portfolio. The related net unrealized after tax losses of $2.2 million remained in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and will be amortized over the remaining life of the securities, offsetting the related amortization of discount on the transferred securities. No gains or losses were recognized at the time of the transfer.

Periodically, available-for-sale securities may be sold or the composition of the portfolio realigned to improve yields, quality or marketability, or to implement changes in investment or asset/liability strategy, including maintaining collateral requirements and raising funds for liquidity ~~purposes.~~purposes or preparing for anticipated changes in market interest rates. Additionally, if an available-for-sale security loses its investment grade or tax-exempt status, the underlying credit support is terminated or collection otherwise becomes uncertain based on factors known to management, Pinnacle Financial will consider selling the security, but will review each security on a case-by-case basis as these factors become known. Consistent with the investment policy, during the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 available-for-sale securities of approximately ~~$22.7~~$149.4 million and $626.1 million, respectively, were sold and net unrealized gains, net of tax, of ~~$30,000~~$308,000 and net unrealized losses, net of tax, of $4.4 million, respectively, were reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income into net income.

The carrying values of Pinnacle Financial's investment securities could decline in the future if the financial condition of issuers deteriorates and management determines it is probable that Pinnacle Financial will not recover the entire amortized cost bases of the securities. As a result, there is a risk that other-than-temporary impairment charges may occur in the future. Additionally, there is a risk that other-than-temporary impairment charges may occur in the future if management's intention to hold these securities to maturity and/or recovery changes. Pinnacle Financial has entered into various fair value hedging transactions to mitigate the impact of changing interest rates on the fair values of available for sale securities. See Note 8. Derivative Instruments for disclosure of the gains and losses recognized on derivative instruments and the cumulative fair value hedging adjustments to the carrying amount of the hedged securities.

Note 5.4. Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses

For financial reporting purposes, Pinnacle Financial classifies its loan portfolio based on the underlying collateral utilized to secure each loan. This classification is consistent with those utilized in the Quarterly Report of Condition and Income filed by Pinnacle Bank with the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC).

Pinnacle Financial uses five loan categories: commercial real estate mortgage, consumer real estate mortgage, construction and land development, commercial and industrial, and consumer and other.

•

Commercial real estate mortgage loans. Commercial real estate mortgage loans are categorized as such based on investor exposures where repayment is largely dependent upon the operation, refinance, or sale of the underlying real estate. Commercial real estate mortgage loans also includes owner-occupied commercial real estate which Pinnacle Financial believes shares a similar risk profile to Pinnacle Financial's commercial and industrial products.


•	Consumer real estate mortgage loans. Consumer real estate mortgage consists primarily of loans secured by 1-4 family residential properties, including home equity lines of credit.

•

Construction and land development loans. Construction and land development loans include loans where the repayment is dependent on the successful operation of the related real estate project. Construction and land development loans include 1-4 family construction projects and commercial construction endeavors such as warehouses, apartments, office and retail space and land acquisition and development.


•	Commercial and industrial loans. Commercial and industrial loans include loans to business enterprises issued for commercial, industrial and/or other professional purposes.


•	Consumer and other loans. Consumer and other loans include all loans issued to individuals not included in the consumer real estate mortgage classification. Examples of consumer and other loans are automobile loans, credit cards and loans to finance education, among others.

~~Commercial real estate mortgage loans~~. Commercial real estate mortgage loans are categorized as such based on investor exposures where repayment is largely dependent upon the operation, refinance, or sale of the underlying real estate. Commercial real estate mortgage loans also includes owner occupied commercial real estate which Pinnacle Financial believes shares a similar risk profile to Pinnacle Financial's commercial and industrial products.

~~Consumer real estate mortgage loans. Consumer real estate mortgage consists primarily of loans secured by 1-4 family residential properties, including home equity lines of credit.~~

~~Construction and land development loans~~. Construction and land development loans include loans where the repayment is dependent on the successful operation of the related real estate project. Construction and land development loans include 1-4 family construction projects and commercial construction endeavors such as warehouses, apartments, office and retail space and land acquisition and development.

~~Commercial and industrial loans. Commercial and industrial loans include loans to business enterprises issued for commercial, industrial and/or other professional purposes.~~

~~Consumer and other loans~~. Consumer and other loans include all loans issued to individuals not included in the consumer real estate mortgage classification. Examples of consumer and other loans are automobile loans, credit cards and loans to finance education, among others.

Commercial loans receive risk ratings assigned by a financial advisor ~~and approved by a senior credit officer~~ subject to validation by Pinnacle Financial's independent loan review department. Risk ratings are categorized as pass, special mention, substandard, substandard-nonaccrual or doubtful-nonaccrual. Pass rated loans include six distinct ratings categories for loans that represent specific attributes. Pinnacle Financial believes that its categories follow those used by Pinnacle Bank's primary regulators. At September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, approximately ~~81.2%~~79.5% of Pinnacle Financial's loan portfolio was analyzed as a commercial loan type with a specifically assigned risk rating. Consumer loans and small business loans are generally not assigned an individual risk rating but are evaluated as either accrual or nonaccrual based on the performance of the individual loans. However, certain consumer real ~~estate mortgage~~estate-mortgage loans and certain consumer and other loans receive a specific risk rating due to the loan proceeds being used for commercial purposes even though the collateral may be of a consumer loan nature.

Risk ratings are subject to continual review by a financial advisor and a senior credit officer. At least annually, Pinnacle Financial's credit procedures require that every risk rated loan of $1.0 million or more be subject to a formal credit risk review ~~process by the assigned financial advisor.~~process. Each loan's risk rating is also subject to review by Pinnacle Financial's independent loan review department, which reviews a substantial portion of Pinnacle Financial's risk rated portfolio annually. Included in the coverage are independent loan reviews of loans in targeted higher-risk portfolio segments such as certain commercial and industrial loans, land loans and/or loan types in certain geographies.

The following table presents Pinnacle Financial's loan balances by primary loan classification and the amount within each risk rating category. Pass rated loans include all credits other than those included in special mention, substandard, substandard-nonaccrual and doubtful-nonaccrual which are defined as follows:

Special mention loans have potential weaknesses that deserve management's close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the asset or in Pinnacle Financial's credit position at some future date.

Substandard loans are inadequately protected by the current net worth and financial capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Assets so classified must have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize collection of the debt. Substandard loans are characterized by the distinct possibility that Pinnacle Financial could sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Substandard-nonaccrual loans are substandard loans that have been placed on nonaccrual status.

Doubtful-nonaccrual loans have all the characteristics of substandard-nonaccrual loans with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions and values, highly questionable and improbable.

The following table outlines the amount of each loan classification categorized into each risk rating category as of September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017~~2018 (in thousands):


	Commercial real estate - mortgage		Consumer real estate - mortgage		Construction and land development		Commercial and industrial		Consumer and other		Total		Commercial real estate - mortgage		Consumer real estate - mortgage		Construction and land development		Commercial and industrial		Consumer and other		Total
September 30, 2018
September 30, 2019
Pass	$	7,058,133	$	2,766,126	$	2,046,299	$	4,866,409	$	366,723	$	17,103,690	$	7,478,442	$	2,983,694	$	2,244,217	$	5,648,775	$	465,607	$	18,820,735
Special Mention	30,291		10,534		3,002		31,213		724		75,764		89,057		5,771		2,846		95,743		710		194,127
Substandard ⁽¹⁾	96,729		13,234		6,313		90,345		66		206,687		119,155		12,948		4,193		121,160		61		257,517
Substandard-nonaccrual	29,966		25,266		3,395		18,280		961		77,868		22,591		23,089		2,047		25,360		176		73,263
Doubtful-nonaccrual	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total loans	$	7,215,119	$	2,815,160	$	2,059,009	$	5,006,247	$	368,474	$	17,464,009	$	7,709,245	$	3,025,502	$	2,253,303	$	5,891,038	$	466,554	$	19,345,642


December 31, 2017
													Commercial real estate - mortgage		Consumer real estate - mortgage		Construction and land development		Commercial and industrial		Consumer and other		Total
December 31, 2018
Pass	$	6,487,368	$	2,503,688	$	1,880,704	$	4,014,656	$	351,359	$	15,237,775	$	6,998,485	$	2,787,570	$	2,059,376	$	5,148,726	$	352,516	$	17,346,673
Special Mention	94,134		18,356		8,148		46,898		1,177		168,713		55,932		7,902		4,334		24,284		711		93,163
Substandard ⁽¹⁾	72,044		21,053		13,468		62,529		79		169,173		78,202		20,906		5,358		75,351		62		179,879
Substandard-nonaccrual	16,064		18,117		5,968		17,258		48		57,455		32,335		28,069		3,387		23,060		983		87,834
Doubtful-nonaccrual	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total loans	$	6,669,610	$	2,561,214	$	1,908,288	$	4,141,341	$	352,663	$	15,633,116	$	7,164,954	$	2,844,447	$	2,072,455	$	5,271,421	$	354,272	$	17,707,549

~~(1)~~

Potential problem loans represent those loans with a well-defined weakness and where information about possible credit problems of borrowers has caused management to have doubts about the borrower's ability to comply with present repayment terms. This definition is believed to be substantially consistent with the standards established by Pinnacle Bank's primary regulators for loans classified as substandard, excluding the impact of nonaccrual loans and troubled debt restructurings. Potential problem loans, which are not included in nonaccrual loans, amounted to approximately $202.5 million at September 30, 2018, compared to $164.0 million at December 31, 2017.

(1) Potential problem loans represent those loans with a well-defined weakness and where information about possible credit problems of borrowers has caused management to have doubts about the borrower's ability to comply with present repayment terms. This definition is believed to be substantially consistent with the standards established by Pinnacle Bank's primary regulators for loans classified as substandard, excluding troubled debt restructurings. Potential problem loans, which are not included in nonaccrual loans, amounted to approximately $254.0 million at September 30, 2019, compared to $176.3 million at December 31, 2018.

Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality are recorded pursuant to the provisions of ASC 310-30, and are referred to as ~~purchase~~purchased credit impaired loans. The following table provides a rollforward of ~~purchase~~purchased credit impaired loans from December 31, ~~2017~~2018 through September 30, ~~2018~~2019 (in thousands):



	Gross Carrying Value			Accretable Yield			Nonaccretable Yield			Net Carrying Value
December 31, 2018	$	42,837		$	(114	)	$	(17,394	)	$	25,329
Acquisition	1,883			—			—			1,883
Reclassification of yield from nonaccretable to accretable	—			(7,505		)	7,505			—
Year-to-date settlements	(12,020		)	1,451			4,229			(6,340		)
September 30, 2019	$	32,700		$	(6,168	)	$	(5,660	)	$	20,872

Gross Carrying Value
Accretable
Yield
Nonaccretable
Yield
Net Carrying
Value
December 31, 2017 $ 74,324
$ (132 ) $ (31,537 ) $ 42,655
Year-to-date settlements (21,332 ) 21
12,262
(9,049 )
September 30, 2018 $ 52,992
$ (111 ) $ (19,275 ) $ 33,606

Certain of these loans have been deemed to be collateral dependent and, as such, no accretable yield has been recorded for these loans. Amounts are reclassified between accretable and nonaccretable yield as cash flow analyses performed on the individual loans indicate an increase or decrease in the amount of cash flows expected to be collected. The carrying value is adjusted for additional draws, pursuant to contractual arrangements, offset by loan paydowns. Year-to-date settlements include both loans that were charged-off as well as loans that were paid off, typically as a result of refinancings at other institutions.

Impaired loans include nonaccrual loans, troubled debt restructurings, and other loans deemed to be impaired but that continue to accrue interest. The following tables detail the recorded investment, unpaid principal balance and related allowance of Pinnacle Financial's impaired loans at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 by loan classification (in thousands):



	At September 30, 2019						At December 31, 2018
	Recorded investment		Unpaid principal balances		Related allowance		Recorded investment		Unpaid principal balances		Related allowance
Impaired loans with an allowance:
Commercial real estate – mortgage	$	13,462	$	13,472	$	1,021	$	14,114	$	14,124	$	724
Consumer real estate – mortgage	19,245		19,368		1,065		19,864		19,991		1,443
Construction and land development	275		271		15		581		579		28
Commercial and industrial	11,591		11,566		1,497		9,252		9,215		1,441



	At September 30, 2019						At December 31, 2018
	Recorded investment		Unpaid principal balances		Related allowance		Recorded investment		Unpaid principal balances		Related allowance
Consumer and other	176		174		10		983		1,005		328
Total	$	44,749	$	44,851	$	3,608	$	44,794	$	44,914	$	3,964

Impaired loans without an allowance:
Commercial real estate – mortgage	$	8,356	$	8,366	$	—	$	14,724	$	14,739	$	—
Consumer real estate – mortgage	4,960		4,958		—		7,247		7,271		—
Construction and land development	20		19		—		1,786		1,786		—
Commercial and industrial	12,897		12,890		—		14,595		14,627		—
Consumer and other	—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	26,233	$	26,233	$	—	$	38,352	$	38,423	$	—

Total impaired loans	$	70,982	$	71,084	$	3,608	$	83,146	$	83,337	$	3,964

For the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, the average balance of impaired loans, was $73.6 million and $81.6 million, respectively, compared to $82.3 million and $73.3 million, respectively, ~~compared to $39.5 million and $36.3 million~~ for the same periods in ~~2017.~~2018. Pinnacle Financial's policy is that the accrual of interest income will be discontinued when (1) there is a significant deterioration in the financial condition of the borrower and full repayment of principal and interest is not expected or (2) the principal or interest is more than 90 days past due, unless the loan is both well secured and in the process of collection. As such, at the date ~~the above mentioned~~ loans ~~were~~are placed on nonaccrual status, Pinnacle Financial ~~reversed~~reverses all previously accrued interest income against current year earnings. Pinnacle Financial's policy is that once a loan is placed on nonaccrual status each subsequent payment is reviewed on a case-by-case basis to determine if the payment should be applied to interest or principal pursuant to regulatory guidelines. As detailed in the following table, Pinnacle Financial recognized no0 interest income from cash payments received on nonaccrual loans during the three months ended September 30, 2019 and $176,000 in interest income from cash payments received on nonaccrual loans during the nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019, compared to ~~no interest income from cash payments received on nonaccrual loans~~$84,000 and $337,000, respectively, during the three ~~months ended September 30, 2017~~ and ~~approximately $65,000 during the~~ nine months ended September 30, ~~2017.~~2018. Had these nonaccruing loans been on accruing status, interest income would have been higher by ~~$1.1~~$1.3 million and ~~$2.8~~$3.5 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 compared to ~~$849,000~~$1.1 million and ~~$2.1~~$2.8 million higher, respectively, ~~higher~~ for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2017.~~2018.

Impaired loans, as disclosed in the table below, include troubled debt restructurings, nonaccrual loans, and loans deemed to be impaired but that continue to accrue interest. The following tables detail the recorded investment, unpaid principal balance and related allowance of Pinnacle Financial's impaired loans at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 by loan classification (in thousands):

At September 30, 2018 At December 31, 2017
Recorded investment Unpaid principal balances Related allowance Recorded investment Unpaid principal balances Related allowance
Impaired loans with an allowance:
Commercial real estate – mortgage $ 10,282
$ 10,305
$ 461
$ 1,850
$ 1,863
$ 95
Consumer real estate – mortgage 15,746
15,808
490
8,028
8,079
410
Construction and land development 563
564
15
2,522
2,528
66
Commercial and industrial 8,908
8,939
1,265
12,521
12,644
1,627
Consumer and other 961
980
147
—
—
—
Total $ 36,460
$ 36,596
$ 2,378
$ 24,921
$ 25,114
$ 2,198

Impaired loans without an allowance:

Commercial real estate – mortgage $ 21,457
$ 21,481
$ —
$ 16,364
$ 16,514
$ —
Consumer real estate – mortgage 6,382
6,419
—
4,144
4,174
—
Construction and land development 2,884
2,883
—
2,645
2,650
—
Commercial and industrial 16,678
16,662
—
10,905
10,902
—
Consumer and other —
—
—
—
—
—
Total $ 47,401
$ 47,445
$ —
$ 34,058
$ 34,240
$ —

Total impaired loans $ 83,861
$ 84,041
$ 2,378
$ 58,979
$ 59,354
$ 2,198

The following table details the average recorded investment and the amount of interest income recognized on a cash basis for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017,~~2018, respectively, of impaired loans by loan classification (in thousands):



	For the three months ended September 30,								For the nine months ended September 30,
	2019				2018				2019				2018
	Average recorded investment		Interest income recognized		Average recorded investment		Interest income recognized		Average recorded investment		Interest income recognized		Average recorded investment		Interest income recognized
Impaired loans with an allowance:
Commercial real estate – mortgage	$	13,050	$	—	$	13,474	$	—	$	14,689	$	—	$	9,297	$	—
Consumer real estate – mortgage	19,508		—		14,162		—		20,887		—		11,476		—
Construction and land development	451		—		1,150		—		587		—		1,301		—
Commercial and industrial	11,113		—		7,470		—		10,070		—		9,345		—
Consumer and other	143		—		912		—		400		—		651		—
Total	$	44,265	$	—	$	37,168	$	—	$	46,633	$	—	$	32,070	$	—

Impaired loans without an allowance:
Commercial real estate – mortgage	$	9,344	$	—	$	22,029	$	84	$	12,521	$	176	$	18,702	$	337
Consumer real estate – mortgage	7,922		—		5,699		—		8,381		—		5,034		—
Construction and land development	10		—		1,442		—		452		—		1,382		—
Commercial and industrial	12,108		—		16,008		—		13,625		—		16,096		—
Consumer and other	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	29,384	$	—	$	45,178	$	84	$	34,979	$	176	$	41,214	$	337

Total impaired loans	$	73,649	$	—	$	82,346	$	84	$	81,612	$	176	$	73,284	$	337

For the three months ended
September 30, For the nine months ended
September 30,
2018 2017 2018 2017
Average recorded investment Interest income recognized Average recorded investment Interest income recognized Average recorded investment Interest income recognized Average recorded investment Interest income recognized
Impaired loans with an allowance:
Commercial real estate – mortgage $ 13,474
$ —
$ 264
$ —
$ 9,297
$ —
$ 350
$ —
Consumer real estate – mortgage 14,162
—
4,593
—
11,476
—
4,230
—
Construction and land development 1,150
—
81
—
1,301
—
78
—
Commercial and industrial 7,470
—
12,235
—
9,345
—
10,068
—
Consumer and other 912
—
362
—
651
—
532
—
Total $ 37,168
$ —
$ 17,535
$ —
$ 32,070
$ —
$ 15,258
$ —

Impaired loans without an allowance:

Commercial real estate – mortgage $ 22,029
$ —
$ 6,981
$ —
$ 18,702
$ —
$ 4,638
$ —
Consumer real estate – mortgage 5,699
—
7,003
—
5,034
—
6,122
—
Construction and land development 1,442
—
1,324
—
1,382
—
1,702
65
Commercial and industrial 16,008
—
6,673
—
16,096
—
8,573
—
Consumer and other —
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Total $ 45,178
$ —
$ 21,981
$ —
$ 41,214
$ —
$ 21,035
$ 65

Total impaired loans $ 82,346
$ —
$ 39,516
$ —
$ 73,284
$ —
$ 36,293
$ 65

At September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017,~~2018, there were ~~$6.1~~$5.8 million and ~~$6.6~~$5.9 million, respectively, of troubled debt restructurings that were performing as of their restructure date and which were accruing interest. Troubled commercial loans are restructured by specialists within Pinnacle Bank's Special Assets Group, and all restructurings are approved by committees and/or credit officers separate and apart from the normal loan approval process. These specialists are charged with reducing Pinnacle Financial's overall risk and exposure to loss in the event of a restructuring by obtaining some or all of the following: improved documentation, additional guaranties, increase in curtailments, reduction in collateral release terms, additional collateral or other similar strategies.

The following table outlines the amount of each loan category where troubled debt restructurings were made during the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017~~2018 (dollars in thousands):



	Three Months Ended September 30,					Nine Months Ended September 30,
2019	Number of contracts	Pre Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment		Post Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment, net of related allowance		Number of contracts	Pre Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment		Post Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment, net of related allowance
Commercial real estate – mortgage	1	$	314	$	297	1	$	314	$	297
Consumer real estate – mortgage	—	—		—		1	712		626
Construction and land development	—	—		—		1	21		19
Commercial and industrial	—	—		—		1	1,397		796
Consumer and other	—	—		—		—	—		—
	1	$	314	$	297	4	$	2,444	$	1,738

2018
Commercial real estate – mortgage	—	$	—	$	—	—	$	—	$	—
Consumer real estate – mortgage	1	169		169		2	206		206
Construction and land development	1	348		348		1	348		348
Commercial and industrial	—	—		—		—	—		—
Consumer and other	—	—		—		—	—		—
	2	$	517	$	517	3	$	554	$	554

Three months ended
September 30, Nine months ended
September 30,
2018
Number
of contracts
Pre Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment Post Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment, net of related allowance
Number
of contracts
Pre Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment Post Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment, net of related allowance
Commercial real estate – mortgage —
$ —
$ —
—
$ —
$ —
Consumer real estate – mortgage 1
169
169
2
206
206
Construction and land development 1
348
348
1
348
348
Commercial and industrial —
—
—
—
—
—
Consumer and other —
—
—
—
—
—
2
$ 517
$ 517
3
$ 554
$ 554

2017

Commercial real estate – mortgage —
$ —
$ —
—
$ —
$ —
Consumer real estate – mortgage —
—
—
1
7
5
Construction and land development —
—
—
—
—
—
Commercial and industrial 1
501
145
3
2,472
1,773
Consumer and other —
—
—
—
—
—
1
$ 501
$ 145
4
$ 2,479
$ 1,778

During the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, ~~and 2017, Pinnacle Financial did not have any~~there were 0 troubled debt restructurings that subsequently defaulted within twelve months of the restructuring.

At ~~both~~ September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017,~~2018, the allowance for loan losses included no0 allowance specifically related to accruing troubled debt restructurings, which are classified as impaired loans pursuant to U.S. GAAP, but which ~~loans~~ continued to accrue interest at contractual rates at ~~those dates.~~that date.

In addition to the loan metrics above, Pinnacle Financial analyzes its commercial loan portfolio to determine if a concentration of credit risk exists to any industries. Pinnacle Financial utilizes broadly accepted industry classification systems in order to classify borrowers into various industry classifications. Pinnacle Financial has a credit exposure (loans outstanding plus unfunded lines of credit) exceeding 25% of Pinnacle Bank's total risk-based capital to borrowers in the following industries at September 30, ~~2018~~2019 with the comparative exposures for December 31, ~~2017~~2018 (in thousands):



	September 30, 2019
	Outstanding Principal Balances		Unfunded Commitments		Total exposure		Total Exposure at December 31, 2018
Lessors of nonresidential buildings	$	3,502,181	$	826,157	$	4,328,338	$	3,932,059
Lessors of residential buildings	1,003,401		549,949		1,553,350		1,484,697
New Housing For-Sale Builders	516,646		580,917		1,097,563		1,100,989
Hotels (except Casino Hotels) and Motels	806,089		167,696		973,785		920,001

September 30, 2018
Outstanding Principal Balances Unfunded Commitments Total exposure Total Exposure at December 31,
2017
Lessors of nonresidential buildings $ 3,146,798
$ 692,316
$ 3,839,114
$ 3,483,597
Lessors of residential buildings 983,084
269,344
1,252,428
1,151,676
Hotels (except Casino Hotels) and Motels 760,355
157,315
917,670
836,320
New Housing For-Sale Builders 459,501
567,914
1,027,415
780,137

Additionally, Pinnacle Financial monitors two ratios regarding construction and commercial real estate lending as part of its concentration management processes. Both ratios are calculated by dividing certain types of loan balances for each of the two categories by Pinnacle Bank’s total risk-based capital. At September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017,~~2018, Pinnacle Bank’s construction and land development loans as a percentage of total risk-based capital were ~~87.8%~~79.9% and ~~89.4%~~85.2%, respectively. Non-owner occupied commercial real estate and multifamily loans (including construction and land development loans) as a percentage of total risk-based

capital were ~~287.6%~~272.8% and ~~297.1%~~277.7% as of September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017,~~2018, respectively. Banking regulations have established guidelines for the construction ratio of less than 100% of total risk-based capital and for the non-owner occupied ratio of less than 300% of total risk-based capital. When a bank’s ratios are in excess of one or both of these guidelines, banking regulations generally require an increased level of monitoring in these lending areas by bank management. ~~While Pinnacle Bank was in excess of the 300% guideline for the first six months of 2018, at~~At September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, Pinnacle Bank was within the 100% and 300% guidelines and has established what it believes to be appropriate controls to monitor its lending in these areas as it aims to keep the level of these loans to below the 100% and 300% thresholds.

The table below presents past due balances by loan classification and segment at September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017,~~2018, allocated between accruing and nonaccrual status (in thousands):



	Accruing										Nonaccruing
September 30, 2019	30-89 days past due and accruing		90 days or more past due and accruing		Total past due and accruing		Current and accruing		Purchased credit impaired		Nonaccrual ⁽¹⁾		Nonaccruing purchased credit impaired ⁽¹⁾		Total loans
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied	$	6,398	$	—	$	6,398	$	2,574,628	$	2,903	$	11,011	$	897	$	2,595,837
All other	5,896		—		5,896		5,091,660		5,169		10,640		43		5,113,408
Consumer real estate – mortgage	9,051		773		9,824		2,989,373		3,216		19,245		3,844		3,025,502
Construction and land development	2,005		—		2,005		2,247,977		1,274		275		1,772		2,253,303
Commercial and industrial	16,524		1,077		17,601		5,847,752		325		23,931		1,429		5,891,038
Consumer and other	3,266		600		3,866		462,512		—		176		—		466,554
Total	$	43,140	$	2,450	$	45,590	$	19,213,902	$	12,887	$	65,278	$	7,985	$	19,345,642


	Accruing										Nonaccruing						Accruing										Nonaccruing
September 30, 2018	30-89 days past due and accruing		90 days or more past due and accruing		Total past due and accruing		Current and accruing		Purchase credit impaired		Nonaccrual ⁽¹⁾		Nonaccruing purchase credit impaired		Total loans
December 31, 2018																	30-89 days past due and accruing		90 days or more past due and accruing		Total past due and accruing		Current and accruing		Purchased credit impaired		Nonaccrual ⁽¹⁾		Nonaccruing purchased credit impaired ⁽¹⁾		Total loans
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied	$	7,756	$	—	$	7,756	$	2,656,228	$	2,769	$	19,738	$	1,754	$	2,688,245	$	10,170	$	—	$	10,170	$	2,623,700	$	2,664	$	16,025	$	874	$	2,653,433
All other	2,633		—		2,633		4,504,385		11,382		5,591		2,883		4,526,874		1,586		—		1,586		4,488,840		5,659		12,634		2,802		4,511,521
Consumer real estate – mortgage	13,358		—		13,358		2,772,801		3,735		19,165		6,101		2,815,160		18,059		—		18,059		2,794,630		3,689		22,564		5,505		2,844,447
Construction and land development	3,368		—		3,368		2,049,468		2,778		2,024		1,371		2,059,009		3,759		—		3,759		2,063,201		2,108		2,020		1,367		2,072,455
Commercial and industrial	10,741		1,128		11,869		4,975,290		808		18,256		24		5,006,247		21,451		1,082		22,533		5,225,205		623		23,022		38		5,271,421
Consumer and other	4,361		645		5,006		362,507		—		961		—		368,474		3,276		476		3,752		349,537		—		983		—		354,272
Total	$	42,217	$	1,773	$	43,990	$	17,320,679	$	21,472	$	65,735	$	12,133	$	17,464,009	$	58,301	$	1,558	$	59,859	$	17,545,113	$	14,743	$	77,248	$	10,586	$	17,707,549

Accruing Nonaccruing
December 31, 2017 30-89 days past due and accruing 90 days or more past due and accruing Total past due and accruing Current and accruing Purchase credit impaired
Nonaccrual ⁽¹⁾
Nonaccruing purchase credit impaired Total loans
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied $ 6,772
$ 104
$ 6,876
$ 2,435,819
$ 4,820
$ 11,395
$ 1,105
$ 2,460,015
All other 16,559
—
16,559
4,177,454
12,018
704
2,860
4,209,595
Consumer real estate – mortgage 14,835
1,265
16,100
2,521,748
5,249
9,320
8,797
2,561,214
Construction and land development 4,136
146
4,282
1,894,560
3,478
2,878
3,090
1,908,288
Commercial and industrial 7,406
1,348
8,754
4,114,127
1,154
17,222
84
4,141,341
Consumer and other 6,311
1,276
7,587
345,076
—
—
—
352,663
Total $ 56,019
$ 4,139
$ 60,158
$ 15,488,784
$ 26,719
$ 41,519
$ 15,936
$ 15,633,116


(1)	Approximately ~~$54.6~~$33.5 million and ~~$45.8~~$52.5 million of nonaccrual loans as of September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017,~~2018, respectively, were performing pursuant to their contractual terms at those dates.

The following table details the changes in the allowance for loan losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017,~~2018, respectively, by loan classification (in thousands):



	Commercial real estate - mortgage			Consumer real estate - mortgage			Construction and land development			Commercial and industrial			Consumer and other			Unallocated		Total
Three months ended September 30, 2019:
Balance at June 30, 2019	$	30,826		$	8,489		$	11,206		$	37,436		$	2,114		$	182	$	90,253
Charged-off loans	(102		)	(194		)	(14		)	(5,082		)	(1,388		)	—		(6,780		)
Recovery of previously charged-off loans	209			901			97			407			300			—		1,914
Provision for loan losses	1,684			(1,426		)	585			1,814			3,278			2,325		8,260
Balance at September 30, 2019	$	32,617		$	7,770		$	11,874		$	34,575		$	4,304		$	2,507	$	93,647

Three months ended September 30, 2018:
Balance at June 30, 2018	$	24,848		$	5,853		$	10,984		$	28,338		$	5,172		$	475	$	75,670
Charged-off loans	(1,968		)	(262		)	(24		)	(3,336		)	(1,359		)	—		(6,949		)
Recovery of previously charged-off loans	63			987			70			1,037			382			—		2,539
Provision for loan losses	3,574			149			(48		)	4,085			618			347		8,725

Commercial real estate - mortgage
Consumer
real estate - mortgage
Construction and land development Commercial and industrial
Consumer
and other
Unallocated Total
Three months ended September 30, 2018:
Balance at June 30, 2018 $ 24,848
$ 5,853
$ 10,984
$ 28,338
$ 5,172
$ 475
$ 75,670
Charged-off loans (1,968 ) (262 ) (24 ) (3,336 ) (1,359 ) —
(6,949 )
Recovery of previously charged-off loans 63
987
70
1,037
382
—
2,539
Provision for loan losses 3,574
149
(48 ) 4,085
618
347
8,725
Balance at September 30, 2018 $ 26,517
$ 6,727
$ 10,982
$ 30,124
$ 4,813
$ 822
$ 79,985

Three months ended September 30, 2017:

Balance at June 30, 2017 $ 16,002
$ 7,835
$ 5,126
$ 24,235
$ 7,549
$ 1,197
$ 61,944
Charged-off loans (572 ) (395 ) (99 ) (1,625 ) (3,296 ) —
(5,987 )
Recovery of previously charged-off loans 169
565
716
562
270
—
2,282
Provision for loan losses 5,191
(2,702 ) 1,780
235
2,396
20
6,920
Balance at September 30, 2017 $ 20,790
$ 5,303
$ 7,523
$ 23,407
$ 6,919
$ 1,217
$ 65,159

Nine months ended September 30, 2018:
Balance at December 31, 2017 $ 21,188
$ 5,031
$ 8,962
$ 24,863
$ 5,874
$ 1,322
$ 67,240
Charged-off loans (2,930 ) (1,533 ) (36 ) (7,600 ) (10,217 ) —
(22,316 )
Recovery of previously charged-off loans 1,517
2,190
1,645
2,492
2,159
—
10,003
Provision for loan losses 6,742
1,039
411
10,369
6,997
(500 ) 25,058
Balance at September 30, 2018 $ 26,517
$ 6,727
$ 10,982
$ 30,124
$ 4,813
$ 822
$ 79,985

Nine months ended September 30, 2017:

Balance at December 31, 2016 $ 13,655
$ 6,564
$ 3,624
$ 24,743
$ 9,520
$ 874
$ 58,980
Charged-off loans (581 ) (663 ) (99 ) (3,278 ) (11,687 ) —
(16,308 )
Recovery of previously charged-off loans 184
1,147
845
1,264
1,663
—
5,103
Provision for loan losses 7,532
(1,745 ) 3,153
678
7,423
343
17,384
Balance at September 30, 2017 $ 20,790
$ 5,303
$ 7,523
$ 23,407
$ 6,919
$ 1,217
$ 65,159



	Commercial real estate - mortgage			Consumer real estate - mortgage			Construction and land development			Commercial and industrial			Consumer and other			Unallocated			Total
Balance at September 30, 2018	$	26,517		$	6,727		$	10,982		$	30,124		$	4,813		$	822		$	79,985

Nine months ended September 30, 2019:
Balance at December 31, 2018	$	26,946		$	7,670		$	11,128		$	31,731		$	5,423		$	677		$	83,575
Charged-off loans	(1,701		)	(1,124		)	(18		)	(13,842		)	(4,643		)	—			(21,328		)
Recovery of previously charged-off loans	1,173			1,642			238			4,749			959			—			8,761
Provision for loan losses	6,199			(418		)	526			11,937			2,565			1,830			22,639
Balance at September 30, 2019	$	32,617		$	7,770		$	11,874		$	34,575		$	4,304		$	2,507		$	93,647

Nine months ended September 30, 2018:
Balance at December 31, 2017	$	21,188		$	5,031		$	8,962		$	24,863		$	5,874		$	1,322		$	67,240
Charged-off loans	(2,930		)	(1,533		)	(36		)	(7,600		)	(10,217		)	—			(22,316		)
Recovery of previously charged-off loans	1,517			2,190			1,645			2,492			2,159			—			10,003
Provision for loan losses	6,742			1,039			411			10,369			6,997			(500		)	25,058
Balance at September 30, 2018	$	26,517		$	6,727		$	10,982		$	30,124		$	4,813		$	822		$	79,985

The following table details the allowance for loan losses and recorded investment in loans by loan classification and by impairment evaluation method as of September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017,~~2018, respectively (in thousands):


	Commercial real estate - mortgage		Consumer real estate - mortgage		Construction and land development		Commercial and industrial		Consumer and other		Unallocated		Total		Commercial real estate - mortgage		Consumer real estate - mortgage		Construction and land development		Commercial and industrial		Consumer and other		Unallocated		Total
September 30, 2018
September 30, 2019
Allowance for Loan Losses:
Collectively evaluated for impairment	$	26,047	$	6,235	$	10,967	$	28,859	$	4,666			$	76,774	$	31,596	$	6,705	$	11,859	$	33,078	$	4,294			$	87,532
Individually evaluated for impairment	461		490		15		1,265		147				2,378		1,021		1,065		15		1,497		10				3,608
Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality ⁽¹⁾	9		2		—		—		—				11		—		—		—		—		—				—
Total allowance for loan losses	$	26,517	$	6,727	$	10,982	$	30,124	$	4,813	$	822	$	79,985	$	32,617	$	7,770	$	11,874	$	34,575	$	4,304	$	2,507	$	93,647

Loans:
Collectively evaluated for impairment	$	7,164,591	$	2,783,196	$	2,051,413	$	4,979,829	$	367,513			$	17,346,542	$	7,678,415	$	2,994,237	$	2,249,962	$	5,864,796	$	466,378			$	19,253,788
Individually evaluated for impairment	31,739		22,128		3,447		25,586		961				83,861		21,818		24,205		295		24,488		176				70,982
Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality	18,789		9,836		4,149		832		—				33,606		9,012		7,060		3,046		1,754		—				20,872
Total loans	$	7,215,119	$	2,815,160	$	2,059,009	$	5,006,247	$	368,474			$	17,464,009	$	7,709,245	$	3,025,502	$	2,253,303	$	5,891,038	$	466,554			$	19,345,642

December 31, 2017
December 31, 2018
Allowance for Loan Losses:
Collectively evaluated for impairment	$	20,753	$	4,460	$	8,879	$	23,181	$	5,874			$	63,147	$	26,222	$	6,227	$	11,100	$	30,290	$	5,095			$	78,934
Individually evaluated for impairment	95		410		66		1,627		—				2,198		724		1,443		28		1,441		328				3,964
Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality⁽¹⁾	340		161		17		55		—				573		—		—		—		—		—				—
Total allowance for loan losses	$	21,188	$	5,031	$	8,962	$	24,863	$	5,874	$	1,322	$	67,240	$	26,946	$	7,670	$	11,128	$	31,731	$	5,423	$	677	$	83,575

Loans:
Collectively evaluated for impairment	$	6,630,593	$	2,534,996	$	1,896,553	$	4,116,677	$	352,663			$	15,531,482	$	7,124,117	$	2,808,142	$	2,066,613	$	5,246,913	$	353,289			$	17,599,074
Individually evaluated for impairment	18,214		12,172		5,167		23,426		—				58,979		28,838		27,111		2,367		23,847		983				83,146
Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality	20,803		14,046		6,568		1,238		—				42,655		11,999		9,194		3,475		661		—				25,329
Total loans	$	6,669,610	$	2,561,214	$	1,908,288	$	4,141,341	$	352,663			$	15,633,116	$	7,164,954	$	2,844,447	$	2,072,455	$	5,271,421	$	354,272			$	17,707,549

⁽¹⁾Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality are recorded at fair value at the time of acquisition. An allowance for loan losses is recorded ~~resulting from~~only in the event of subsequent credit deterioration.

The adequacy of the allowance for loan losses is assessed at the end of each calendar quarter. The level of the allowance is based upon evaluation of the loan portfolio, current asset quality trends, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrowers' ability to repay (including the timing of future payment), the estimated value of any underlying collateral, composition of the loan portfolio, economic conditions, historical loss experience, industry and peer bank loan quality indications and other pertinent factors, including regulatory recommendations. The allowance for loan losses for purchased loans is calculated similarly to the method utilized for legacy Pinnacle Bank loans. Pinnacle Financial's accounting policy is to compare the computed allowance for loan losses for purchased loans on a loan-by-loan basis to any remaining fair value adjustment. If the computed

allowance is greater than the remaining fair value adjustment, the excess is added to the allowance for loan losses by a charge to the provision for loan losses.

At September 30, 2019, Pinnacle Bank had granted loans and other extensions of credit amounting to approximately $10.7 million to current directors, executive officers, and their related entities, of which $6.6 million had been drawn upon. At December 31, 2018, Pinnacle Bank had granted loans and other extensions of credit amounting to approximately $38.6 million to current directors, executive officers, and their related entities, of which $19.6 million had been drawn upon. At December 31, 2017, Pinnacle Bank had granted loans and other extensions of credit amounting to approximately $26.4$37.9 million to directors, executive officers, and their related entities, of which approximately ~~$16.1~~$18.3 million had been drawn upon. None of these loans to directors, executive officers, and their related entities were impaired at September 30, ~~2018~~2019 or December 31, ~~2017.~~2018.

At September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, Pinnacle Financial had approximately ~~$11.4~~$21.3 million in commercial loans held for sale compared to ~~$25.5~~$16.0 million at December 31, ~~2017,~~2018, which primarily included commercial real estate and apartment loans originated for sale to a third-party as part of a multi-family loan program. Such loans are closed under a pass-through commitment structure wherein Pinnacle Bank's loan commitment to the borrower is the same as the third party's take-out commitment to Pinnacle Bank and the third party purchase typically occurs within thirty days of Pinnacle Bank closing with the borrowers.

Residential Lending

At September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, Pinnacle Financial had approximately ~~$46.3~~$54.3 million of mortgage loans held-for-sale compared to approximately ~~$102.7~~$31.8 million at December 31, ~~2017.~~2018. Total loan volumes sold during the nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 were approximately ~~$917.9~~$788.1 million compared to approximately ~~$756.7~~$917.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017.~~2018. During the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, Pinnacle Financial recognized ~~$3.9~~$7.4 million and ~~$11.4~~$18.3 million, respectively, in gains on the sale of these loans, net of commissions paid, compared to ~~$6.0~~$3.9 million and ~~$14.8~~$11.4 million, respectively, net of commissions paid, during the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2017.~~2018.

These mortgage loans held-for-sale are originated internally and are primarily to borrowers in Pinnacle Bank's geographic markets. These sales are typically on a mandatory basis to investors that follow conventional government sponsored entities (GSE) and the Department of Housing and Urban Development/U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (HUD/VA) guidelines.

Each purchaser of a mortgage loan held-for-sale has specific guidelines and criteria for sellers of loans and the risk of credit loss with regard to the principal amount of the loans sold is generally transferred to the purchasers upon sale. While the loans are sold without recourse, the purchase agreements require Pinnacle Bank to make certain representations and warranties regarding the existence and sufficiency of file documentation and the absence of fraud by borrowers or other third parties such as appraisers in connection with obtaining the loan. If it is determined that the loans sold were in breach of these representations or warranties, Pinnacle Bank has obligations to either repurchase the loan for the unpaid principal balance and related investor fees or make the purchaser whole for the economic benefits of the loan. To date, Pinnacle Bank's liability pursuant to the terms of these representations and warranties has been insignificant to Pinnacle Bank.

Note 6.5. Income Taxes

ASC 740, Income Taxes, defines the threshold for recognizing the benefits of tax return positions in the financial statements as "more-likely-than-not" to be sustained by the taxing authority. This section also provides guidance on the derecognition, measurement and classification of income tax uncertainties, along with any related interest and penalties, and includes guidance concerning accounting for income tax uncertainties in interim periods.

The unrecognized tax benefit related to uncertain tax positions related to state income tax filings was ~~$2.8~~$5.1 million at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, ~~compared to $1.3 million at September 30, 2017.~~respectively. No change was recorded to the unrecognized tax benefit related to uncertain tax positions in each of the three and nine month periods ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017.~~2018.

Pinnacle Financial's policy is to recognize interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. For both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, there were no0 interest and penalties recorded in the income ~~statement compared to no interest and penalties for the three months ended and $22,000 in interest and penalties for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively.~~statement.

Pinnacle Financial's effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 was 19.5% and 19.6% compared to 20.7% and 20.3%~~, respectively, compared to 35.2% and 31.9%, respectively,~~ for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2017, primarily due to the reduction in the statutory corporate tax rate following the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act in December 2017.~~2018, respectively. The difference between the effective tax rate and the federal and state income tax statutory rate of 26.14% at September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~39.23% at September 30, 2017~~2018 is primarily due to investments in bank qualified municipal securities, tax benefits of Pinnacle ~~Financial's~~Bank's real estate investment trust subsidiary, participation in the Tennessee Community Investment Tax Credit (CITC) program, and tax benefits associated with share-based compensation, bank-owned life insurance and our captive insurance subsidiary, offset in part by the limitation on deductibility of meals and entertainment ~~expense and FDIC premiums.~~

~~Additionally,~~expense, non-deductible executive compensation and non-deductible FDIC premiums. Income tax expense is also impacted by the vesting of restricted share awards and the exercise of employee stock options, which expense or benefit is recorded as a discrete item as a component of total income tax, the amount of which is dependent upon the change in ~~March 2016,~~ the ~~FASB issued updated guidance to~~ ~~Accounting Standards Update, 2016-09 Stock Compensation Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Activity (ASU 2016-09)~~ ~~intended to simplify~~grant date fair value and ~~improve several aspects~~the vest date fair value of the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of such awards as either equity or liabilities and classification of such awards on the statement of cash flows. The guidance became effective for Pinnacle Financial on January 1, 2017. Included in income tax expenseunderlying award. Accordingly, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018 were excess~~2019 we recognized tax benefits of $131,000 and $832,000, respectively, compared to tax benefits of $199,000 and $3.0 ~~million, respectively, recognized upon the lapse of restrictions on stock awards and stock options exercises, compared to $59,000 and $4.6~~ million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2017.~~2018.

Note 7.6. Commitments and Contingent Liabilities

In the normal course of business, Pinnacle Bank has entered into off-balance sheet financial instruments which include commitments to extend credit (i.e., including unfunded lines of credit) and standby letters of credit. Commitments to extend credit are usually the result of lines of credit granted to existing borrowers under agreements that the total outstanding indebtedness will not exceed a specific amount during the term of the indebtedness. Typical borrowers are commercial concerns that use lines of credit to supplement their treasury management functions, and thus their total outstanding indebtedness may fluctuate during any time period based on the seasonality of their business and the resultant timing of their cash flows. Other typical lines of credit are related to home equity loans granted to consumers. Commitments to extend credit generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. At September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, these commitments amounted to ~~$6.46~~$7.8 billion, of which approximately ~~$949.9 million~~$1.0 billion related to home equity lines of credit.

Standby letters of credit are generally issued on behalf of an applicant (Pinnacle Bank's customer) to a specifically named beneficiary and are the result of a particular business arrangement that exists between the applicant and the beneficiary. Standby letters of credit have fixed expiration dates and are usually for terms of two years or less unless terminated beforehand due to criteria specified in the standby letter of credit. A typical arrangement involves the applicant routinely being indebted to the beneficiary for such items as inventory purchases, insurance, utilities, lease guarantees or other third party commercial transactions. The standby letter of credit would permit the beneficiary to obtain payment from Pinnacle Bank under certain prescribed circumstances. Subsequently, Pinnacle Bank would then seek reimbursement from the applicant pursuant to the terms of the standby letter of credit. At September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, these commitments amounted to ~~$177.8~~$198.4 million.

Pinnacle Bank typically follows the same credit policies and underwriting practices when making these commitments as it does for on-balance sheet instruments. Each customer's creditworthiness is typically evaluated on a case-by-case basis, and the amount of collateral obtained, if any, is based on management's credit evaluation of the customer. Collateral held varies but may include cash, real estate and improvements, marketable securities, accounts receivable, inventory, equipment and personal property.

The contractual amounts of these commitments are not reflected in the consolidated financial statements and only amounts drawn upon would be reflected in the future. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the contractual amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. However, should the commitments be drawn upon and should Pinnacle Bank's customers default on their resulting obligation to Pinnacle Bank, the maximum exposure to credit loss, without consideration of collateral, is represented by the contractual amount of those commitments. At September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, Pinnacle Financial had accrued $2.4 million and $2.9 million, respectively, for the inherent risks associated with these off-balance sheet ~~commitments compared to $3.1 million at December 31, 2017.~~commitments.

Various legal claims also arise from time to time in the normal course of business. In the opinion of management, the resolution of these claims outstanding at September 30, ~~2018 will~~2019 are not expected to have a material adverse impact on Pinnacle Financial's consolidated financial condition, operating results or cash flows.

Note 8.7. Stock Options and Restricted Shares

~~At Pinnacle Financial's annual shareholders' meeting on April 17, 2018, the shareholders of Pinnacle Financial adopted the~~The 2018 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan (the "2018 Plan"). The 2018 Plan subsumed the then existing Pinnacle Financial Partners, Inc. 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2014 Plan") including the approximately 500,000 shares in the aggregate that remained available for issuance thereunder on the date the 2018 Plan was approved by shareholders and increased the maximum number of shares of common stock that may be issued to associates, directors and contractors of Pinnacle Financial and Pinnacle Bank by an additional 1.2 million shares. The 2018 Plan permits Pinnacle Financial to reissue outstanding awards that are subsequently forfeited, settled in cash, withheld by Pinnacle Financial to cover withholding taxes or expire unexercised and returned to the 2018 Plan. At September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, there were approximately ~~1.7~~1.2 million shares available for issuance under the 2018 Plan.

The BNC Bancorp 2013 Amended and Restated Omnibus Stock Incentive Plan (the "BNC Plan") was assumed by Pinnacle Financial in connection with ~~the BNC Merger.~~its merger with BNC. As of September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, the BNC Plan had approximately ~~9,000~~8,000 shares remaining available for issuance to existing associates that were previously BNC ~~associates in future periods. No~~associates. NaN new awards may be granted under equity incentive plans of Pinnacle Financial other than the 2018 Plan except for shares remaining available for issuance to the former BNC associates pursuant to the BNC Plan.

Upon the acquisition of CapitalMark, Pinnacle Financial assumed approximately 858,000 stock options under the CapitalMark Option Plan. NoNaN further shares remain available for issuance under the CapitalMark Option Plan. ~~No options were assumed upon the acquisition of Magna, Avenue or BNC as all preexisting Magna, Avenue and BNC stock options were converted to cash upon acquisition.~~ At September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, all of the remaining options outstanding were granted under the CapitalMark Option Plan.

Common Stock Options

A summary of the stock option activity within the equity incentive plans during the nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and information regarding expected vesting, contractual terms remaining, intrinsic values and other matters is as follows:


	Number		Weighted-Average Exercise Price		Weighted-Average Contractual Remaining Term (in years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value (000's)			Number		Weighted-Average Exercise Price		Weighted-Average Contractual Remaining Term (in years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value (000's)
Outstanding at December 31, 2017	274,586		$	21.40	3.06	$	12,329	⁽¹⁾
Outstanding at December 31, 2018									176,709		$	22.77	2.23	$	4,123	⁽¹⁾
Granted	—								—
Exercised	(90,497	)							(10,285	)
Forfeited	—								—
Outstanding at September 30, 2018	184,089		$	22.67	3.54	$	6,900	⁽²⁾
Options exercisable at September 30, 2018	184,089		$	22.67	3.54	$	6,900	⁽²⁾
Outstanding at September 30, 2019									166,424		$	22.69	2.54	$	5,732	⁽²⁾
Options exercisable at September 30, 2019									166,424		$	22.69	2.54	$	5,732	⁽²⁾


(1)	The aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the underlying awards and the quoted closing price of Pinnacle Financial common stock of ~~$66.30~~$46.10 per common share at December 31, ~~2017~~2018 for the ~~274,586~~176,709 options that were in-the-money at December 31, ~~2017.~~2018.


(2)	The aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the underlying awards and the quoted closing price of Pinnacle Financial common stock of ~~$60.15~~$56.75 per common share at September 30, ~~2018~~2019 for the ~~184,089~~166,424 options that were in-the-money at September 30, ~~2018.~~2019.

Compensation costs related to stock options granted under Pinnacle Financial's equity incentive plans have been fully recognized and all outstanding option awards are fully vested.

Restricted Share Awards

A summary of activity for unvested restricted share awards for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 is as follows:


	Number		Grant Date Weighted-Average Cost		Number		Grant Date Weighted-Average Cost
Unvested at December 31, 2017	936,135		$	50.08
Unvested at December 31, 2018					692,806		$	55.19
Shares awarded	160,638				228,760
Conversion of previously awarded restricted share units to restricted share awards	6,200
Restrictions lapsed and shares released to associates/directors	(352,595	)			(296,878	)
Shares forfeited ⁽¹⁾	(25,547	)			(28,875	)
Unvested at September 30, 2018	724,831		$	55.77
Unvested at September 30, 2019					595,813		$	53.21


(1)	Represents shares forfeited due to employee termination and/or retirement. NoNaN shares were forfeited due to failure to meet performance targets.

Pinnacle Financial has granted restricted share awards to associates ~~senior management~~ and outside directors with a ~~combination~~time-based vesting criteria. Compensation expense associated with time-based vesting restricted share awards is recognized over the time period that the restrictions associated with the awards lapse on a straight-line basis based on the total cost of ~~time and, in~~ the ~~case of senior management, performance vesting criteria.~~award. The following table outlines restricted stock grants that were ~~awarded,~~made, grouped by similar vesting criteria, during the nine months ended September 30, ~~2018:~~2019. The table reflects the life-to-date activity for these awards:

Grant
Year

Group ⁽¹⁾

Vesting
Period in years

Shares
awarded
Restrictions Lapsed and shares released to participants
Shares Forfeited by participants ⁽⁶⁾
Shares Unvested
Time Based Awards
2018
Associates ⁽²⁾
3 - 5 127,789
224
2,783
124,782
2018
Associates ⁽³⁾
3 - 5 16,777
—
500
16,277
Performance Based Awards

2018
Leadership team ⁽⁴⁾
3 6,200
4,340
1,860
—
Outside Director Awards ⁽⁵⁾

2018 Outside directors 1 16,072
1,148
—
14,924



Grant Year	Group ⁽¹⁾	Vesting Period in years			Shares awarded	Restrictions Lapsed and shares released to participants	Shares Forfeited by participants ⁽⁴⁾	Shares Unvested
Time Based Awards
2019	Associates ⁽²⁾	3	-	5	212,211	276	9,815	202,120
Outside Director Awards ⁽³⁾
2019	Outside directors			1	16,549	—	—	16,549

(1)

Groups include employees (referred to as associates above)~~, the leadership team which includes our named executive officers and other key senior leadership members,~~ and outside directors. When the restricted shares are awarded, a participant receives voting rights and forfeitable dividend rights with respect to the shares, but is not able to transfer the shares until the restrictions have lapsed. Once the restrictions lapse, the participant is taxed on the value of the award and may elect to sell some shares (or have Pinnacle Financial withhold some shares) to pay the applicable income taxes associated with the award. Alternatively, the recipient can pay the withholding taxes in cash. For time-based vesting restricted share awards, dividends paid on shares for which the forfeiture restrictions do not lapse will be recouped by Pinnacle Financial at the time of termination. For performance-based vesting awards and time-based vesting awards to Pinnacle Financial's executive officers, dividends are placed into escrow until the forfeiture restrictions on such shares lapse.

the participant is taxed on the value of the award and may elect to sell some shares (or have Pinnacle Financial withhold some shares) to pay the applicable income taxes associated with the award. Alternatively, the recipient can pay the withholding taxes in cash. For time-based vesting restricted share awards, dividends paid on shares for which the forfeiture restrictions do not lapse will be recouped by Pinnacle Financial at the time of termination. For performance-based vesting awards to Pinnacle Financial's directors, dividends are placed into escrow until the forfeiture restrictions on such shares lapse.


(2)	The forfeiture restrictions on these restricted share awards lapse in equal annual installments on the anniversary date of the grant.


(3)	Restricted share awards ~~issued to associates that were former associates of BNC pursuant to legacy BNC incentive plans assumed by Pinnacle Financial.~~


~~(4)~~	Reflects conversion of restricted share units issued in prior years to restricted share awards. The forfeiture restrictions on these restricted share awards lapse in separate equal installments should Pinnacle Financial achieve certain soundness targets over each year of the subsequent vesting period. See further details of these awards under the caption "Restricted Share Units" below.


~~(5)~~	~~Restricted share awards~~ are issued to the outside members of the board of directors in accordance with their board compensation plan. Restrictions lapse on February ~~28, 2019~~29, 2020 based on each individual board member meeting their attendance goals for the various board and board committee meetings to which each member was scheduled to attend.

~~(6)~~(4)

These shares represent forfeitures resulting from recipients whose employment or board membership iswas terminated during the year-to-date period ended September 30, ~~2018 or for which the performance criteria applicable to the award are not achieved.~~2019. Any dividends paid on shares for which the forfeiture restrictions do not lapse will be recouped by Pinnacle Financial at the time of termination or will not be distributed from escrow, as applicable.

Restricted Share Units

The following table details the restricted share unit awards (all of which are performance units) outstanding at September 30, ~~2018:~~2019:


	Units Awarded						Units Awarded
Grant year	Named Executive Officers (NEOs) ⁽¹⁾	Leadership Team other than NEOs	Applicable Performance Periods associated with each tranche (fiscal year)	Service period per tranche (in years)	Subsequent holding period per tranche (in years)	Shares settled into RSAs as of period end ⁽²⁾	Named Executive Officers (NEOs) ⁽¹⁾			Leadership Team other than NEOs	Applicable Performance Periods associated with each tranche (fiscal year)	Service period per tranche (in years)	Subsequent holding period per tranche (in years)	Period in which units to be settled into shares of common stock⁽²⁾
2019							166,211	-	249,343	52,244	2019	2	3	2024
											2020	2		2024
											2021	2	1	2024
2018	96,878-145,339	25,990	2018	2	3	N/A	96,878	-	145,339	25,990	2018	2	3	2023
			2019	2		N/A					2019	2		2023
			2020	2	1	N/A					2020	2	1	2023
2017	72,537-109,339	24,916	2017	2	3	N/A	72,537	-	109,339	24,916	2017	2	3	2022
			2018	2		N/A					2018	2		2022
			2019	2	1	N/A					2019	2	1	2022
2016	73,474-110,223	26,683	2016	2	3	N/A	73,474	-	110,223	26,683	2016	2	3	2021
			2017	2		N/A					2017	2		2021
			2018	2	1	N/A					2018	2	1	2021
2015	58,200-101,850	28,378	2015	2	3	N/A	58,200	-	101,850	28,378	2015	2	3	2020
			2016	2		N/A					2016	2		2020
			2017	2	1	N/A					2017	2	1	2020


(1)	The named executive officers are awarded a range of awards that may be earned based on attainment of goals between a target level of performance and a maximum level of performance.

(2)

Restricted share unit awards granted in 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016 and 2015, ~~will be~~if earned, if certain performance targets (and service periods) are achieved. Additional forfeiture restrictions may thereafter lapse based on Pinnacle Financial's attainment of certain soundness thresholds in future periods and thereafter the unit awards will be settled in shares of Pinnacle Financial ~~common stock.~~Common Stock in the periods noted in the table, if Pinnacle Bank's ratio of non-performing assets to its loans plus ORE is less than amounts established in the applicable award agreement.

Stock compensation expense related to both restricted share awards and restricted share units for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 was $5.0 million and $15.1 million, respectively, compared to $4.5 million and $13.3 million, respectively, ~~compared to $5.8 million and $14.4 million~~ for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2017.~~2018. As of the September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, the total compensation cost related to unvested restricted share awards and restricted share units not yet recognized was $~~35.7~~40.4 million. This expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of ~~2.9~~1.69 years.

Note 9.8. Derivative Instruments

Financial derivatives are reported at fair value in other assets or other liabilities. The accounting for changes in the fair value of a derivative depends on whether it has been designated and qualifies as part of a hedging relationship.

Non-hedge derivatives

For derivatives not designated as hedges, the gain or loss is recognized in current period earnings.

~~Non-hedge derivatives~~

Pinnacle Financial enters into interest rate swaps (swaps) to facilitate customer transactions and meet their financing needs. Upon entering into these instruments to

meet customer needs, Pinnacle Financial enters into offsetting positions in order to minimize the risk to Pinnacle Financial. These swaps ~~are~~qualify as derivatives, but are not designated as hedging instruments. The income statement impact of the offsetting positions is limited to changes in the reserve for ~~counterpary~~counterparty credit risk. A summary of Pinnacle Financial's interest rate swaps ~~related~~ to ~~customers~~facilitate customers' transactions as of September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017~~2018 is included in the following table (in thousands):

September 30, 2018 December 31, 2017
Balance Sheet Location
Notional
Amount

Estimated
Fair Value

Notional
Amount

Estimated
Fair Value
Interest rate swap agreements:
Pay fixed / receive variable swaps Other assets $ 972,816
$ 24,592
$ 748,625
$ 13,771
Pay variable / receive fixed swaps Other liabilities 972,816
(28,436 ) 748,625
(13,866 )
Open trade equity Other assets —
3,707
—
—
Total $ 1,945,632
$ (137 ) $ 1,497,250
$ (95 )



		September 30, 2019					December 31, 2018
	Balance Sheet Location	Notional Amount		Estimated Fair Value			Notional Amount		Estimated Fair Value
Interest rate swap agreements:
Assets	Other assets	$	1,269,880	$	56,846		$	1,059,724	$	22,273
Liabilities	Other liabilities	1,269,880		(57,120		)	1,059,724		(22,401		)
Total		$	2,539,760	$	(274	)	$	2,119,448	$	(128	)

The effects of Pinnacle Financial's interest rate swaps to facilitate customers' transactions on the income statement during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 were as follows (in thousands):



		Amount of Loss Recognized in Income
	Location of Loss Recognized in Income	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	Location of Loss Recognized in Income	2019			2018			2019			2018
Interest rate swap agreements	Other noninterest income	$	(44	)	$	(8	)	$	(146	)	$	(42	)

Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income
Location of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income Three Months Ended September 30,
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2018 2017 2018 2017
Interest rate swap agreements Other noninterest income $ (8 ) $ 7
$ (42 ) $ 20

Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges

For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as a cash flow hedge, the aggregate fair value of the derivative instrument is recorded in other assets or other liabilities with any gain or loss related to changes in fair value recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax. The gain or loss is reclassified into earnings in the same period during which the hedged asset or liability affects earnings and is presented in the same income statement line item as the earnings effect of the hedged asset or liability. Pinnacle Financial uses forward cash flow ~~hedge relationships~~hedges in an effort to manage future interest rate ~~exposure.~~exposure on borrowings. The hedging strategy converts the LIBOR-based variable interest rate on forecasted borrowings to a fixed interest rate and is used in an effort to protect Pinnacle Financial from floating interest rate variability. During the second quarter of 2019, Pinnacle Financial purchased an interest rate floor to mitigate the impact of declining interest rates on LIBOR-based variable rate loans. A summary of Pinnacle Financial's cash flow hedge relationships as of September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017~~2018 are as follows (in thousands):


					September 30, 2018					December 31, 2017									September 30, 2019					December 31, 2018
	Balance Sheet Location	Weighted Average Remaining Maturity (In Years)	Weighted Average Pay Rate	Receive Rate	Notional Amount		Estimated Fair Value			Notional Amount		Estimated Fair Value			Balance Sheet Location	Weighted Average Remaining Maturity (In Years)	Weighted Average Pay Rate	Receive Rate	Notional Amount		Estimated Fair Value			Notional Amount		Estimated Fair Value
Asset derivatives
Interest rate swap agreements	Other assets	2.51	2.61%	3 month LIBOR	$	134,000	$	982		$	—	$	—
Interest rate floor															Other assets	2.09	—%	2.75% minus 1 month LIBOR	$	1,300,000	$	35,681		$	—	$	—
Liability derivatives
Interest rate swap agreements	Other assets	3.89	3.14%	3 month LIBOR	$	66,000	$	(311	)	$	200,000	$	(4,583	)
Interest rate swaps															Other liabilities	2.60	3.09%	3 month LIBOR	$	99,000	$	(3,886	)	$	99,000	$	(1,757	)

The effects of Pinnacle Financial's cash flow hedge relationships on the statement of comprehensive income (loss) during the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017~~2018 were as ~~follows:~~follows, net of tax (in thousands):



	Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
	Three Months Ended September 30,					Nine Months Ended September 30,
Asset derivatives	2019			2018		2019			2018
Interest rate floor - loans	$	1,951		$	—	$	9,875		$	—
Liability derivatives
Interest rate swaps - borrowings	$	(69	)	$	783	$	(1,572	)	$	3,453
	$	1,882		$	783	$	8,303		$	3,453

Amount of Gain Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income
Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
2018 2017 2018 2017
Interest rate swap agreements $ 783
$ 239
$ 3,453
$ 1,307

The cash flow hedges were determined to be highly effective during the periods presented and as a result qualify for hedge accounting treatment. If a hedge was deemed to be ineffective, the amount included in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income would be reclassified into a line item within the statement of income that impacts operating results. The hedge would no longer be considered effective if a portion of the hedge becomes ineffective, the item

hedged is no longer in existence or Pinnacle Financial discontinues hedge accounting. Pinnacle Financial expects the hedges to continue to be highly effective and qualify for hedge accounting during the remaining terms of the swaps. ~~No amounts~~Losses totaling $1.1 million and $946,000 net of tax, respectively, were reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into net income ~~related to these derivatives~~ during the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018 or 2017,~~2019 compared to gains of $145,000 and ~~no amounts~~$429,000 net of tax, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018. Approximately $908,000 in unrealized gains, net of tax, are expected to be reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into net income over the next twelve ~~months. On October 24, 2018,~~months related to previously terminated cash flow swaps with a notional amount of $101.0 million were terminated resulting in a cash settlement equal to previously unrealized gains of $1.0 million. These gains are included in accumulated other comprehensive income and will be amortized into net income over the remaining contractual terms of the swaps.hedges.

Derivatives designated as fair value hedges

For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as a fair value hedge, the gain or loss on the derivative instrument as well as the offsetting loss or gain on the hedged asset or liability attributable to the hedged risk are recognized in current earnings. The gain or loss on the derivative instrument is presented on the same income statement line item as the earnings effect of the hedged item. Pinnacle Financial utilizes interest rate swaps designated as fair value hedges to mitigate the effect of changing interest rates on the fair values of fixed rate callable securities available-for-sale and fixed rate prepayable loans. The hedging strategy on securities converts the fixed interest rates to LIBOR-based variable interest rates. These derivatives are designated as partial term hedges of selected cash flows covering specified periods of time prior to the call dates of the hedged securities. Pinnacle Financial has elected early adoption of FASB ASU 2017-12, which allows such partial term hedge designations. Pinnacle Financial also utilizes interest rate swaps designated as fair value hedges to mitigate the effect of changing interest rates on the fair values of the loans. As allowed under FASB ASU 2017-12, a specified portion of the prepayable loans have been designated as the hedged assets under the "last-of-layer" method. Such hedging designations are allowed on the portion of a closed portfolio of prepayable assets that is not expected to be affected by prepayments, defaults, and other factors affecting the timing and amount of cash flows.

A summary of Pinnacle Financial's fair value hedge relationships as of September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017~~2018 are as follows (in thousands):


					September 30, 2018				December 31, 2017								September 30, 2019					December 31, 2018
	Balance Sheet Location	Weighted Average Remaining Maturity (In Years)	Weighted Average Pay Rate	Receive Rate	Notional Amount		Estimated Fair Value		Notional Amount		Estimated Fair Value		Balance Sheet Location	Weighted Average Remaining Maturity (In Years)	Weighted Average Pay Rate	Receive Rate	Notional Amount		Estimated Fair Value			Notional Amount		Estimated Fair Value
Asset derivatives
Liability derivatives
Interest rate swap agreements - securities	Other assets	7.14	2.89%	3 month LIBOR	$	154,145	$	1,991	$	—	$	—	Other liabilities	7.29	3.08%	3 month LIBOR	$	477,905	$	(51,927	)	$	477,905	$	(14,796	)
Interest rate swap agreements - loans	Other assets	2.89	2.77%	3 month LIBOR	900,000		3,358		—		—		Other liabilities	—	—	—	—		—			900,000		(7,037		)
		3.51	2.79%		$	1,054,145	$	5,349	$	—	$	—		7.29	3.08%		$	477,905	$	(51,927	)	$	1,377,905	$	(21,833	)

The effects of Pinnacle Financial's fair value hedge relationships on the income statement during the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017~~2018 were as ~~follows:~~

Location of Gain
on Derivative
Amount of Gain Recognized in Income
Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
Asset derivatives 2018 2017 2018 2017
Interest rate swap agreements - securities Interest income on securities $ 1,755
$ —
$ 1,991
$ —
Interest rate swap agreements - loans Interest income on loans $ 2,236
$ —
$ 3,358
$ —
follows (in thousands):

Location of Loss
on Hedged Item
Amount of Loss Recognized in Income
Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
Asset derivatives 2018 2017 2018 2017
Interest rate swap agreements - securities Interest income on securities $ (1,755 ) $ —
$ (1,991 ) $ —
Interest rate swap agreements - loans Interest income on loans $ (2,236 ) $ —
$ (3,358 ) $ —



	Location of Gain (Loss) on Derivative	Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income
		Three Months Ended September 30,					Nine Months Ended September 30,
Liability derivatives		2019			2018		2019			2018
Interest rate swaps - securities	Interest income on securities	$	(10,888	)	$	1,755	$	(37,131	)	$	1,991
Interest rate swaps - loans	Interest income on loans	$	—		$	2,236	$	(6,915	)	$	3,358



	Location of Gain (Loss) on Hedged Item
		Three Months Ended September 30,					Nine Months Ended September 30,
Liability derivatives - hedged items		2019		2018			2019		2018
Interest rate swaps - securities	Interest income on securities	$	10,888	$	(1,755	)	$	37,131	$	(1,991	)
Interest rate swaps - loans	Interest income on loans	$	—	$	(2,236	)	$	6,915	$	(3,358	)

The following amounts were recorded on the balance sheet related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges at September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017:~~2018 (in thousands):


	Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets				Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Included in the Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets					Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets				Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Included in the Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets
	September 30, 2018		December 31, 2017		September 30, 2018			December 31, 2017		September 30, 2019		December 31, 2018		September 30, 2019		December 31, 2018
Line item on the balance sheet
Securities available-for-sale	$	147,155	$	—	$	(1,991	)	$	—	$	512,035	$	515,063	$	51,927	$	14,796
Loans ⁽¹⁾	$	896,642	$	—	$	(3,358	)	$	—	$	—	$	907,037	$	—	$	7,037


(1)	The carrying amount as shown represents the designated last-of-layer. At ~~September 30,~~December 31, 2018, the total amortized cost basis of the closed portfolio of loans designated in these hedging relationships was ~~$2.8~~$2.7 billion.

~~On October 23, 2018, Pinnacle Financial entered into an additional swap transaction with~~During the second quarter of 2019, a ~~notional amount of $176.8 million designated as~~ fair value ~~hedges. These derivatives are intended to protect against the effects of changing interest rates~~hedging relationship on ~~the fair values of fixed rate securities. As allowed under FASB ASU 2017-12, these derivatives are designated as partial term hedges covering specified periods of time prior~~loans was unwound resulting in a swap termination payment to the ~~call dates~~counterparty of approximately $14.0 million. The corresponding loan fair value hedging adjustment of $14.0 million as of the ~~hedged securities.~~

date of termination is being amortized over the remaining lives of the designated loans. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, amortization expense totaling $931,000 and $1.4 million, respectively, was recognized as a reduction to interest income on loans.

Note ~~10.~~9. Fair Value of Financial Instruments

FASB ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value in U.S. GAAP and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. The definition of fair value focuses on the exit price, i.e., the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date, not the entry price, i.e., the price that would be paid to acquire the asset or received to assume the liability at the measurement date. The statement emphasizes that fair value is a market-based measurement; not an entity-specific measurement. Therefore, the fair value measurement should be determined based on the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.

Valuation Hierarchy

FASB ASC 820 establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurements. The valuation hierarchy is based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability as of the measurement date. The three levels are defined as follows:

Level 1 – inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

Level 2 – inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument.

Level 3 – inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement.

A financial instrument's categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for assets and liabilities measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such assets and liabilities pursuant to the valuation hierarchy.

Assets

Securities available-for-sale – Where quoted prices are available for identical securities in an active market, securities are classified within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Level 1 securities include highly liquid government securities and certain other financial products. If quoted market prices are not available, then fair values are estimated by using pricing models that use observable inputs or quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics and are classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. In certain cases where there is limited activity or less transparency around inputs to the valuation and more complex pricing models or discounted cash flows are used, securities are classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy.

Other investments – Included in other investments are investments recorded at fair value primarily in certain nonpublic investments and funds. The valuation of these nonpublic investments requires management judgment due to the absence of observable quoted market prices, inherent lack of liquidity and the long-term nature of such assets. These investments are valued initially based upon transaction price. The carrying values of other investments are adjusted either upwards or downwards from the transaction price to reflect expected exit values as evidenced by financing and sale transactions with third parties, or when determination of a valuation adjustment is confirmed through ongoing reviews by senior investment managers. A variety of factors are reviewed and monitored to assess positive and negative changes in valuation including, but not limited to, current operating performance and future expectations of the particular investment, industry valuations of comparable public companies and changes in market outlook and the third-party financing environment over time. In determining valuation adjustments resulting from the investment review process, emphasis is placed on current company performance and market conditions. These investments are included in Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy if the entities and funds are not widely traded and the underlying investments are in privately-held and/or start-up companies for which market values are not readily available. Certain investments in funds for which the underlying assets of the fund represent publicly traded investments are included in Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.

Other assets – Included in other assets are certain assets carried at fair value, including interest rate swap agreements to facilitate customer transactions, interest rate floors designated as cash flow ~~hedge agreements~~hedges, and interest rate locks associated with the mortgage loan pipeline. The carrying amount of interest rate swap agreements is based on Pinnacle Financial's pricing models that utilize observable market inputs. The fair value of the cash flow hedge agreements is determined by calculating the difference between the discounted fixed rate cash flows and the discounted variable rate cash flows. The fair value of the mortgage loan pipeline is based upon the projected sales price of the underlying loans, taking into account market interest rates and other market factors at the measurement date, net of the projected fallout rate. Pinnacle Financial reflects these assets within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy as these assets are valued using similar transactions that occur in the market.

Impaired loans – A loan is classified as impaired when it is probable Pinnacle Financial will be unable to collect all principal and interest payments due in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Impaired loans are measured based on the present value of expected payments using the loan's original effective rate as the discount rate, the loan's observable market price, or the fair value of the collateral less selling costs if the loan is collateral dependent. If the recorded investment in the impaired loan exceeds the measure of fair value, a valuation allowance may be established as a component of the allowance for loan losses or the difference may be recognized as a charge-off. Impaired loans are classified within Level 3 of the hierarchy due to the unobservable inputs used in determining their fair value such as collateral values and the borrower's underlying financial condition.

Other real estate owned – Other real estate owned (OREO) represents real estate foreclosed upon by Pinnacle Bank through loan defaults by customers or acquired by deed in lieu of foreclosure. ~~Substantially all~~A significant portion of these amounts relate to lots, homes and development projects that are either completed or are in various stages of construction for which Pinnacle Financial believes it has adequate collateral. Upon foreclosure, the property is recorded at the lower of cost or fair value, based on appraised value, less selling costs estimated as of the date acquired with any loss recognized as a charge-off through the allowance for loan losses. Additional OREO losses for subsequent valuation downward adjustments are determined on a specific property basis and are included as a component of noninterest expense along with holding costs. Any gains or losses realized at the time of disposal are also reflected in noninterest expense, as applicable. OREO is included in Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy due to the lack of observable market inputs into the determination of fair value as appraisal values are property-specific and sensitive to the changes in the overall economic environment.

Liabilities

Other liabilities – Pinnacle Financial has certain liabilities carried at fair value including certain interest rate swap agreements to facilitate customer transactions, interest rate swaps designated as fair value and ~~the~~ cash flow ~~hedge~~hedges, and interest rate locks associated with the funding for its mortgage loan originations. The fair value of these liabilities is based on Pinnacle Financial's pricing models that utilize observable market inputs and is reflected within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.

The following tables present financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017,~~2018, by caption on the consolidated balance sheets and by FASB ASC 820 valuation hierarchy (as described above) (in thousands):



	Total carrying value in the consolidated balance sheet		Quoted market prices in an active market (Level 1)		Models with significant observable market parameters (Level 2)		Models with significant unobservable market parameters (Level 3)
September 30, 2019
Investment securities available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	48,662	$	—	$	48,662	$	—
U.S. government agency securities	92,246		—		92,246		—
Mortgage-backed securities	1,334,517		—		1,334,517		—
State and municipal securities	1,699,886		—		1,684,020		15,866
Agency-backed securities	162,733		—		162,733		—
Corporate notes and other	55,391		—		55,391		—
Total investment securities available-for-sale	$	3,393,435	$	—	$	3,377,569	$	15,866
Other investments	59,195		—		25,247		33,948
Other assets	96,814		—		96,814		—
Total assets at fair value	$	3,549,444	$	—	$	3,499,630	$	49,814

Other liabilities	$	113,070	$	—	$	113,070	$	—
Total liabilities at fair value	$	113,070	$	—	$	113,070	$	—

December 31, 2018
Investment securities available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	30,300	$	—	$	30,300	$	—
U.S. government agency securities	70,159		—		70,159		—
Mortgage-backed securities	1,310,945		—		1,310,945		—
State and municipal securities	1,229,654		—		1,215,059		14,595
Agency-backed securities	375,582		—		375,582		—
Corporate notes and other	67,046		—		67,046		—
Total investment securities available-for-sale	3,083,686		—		3,069,091		14,595
Other investments	50,791		—		24,369		26,422
Other assets	24,524		—		24,524		—
Total assets at fair value	$	3,159,001	$	—	$	3,117,984	$	41,017

Other liabilities	$	46,550	$	—	$	46,550	$	—
Total liabilities at fair value	$	46,550	$	—	$	46,550	$	—

Total carrying value in the consolidated balance sheet
Quoted market prices in an active market
(Level 1)

Models with significant observable market parameters
(Level 2)

Models with significant unobservable market parameters
(Level 3)
September 30, 2018
Investment securities available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury securities $ 30,528
$ —
$ 30,528
$ —
U.S. government agency securities 63,185
—
63,185
—
Mortgage-backed securities 1,294,545
—
1,294,545
—
State and municipal securities 1,212,271
—
1,196,917
15,354
Agency-backed securities 334,658
—
334,658
—
Corporate notes and other 69,395
—
69,395
—
Total investment securities available-for-sale $ 3,004,582
$ —
$ 2,989,228
$ 15,354
Other investments 49,351
—
24,169
25,182
Other assets 34,700
—
34,700
—
Total assets at fair value $ 3,088,633
$ —
$ 3,048,097
$ 40,536

Other liabilities $ 26,727
$ —
$ 26,727
$ —
Total liabilities at fair value $ 26,727
$ —
$ 26,727
$ —

December 31, 2017
Investment securities available-for-sale:

U.S. Treasury securities $ 30,445
$ —
$ 30,445
$ —
U.S. government agency securities 180,801
—
180,801
—
Mortgage-backed securities 1,263,819
—
1,263,819
—
State and municipal securities 784,612
—
767,583
17,029
Agency-backed securities 173,292
—
173,292
—
Corporate notes and other 82,314
—
82,314
—
Total investment securities available-for-sale 2,515,283
—
2,498,254
17,029
Other investments 53,796
—
24,922
28,874
Other assets 11,812
—
11,812
—
Total assets at fair value $ 2,580,891
$ —
$ 2,534,988
$ 45,903

Other liabilities $ 13,886
$ —
$ 13,886
$ —
Total liabilities at fair value $ 13,886
$ —
$ 13,886
$ —

The following table presents assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017~~2018 (in thousands):


September 30, 2018	Total carrying value in the consolidated balance sheet		Quoted market prices in an active market (Level 1)		Models with significant observable market parameters (Level 2)		Models with significant unobservable market parameters (Level 3)		Total gains (losses) for the year-to-date period then ended
September 30, 2019												Total carrying value in the consolidated balance sheet		Quoted market prices in an active market (Level 1)		Models with significant observable market parameters (Level 2)		Models with significant unobservable market parameters (Level 3)
Other real estate owned	$	17,467	$	—	$	—	$	17,467	$	259		$	30,049	$	—	$	—	$	30,049
Impaired loans, net ⁽¹⁾	34,082		—		—		34,082		(133		)	41,141		—		—		41,141
Total	$	51,549	$	—	$	—	$	51,549	$	126		$	71,190	$	—	$	—	$	71,190

December 31, 2017
December 31, 2018
Other real estate owned	$	27,831	$	—	$	—	$	27,831	$	203		$	15,165	$	—	$	—	$	15,165
Impaired loans, net ⁽¹⁾	22,723		—		—		22,723		(4		)	40,830		—		—		40,830
Total	$	50,554	$	—	$	—	$	50,554	$	199		$	55,995	$	—	$	—	$	55,995

⁽¹⁾ Amount is net of valuation allowance of ~~$2.4~~$3.6 million and ~~$2.2~~$4.0 million at September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017,~~2018, respectively, as required by ASC 310-10, "Receivables."

In the case of the investment securities portfolio, Pinnacle Financial monitors the portfolio to ascertain when transfers between levels have been affected. The nature of the remaining assets and liabilities is such that transfers in and out of any level are expected to be rare. For the nine months ended September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, there were 0 transfers between Levels 1, 2 or 3 of $12.2 million. Transfers out of Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy represent equity securities for which the fair values have been deemed to be not readily determinable and for which the securities are currently carried at cost and evaluated for impairment.3.

The table below includes a rollforward of the balance sheet amounts for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and September 30, ~~2017~~2018 (including the change in fair value) for financial instruments classified by Pinnacle Financial within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy measured at fair value on a recurring basis including changes in fair value due in part to observable factors that are part of the valuation methodology (in thousands):



	For the Three months ended September 30,										For the Nine months ended September 30,
	2019					2018					2019						2018
	Available-for-sale Securities		Other assets			Available-for-sale Securities		Other assets			Available-for-sale Securities			Other assets			Available-for-sale Securities			Other assets
Fair value, beginning of period	$	15,263	$	31,522		$	15,290	$	23,578		$	14,595		$	26,422		$	17,029		$	28,874
Total realized gains included in income	29		1,264			30		81			87			2,193			90			2,858
Changes in unrealized gains/losses included in other comprehensive income for assets and liabilities still held at period-end	574		—			34		—			1,583			—			(597		)	—
Purchases	—		1,777			—		2,455			—			6,965			—			7,273
Issuances	—		—			—		—			—			—			—			—
Settlements	—		(615		)	—		(932		)	(399		)	(1,632		)	(1,168		)	(1,657		)
Transfers out of Level 3	—		—			—		—			—			—			—			(12,166		)
Fair value, end of period	$	15,866	$	33,948		$	15,354	$	25,182		$	15,866		$	33,948		$	15,354		$	25,182
Total realized gains included in income related to financial assets and liabilities still on the consolidated balance sheet at period-end	$	29	$	1,264		$	30	$	81		$	87		$	2,193		$	90		$	2,858

For the three months ended September 30, For the nine months ended September 30,
2018 2017 2018 2017
Available-for-sale Securities Other
assets Available-for-sale Securities Other
assets Available-for-sale Securities
Other
assets
Available-for-sale Securities
Other
assets
Fair value, beginning of period $ 15,290
$ 23,578
$ —
$ 27,850
$ 17,029
$ 28,874
$ —
$ 10,478
Total realized gains included in income 30
81
—
188
90
2,858
—
625
Changes in unrealized gains/losses included in other comprehensive income for assets and liabilities still held at September 30 34
—
—
—
(597 ) —
—
—
Acquired —
—
—
—
—
—
—
17,062
Purchases —
2,455
—
815
—
7,273
—
1,584
Issuances —
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Settlements —
(932 ) —
(376 ) (1,168 ) (1,657 ) —
(1,272 )
Transfers out of Level 3 —
—
—
—
—
(12,166 ) —
—
Fair value, end of period $ 15,354
$ 25,182
$ —
$ 28,477
$ 15,354
$ 25,182
$ —
$ 28,477
Total realized gains included in income related to financial assets and liabilities still on the consolidated balance sheet at September 30 $ 30
$ 81
$ —
$ 188
$ 90
$ 2,858
$ —
$ 625

The following methods and assumptions were used by Pinnacle Financial in estimating its fair value disclosures for financial instruments that are not measured at fair value. In cases where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on estimates using discounted cash flow models. Those models are significantly affected by the assumptions used, including the discount rates, estimates of future cash flows and borrower creditworthiness. The fair value estimates presented herein are based on pertinent information available to management as of September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017.~~2018. Such amounts have not been revalued for purposes of these consolidated financial statements since those dates and, therefore, current estimates of fair value may differ significantly from the amounts presented herein.

Securities held-to-maturity - Estimated fair values for investment securities are based on quoted market prices where available. If quoted market prices are not available, then fair values are estimated by using pricing models that use observable inputs or quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics.

Loans - The fair value of Pinnacle Financial's loan portfolio includes a credit risk factor in the determination of the fair value of its loans. This credit risk assumption is intended to approximate the fair value that a market participant would realize in a hypothetical orderly transaction. Pinnacle Financial's loan portfolio is initially fair valued using a segmented approach. Pinnacle Financial divides its loan portfolio into the following categories: variable rate loans, impaired loans and all other loans. The results are then adjusted to account for credit risk.

The values derived from the discounted cash flow approach for our performing loan portfolio incorporate credit risk to determine the exit price. Fair values for impaired loans are estimated using discounted cash flow models or are based on the fair value of the underlying collateral.

Purchased loans, including loans acquired through a merger, are initially recorded at fair value on the date of purchase. Purchased loans that contain evidence of post-origination credit deterioration as of the purchase date are carried at the net present value of expected future cash flows. All other purchased loans are recorded at their initial fair value, and adjusted for subsequent advances, pay downs, amortization or accretion of any fair value premium or discount on purchase, charge-offs and any other adjustment to carrying value.

Loans held-for-sale - Loans held-for-sale are carried at the lower of cost or fair value. The estimate of fair value is based on pricing models and other information.

Deposits, securities sold under agreements to repurchase, Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) advances, subordinated debt and other borrowings - The fair value of demand deposits, savings deposits and securities sold under agreements to repurchase are derived from a selection of market transactions reflecting our peer group. Fair values for certificates of deposit, FHLB advances and subordinated debt are estimated using discounted cash flow models, using current market interest rates offered on certificates, advances and other borrowings with similar remaining maturities.

Off-balance sheet instruments - The fair values of Pinnacle Financial's off-balance-sheet financial instruments are based on fees charged to enter into similar agreements. However, commitments to extend credit do not represent a significant value to Pinnacle Financial until such commitments are funded.

The following table presents the carrying amounts, estimated fair value and placement in the fair value hierarchy of Pinnacle Financial's financial instruments at September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017.~~2018. This table excludes financial instruments for which the carrying amount approximates fair value. For short-term financial assets such as cash, ~~and~~ cash equivalents, and restricted cash, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value due to the relatively short time between the origination of the instrument and its expected realization. For financial liabilities such as non-interest bearing demand, interest-bearing demand, and savings deposits, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value due to these products having no stated maturity (in thousands):


September 30, 2018	Carrying/ Notional Amount		Estimated Fair Value ⁽¹⁾		Quoted market prices in an active market (Level 1)		Models with significant observable market parameters (Level 2)		Models with significant unobservable market parameters (Level 3)
September 30, 2019											Carrying/ Notional Amount		Estimated Fair Value ⁽¹⁾		Quoted market prices in an active market (Level 1)		Models with significant observable market parameters (Level 2)		Models with significant unobservable market parameters (Level 3)
Financial assets:
Securities held-to-maturity	$	194,997	$	192,500	$	—	$	192,500	$	—	$	189,684	$	202,821	$	—	$	202,821	$	—
Loans, net	17,384,024		17,201,694		—		—		17,201,694		19,251,995		19,216,128		—		—		19,216,128
Consumer loans held-for-sale	47,417		47,957		—		47,957		—		73,042		74,161		—		74,161		—
Commercial loans held-for-sale	11,402		11,532		—		11,532		—		21,312		21,638		—		21,638		—

Financial liabilities:
Deposits and securities sold under
agreements to repurchase	18,537,732		17,935,256		—		—		17,935,256		20,096,079		19,442,956		—		—		19,442,956
Federal Home Loan Bank advances	1,520,603		1,481,374		—		—		1,481,374		2,052,548		2,070,645		—		—		2,070,645
Subordinated debt and other borrowings	465,487		439,369		—		—		439,369		750,488		713,051		—		—		713,051

Off-balance sheet instruments:
Commitments to extend credit ⁽²⁾	6,455,039		1,673		—		—		1,673		7,797,246		1,067		—		—		1,067
Standby letters of credit ⁽³⁾	177,796		1,191		—		—		1,191		198,361		1,297		—		—		1,297

December 31, 2017
December 31, 2018
Financial assets:
Securities held-to-maturity	$	20,762	$	20,830	$	—	$	20,830	$	—	$	194,282	$	193,131	$	—	$	193,131	$	—
Loans, net	15,565,876		15,252,953		—		—		15,252,953		17,623,974		17,288,795		—		—		17,288,795
Consumer loans held-for-sale	103,729		104,986		—		104,986		—		34,196		34,929		—		34,929		—
Commercial loans held-for-sale	25,456		25,761		—		25,761		—		15,954		16,296		—		16,296		—

Financial liabilities:
Deposits and securities sold under
agreements to repurchase	16,586,964		16,516,342		—		—		16,516,342		18,953,848		18,337,848		—		—		18,337,848
Federal Home Loan Bank advances	1,319,909		1,313,311		—		—		1,313,311		1,443,589		1,432,003		—		—		1,432,003
Subordinated debt and other borrowings	465,505		445,098		—		—		445,098		485,130		464,616		—		—		464,616

Off-balance sheet instruments:
Commitments to extend credit ⁽²⁾	5,788,425		2,264		—		—		2,264		6,921,689		1,733		—		—		1,733
Standby letters of credit ⁽³⁾	143,684		800		—		—		800		177,475		1,131		—		—		1,131


(1)	Estimated fair values are consistent with an exit-price concept. The assumptions used to estimate the fair values are intended to approximate those that a market-participant would realize in a hypothetical orderly transaction.

(2)

At the end of each quarter, Pinnacle Financial evaluates the inherent risks of the outstanding off-balance sheet commitments. In making this evaluation, Pinnacle Financial evaluates the credit worthiness of the borrower, the collateral supporting the commitments and any other factors similar to those used to evaluate the inherent risks of our loan portfolio. Additionally, Pinnacle Financial evaluates the probability that the outstanding commitment will eventually become a funded loan. As a result, at September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017,~~2018, Pinnacle Financial included in other liabilities ~~$1.7~~$2.4 million and ~~$2.3~~$2.9 million, respectively, representing the inherent risks associated with these off-balance sheet commitments.

(3)

At September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017,~~2018, the aggregate fair value of Pinnacle Financial's standby letters of credit was ~~$1.2~~$1.3 million and ~~$800,000,~~$1.1 million, respectively. These amounts represent the unamortized fee associated with these standby letters of credit and are included in the consolidated balance sheets of Pinnacle Financial and are believed to approximate fair value. These fair values will decrease over time as the existing standby letters of credit approach their expiration dates.

Note ~~11.~~10. Regulatory Matters

Pursuant to Tennessee banking law, Pinnacle Bank may not, without the prior consent of the Commissioner of the Tennessee Department of Financial Institutions (TDFI), pay any dividends to Pinnacle Financial in a calendar year in excess of the total of Pinnacle Bank's retained net income for that year plus the retained net income for the preceding two years. Under Tennessee corporate law, Pinnacle Financial is not permitted to pay dividends if, after giving effect to such payment, it would not be able to pay its debts as they become due in the usual course of business or its total assets would be less than the sum of its total liabilities plus any amounts needed to satisfy any preferential rights if it were dissolving. In addition, in deciding whether or not to declare a dividend of any particular size, Pinnacle Financial's board of directors must consider its and Pinnacle Bank's current and prospective capital, liquidity, and other needs. In addition to state law limitations on Pinnacle Financial's ability to pay dividends, the Federal Reserve imposes limitations on Pinnacle Financial's ability to pay dividends. Federal Reserve regulations limit dividends, stock repurchases and discretionary bonuses to executive officers if Pinnacle Financial's regulatory capital is below the level of regulatory minimums plus the applicable capital conservation buffer. During the nine months ended September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, Pinnacle Bank paid ~~$66.0~~$96.3 million in dividends to Pinnacle Financial. As of September 30, 2019, Pinnacle Bank could pay approximately $617.5 million of additional dividends to Pinnacle Financial without prior approval of the Commissioner of the TDFI. Since the ~~first~~fourth quarter of ~~2016,~~2018, Pinnacle Financial has paid a quarterly common stock dividend of ~~$0.14~~$0.16 per share. ~~On October 16, 2018, Pinnacle's Board of Director's increased it's quarterly cash dividend to $0.16.~~ The amount and timing of all future dividend payments by Pinnacle Financial, if any, is subject to discretion of Pinnacle Financial's board of directors and will depend on Pinnacle Financial's earnings, capital position, financial condition and other factors, including ~~then applicable~~new regulatory capital requirements, as they become known to Pinnacle ~~Financial and Pinnacle Bank's ability to pay dividends to Pinnacle~~ Financial.

Pinnacle Financial and Pinnacle Bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory, and possibly additional discretionary, actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, Pinnacle Financial and Pinnacle Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of the assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance-sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. Pinnacle Financial's and Pinnacle Bank's capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings, and other factors.

Quantitative measures established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy require Pinnacle Financial and its banking subsidiary to maintain minimum amounts and ratios of common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets, Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets, total risk-based capital to risk-weighted assets and Tier 1 capital to average assets.

The final rules implementing the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision's capital guidelines for U.S. banks (Basel III rules) became effective for Pinnacle Financial on January 1, 2015 with full compliance with all of the requirements being phased in over a multi-year schedule, and fully phased in byon January 1, 2019. The minimum capital level requirements applicable to bank holding companies and banks subject to the rules are: (i) a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 4.5%; (ii) a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 6%; (iii) a total risk-based capital ratio of 8%; and (iv) a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4% for all institutions. The Basel III rules also ~~establish~~established a capital conservation buffer of 2.5% ~~(to be~~(which was phased in over three years) above the regulatory minimum risk-based capital ratios. The capital conservation buffer was phased in beginning in January 2016 at 0.625% and ~~is increasing~~increased each year by a like percentage until fully implemented in January 2019. Upon full implementation in January 2019, minimum risk-based capital ratios including the capital conservation buffer are: i) a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 7%, ii) a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 8.5%, and iii) a total risk-based capital ratio of 10.5%. The net unrealized gain or loss on available-for-sale securities is not included in computing regulatory capital. Management believes, as of September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, that Pinnacle Financial and Pinnacle Bank met all capital adequacy requirements to which they are subject. To be categorized as well-capitalized under applicable banking regulations, ~~Pinnacle Financial and~~ Pinnacle Bank must maintain certain total risk-based, Tier 1 risk-based, common equity Tier 1 and Tier 1 leverage ratios as set forth in the following table and not be subject to a written agreement, order or directive to maintain a higher capital level. The capital conservation buffer is not included in the required ratios of the table presented below. Pinnacle Financial's and Pinnacle Bank's actual capital amounts and resulting ratios, not including the capital conservation buffer, are presented in the following table (in thousands):


	Actual				Minimum Capital Requirement				Minimum To Be Well-Capitalized				Actual				Minimum Capital Requirement				Minimum To Be Well-Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Regulations
	Amount		Ratio		Amount		Ratio		Amount		Ratio		Amount		Ratio		Amount		Ratio		Amount		Ratio
At September 30, 2018
At September 30, 2019
Total capital to risk weighted assets:
Pinnacle Financial	$	2,508,348	12.1	%	$	1,656,444	8.0	%	NA		NA		$	3,093,547	13.2	%	$	1,874,904	8.0	%	NA		NA
Pinnacle Bank	$	2,344,597	11.4	%	$	1,650,616	8.0	%	$	2,063,269	10.0	%	$	2,818,988	12.1	%	$	1,869,627	8.0	%	$	2,337,034	10.0	%
Tier 1 capital to risk weighted assets:
Pinnacle Financial	$	1,955,095	9.4	%	$	1,242,333	6.0	%	NA		NA		$	2,238,535	9.6	%	$	1,406,178	6.0	%	NA		NA
Pinnacle Bank	$	2,133,834	10.3	%	$	1,237,962	6.0	%	$	1,650,616	8.0	%	$	2,592,976	11.1	%	$	1,402,221	6.0	%	$	1,869,627	8.0	%
Common equity Tier 1 capital to risk weighted assets
Pinnacle Financial	$	1,954,972	9.4	%	$	931,750	4.5	%	NA		NA		$	2,238,413	9.6	%	$	1,054,634	4.5	%	NA		NA
Pinnacle Bank	$	2,133,711	10.3	%	$	928,471	4.5	%	$	1,341,125	6.5	%	$	2,592,854	11.1	%	$	1,051,665	4.5	%	$	1,519,072	6.5	%
Tier 1 capital to average assets (*):
Pinnacle Financial	$	1,955,095	8.8	%	$	888,029	4.0	%	NA		NA		$	2,238,535	8.9	%	$	1,003,329	4.0	%	NA		NA
Pinnacle Bank	$	2,133,834	9.6	%	$	885,345	4.0	%	$	1,106,681	5.0	%	$	2,592,976	10.4	%	$	998,695	4.0	%	$	1,248,369	5.0	%


	Actual				Minimum Capital Requirement				Minimum To Be Well-Capitalized				Actual				Minimum Capital Requirement				Minimum To Be Well-Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Regulations
	Amount		Ratio		Amount		Ratio		Amount		Ratio		Amount		Ratio		Amount		Ratio		Amount		Ratio
At December 31, 2017
At December 31, 2018
Total capital to risk weighted assets:
Pinnacle Financial	$	2,266,161	12.0	%	$	1,509,496	8.0	%	NA		NA		$	2,580,143	12.2	%	$	1,691,017	8.0	%	NA		NA
Pinnacle Bank	$	2,134,344	11.3	%	$	1,504,765	8.0	%	$	1,880,956	10.0	%	$	2,432,419	11.5	%	$	1,686,046	8.0	%	$	2,107,558	10.0	%
Tier 1 capital to risk weighted assets:
Pinnacle Financial	$	1,725,323	9.1	%	$	1,132,122	6.0	%	NA		NA		$	2,024,193	9.6	%	$	1,268,263	6.0	%	NA		NA
Pinnacle Bank	$	1,936,313	10.3	%	$	1,128,574	6.0	%	$	1,504,765	8.0	%	$	2,218,003	10.5	%	$	1,264,535	6.0	%	$	1,686,046	8.0	%
Common equity Tier 1 capital to risk weighted assets
Pinnacle Financial	$	1,725,219	9.1	%	$	849,092	4.5	%	NA		NA		$	2,024,070	9.6	%	$	951,197	4.5	%	NA		NA
Pinnacle Bank	$	1,936,209	10.3	%	$	846,430	4.5	%	$	1,222,621	6.5	%	$	2,217,880	10.5	%	$	948,401	4.5	%	$	1,369,912	6.5	%
Tier 1 capital to average assets (*):
Pinnacle Financial	$	1,725,323	8.6	%	$	797,861	4.0	%	NA		NA		$	2,024,193	8.9	%	$	909,102	4.0	%	NA		NA
Pinnacle Bank	$	1,936,313	9.7	%	$	796,235	4.0	%	$	995,294	5.0	%	$	2,218,003	9.8	%	$	906,185	4.0	%	$	1,132,731	5.0	%

(*) Average assets for the above calculations were based on the most recent quarter.

Note ~~12.~~11. Subordinated Debt and Other ~~borrowings~~Borrowings

Pinnacle Financial has ~~twelve~~12 wholly-owned subsidiaries that are statutory business trusts created for the exclusive purpose of issuing 30-year capital trust preferred securities. Pinnacle Financial also has a $75.0 million revolving credit facility, of which it had no outstanding borrowings as of September 30, 2019. Additionally, Pinnacle Financial orand Pinnacle Bank ~~has~~have entered into, or assumed in connection with acquisitions, certain other subordinated debt agreements ~~and a revolving credit facility~~ as outlined below ~~and, with respect to the legacy Pinnacle Financial indebtedness,~~ as ~~fully described in the 2017 Form 10-K~~of September 30, 2019 (in thousands):

Name Date
Established Maturity Total Debt Outstanding Interest Rate at
September 30, 2018 Coupon Structure
Trust preferred securities
Pinnacle Statutory Trust I December 29, 2003 December 30, 2033 $ 10,310
5.13 % 30-day LIBOR + 2.80%
Pinnacle Statutory Trust II September 15, 2005 September 30, 2035 20,619
3.80 % 30-day LIBOR + 1.40%
Pinnacle Statutory Trust III September 7, 2006 September 30, 2036 20,619
4.05 % 30-day LIBOR + 1.65%
Pinnacle Statutory Trust IV October 31, 2007 September 30, 2037 30,928
5.18 % 30-day LIBOR + 2.85%
BNC Capital Trust I April 3, 2003 April 15, 2033 5,155
5.59 % 30-day LIBOR + 3.25%
BNC Capital Trust II March 11, 2004 April 7, 2034 6,186
5.19 % 30-day LIBOR + 2.85%
BNC Capital Trust III September 23, 2004 September 23, 2034 5,155
4.74 % 30-day LIBOR + 2.40%
BNC Capital Trust IV September 27, 2006 December 31, 2036 7,217
4.10 % 30-day LIBOR + 1.70%
Valley Financial Trust I June 26, 2003 June 26, 2033 4,124
5.47 % 30-day LIBOR + 3.10%
Valley Financial Trust II September 26, 2005 December 15, 2035 7,217
3.82 % 30-day LIBOR + 1.49%
Valley Financial Trust III December 15, 2006 January 30, 2037 5,155
4.07 % 30-day LIBOR + 1.73%
Southcoast Capital Trust III August 5, 2005 September 30, 2035 10,310
3.90 % 30-day LIBOR + 1.50%

Subordinated Debt

Pinnacle Bank Subordinated Notes July 30, 2015 July 30, 2025 60,000
4.88 %
Fixed ⁽¹⁾
Pinnacle Bank Subordinated Notes March 10, 2016 July 30, 2025 70,000
4.88 %
Fixed ⁽¹⁾
Avenue Subordinated Notes December 29, 2014 December 29, 2024 20,000
6.75 %
Fixed ⁽²⁾
Pinnacle Financial Subordinated Notes November 16, 2016 November 16, 2026 120,000
5.25 %
Fixed ⁽³⁾
BNC Subordinated Notes September 25, 2014 October 1, 2024 60,000
5.50 %
Fixed ⁽⁴⁾
BNC Subordinated Note October 15, 2013 October 15, 2023 10,410
7.08 %
30-day LIBOR + 5.50% ⁽⁵⁾

Other Borrowings

Revolving credit facility ⁽⁶⁾
April 26, 2018 April 25, 2019 —
—
30-day LIBOR + 1.75%

Debt issuance costs and fair value adjustments (7,918 )

Total subordinated debt and other borrowings $ 465,487



Name	Date Established	Maturity	Total Debt Outstanding		Interest Rate at September 30, 2019		Coupon Structure
Trust preferred securities
Pinnacle Statutory Trust I	December 29, 2003	December 30, 2033	$	10,310	4.94	%	30-day LIBOR + 2.80%
Pinnacle Statutory Trust II	September 15, 2005	September 30, 2035	20,619		3.50	%	30-day LIBOR + 1.40%
Pinnacle Statutory Trust III	September 7, 2006	September 30, 2036	20,619		3.75	%	30-day LIBOR + 1.65%
Pinnacle Statutory Trust IV	October 31, 2007	September 30, 2037	30,928		4.97	%	30-day LIBOR + 2.85%
BNC Capital Trust I	April 3, 2003	April 15, 2033	5,155		5.55	%	30-day LIBOR + 3.25%
BNC Capital Trust II	March 11, 2004	April 7, 2034	6,186		5.15	%	30-day LIBOR + 2.85%
BNC Capital Trust III	September 23, 2004	September 23, 2034	5,155		4.70	%	30-day LIBOR + 2.40%

~~______________________~~



Name	Date Established	Maturity	Total Debt Outstanding			Interest Rate at September 30, 2019		Coupon Structure
BNC Capital Trust IV	September 27, 2006	December 31, 2036	7,217			3.80	%	30-day LIBOR + 1.70%
Valley Financial Trust I	June 26, 2003	June 26, 2033	4,124			5.21	%	30-day LIBOR + 3.10%
Valley Financial Trust II	September 26, 2005	December 15, 2035	7,217			3.61	%	30-day LIBOR + 1.49%
Valley Financial Trust III	December 15, 2006	January 30, 2037	5,155			4.00	%	30-day LIBOR + 1.73%
Southcoast Capital Trust III	August 5, 2005	September 30, 2035	10,310			3.60	%	30-day LIBOR + 1.50%

Subordinated Debt
Pinnacle Bank Subordinated Notes	July 30, 2015	July 30, 2025	60,000			4.88	%	Fixed ⁽¹⁾
Pinnacle Bank Subordinated Notes	March 10, 2016	July 30, 2025	70,000			4.88	%	Fixed ⁽¹⁾
Avenue Subordinated Notes	December 29, 2014	December 29, 2024	20,000			6.75	%	Fixed ⁽²⁾
Pinnacle Financial Subordinated Notes	November 16, 2016	November 16, 2026	120,000			5.25	%	Fixed ⁽³⁾
Pinnacle Financial Subordinated Notes	September 11, 2019	September 15, 2029	300,000			4.13	%	Fixed ⁽⁴⁾
BNC Subordinated Notes	September 25, 2014	October 1, 2024	60,000			5.50	%	Fixed ⁽⁵⁾

Other Borrowings
Revolving credit facility ⁽⁶⁾	April 25, 2019	April 24, 2020	—			3.94	%	30-day LIBOR + 1.50%

Debt issuance costs and fair value adjustments			(12,507		)
Total subordinated debt and other borrowings			$	750,488

(1) Migrates to three month LIBOR + 3.128% beginning July 30, 2020 through the end of the term.

(2) Migrates to three month LIBOR + 4.95% beginning January 1, 2020 through the end of the term.

(3) Migrates to three month LIBOR + 3.884% beginning November 16, 2021 through the end of the term.

(4) Migrates to three month LIBOR + 2.775% beginning September 15, 2024 through the end of the term.

(5) Migrates to three month LIBOR + 3.59% beginning October 1, 2019 through the end of the term if not redeemed on that date.

~~(5) Coupon structure includes a floor of 5.5% and a cap of 9.5%.~~

(6) Borrowing capacity on the revolving credit facility is $75.0 million. At September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, there ~~was no~~were 0 amounts outstanding ~~balance~~ under this facility. An unused fee of ~~0.35%~~0.30% is assessed on the average daily unused amount of the loan.

On September 11, 2019, Pinnacle Financial issued $300.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.13% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due 2029 (the 2029 Notes) in a public offering. From, and including, the date of issuance to, but excluding, September 15, 2024, the 2029 Notes will bear interest at an initial fixed rate of 4.13% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on March 15 and September 15, commencing on March 15, 2020. Thereafter, from September 15, 2024 through the maturity date, September 15, 2029, or earlier redemption date, the 2029 Notes will bear interest at a floating rate equal to the then-current three month LIBOR, plus 277.5 basis points for each quarterly interest period (subject to certain provisions regarding use of an alternative base rate upon certain LIBOR transition events), payable quarterly in arrears on March 15, June 15, September 15 and December 15 of each year, commencing on September 15, 2024.

The offering and sale of the 2029 Notes yielded net proceeds of approximately $296.5 million after deducting the underwriting discount and offering expenses payable by Pinnacle Financial. Pinnacle Financial used approximately $8.8 million of such proceeds to redeem the previously outstanding Subordinated Note due October 15, 2023, which Pinnacle Financial assumed in the BNC merger and which carried an interest rate of 7.23% at the time of such redemption. Pinnacle Financial intends to use approximately $210.0 million of the net proceeds of this offering to redeem certain other of its and Pinnacle Bank’s subordinated notes, including the $20.0 million aggregate principal amount of Avenue subordinated notes and $60.0 million aggregate principal amount of BNC subordinated notes, each listed in the table above. Pinnacle Financial also presently intends to redeem the $130.0 million aggregate principal amount of subordinated notes issued by Pinnacle Bank listed in the table above after such notes become eligible for redemption on July 30, 2020. The redemption of the $130.0 million aggregate principal amount of subordinated notes issued by Pinnacle Bank is subject to receipt of all regulatory permissions for such redemption, which Pinnacle Financial has not yet sought, and Pinnacle Financial’s ultimate determination to redeem such notes after they become eligible for redemption. Pinnacle Bank is under no obligation to redeem its subordinated notes. Pinnacle Financial intends to use the remainder of the net proceeds from the offering of the 2029 Notes for general corporate purposes, including providing capital to support the growth of Pinnacle Bank and Pinnacle Financial’s business.

Note 12. Leases

Pinnacle Financial has entered into, or assumed through acquisition, various operating leases, primarily for office space and branch facilities, and through acquisition assumed a single finance lease for a branch facility. Upon adoption of FASB ASU 2016-02

Leases on January 1, 2019, Pinnacle Financial began recognizing right-of-use assets and lease liabilities related to its operating leases. Prior to ASU 2016-02, such assets and liabilities were recognized only for capital leases (referred to as finance leases under the amendments of ASU 2016-02). In accordance with the optional transition method allowed by ASU 2016-11, comparative prior period information included within this note is presented in accordance with guidance in effect during those periods. Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities related to Pinnacle Financial's operating and finance leases are as follows at September 30, 2019 (in thousands):



	Balance Sheet Location	September 30, 2019
Right-of-use assets
Operating leases ⁽¹⁾	Other assets	$	74,151
Finance leases	Premises and equipment, net	2,044
Total right-of-use assets		$	76,195
Lease liabilities
Operating leases	Other liabilities	$	82,150
Finance leases	Other liabilities	3,302
Total lease liabilities		$	85,452

⁽¹⁾ Presented net of tenant improvement allowances of $1.7 million and purchase accounting fair value adjustments of $2.8 million.

Lease costs during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 related to these leases were as follows (in thousands):



	Three Months Ended September 30, 2019			Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
Operating lease cost	$	3,516		$	10,488
Short-term lease cost	43			137
Finance lease cost:
Interest on lease liabilities	60			183
Amortization of right-of-use asset	56			169
Sublease income	(562		)	(1,123		)
Net lease cost	$	3,113		$	9,854

Rent expense related to leases during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 was $3.1 million and $9.4 million, respectively.

Cash flows related to leases during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 were as follows (in thousands):

Lease liabilities are determined based on lease term discounted at an effective rate of interest. Certain lease agreements contain renewal options which are considered in the determination of the lease term if they are deemed reasonably certain to be exercised. Discount rates used to determine the present value of lease payments are based on secured borrowing rates as of the commencement date of the lease. The following table presents the weighted average remaining lease term and weighted average discount rate used to determine lease liabilities at September 30, 2019 (in thousands):



	September 30, 2019
Weighted average remaining lease term:
Operating leases	10.41 years
Finance leases	9.09 years
Weighted average discount rate:
Operating leases	3.28	%
Finance leases	7.22	%

The following table presents a maturity analysis of undiscounted cash flows due under operating leases and finance leases and a reconciliation to total operating lease liabilities and finance lease liabilities at September 30, 2019 (in thousands):



	Operating Leases			Finance Leases
2019 ⁽¹⁾	$	3,403		$	118
2020	12,992			470
2021	12,383			470
2022	10,619			470
2023	9,768			479
Thereafter	50,329			2,548
	99,494			4,555
Less: Imputed interest	(17,344		)	(1,253		)
Total lease liabilities	$	82,150		$	3,302

⁽¹⁾Includes the period from October 1, 2019 through December 31, 2019.

At December 31, 2018, the future minimum lease payments due under operating leases and capital leases, and a reconciliation to total capital lease liabilities were as follows (in thousands):



	Operating Leases		Capital Leases
2019	$	12,889	$	470
2020	11,805		470
2021	11,527		470
2022	9,410		470
2023	8,820		479
Thereafter	43,730		2,548
Future minimum lease payments	$	98,181	4,907
Less: Imputed interest			(1,437		)
Total capital lease liabilities			$	3,470

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following is a discussion of our financial condition at September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017~~2018 and our results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017.~~2018. The purpose of this discussion is to focus on information about our financial condition and results of operations which is not otherwise apparent from our consolidated financial statements. The following discussion and analysis should be read along with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere herein and the risk factors discussed ~~herein and~~ in our ~~Annual~~Quarterly Report on Form ~~10-K~~10-Q for the ~~fiscal year~~quarter ended ~~December 31, 2017 (2017 10-K)~~June 30, 2019 and the other reports we have filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission since we filed ~~the 2017 10-K.~~such 10-Q.

Overview

Our diluted net income per common share for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 was $1.44 and $3.97, respectively, compared to $1.21 and $3.41, respectively, ~~compared to $0.83 and $2.46~~ for the same periods in ~~2017, respectively.~~2018. At September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, loans had increased to ~~$17.46~~$19.3 billion, as compared to ~~$15.63~~$17.7 billion at December 31, ~~2017,~~2018, and total deposits increased to ~~$18.41~~$20.0 billion at September 30, ~~2018~~2019 from ~~$16.45~~$18.8 billion at December 31, 2017. The comparability of our financial performance for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018 compared to the comparable periods in 2017 has been impacted by the June 16, 2017 acquisition of BNC Bancorp (BNC).2018.

~~BNC Acquisition.~~ We acquired BNC on June 16, 2017. BNC's net assets were fair valued at $602.7 million, including loans valued at $5.60 billion and deposits valued at $6.21 billion. This acquisition expanded our footprint into the Carolinas and Virginia.

Each holder of BNC common stock (including restricted shares) received 0.5235 shares of Pinnacle Financial's common stock for each share of BNC common stock held by each shareholder on the closing date. We issued 27,687,100 shares of common stock and paid cash consideration of approximately $129,000, related to fractional shares, to the BNC shareholders. Included in the common stock issued were 136,890 assumed shares of unvested restricted stock that are continuing to vest over their original contractual terms. The fair value of these awards was $9.2 million, with $5.4 million attributable to precombination services provided by the recipients prior to the merger, that accordingly was included as merger consideration.

Results of Operations. Our net interest income increased to ~~$189.4~~$195.8 million and ~~$546.1~~$572.0 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018, respectively,~~2019 compared to ~~$172.9~~$189.4 million and ~~$368.3~~$546.1 million, respectively, for the same periods in the prior year, representing ~~an increase~~increases of ~~$16.5~~$6.4 million and ~~$177.8~~$25.8 million, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 when compared to the comparable ~~period~~periods in ~~2017, much of this growth was~~2018, these increases were largely the result of ~~our merger with BNC as well as continued~~ organic loan growth ~~subsequent to~~during the ~~merger.~~comparable periods. The net interest margin (the ratio of net interest income to average earning assets) for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 was ~~3.65%~~3.43% and ~~3.70%~~3.51%, respectively, compared to ~~3.87%~~3.65% and ~~3.75%~~3.70%, respectively, for the same periods in ~~2017.~~2018 and reflects the competitive rate environments for loans and deposits in our markets, the decline in short-term interest rates and for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 declining levels of positive impact from purchase accounting.

Our provision for loan losses was ~~$8.7~~$8.3 million and ~~$25.1~~$22.6 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018, respectively,~~2019 compared to ~~$6.9~~$8.7 million and ~~$17.4~~$25.1 million, respectively, for the same periods in ~~2017.~~2018. Net charge-offs were ~~$4.4~~$4.9 million and ~~$12.3~~$12.6 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018, respectively,~~2019 compared to ~~$3.7~~$4.4 million and ~~$11.2~~$12.3 million ~~respectively,~~ for the same periods in 2017. Provision expense for all periods was impacted by organic loan growth. For the three and nine months September 30, 2018, provision expense included a $2.5 million provision for potential losses incurred in connection with Hurricane Florence that impacted operations in the Carolinas and Virginia and by charge-offs realized in our consumer portfolio, primarily related to non-prime automobile loans.2018.

At September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, our allowance for loan losses as a percentage of total loans was ~~0.46%~~0.48% compared to ~~0.43%~~0.47% at December 31, ~~2017.~~2018. The ~~calculated~~slight increase in the allowance ~~for loan losses~~ as a percentage of total loans is impacted by the acquired loan portfolios being accounted for at fair value as of the respective acquisition date. At September 30, 2018, the remaining fair value discount for all acquired portfolios was $110.0 million, consisting of $19.3 million of nonaccretable discountprimarily attributable to ~~purchase credit impaired loans and $90.7 million~~provision expense related to organic loan growth during the first nine months of accretable discount. For loans acquired in connection with our mergers, the calculation of the allowance for loan losses subsequent to the acquisition date is consistent with that utilized for legacy Pinnacle Financial loans. Our accounting policy is to compare the computed allowance for loan losses on purchased loans to the remaining fair value adjustment at the individual loan level. Generally the fair value adjustments are expected to accrete to interest income over the remaining contractual life of the underlying loans and decrease proportionately with the related loan balance. However, if the computed allowance is greater than the remaining fair value adjustment, the excess is added to the allowance for loan losses by a provision for loan losses. Additional provisioning for purchased portfolios results from credit deterioration on the individual loan or from increased borrowings on loans and lines that existed as of the acquisition date. Should a loan with a remaining fair value discount be paid off prior to maturity, the remaining fair value discount is recognized as interest income in the period when the loan is paid off.2019.

Noninterest income increased by ~~$8.2~~$31.1 million, or ~~19.0%~~60.5%, and ~~$34.9~~$60.8 million, or ~~32.1%~~42.3%, respectively, during the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018, respectively,~~2019 compared to the same periods in ~~2017. A~~2018. The significant portion of the growth in noninterest income was attributable to an increase in income from our equity method investment in BHG which was $32.2 million and $77.8 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to $14.2 million and $33.3 million, respectively, for the same periods in the prior year. Gains on mortgage loans sold, net, increased by $3.5 million and $6.9 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 as compared to the same periods in the prior year, largely due to the interest rate environment and customer demand in the markets in which we operate. Also impacting noninterest income in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, were $417,000 in net gains and $6.0 million in net losses, respectively, on sales of securities compared to $11,000 in net gains on the sales of securities during the three months ended September 30, 2018 and $41,000 in net gains on sales of securities during the nine months ended September 30, 2018. Other noninterest income increased during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 by $7.5 million and $11.7 million, of which $1.2 million and $3.8 million, respectively, was attributed to increased earnings related to bank owned life insurance, $1.5 million and $1.8 million, respectively, was attributable to revenues associated with customer back-to-back swap transactions, while the remaining increase was realized throughout our other fee revenue lines of business in both periods. Additionally, during the nine months ended September 30, 2019, we incurred a $1.5 million loss from the sale of our remaining non-prime automobile portfolio to finalize our exit from that business.

Noninterest expense increased by $19.0 million, or 16.6%, and $41.2 million, or 12.4%, respectively, during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018. Impacting noninterest expenses during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, was an increase in our associate base in the first nine months of 2019 versus the first nine months of 2018 and the resulting increase in salaries and employment benefits expense of $16.8 million and $35.0 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018, respectively,~~2019 as compared to ~~$8.9 million and $25.5 million for~~ the same periods in the prior year. Increased contributions from our fee-based businesses such as investments, insurance and trust, resulting from both organic growth and our June 16, 2017 merger with BNC as well as gains on bank-owned life insurance also contributed to year-over-year growth in noninterest income.

~~Noninterest expense increased by $4.3 million, or 3.9%, and $89.9 million, or 36.9%, during~~A portion of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, as compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017. The change in noninterest expense during the above noted periods reflects the impact of our merger with BNC that contributed to increased salaries and employment benefits, increased equipment and occupancy costs due to our expanded retail network, increases to our associate base as we continue to hire experienced bankers throughout our footprint, increased marketing and other business development expenses and increased intangible amortization expense offset by decreased merger-related expenses. Salaries and employee benefits were $69.1 million and $196.9 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to $64.3 million and $146.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017. This increase primarily resulted from annual merit increases and our acquisition of BNC on June 16, 2017. At September 30, 2018. There were no merger-related expenses recorded during the three months ended September 30, 2018. Merger-related expenses for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2018 were $8.3~~2019 is attributable in part to a $3.2 million ~~compared to $8.8 million and $12.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively. Merger-related expenses incurred for the nine months ended September 30, 2018~~non-cash impairment charge related to ~~our merger with BNC~~the

proposed consolidation of five offices across the firm's footprint as well as a $2.4 million write-down of facilities and ~~were inclusive of costs associated with associate retention packages and cultural and technology integrations.~~

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, Pinnacle Financial recorded income tax expense of $24.4 million and $67.1 million, respectively, compared to $35.1 million and $68.8 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively. Pinnacle Financial's effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 was 20.7% and 20.3%, respectively, compared to 35.2% and 31.9% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively. The reductionland acquired in the ~~effective tax rate is largely due to the reduction~~BNC acquisition that previously had been held for potential expansion, both of which were recorded in the ~~federal statutory corporate tax rate following enactment~~second quarter of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. Pinnacle Financial's effective tax rate differs from the combined federal and state income tax statutory rate applicable to Pinnacle Financial of 26.14% at September 30, 2018 and 39.23% at September 30, 2017 primarily due to our investments in bank-qualified municipal securities, tax benefits from our real estate investment trust subsidiary, participation in Tennessee's Community Investment Tax Credit (CITC) program, tax benefits associated with bank-owned life insurance and tax savings from our captive insurance subsidiary, offset in part by the limitation on deductibility of meals and entertainment expense and non-deductible FDIC insurance premiums. Tax benefits associated with our equity-based compensation program also reduced our income tax expense in both periods and resulted in tax benefits of $199,000 and $3.0 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, compared to $59,000 and $4.6 million, respectively, for the same periods in the prior year.2019.

Our efficiency ratio (the ratio of noninterest expense to the sum of net interest income and noninterest income) was ~~47.3%~~47.7% and 48.3%, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 compared to ~~50.8%~~47.3% and ~~51.1%~~48.3%, respectively, for the same periods in ~~2017.~~2018. The efficiency ratio measures the amount of expense that is incurred to generate a dollar of revenue. ~~The efficiency ratio improved between~~

During the ~~2017~~three and ~~2018 comparative periods primarily due~~nine months ended September 30, 2019, we recorded income tax expense of $26.7 million and $74.2 million, respectively, compared to $24.4 million and $67.1 million, respectively, for the ~~substantial completion~~three and nine months ended September 30, 2018. Our effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 was 19.5% and 19.6% compared to 20.7% and 20.3%, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018. Our tax rate was also impacted by the vesting and exercise of equity-based awards previously granted under our equity-based compensation program, resulting in the ~~first quarter~~recognition of ~~2018~~tax benefits of $131,000 and $832,000, respectively, for the ~~integration~~three and ~~technology conversion associated with~~nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to tax benefits of $199,000 and $3.0 million, respectively, for the ~~acquisition of BNC.~~three and nine months ended September 30, 2018.

Financial Condition. ~~Reflecting organic growth~~ Net loans increased $1.6 billion, or 9.3%, during the nine months ended September 30, 2019, when compared to December 31, 2018, due to continued economic growth in our core markets, increases in the number of relationship advisors we employ, loans acquired in our acquisition of Advocate Capital and continued focus on attracting new customers to our ~~company, net loans increased $1.82 billion, or 11.7%, during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, when compared to December 31, 2017.~~company. Total deposits were ~~$18.41~~$20.0 billion at September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, compared to ~~$16.45~~$18.8 billion at December 31, ~~2017,~~2018, an increase of ~~$1.96~~$1.2 billion, or ~~11.9%~~6.1%.

Capital and Liquidity. At September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017,~~2018, our capital ratios, including our bank's capital ratios, exceeded regulatory minimum capital requirements and those necessary to be considered well-capitalized under applicable federal regulations. See Note ~~11.~~10. Regulatory Matters in the Notes to our Consolidated Financial ~~Statements.~~Statements elsewhere in this Form 10-Q. From time to time we may be required to support the capital needs of our bank (Pinnacle Bank). At September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, we had approximately ~~$78.8~~$199.0 million of cash at the ~~holding~~parent company, ~~substantially all~~ of which ~~could~~$80.0 million is expected to be utilized to redeem subordinated debt instruments on or around January 1, 2020 that were issued by companies we have acquired. The increase in our cash balances at September 30, 2019 from December 31, 2018 is mainly due to receipt of the net proceeds from the $300 million subordinated notes offering effected in September. The remainder of the cash is available to be used to support our bank. We believe we have various capital raising techniques available to us to provide for the capital needs of our company and bank, ~~including~~such as the $300 million subordinated debt offering issued during the third quarter of 2019 as well as an established line of credit with another bank that can be utilized, subject to the terms and conditions thereof, to provide up to $75 million of additional capital support to Pinnacle Bank and for other matters, if needed. We also have the ability to issue equity or debt securities from time to time as we have done in the past to support the capital needs of Pinnacle Bank and periodically evaluate capital markets conditions to identify opportunistic times to access those markets.

On November 13, 2018, we announced that our board of directors had authorized a share repurchase program for up to $100.0 million of our outstanding common stock. The repurchase program is scheduled to expire upon the earlier of our repurchase of shares of our common stock having an aggregate purchase price of $100.0 million and December 31, 2019. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, we repurchased 873,505 shares of our common stock at a weighted average price of $55.48 and an aggregate cost of $48.5 million. In aggregate, we have repurchased approximately 1.3 million shares, for approximately $69.2 million at a weighted average share price of $54.08 under this share repurchase program through September 30, 2019.

On October 15, 2019, we announced that our board of directors had authorized an additional share repurchase program for up to $100.0 million of our outstanding common stock after completion of the previously announced program. The repurchase program announced on October 15, 2019 is scheduled to expire upon the earlier of our repurchase of shares of our outstanding common stock having an aggregate purchase price of $100.0 million and December 31, 2020.

Critical Accounting Estimates

The accounting principles we follow and our methods of applying these principles conform with U.S. GAAP and with general practices within the banking industry. There have been no significant changes to our Critical Accounting ~~Policies~~Estimates as described in our ~~2017 10-K.~~Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 (2018 10-K).

Results of Operations

The following is a summary of our results of operations (dollars in thousands, except per share data):


	Three months ended September 30,				2018 - 2017 Percent		Nine Months Ended September 30,				2018 - 2017 Percent		Three months ended September 30,				2019 - 2018 Percent		Nine Months Ended September 30,				2019 - 2018 Percent
	2018		2017		Increase (Decrease)		2018		2017		Increase (Decrease)		2019		2018		Increase (Decrease)		2019		2018		Increase (Decrease)
Interest income	$	248,110	$	201,896	22.9	%	$	690,622	$	427,767	61.4	%	$	275,749	$	248,110	11.1	%	$	799,483	$	690,622	15.8	%
Interest expense	58,690		28,986		102.5	%	144,495		59,477		142.9	%	79,943		58,690		36.2	%	227,513		144,495		57.5	%
Net interest income	189,420		172,910		9.5	%	546,127		368,290		48.3	%	195,806		189,420		3.4	%	571,970		546,127		4.7	%
Provision for loan losses	8,725		6,920		26.1	%	25,058		17,384		44.1	%	8,260		8,725		(5.3	)%	22,639		25,058		(9.7	)%
Net interest income after provision for loan losses	180,695		165,990		8.9	%	521,069		350,906		48.5	%	187,546		180,695		3.8	%	549,331		521,069		5.4	%
Noninterest income	51,478		43,248		19.0	%	143,600		108,701		32.1	%	82,619		51,478		60.5	%	204,364		143,600		42.3	%
Noninterest expense	113,990		109,736		3.9	%	333,478		243,587		36.9	%	132,941		113,990		16.6	%	374,678		333,478		12.4	%
Net income before income taxes	118,183		99,502		18.8	%	331,191		216,020		53.3	%	137,224		118,183		16.1	%	379,017		331,191		14.4	%
Income tax expense	24,436		35,060		(30.3	)%	67,069		68,839		(2.6	)%	26,703		24,436		9.3	%	74,215		67,069		10.7	%
Net income	$	93,747	$	64,442	45.5	%	$	264,122	$	147,181	79.5	%	$	110,521	$	93,747	17.9	%	$	304,802	$	264,122	15.4	%

Basic net income per common share	$	1.22	$	0.84	45.2	%	$	3.42	$	2.48	37.9	%	$	1.45	$	1.22	18.9	%	$	3.99	$	3.42	16.7	%

Diluted net income per common share	$	1.21	$	0.83	45.8	%	$	3.41	$	2.46	38.6	%	$	1.44	$	1.21	19.0	%	$	3.97	$	3.41	16.4	%

Net Interest Income.Net interest income represents the amount by which interest earned on various earning assets exceeds interest paid on deposits and other interest-bearing liabilities and is the most significant component of our revenues. Net interest income totaled ~~$189.4~~$195.8 million and ~~$546.1~~$572.0 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, an increase of ~~$16.5~~$6.4 million and ~~$177.8~~$25.8 million, respectively, from the levels recorded in the same periods of ~~2017.~~2018. This increase was attributable to ~~the~~organic growth in our loan portfolio, ~~due to~~the impact of the loans we acquired in connection with our ~~merger with BNC, organic growth,~~acquisition of Advocate Capital and an increase in the interest rates we receive on interest earning assets (including the Advocate Capital loans), offset in part by increases in the volume and the rates we pay on deposits and our other funding sources. ~~Average loans for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 were 14.9% and 49.3%, respectively, greater than average loan balances for the same periods in 2017.~~

The following tables set forth the amount of our average balances, interest income or interest expense for each category of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities and the average interest rate for interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, net interest spread and net interest margin for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017~~2018 (dollars in thousands):


	Three months ended September 30, 2018						Three months ended September 30, 2017						Three Months Ended September 30, 2019						Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
	Average Balances		Interest		Rates/ Yields		Average Balances		Interest		Rates/ Yields		Average Balances		Interest		Rates/ Yields		Average Balances		Interest		Rates/ Yields
Interest-earning assets:
Loans ⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾	$	17,259,139	$	221,901	5.15	%	$	15,016,642	$	183,570	4.91	%	$	19,216,835	$	247,147	5.21	%	$	17,259,139	$	221,901	5.15	%
Securities:
Taxable	1,803,104		12,209		2.69	%	2,080,512		12,067		2.30	%	1,712,265		10,655		2.47	%	1,803,104		12,209		2.69	%
Tax-exempt⁽²⁾	1,272,529		10,074		3.72	%	660,981		4,620		3.72	%	1,795,098		13,313		3.51	%	1,272,529		10,074		3.72	%
Federal funds sold and other	647,728		3,926		2.40	%	379,769		1,639		1.71	%	802,326		4,634		2.29	%	647,728		3,926		2.40	%
Total interest-earning assets	20,982,500		$	248,110	4.76	%	18,137,904		$	201,896	4.50	%	23,526,524		$	275,749	4.78	%	20,982,500		$	248,110	4.76	%
Nonearning assets
Intangible assets	1,857,413						1,860,282						1,866,223						1,857,413
Other nonearning assets	1,285,138						1,213,273						1,741,416						1,285,138
Total assets	$	24,125,051					$	21,211,459					$	27,134,163					$	24,125,051

Interest-bearing liabilities:
Interest-bearing deposits:
Interest bearing DDAs	$	828,420	$	2,566	1.23	%	$	616,404	$	1,213	0.78	%
Interest checking	2,247,605		5,277		0.93	%	2,042,329		2,155		0.42	%	3,237,155		9,517		1.17	%	3,076,025		7,843		1.01	%
Savings and money market	7,284,373		21,125		1.15	%	6,727,136		10,725		0.63	%	7,614,558		27,303		1.42	%	7,284,373		21,125		1.15	%
Time	3,421,451		15,204		1.76	%	2,488,756		5,011		0.80	%	4,351,473		25,711		2.34	%	3,421,451		15,204		1.76	%
Total interest-bearing deposits	13,781,849		44,172		1.27	%	11,874,625		19,104		0.64	%	15,203,186		62,531		1.63	%	13,781,849		44,172		1.27	%
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase	146,864		165		0.44	%	160,726		148		0.37	%	134,197		152		0.45	%	146,864		165		0.44	%
Federal Home Loan Bank advances	1,497,511		8,171		2.16	%	1,059,032		3,959		1.48	%	2,136,928		11,591		2.15	%	1,497,511		8,171		2.16	%
Subordinated debt and other borrowings	468,990		6,182		5.29	%	473,805		5,775		4.84	%	533,194		5,669		4.22	%	468,990		6,182		5.29	%
Total interest-bearing liabilities	15,895,214		58,690		1.46	%	13,568,188		28,986		0.85	%	18,007,505		79,943		1.76	%	15,895,214		58,690		1.46	%
Noninterest-bearing deposits	4,330,917		—		0.00	%	3,953,855		—		0.00	%	4,574,821		—		0.00	%	4,330,917		—		0.00	%
Total deposits and interest-bearing liabilities	20,226,131		$	58,690	1.15	%	17,522,043		$	28,986	0.66	%	22,582,326		$	79,943	1.40	%	20,226,131		$	58,690	1.15	%
Other liabilities	24,490						34,387						286,831						24,490
Stockholders' equity	3,874,430						3,655,029						4,265,006						3,874,430
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$	24,125,051					$	21,211,459
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity													$	27,134,163					$	24,125,051
Net interest income			$	189,420					$	172,910					$	195,806					$	189,420
Net interest spread ⁽³⁾					3.30	%					3.65	%					3.02	%					3.30	%
Net interest margin ⁽⁴⁾					3.65	%					3.87	%					3.43	%					3.65	%

(1) Average balances of nonaccrual loans are included in the above amounts.

(2) Yields ~~based~~computed on ~~the carrying value of those~~ tax-exempt instruments ~~are shown~~ on a ~~fully~~ tax equivalent basis and include ~~$3.8~~$7.5 million of taxable equivalent income for the ~~quarter~~three months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 compared to ~~$3.6~~$3.8 million for the ~~quarter~~three months ended September 30, ~~2017.~~2018. The tax-exempt benefit has been reduced by the projected impact of tax-exempt income that will be disallowed pursuant to IRS Regulations as of and for the then current period presented.

(3) Yields realized on interest-bearing assets less the rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities. The net interest spread calculation excludes the impact of demand deposits. Had the impact of demand deposits been included, the net interest spread for the three months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 would have been ~~3.61%~~3.37% compared to a net interest spread of ~~3.84%~~3.61% for the three months ended September 30, ~~2017.~~2018.

(4) Net interest margin is the result of annualized net interest income calculated on a tax-equivalent basis divided by average interest-earning assets for the period.


	Nine months ended September 30, 2018						Nine months ended September 30, 2017						Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019						Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
	Average Balances		Interest		Rates/ Yields		Average Balances		Interest		Rates/ Yields		Average Balances		Interest		Rates/ Yields		Average Balances		Interest		Rates/ Yields
Interest-earning assets:
Loans ⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾	$	16,653,548	$	621,873	5.04	%	$	11,154,340	$	389,093	4.73	%	$	18,593,509	$	714,179	5.23	%	$	16,653,548	$	621,873	5.04	%
Securities:
Taxable	1,796,816		35,179		2.62	%	1,593,590		26,765		2.25	%	1,779,512		36,438		2.74	%	1,796,816		35,179		2.62	%
Tax-exempt⁽²⁾	1,162,587		25,709		3.51	%	404,756		8,533		3.78	%	1,628,742		37,541		3.67	%	1,162,587		25,709		3.51	%
Federal funds sold and other	476,219		7,861		2.21	%	300,552		3,376		1.50	%	602,148		11,325		2.51	%	476,219		7,861		2.21	%
Total interest-earning assets	20,089,170		$	690,622	4.66	%	13,453,238		$	427,767	4.34	%	22,603,911		$	799,483	4.85	%	20,089,170		$	690,622	4.66	%
Nonearning assets
Intangible assets	1,860,649						1,075,109						1,856,324						1,860,649
Other nonearning assets	1,246,081						830,337						1,580,762						1,246,081
Total assets	$	23,195,900					$	15,358,684					$	26,040,997					$	23,195,900

Interest-bearing liabilities:
Interest-bearing deposits:
Interest bearing DDAs	$	803,230	$	6,483	1.08	%	$	554,196	$	2,712	0.65	%
Interest checking	2,205,466		12,853		0.78	%	1,652,738		5,062		0.41	%	3,173,228		28,145		1.19	%	3,008,696		19,336		0.86	%
Savings and money market	6,850,249		49,294		0.96	%	5,043,033		21,175		0.56	%	7,503,407		80,587		1.44	%	6,850,249		49,294		0.96	%
Time	2,960,055		32,290		1.46	%	1,498,114		9,267		0.83	%	3,937,486		67,004		2.28	%	2,960,055		32,290		1.46	%
Total interest-bearing deposits	12,819,000		100,920		1.05	%	8,748,081		38,216		0.58	%	14,614,121		175,736		1.61	%	12,819,000		100,920		1.05	%
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase	133,489		438		0.44	%	113,687		277		0.33	%	120,346		439		0.49	%	133,489		438		0.44	%
Federal Home Loan Bank advances	1,655,222		24,867		2.01	%	560,121		6,347		1.52	%	2,076,647		33,107		2.13	%	1,655,222		24,867		2.01	%
Subordinated debt and other borrowings	470,564		18,270		5.19	%	401,814		14,637		4.87	%	491,384		18,231		4.96	%	470,564		18,270		5.19	%
Total interest-bearing liabilities	15,078,275		144,495		1.28	%	9,823,703		59,477		0.81	%	17,302,498		227,513		1.76	%	15,078,275		144,495		1.28	%
Noninterest-bearing deposits	4,301,952		—		0.00	%	3,050,640		—		0.00	%	4,391,400		—		—		4,301,952		—		0.00	%
Total deposits and interest-bearing liabilities	19,380,227		$	144,495	1.00	%	12,874,343		$	59,477	0.62	%	21,693,898		$	227,513	1.40	%	19,380,227		$	144,495	1.00	%
Other liabilities	14,145						20,486						212,813						14,145
Stockholders' equity	3,801,528						2,463,855						4,134,286						3,801,528
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$	23,195,900					$	15,358,684
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity													$	26,040,997					$	23,195,900
Net interest income			$	546,127					$	368,290					$	571,970					$	546,127
Net interest spread ⁽³⁾					3.38	%					3.53	%					3.09	%					3.38	%
Net interest margin ⁽⁴⁾					3.70	%					3.75	%					3.51	%					3.70	%

(1) Average balances of nonaccrual loans are included in the above amounts.

(2) Yields ~~based~~computed on ~~the carrying value of those~~ tax-exempt instruments ~~are shown~~ on a ~~fully~~ tax equivalent basis and include ~~$10.4~~$20.9 million of taxable equivalent income for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 compared to ~~$8.3~~$10.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017.~~2018. The tax-exempt benefit has been reduced by the projected impact of tax-exempt income that will be disallowed pursuant to IRS Regulations as of and for the then current period presented.

(3) Yields realized on interest-bearing assets less the rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities. The net interest spread calculation excludes the impact of demand deposits. Had the impact of demand deposits been included, the net interest spread for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 would have been ~~3.67%~~3.45% compared to a net interest spread of ~~3.72%~~3.67% for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017.~~2018.

(4) Net interest margin is the result of annualized net interest income calculated on a tax-equivalent basis divided by average interest-earning assets for the period.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, our net interest margin was 3.43% and 3.51%, respectively, compared to 3.65% and 3.70%, respectively, ~~compared to 3.87% and 3.75%~~ for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2017, respectively.~~2018. Although our net interest margin for the three and ~~nine month~~nine-month periods ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 was positively impacted by yield expansion in our earning asset portfolio (including as a result of our acquisition of Advocate Capital) and growth in interest-earning assets, these increases were offset by increases in our total funding ~~costs. The expansion~~costs and declining levels of ~~our earning asset yields was driven in part by the~~positive impact ~~of recent Federal funds rate increases, which positively impacted our floating and variable rate loan and investment portfolios.~~from purchase accounting. During the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, our earning asset yield increased by 262 basis points and 3219 basis points, respectively, from the same periods in the prior ~~year while~~year. However, our total funding rates increased by 4925 basis points and 3840 basis points, respectively, compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2017.~~2018, outpacing the growth in our yields on earning assets. The increase in our ~~core~~ funding costs was primarily caused by ~~higher prevailing market interest rates~~increased competition and increased ~~FHLB borrowings which have higher interest rates than our deposits.~~use of and associated borrowing costs for noncore funding.

We continue to deploy various asset liability management strategies to manage our risk to interest rate fluctuations. ~~Although the recent rise in interest rates has lifted the yields we receive on earnings assets, pricing~~Pricing for creditworthy borrowers and meaningful depositors is very competitive in our markets and this competition has adversely impacted, and may continue to adversely impact, our margins. We anticipate that this challenging competitive environment will continue during the remainder of ~~2018.~~2019 and into 2020. We also expect the positive impact of purchase accounting on our net interest income will lessen in future periods, which will negatively affect our net interest margin in the remainder of 2019 and into 2020. Though we have sought to mitigate the negative impact that reductions in short-term interest rates would have on our net interest margin through restructuring a portion of our investment securities portfolio, purchasing a loan interest rate floor, and unwinding fixed-to-floating loan interest rate swaps, short-term interest rate cuts like those recently announced by the Federal Reserve, will likely continue to negatively impact our net interest margin particularly if we are not able to fully lower our funding costs on our deposit products as quickly and meaningfully as yields decline on our earning assets. Our net interest margin could additionally be impacted by future interest rate cuts. Though we believe our net interest margin may decrease ~~in future periods. However,~~slightly for the remainder of 2019, we believe our net interest income should continue to increase in ~~2018~~the fourth quarter of 2019 as compared to ~~2017~~the comparable period in 2018 primarily due to ~~an increase in~~increased average earning asset volumes, ~~including both loans and our securities portfolio.~~primarily loans. We seek to fund these increased ~~earning assets~~loan volumes by growing our core deposits, but will utilize ~~wholesale and other forms of~~ noncore funding to fund ~~a shortfall,~~shortfalls, if any. To the extent that our dependence on noncore funding sources increases during the remainder of 2019 our net interest margin would likely be negatively impacted as we may not be able to reduce the rates we pay on these deposits as quickly as we can on core deposits.

Provision for Loan Losses. The provision for loan losses represents a charge to earnings necessary to establish an allowance for loan losses that, in management's evaluation, should be adequate to provide coverage for the inherent losses on outstanding loans. ~~Based upon management's~~The provision for loan losses amounted to $8.3 million and $22.6 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to $8.7 million and $25.1 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018. Provision expense is impacted primarily by organic loan growth in our loan portfolio and by our internal assessment of the credit quality of the loan portfolio ~~we adjust our~~and net charge-offs. Provision expense in the first nine months of 2019 reflected charge-offs primarily related to non-prime automobile loans and commercial losses on loans to borrowers in a variety of industries.

Our allowance for loan losses toreflects an amount deemed appropriate to adequately cover probable losses inherent in the loan ~~portfolio.~~portfolio based on our allowance for loan losses assessment methodology. At September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, our allowance for loan losses as a percentage of total loans was ~~0.46%~~0.48%, up slightly from ~~0.43%~~0.47% at December 31, ~~2017.~~2018. The slight increase in the allowance as a percentage of total loans is primarily attributable to provision expense associated with organic loan growth as our acquired loans, with remaining purchase accounting discounts associated with them, become less impactful to our portfolio mix. The absolute level of our allowance for loan losses is largely driven by continued favorable credit experience in our larger portfolios and we believe it is supported by the strong economies presently in place in the markets in which we operate.

The provision for loan losses amounted to $8.7 million and $25.1 million, respectively, and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to $6.9 million and $17.4 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017. Provision expense is impacted by the absolute level of loans, loan growth, the credit quality of the loan portfolio and the amount of net charge-offs. Provision expense in the third quarter of 2018 continued to be negatively impacted by charge-offs realized in our consumer portfolio, primarily related to non-prime automobile loans, and also reflected the increase in our loan portfolio resulting from organic loan growth in 2018. In addition, we recorded a provision of $2.5 million in the third quarter to absorb potential incurred losses related to Hurricane Florence.

Noninterest Income.Our noninterest income is composed of several components, some of which vary significantly between quarterly and annual periods. Service charges on deposit accounts and other noninterest income generally reflect customer growth trends, while fees from our wealth management departments, ~~the origination of~~gains on mortgage loans ~~and~~sold, gains and losses on the sale of securities and gains or losses related to our efforts to mitigate risks associated with interest rate volatility will often reflect financial market conditions and fluctuate from period to period.

The following is a summary of our noninterest income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 ~~and 2017 (dollars in~~(in thousands):


	Three months ended September 30,					2018 - 2017 Percent	Nine Months Ended September 30,				2018 - 2017 Percent	Three Months Ended September 30,					2019 - 2018 Percent	Nine Months Ended September 30,					2019 - 2018 Percent
	2018			2017		Increase (Decrease)	2018		2017		Increase (Decrease)	2019		2018			Increase (Decrease)	2019			2018		Increase (Decrease)
Noninterest income:
Service charges on deposit accounts	$	6,404		$	5,921	8.2%	$	18,289	$	13,955	31.1%	$	10,193	$	9,972		2.2%	$	27,675		$	26,333	5.1%
Investment services	5,237			3,660		43.1%	15,250		9,592		59.0%	6,270		5,450			15.0%	17,607			15,817		11.3%
Insurance sales commissions	2,126			2,123		0.1%	7,293		5,444		34.0%	2,252		2,126			5.9%	7,327			7,293		0.5%
Gains on mortgage loans sold, net	3,902			5,963		(34.6)%	11,423		14,785		(22.7)%	7,402		3,902			89.7%	18,291			11,423		60.1%
Gain on sale of investment securities, net	11			—		NA	41		—		NA
Investment gains and losses on sales, net												417		11			NM	(6,009		)	41		NM
Trust fees												3,593		3,087			16.4%	10,349			9,768		5.9%
Income from equity method investment	14,236			8,937		59.3%	33,286		25,514		30.5%	32,248		14,236			126.5%	77,799			33,286		133.7%
Trust fees	3,087			2,636		17.1%	9,768		6,019		62.3%
Other noninterest income:
Interchange and other consumer fees	10,682			7,665		39.4%	28,658		21,388		34.0%	9,597		7,112			34.9%	26,199			20,603		27.2%
Bank-owned life insurance	3,397			2,623		29.5%	9,043		5,117		76.7%	4,558		3,397			34.2%	12,853			9,043		42.1%
Loan swap fees	733			1,011		(27.5)%	1,989		1,608		23.7%	2,250		733			207.0%	3,811			1,989		91.6%
SBA loan sales	565			1,134		(50.2)%	3,410		2,156		58.2%	1,168		565			106.7%	2,913			3,410		(14.6)%
Gain (loss) on other equity investments	(85		)	333		(125.5)%	2,216		864		156.5%	584		(85		)	NM	2,198			2,216		(0.8)%
Other noninterest income	1,183			1,242		(4.8)%	2,934		2,259		29.9%	2,087		972			114.7%	3,351			2,378		40.9%
Total other noninterest income	16,475			14,008		17.6%	48,250		33,392		44.5%	20,244		12,694			59.5%	51,325			39,639		29.5%
Total noninterest income	$	51,478		$	43,248	19.0%	$	143,600	$	108,701	32.1%	$	82,619	$	51,478		60.5%	$	204,364		$	143,600	42.3%

The increase in service charges on deposit accounts in the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2017~~2018 is primarily related to increased analysis fees due to an increase in the volume and number of commercial checking accounts resulting from ~~our acquisition of BNC and~~ organic ~~growth within this product subsequent to the closing of that acquisition.~~growth.

Income from our wealth management groups (investments, insurance and trust) is also included in noninterest income. For the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, commissions and fees from investment services at our financial advisory unit, Pinnacle Asset Management, a division of Pinnacle Bank, increased by ~~$1.6~~$820,000 and $1.8 million, ~~and $5.7 million,~~ respectively, as compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2017.~~2018. At September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017,~~2018, Pinnacle Asset Management was receiving commissions and fees in connection with approximately ~~$4.00~~$4.4 billion and ~~$2.98~~$4.0 billion, respectively, in brokerage assets. Revenues from the sale of insurance products by our insurance subsidiaries for the three ~~months ended September 30, 2018 were relatively flat compared to the same period in the prior year~~ and ~~for the~~ nine months ended September 30, ~~2018 up approximately $1.8 million when~~2019 increased by $126,000 and $34,000, respectively, compared to the same ~~period~~periods in the prior year. Included in insurance revenues for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 was ~~$1.0 million~~$884,000 of contingent income received in the first ~~quarter~~nine months of ~~2018 and~~2019 that was based on ~~2017~~2018 sales production and ~~improved~~ claims experience compared to ~~$652,000~~$1.0 million recorded in the same period in the prior year. Additionally, at September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, our trust department was receiving fees on approximately ~~$2.07~~$2.5 billion of managed assets compared to ~~$1.88~~$2.1 billion at September 30, ~~2017,~~2018, reflecting organic ~~growth.~~growth and increased market valuations. The growth in our wealth management businesses is attributable to our expanded distribution platform in our ~~new~~Carolina and Virginia markets as well as the addition of associates in our legacy Tennessee markets.

Gains on mortgage loans sold, net, consists of fees from the origination and sale of mortgage loans. These mortgage fees are for loans primarily originated in our current markets that are subsequently sold to third-party investors. Substantially all of these loan sales transfer servicing rights to the buyer. Generally, mortgage origination fees increase in lower interest rate environments and more robust housing markets and decrease in rising interest rate environments and more challenging housing markets. Mortgage origination fees will fluctuate from quarter to quarter as the rate environment changes. Gains on mortgage loans sold, net, were ~~$3.9~~$7.4 million and ~~$11.4~~$18.3 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018 as~~2019 compared to ~~$6.0~~$3.9 million and ~~$14.8~~$11.4 million, respectively, for the same periods in the prior year. We hedge a portion of our mortgage pipeline as part of a mandatory delivery program. ~~There is positive correlation between the size of the mortgage pipeline and the value of this hedge.~~ The hedge is not designated as a hedge for GAAP purposes and, as such, changes in its fair value are recorded directly through the income statement. There is positive correlation between the dollar amount of the mortgage pipeline and the value of this hedge. Therefore, the ~~size of~~change in the outstanding mortgage pipeline at the end of any reporting period will directly impact the amount of ~~revenue~~gain recorded for mortgage loans held for sale during that reporting period. At September 30, 2019, the mortgage pipeline included $168.9 million in loans expected to close in 2019 compared to $118.6 million in loans at September 30, 2018 expected to close in 2018.

Investment gains and losses on sales, net represent the net gains and losses on sales of investment securities in our available-for-sale securities portfolio during the periods noted. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, we sold approximately $626.1 million of securities for a net loss of $6.0 million as we sought to reposition a portion of our securities portfolio for a declining rate environment compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018 where we sold approximately $22.7 million of securities for a net gain of $41,000.

Included in other noninterest income are interchange and other consumer fees, gains from bank-owned life insurance, swap fees earned for the facilitation of derivative transactions for our clients, SBA loan sales, gains or losses on other equity investments and other noninterest income items. Interchange revenues increased in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 as a result of increased debit and credit card transactions as compared to the comparable periods in 2018 resulting from organic growth. Other noninterest income included changes in the cash surrender value of bank-owned life insurance which was $4.6 million and $12.9 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to $3.4 million and $9.0 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018. The increase in earnings on these bank-owned life insurance policies resulted primarily from the purchase of $100.0 million of new policies during 2018 and $110.0 million of new policies purchased in the first nine months of 2019. The assets that support these policies are administered by the life insurance carriers and the income we recognize (i.e., increases or decreases in the cash surrender value of the policies) on these policies is dependent upon the crediting rates applied by the insurance carriers, which are subject to change at the discretion of the carriers, subject to any ~~one period. An overall~~applicable floors. Earnings on these policies generally are not taxable. Loan swap fees increased by $1.5 million and $1.8 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 as compared to the same periods in 2018 due primarily to reduced third party fees and an increase in the volume of ~~loans~~activity resulting from the current interest rate environment. SBA loan sales are also included in ~~the mortgage pipeline typically results in a gain~~other noninterest income and fluctuate based on the ~~change in~~current market environment. Additionally, the ~~fair market value~~carrying values of other equity investments are adjusted either upwards or downwards from the ~~hedge. Decreases in the volume~~transaction price to reflect expected exit values as evidenced by financing and sale transactions with third parties, or when determination of ~~loans included in the mortgage pipeline are likely to negatively impact the gains we recognize as~~ a ~~result of this program.~~valuation adjustment is confirmed through ongoing reviews by senior investment managers.

Income from equity-method investment.Income from equity-method investment is comprised solely of income from our 49% equity-method investment in BHG. Income from this equity-method investment was ~~$14.2~~$32.2 million and ~~$33.3~~$77.8 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 compared to ~~$8.9~~$14.2 million and ~~$25.5~~$33.3 million, respectively, for the same periods last year. The increased level of contribution we have experienced from BHG in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 when compared to the comparable periods in 2018 reflects the positive results BHG has experienced as a result of enhancements to its business model, including its marketing efforts. Historically, BHG has sold the majority of the loans its originates to a network of bank purchasers though a combination of online auctions, direct sales and its direct purchase option. Throughout 2019, BHG has been retaining more loans on its balance sheet than historically had been the case in recent years. This change in its business model is likely to reduce BHG's revenue in 2019 and 2020 compared to what it would have recognized had it continued to sell a larger percentage of its loans to its bank network of purchasers. We believe, however, over time this practice should produce a less volatile revenue stream than its gain on sale model going forward so long as credit losses remain in line with historical experience.

Income from equity-method investment is recorded net of ~~associated expenses, including~~ amortization expense associated with customer lists and other intangible assets of $475,000 and $1.4 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to $693,000 and $2.1 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018 compared to $832,000 and $2.5 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017.~~2018. At September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, there were ~~$11.3~~$9.2 million of these intangible assets which will be amortized in lesser amounts over the next 1716 years. Also included in income from equity-method investment, is accretion income associated with the fair valuation of certain of BHG's liabilities of $630,000 and $2.0 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, compared to $719,000 and $2.2 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018, compared to $758,000 and $2.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017.~~2018. At September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, there were ~~$8.1~~$5.4 million of these liabilities which will ~~be accreted~~accrete into income in lesser amounts over the next 87 years.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, Pinnacle Financial and Pinnacle Bank received dividends from BHG of ~~$10.2~~$9.0 million and ~~$33.7~~$49.9 million, respectively, in the aggregate compared to ~~$4.5~~$10.2 million and ~~$19.4~~$33.7 million, respectively, for the same periods in the prior year, which reduced the carrying amount of our investment in BHG, while earnings from BHG during ~~the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018~~such periods increased the carrying amount of our investment in BHG. Profits from intercompany transactions are eliminated. Our proportionate share of earnings from BHG is included in our consolidated tax return. No loans were purchased from BHG by Pinnacle Bank for the nine month periods ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 or ~~2017,~~2018, respectively. Earnings from BHG may fluctuate from period-to-period.

As our ownership interest in BHG is 49%, we do not consolidate BHG's results of operations or financial position into our financial statements but record the net result of BHG's activities at our percentage ownership in income from equity method investment in noninterest income. For the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, BHG reported ~~$59.1~~$108.8 million and ~~$151.9~~$279.6 million, respectively, in revenues, net of substitution losses of ~~$12.1~~$13.6 million and ~~$33.9~~$38.7 million, respectively, compared to revenues of ~~$42.0~~ $59.1

million and ~~$113.2~~$151.9 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2017,~~2018, net of substitution losses of ~~$9.1~~$12.1 million and ~~$31.9~~$33.9 million, respectively.

Approximately ~~$46.7~~$89.4 million and ~~$120.8~~$228.7 million, respectively, of BHG's revenues for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 related to gains on the sale of commercial loans BHG had previously issued ~~to doctor, dentist and other medical and professional practices~~ compared to ~~$33.5~~$46.7 million and ~~$89.6~~$120.8 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2017.~~2018. BHG refers to this activity as its core product. BHG typically funds these loans from cash reserves on its balance sheet. Subsequent to origination, these core product loans ~~are~~have typically been sold by BHG with no recourse to a network of community banks and other financial institutions at a premium to the par value of the loan. The purchaser may access a BHG cash reserve account of up to 3% of the loan balance to support loan payments. BHG retains no servicing or other responsibilities related to the core product loan once sold. As a result, this gain on sale premium represents BHG's compensation for absorbing the costs to originate the loan as well as marketing expenses associated with maintaining its business model.

At September 30, 2019 and September 30, 2018, there were $2.4 billion and $1.8 billion, respectively, in core product loans previously sold by BHG that were being actively serviced by BHG's bank network of purchasers.

Traditionally, BHG, at its sole option, may also provide purchasers of these core product loans the ability to substitute the acquired loan with another more recently-issued BHG loan should the previously-acquired loan become at least 90-days past due as to its monthly payments. This substitution is subject to the purchaser having adhered to the standards of its purchase agreement with BHG. Additionally, all substitutions are subject to the approval by BHG's board of managers. As a result, the reacquired loans are deemed ~~purchase~~purchased credit impaired and recorded on BHG's balance sheet at the net present value of the loan's anticipated cash flows. BHG will then initiate collection efforts and attempt to restore the reacquired loan to performing status. ~~Substitution losses are recorded as~~As a ~~contra revenue account and reduce total revenues discussed above.~~result, BHG maintained a liability as of September 30, 2019 and 2018 ~~and 2017~~ of ~~$85.0~~$117.9 million and ~~$63.9~~$85.0 million, respectively, that represents an estimate of the future inherent losses for the outstanding core portfolio that may be subject to future substitution. This liability represents 4.9% and 4.7% of core product loans previously sold by BHG that remain outstanding as of September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

BHG will maintain loans on its balance sheet for a period of time prior to sale or transfer to a purchaser. Alternatively, BHG may elect to keep certain loans on its balance sheet through maturity. From time to time, BHG ~~also has an investment portfolio on which it earns interest~~may hold a higher volume of these loans depending upon the timing of loan originations, their loan pipeline and ~~dividend income. Net interest~~market demand. Interest income and fees ~~associated with this activity~~ amounted to $16.0 million and $40.2 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to $9.3 million and $23.1 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018 compared to $5.0 million and $13.8 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017.~~2018.

~~Additionally,~~ BHG ~~will~~ also ~~refer~~sometimes refers loans to other lenders and, based on an agreement with the lender, ~~earn~~earns a fee for doing so. Typically, these are loans that BHG believes would either be classified as consumer-type loans rather than commercial loans, the loans fail to meet the credit underwriting standards of BHG but another lender will accept the loans or are loans to borrowers in certain geographic locations where BHG has elected not to do business. For the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, BHG recognized fee income of $579,000 and $1.7 million, respectively, compared to $378,000 and $962,000, ~~respectively, as compared to $1.9 million and $5.8 million,~~ respectively, for the same periods in the prior year related to these activities.

~~Included in~~Recently, BHG has expanded its operations to include commercial lending to other ~~noninterest income are interchange~~professional service firms such as attorneys, accountants and other consumer fees, gains from bank-owned life insurance, swap fees earned for the facilitation of derivative transactions for our clients, SBA loan sales, gains or losses on other equity investments and other noninterest income items. Interchange revenues increased in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 as a result of increased debit and credit card transactions as comparedothers. Through subsidiaries that it owns, it also has expanded into patient financing, which involves loans to ~~the comparable periods in 2017 resulting from both customers added through acquisition and organic growth, but were negatively impacted by the Durbin amendment which was applicable~~individuals to us beginning on July 1, 2017. Other noninterest income included changes in the cash surrender value of bank-owned life insurance which was $3.4 million and $9.0 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 comparedfinance medical expenses, particularly those to $2.6 million and $5.1 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017. The increase in earnings on these bank-owned life insurance policies resulted primarily from the purchase of $50.0 million of new policies during the second quarter of 2018, $50.0 million of new policies purchased in the third quarter of 2018 as well as the additional $202.3 million of bank-owned life insurance policiespatients with terms similar to our existing policies which were added upon acquisition of BNC. The assets that support these policies are administered by the life insurance carriers and the income we recognize (i.e., increases or decreases in the cash surrender value of the policies) on these policies is dependent upon the returns the insurance carriers are able to earn on the underlying investments that support the policies. Earnings on these policies generally are not taxable. Loan swap fees and SBA loan sales are all included in other noninterest income and fluctuate based on the current market environment. Additionally, the carrying values of other equityhigh deductible health plans.

investments are adjusted either upwards or downwards from the transaction price to reflect expected exit values as evidenced by financing and sale transactions with third parties, or when determination of a valuation adjustment is confirmed through ongoing reviews by senior investment managers.

Noninterest Expense.Noninterest expense consists of salaries and employee benefits, equipment and occupancy expenses, other real estate expenses, and other operating expenses. The following is a summary of our noninterest expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017~~2018 (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				2018 - 2017 Percent	Nine Months Ended September 30,				2018 - 2017 Percent	Three Months Ended September 30,				2019 - 2018 Percent	Nine Months Ended September 30,				2019 - 2018 Percent
	2018		2017		Increase (Decrease)	2018		2017		Increase (Decrease)	2019		2018		Increase (Decrease)	2019		2018		Increase (Decrease)
Noninterest expense:
Salaries and employee benefits:
Salaries	$	41,024	$	41,252	(0.6%)	$	119,264	$	90,979	31.1%	$	47,369	$	41,024	15.5%	$	137,050	$	119,264	14.9%
Commissions	3,011		2,042		47.5%	9,188		5,512		66.7%	3,637		3,011		20.8%	10,001		9,188		8.8%
Cash and equity incentives	14,505		13,042		11.2%	35,908		28,028		28.1%	23,631		14,505		62.9%	50,954		35,908		41.9%
Employee benefits and other	10,577		7,952		33.0%	32,588		21,797		49.5%	11,282		10,577		6.7%	33,910		32,588		4.1%
Total salaries and employee benefits	69,117		64,288		7.5%	196,948		146,316		34.6%	85,919		69,117		24.3%	231,915		196,948		17.8%
Equipment and occupancy	19,252		16,590		16.0%	55,203		36,978		49.3%	20,348		19,252		5.7%	63,523		55,203		15.1%
Other real estate expense	67		513		(86.9%)	92		827		(88.9%)
Other real estate expense, net											655		67		NM	3,424		92		NM
Marketing and other business development	3,293		2,222		48.2%	8,084		6,228		29.8%	2,723		3,293		(17.3%)	8,953		8,084		10.7%
Postage and supplies	1,654		1,755		(5.8%)	5,984		4,074		46.9%	1,766		1,654		6.8%	5,737		5,984		(4.1%)
Amortization of intangibles	2,616		3,077		(15.0%)	7,973		5,745		38.8%	2,430		2,616		(7.1%)	7,012		7,973		(12.1%)
Merger-related expense	—		8,847		(100.0%)	8,259		12,740		(35.2%)	—		—		—%	—		8,259		(100.0%)
Other noninterest expense:
Deposit related expense	5,982		2,790		114.4%	17,735		6,942		155.5%	4,773		5,982		(20.2%)	14,189		17,735		(20.0%)
Lending related expense	5,664		3,850		47.1%	14,267		9,459		50.8%	7,075		5,664		24.9%	17,770		14,267		24.6%
Wealth management related expense	433		393		10.2%	1,420		1,111		27.8%	426		433		(1.6%)	1,566		1,420		10.3%
Other noninterest expense	5,912		5,411		9.3%	17,513		13,167		33.0%	6,826		5,912		15.5%	20,589		17,513		17.6%
Total other noninterest expense	$	17,991	$	12,444	44.6%	$	50,935	$	30,679	66.0%	$	19,100	$	17,991	6.2%	$	54,114	$	50,935	6.2%
Total noninterest expense	$	113,990	$	109,736	3.9%	$	333,478	$	243,587	36.9%	$	132,941	$	113,990	16.6%	$	374,678	$	333,478	12.4%

Total salaries and employee benefits expenses increased approximately ~~$4.8~~$16.8 million and ~~$50.6~~$35.0 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 compared to the same periods in ~~2017,~~2018, primarily as a result of increases in our associate base and as the result of our annual merit increases that are effective on January 1 of each ~~year as well as increases in our associate base following our acquisition of BNC on June 16, 2017 and as a result of our efforts to continue to hire experienced bankers throughout our footprint.~~year. At September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, our associate base was ~~2,249.5~~2,456.0 full-time equivalent associates as compared to ~~2,194.5~~2,249.5 at September 30, ~~2017.~~2018. We expect salary and benefit expenses will continue to rise as ~~we hire more~~a result of our intention to continue our practice of hiring experienced bankers ~~throughout~~and other associates across our ~~expanded~~ franchise.

We believe that cash and equity incentives are a valuable tool in motivating an associate base that is focused on providing our clients effective financial advice and increasing shareholder value. As a result, and unlike many other financial institutions, all of our non-commissioned associates participate in our annual cash incentive plan with a minimum targeted bonus equal to 10% of each associate's annual salary, and all of our bank's associates participate in our equity compensation plans. Under the annual cash incentive plan, the targeted level of incentive payments requires achievement of a certain soundness threshold and a targeted level of revenues and earnings (subject to certain adjustments). To the extent that the soundness threshold is met and revenues and earnings are above or below the targeted amount, the aggregate incentive payments are increased or decreased. Historically, we have paid between 0% and 125% of our targeted incentives. Through the third quarter of ~~2018,~~2019, we have accrued incentive costs for the cash incentive plan in ~~2018~~2019 at approximately ~~90%~~115% of our targeted awards.

Also included in employee benefits and other expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 were approximately ~~$4.5~~$5.0 million and ~~$13.3~~$15.1 million, respectively, of compensation expenses related to equity-based awards for restricted shares or restricted share units, including those with performance-based vesting criteria, compared to ~~$4.4~~$4.5 million and ~~$11.5~~$13.3 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2017. We have not issued stock options since 2008.~~2018. Under our equity incentive plans, we provide a broad-based equity incentive program for all of our bank's associates. We believe that equity incentives provide a vehicle for all associates to become meaningful shareholders of Pinnacle Financial over an extended period of time and create a shareholder-centric culture throughout our organization. Our compensation expense associated with equity awards for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 increased when compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2017~~2018. Key drivers of this increase were the first-time inclusion of our associates hired through our acquisition of BNC in our annual associate grant in January of 2019 as ~~a result of the~~well as additional associates we have hired ~~as a result of our acquisition of BNC or thereafter~~ throughout our ~~footprint.~~footprint as well as increased performance-based awards to senior management. We expect our compensation expense associated with equity awards to continue to increase during the remainder of ~~2018~~2019 when compared to ~~2017~~2018 as a result of the ~~equity awards we have issued to new~~increased number of associates ~~including those BNC associates we have retained~~ and our intention to hire additional experienced financial advisors during the remainder of ~~2018~~2019.

Employee benefits and other expenses ~~also includes~~were $11.3 million and $33.9 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to $10.6 million and $32.6 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and include costs associated with our 401k plan, health insurance and payroll taxes.

Equipment and occupancy expenses for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 increased ~~$2.7~~$1.1 million and ~~$18.2~~$8.3 million, respectively, to $20.3 million and $63.5 million, respectively, as compared to the same periods in the prior ~~year due to our BNC merger, including the completion and opening of an office in North Carolina in 2018, and two new locations opened in our Tennessee markets~~year. Included in the ~~latter part~~nine months ended September 30, 2019 increase was a $3.2 million non-cash impairment charge incurred during the second quarter of ~~2017. We believe~~2019 related to the ~~number~~proposed consolidation of five offices across our footprint. Additionally, we experienced increased expenses associated with technology improvements to enhance the infrastructure of our ~~locations will increase over an extended period of time, particularly~~firm during the comparable periods and expect to incur additional costs in ~~our Tennessee markets. In~~ future periods ~~these expansions may lead~~as we continue to ~~higher equipment~~enhance our technology infrastructure.

Other real estate income and ~~occupancy~~ expenses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 increased $588,000 and $3.3 million, respectively, to $655,000 and $3.4 million, respectively, as ~~well as related increases in salaries and benefits expense. There are no current plans~~compared to ~~materially expand our branch distribution~~the same periods in the ~~Carolinas~~prior year. Included in the nine months ended was a $2.4 million write-down in the second quarter of 2019 of facilities and ~~Virginia.~~land acquired in the BNC acquisition that previously had been held for potential expansion.

Marketing and business development expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 was $2.7 million and $9.0 million, respectively, compared to $3.3 million and $8.1 ~~million, respectively, compared to $2.2 million and $6.2~~ million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2017.~~2018. The primary source of the increase ~~in 2018~~for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 as compared to ~~2017~~2018 is ~~related to our merger with BNC and~~ the associated marketing and business development expenses ~~for~~necessary to support the growth of our ~~expanded footprint.~~firm across our entire footprint in Tennessee, the Carolinas and Virginia.

Intangible amortization expense was ~~$2.6~~$2.4 million and ~~$8.0~~$7.0 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 compared to ~~$3.1~~$2.6 million and ~~$5.7~~$8.0 million, respectively, for the same periods in ~~2017.~~2018. The following table outlines our amortizing intangible assets, their initial valuation and amortizable lives at September 30, ~~2018:~~2019:


	Year acquired	Initial Valuation (in millions)	Amortizable Life (in years)	Remaining Value (in millions)	Year acquired	Initial Valuation (in millions)		Amortizable Life (in years)	Remaining Value (in millions)
Core Deposit Intangible:
CapitalMark	2015	6.2	7	1.9	2015	$	6.2	7	$	1.0
Magna Bank	2015	3.2	6	0.8	2015	3.2		6	0.3
Avenue	2016	8.8	9	5.0	2016	8.8		9	3.6
BNC	2017	48.1	10	38.6	2017	48.1		10	32.2
Book of Business Intangible:
Miller Loughry Beach Insurance	2008	1.3	20	0.3	2008	$	1.3	20	$	0.3
CapitalMark	2015	0.3	16	0.2	2015	0.3		16	0.1
BNC Insurance	2017	0.4	20	0.4	2017	0.4		20	0.3
BNC Trust	2017	1.9	10	1.7	2017	1.9		10	1.5

These assets are being amortized on an accelerated basis which reflects the anticipated life of the underlying assets. Amortization expense of these intangibles is estimated to decrease from ~~$9.4~~$7.9 million to ~~$4.8~~$4.4 million per year over the next 5 years with lesser amounts for the remaining amortization period.

No merger-related expenses were recorded during the ~~quarter~~three and nine months ended September 30, 2019. Merger-related expenses were $8.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018. ~~During~~There were no merger-related expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2018. Merger-related expenses incurred for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 merger-related expenses were $8.3 million. Merger-related expenses were $8.8 million and $12.7 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017. In each of these periods, merger-related expenses incurred were associated with our merger with ~~BNC. Merger-related expenses during the nine months ended September 30, 2018~~BNC and ~~2017~~ were inclusive of costs associated with associate retention packages and cultural and technology integrations.

Other noninterest expenses, which consists primarily of deposit, lending, wealth management and administrative expenses increased by $1.1 million and $3.2 million, respectively, between the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 when compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018. Deposit related expense ~~increased~~decreased by ~~$3.2~~$1.2 million and ~~$10.8~~$3.5 million, respectively, during the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 when compared to the same periods in ~~2017.~~2018. This ~~increase~~decrease is primarily ~~the result of increases~~attributable to decreases in FDIC insurance premiums of ~~$2.2~~$2.0 million and ~~$7.7~~$4.4 million, respectively, in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the same periods in 2018 ~~respectively.~~as a result of the elimination of the large bank surcharge during these periods. Lending and wealth management related expenses each increased during the ~~three and~~ nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 when compared to the same ~~periods~~period in ~~2017.~~2018. These increases are directly correlated with increased lending and wealth management

activities during the ~~respective periods.~~

nine months ended September 30, 2019. Total other noninterest expenses increased by ~~$501,000~~$914,000 and ~~$4.3~~$3.1 million, respectively, during the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 when compared to the same periods in ~~2017. This increase is~~2018. These increases are due to a variety of factors and ~~includes~~include increases in audit, legal and consulting fees and increased regulatory exam ~~fees and increased state franchise tax expense.~~fees.

Our efficiency ratio (ratio of noninterest expense to the sum of net interest income and noninterest income) was 47.7% and 48.3%, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to 47.3% and 48.3%, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018 compared to 50.8% and 51.1%, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017.~~2018. The efficiency ratio measures the amount of expense that is incurred to generate a dollar of revenue. The efficiency ratio for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018 was negatively impacted by a $1.5 million loss on the sale of our non-prime automobile portfolio, a $2.4 million write-down of facilities and land acquired in the BNC acquisition that previously had been held for potential expansion, a $3.2 million non-cash impairment charge related to the proposed consolidation of five offices across our footprint. Net gains and losses on sales of securities impacted our efficiency ratios in both the 2018 and 2019 periods. Increased revenue from increased interest earning assets in the 2019 periods over the 2018 periods and the absence of merger-related expenses in 2019 positively impacted our efficiency ratio in the 2019 periods when compared to 2018 periods.

Income Taxes. During the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018, Pinnacle Financial~~2019, we recorded income tax expense of ~~$24.4~~$26.7 million and ~~$67.1~~$74.2 million, respectively, compared to ~~$35.1~~$24.4 million and ~~$68.8~~$67.1 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2017. Pinnacle Financial's~~2018. Our effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 was ~~20.7%~~19.5% and ~~20.3%~~19.6%, respectively, compared to ~~35.2%~~20.7% and ~~31.9%~~20.3%, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2017, primarily due to the reduction in the federal statutory corporate tax rate following enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. Pinnacle Financial's~~2018. Our effective tax rate differs from the combined federal and state income tax statutory rate in effect of 26.14% ~~and 39.23%, during the respective periods,~~ primarily due to our investments in bank-qualified municipal securities, tax benefits from our real estate investment trust subsidiary, participation in Tennessee's Community Investment Tax Credit (CITC) program, tax benefits associated with share-based compensation, bank-owned life insurance and ~~tax savings from~~ our captive insurance subsidiary, offset in part by the limitation on deductibility of meals and entertainment expense, ~~and~~ non-deductible FDIC insurance ~~premiums. Periodic income~~premiums and non-deductible executive compensation. Income tax expense is also impacted ~~upon~~by the vesting of restricted share awards and the exercise of employee stock options, ~~and~~which expense or benefit is recorded as a discrete item as a component of total income ~~tax. Income~~ tax, ~~expense was reduced by~~the amount of which is dependent upon the change in the grant date fair value and the vest date fair value of the underlying award. Accordingly, we recognized tax benefits of $131,000 and $832,000, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to tax benefits of $199,000 and $3.0 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 ~~compared~~related to ~~a reduction of $59,000 and $4.6 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, resulting from~~ the vesting and exercise of ~~such awards.~~equity-based awards during those periods.

~~Tax Cuts and Jobs Act.~~ On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act was signed into law. Among other items, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act reduced the corporate Federal tax rate from 35% to 21%. As a result of such decrease, we recognized a charge of $31.5 million in the fourth quarter of 2017 resulting from the revaluation of our deferred tax assets.

Under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, the qualified performance-based compensation exception to Section 162(m) that generally provided for the continued deductibility of performance-based compensation was repealed, effective for tax years commencing on or after January 1, 2018. Accordingly, commencing with our fiscal year ending December 31, 2018, compensation to our named executive officers in excess of $1,000,000 not awarded as performance-based compensation under binding agreements in effect as of November 2, 2017 will generally not be deductible, which will likely partially offset the expected reduction in our income tax expense resulting from the rate cut under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. Performance based compensation (meeting the requirements of Section 162(m) prior to amendment with the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act) that is earned on awards issued pursuant to binding agreements in effect as of November 2, 2017 will retain its status as tax deductible.

Financial Condition

Our consolidated balance sheet at September 30, ~~2018~~2019 reflects an increase in total loans outstanding to ~~$17.46~~$19.3 billion compared to ~~$15.63~~$17.7 billion at December 31, ~~2017.~~2018. Total deposits increased by ~~$1.96~~$1.2 billion between December 31, ~~2017~~2018 and September 30, ~~2018.~~2019. Total assets were ~~$24.56~~$27.5 billion at September 30, ~~2018~~2019 compared to ~~$22.20~~$25.0 billion at December 31, ~~2017.~~2018.

Loans. The composition of loans at September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and at December 31, ~~2017~~2018 and the percentage (%) of each classification to total loans are summarized as follows ~~(dollars in~~(in thousands):


	September 30, 2018				December 31, 2017				September 30, 2019				December 31, 2018
	Amount		Percent		Amount		Percent		Amount		Percent		Amount		Percent
Commercial real estate – mortgage	$	7,215,119	41.3	%	$	6,669,610	42.7	%	$	7,709,245	39.9	%	$	7,164,954	40.4	%
Consumer real estate – mortgage	2,815,160		16.1	%	2,561,214		16.4	%	3,025,502		15.6	%	2,844,447		16.1	%
Construction and land development	2,059,009		11.8	%	1,908,288		12.2	%	2,253,303		11.6	%	2,072,455		11.7	%
Commercial and industrial	5,006,247		28.7	%	4,141,341		26.5	%	5,891,038		30.5	%	5,271,421		29.8	%
Consumer and other	368,474		2.1	%	352,663		2.2	%	466,554		2.4	%	354,272		2.0	%
Total loans	$	17,464,009	100.0	%	$	15,633,116	100.0	%	$	19,345,642	100.0	%	$	17,707,549	100.0	%

The composition of our loan portfolio ~~has~~ changed ~~due to~~with our ~~merger with~~acquisition of BNC in 2017, which ~~had~~focused more ~~of a~~on commercial real estate ~~focus,~~lending, including construction, than we did in our legacy Tennessee ~~markets.~~markets, where our focus was on commercial and industrial lending. As we intend to focus on growth of the commercial and industrial segment in our expanded footprint, we continue to believe our commercial and industrial portfolio will again become a more substantial portion of our total loan portfolio.

The commercial real estate – mortgage category includes owner-occupied commercial real estate loans. At September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, approximately ~~37.3%~~33.7% of the outstanding principal balance of our commercial real estate - mortgage loans was secured by owner-occupied commercial real estate ~~properties.~~properties, compared to 37.0% at December 31, 2018. Owner-occupied commercial real estate is similar in many ways to our commercial and industrial lending in that these loans are generally made to businesses on the basis of the

cash flows of the business rather than on the valuation of the real estate. ~~Growth in~~Additionally, the construction and land development loan segment continues to be a meaningful portion of our portfolio and reflects the development and growth of the local economies in which we operate and is diversified between commercial, residential and land.

Pinnacle Financial monitors two ratios regarding construction and commercial real estate lending as part of its concentration management processes. Both ratios are calculated by dividing certain types of loan balances for each of the two categories by Pinnacle Bank’s total risk-based capital. At September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, Pinnacle Bank’s construction and land development loans as a percentage of total risk-based capital were 87.8% and 89.4%, respectively. Non-owner occupied commercial real estate and multifamily loans (including construction and land development loans) as a percentage of total risk-based capital were 287.6% and 297.1% as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Banking regulations have established guidelines for the construction ratio of less than 100% of total risk-based capital and for the non-owner occupied ratio of less than 300% of total risk-based capital. ~~When~~Should a bank’s ratios ~~are~~be in excess ~~of one or both~~ of these guidelines, banking regulations generally require an increased level of monitoring in these lending areas by bank management. ~~While~~Both ratios are calculated by dividing certain types of loan balances for each of the two categories by Pinnacle Bank’s total risk-based capital. At September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, Pinnacle Bank’s construction and land development loans as a percentage of total risk-based capital were 79.9% and 85.2%, respectively. Construction and land development, non-owner occupied commercial real estate and multifamily loans as a percentage of total risk-based capital were 272.8% and 277.7% as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. The contribution to Pinnacle Bank ~~was in excess~~of approximately $180 million of the net proceeds from the offering of the 2029 notes in the third quarter of 2019 resulted in increased capital at Pinnacle Bank, which contributed to the reduction in these ratios. Utilizing a portion of this capital contribution to redeem subordinated notes issued by Pinnacle Bank in the third quarter of 2020 could negatively impact these ratios and bring our ratios closer to the 100% and 300% ~~guideline for the first six months of 2018, at~~guidelines. At September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, Pinnacle Bank was within the 100% and 300% guidelines and has established what it believes to be appropriate controls to monitor its lending in these areas as it aims to keep the level of these loans to below the 100% and 300% thresholds.

The following table classifies our fixed and variable rate loans at September 30, ~~2018~~2019 according to contractual maturities of (1) one year or less, (2) after one year through five years, and (3) after five years. The table also classifies our variable rate loans pursuant to the contractual repricing dates of the underlying loans ~~(dollars in~~(in thousands):


	Amounts at September 30, 2018						Percentage		Amounts at September 30, 2019						Percentage
	Fixed Rates		Variable Rates		Totals		At September 30, 2018	At December 31, 2017	Fixed Rates		Variable Rates		Totals		At September 30, 2019	At December 31, 2018
Based on contractual maturity:
Due within one year	$	869,851	$	2,481,793	$	3,351,644	19.2%	18.2%	$	1,426,313	$	2,568,460	$	3,994,773	20.6%	18.9%
Due in one year to five years	4,611,450		3,953,916		$	8,565,366	49.0%	48.2%	5,143,553		4,582,389		9,725,942		50.3%	49.7%
Due after five years	2,638,201		2,908,798		$	5,546,999	31.8%	33.6%	2,762,453		2,862,474		5,624,927		29.1%	31.4%
Totals	$	8,119,502	$	9,344,507	$	17,464,009	100.0%		$	9,332,319	$	10,013,323	$	19,345,642	100.0%

Based on contractual repricing dates:
Daily floating rate (*)	$	—	$	2,683,545	$	2,683,545	15.4%	16.4%
Daily floating rate									$	—	$	2,584,042	$	2,584,042	13.4%	15.6%
Due within one year	869,851		6,055,934		6,925,785		39.6%	37.8%	1,426,313		6,781,428		8,207,741		42.4%	39.0%
Due in one year to five years	4,611,450		361,098		4,972,548		28.5%	28.4%	5,143,553		357,573		5,501,126		28.4%	28.8%
Due after five years	2,638,201		243,930		2,882,131		16.5%	17.4%	2,762,453		290,280		3,052,733		15.8%	16.6%
Totals	$	8,119,502	$	9,344,507	$	17,464,009	100.0%		$	9,332,319	$	10,013,323	$	19,345,642	100.0%

The above information does not consider the impact of scheduled principal payments.

(*) Daily floating rate loans are tied to Pinnacle Bank's prime lending rate or a national interest rate index with the underlying loan rates changing in relation to changes in these indexes. Included in variable rate loans are $62.2 million of loans which are currently priced at their contractual floors with a weighted average rate of 6.00%. The weighted average contractual rate on these loans is 5.05%. As a result, interest income on these loans will not change until the contractual rate on the underlying loan exceeds the interest rate floor.

Accruing Loans in Past Due Status. The following table is a summary of our accruing loans that were past due at least 30 days but less than 89 days and 90 days or more past due as of September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017 (dollars in~~2018 (in thousands):


	September 30,			December 31,			September 30,			December 31,
Accruing loans past due 30 to 89 days:	2018			2017			2019			2018
Commercial real estate – mortgage	$	10,389		$	23,331		$	12,294		$	11,756
Consumer real estate – mortgage	13,358			14,835			9,051			18,059
Construction and land development	3,368			4,136			2,005			3,759
Commercial and industrial	10,741			7,406			16,524			21,451
Consumer and other	4,361			6,311			3,266			3,276
Total accruing loans past due 30 to 89 days	$	42,217		$	56,019		$	43,140		$	58,301

Accruing loans past due 90 days or more:
Commercial real estate – mortgage	$	—		$	104		$	—		$	—
Consumer real estate – mortgage	—			1,265			773			—
Construction and land development	—			146			—			—
Commercial and industrial	1,128			1,348			1,077			1,082
Consumer and other	645			1,276			600			476
Total accruing loans past due 90 days or more	$	1,773		$	4,139		$	2,450		$	1,558

Ratios:
Accruing loans past due 30 to 89 days as a percentage of total loans	0.24		%	0.36		%	0.23		%	0.33		%
Accruing loans past due 90 days or more as a percentage of total loans	0.01		%	0.02		%	0.01		%	0.01		%
Total accruing loans in past due status as a percentage of total loans	0.25		%	0.38		%	0.24		%	0.34		%

Potential Problem Loans. Potential problem loans, which are not included in nonperforming assets, amounted to approximately ~~$202.5~~$254.0 million, or ~~1.2%~~1.3% of total loans at September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, compared to ~~$164.0~~$176.3 million, or ~~1.1%~~1.0% of total loans at December 31, ~~2017.~~2018. Potential problem loans represent those loans with a well-defined weakness and where information about possible credit problems of borrowers has caused management to have doubts about the borrower's ability to comply with present repayment terms. This definition is believed to be substantially consistent with the standards established by Pinnacle Bank's primary regulators, for loans classified as substandard, excluding the impact of substandard nonaccrual loans and substandard troubled debt restructurings. Troubled debt restructurings are not included in potential problem loans. The increase in potential problem loans at September 30, 2019 compared to December 31, 2018 is related to certain credits in our commercial and industrial portfolio representing various industries such as fiber optics, education and publishing. Approximately ~~$7.8~~$9.0 million of potential problem loans were past due at least 30 days but less than 90 days as of September 30, ~~2018.~~2019.

Nonperforming Assets and Troubled Debt Restructurings. At September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, we had ~~$95.6~~$103.3 million in nonperforming assets compared to ~~$85.5~~$103.2 million at December 31, ~~2017.~~2018. Included in nonperforming assets were ~~$77.9~~$73.3 million in nonaccrual loans and ~~$17.7~~$30.0 million in OREO and other nonperforming assets at September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~$57.5~~$87.8 million in nonaccrual loans and ~~$28.0~~$15.4 million in OREO and other nonperforming assets at December 31, ~~2017.~~2018. At September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017,~~2018, there were ~~$6.1~~$5.8 million and ~~$6.6~~$5.9 million, respectively, of troubled debt restructurings, all of which were accruing as of the restructured date and remain on accrual status but are considered impaired loans pursuant to U.S. GAAP.

Allowance for Loan Losses (allowance). We maintain the allowance at a level that our management deems appropriate to adequately cover the probable losses inherent in the loan portfolio. As of September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017,~~2018, our allowance for loan losses was approximately ~~$80.0~~$93.6 million and ~~$67.2~~$83.6 million, respectively, which our management deemed to be adequate at each of the respective dates. Our allowance for loan losses is adjusted to an amount that our management deems appropriate to adequately cover the probable losses in the loan portfolio based on our allowance for loan loss methodology. Our allowance for loan losses as a percentage of total loans was ~~0.46%~~0.48% at September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, up slightly from ~~0.43%~~0.47% at December 31, ~~2017. As a result~~2018. The absolute level of our allowance for loan losses is largely driven by continued favorable credit experience and we believe it is supported by the strong economies presently in place in the markets in which we operate.

Also impacting the overall balance of our allowance for loan losses is fair value accounting on our acquired loan portfolios ~~being recorded at fair value upon acquisition,~~as no allowance for loan losses is assigned to ~~purchased~~acquired loans as of the date of ~~acquisition. However,~~acquisition; however, an allowance for loan losses is recorded for purchased loans that have experienced credit deterioration subsequent to acquisition or increases in balances outstanding. At September 30, 2019, the remaining fair value discount for all acquired portfolios was $65.2 million, consisting of $5.7 million of nonaccretable discount attributable to purchased credit impaired loans and $59.5 million of accretable discount. For loans acquired in connection with our acquisitions, the calculation of the allowance for loan losses subsequent to the acquisition date is consistent with that utilized for our legacy loans. Our accounting policy is to compare the computed allowance for loan losses on purchased loans to the remaining fair value adjustment at the individual loan level. Generally the fair value adjustments are expected to accrete to interest income over the remaining contractual life of the underlying loans and decrease proportionately with the related loan balance.

However, if the computed allowance is greater than the remaining fair value adjustment, the excess is added to the allowance for loan losses by a provision for loan losses. Additional provisioning for purchased portfolios results from credit deterioration on the individual loan following consummation of the acquisition or from increased borrowings on loans and lines that existed as of the acquisition date. Should a loan with a remaining fair value discount be paid off prior to maturity, the remaining fair value discount is recognized as interest income in the period when the loan is paid off.

As of September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, net loans included a remaining net fair value discount of ~~$110.0~~$65.2 million. For the nine months ended September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, the net fair value discount changed as ~~follows:~~follows (in thousands):

Accretable
Yield

Nonaccretable
Yield
Total
December 31, 2017 $ 132,002
$ 31,537
163,539
Acquisitions —
—
—
Year-to-date accretion and settlements (41,258 ) (12,262 ) (53,520 )
September 30, 2018 $ 90,744
$ 19,275
$ 110,019



	Accretable Yield			Nonaccretable Yield			Total
December 31, 2018	$	(78,282	)	$	(17,394	)	$	(95,676	)
Reclassification from nonaccretable to accretable	(7,505		)	7,505			—
Year-to-date accretion and settlements	26,246			4,229			30,475
September 30, 2019	$	(59,541	)	$	(5,660	)	$	(65,201	)

The reclassification from nonaccretable to accretable discount on purchase credit impaired loans was attributable to the result of cash flow analyses performed on the individual loans to which the fair value discounts related.

The following table sets forth, based on management's estimate, the allocation of the allowance for loan losses to categories of loans as well as the unallocated portion as of September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017~~2018 and the percentage of loans in each category to total loans ~~(dollars in~~(in thousands):


	September 30, 2018				December 31, 2017				September 30, 2019				December 31, 2018
	Amount		Percent		Amount		Percent		Amount		Percent		Amount		Percent
Commercial real estate - mortgage	$	26,517	41.3	%	$	21,188	42.7	%	$	32,617	39.9	%	$	26,946	40.4	%
Consumer real estate - mortgage	6,727		16.1	%	5,031		16.4	%	7,770		15.6	%	7,670		16.1	%
Construction and land development	10,982		11.8	%	8,962		12.2	%	11,874		11.6	%	11,128		11.7	%
Commercial and industrial	30,124		28.7	%	24,863		26.5	%	34,575		30.5	%	31,731		29.8	%
Consumer and other	4,813		2.1	%	5,874		2.2	%	4,304		2.4	%	5,423		2.0	%
Unallocated	822		NA		1,322		NA		2,507		NA		677		NA
Total allowance for loan losses	$	79,985	100.0	%	$	67,240	100.0	%	$	93,647	100.0	%	$	83,575	100.0	%

The following is a summary of changes in the allowance for loan losses for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and for the year ended December 31, ~~2017~~2018 and the ratio of the allowance for loan losses to total loans as of the end of each period ~~(dollars in~~(in thousands):


	Nine months ended September 30, 2018			Year ended December 31, 2017			Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019			Year ended December 31, 2018
Balance at beginning of period	$	67,240		$	58,980		$	83,575		$	67,240
Provision for loan losses	25,058			23,664			22,639			34,377
Charged-off loans:
Commercial real estate – mortgage	(2,930		)	(633		)	(1,701		)	(3,030		)
Consumer real estate – mortgage	(1,533		)	(1,461		)	(1,124		)	(1,593		)
Construction and land development	(36		)	(137		)	(18		)	(74		)
Commercial and industrial	(7,600		)	(4,297		)	(13,842		)	(13,175		)
Consumer and other loans	(10,217		)	(15,518		)	(4,643		)	(12,528		)
Total charged-off loans	(22,316		)	(22,046		)	(21,328		)	(30,400		)
Recoveries of previously charged-off loans:
Commercial real estate – mortgage	1,517			671			1,173			2,096
Consumer real estate – mortgage	2,190			1,516			1,642			2,653
Construction and land development	1,645			1,136			238			1,863
Commercial and industrial	2,492			1,317			4,749			3,035
Consumer and other loans	2,159			2,002			959			2,711
Total recoveries of previously charged-off loans	10,003			6,642			8,761			12,358
Net charge-offs	(12,313		)	(15,404		)	(12,567		)	(18,042		)
Balance at end of period	$	79,985		$	67,240		$	93,647		$	83,575
Ratio of allowance for loan losses to total loans outstanding at end of period	0.46		%	0.43		%	0.48		%	0.47		%
Ratio of net charge-offs to average total loans outstanding for the period ⁽¹⁾	0.10		%	0.13		%	0.09		%	0.11		%

(1)Net charge-offs for the year-to-date period ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 have been annualized.

Management assesses the adequacy of the allowance prior to the end of each calendar quarter. This assessment includes procedures to estimate the allowance and test the adequacy and appropriateness of the resulting balance. The level of the allowance is based upon management's evaluation of the loan portfolios, past loan loss experience, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, the views of Pinnacle Bank's regulators, adverse situations that may affect the borrower's ability to repay (including the timing of future payments), the estimated value of any underlying collateral, composition of the loan portfolio, economic conditions, industry and peer bank loan quality indications and other pertinent factors. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires material estimates including the amounts and timing of future cash flows expected to be received on impaired loans that may be susceptible to significant change. For further discussion regarding our allowance for loan losses, refer to Critical Accounting Estimates included in the ~~2017~~2018 10-K.

Based upon our evaluation of the loan portfolio, we believe the allowance for loan losses to be adequate to absorb our estimate of inherent losses existing in the loan portfolio at September 30, ~~2018.~~2019. While our policies and procedures used to estimate the allowance for loan losses as well as the resultant provision for loan losses charged to operations are considered adequate by management, they are necessarily approximate and imprecise. There are factors beyond our control, such as conditions in the local and national economy, local real estate market or a particular industry or borrower which may negatively impact, materially, our asset quality and the adequacy of our allowance for loan losses and, thus, the resulting provision for loan losses.

Investments.Our investment portfolio, consisting primarily of Federal agency bonds, mortgage-backed securities, and state and municipal securities amounted to ~~$3.20~~$3.6 billion and ~~$2.54~~$3.3 billion at September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017,~~2018, respectively. Our investment portfolio serves many purposes including serving as a stable source of income, as collateral for public funds deposits and as a potential liquidity source. A summary of our investment portfolio at September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017~~2018 follows:


	September 30, 2018	December 31, 2017	September 30, 2019	December 31, 2018
Weighted average life	6.89 years	6.29 years	6.20 years	7.23 years
Effective duration	4.40%	3.49%
Effective duration*			4.44%	3.62%
Tax equivalent yield	3.11%	2.68%	3.20%	3.22%

~~During the third quarter~~(*) The metric is presented net of ~~2018, Pinnacle Financial transferred, at~~ fair value ~~$179.8 million of municipal securities from the available-for-sale~~hedges tied to certain investment portfolio ~~to the held-to-maturity portfolio to manage the earning asset potential and associated risk assumed with the purchase of these type of securities.~~holdings. The ~~related unrealized after tax losses of $2.2 million remained in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and will be amortized over the remaining life~~effective duration of the ~~securities, offsetting~~investment portfolio without the ~~related amortization~~fair value hedges as of ~~discount on the transferred securities. No gains or losses were recognized at the time of transfer.~~September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 was 5.53% and 4.82%, respectively.

Restricted Cash. Our restricted cash balances totaled approximately $157.5 million at September 30, 2019, compared to $65.5 million at December 31, 2018. This restricted cash is maintained at other financial institutions as collateral primarily for our derivative portfolio. The increase in restricted cash is attributable primarily to an increase in collateral requirements on certain derivative instruments for which the fair value has declined. See Note 8. Derivative Instruments in the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements elsewhere in this Form 10-Q.

Deposits and Other Borrowings. We had approximately ~~$18.41~~$20.0 billion of deposits at September 30, ~~2018~~2019 compared to ~~$16.45~~$18.8 billion at December 31, ~~2017.~~2018. Our deposits consist of noninterest and interest-bearing demand accounts, savings accounts, money market accounts and time deposits. Additionally, we ~~entered~~routinely enter into agreements with certain customers to sell certain securities under agreements to repurchase the security the following day. These agreements (which are typically associated with comprehensive treasury management programs for our clients and provide them with short-term returns for their excess funds) amounted to ~~$130.2~~$95.4 million at September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~$135.3~~$104.7 million at December 31, ~~2017.~~2018. Additionally, at September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017,~~2018, Pinnacle Bank had borrowed ~~$1.52~~$2.1 billion and ~~$1.32~~$1.4 billion, respectively, in advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati (FHLB). At September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, Pinnacle Bank also had approximately ~~$2.47~~$2.4 billion in additional availability with the FHLB; however, incremental borrowings are made in a formal request by Pinnacle Bank and the subsequent approval by the FHLB.

Generally, we have classified our funding base as either core funding or ~~non-core~~noncore funding as shown in the table below. The following table represents the balances of our deposits and other funding and the percentage of each type to the total at September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017:~~2018:


	September 30, 2018		Percent	December 31, 2017		Percent	September 30, 2019		Percent	December 31, 2018		Percent
Core funding:
Noninterest-bearing deposit accounts	$	4,476,925	21.8%	$	4,381,386	23.9%	$	4,702,155	20.5%	$	4,309,067	20.6%
Interest-bearing demand accounts	2,871,094		14.0%	2,756,505		15.0%	2,897,305		12.7%	3,097,110		14.8%
Money Market accounts	6,600,824		32.2%	5,847,650		31.8%	6,679,463		29.2%	6,805,186		32.6%
Time deposit accounts less than $250,000	1,547,299		7.5%	1,260,162		6.9%	1,698,981		7.4%	1,605,983		7.7%
Reciprocating demand deposit accounts ⁽¹⁾	102,949		0.5%	77,472		0.4%	284,197		1.2%	162,410		0.8%
Reciprocating savings accounts ⁽¹⁾	387,280		1.9%	408,806		2.2%	669,775		2.9%	418,230		2.0%
Reciprocating CD accounts ⁽¹⁾	90,488		0.4%	106,227		0.6%	171,594		0.7%	91,187		0.4%
Total core funding	16,076,859		78.3%	14,838,208		80.8%	17,103,470		74.6%	16,489,173		78.9%
Non-core funding:
Relationship based non-core funding:
Noncore funding:
Relationship based noncore funding:
Other time deposits	678,472		3.3%	444,951		2.4%	844,026		3.7%	687,427		3.3%
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase	130,217		0.7%	135,262		0.8%	95,402		0.4%	104,741		0.5%
Total relationship based non-core funding	808,689		4.0%	580,213		3.2%
Total relationship based noncore funding							939,428		4.1%	792,168		3.8%
Wholesale funding:
Brokered deposits	496,478		2.4%	445,822		2.4%	467,160		2.0%	588,861		2.8%
Brokered time deposits	1,155,706		5.6%	722,721		3.9%	1,586,021		6.9%	1,083,646		5.2%
Federal Home Loan Bank advances	1,520,603		7.4%	1,319,909		7.2%	2,052,548		9.0%	1,443,589		6.9%
Subordinated debt- Pinnacle Bank	127,914		0.6%	127,727		0.7%
Subordinated debt- Pinnacle Financial	337,573		1.7%	337,778		1.8%
Subordinated debt and other funding							750,488		3.4%	485,130		2.4%
Total wholesale funding	3,638,274		17.7%	2,953,957		16.0%	4,856,217		21.3%	3,601,226		17.3%
Total non-core funding	4,446,963		21.7%	3,534,170		19.2%
Total noncore funding							5,795,645		25.4%	4,393,394		21.1%
Totals	$	20,523,822	100.0%	$	18,372,378	100.0%	$	22,899,115	100.0%	$	20,882,567	100.0%

~~______________________~~


⁽¹⁾	The reciprocating categories consists of deposits we receive from a bank network (the Promontory network) in connection with deposits of our customers in excess of our FDIC coverage limit that we place with the Promontory network.

As noted in the table above, our core funding as a percentage of total funding decreased from ~~80.8%~~78.9% at December 31, ~~2017~~2018 to ~~78.3%~~74.6% at September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, primarily as a result of increased competition for core deposits in our ~~increased FHLB advances~~markets and ~~increased levels of brokered time deposits. Core deposits at December 31, 2017 have been restated from prior presentation for~~our need to fund the ~~recent regulatory changes that allow for the treatment of reciprocal deposits as core funding.~~continued growth in our earning assets.

When wholesale funding is necessary to complement the company's core deposit base, management determines which source is best suited to address both liquidity risk management and interest rate risk management objectives. ~~We increased our exposure to brokered deposits in the first half of 2018 as a measure to diversify wholesale funding sources.~~ Our Asset Liability Management Policy ~~institutes~~imposes limitations on overall ~~wholesale~~noncore funding reliance and on brokered deposit exposure specifically. Both our overall reliance on ~~wholesale~~noncore funding and exposure to brokered deposits were within those policy limitations as of September 30, ~~2018.~~2019.

Our funding policies impose limits on the amount of ~~non-core~~noncore funding we can utilize based on the ~~non-core~~noncore funding dependency ratio which is calculated pursuant to regulatory guidelines. Periodically, we may exceed our policy limitations, at which time management will develop plans to bring our funding sources back into compliance with our core funding ratios. At September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017,~~2018, we were in compliance with our core funding policies. Though growing our core deposit base is a key strategic objective of our firm, our current growth plans contemplate that we may increase our ~~non-core~~noncore funding amounts from current levels, but we do not currently anticipate that such increases will exceed the limits we have established in our internal policies.

The amount of time deposits as of September 30, ~~2018~~2019 amounted to ~~$3.47~~$4.3 billion. The following table shows our time deposits in denominations of $100,000 and less and in denominations greater than $100,000 by category based on time remaining until maturity and the weighted average rate for each category as of September 30, ~~2018~~2019 (in thousands):


	Balances		Weighted Avg. Rate		Balances		Weighted Avg. Rate
Denominations less than $100,000
Three months or less	$	356,776	1.55	%	$	652,934	2.31	%
Over three but less than six months	382,916		1.72	%	518,726		2.23	%
Over six but less than twelve months	470,383		1.90	%	718,948		2.15	%
Over twelve months	509,641		2.20	%	326,082		2.43	%
	$	1,719,716	1.88	%	$	2,216,690	2.26	%
Denominations $100,000 and greater
Three months or less	$	395,624	1.22	%	$	358,434	2.02	%
Over three but less than six months	338,702		1.55	%	341,632		2.12	%
Over six but less than twelve months	545,600		1.91	%	837,781		2.38	%
Over twelve months	472,323		2.21	%	546,085		2.53	%
	$	1,752,249	1.76	%	$	2,083,932	2.31	%
Totals	$	3,471,965	1.82	%	$	4,300,622	2.29	%

Subordinated debt and other borrowings. We have ~~entered into and~~established, or through acquisition acquired, a number of statutory business trusts which were established to issue 30-year trust preferred securities and related junior subordinated debt instruments and certain other subordinated debt agreements. These securities qualify as Tier 2 capital subject to annual phase outs beginning five years from maturity. We also have a $75.0 million revolving credit facility which ~~we have not drawn upon~~had no amounts outstanding as of September 30, ~~2018 and which matures on April 25,~~ 2019. These instruments are outlined below (in thousands):



Name	Date Established	Maturity	Total Debt Outstanding		Interest Rate at September 30, 2019		Coupon Structure
Trust preferred securities
Pinnacle Statutory Trust I	December 29, 2003	December 30, 2033	$	10,310	4.94	%	30-day LIBOR + 2.80%
Pinnacle Statutory Trust II	September 15, 2005	September 30, 2035	20,619		3.50	%	30-day LIBOR + 1.40%
Pinnacle Statutory Trust III	September 7, 2006	September 30, 2036	20,619		3.75	%	30-day LIBOR + 1.65%
Pinnacle Statutory Trust IV	October 31, 2007	September 30, 2037	30,928		4.97	%	30-day LIBOR + 2.85%
BNC Capital Trust I	April 3, 2003	April 15, 2033	5,155		5.55	%	30-day LIBOR + 3.25%
BNC Capital Trust II	March 11, 2004	April 7, 2034	6,186		5.15	%	30-day LIBOR + 2.85%
BNC Capital Trust III	September 23, 2004	September 23, 2034	5,155		4.70	%	30-day LIBOR + 2.40%
BNC Capital Trust IV	September 27, 2006	December 31, 2036	7,217		3.80	%	30-day LIBOR + 1.70%
Valley Financial Trust I	June 26, 2003	June 26, 2033	4,124		5.21	%	30-day LIBOR + 3.10%
Valley Financial Trust II	September 26, 2005	December 15, 2035	7,217		3.61	%	30-day LIBOR + 1.49%
Valley Financial Trust III	December 15, 2006	January 30, 2037	5,155		4.00	%	30-day LIBOR + 1.73%
Southcoast Capital Trust III	August 5, 2005	September 30, 2035	10,310		3.60	%	30-day LIBOR + 1.50%

Subordinated Debt
Pinnacle Bank Subordinated Notes	July 30, 2015	July 30, 2025	60,000		4.88	%	Fixed ⁽¹⁾
Pinnacle Bank Subordinated Notes	March 10, 2016	July 30, 2025	70,000		4.88	%	Fixed ⁽¹⁾
Avenue Subordinated Notes	December 29, 2014	December 29, 2024	20,000		6.75	%	Fixed ⁽²⁾
Pinnacle Financial Subordinated Notes	November 16, 2016	November 16, 2026	120,000		5.25	%	Fixed ⁽³⁾
Pinnacle Financial Subordinated Notes	September 11, 2019	September 15, 2029	300,000		4.13	%	Fixed ⁽⁴⁾

Name Date
Established Maturity Total Debt Outstanding Interest Rate at
September 30, 2018 Coupon Structure
Trust preferred securities
Pinnacle Statutory Trust I December 29, 2003 December 30, 2033 $ 10,310
5.13 % 30-day LIBOR + 2.80%
Pinnacle Statutory Trust II September 15, 2005 September 30, 2035 20,619
3.80 % 30-day LIBOR + 1.40%
Pinnacle Statutory Trust III September 7, 2006 September 30, 2036 20,619
4.05 % 30-day LIBOR + 1.65%
Pinnacle Statutory Trust IV October 31, 2007 September 30, 2037 30,928
5.18 % 30-day LIBOR + 2.85%
BNC Capital Trust I April 3, 2003 April 15, 2033 5,155
5.59 % 30-day LIBOR + 3.25%
BNC Capital Trust II March 11, 2004 April 7, 2034 6,186
5.19 % 30-day LIBOR + 2.85%
BNC Capital Trust III September 23, 2004 September 23, 2034 5,155
4.74 % 30-day LIBOR + 2.40%
BNC Capital Trust IV September 27, 2006 December 31, 2036 7,217
4.10 % 30-day LIBOR + 1.70%
Valley Financial Trust I June 26, 2003 June 26, 2033 4,124
5.47 % 30-day LIBOR + 3.10%
Valley Financial Trust II September 26, 2005 December 15, 2035 7,217
3.82 % 30-day LIBOR + 1.49%
Valley Financial Trust III December 15, 2006 January 30, 2037 5,155
4.07 % 30-day LIBOR + 1.73%
Southcoast Capital Trust III August 5, 2005 September 30, 2035 10,310
3.90 % 30-day LIBOR + 1.50%

Subordinated Debt

Pinnacle Bank Subordinated Notes July 30, 2015 July 30, 2025 60,000
4.88 %
Fixed ⁽¹⁾
Pinnacle Bank Subordinated Notes March 10, 2016 July 30, 2025 70,000
4.88 %
Fixed ⁽¹⁾
Avenue Subordinated Notes December 29, 2014 December 29, 2024 20,000
6.75 %
Fixed ⁽²⁾
Pinnacle Financial Subordinated Notes November 16, 2016 November 16, 2026 120,000
5.25 %
Fixed ⁽³⁾
BNC Subordinated Notes September 25, 2014 October 1, 2024 60,000
5.50 %
Fixed ⁽⁴⁾
BNC Subordinated Note October 15, 2013 October 15, 2023 10,410
7.08 %
30-day LIBOR + 5.00% ⁽⁵⁾

Other Borrowings

Revolving credit facility ⁽⁶⁾
April 26, 2018 April 25, 2019 —
—
30-day LIBOR + 1.75%

Debt issuance costs and fair value adjustments (7,918 )

Total subordinated debt and other borrowings $ 465,487

Name

Date
Established

Maturity

Total Debt Outstanding

Interest Rate at
September 30, 2019

Coupon Structure

BNC Subordinated Notes

September 25, 2014

October 1, 2024

60,000

5.50

Fixed ⁽⁵⁾

Other Borrowings

Revolving credit facility ⁽⁶⁾

April 25, 2019

April 24, 2020

—

3.94

30-day LIBOR + 1.50%

Debt issuance costs and fair value adjustments

(12,507

)

Total subordinated debt and other borrowings

750,488

~~____________________~~

⁽¹⁾ Migrates to three month LIBOR + 3.128% beginning July 30, 2020 through the end of the term.

⁽²⁾ Migrates to three month LIBOR + 4.95% beginning January 1, 2020 through the end of the term.

⁽³⁾ Migrates to three month LIBOR + 3.884% beginning November 16, 2021 through the end of the term.

⁽⁴⁾ Migrates to three month LIBOR + 2.775% beginning September 15, 2024 through the end of the term.

⁽⁵⁾ Migrates to three month LIBOR + 3.59% beginning October 1, 2019 through the end of the ~~term if not redeemed on that date.~~term.

⁽⁵⁾~~Coupon structure includes a floor of 5.5% and a cap of 9.5%.~~

⁽⁶⁾ Borrowing capacity on the revolving credit facility is $75.0 million. At September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, there ~~was~~were no amounts outstanding ~~balance~~ under this facility. An unused fee of ~~0.35%~~0.30% is assessed on the average daily unused amount of the loan.

Following the merger with BNC and as a result of that merger, Pinnacle Financial's total assets were in excess of $15.0 billion which caused the subordinated debentures Pinnacle Financial and BNC issued to cease to qualify as Tier 1 capital under applicable banking regulations. Though these securities no longer qualify as Tier 1 capital, Pinnacle Financial believes these subordinated debentures continue to qualify as Tier 2 capital.

On September 11, 2019, we issued $300.0 aggregate principal amount of 4.125% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due 2029 in a public offering. From, and including, the date of issuance to, but excluding, September 15, 2024, the 2029 Notes will bear interest at an initial fixed rate of 4.125% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on March 15 and September 15, commencing on March 15, 2020. Thereafter, from September 15, 2024 through the maturity date, September 15, 2029, or earlier redemption date, the 2029 Notes will bear interest at a floating rate equal to the then-current three-month LIBOR, plus 277.5 basis points for each quarterly interest period (subject to certain provisions regarding use of an alternative base rate upon certain LIBOR transition events), payable quarterly in arrears on March 15, June 15, September 15 and December 15 of each year, commencing on September 15, 2024.

The offering and sale of the 2029 Notes yielded net proceeds of approximately $296.5 million after deducting the underwriting discount and offering expenses payable by us. We used approximately $8.84 million of such proceeds to redeem the previously outstanding Subordinated Note due October 15, 2023, which we assumed in the BNC merger and which carried an interest rate of 7.23% at the time of such redemption. We intend to use approximately $210.0 million of the net proceeds of this offering to redeem certain other of our and Pinnacle Bank’s subordinated notes, including the $20 million aggregate principal amount of Avenue subordinated notes and $60 million aggregate principal amount of BNC subordinated notes, each listed in the table above. We also presently intend to redeem the $130.0 million aggregate principal amount of subordinated notes issued by Pinnacle Bank listed in the table above after such notes become eligible for redemption on July 30, 2020. The redemption of the $130.0 million aggregate principal amount of subordinated notes issued by Pinnacle Bank is subject to receipt of all regulatory permissions for such redemption, which we have not yet sought, and our ultimate determination to redeem such notes after they become eligible for redemption. Pinnacle Bank is under no obligation to redeem its subordinated notes. We intend to use the remainder of the net proceeds from the offering of the 2029 Notes for general corporate purposes, including providing capital to support the growth of Pinnacle Bank and our business.

Capital Resources. At September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017,~~2018, our shareholders' equity amounted to ~~$3.90~~$4.3 billion and ~~$3.71~~$4.0 billion, respectively, an increase of approximately ~~$189.1~~$300 million. The increase is primarily attributable to increases in our net income and ~~partially offset by a decrease in~~ our other comprehensive ~~income.~~income and has been reduced by $48.5 million in 2019 related to shares repurchased pursuant to the share repurchase program authorized by our board of directors in November 2018. In October 2019, our board approved a new share repurchase program which authorizes the repurchase of an additional $100 million of common stock beginning with the expiration of the current repurchase program and running through December 31, 2020.

Dividends. Pursuant to Tennessee banking law, our bank may not, without the prior consent of the TDFI, pay any dividends to us in a calendar year in excess of the total of our bank's retained net profits for that year plus the retained net profits for the preceding two years, which was ~~$423.1~~$617.5 million at September 30, ~~2018.~~2019. During the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, our bank paid dividends of ~~$15.5~~$17.6 million and ~~$66.0~~$96.3 million, respectively, to us which is within the limits allowed by the TDFI. On September 25, 2019, we contributed $180 million of the net proceeds from the offering of the 2029 Notes to our bank, all of which initially qualifies as Tier 1 capital for Pinnacle Bank.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, we paid ~~$11.0~~$12.4 million and ~~$32.9~~$37.4 million, respectively, in dividends to our common shareholders. On October ~~16, 2018,~~15, 2019, our board of directors declared a $0.16 per share quarterly cash dividend to common shareholders which should approximate ~~$12.6~~$12.3 million in aggregate dividend payments that are expected to be paid on ~~November 30, 2018~~Nov. 29, 2019 to common shareholders of record as of the close of business on ~~November 2, 2018.~~Nov. 1, 2019. The amount and timing of all future dividend payments, if

any, is subject to board discretion and will depend on our earnings, capital position, financial condition and other factors, including regulatory capital requirements, as they become known to us.

Market and Liquidity Risk Management

Our objective is to manage assets and liabilities to provide a satisfactory, consistent level of profitability within the framework of established liquidity, loan, investment, borrowing, and capital policies. Our Asset Liability Management Committee (ALCO) is charged with the responsibility of monitoring these policies, which are designed to ensure acceptable composition of asset/liability mix. Two critical areas of focus for ALCO are interest rate sensitivity and liquidity risk management.

Interest Rate Sensitivity. In the normal course of business, we are exposed to market risk arising from fluctuations in interest rates. ALCO measures and evaluates the interest rate risk so that we can meet customer demands for various types of loans and deposits. ALCO determines the most appropriate amounts of on-balance sheet and off-balance sheet items. Measurements which we use to help us manage interest rate sensitivity include an earnings simulation model and an economic value of equity (EVE) model.

Our interest rate sensitivity modeling incorporates a number of assumptions for both earnings simulation and EVE, including loan and deposit re-pricing characteristics, the rate of loan prepayments, etc. ALCO periodically reviews these assumptions for accuracy based on historical data and future expectations. Our ALCO policy requires that the base scenario assumes rates remain flat and is the scenario to which all others are compared in order to measure the change in net interest income and EVE. Policy limits are applied to the results of certain modeling scenarios. While the primary policy scenarios focus is on a twelve month time frame for the earnings simulations model, longer time horizons are also modeled. All policy scenarios assume a static volume forecast where the balance sheet is held constant, although other scenarios are modeled.

Earnings simulation model. We believe interest rate risk is best measured by our earnings simulation modeling. Earning assets, interest-bearing liabilities and off-balance sheet financial instruments are combined with forecasts of interest rates for the next 12 months and are combined with other factors in order to produce various earnings simulations over that same 12-month period. To limit interest rate risk, we have policy guidelines for our earnings at risk which seek to limit the variance of net interest income in both gradual and instantaneous changes to interest rates. For instantaneous upward and downward changes in rates from management's flat interest rate forecast over the next twelve months, assuming a static balance sheet, the following estimated changes are ~~predicted:~~

calculated:



	Estimated % Change in Net Interest Income Over 12 Months
	September 30, ~~2018~~2019
Instantaneous Rate Change
100 bps increase	~~4.5~~1.0	%
200 bps increase	~~8.1~~2.2	%
100 bps decrease	(1.7	%)

While an instantaneous and severe shift in interest rates was used in this analysis to provide an estimate of exposure under these scenarios, we believe that a gradual shift in interest rates would have a more modest impact. Further, the earnings simulation model does not take into account factors such as future balance sheet growth, changes in product mix, changes in yield curve relationships, and changing product spreads that could mitigate any potential adverse impact of changes in interest rates.

The behavior of our deposit portfolio in the baseline forecast and in alternate interest rate scenarios set out in the table above is a key assumption in our projected estimates of net interest income. The projected impact on net interest income in the table above assumes no change in deposit portfolio size or mix from the baseline forecast in alternative rate environments. In higher rate scenarios, any customer activity resulting in the replacement of low-cost or noninterest-bearing deposits with higher-yielding deposits or market-based funding would reduce our benefit in those scenarios.

At September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, our earnings simulation model indicated we were in compliance with our policies for interest rate scenarios for which we model as required by our board approved Asset Liability Policy. The board has suspended the requirement to model the down 200, 300 and 400 bps ~~scenario~~scenarios while 10 year maturity Treasury rates are below ~~4.0%~~2.0%, which was the case as of September 30, ~~2018.~~2019.

Economic value of equity ~~model~~. model. While earnings simulation modeling attempts to determine the impact of a changing rate environment to our net interest income, our EVE model measures estimated changes to the economic values of our assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet items as a result of interest rate changes. Economic values are determined by discounting expected cash flows from assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet items, which establishes a base case EVE. We then shock rates as prescribed by our Asset Liability Policy and measure the sensitivity in EVE values for each of those shocked rate scenarios versus the base case. The Asset

Liability Policy sets limits for those sensitivities. At September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, our EVE modeling ~~indicates~~calculated the following estimated changes in EVE due to instantaneous upward and downward changes in rates:



	September 30, ~~2018~~2019
Instantaneous Rate Change
100 bps increase	(~~1.1~~1.5	%)
200 bps increase	(~~4.1~~7.0	%)
100 bps decrease	(1.3	%)

While an instantaneous and severe shift in interest rates was used in this analysis to provide an estimate of exposure under these scenarios, we believe that a gradual shift in interest rates would have a more modest impact. Since EVE measures the discounted present value of cash flows over the estimated lives of instruments, the change in EVE does not directly correlate to the degree that earnings would be impacted over a shorter time horizon (i.e., the current year). Further, EVE does not take into account factors such as future balance sheet growth, changes in product mix, changes in yield curve relationships, and changing product spreads that could mitigate the adverse impact of changes in interest rates.

At September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, our EVE model indicated we were in compliance with our policies for all interest rate scenarios for which we model as required by our board approved Asset Liability Policy. The board has suspended the requirement to model the down 200, 300 and 400 bps ~~scenario~~scenarios while 10 year maturity Treasury rates are below ~~4.0%~~2.0%, which was the case as of September 30, ~~2018.~~2019.

Most likely earnings simulation models. We also analyze a most-likely earnings simulation scenario that projects the expected change in rates based on a forward yield curve adopted by management using expected balance sheet volumes forecasted by management. Separate growth assumptions are developed for loans, investments, deposits, etc. Other interest rate scenarios analyzed by management may include delayed rate shocks, yield curve steepening or flattening, or other variations in rate movements to further analyze or stress our balance sheet under various interest rate scenarios. Each scenario is evaluated by management and weighted to determine the most likely result. These processes assist management to better anticipate our financial results and, as a result, management may determine the need to invest in other operating strategies and tactics which might enhance results or better position the firm's balance sheet to reduce interest rate risk going forward.

Each of the above analyses may not, on its own, be an accurate indicator of how our net interest income will be affected by changes in interest rates. Income associated with interest-earning assets and costs associated with interest-bearing liabilities may not be affected uniformly by changes in interest rates. In addition, the magnitude and duration of changes in interest rates may have a significant impact on net interest income. For example, although certain assets and liabilities may have similar maturities or periods of repricing, they may react in different degrees to changes in market interest rates. Interest rates on certain types of assets and liabilities fluctuate in advance of changes in general market rates, while interest rates on other types may lag behind changes in general market rates. In addition, certain assets, such as adjustable rate mortgage loans, have features (generally referred to as interest rate caps and floors) which limit changes in interest rates. Prepayment and early withdrawal levels also could deviate significantly from those assumed in calculating the maturity of certain instruments. The ability of many borrowers to service their debts also may decrease during periods of rising interest rates. ALCO reviews each of the above interest rate sensitivity analyses along with several different interest rate scenarios as part of its responsibility to provide a satisfactory, consistent level of profitability within the framework of established liquidity, loan, investment, borrowing, and capital policies.

Management's model governance, model implementation and model validation processes and controls are subject to review in our regulatory examinations to ensure they are in compliance with the most recent regulatory guidelines and ~~consistent with the best practices of our industry.~~industry and regulatory practices. Management utilizes a respected, sophisticated third party asset liability modeling software to help ensure implementation of management's assumptions into the model are processed as intended in a robust manner. That said, there are numerous assumptions regarding financial instrument behavior that are integrated into the model. The assumptions are formulated by combining observations gleaned from our historical studies of financial instruments and our best estimations of how, if at all, these instruments may behave in the future given changes in economic conditions, technology, etc. These assumptions may prove to be inaccurate. Additionally, given the large number of assumptions built into ~~firm's~~firms' asset liability modeling software, it is difficult, at best, to compare our results to other firms.

ALCO may determine that Pinnacle Financial should over time become more or less asset or liability sensitive depending on the underlying balance sheet circumstances and ~~the firm's~~our conclusions as to anticipated interest rate fluctuations in future periods. At present, ALCO has determined that its "most likely" rate scenario considers ~~one additional increase~~two decreases (including the rate cut announced by the Federal Reserve on October 30, 2019) in short-term interest rates ~~in 2018.~~throughout the remainder of 2019. Our "most likely" rate forecast ~~has been largely consistent over recent quarters and~~ is based primarily on information we acquire from a service which includes a consensus forecast of numerous interest rate benchmarks. We may implement additional actions designed to achieve our desired sensitivity ~~position.~~position which could change from time to time.

We have in the past used, and may ~~also~~in the future continue to use, derivative financial instruments ~~to improve the balance between interest-sensitive assets and interest-sensitive liabilities~~ as one tool to manage our interest rate sensitivity, including ~~that inherent~~ in our mortgage lending program, while continuing to meet the credit and deposit needs of our customers. For further details on the derivatives we currently use, see Note 8. Derivative Instruments in the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements elsewhere in this Form 10-Q.

We may also enter into interest rate swaps to facilitate customer transactions and meet their financing needs. These swaps qualify as derivatives, even though they are not designated as hedging instruments.

Liquidity Risk Management. The purpose of liquidity risk management is to ensure that there are sufficient cash flows to satisfy loan demand, deposit withdrawals, and our other needs. Traditional sources of liquidity for a bank include asset maturities and growth in core deposits. A bank may achieve its desired liquidity objectives from the management of its assets and liabilities and by internally generated funding through its operations. Funds invested in marketable instruments that can be readily sold and the continuous maturing of other earning assets are sources of liquidity from an asset perspective. The liability base provides sources of liquidity through attraction of increased deposits and borrowing funds from various other institutions.

To assist in determining the adequacy of our liquidity, we perform a variety of liquidity stress tests including idiosyncratic, systemic and combined scenarios for both moderate and severe events. Liquidity is defined as the ability to convert assets into cash or cash equivalents without significant loss and to raise additional funds by increasing liabilities. Liquidity management involves maintaining our ability to meet the daily cash flow requirements of our customers, both depositors and borrowers. We seek to maintain a sufficiently liquid asset balance to ensure our ability to meet our obligations. The amount of the appropriate minimum liquid asset balance is determined through severe liquidity stress testing as measured by our liquidity coverage ratio calculation. At September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, we were in compliance with our internal policies related to liquidity coverage ratio.

Changes in interest rates also affect our liquidity position. We currently price deposits in response to market rates. If deposits are not priced in response to market rates, a loss of deposits, particularly noncore deposit, could occur which would negatively affect our liquidity position.

Scheduled loan payments are a relatively stable source of funds, but loan payoffs and deposit flows fluctuate significantly, being influenced by interest rates, general economic conditions and competition. Additionally, debt security investments are subject to prepayment and call provisions that could accelerate their payoff prior to stated maturity. We attempt to price our deposit products to meet our asset/liability objectives consistent with local market conditions. Our ALCO is responsible for monitoring our ongoing liquidity needs. Our regulators also monitor our liquidity and capital resources on a periodic basis.

In addition, our bank is a member of the FHLB Cincinnati. As a result, our bank receives advances from the FHLB Cincinnati, pursuant to the terms of various borrowing agreements, which ~~assist it in the~~support our funding ~~of its home mortgage and commercial real estate loan portfolios.~~needs. Under the borrowing agreements with the FHLB Cincinnati, our bank has pledged certain qualifying residential mortgage loans and, pursuant to a blanket lien, all qualifying commercial mortgage loans as collateral. As such, Pinnacle Bank may use the FHLB Cincinnati as a source of liquidity depending on its ALCO strategies. Additionally, we may pledge additional qualifying assets or reduce the amount of pledged assets with the FHLB Cincinnati to increase or decrease our borrowing capacity with the FHLB Cincinnati. At September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, we estimate we had ~~$3.99~~$2.4 billion in additional borrowing capacity with the FHLB Cincinnati. However, incremental borrowings are made via a formal request by Pinnacle Bank and the subsequent approval by the FHLB Cincinnati. At September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, our bank had received advances from the FHLB Cincinnati totaling ~~$1.52~~$2.1 billion. At September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, the scheduled maturities of Pinnacle Bank's FHLB Cincinnati advances and interest rates are as follows (in thousands):


Scheduled Maturities	Amount		Interest Rates ⁽¹⁾	Amount		Interest Rates ⁽¹⁾
2018	$	45,000	2.25%
2019	503,000		1.87%	$	90,000	1.72%
2020	407,586		2.02%	522,532		1.98%
2021	398,750		2.44%	423,750		2.30%
2022	41,250		2.85%	41,250		2.85%
2023				—		0.00%
Thereafter	125,017		2.19%	975,016		2.08%
Total	$	1,520,603		$	2,052,548
Weighted average interest rate	Weighted average interest rate		2.12%	Weighted average interest rate		2.10%

~~______________________~~

(1)Some FHLB Cincinnati advances include variable interest rates and could increase in the future. The table reflects rates in effect as of September 30, ~~2018.~~2019.

Pinnacle Bank also has accommodations with upstream correspondent banks available for unsecured short-term advances which aggregate ~~$170.0~~$195.0 million. These accommodations have various covenants related to their term and availability, and in most cases must be repaid within a month of borrowing. We had no outstanding borrowings at September 30, ~~2018~~2019 under these agreements. Our bank also ~~has~~had approximately ~~$3.22~~$3.5 billion in available Federal Reserve discount window lines of ~~credit.~~credit at September 30, 2019.

At September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, excluding reciprocating time and money market deposits issued through the Promontory Network, we had ~~$1.65~~$2.1 billion of brokered deposits. Historically, we have issued brokered certificates of deposit through several different brokerage houses based on competitive bid.

~~Industry~~Banking regulators have defined additional liquidity guidelines, through the issuance of the Basel III Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) and the Modified ~~LCR, for banking institutions greater than $250 billion in assets, and $50 billion in assets respectively, in the United States.~~LCR. These regulatory guidelines became effective January 2015 with phase in over subsequent years and require these large institutions to follow prescriptive guidance in determining an absolute level of a high quality liquid asset (HQLA) buffer that must be maintained on their balance sheets in order to withstand a potential liquidity crisis event. Although Pinnacle Financial follows the principles outlined in the Interagency Policy Statement on Liquidity Risk Management, issued March 2010, to determine its HQLA buffer, Pinnacle Financial is not currently subject to these regulations. However, these formulas could eventually be imposed on smaller banks, such as Pinnacle Bank, and require an increase in the absolute level of liquidity on our balance sheet, which could result in lower net interest margins for us in future periods.

At September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, we had no individually significant commitments for capital expenditures. ~~However,~~But, we believe the number of our locations, including non-branch locations, will increase over an extended period of time ~~particularly in~~across our ~~Tennessee markets.~~footprint. In future periods, these expansions may lead to ~~higher~~additional equipment and occupancy expenses as well as related increases in salaries and benefits expense. ~~There are no current plans~~Additionally, we expect we will continue to ~~materially expand~~incur costs associated with technology improvements to enhance the infrastructure of our ~~branch distribution~~firm.

Equipment and occupancy expenses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 increased $1.1 million and $8.3 million, respectively, to $20.3 million and $63.5 million, respectively, as compared to the same periods in the ~~Carolinas and Virginia.~~prior year. Included in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 increase was a $3.2 million non-cash impairment charge incurred during the second quarter of 2019 related to the proposed consolidation of five offices across our footprint.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements. At September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, we had outstanding standby letters of credit of ~~$177.8~~$198.4 million and unfunded loan commitments outstanding of ~~$6.46~~$7.8 billion. Because these commitments generally have fixed expiration dates and many will expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment level does not necessarily represent future cash requirements. If needed to fund these outstanding commitments, Pinnacle Bank has the ability to liquidate Federal funds sold or, on a short-term basis, to borrow and purchase Federal funds from other financial institutions.

Impact of Inflation

The consolidated financial statements and related consolidated financial data presented herein have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and practices within the banking industry which require the measurement of financial position and operating results in terms of historical dollars without considering the changes in the relative purchasing power of money over time due to inflation. Unlike most industrial companies, virtually all the assets and liabilities of a financial institution are monetary in nature. As a result, interest rates have a more significant impact on a financial institution's performance than the effects of general levels of inflation.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

~~In August 2017, the FASB issued~~ See "Part I - Item 1. Consolidated Financial Statements - Note. 1 Summary of Significant Accounting ~~Standards Update No. 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging: Targeted Improvements to Accounting~~Policies" of this Report for ~~Hedging Activities~~. The amendments in this ASU make more financial and non-financial hedging strategies eligible for hedge accounting. It also amends the presentation and disclosure requirements and changes how companies assess effectiveness. The amendments will be effective for public companies for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. Pinnacle Financial early adopted this standard in the first quarter of 2018 and subsequently entered into three hedging transactions during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, and one additional hedging transaction in October 23, 2018, all of which are eligible for hedge accounting as a result of the new standard, as noted in ~~Note 9. Derivative Instruments~~.further information.

~~In August 2016, the FASB issued~~ ~~Accounting Standards Update 2016-15,Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230)~~ intended to reduce the diversity in practice around how certain transactions are classified within the statement of cash flows. The guidance became effective for public companies for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Pinnacle Financial adopted this standard in the first quarter of 2018 and it continues to have no material impact to its consolidated financial statements, with the exception of dividends received from its and Pinnacle Bank's equity method investments which were reclassified from cash flow from investments to operating cash flow.

~~In January 2016, the FASB issued~~ ~~Accounting Standards Update 2016-01, Financial Instruments – Overall (Subtopic 825-10)~~ which, among other things, (i) requires equity investments, excluding those accounted for under the equity method or that result in consolidation, to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income, (ii) simplifies the impairment assessment of equity investments without readily determinable fair values by requiring a qualitative assessment to identify impairment, (iii) eliminates the requirement for public business entities to disclose the methods and significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value that is required to be disclosed for financial instruments measured at amortized cost on the balance sheet, (iv) requires public business entities to use the exit price notion when measuring the fair value of financial instruments for disclosure purposes, (v) requires an entity to present separately in other comprehensive income the portion of the total change in the fair value of a liability resulting from a change in the instrument-specific credit risk when the entity has elected to measure the liability at fair value in accordance with the fair value option for financial instruments, (vi) requires separate presentation of financial assets and financial liabilities by measurement category and form of financial asset on the balance sheet or the accompanying notes to the financial statements and (viii) clarifies that an entity should evaluate the need for a valuation allowance on a deferred tax asset related to available-for-sale securities in combination with the entity's other deferred tax assets. ASU 2016-01 became effective for Pinnacle Financial in the first quarter of 2018 and continues to have no material impact on its consolidated financial statements. See ~~Note 10. Fair Value of Financial Instruments~~ ~~for disclosure of the fair value of financial instruments based on an exit price notion as required by ASU 2016-01.~~

~~In May 2014, the FASB issued~~ ~~Accounting Standards Update 2014-09,Revenue from Contracts with Customers(Topic 606),~~ which was developed as a joint project with the International Accounting Standards Board to remove inconsistencies in revenue requirements and provide a more robust framework for addressing revenue issues. The ASU's core principle is that an entity should recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. In August 2015, the FASB issued ~~Accounting Standards Update 2015-14~~, which deferred the effective date by one year (i.e., interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017). Pinnacle Financial adopted the ASU during the first quarter of 2018, as required, using a modified retrospective approach. The majority of Pinnacle Financial's revenue stream is generated from interest income on loans and deposits, which are outside the scope of Topic 606. Pinnacle Financial’s sources of income that fall within the scope of Topic 606 include service charges on deposits, investment services, insurance sales commissions, trust fees, interchange fees and gains and losses on sales of other real estate, all of which are presented within noninterest income. Pinnacle Financial has evaluated the effect of Topic 606 on these fee-based income streams and concluded that adoption of the standard did not materially impact its consolidated financial statements. The following is a summary of the implementation considerations for the revenue streams that fall within the scope of Topic 606:

~~Insurance sales commissions —~~ Insurance commissions are received from insurance companies in return for the placement of policies with customers. While additional services, such as claims assistance, may be provided over the term of the policy, the revenues are substantially earned at the time of policy placement. The only contingency in earning the revenue relates to the potential for subsequent cancellation of policies. Accordingly, revenue is recognized at the time of policy placement, net of an allowance for estimated policy cancellations. The adoption of Topic 606 had no impact on Pinnacle Financial's revenue recognition related to insurance sales commissions.

~~Gains on sales of other real estate —~~ ASU 2014-09 also creates Topic 610-20, under which a gain on sale should be recognized when a contract for sale exists and control of the asset has been transferred to the buyer. Topic 606 lists several criteria which must exist to conclude that a contract for sale exists, including a determination that the institution will collect substantially all of the consideration to which it is entitled. This presents a key difference between the prior and new guidance related to the recognition of the gain when the institution finances the sale of the property. Rather than basing recognition on the amount of the buyer's initial investment, which was the primary consideration under prior guidance, the analysis is now based on various factors including not only the loan to value ratio, but also the credit quality of the borrower, the structure of the loan, and any other factors that may affect collectability. While these differences may affect the decision to recognize or defer gains on sales of other real estate in circumstances where Pinnacle Bank has financed the sale, the effects would not be material to Pinnacle Financial's consolidated financial statements.

~~Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements~~

~~In August 2018, the FASB issued~~ Accounting Standards Update 2018-15, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other-Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement that is a Service Contract. ASU 2018-15 requires implementation costs incurred by customers in cloud computing arrangements (i.e., hosting arrangements) to be capitalized under the same premises of authoritative guidance for internal-use software, and deferred over the noncancellable term of the cloud computing arrangements plus any option renewal periods that are reasonably certain to be exercised by the customer or for which the exercise is controlled by the service provider. This update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those periods. Early adoption is permitted. If this standard had been effective as of the date of the financial statements included in this report, there would have been no impact on Pinnacle Financial's consolidated financial statements.

~~In February 2018, the FASB issued~~ ~~Accounting Standards Update 2018-02,Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income.~~ The amendments in this ASU addressed the income tax accounting treatment of the stranded tax effects within other comprehensive income due to the newly enacted federal corporate tax rate included in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act issued December 22, 2017. These amendments allow an entity to make a reclassification from other comprehensive income to retained earnings for the difference between the historical corporate income tax rate and the newly enacted corporate income tax rate. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those years. Early adoption is permitted with retrospective application. This standard will not have a material impact on Pinnacle Financial's consolidated financial statements.

~~In January 2017, the FASB issued~~ ~~Accounting Standards Update No. 2017-04, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment~~ to simplify how entities other than private companies, such as public business entities and not-for-profit entities, are required to test goodwill for impairment by eliminating the comparison of the implied fair value of the reporting unit's goodwill with the carrying amount of that goodwill. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those periods. If this standard had been effective as of the date of the financial statements included in this report, there would have been no impact on Pinnacle Financial's consolidated financial statements.

~~In June 2016, the FASB issued~~ ~~Accounting Standards Update 2016-13~~, ~~Financial Instruments - Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments~~ (CECL), which introduces the current expected credit losses methodology. Among other things, CECL requires the measurement of all expected credit losses for financial assets, including loans and held-to-maturity debt securities, held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. The new model will require institutions to calculate all probable and estimable losses that are expected to be incurred through the financial asset's entire life through a provision for credit losses, including loans obtained as a result of any acquisition not deemed to be purchased credit deteriorated (PCD). CECL also requires the allowance for credit losses for PCD loans to be determined in a manner similar to that of other financial assets measured at amortized cost; however, the initial allowance will be added to the purchase price rather than recorded as provision expense. The disclosure of credit quality indicators related to the amortized cost of financing receivables will be further disaggregated by year of origination (or vintage). Institutions are to apply the changes through a cumulative-effect adjustment to their retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the standard is effective. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early application will be permitted for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. Pinnacle Financial is currently assessing the impact of the new guidance on its consolidated financial statements. An increase in the overall allowance for loan losses is likely upon adoption in order to provide for expected credit losses over the life of the loan portfolio.

ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

The information required by this Item 3 is included on pages 3837 through 6159 of Part I - Item 2 - "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations."

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Pinnacle Financial maintains disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the "Exchange Act"), that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by it in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to Pinnacle Financial's management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Pinnacle Financial carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of its management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of its disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on the evaluation of these disclosure controls and procedures, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that Pinnacle Financial's disclosure controls and procedures were ~~effective.~~effective as of the end of the period covered by this report in ensuring that the information required to be disclosed by Pinnacle Financial in the reports it files or submits under the Exchange Act is (i) accumulated and communicated to Pinnacle Financial's management (including the Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer) to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure, and (ii) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms.

Changes in Internal Controls

~~There were no changes~~No change in ~~Pinnacle Financial's~~our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f) or 15d-(f)) occurred during ~~Pinnacle Financial's~~ fiscal quarter ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 that ~~have~~ materially affected, or ~~are~~is reasonably likely to materially affect, ~~Pinnacle Financial's~~our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

Various legal proceedings to which Pinnacle Financial or a subsidiary of Pinnacle Financial is a party arise from time to time in the normal course of business. There are no material pending legal proceedings to which Pinnacle Financial or a subsidiary of Pinnacle Financial is a party or of which any of their property is the subject.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

Investing in Pinnacle Financial involves various risks which are particular to our company, our industry and our market area. We believe all significant risks to investors in Pinnacle Financial have been outlined in Part II, Item 1A of our ~~Annual~~Quarterly Report on Form ~~10-K~~10-Q for the ~~year~~quarter ended ~~December 31, 2017.~~June 30, 2019. However, other risks may prove to be important in the future, and new risks may emerge at any time. We cannot predict with certainty all potential developments which could materially affect our financial performance or condition. There has been no material change to our risk factors as previously disclosed in the above described ~~Annual~~Quarterly Report on Form ~~10-K.~~10-Q.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

The following table discloses shares of our common stock repurchased during the three months ended September 30, ~~2018.~~2019.

Period
Total Number of Shares Repurchased ⁽¹⁾
Average Price Paid Per Share Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
July 1, 2018 to July 31, 2018 2,413
$ 61.64
—
—
August 1, 2018 to August 31, 2018 4,339
63.16
—
—
September 1, 2018 to September 30, 2018 3,224
64.46
—
—
Total 9,976
$ 63.24
—
—



Period	Total Number of Shares Repurchased ⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾	Average Price Paid Per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs ⁽²⁾	Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
July 1, 2019 to July 31, 2019	3,337	$	57.48	—	41,910,000
August 1, 2019 to August 31, 2019	55,809	53.69		52,410	39,105,000
September 1, 2019 to September 30, 2019	148,956	56.24		146,622	30,850,000
Total	208,102	$	55.58	199,032	30,850,000

______________________


(1)	During the quarter ended September 30, ~~2018, 37,151~~2019, 35,817 shares of restricted stock previously awarded to certain of the participants in our equity incentive plans vested. We withheld ~~9,976~~9,070 shares to satisfy tax withholding requirements associated with the vesting of these restricted shares.

(2)

On November 13, 2018, Pinnacle Financial announced that its board of directors authorized a share repurchase program for up to $100.0 million of Pinnacle Financial’s outstanding common stock. The repurchase program is scheduled to expire upon the earlier of Pinnacle Financial’s repurchase of shares of its common stock having an aggregate purchase price of $100.0 million and December 31, 2019. Pinnacle Financial repurchased 199,032 shares and 873,505 shares, respectively, of its common stock at an aggregate cost of $11.1 million and $48.5 million, respectively, in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019. Share repurchases may be made from time to time, on the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, at the discretion of the management of Pinnacle Financial, after the board of directors of Pinnacle Financial authorizes a repurchase program. The approved share repurchase program does not obligate Pinnacle Financial to repurchase any dollar amount or number of shares, and the program may be extended, modified, suspended, or discontinued at any time. Stock repurchases generally are affected through open market purchases, and may be made through unsolicited negotiated transactions. The timing of these repurchases will depend on market conditions and other requirements.

ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

Not applicable

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION

None

ITEM 6. EXHIBITS



31.1*4.1		Subordinated Indenture, dated as of September 11, 2019, between Pinnacle Financial Partners, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on September 11, 2019.
4.2		First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of September 11, 2019, between Pinnacle Financial Partners, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on September 11, 2019.
4.3		Form of 4.125% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Note due 2029 (included as Exhibit A in Exhibit 4.2 hereto).
10.1		Sixth Amendment to Loan Agreement dated as of July 1, 2019 by and between U.S. Bank National Association and Pinnacle Financial Partners, Inc., incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June, 30, 2019, filed on August 2, 2019.
31.1*		Certification pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a)
31.2*		Certification pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a)
32.1**		Certification pursuant to 18 USC Section 1350 - Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2**		Certification pursuant to 18 USC Section 1350 - Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS*		Inline XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH*		Inline XBRL Schema Documents
101.CAL*		Inline XBRL Calculation Linkbase Document
101.LAB*		Inline XBRL Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE*		Inline XBRL Presentation Linkbase Document
101.DEF*		Inline XBRL Definition Linkbase Document
104		The cover page from the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2019, formatted in Inline XBRL (included in Exhibit 101)

*		Filed herewith.
**		Furnished herewith.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.



		PINNACLE FINANCIAL PARTNERS, INC.

November ~~2, 2018~~1, 2019		/s/ M. Terry Turner
		M. Terry Turner
		President and Chief Executive Officer

November ~~2, 2018~~1, 2019		/s/ Harold R. Carpenter
		Harold R. Carpenter
		Chief Financial Officer

6763



TABLE OF CONTENTS	Page No.

PART I – Financial Information:	4
Item 1. Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)	4
Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	4037
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	6460
Item 4. Controls and Procedures	6460

PART II – Other Information:	6561
Item 1. Legal Proceedings	6561
Item 1A. Risk Factors	6561
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	6561
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities	6561
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures	6561
Item 5. Other Information	6561
Item 6. Exhibits	6661
Signatures	6763



	Number of Shares	Amount
Equity consideration:
Common stock issued	27,687,100	$	1,858,133
Total equity consideration		$	1,858,133
Non-equity consideration:
Cash paid to redeem common stock		$	129
Total consideration paid		$	1,858,262
Allocation of total consideration paid:
Fair value of net assets assumed including estimated identifiable intangible assets		$	602,689
Goodwill		1,255,573
		$	1,858,262



	As of June 16, 2017
	BNC Historical Cost Basis		Fair Value Adjustments⁽¹⁾			As Recorded by Pinnacle Financial
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	155,271	$	—		$	155,271
Investment securities	643,875		1,667			645,542
Loans ⁽²⁾	5,782,720		(181,430		)	5,601,290
Mortgage loans held for sale	27,026		—			27,026
Other real estate owned⁽³⁾	20,143		1,382			21,525
Core deposit and other intangible ⁽⁴⁾	—		50,422			50,422
Property, plant and equipment ⁽⁵⁾	156,805		(3,341		)	153,464
Other assets ⁽⁶⁾	320,988		54,057			375,045
Total Assets	$	7,106,828	$	(77,243	)	$	7,029,585

Liabilities
Interest-bearing deposits ⁽⁷⁾	$	5,003,653	$	4,355		$	5,008,008
Non-interest bearing deposits	1,199,342		—			1,199,342
Borrowings ⁽⁸⁾	183,389		(6,412		)	176,977
Other liabilities ⁽⁹⁾	35,729		6,840			42,569
Total Liabilities	$	6,422,113	$	4,783		$	6,426,896
Net Assets Acquired	$	684,715	$	(82,026	)	$	602,689



(dollars in thousands)	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
Revenue ⁽¹⁾	$	619,326
Income before income taxes	261,516



December 31, 2017:
Securities available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	30,505	$	—	$	60	$	30,445
U.S. government agency securities	182,500		67		1,766		180,801
Mortgage-backed securities	1,270,625		5,318		12,124		1,263,819
State and municipal securities	774,949		12,251		2,588		784,612
Asset-backed securities	173,346		262		316		173,292
Corporate notes and other	81,615		1,346		647		82,314
	$	2,513,540	$	19,244	17,501		$	2,515,283
Securities held-to-maturity:
State and municipal securities	$	20,762	$	114	$	46	$	20,830
	$	20,762	$	114	$	46	$	20,830



		Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income
	Location of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income	Three Months Ended September 30,					Nine Months Ended September 30,
	Location of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income	2018			2017		2018			2017
Interest rate swap agreements	Other noninterest income	$	(8	)	$	7	$	(42	)	$	20



	Location of Gain on Derivative	Amount of Gain Recognized in Income
		Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
Asset derivatives		2018		2017		2018		2017
Interest rate swap agreements - securities	Interest income on securities	$	1,755	$	—	$	1,991	$	—
Interest rate swap agreements - loans	Interest income on loans	$	2,236	$	—	$	3,358	$	—



	Location of Loss on Hedged Item	Amount of Loss Recognized in Income
		Three Months Ended September 30,					Nine Months Ended September 30,
Asset derivatives		2018			2017		2018			2017
Interest rate swap agreements - securities	Interest income on securities	$	(1,755	)	$	—	$	(1,991	)	$	—
Interest rate swap agreements - loans	Interest income on loans	$	(2,236	)	$	—	$	(3,358	)	$	—



Period	Total Number of Shares Repurchased ⁽¹⁾	Average Price Paid Per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs	Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
July 1, 2018 to July 31, 2018	2,413	$	61.64	—	—
August 1, 2018 to August 31, 2018	4,339	63.16		—	—
September 1, 2018 to September 30, 2018	3,224	64.46		—	—
Total	9,976	$	63.24	—	—

Three Months Ended
September 30, 2019

Nine Months Ended
September 30, 2019

Operating cash flows related to operating leases

Operating cash flows related to finance leases

Financing cash flows related to finance leases