UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, DC 20549 

FORM 10-Q

Commission File No. 001-33531

AEROGROW INTERNATIONAL, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

(303) 444-7755

(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

None

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.   Yes ☒ No ☐             

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).   Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).   Yes ☐ No ☒

Number of shares of issuer's common stock outstanding as of August 62, 20182019:  334,328,0364,328,036

AeroGrow International, Inc.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FORM 10-Q REPORT

June 30, 20182019

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Condensed Financial Statements

AEROGROW INTERNATIONAL, INC.

CONDENSED BALANCE SHEETS

See accompanying notes to the condensed financial statements.

AEROGROW INTERNATIONAL, INC.

CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(Unaudited)

See accompanying notes to the condensed financial statements.

AEROGROW INTERNATIONAL, INC.

CONDENSED STATEMENTSSTATEMENT OF CASH FLOWSCHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(Unaudited)

See supplemental disclosures below and the accompanying notes to the condensed financial statements.

Continued from previous pageAEROGROW INTERNATIONAL, INC.

CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Unaudited)

See supplemental disclosures below and the accompanying notes to the condensed financial statements.

Continued from previous page

AEROGROW INTERNATIONAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

1.    Description of the Business

AeroGrow International, Inc. (collectively, the “Company,” “AeroGrow,” “we,” “our” or “us”) was incorporated in the State of Nevada on March 25, 2002. The Company’s principal business is developing, marketing, and distributing advanced indoor aeroponic garden systems designed and priced to appeal to the consumer gardening, cooking and small indoor appliance markets worldwide.  The Company manufactures, distributes and markets ten different models of its AeroGarden systems in multiple colors, as well as over 40 varieties of seed pod kits and a full line of accessory products through multiple channels, including retail distribution (brick and mortar and online), catalogue and direct-to-consumer sales primarily in the United States and Canada.

2.    Basis of Presentation, Liquidity and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The unaudited interim financial statements of the Company included herein have been prepared in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) for interim reporting including the instructions to Form 10-Q and Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X. These condensed statements do not include all disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for annual audited financial statements and should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited financial statements and related notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended March 31, 20182019 (“Fiscal 2018”2019”), as filed with the SEC on June 28, 2018.25, 2019.

In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited interim financial statements reflect all adjustments, including recurring adjustments, necessary to present fairly the financial position of the Company at June 30, 2018,2019, the results of operations for the three months ended June 30, 20182019 and 2017,2018, and the cash flows for the three months ended June 30, 20182019 and 2017.2018. The results of operations for the three months ended June 30, 20182019 are not necessarily indicative of the expected results of operations for the full year or any future period. In this regard, the Company’s business is highly seasonal, with approximately 60.1%66.2% of revenues in Fiscal 20182019 occurring in the fourfive consecutive calendar months from OctoberSeptember through January.  During the three-month period ended June 30, 2018,2019, the Company has further expanded its distribution channels and invested in necessary overhead in anticipation of the Fiscal 20192020 peak sales season.  The balance sheet as of March 31, 20182019 is derived from the Company’s audited financial statements.

Liquidity

Sources of funding to meet prospective cash requirements during Fiscal 20192020 include the Company’s existing cash balances, cash flow from operations, and borrowings under the Company’s debt arrangements.arrangements as discussed in Note 3.  We may need to seek additional debt or equity capital, however, to address the seasonal nature of our working capital needs, increase the scale of our business and provide a cash reserve against contingencies.  There can be no assurance we will be able to raise this additional capital.  See Note 10 for subsequent events.

Significant Accounting Policies

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period.  Actual results could differ from those estimates.  It is reasonably possible that a change in the Company’s estimates could occur in the near term as additional or new information becomes available.

Net Income (Loss) per Share of Common Stock

The Company computes net income (loss) per share of common stock in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 260.  ASC 260 requires companies with complex capital structures to present basic and diluted earnings per share (“EPS”).  Basic EPS is measured as the income or loss available to common stockholders divided by the weighted average shares of common stock outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS is similar to basic EPS, but presents the dilutive effect on a per share basis of potential common stock equivalents (e.g., convertible securities, options, and warrants) as if such securities had been converted into common stock at the beginning of the periods presented. Securities that have an anti-dilutive effect (i.e., those that increase income per share or decrease loss per share) are excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS include: (i) employee stock options to purchase 125,000 shares and warrants to purchase 2,00094,000 shares of common stock for the period ended June 30, 2018;2019; and (ii) employee stock options to purchase 175,000125,000 shares and warrants to purchase 2,000 shares for the three months ended June 30, 2017.2018.

Concentrations of Risk

ASC 825-10-50-20 requires disclosure of significant concentrations of credit risk regardless of the degree of such risk.  

Cash:

The Company maintains cash depository accounts with financial institutions.  The amount on deposit with several financial institutions exceeded the $250,000 federally insured limit as of June 30, 2018.2019.  The Company has not historically incurred any losses related to these deposits.  The financial institutions are highly rated, financially sound and the risk of loss is minimal.

Customers and Accounts Receivable:

For the three months ended June 30, 20182019 and 2017,2018, one customer, Amazon.com, represented 41.8%33.8% and 23%41.8%, respectively, of the Company’s net revenue.

As of June 30, 2018,2019, the Company had three customers,one customer, Amazon.com Bed, Bath & Beyond and Kohl’s, that represented 26.1%, 18.5% and 11.6%25.3% of the Company’s outstanding accounts receivable, respectively.receivable.  As of March 31, 2018,2019, the Company had two customers, Canadian Tire CorporationAmazon.com and Amazon.com,Target, which represented 27.3%44.3% and 22.3%12.0%, respectively, of outstanding accounts receivable.  The Company believes that all receivables from these customers are collectible.

Suppliers:

For the three months ended June 30, 2019, the Company purchased inventories and other inventory-related items from one supplier totaling $1.3 million. For the three months ended June 30, 2018, the Company purchased inventories and other inventory-related items from one supplier totaling $2.7 million. For the three months ended June 30, 2017, the Company purchased inventories and other inventory-related items from one supplier totaling $1.7 million.  The purchase of inventories and other inventory-related items is tied to the anticipated timing and amount of sales for our highly seasonal business and payment terms with our suppliers.

The Company’s primary contract manufacturers are located in China.  As a result, the Company may be subject to political, currency, regulatory, transportation/shipping and weather/natural disaster risks.  Although the Company believes alternate sources of manufacturing could be obtained, these risks and any potential loss of supply could have an adverse impact on operations, especially in the short term.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company follows the guidance in ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (“ASC 820”), as it relates to the fair value of its financial assets and liabilities. ASC 820 provides for a standard definition of fair value to be used in new and existing pronouncements. This guidance requires disclosure of fair value information about certain financial instruments (insurance contracts, real estate, goodwill and taxes are excluded) for which it is practicable to estimate such values, whether or not these instruments are included in the balance sheet at fair value. The fair values presented for certain financial instruments are estimates, which, in many cases, may differ significantly from the amounts that could be realized upon immediate liquidation.

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (i.e., exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants.  ASC 820 also provides a hierarchy for determining fair value, which emphasizes the use of observable market data whenever available. The three broad levels defined by the hierarchy are as follows, with the highest priority given to Level 1 as these are the most reliable, and the lowest priority given to Level 3.

Level 1 – Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets.

Level 2 – Quoted prices for similar assets in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data, including model-derived valuations.

Level 3 – Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity.

The carrying value of financial instruments including cash, receivables and accounts payable and accrued expenses, approximates their fair value at June 30, 20182019 and March 31, 20182019 due to the relatively short-term nature of these instruments. 

The Company’s intellectual property liability carrying value was determined utilizing Level 3 inputs.  As discussed below in Notes 3 and 4, this liability was incurred in conjunction with the Company’s strategic alliance with Scotts Miracle-Gro.  As of June 30, 20182019 and March 31, 2018,2019, the fair value of the Company's sale of the intellectual property liability was estimated using the discounted cash flow method, which is based on expected future cash flows, discounted to present value using a discount rate of 15%.  As of June 30, 2018,2019, the Company did not have any financial assets or liabilities that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis, subsequent to initial recognition.   

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 

The Company sells its products to retailers and directly to consumers. Retailer sales terms vary by customer, but generally range from net 30 days to net 60 days, while direct-to-consumer transactions are primarily paid by credit card.  Accounts receivable are reported at net realizable value and net of the allowance for doubtful accounts. The Company uses the allowance method to account for uncollectible accounts receivable. The Company's allowance estimate is based on a review of the current status of trade accounts receivable, which resulted in an allowance of $23,000$100,000 and $39,000$89,000 at June 30, 20182019 and March 31, 2018,2019, respectively.

Other Receivables

In conjunction with the Company’s processing of credit card transactions for its direct-to-consumer sales activities and as security with respect to the Company’s performance for credit card refunds and charge backs, the Company is required to maintain a cash reserve with Vantiv,Fidelity Information Services, the Company’s credit card processor. This reserve is equal to 5% of the credit card sales processed during the previous six months. As of June 30, 20182019 and March 31, 2018,2019, the balance in this reserve account was $195,000$144,000 and $281,000,$207,000, respectively. The other receivables also includes $585,000 for the estimate leasehold improvement reimbursement from the landlord of the new lease discussed within the lease section.

Advertising and Production Costs

The Company expenses all production costs related to advertising, including print, television, and radio advertisements when the advertisement has been broadcast or otherwise distributed.  In contrast, the Company records media and marketing costs related to its direct-to-consumer advertisements, inclusive of postage and printing costs incurred in conjunction with mailings of direct-response catalogues, and related direct-response advertising costs. Direct-to-consumercosts, in accordance with ASC 340-20-25 Reporting on Advertising Costs. As prescribed by ASC 340-20-25, direct-to-consumer advertising costs incurred are reported as assets and should be amortized over the estimated period of the benefits, based on the proportion of current period revenue from the advertisement to probable future revenue.  

As the Company has continued to expand its retail distribution channel, the Company has expanded its advertising to include online gateway and portal advertising, as well as placement in third party catalogues.

Advertising expense for the three months ended June 30, 20182019 and June 30, 2017,2018, were as follows:

As of June 30, 20182019 and March 31, 2018,2019, the Company had deferred $3,000$37,000 and $14,000,$3,000, respectively, related to such media and advertising costs which include the catalogue costs described above.  The costs are included within the “prepaid expenses and other” line of the balance sheets.

Inventory

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost, determined on the basis of standard costing, which approximates the first-in, first-out method, or net realizable value.  When the Company is the manufacturer, raw materials, labor and manufacturing overhead are included in inventory costs. The Company records the raw materials at delivered cost. Standard labor and manufacturing overhead costs are applied to the finished goods based on normal production capacity.  A majority of the Company’s products are manufactured overseas and are recorded at standard cost, which includes product costs for purchased and manufactured products, and freight and transportation costs for inbound freight from manufacturers. Inventory values at June 30, 20182019 and March 31, 20182019 were as follows:

The Company determines an inventory obsolescence reserve based on management’s historical experience and establishes reserves against inventory according to the age of the product. As of June 30, 20182019 and March 31, 2018,2019, the Company had reserved $66,000$112,000 and $126,000, respectively, for inventory obsolescence.  The inventory values are shown net of these reserves.

Leases

At lease inception, the Company determines whether an arrangement is or contains a lease. Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets, current operating lease liabilities, and noncurrent operating lease liabilities in the financial statements. ROU assets represent the Company’s right to use leased assets over the term of the lease. Lease liabilities represent the Company’s contractual obligation to make lease payments over the lease term. For operating leases, ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the commencement date. The lease liability is measured as the present value of the lease payments over the lease term. The Company uses the rate implicit in the lease if it is determinable. When the rate implicit in the lease is not determinable, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate at the commencement date of the lease to determine the present value of the lease payments. Operating ROU assets are calculated as the present value of the remaining lease payments, plus unamortized initial direct costs and any prepayments, less any unamortized lease incentives received. Lease terms may include renewal or extension options to the extent they are reasonably certain to be exercised. The assessment of whether renewal or extension options are reasonably certain to be exercised is made at lease commencement. Factors considered in determining whether an option is reasonably certain of exercise include, but are not limited to, the value of any leasehold improvements, the value of renewal rates compared to market rates, and the presence of factors that would cause a significant economic penalty to the Company if the option were not exercised. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company has elected not to recognize an ROU asset and obligation for leases with an initial term of twelve months or less. The expense associated with short term leases is included in lease expense in the statement of operations.

For finance leases, after lease commencement the lease liability is measured on an amortized cost basis and increased to reflect interest on the liability and decreased to reflect the lease payment made during the period. Interest on the lease liability is determined each period during the lease term as the amount that results in a constant period discount rate on the remaining balance of the liability. The ROU asset is subsequently measured at cost, less any accumulated amortization and any accumulated impairment losses. Amortization on the ROU asset is recognized over the period from the commencement date to the earlier of (1) the end of the useful life of the ROU asset, or (2) the end of the lease term. The discount rate used by the Company for the finance leases is 10.0% which is the rate specified in the lease agreement or incremental borrowing rate, as appropriate, as the present value rate. To the extent a lease arrangement includes both lease and non-lease components, the components are accounted for separately.

The Company has various operating leases primarily for office space and other distribution centers, some of which include escalating lease payments and options to extend or terminate the lease. The Company determines if a contract is a lease at the inception of the arrangement. The exercise of lease renewal option is at the Company’s sole discretion and options are recognized when it is reasonably certain the Company will exercise the option. The Company’s leases have remaining terms of less than one year to seven years. The Company does not have lease agreements with residual value guarantees, sale leaseback terms or material restrictive covenants.

Operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date of lease agreements greater than one year based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term and variable lease costs are expensed as incurred.

Revenue Recognition

The Company adopted ASU No. 2014-09, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers", and all the related amendments (collectively “ASC 606”) on April 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method. The adoption did not have a material impact to the nature and timing of its revenues, results of operations, cash flows and statement of financial position. The comparative information has not been restated and continues to be reported under the accounting standards in effect in those periods.

The following table summarizes the impacts of adopting ASC 606 on the Company’s unaudited consolidated balance sheets as of June 30, 2018:

The Company currently has two operating and reportable segments,segments: (i) the Direct to ConsumerDirect-to-Consumer segment, which composed of sales directly from our website, mail order or customer calls to our customer service departmentdepartment; and (ii) the Retail segment, which is comprised of all sales related to retailers, including where possession of our product is taken and sold by the retailer in store or online, and drop ship orders that process from the retailer and drop directly to our warehouse for us to ship on behalf of the retailer.

The majority of the Company’s revenue is recognized when it satisfies a single performance obligation by transferring control of its products and the risk of loss to a customer. Control is generally transferred when the Company’s products are either shipped or delivered based on the terms contained within the underlying contracts or agreements.  The Company’s general payment terms are short-term in duration. The Company does not have significant financing components or payment terms. The Company did not have any material unsatisfied performance obligations as of June 30, 20182019 or March 31, 2018.2019.

The Company excludes from revenues all taxes assessed by a governmental authority that are imposed on the sale of its products and collected from customers.

There were no changes to the Company’s accounting for variable consideration under ASC 606. However, the classification from a liability to a contra asset to show net realizable accounts receivable results in a change in presentation on the balance sheet. Promotional and other allowances (variable consideration) recorded as a reduction to net sales, primarily include consideration given to retail customers including, but not limited to the following:

The Company’s promotional allowance programs with its retailers are executed through separate agreements in the ordinary course of business. These agreements generally provide for one or more of the arrangements described above and are of varying durations, ranging from one day to one year. The Company’s promotional and other allowances are calculated based on various programs with retail customers, and accruals are established during the year for its anticipated liabilities. These accruals are based on agreed upon terms, as well as the Company’s historical experience with similar programs, and require management’s judgment with respect to estimating consumer participation and retail customer performance levels. Differences between such estimated expense and actual expenses for promotional and other allowance costs have historically been insignificant and are recognized in earnings in the period such differences are determined.

The Company records estimated reductions to revenue for customer and distributor programs and incentive offerings, including promotions, rebates, and other volume-based incentives, based on historical rates.  Certain incentive programs require the Company to estimate the number of customers who will actually redeem the incentive based on our historical industry experience. As of June 30, 20182019 and March 31, 2018,2019, the Company reduced accounts receivable $434,000$523,000 and accrued $430,000,$1.2 million, respectively, as an estimate for the foregoing deductions and allowances within the “accounts receivable, net” and “accrued expenses” line of the balance sheets, respectively.

Warranty and Return Reserves

The Company records warranty liabilities at the time of sale for the estimated costs that may be incurred under its basic warranty program. The specific warranty terms and conditions vary depending upon the product sold, but generally include technical support, repair parts, and labor for periods up to one year. Factors that affect the Company’s warranty liability include the number of installed units currently under warranty, historical and anticipated rates of warranty claims on those units, and cost per claim to satisfy the Company’s warranty obligation.  Based upon the foregoing, the Company has recorded a provision for potential future warranty costs of $122,000$181,000 and $111,000$166,000 as of June 30, 20182019 and March 31, 2018,2019, respectively.

The Company reserves for known and potential returns from customers and associated refunds or credits related to such returns based upon historical experience. In certain cases, retail customers are provided a fixed allowance, usually in a range of 1% to 2%, to cover returned goods and this allowance is deducted from payments made to us by such customers. As of June 30, 20182019 and March 31, 2018,2019, the Company has recorded a reserve for customer returns of $183,000$156,000 and $293,000,$313,000, respectively.

Segments of an Enterprise and Related Information

U.S. GAAP utilizes a management approach based on allocating resources and assessing performance as the source of the Company's reportable segments.  U.S. GAAP also requires disclosures about products and services, geographic areas and major customers.  At present, the Company operates in two segments, Direct-to-Consumer and Retail Sales.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements 

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments,” which requires entities to estimate all expected credit losses for certain types of financial instruments, including trade receivables, held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The updated guidance also expands the disclosure requirements to enable users of financial statements to understand the entity’s assumptions, models and methods for estimating expected credit losses over the entire contractual term of the instrument from the date of initial recognition of that instrument. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within that reporting period, and early adoption is permitted. The Company is in the process of evaluating the potential impact of this new guidance on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Accounting Standards Recently Adopted

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, “Leases.” The new standard establishesLeases (“ASC 842”), which, among other things, requires an entity to recognize a right-of-use (ROU) model that requires a lessee to record a ROU asset and a lease liability on the balance sheet for substantially all leases, with terms longer than 12 months. Leases will be classified as either financeincluding operating leases. The Company adopted ASC 842 effective April 1, 2019 utilizing the modified retrospective approach such that prior year Financial Statements were not recast under the new standard. Adoption of this standard resulted in changes to the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets and accounting policies for leases but did not have an impact on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income or operating, with classification affectingCash Flows. See Note 8 for additional information regarding the pattern of expense recognition in the income statement.  The new standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. A modified retrospective transition approach is required for lessees for capital and operating leases existing at, or entered into after,its impact on the beginningCompany’s Financial Statements.

The Company adopted the new guidance as of the earliesteffective date of April 1, 2019 with no adjustments to the comparative period presented in the financial statements, with certainstatements. In addition, the Company elected the package of practical expedients available. permitted under the transition guidance to not reassess (1) whether any expired or existing contracts are, or contain, leases, (2) the lease classification for expired or existing leases, and (3) initial direct costs for existing leases.

The adoption of this ASU is expected to resultthe guidance resulted in allthe recognition of right-of-use ("ROU") assets of $758,000 which amortization of the ROU began in June 2019 and additional lease liabilities for operating leases being capitalized and a current and long-term liability recorded in the Company’s financial statements. We are currently evaluating the impact of adoption$1.3 million as of this ASU on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures. 

In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-14 to defer the effective date by one year of previously issued ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers,” which amended revenue recognition guidance to clarify the principles for recognizing revenue from contracts with customers.April 1, 2019. The guidance requires an entity to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.  The guidance also requires expanded disclosures relating to the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. Additionally, qualitative and quantitative disclosures are required about customer contracts, significant judgments and changes in judgments, and assets recognized from the costs to obtain or fulfill a contract.   The standard became effective for us in Fiscal Year 2019 and did not have a materialan impact on our financial statements. The Company adopted ASU No. 2014-09, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers", and all the Company's consolidated condensed statements of operations. See Note 8 for disclosures related amendments (collectively “ASC 606”) on April 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method. The adoption did not have a material impact to the nature and timing of its revenues or changes to retained earnings due to the nature of revenues of our product which is related to product shipments and has relatively short revenue and accounts receivable cycles. Our revenues generally do not include future or multiple deliverables and as such our process to recognize revenue was consistent with the guidance and adoption of ASC 606. The adoption did not have a material impact on results of operations, cash flows but did impact the balance sheet classification of some accrued expenses which will now be reported as contra accounts receivable. The comparative information has not been restated and continues to be reported under the accounting standards in effect in those periods.Company's leases.

3.    Notes Payable and Long Term Debt and Current Portion – Long Term Debt

The following represents the changes to our Notes Payable Long Term Debt and Current Portion – Long Term Debt for the periods presented. For a more detailed discussion on our previously outstanding Notes Payable Long Term Debt and Current Portion – Long Term Debt, refer to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended March 31, 2018,2019, as filed with the SEC on June 28, 2018.25, 2019.

As of June 30, 20182019 and March 31, 2018,2019, the Company had no outstanding balance of the Company’s note payable andor debt, including accrued interest is as follows:that require a cash payment. The Company has debt associated with the sale of the intellectual property liability (see Note 4) that amounts to a total of $42,000.

Scotts Miracle-Gro Term Loan Agreements

On June 20, 2019, the Company renewed a Working Capital Term Loan Agreement in the principal amount of up to $10.0 million with Scotts Miracle-Gro.  The proceeds will be made available as needed in increments of $500,000, the Company may pay down and reborrow during the Term Loan, not to exceed $10.0 million with a due date of March 31, 2020.  The Term Loan Agreement was secured by a lien on the assets of the Company.  Interest will be charged at the stated rate of 10% per annum and will be paid, in cash, quarterly in arrears at the end of each September, December and March. The funds provided under the Term Loan are used for general working capital and to acquire inventory to support anticipated growth as the Company expands its retail and its direct-to-consumer sales channels.  The Term Loan permits prepayments without penalty or premium and as of June 30, 2019 the Company had borrowed $0 under the Term Loan.  Refer to Note 10 “Subsequent Events” for additional information regarding the term loan.

On June 20, 2019, the Company entered into a Real Estate Term Loan Agreement in the principal amount of up to $1.5 million with Scotts Miracle-Gro.  The funding will provide capital to fund real estate related lease obligations. The proceeds will be made available as needed in increments of $100,000 not to exceed $1.5 million with a due date of March 31, 2022. Interest will be charged at the stated rate of 10% and will be paid quarterly in arrears on each of April 30, July 31, October 31 and January 31. As of June 30, 2019, the Company had borrowed $0 under the Real Estate Term Loan. Refer to Note 10 “Subsequent Events” for additional information regarding the term loan.

Liability Associated with Scotts Miracle-Gro Transaction

The Company and Scotts Miracle-Gro also agreed to enter an Intellectual Property Sale Agreement, a Technology License Agreement, a Brand License Agreement, and a Supply Chain Services Agreement.  The Intellectual Property Sale Agreement and the Technology License constitute an agreement of sales of future revenues.  Since the Company received cash from Scotts Miracle-Gro and agreed to pay for a defined period a specified percentage of revenue, and because the Company has significant involvement in the generation of its revenue, the excess paid over net book value is classified as debt and is being amortized under the effective interest method.  As of June 30, 20182019 and March 31, 2018,2019, a liability of $71,000$42,000 and $80,000,$48,000, respectively, was recorded on the balance sheets for the Intellectual Property Sale Agreement.  As of June 30, 20182019 and March 31, 2018,2019, the accrued liability for the Technology Licensing Agreement, the accrual is calculated as 2% of the annual net sales and recorded as a liability and amounts to $725,000$767,000 and $648,000,$680,000, respectively.  The accrued liability for the Brand License Agreement which is calculated at an amount equal to 5% of incremental growthall seed pod kit and seed pod kit related sales and is recorded as a liability and amounts to $1.3 million$489,000 and $1.3 million$422,000 as of June 30, 20182019 and March 31, 2018,2019, respectively.

4.    Scotts Miracle-Gro Transactions – Convertible Preferred Stock, Warrants and Other Transactions

Series B Convertible Preferred Stock and Related Transactions

On April 22, 2013, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement with SMG Growing Media, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Scotts Miracle-Gro (NYSE: “SMG”), a worldwide marketer of branded consumer lawn and garden products.  Pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreement, Scotts Miracle-Gro acquired 2,649,007 shares of the Company’s Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “Series B Preferred Stock”) and a warrant to purchase up to 80% of the Company’s common stock (the “Warrant”) for an aggregate purchase price of $4.0 million.  The Securities Purchase Agreement, Certificates of Designations for the Series B Preferred Stock, Form of Warrant, Indemnification Agreement, Investor’s Rights Agreement and Voting Agreement were filed as exhibits to a Current Report on Form 8-K that was filed with the SEC on April 23, 2013.  On November 29, 2016, Scotts Miracle-Gro fully exercised the Warrant and, by its terms, the Series B Preferred Stock automatically converted into the Company’s common stock. Scotts Miracle-Gro currently owns approximately 80.5% of the Company’s outstanding common stock.

Upon demand by Scotts Miracle-Gro, the Company must use its best efforts to file a Registration Statement on Form S-3, or, if the Company is not eligible for Form S-3, on Form S-1 (collectively, the “Registration Statement”), within 120 calendar days after receipt of Scotts Miracle-Gro’s demand for registration. The Company must use its best efforts to cause the Registration Statement to become effective as soon as possible thereafter.

In conjunction with the private offering described above, the Company and Scotts Miracle-Gro also agreed to enter an Intellectual Property Sale Agreement, a Technology License Agreement, a Brand License Agreement, and a Supply Chain Services Agreement.  The Intellectual Property Sale Agreement and the Technology License constitute an agreement of sales of future revenues.  For more details regarding these agreements, please refer to Note 3 “Scotts Miracle-Gro Transactions” to the financial statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, as filed with the SEC on June 28, 2018.25, 2019.  See also Note 10 for subsequent events.

5.    Equity Compensation Plans and Employee Benefit Plans

For the three months ended June 30, 20182019 and June 30, 2017,2018, the Company did not grant any options to purchase the Company’s common stock under the Company’s 2005 Equity Compensation Plan (the “2005 Plan”) and no new options will be granted under this plan until a new plan is adopted. 

During the three months ended June 30, 2018, 50,0002019, no options to purchase shares of common stock were cancelled or expired, and no shares of common stock were issued upon exercise of outstanding stock options. During the three months ended June 30, 2017, no2018, 50,000 options to purchase shares of common stock were cancelled or expired, and no shares of common stock were issued upon exercise of outstanding stock options.  

As of June 30, 2018,2019, the Company had no unvested outstanding options to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock and that will result in no additional compensation expense.

Information regarding all stock options outstanding under the Company’s 2005 Plan as of June 30, 20182019 is as follows:

The aggregate intrinsic value in the preceding table represents the difference between the Company’s closing stock price and the exercise price of each in-the-money option on the last trading day of the period presented, which was June 29, 2018.28, 2019.

6.    Income Taxes

The Company follows the guidance in ASC 740, Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes (“ASC 740”) which clarifies the accounting for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in an enterprise’s financial statements.  This interpretation defines the minimum recognition threshold a tax position is required to meet before being recognized in the financial statements.

Deferred income taxes are recognized for the tax consequences in future years of differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their financial reporting amounts at the end of each period, based on enacted laws and statutory rates applicable to the periods in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income.  Any liability for actual taxes to taxing authorities is recorded as income tax liability.  

A valuation allowance is established against such assets where management is unable to conclude more likely than not that such asset will be realized. As of June 30, 20182019 and March 31, 2018,2019, the Company recognized a valuation allowance equal to 100% of the net deferred tax asset balance and the Company has no unrecognized tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions.

7.    Related Party Transactions

See Note 6 “Related Party Transactions” of Form 10-K for the year ended March 31, 2018,2019, as filed with the SEC on June 28, 201825, 2019 for a detailed discussion of related party transactions.  Additionally, see Note 10 “Subsequent Events” to our financial statements for discussion related to debt and equity transactions involving our officers, directors and 5% or greater shareholders. 

8.    Leases

The Company adopted ASU 2016-02, "Leases" “ASC 842” on April 1, 2019, the Company adopted using the modified retrospective approach applied to all leases with a remaining lease term greater than one year. Results for reporting periods beginning after April 1, 2019, are presented in accordance with the new guidance under ASC 842, while prior period amounts are not restated. The adoption of the new lease guidance resulted in the Company recognizing operating lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities based on the present value of remaining minimum lease payments. For the discount rate assumption, the implicit rate was not readily determinable in the Company’s lease agreements. Therefore, the Company used an estimated incremental borrowing rate, in determining the present value of lease payments. There was no impact to opening retained earnings.

The Company elected the practical expedients available under ASC 842 and applied them consistently to all applicable leases. The Company did not apply ASC 842 to any leases with a remaining term of 12 months or less. For these leases, no asset or liability was recorded and lease expense continues to be recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. As allowed by the practical expedients, the Company does not reassess whether any expired or existing contracts are or contain leases, does not reassess the lease classification for any expired or existing leases and does not reassess initial direct costs for existing leases.

The table below sets forth supplemental Balance Sheet information for the Company’s leases.

As of June 30, 2019, the weighted average remaining lease term for operating leases was 7 years, and the weighted average discount rate was 10%.

8.    Common Stock WarrantsThe table below sets forth the future cash payments under such agreements for the remaining years are as follows:

A summary of the Company’s common stock warrant activity

Rent expense for the period from April 1, 2018 throughthree months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 is presented below:was $128,000 and $89,000, respectively.

As of June 30, 2018, the Company had the following outstanding warrants to purchase its common stock:

9.    Segment Information

The Company has determined that its reportable segments are those that are based on its method of internal reporting and the perspective of the chief operating decision maker. The companyCompany has two reportable segments, Retail Sales and Direct-to-Consumers. The Company evaluates performance based on the primary financial measure of contribution margin (“segment profit”). Segment profit reflects the income or loss from operations before corporate expenses, non-operating income, net interest expense, and income taxes.  The Company does not have individually identified assets regarding specific segments as all processes to manufacture products are not different based on segment.

(1) Sales and marketing expense includes advertising, trade shows, media production and promotional products and other as discussed in the sales and marketing section of the MD&A.

(1) Sales and marketing expense includes advertising, trade shows, media production and promotional products and other as discussed in the sales and marketing section of the MD&A.

10.    Subsequent Events

On July 6, 2018,5, 2019, AeroGrow entered into aborrowed $700,000 on the Real Estate Term Loan Agreement (“Term Loan”) into fund real estate lease obligations and $600,000 on the principal amount of up to $6.0 million with Scotts Miracle-Gro.  The proceeds will be made available as needed in increments of $500,000, the Company may reborrow and pay down during theWorking Capital Term Loan notAgreement to exceed $6.0 million with a due date of March 29, 2019.  The funding will provide general working capital and will be used for the purpose of acquiring inventory to supportfund anticipated growth as the Company expands its retail and its direct-to-consumer sales channels.  Advances under the Term Loan Agreement will be secured by a lien on the assets of the Company.  Interest will be charged at the stated rate of 10% per annum and will be paid quarterlydiscussed in arrears on each of September 28, 2018, December 31, 2018 and March 29, 2019.   

The Term Loan Agreement has been filed as an exhibit to a Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on July 11, 2018.  Note 3.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The discussion contained herein is for the three months ended June 30, 20182019 and June 30, 2017.2018.  The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the financial statements of AeroGrow International, Inc. (the “Company,” “AeroGrow,” “we,” “our,” or “us,”) and the notes to the financial statements included in Item 1 above in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 20182019 (this “Quarterly Report”). The following discussion contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), including statements that include words such as “anticipates,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “may,” “will,” or similar expressions that are intended to identify forward-looking statements. In addition, any statements that refer to expectations, projections, or other characterizations of future events or circumstances, including any underlying assumptions, are forward-looking statements. Such statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding our intent, belief, or current expectations regarding our strategies, plans, and objectives, our product release schedules, our ability to design, develop, manufacture, and market products, the ability of our products to achieve or maintain commercial acceptance, our ability to obtain financing and/or generate cash flow sufficient to fund our future operations, and our ability to continue as a going concern. Such statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks, uncertainties, and assumptions that are difficult to predict. Therefore, our actual results could differ materially and adversely from those expressed in any forward-looking statements as a result of various factors. Factors that could cause or contribute to the differences are discussed in this Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and in Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended March 31, 2018.2019.  Except as required by applicable law or regulation, we undertake no obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report. The information contained in this Quarterly Report is not a complete description of our business or the risks associated with an investment in our common stock. Each reader should carefully review and consider the various disclosures we made in this Quarterly Report and in our other filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).

Overview

AeroGrow International, Inc. was formed as a Nevada corporation in March 2002. The Company’s principal business is developing, marketing, and distributing advanced indoor aeroponic garden systems designed and priced to appeal to the consumer gardening, cooking and small indoor appliance markets worldwide.  The Company’s principal activities from its formation through March 2006 consisted of product research and development, market research, business planning, and raising the capital necessary to fund these activities. In December 2005, the Company commenced initial production of its AeroGarden system and, in March 2006, began shipping these systems to retail and catalogue customers. The Company manufactures, distributes and markets teneight different models of its AeroGarden systems in multiple colors, as well as over 40 varieties of seed pod kits and a full line of accessory products through multiple channels including online retail distribution, in-store retail distribution, catalogue and direct-to-consumer sales primarily in the United States and Canada, as well as selected countries in Europe.

In April 2013, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement and strategic alliance with a wholly owned subsidiary of The Scotts Miracle-Gro Company (collectively with its subsidiary, “SMG” or “Scotts Miracle-Gro”). Pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreement, we issued (i) 2.6 million shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “Series B Preferred Stock); and (ii) a warrant to purchase up to 80% of the Company’s common stock for an aggregate purchase price of $4.0 million.  In addition, as part of the strategic alliance, we entered into several other agreements with Scotts Miracle-Gro, including: (i) an Intellectual Property Sale Agreement; (ii) a Technology Licensing Agreement; (iii) a Brand License Agreement; and (iv) a Supply Chain Management Agreement. In November 2016, Scotts Miracle-Gro fully exercised the Warrant and, by its terms, the Series B Preferred Stock automatically converted into the Company’s common stock. Scotts Miracle-Gro currently owns approximately 80.5% of the Company’s outstanding common stock.

Pursuant to the Intellectual Property Agreement, we agreed to sell all intellectual property associated with our hydroponic products (the “Hydroponic IP”), other than the AeroGrow and AeroGarden trademarks, free and clear of all encumbrances, to Scotts Miracle-Gro for $500,000.  Scotts Miracle-Gro has the right to use the AeroGrow and AeroGarden trademarks in connection with the sale of products incorporating the Hydroponic IP.  In addition to the total working capital infusion of approximately $4.5 million from the Securities Purchase Agreement and Intellectual Property Sale Agreement, the strategic alliance affords us to use the globally recognized and highly trusted Miracle-Gro brand name.  We believe that the strategic alliance also gives Scotts Miracle-Gro an entry into the burgeoning indoor gardening market, while providing AeroGrow a broad base of support in marketing, distribution, supply chain logistics, R&D, and sourcing.  We intend to use our strategic alliance with Scotts Miracle-Gro to re-establish our presence in the retail and international sales channels. In Fiscal 2019, we amended the agreementBrand License Agreement with Scotts Miracle-Gro to allow more freedom in the use of the Brand License Agreement andus to remove the Miracle-Gro brand from Gardens we are selling and thus eliminateAeroGardens, thereby eliminating the cost associated with this portion of the agreement.

Results of Operations

Three Months Ended June 30, 20182019 and June 30, 20172018

Summary

For the three months ended June 30, 2018,2019, we generated $3.7$4.5 million of total revenue, an increase of 52.0%19.6%, or $1.3 million,$732,000, relative to the same period in the prior year.  Retail sales increased by 131.1%8.4% to $2.3$2.4 million primarily due to the continued sales into the housewares channel and growingAmazon.ca, as well as continued enthusiasm about new gardens that were first introduced in the prior year.indoor gardening.  Direct-to-consumer sales increased 2.1%30.8%, to $1.5$1.9 million, reflecting more efficient use of advertising and marketing campaigns, increased visibility and continued momentum from our general advertising and marketing campaign.more focused sales programs.  

For the three months ended June 30, 2018,2019, total dollar sales of AeroGarden units increased by 69.9%21.4% from the prior year period and seed pod kit and accessory sales increased by 40.2%44.6% over prior year period.  AeroGarden sales represented 75.0%76.1% of total revenue, as compared to 67.1%75.0% in the prior year period.  This percentage increase, on a product line basis, was attributable to growth in the retail channel, which typically results in new customers purchasing AeroGardens before seed pod kitkits and accessories.  Sales of seed pod kits increased from 46,00075,000 to 75,00094,000 units, primarily as a result of thenew AeroGrow sales and resulting increased size of our active customer database as new customers entered the AeroGrow franchise.database.

The Company continues to spend advertising dollars in order to strategically build market awareness and enhance initiatives implemented in the prior year. For the fiscal year ending March 31, 2020 (“Fiscal 2019,2020”), we intend to expand consumer awareness of the AeroGrow brand and product line.  As a result, during the three months ended June 30, 2018,2019, (the first quarter of Fiscal 2020), we incurred $476,000$512,000 of advertising expenses to support our direct-to-consumer and retail channels, a $209,000$36,000 or 78.6%7.7% year-over-year increase compared to the same period in Fiscal 2018.2019. The advertising expenditures were divided as follows:

Our gross profit for the three months ended June 30, 20182019 was 38.3%32.5%, updown from 33.4%38.3% in the prior year period, primarily due to changes in customer and product mix and less aggressive pricing and the changeexpenses in the Brand Agreement.  Insupply chain which will be areas of focus for the priorcoming year we also incurred several one-time fees in establishing new customers and additional shippingto reduce costs within our warehouse process including costs for internationalfreight, warehouse supplies and direct-to-consumer sales which weren’t repeated this year.better distribution. 

In aggregate, our total operating expenses increased 34.6%20.2%, or $536,000,$421,000, year-over-year, principally because we spent more in anticipation of current and future revenue growth.  Gross spending increased in the following areas:

As a result of efforts to drive growth and increase sales, our operating loss was $654,000$1.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018,2019, as compared to an operating loss of $728,000$654,000 in the prior year period.

Net other incomeexpense for the three months ended June 30, 20182019 totaled $20,000,$5,000, as compared to net other income of $39,000$20,000 in the prior year period.  The current year other incomeexpense is attributable to interest income, other income from consulting related revenue, andan increase in foreign exchange losses.  In the prior year period, net other expenseincome was primarily attributable to interest income, other income from consulting related revenue, andoffset by foreign exchange gains.losses.  

Net loss for the three months ended June 30, 20182019 was $634,000,$1.1 million, as compared to the $689,000$634,000 loss a year earlier.  The net loss reflected the increased sales revenue, decreasedincreased operating expenses as a percentage of revenue and increasesdecreases in margins.   

The following table sets forth, as a total percentage of sales, our financial results for the three months ended June 30, 20182019 and the three months ended June 30, 2017:2018:

Revenue

For the three months ended June 30, 2018,2019, revenue totaled $3.7$4.5 million, a year-over-year increase of 52.0%19.6% or $1.3 million,$732,000, from the three months ended June 30, 2017.2018.

Direct-to-consumer sales for the three months ended June 30, 20182019 totaled $1.5$1.9 million, an increase of $29,000,$448,000, or 2.1%30.8%, from the prior year period.  This increase was caused by driving direct-to-consumer awareness and the resulting sales during our non-peak season through focused marketing, follow-on direct sales to customers that have previously purchased AeroGardens, and continued momentum from general brand awareness campaigns.

Sales to retailer customers for the three months ended June 30, 20182019 totaled $2.3$2.4 million, up $1.3 million,$190,000, or 131.2%8.4%, principally reflecting organic growth in our existing retail accounts, namely Amazon.com.Amazon.ca and Macy’s.  International sales decreaseincreased to $35,000$95,000 to $130,000 in comparison to the prior year periodfirst quarter of Fiscal 2020 primarily due to timing of sales while testing the European market tests as we continue to understand the trends that impact the international market.

Our products consist of AeroGardens, and seed pod kits and accessories.  A summary of the sales of these two product categories for the three months ended June 30, 20182019 and June 30, 20172018 is as follows:

AeroGarden sales increased $1.2 million,$600,000, or 69.9%21.4%, from the prior year period, reflectingreflecting: (i) increased retail channel sales as we continued our growth with existing customers to gain customer acceptance of our product in historically slower sales period, which was primarily related tofrom Amazon.ca and Macy’s; (ii) increased sales to Amazon.com, (ii) sales of AeroGardens, primarily in our Retail channelDirect-to-consumer channels; and (iii) continued our focus on advertising and general awareness campaigns toward the general population, which continue to inform buyers about our products.  The increase in seed pod kit and accessory sales, which increased by $333,000,$518,000, or 40.2%44.6%, principally reflects the prior period focus on acquiring new AeroGarden customers, who have historically purchased seed pod kits and accessories after purchasing and using new AeroGardens, partially offset by a decrease in light bulb sales as the demand for AeroGardens with LED lighting increases.  For the three months ended June 30, 2018,2019, sales of seed pod kits and accessories represented 31.0%37.6% of total revenue, as compared to 33.7%31.0% in the prior year period.  Other revenue, which is comprised primarily of grow club revenue, shipping revenue, accruals and deductions, increased as a percent of total revenue to (6.0)(13.7)% from (0.8)(6.0)% in the prior year period, primarily due to increases in discounts for in-store retail accounts, which incentivized higher retail sales, and revenue deductions for sales allowances and discounts for in-store retail accounts.allowances.

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue for the three months ended June 30, 20182019 totaled $2.3$3.0 million, an increase of $670,000,$709,000, or 40.8%32.5%, from the three months ended June 30, 2017.2018.  Cost of revenue includes product costs for purchased and manufactured products, freight costs for inbound freight from manufacturers, costs related to warehousing and the shipping of products to customers, credit card processing fees for direct sales, and duties and customs applicable to imported products.  As a percent of total revenue, cost of revenue represented 61.7%67.5% of revenue as compared to 66.6% for the quarter ended June 30, 2017.2019, as compared to 61.7% for the quarter ended June 30, 2018.  The decreaseincrease in costs as a percent of revenue reflected the changefriction in the brand agreement with Scotts Miracle-Gro, less aggressive pricing with certain customers,supply chain which will be areas of focus for the coming year including better cost management within our warehouse process including costs for freight, warehouse supplies and test marketing with several new retailers.better distribution.

Gross Profit

Our gross profit varies based upon the factors impacting net revenue and cost of revenue, as discussed above, as well as the mix of our revenue that comes from the retail, direct-to-consumer, and international channels.  In a direct-to-consumer sale, we recognize as revenue the full consumer purchase price for the product.  In retail and international sales, by comparison, we recognize as revenue the wholesale price that we charge to the retailer or international distributor.  Media costs associated with direct sales are included in sales and marketing expenses.  For international sales, margins are structured based on the distributor purchasing products by letter of credit or cash in advance, terms with the distributor bearing all of the marketing and distribution costs within its territory.  As a result, international sales generally have lower gross profits than domestic retail sales.  The gross profit for the quarter ended June 30, 20182019 was 38.3%32.5% as compared to 33.4%38.3% for the quarter ended June 30, 2017.2018.  The increasedecrease in our gross profit was primarily attributable to the increased sales to both retail and direct-to-consumer customers and changes to the brand agreement with Scotts Miracle-Gro, partially offset by some pricing pressure in our direct-to-consumer channel, and changes to our customer and product mix.  within both the retail and direct-to-consumer.

Research and Development

Research and development costs for the quarter ended June 30, 20182019 totaled $160,000,$210,000, an increase of $68,000$51,000 from the quarter ended June 30, 2017.2018.  Our research and development spending increased for the quarter ended June 30, 2018,2019, particularly related to salaries and wages, product certifications design and consulting service expenses for market research and new product development and testing, consulting service expenses for tooling automation and salaries and wages partially offset by increased reimbursements of consultingdecreased product testing and certification fees.

Sales and Marketing

Sales and marketing costs for the three months ended June 30, 20182019 totaled $1.2$1.4 million, relatively flat withor up 13.0% from the prior year period.  Sales and marketing costs include all costs associated with the marketing, sales, operations, customer support, and sales order processing for our products, and consisted of the following:

Advertising expense is composed primarily of catalogue development, production, printing, and postage costs, web media expenses for search and affiliate web marketing programs, and the cost of developing and employing other forms of advertising.  Each is a key component of our integrated marketing strategy because it helps build consumer awareness and demand for our products in the retailer and direct-to-consumer sales channels.  Total advertising expense was $476,000$512,000 for the quarter ended June 30, 2018,2019, a year-over-year changeincrease of 78.6%7.7%, or $209,000,$36,000, primarily because wedue to increased spending on pay-per click advertising, general brand awareness and marketing, promotional programs within our retail channel,and email campaigns, and pay-per click advertising.campaigns.

Sales and marketing personnel costs include salaries, payroll taxes, employee benefits and other payroll costs for our sales, operations, customer service, graphics and marketing departments.  For the three months ended June 30, 2018,2019, personnel costs for sales and marketing were $504,000, up $75,000$491,000, down $13,000 or 17.4%2.6% from the three months ended June 30, 2017.2018.  The increasedecrease reflected changes in the hiringnumber of part-time employees as full-time employees, the creation ofand a new marketing role in the department and thedecrease related increase in employee benefits for those employees.to benefits.

Other marketing expenses increased year-over-year as we continue to grow our business and increase market research and other programs, including increased travel.third party agencies for sales planning.

General and Administrative

General and administrative costs for the three months ended June 30, 20182019 totaled $685,000,$894,000, as compared to $627,000$685,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2017,2018, an increase of 9.2%30.6%, or $58,000.$209,000. The increase was primarily attributable to consulting and legal fees associated with a variety of areas includingcredit card breach, increases in salaries and wages, travel, web hosting, electronic data processing, network consulting feesand bad debt and depreciation expenses.

Operating Loss

Our operating loss for the three months ended June 30, 20182019 was $654,000, a decrease$1.1 million, an increase of $75,000$399,000 from the $728,000$654,000 operating loss for the three months ended June 30, 2017.2018.  The decreasedincreased operating loss was attributable to higherdecreased margins on our increased sales in both our retail and direct-to-consumer channels and increased margins, partially offset byas well as increased marketing and brand awareness advertising expenses.expenses and outside consulting fees.

Net Income and Loss

For the three months ended June 30, 2018,2019, we recorded a net loss of $634,000,$1.1 million, a $55,000 improvement$434,000 decline over the $689,000$634,000 net loss for the three months ended June 30, 2017.2018.  The decreaseincrease in the net loss is primarily a result of decreased margins on increased sales volume in the current year period, offset withas well as increases in sales and marketing expenses designed to continue growing brand awareness.awareness and outside consulting fees, partially offset by increased sales volume.

Segment Results

We report our segment information in the same way that management assesses the business and makes decision regarding the allocations of resources in accordance with the Segment Reporting Topic of the Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification (ASC). Factors considered in determining our reportable segments include the nature of the business activities, the reports provided to the Company’s chief operating decision maker (CODM) for operating and administrative activities, available information and information that is presented to our Board of Directors.

The Company’s CODM has been identified as the Chief Executive Officer because he has final authority over the performance assessment and resource allocation decisions. The CODMCODM: (i) regularly receives discrete financial information about each reportable segment. The CODMsegment, (ii) uses all such information for performance assessment and resource allocation decisions. The CODMdecisions; and (iii) evaluates the performance of and allocates resources based upon the contribution margins of each segment.

As a result, we divide our business into two reportable segments: Direct-to-Consumer and Retail. This division of reportable segments is consistent with how the segments report to and are managed by the CODM of the Company.  The Company evaluates performance based on the primary financial measure of contribution margin (“segment profit”profit margin”). Segment profit margin reflects the income or loss from operations before corporate expenses, non-operating income, net interest expense, and income taxes.

(1) Sales and marketing expense includes advertising, trade shows, media production and promotional products and other as discussed in the sales and marketing section.