UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM10-Q

(Mark One)

For the quarterly period ended July 31, 20172018

OR

For the transition period from                to    

Commission File Number:0-12456

AMERICAN SOFTWARE, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

(404)261-4381

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

None

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of RegulationS-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, anon-accelerated filer, an emerging growth company or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”filer,” “emerging growth company” and “smaller reporting company” inRule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the exchange act.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined inRule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.

AMERICAN SOFTWARE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Form10-Q

Quarter ended July 31, 20172018

Index

PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION

American Software, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (unaudited)

(in thousands, except share data)

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements—unaudited.

American Software, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (unaudited)

(in thousands, except earnings per share data)

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements—unaudited.

American Software, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited)

(in thousands)

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements—unaudited.

AMERICAN SOFTWARE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements—Unaudited

July 31, 20172018

A. Basis of Presentation and PrinciplesSummary of ConsolidationSignificant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form10-Q and Rule10-01 ofRegulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required for complete financial statements. In the opinion of our management, these condensed consolidated financial statements contain all normal recurring adjustments considered necessary for a fair presentation of the Company’s financial position at July 31, 2017,2018, results of operations for the three months ended July 31, 20172018 and 20162017 and cash flows for the three months ended July 31, 20172018 and 2016.2017. The Company’s results for the three months ended July 31, 20172018 are not necessarily indicative of the results expected for the full year. You should read these statements in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and management’s discussion and analysis and results of operations included in our Annual Report on Form10-K for the fiscal year ended April 30, 20172018 (the “Annual Report”).

The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities, at the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Note 1 in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for the fiscal year ended April 30, 20172018 contained in the Annual Report describes the significant accounting policies that we have used in preparing our consolidated financial statements. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates, including but not limited to those related to revenue/collectability, bad debts, capitalized software costs, goodwill, intangible assets impairment, stock-based compensation, income taxes and contingencies. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Our actual results could differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. The accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet as of April 30, 2018 and the condensed consolidated statements of operations and cash flows for the three months ended July 31, 2017 have not been revised for the effects of Topic 606 and are therefore not comparable to the July 31, 2018 period.

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of American Software, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries (“American Software” or the “Company”). All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU)No. 2014-09,Revenue from Contracts with Customers(Topic 606), which replaces the existing revenue recognition guidance. The Company adopted the new revenue standard effective May 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective transition method. Under this method, the Company elected to apply the cumulative effect method to contracts that are not complete as of the adoption date. The Company’s total revenue impact is $1.2 million, with approximately 70% impacting the fiscal year ending April 30, 2019, which is the result of recognizing revenue for the license component of its term licenses and certain perpetual license contracts that were previously recognized over time due to the lack of vendor-specific objective evidence (VSOE) of fair value at thepoint-in-time control of the software license is transferred to the customer, rather than ratably over the term of the contract. In addition, under the new standard, the Company will capitalize a portion of sales commission expenses and recognize them ratably over the associated period of economic benefit which the Company has determined to be six years, which has an impact of $1.1 million. As a result, the cumulative impact due to the adoption of the new revenue standard on the opening consolidated balance sheet is expected to be an increase in opening retained earnings, with a corresponding increase to contract assets and a decrease in deferred revenue.

The following table presents the cumulative effect adjustments, net of income tax effects, to beginning consolidated balance sheet accounts for the new accounting standard adopted by the Company on the first day of fiscal 2019:

The following table summarizes the effects of adopting Topic 606 on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet as of July 31, 2018:

The following table summarizes the effects of adopting Topic 606 on the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of operations for the three months ended July 31, 2018:

The Company’s net cash provided by operating activities for the three months ended July 31, 2018 did not change due to the adoption of Topic 606. The following table summarizes the effects of adopting Topic 606 on the financial statement line items of the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of cash flows for the three months ended July 31, 2018:

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASUNo. 2016-02,Leases (Topic 842), to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. The ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption of the update is permitted. The Company currently expects that most of its operating lease commitments will be subject to the new standard and recognized as operating lease liabilities andright-of-use assets upon adoption.

B. Revenue Recognition

We recognize revenue when we transfer control of the promised goods or services to our customers, in accordancean amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive in exchange for those goods or services. We derive our revenue from software licenses; maintenance services; consulting, implementation and training services; andsoftware-as-a-service (“SaaS”), which includes a subscription to our software as well as maintenance, hosting and managed services.

The Company determines revenue recognition through the following steps:

Step 1 – Identify the Contract with the Software Revenue Recognition TopicCustomer

Step 2 – Identification of Promised Goods and Services and Evaluation of Whether the Promised Goods and Services are Distinct Performance Obligations

Step 3 – Determining the Transaction Price

Step 4 – Allocation of the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification.Transaction Price to Distinct Performance Obligations

Step 5 – Attribution of Revenue for Each Distinct Performance Obligation

Nature of Products and Services.

License. Our perpetual software licenses provide the customer with a right to use the software as it exists at the time of purchase. We recognize revenue for distinct software licenses once the license revenue in connection with license agreements for standard proprietary software upon delivery ofperiod has begun and we have made the software provided we consider collection to be probable, the fee is fixed or determinable, there is evidence of an arrangement, and VSOE exists with respect to any undelivered elements of the arrangement. For multiple-element arrangements, we recognize revenue under the residual method, whereby: (1) the total fair value of the undelivered elements, as indicated by VSOE, is deferred and subsequently recognized and (2) the difference between the total arrangement fee and the amount deferred for the undelivered elements is recognized as revenue relatedavailable to the delivered elements. We record revenues from sales of third-party products in accordancecustomer.

Our perpetual software licenses are sold with Principal Agent Considerations within the Revenue Recognition Topic of the FASB’s Accounting Standards Codification. Furthermore,maintenance under which we evaluate sales through our indirect channel on acase-by-case basis to determine whether the transaction should be recorded gross or net, including but not limited to assessing whether or not we: (1) act as principal in the transaction, (2) take title to the products, (3) have risks and rewards of ownership, such as the risk of loss for collection, delivery, or returns, and (4) act as an agent or brokerprovide customers with compensation on a commission or fee basis. In most cases, we record our sales through the Demand Management, Inc. (“DMI”) channel on a gross basis.

Maintenance. Revenue derived from maintenance contracts primarily includes telephone consulting, product updates on a when and if available basis, and releases of new versions of products previously purchased by the customer, as well as error reporting and correction services. Maintenance contracts are typically sold for a separate fee with initial contractual periods ranging from one to three years with renewal for additional periods thereafter. Maintenance

Subscription Fees.Subscription fees are generally billed annually in advance. We recognize maintenance revenue ratably over the term of the maintenance agreement. In situations where we bundle all or a portion of the maintenance fee with the license fee, VSOE for maintenance is determined based on prices when sold separately.

includeServices. Revenue derived from services primarily includes consulting, implementation, and training. We primarily bill fees under time and materials arrangements and recognize them as we perform the services. In accordance with the other presentation matters within the Revenue Recognition Topic of the FASB’s Accounting Standards Codification, we recognize amounts received for reimbursement of travel and otherout-of-pocket expenses incurred as revenue in the condensed consolidated statements of operations under services and other. These amounts totaled approximately $525,000 and $632,000 for the three months ended July 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)SaaS revenues include fees for the right to use the software for a limited period of time in a hosted environment by the Company or by a third party and the customer accesses and uses the software on anas-needed basis over the Internet or via a dedicated line; however, the customer has no abilityright to take delivery of the software.software without incurring a significant penalty. The underlying arrangements typically include a single fee for the service that is billed monthly, quarterly or annually.Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) revenues The Company’s SaaS solutions represent a series of distinct services that are substantially the same and have the same pattern of transfer to the customer. Revenue from a SaaS solution is generally recognized ratably over the subscription (whichterm of the arrangement.

Professional Services and other. Our services revenue consists of fees generated from consulting, implementation and training services, including reimbursements ofout-pocket expenses in connection with our services. Services are typically optional to our customers, and are distinct from our software. Fees for our services are separately priced and are generally billed on an hourly basis, and revenue is recognized over time as the services are performed. We believe the output method of hours worked provides the best depiction of the transfer of our services since the customer is receiving the benefit from our services as the work is performed. The total amount of expense reimbursement included in Services Revenue)professional services and other revenue was approximately $331,000 and $525,000 for the three months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Maintenance. Revenue is derived from maintenance under which we provide customers with telephone consulting, product updates on a when and if available basis, and releases of new versions of products previously purchased by the customer, as well as error reporting and correction services. Maintenance for perpetual licenses is renewable, generally on an annual basis, at the option of the customer. Maintenance terms typically range from one to three years. Revenue related to maintenance is generally paid in advance and recognized ratably over the committedterm of the agreement since the Company is standing ready to provide a series of maintenance services that are substantially the same each period onceover the services commence.term, and therefore, time is the best measure of progress.

Indirect Channel RevenueRevenue..We recognizerecord revenues forfrom sales made through the indirect sales channels principally whenon a gross basis, because we control the distributor makesgoods or services and act as the saleprincipal in the transaction. In reaching this determination, we evaluated sales through our indirect channel on a case-by case basis and considered a number of factors including indicators of control such as the party having the primary responsibility to anend-user, the license fee is fixedprovide specified goods or determinable, the license fee is nonrefundable,services, and the sale meets all other conditions for revenue recognition.

Deferred Revenue. Deferred revenue represents advance payments or billings for software licenses, services, and maintenance billedparty having discretion in advance of the time revenue is recognized.establishing prices.

Sales Taxes. We account for sales taxes collected from customers on a net basis.

Unbilled Accounts ReceivableSignificant Judgments.. The unbilled receivable balance consists of amounts generated from license feeOur contracts with customers typically contain promises to transfer multiple products and services revenues. At July 31, 2017to a customer. Judgment is required to determine whether each product and Aprilservice is considered to be a distinct performance obligation that should be accounted for separately under the contract. We allocate the transaction price to distinct performance obligations based on their relative standalone selling price (“SSP”). We estimate SSP primarily based on the prices charged to customers for products or services sold on a standalone basis, or by using information such as market conditions and other observable inputs. However, the selling prices of our software licenses are highly variable or uncertain. Therefore, we estimate SSP for software licenses using the residual approach, determined based on total transaction price less the SSP of other products and services promised in the contract. When performing relative selling price allocations, we use the contract price as its estimate of SSP if it falls within the Company’s range estimate of SSP since any point within the range would be a valid price point on a standalone basis. If the contract price falls outside of the range of SSP, the Company will use the nearest point in the SSP range in its relative selling price allocation.

Contract Balances.Timing of invoicing to customers may differ from timing of revenue recognition and these timing differences result in receivables, contract assets (unbilled accounts receivable), or contract liabilities (deferred revenue) on the company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. Fees for our software licenses are generally due within 30 2017, unbilled license fees were approximately $0.3 million and $1.0 million, respectively, and unbilled services revenues were approximately $2.1 million and $1.8 million, respectively. Unbilled license fee accounts receivable represents revenue that has been recognized, butdays of contract execution. We have an established history of collecting under the terms of theour software license agreement, which include specified payment terms thatcontracts without providing refunds or concessions to our customers. SaaS solutions and maintenance are considered normal and customary, certain payments have not yet been invoiced to the customers. Unbilled services revenues primarily occur due totypically billed in advance (on a monthly, quarterly, or annual basis). Services are typically billed as performed. In instances where the timing of revenue recognition differs from the respective billings, which occur subsequenttiming of invoicing, we have determined that our contracts generally do not include a significant financing component. The primary purpose of our invoicing terms is to provide customers with predictable ways to purchase our software and services, not to provide or receive financing. Additionally, we are applying the practical expedient to exclude any financing component from consideration for any contracts with payment terms of one year or less since we rarely offer terms extending beyond one year. The consideration in our customer contracts is fixed.

We have an unconditional right to consideration for all goods and services transferred to our customers. That unconditional right to consideration is reflected in billed and unbilled accounts receivable in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet in accordance with ASC 606.

Deferred revenue consists of amounts collected prior to having completed the performance of maintenance, SaaS, hosting, and managed services. We typically invoice customers for cloud subscription and support fees in advance on a monthly, quarterly or annual basis, with payment due at the start of the cloud subscription or support term. During the three months ended July 31, 2018, we recognized $13 million of revenue that was included in the deferred revenue balance as of April 30, 2018, as adjusted for Topic 606, at the beginning of the period.

Remaining Performance Obligations.A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the endcustomer and is the unit of account under Topic 606. The transaction price is allocated to each reportingdistinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied by transferring the promised good or service to the customer. The Company identifies and tracks the performance obligations at contract inception so that the Company can monitor and account for the performance obligations over the life of the contract. Remaining performance obligations represent the transaction price of orders for which products have not been delivered or services have not been performed. As of July 31, 2018, the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations was approximately $54 million. The Company expects to recognize revenue on approximately three-quarters of the remaining performance obligations over the next 12 months, with the remainder recognized thereafter.

Disaggregated Revenue. The Company disaggregates revenue from contracts with customers by geography, as it believes it best depicts how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors.

The Company’s revenue by geography is as follows:

Practical Expedients and Exemptions. There are several practical expedients and exemptions allowed under Topic 606 that impacts the timing of revenue recognition and the Company’s disclosures. Below is a list of practical expedients the Company applied in the adoption and application of Topic 606:

-The Company does not evaluate a contract for a significant financing component if payment is expected within one year or less from the transfer of the promised items to the customer.

-The Company does not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts for which the Company recognizes revenue at the amount to which it has the right to invoice for services performed (apply totime-and-material engagements).

Contract costs. The Company capitalizes the incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer if the Company expects to recover those costs. The incremental costs of obtaining a contract are those that the Company incurs to obtain a contract with a customer that it would not have incurred if the contract had not been obtained (for example, a sales commission). The Company capitalizes the costs incurred to fulfill a contract only if those costs meet all of the following criteria:

Certain sales commissions incurred by the Company were determined to be incremental costs to obtain the related contracts, which are deferred and amortized ratably over the economic benefit period. These deferred commission costs are classified as current or non-current based on the timing of when the Company expects to recognize the expense. The current and non-current portions of deferred commissions are included in prepaid expenses and other current assets and other long-term assets, respectively, in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. Total deferred commissions at July 31, 2018 and April 30, 2018 were $2.4 million and $2.5 million, respectively. Amortization of sales commissions was $0.2 million for the three months ended July 31, 2018, which is included in sales and marketing expense in the accompanying condensed consolidated statement of operations. No impairment losses were recognized during the periods.

C. Declaration of Dividend Payable

On May 11, 2017,16, 2018, our Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.11 per share of our Class A and Class B common stock. The cash dividend is payable on August 25, 201731, 2018 to Class A and Class B shareholders of record at the close of business on August 11, 2017.17, 2018.

D. Earnings Per Common Share

We have two classes of common stock: Class A Common Shares and Class B Common Shares. Our Class B Common Shares are convertible into Class A Common Shares at any time, on aone-for-one basis. Under our Articles of Incorporation, if we declare dividends, holders of Class A Common Shares shall receive a $0.05 dividend per share prior to the Class B Common Shares receiving any dividend and holders of Class A Common Shares shall receive a dividend at least equal to Class B Common Shares dividends on a per share basis. As a result, we have computed the earnings per share in accordance with Earnings Per Share within the Presentation Topic of the FASB’s Accounting Standards Codification, which requires companies that have multiple classes of equity securities to use the“two-class” method in computing earnings per share.

For our basic earnings per share calculation, we use the“two-class” method. Basic earnings per share are calculated by dividing net earnings attributable to each class of common stock by the weighted average number of shares outstanding. All undistributed earnings are allocated evenly between Class A and B Common Shares in the earnings per share calculation to the extent that earnings equal or exceed $0.05 per share. This allocation is based on management’s judgment after considering the dividend rights of the two classes of common stock, the control of the Class B shareholders and the convertibility rights of the Class B Common Shares to Class A Common Shares.

The calculation of diluted earnings per share is similar to the calculation of basic earnings per share, except that the calculation includes the dilutive effect of the assumed exercise of options issuable under our stock incentive plans. For our diluted earnings per share calculation for Class A Common Shares, we use the“if-converted” method. This calculation assumes that all Class B Common Shares are converted into Class A Common Shares (if antidilutive) and, as a result, assumes there are no holders of Class B Common Shares to participate in undistributed earnings.

For our diluted earnings per share calculation for Class B Common Shares, we use the“two-class” method. This calculation does not assume that all Class B Common Shares are converted into Class A Common Shares. In addition, this method assumes the dilutive effect if Class A stock options were converted to Class A Common Shares and the undistributed earnings are allocated evenly to both Class A and B Common Shares including Class A Common Shares issued pursuant to those converted stock options. This allocation is based on management’s judgment after considering the dividend rights of the two classes of common stock, the control of the Class B shareholders and the convertibility rights of the Class B Common Shares into Class A Common Shares.

The following tables set forth the computation of basic earnings per common share and diluted earnings per common share (in thousands except for per share amounts):

Basic earnings per common share:

Diluted EPS for Class A Common Shares Using theIf-Converted Method

Three Months Ended July 31, 20172018

Three Months Ended July 31, 20162017

		Undistributed & Distributed Earnings to Class A Common Shares				Class A Common Shares				EPS*
Per Basic		$	2,512				27,307			$	0.09
Common Stock Equivalents			—				318				—
			2,512				27,625				0.09
Class B Common Share Conversion			213				2,364				—
Diluted EPS for Class A Common Shares		$	2,725				29,989			$	0.09

Diluted EPS for Class B Common Shares Using theTwo-Class Method

Three Months Ended July 31, 20172018     

Three Months Ended July 31, 20162017

For the three months ended July 31, 20172018 and 2016,2017, we excluded options to purchase 1,024,917130 and 855,4391,024,917 Class A Common Shares, respectively, from the computation of diluted earnings per Class A Common Shares. We excluded these option share amounts because the exercise prices of those options were greater than the average market price of the Class A Common Shares during the applicable period. As of July 31, 2017,2018, we had a total of 3,833,6303,535,823 options outstanding and, as of July 31, 2016,2017, we had a total of 3,599,5813,833,630 options outstanding.

E. Stock-Based Compensation

During the three months ended July 31, 20172018 and 2016,2017, we granted options for 872,000557,000 and 333,000872,000 shares of common stock, respectively. The fair value of each option award is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The forfeiture rates are estimated using historical data. We recorded stock option compensation cost of approximately $398,000 and $316,000, and $388,000 and related income tax excess benefits of approximately $139,000$274,000 and $145,000shortfall of $33,000 from option exercises during the three months ended July 31, 20172018 and 2016,2017, respectively. We record stock-based compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the vesting period directly to additionalpaid-in capital.

During the three months ended July 31, 20172018 and 2016,2017, we issued 101,516295,813 and 223,276101,516 shares of common stock, respectively, resulting from the exercise of stock options. The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the three months ended July 31, 20172018 and 20162017 based on market value at the exercise dates was approximately $207,000$1.7 million and $856,000,$207,000, respectively. As of July 31, 2017,2018, unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock option awards approximated $3.4$4.4 million, which we expect to recognize over a weighted average period of 1.681.96 years.

F. Fair Value of Financial Instruments

We measure our investments based on a fair value hierarchy disclosure framework that prioritizes and ranks the level of market price observability used in measuring assets and liabilities at fair value. A number of factors affect market price observability, including the type of asset or liability and its characteristics. This hierarchy prioritizes the inputs into three broad levels as follows:

Marketable Securities—Marketable securities utilizing Level 1 inputs include active exchange-traded equity securities and equity index funds, and most U.S. Government debt securities, as these securities all have quoted prices in active markets. Marketable securities utilizing Level 2 inputs include municipal bonds. We value these securities using market-corroborated pricing or other models that use observable inputs such as yield curves.

The following tables present our assets and liabilities that we measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of July 31, 20172018 and April 30, 2017,2018, respectively, and indicates the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques we used to determine such fair value (in thousands):

G. Stock Repurchases

On August 19, 2002, our Board of Directors approved a resolution authorizing the repurchase of up to an additional 2.0 million shares of our Class A common stock. We have made and will make these repurchases through open market purchases at prevailing market prices. The timing of any repurchase will depend upon market conditions, the market price of our common stock and management’s assessment of our liquidity and cash flow needs. Under this repurchase plan, through July 31, 2017,2018, we have repurchased 1,053,679 shares of common stock at a cost of approximately $6.2 million. As of July 31, 2017,2018, under all repurchase plans previously authorized, including this most recent plan, we have repurchased a total of 4,588,632 shares of common stock at a cost of approximately $25.6 million.

H. Comprehensive Income

We have not included condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements since comprehensive income and net earnings presented in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations would be substantially the same.

I. Industry Segments

We provide our software solutions through three major business segments, which are further broken down into a total of four major product and service groups. The three businessFASB ASC 280,Segment Reporting, establishes standards for reporting information about operating segments. Operating segments are (1) Enterprise Resource Planning (“ERP”), (2) Supply Chain Management (“SCM”), and (3) Information Technology (“IT”) Consulting.

The ERP segment consistsdefined as components of (i) American Software ERP,a public entity about which provides purchasing and materials management, customer order processing,separate financiale-commerce and traditional manufacturing solutions, and (ii) New Generation Computing (“NGC”), which provides industry-specific business software to both retailers and manufacturers in information is available that is evaluated regularly by the apparel, sewn products and furniture industries. The SCM segment, which consists of Logility, a wholly-owned subsidiary, as well as its subsidiary, DMI, provides collaborative supply chain solutions to streamline and optimize the forecasting, inventory, production, supply, allocation, distribution and management of products between trading partners. The IT Consulting segment consists of The Proven Method, Inc., an IT staffing and consulting services firm. We also provide support for our software products, such as software enhancements, documentation, updates, customer education, consulting, systems integration services, maintenance and support services.

Our chief operating decision maker is themakers (“CODMs”), or decision making group, in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. Our CODMs are our Principal Executive Officer (“PEO”). and President. While the PEO isour CODMs are apprised of a variety of financial metrics and information, we manage our business primarily on a segment basis, with the PEOCODMs evaluating performance based upon segment operating profit or loss that includes an allocation ofcertain corporate and other common expenses but excludes certain unallocated expenses, which are included in the Other segment. Our CODMs review the operating results of our three segments, assess performance and allocate resources in a manner that is consistent with the changing market dynamics that we have experienced. We updated our operating segments to reflect the fact that we provide our software solutions through three major operating segments, which are further broken down into a total of six major product and service groups. The three operating segments are (1) Supply Chain Management (“SCM”), (2) Information Technology (“IT”) Consulting and (3) Other.

The SCM segment consists of Logility, which is a leading provider of collaborative supply chain optimization and advanced retail planning solutions that help medium, large and Fortune 500 companies transform their supply chain operations to gain a competitive advantage. Recognized for its high-touch approach to customer service, rapid implementations and industry-leading return on investment (ROI), as well as (i) Demand Management, Inc (“DMI”), which delivers affordable, easy-to-use Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) supply chain planning solutions designed to increase forecast accuracy, improve customer service and reduce inventory to maximize profits and lower costs, (ii) New Generation Computing (“NGC”), which is a leading provider of cloud-based supply chain and product lifecycle management solutions for brands, retailers and consumer products companies, and (iii) Halo Business Inteligence (“Halo”), which is an advanced analytics software provider leveraging an innovative blend of artificial intelligence and machine learning technology to drive greater supply chain performance. The Other segment consists of (i) American Software ERP, which provides purchasing and materials management, customer order processing, financial, e-commerce and traditional manufacturing solutions, and (ii) corporate overhead and other common expenses.

Previously, we maintained three operating segments: (1) SCM, (2) IT and (3) Enterprise Resource Planning (“ERP”). As a result of the organizational realignment during the third quarter fiscal 2018, NGC was repositioned out of the ERP segment and into the SCM segment. There were no changes to the IT segment. Certain prior year amounts have been recast to conform to fiscal 2019 presentation. The change in reportable segments had no effect on our previously reported consolidated financial position or results of operations.

All of our revenues are derived from external customers. We do not have any inter-segment revenue. Our income taxes and dividends are paid at a consolidated level. Consequently, it is not practical to show these items by operating segment.

In the following table, we have broken down the intersegment transactions applicable to the three months ended July 31, 20172018 and 20162017 (in thousands):