UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

For the quarterly period ended December 31, 20172023

OR

For the transition period from                  to

Commission File Number:file number: 001-37619

Stellar Biotechnologies, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code:(805) 488-2800

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x☒ No ¨☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x☒ No ¨☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.x ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ¨☐ No x☒

As of February 7, 2018,9, 2024, the registrant had 10,520,0963,171,760 common shares issued and outstanding.

Stellar Biotechnologies, Inc.EDESA BIOTECH, INC.

Quarterly Report on FormQUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM 10-Q

For the Quarter Ended December 31, 20172023

Table of Contents

PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Stellar Biotechnologies,PART 1 – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

Edesa Biotech, Inc.

Condensed Interim Consolidated Balance Sheets

(Unaudited)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed interim consolidated financial statements.

Stellar Biotechnologies, Inc.

Edesa Biotech, Inc.

Condensed Interim Consolidated Statements of Operations

(Unaudited)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed interim consolidated financial statements.

Stellar Biotechnologies, Inc.

Edesa Biotech, Inc.

Condensed Interim Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Unaudited)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed interim consolidated financial statements.

Stellar Biotechnologies,Edesa Biotech, Inc.

Condensed Interim Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed interim consolidated financial statements.

Edesa Biotech, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Interim Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

1. Nature of Operations

Edesa Biotech, Inc. (the Company)Company or Edesa) is a biopharmaceutical company focused on acquiring, developing and commercializing clinical stage drugs for inflammatory and immune-related diseases with clear unmet medical needs. The Company is organized under the laws of British Columbia, Canada. The Company’s businessCanada and is the aquaculture, researchheadquartered in Markham, Ontario. It operates under its wholly owned subsidiaries, Edesa Biotech Research, Inc., an Ontario, Canada corporation, and development, manufacture and commercialization of Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin (KLH). The Company markets and distributes its KLH products to biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, academic institutions, and clinical research organizations primarily in Europe, Asia, and the United States. Edesa Biotech USA, Inc., a California, USA corporation.

The Company’s common shares have been listed for tradingtrade on The Nasdaq Capital Market in the United States under the symbol “SBOT” since November 5, 2015.“EDSA”.

In April 2010, the Company changed its name from CAG Capital, Inc. to Stellar Biotechnologies, Inc. and completed a reverse merger transaction with Stellar Biotechnologies, Inc., a California corporation, which was founded in September 1999, and remains the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary and principal operating entity. In January 2017, the California subsidiary and the Company established a wholly-owned Mexican subsidiary under the name BioEstelar, S.A. de C.V. in Ensenada, Baja California to perform aquaculture research and development activities in Mexico. The Company’s executive offices are located at 332 E. Scott Street, Port Hueneme, California, 93041, USA, and its registered and records office is Royal Centre, 1055 West Georgia Street, Suite 1500, Vancouver, BC, V6E 4N7, Canada.

Management Plans

Company operations have historically been funded by the issuance2. Basis of common shares, exercise of warrants, grant revenues, contract services revenue and product sales. For the three months ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company reported net losses of approximately $1.4 million and $1.5 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2017, the Company had an accumulated deficit of approximately $46.8 million and working capital of approximately $5.1 million. While the Company plans to finance company operations for the next twelve months with cash on hand and product sales, management expects to continue incurring losses for the foreseeable future and will need to raise additional capital to pursue our business plan beyond February 2019. Management is taking action to ensure the Company will continue as a going concern for at least one year beyond the date of the issuance of the Company’s financial statements. First, management has flexibility to adjust planned expenditures based on a number of factors including the size and timing of capital expenditures, staffing levels, inventory levels, and the status of customer clinical trials. Management also seeks to expand the customer base for existing marketed products, and intends to secure additional financing through debt and/or equity financings, including transactions with strategic customers and partners that may include debt and/or equity arrangements.Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (U.S. GAAP) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q. They do not include all information and footnotes necessary for a fair presentation of financial position, results of operations and cash flows in conformity with U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. These unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes contained in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2017.2023, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) on December 15, 2023.

The accompanying unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Stellar Biotechnologies, Inc., a California corporation in the U.S. and BioEstelar, S.A. de C.V. a Baja California corporation in Mexico.wholly owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated inon consolidation. In the opinion of management, allAll adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments and accruals) considered necessary for a fair presentation of the results of operations for the periodperiods presented have been included in the interim period.periods. Operating results for the three months ended December 31, 20172023 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for other interim periods or the fiscal year ending September 30, 2018. The condensed interim consolidated financial data at September 30, 2017 is derived from audited financial statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2017, as filed on December 1, 2017 with the SEC.2024.

Use of estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP for interim financial information requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts reported inof assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and accompanying notes.the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the period or year. Actual results could differ from thesethose estimates. Areas where significant judgment is involved in making estimates are valuation of accounts and other receivable; valuation and useful lives of property and equipment; intangible assets; right-of-use assets; deferred income taxes; the determination of fair value of share-based compensation; the determination of fair value of warrants in order to allocate proceeds from equity issuances; and forecasting future cash flows for assessing the going concern assumption.

Functional Currencyand reporting currencies

The condensed interim consolidated financial statements of the Company are presented in U.S. dollars, unless otherwise stated, which is the Company’s and its wholly owned subsidiary’s, Edesa Biotech USA, Inc., functional currency. The functional currency of the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, Edesa Biotech Research, Inc., as determined by management, is Canadian dollars.

3. Intangible Assets

Recent Accounting PronouncementsAcquired license

In May 2014,April 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued guidance codified in Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 606Revenue Recognition – Revenue from Contracts with Customerswhich amends the guidance in ASC 605,Revenue Recognition and addsCompany entered into a new Subtopic to the Codification, ASC 340-40,Other Assets and Deferred Costs: Contracts with Customers.The standard’s core principle is that a company will recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. To achieve that core principle, an entity should apply the following steps: Step 1: Identify the contract(s)license agreement with a customer; Step 2: Identifypharmaceutical development company to obtain exclusive world-wide rights to know-how, patents and data relating to certain monoclonal antibodies (the Constructs), including sublicensing rights. Unless earlier terminated, the performance obligationsterm of the license agreement will remain in the contract;Step 3: Determine the transaction price; Step 4: Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and Step 5: Recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performanceobligation. ASC 606 permits two methods of adoption: retrospectively to each prior reporting period presented (full retrospective method), or retrospectively with the cumulative effect of initially applying the guidance recognized atfor 25 years from the date of initial application (the modified retrospective method). In August 2015,first commercial sale of licensed products containing the FASB issued an accounting update to defer the effective date by one year for public entities such that it is now effective for public entities for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periodswithin those years, with early application permitted by one year.Constructs. Subsequently, the FASB issued supplemental adoption guidance and clarification to ASC 606 related to principal vs. agent considerations, identifying performance obligations and licensing, technical corrections and improvements, which must be adoptedlicense agreement will automatically renew for five-year periods unless either party terminates the agreement in accordance with its terms.

Under the license agreement, the Company is exclusively responsible, at the same time as ASC 606. These standards are effectiveits expense, for the Company duringresearch, development, manufacture, marketing, distribution and commercialization of the fiscal year ending September 30, 2019. Management is in the process of assessing the impact this guidance will have on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.We anticipate adoption of ASC 606 using the modified retrospective method with a cumulative catch-up adjustmentConstructs and licensed products and to the opening balance sheet of retained earnings at the effective date, during the first quarter of fiscal 2019.obtain all necessary licenses and rights. The Company will continueis required to review separate performance obligations, potential disclosures,use commercially reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize the methodConstructs in accordance with the terms of adoptiona development plan established by the parties.

The Company has determined that the license has multiple alternative future uses in order to complete the evaluationresearch and development projects and sublicensing in other countries or for other disease indications. The value of the impact onacquired license is recorded as an intangible asset with amortization over the consolidated financial statements.

In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01,Financial Instruments-Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognitionestimated useful life of 25 years and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, whichprimarily affects the accountingevaluation for equity investments, financial liabilities under the fair value option, and the presentation and disclosure requirements for financial instruments. In addition,ASU 2016-01clarified guidance related to the valuation allowance assessment when recognizing deferred tax assets resulting from unrealized losses on available-for-sale debt securities.The guidance is effective for public entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those years, with early adoption permitted. These standards are effective for the Company during the fiscal year ending September 30, 2019.Management is in the process of assessing the impact of ASU 2016-01 on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02,Leases (Topic 842), which establishes a new lease accounting model for lessees. The updated guidance requires an entity to recognize assets and liabilities on the balance sheet arising from a lease for both financing and operating leases, along with additional qualitative and quantitative disclosures. The amended guidance is effective for public entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those years, with early adoption permitted. These standards are effective for the Company during the fiscal year ending September 30, 2020.Management is in the process of assessing the impact of ASU 2016-02 on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.We anticipate adoption of ASU 2016-02, will result in lease liabilities and right-of-use assets onthe Company’s consolidatedfinancial statements for several long-term operating leases.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13,Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which includes provisions that require financial assets measured at amortized cost basis to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected and credit losses relating to available-for-sale debt securities to be recorded through an allowance for credit losses, which requires recognition of an estimate of all current expected credit losses. The guidance is effective for public entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those years, with early adoption permitted for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. These standards are effective for the Company during the fiscal year ending September 30, 2021.Management is in the process of assessing the impact of ASU 2016-13 on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-09, Scope of Modification Accounting, which provides new guidance on changes to the terms or conditions of share-based payment awards that would be required to apply modification accounting under ASC 718,Compensation-Stock Compensation. The amendments are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017 with early adoption permitted. These standards are effective for the Company during the fiscal year ending September 30, 2019.  Management is in the process of assessing the impact of ASU 2017-09 on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

Short-term investments consisted of U.S. Treasury Bills at December 31, 2017 and September 30, 2017.

U.S. Treasury Bills are carried at amortized cost which approximates fair value and are classified as held-to-maturity investments.

Raw materials include inventory of manufacturing supplies. Work in process includes manufacturing supplies, direct and indirect labor, contracted manufacturing and testing, and allocated manufacturing overhead for inventory in processimpairment at the end of theeach reporting period. Finished goods include products that are complete and available for sale. At December 31, 2017 and September 30, 2017, the Company recorded work in process and finished goods inventory only for those products with recent sales levels to evaluate net realizable value.

Inventory consistedThe required upfront license payment of $2.5 million was paid by issuance of Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Shares, which have been fully converted to common shares. The value of the following:license includes acquisition legal costs. See Note 5 for license commitments.

Property, plant and equipment,Intangible assets, net consisted of the following:

Depreciation and amortizationAmortization expense amounted to approximately $49,000 and $45,000 for the three months ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Operating leases

The Company leases buildings and facilities used in its operations under two sublease agreements. In June 2015, the Company exercised its option to extend these sublease agreements for an additional five-year term beginning in October and November 2015. The Company negotiated an option to extend the leases for two additional five-year terms.

The Company leases facilities used for executive offices and laboratories and pays a portion of the common area maintenance. In July 2016, the Company extended this lease for a two-year term, with options to renew for three successive two-year terms.

The Company leases undeveloped land in Baja California, Mexico to assess the potential development of an additional aquaculture locale and expansion of production. The lease term is three years from June 2015 with options to extend the lease for 30 years. The Company may terminate early with 30 days’ notice. The rent has been prepaid through June 2018, and is not included in the future minimum lease payments below. The Company has a related agreement with the lessor to collaborate on the design, expansion and development of marine aquaculture resources and KLH production facilities on the leased property. Under that agreement, the Company was responsible for certain leasehold improvements including construction of structures and a power-generating facility, which are owned by the Company. The Company reimburses the lessor for local operational support. The collaboration agreement expires in June 2018, unless terminated earlier.

Aggregate future minimum lease payments at December 31, 2017 are as follows:

Rent expense on these lease agreements amounted to approximately $60,000 and $59,000 for the three months ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Purchase obligations

The Company has commitments totaling approximately $133,000 at December 31, 2017 for signed agreements with contract research organizations, consultants, construction contractors and equipment suppliers. All purchase obligations are expected to be fulfilled within the next 12 months.

Supply agreements

The Company has commitments under supply agreements with customers for fixed prices per gram of KLH in connection with clinical trials on a non-exclusive basis except within that customer’s field of use. The expiration dates of these supply agreements range from October 2019 to February 2022, and are generally renewable upon written request of the customer.

Joint venture agreement

In May 2016, the Company entered into a joint venture agreement with another party for the formation of a joint venture company to manufacture and sell conjugated therapeutic vaccines. The joint venture is organized as a French simplified corporation.

The Company holds a 30% equity interest in the joint venture in exchange for an initial capital contribution of €120,000. One-half of the initial contribution, approximately $67,000, was paid during the year ended September 30, 2016 with the balance due upon the occurrence of certain defined future events. The Company will also provide the joint venture additional financing as may be required, on a pro rata basis in line with our equity interest. According to the joint venture agreement, if certain milestones are not achieved by December 31, 2017, the joint venture will be dissolved, unless (i) the parties mutually agree to pursue the joint venture arrangement, or (ii) either party decides to purchase the equity interests of the other party. This deadline has passed and the parties have expressed their mutual desire to renew and amend the agreement to extend the timeline. Each of the parties is entitled, upon the occurrence of certain defined events, to acquire the interest of the other party. Except as described herein, the joint venture has an initial ten-year term, renewable for successive five-year terms. If either party provides notice at least six months prior to the expiration date of an applicable term that it does not wish to continue its participation in the joint venture, the other party will have a right to acquire all of such terminating party’s equity interests in the joint venture.

In connection with the formation of the joint venture and the execution of its strategy, the parties intend over time to enter into an exclusive supply agreement within a limited field of use for Stellar to supply KLH to the joint venture, a supply agreement designating the joint venture as the exclusive manufacturer and supplier of the other party’s vaccines, and services agreements for the provision of various knowledge and expertise by each of the parties.

Licensing agreement and technology transfer agreement

In July 2013, the Company acquired the exclusive, worldwide license to certain patented technology for the development of human immunotherapies againstClostridium difficile infection (C. diff) under a written agreement (the License Agreement) with a University (the Licensor) which required payments of license fees, patent cost reimbursements and other contingent fees. In March 2017, (i) the Company entered into an agreement to terminate the License Agreement, (ii) the Company concurrently entered into a technology transfer and purchase agreement (the Transfer Agreement) with a vaccine biotechnology company (the Transferee), and (iii) the Licensor and Transferee entered into a direct licensing arrangement relating to the patented C. diff technology. Under the Transfer Agreement, the Company transferred to the Transferee its proprietary rights and know-how of immunogens and vaccine technology for C. diff, in exchange for an upfront payment and a percentage of future fees, milestone payments, sublicensing income and royalties, if any, paid by the Transferee or its assigns to the Licensor.

As a result of the termination of the License Agreement, there are no early termination penalties and no further annual licensing fees, contingent milestone payments, royalties, sub-licensing fees or other financial obligations payable by the Company to the Licensor. 

Retirement savings plan 401(k) contributions

The Company sponsors a 401(k) retirement savings plan that requires an annual non-elective safe harbor employer contribution of 3% of eligible employee wages. All employees over 21 years of age are eligible beginning the first payroll after 3 consecutive months of employment. Employees are 100% vested in employer contributions and in any voluntary employee contributions. Contributions to the 401(k) plan were approximately $19,000 and $18,000$0.03 million for each of the three months ended December 31, 20172023 and 2016,2022 , respectively.

Total estimated future amortization of intangible assets for each fiscal year is as follows:

4. Right-of-Use Lease with Related party commitmentsParty

On August 14, 2002,The Company leases a facility used for executive offices from a related company. The original lease expired in December 2022 and the Company executed a two-year extension through December 2024.

The components of right-of-use lease cost were as follows:

Lease terms and discount rates were as follows:

The future minimum lease payments under right-of-use leases at December 31, 2023 were as follows:

Cash flow information was as follows:

5. Commitments

Research and other commitments

The Company has commitments for contracted research organizations who perform clinical trials for the Company’s ongoing clinical studies and other service providers. Approximate aggregate future contractual payments at December 31, 2023 are as follows:

License and royalty commitments

In April 2020, through its CaliforniaOntario subsidiary, the Company entered into a patent royaltylicense agreement with a director and officer of the Company, whereby he would receive royalty payments in exchange for assignment of his patentthird party to obtain exclusive world-wide rights to the Company.Constructs, including sublicensing rights. An intangible asset for the acquired license has been recognized. See Note 5 for intangible assets. Under the license agreement, the Company is committed to payments of up to an aggregate amount of $356 million contingent upon meeting certain milestones outlined in the license agreement, primarily relating to future potential commercial approval and sales milestones. The Company also has a commitment to pay royalties based on any net sales of products containing the Constructs in the countries where the Company directly commercializes the products containing the Constructs and a percentage of any sublicensing revenue received by the Company and its affiliates in the countries where it does not directly commercialize the products containing the Constructs. No milestone, royalty is 5% of gross receipts from products using this invention in excess of $500,000 annually. The Company’s current operations utilize this invention. There was no royalty expense incurredor sublicensing payments were made to the third party during the three months ended December 31, 20172023 and 2016.2022.

In 2016, through its Ontario subsidiary, the Company entered into a license agreement with a third party to obtain exclusive rights to certain know-how, patents and data relating to a pharmaceutical product. The Company will use the exclusive rights to develop the product for therapeutic, prophylactic and diagnostic uses in topical dermal applications and anorectal applications. No intangible assets have been recognized under the license agreement with the third party. Under the license agreement, the Company is committed to payments of various amounts to the third party upon meeting certain milestones outlined in the license agreement, up to an aggregate amount of $18.4 million. Upon divestiture of substantially all of the assets of the Company, the Company shall pay the third party a percentage of the valuation of the licensed technology sold as determined by an external objective expert. The Company also has a commitment to pay the third party a royalty based on net sales of the product in countries where the Company, or an affiliate, directly commercializes the product and a percentage of sublicensing revenue received by the Company and its affiliates in the countries where it does not directly commercialize the product. A milestone payment of $0.1 million was made to the third party during the three months ended December 31, 2022 and no milestone payments were made during the three months ended December 31, 2023.

In March 2021, through its Ontario subsidiary, the Company entered into a license agreement with the inventor of the same pharmaceutical product to acquire global rights for all fields of use beyond those named under the 2016 license agreement. The Company hadis committed to remaining payments of up to an aggregate amount of $68.9 million, primarily relating to future potential commercial approval and sales milestones. In addition, if the Company fails to file an investigational new drug application or foreign equivalent (IND) for the product within a certain period of time following transactionsthe date of the agreement, the Company is required to remit to the inventor a fixed license fee quarterly as long as the requirement to file an IND remains unfulfilled. For the three months ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded an expense of $25,000 as a result of meeting milestones outlined in share capital:the 2021 license agreement. There were no milestones achieved in the three months ended December 31, 2022 and no expenses were incurred.

6. Capital Shares

Equity offerings

On November 2, 2022, the Company completed a private placement of units consisting of 384,475 common shares, Class A warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 192,248 common shares and Class B warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 192,248 common shares. Net proceeds from the offering were $2.9 million, which were allocated between the relative fair values of the common shares (using a fair value of $2.7 million) and the common share purchase warrants (using a total fair value of $1.2 million). The warrants became exercisable December 23, 2022. The Class A warrants have an exercise price of $10.50 per share and will expire on December 23, 2025. The Class B warrants have an exercise price of $7.00 per share and expired on December 23, 2023. The warrants are considered contracts on the Company’s own shares and are classified as equity.

Equity distribution agreement

On March 27, 2023, the Company entered into an equity distribution agreement with Canaccord, pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell, from time to time, common shares through an at-the-market equity offering program for up to $20 million in gross proceeds, subject to certain offering limitations that currently allow the Company to offer and sell common shares having an aggregate gross sales price of up to $8.4 million. The Company has no obligation to sell any of the common shares and may at any time suspend sales or terminate the equity distribution agreement in accordance with its terms. During the three months ended December 31, 2023, the Company sold a total of 89,249 common shares pursuant to the agreement for gross proceeds of approximately $0.3 million after deducting commissions and direct costs.

Black-Scholes option valuation model

The Company uses the Black-Scholes option valuation model to determine the fair value of share-based compensation for share options and compensation warrants granted and share options.the fair value of warrants issued. Option valuation models require the input of highly subjective assumptions including the expected price volatility. The Company has usedcalculates expected volatility based on historical volatility to estimate the volatility of the Company’s share price. When there is insufficient data available, the Company uses a peer group that is publicly traded to calculate expected volatility. The Company adopted interest-free rates by reference to the U.S. treasury yield rates. The Company calculated the fair value of share options granted based on the expected life of 5 years considering expected forfeitures during the option term of 10 years. Expected life of warrants is based on warrant terms. The Company did not and is not expected to declare any dividends. Changes in the subjective input assumptions can materially affect the fair value estimates, and therefore the existing models do not necessarily provide a reliable single measure of the fair value of the Company’s warrants and share options.

Warrants

There were 1,265,626A summary of the Company’s warrants outstanding at December 31, 2017 with an exercise price of $4.50 and expiry date of January 6, 2022. There were no warrants granted or exercised during the period from September 30, 2016 to December 31, 2017.activity is as follows:

The weighted average contractual life remaining on the outstanding warrants at December 31, 20172023 is 3338 months.

The following table summarizes information about the warrants outstanding at December 31, 2023:

The fair value of warrants granted during the three months ended December 31, 2022 was estimated using the Black-Scholes option valuation model using the following assumptions:

Share Optionsoptions

The Company hasadopted an incentive compensation plan adoptedEquity Incentive Compensation Plan in 20172019 (the Incentive2019 Plan) administered by the independent members of the Board of Directors, which amended and restated the 2013 fixed share option plan.prior plans. Options, restricted shares and restricted share units are eligible for grantsgrant under the Incentive2019 Plan. The total number of shares available for issuance under the Incentiveterms of the 2019 Plan is 1,597,000, including575,737. The remaining number of shares available for the exercise of outstanding options under the 2013 fixed share option plan. No restricted shares or restricted share units have been granted as ofto grant at December 31, 2017.2023 is 81,371.

The exercise price of an option is set at the closing price of the Company’s common shares on the date of grant. Share2019 Plan allows options to be granted to directors, officers, employees and certain individualexternal consultants for past service are subjectand advisers. Under the 2019 Plan, the option term is not to exceed 10 years and the following vesting schedule: (a) one-third shall vest immediately, (b) one-third shall vest at 12 months fromexercise price of each option is determined by the dateindependent members of grant and (c) one-third shall vest at 18 months from the dateBoard of grant.Directors.

Share options granted to directors, officers, employees and certain individual consultants for future service are subject to the following vesting schedule: (x) one-third shall vest at 12 months from the date of grant, (y) one-third shall vest at 24 months from the date of grant and (z) one-third shall vest at 36 months from the date of grant.

Share options granted to certain individual investor relations consultants are subject to the following vesting schedule: (aa) 25% shall vest at 3 months from the date of grant, (bb) 25% shall vest at 6 months from the date of grant, (cc) 25% shall vest at 12 months from the date of grant and (dd) 25% shall vest at 15 months from the date of grant.

Options have been granted under the Incentive2019 Plan allowing the holders to purchase common shares of the Company as follows:

During the three months ended December 31, 2023, the independent members of the Board of Directors granted 500 employee options and no director options. The options have a term of 10 years and an exercise price equal to the Nasdaq closing price on the grant date.

The weighted average contractual life remaining on the outstanding options at December 31, 2023 is 3383 months.

The following table summarizes information about the options under the Incentive2019 Plan outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 2017:2023: