| ☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 | ||||
2021
| ☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 | ||||
Histogenics Corporation
| Delaware | 04-3522315 | |||||
(State or other jurisdiction of
| (I.R.S. Employer
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(781) 547-7900
Not Applicable
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)
| Title of each class | Trading symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered | ||||||||||||
| Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share | OCGN | The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (The Nasdaq Capital Market) | ||||||||||||
| Large accelerated filer | ☐ | Accelerated filer | ☐ | ||||||||||
| Non-accelerated Filer | Smaller reporting company | ☒ | |||||||||||
| Emerging growth company | |||||||||||||
reference in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are the property of their respective owners. ASSETS Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents Marketable securities Prepaid expenses and other current assets Total current assets Property and equipment, net Restricted cash Total assets LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT) Current liabilities: Accounts payable Accounts payable due to Intrexon Corporation Accrued expenses Current portion of deferred rent Current portion of deferred lease incentive Current portion of equipment loan Total current liabilities Accrued expenses due to Intrexon Corporation Deferred rent, long-term Deferred lease incentive, long-term Equipment loan, long-term Warrant liability Total liabilities Commitments and contingencies (Note 5) Convertible preferred stock and stockholders’ equity (deficit): Convertible preferred stock, $0.01 par value; 30,000 shares authorized, 8,610.5701 and 13,416.4734 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively Common stock, $0.01 par value; 100,000,000 shares authorized, 22,791,066 and 20,647,612 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively Additional paid-in capital Accumulated deficit Total stockholders’ equity (deficit) Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity (deficit) amounts) AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS Revenue Operating expenses: Research and development General and administrative Total operating expenses Loss from operations Other income (expense): Interest income (expense), net Other expense, net Warrant expense Change in fair value of warrant liability Total other expense, net Net loss Other comprehensive loss: Unrealized gain from available for sale securities Comprehensive loss Net loss attributable to common stockholders— Net loss per common share—basic and diluted Weighted-average shares used to compute loss per common share—basic and diluted amounts) CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: Net loss Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: Depreciation Amortization of discount of investments Deferred rent and lease incentive Stock-based compensation Change in fair value of warrant Warrant expense Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Prepaid expenses and other current assets Accrued expenses due to Intrexon Corporation Accounts payable Accounts payable due to Intrexon Corporation Accrued expenses Net cash used in operating activities CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: Purchases of property and equipment Proceeds from maturities of marketable securities Purchases of marketable securities Net cash used in investing activities CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: Proceeds from issuance of common stock, preferred stock and warrants, net of issuance costs Repayments on equipment term loan Proceeds from exercise of stock options Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents—Beginning of period Cash and cash equivalents—End of period statements. grant proceeds. The Company 19, 2021 (the "2020 Annual Report"). Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform with current period presentation. the job function of the employee. or liabilities Description September 30, 2017 Assets: Cash Equivalents Money market funds Marketable securities: Asset-backed securities Corporate notes Total Liabilities: Warrant liability December 31, 2016 Assets: Money market funds Liabilities: Warrant liability Beginning balance, December 31, 2016 Change in fair value of warrant liability Ending balance 2 inputs of the borrowings under the EB-5 Loan Agreement (as defined in Note 8) approximates its carrying value. See Note 8 for additional information. and Restricted Cash Description Asset-backed securities Corporate notes Total expense arising from fixed lease payments. statements. statements. common stock would receive if the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock were fully converted to common stock. Numerator: Net loss Net loss attributable to Series A Preferred Stock (a) Loss attributable to common stockholders—basic and diluted Denominator: Weighted-average number of common shares used in loss per share—basic and diluted Loss per share—basic and diluted common share for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020. Unvested restricted stock and options to purchase common stock Series A preferred stock unconverted Warrants exercisable into common stock Office equipment Laboratory equipment Leasehold improvements Construction in progress Software Total property and equipment Less: accumulated depreciation Property and equipment, net remainder of 2021 as a result of the reduction in force in connection with the Company's discontinuation of a product candidate. See Note 7 for additional information about commitments under separation agreements. Outstanding at December 31, 2016 Granted Exercised Cancelled Outstanding at September 30, 2017 Vested and expected to vest at September 30, 2017 Exercisable at September 30, 2017 Unvested at December 31, 2016 Vesting of restricted stock Unvested at September 30, 2017 Research and development General and administrative Total stock-based compensation expense Stock options Restricted stock Total stock-based compensation expense Risk-free interest rate Expected volatility Expected term (in years) Expected dividend yield Risk-free interest rate Expected volatility Expected term (in years) Expected dividend yield Silicon Valley Bank Equipment Loan Payable Less: current portion Long-term debt, net December 31, 2017 May 31, 2018 Total date. We have never been profitable and have incurred net losses in each year since inception. six months ended June 30, 2020. those estimates. There Report. 2020 Research and development expenses General and administrative expenses Other expense, net debt discount on the Warrant Exchange Promissory Notes. 2020 Research and development expenses General and administrative expenses Other expense, net May 2021. Contents Net cash used in operating activities Net cash used in investing activities Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 (in thousands): activities proxy solicitation during the six months ended June 30, 2021 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2020. activities property and equipment during the six months ended June 30, 2021 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2020. activities $0.5 million increments. Borrowings are at a fixed interest rate of 4.0% and are to be utilized in the clinical development, manufacturing, and commercialization of our product candidates and for our general working capital needs. Outstanding borrowings pursuant to the EB-5 Program become due upon the seventh anniversary of the final disbursement. Amounts repaid cannot be re-borrowed. As of June 30, 2021, there was $1.5 million of principal outstanding under the EB-5 Loan Agreement. merger or sale; or cease operations. If we cannot expand our operations or otherwise capitalize on our business opportunities because we lack sufficient capital, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. information. In procedures. United States. Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds. Sanjay SubramanianHISTOGENICS CORPORATIONSEPTEMBERJUNE 30, 20172021Page PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION4Item 1.Financial Statements467202525262626585959595960INFORMATION“forward-looking statements”forward-looking statements that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. All statements, other than statements of historical facts contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q including statements regarding our strategy, future results of operations, andfuture financial position, strategy andfuture revenues, projected costs, prospects, plans, and our expectations for future operations,objectives of management are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The words “anticipate,” “believe,” “contemplates,” “continue,” “could,” “design,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “likely,” “may,” “ongoing,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “will,” “would,” “seek,” “should,” “target,” or the negative version of these words and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about:the ability to obtain and maintain regulatory approval of our product candidates and the labeling for any approved products, including the timing of availability of clinical trial data from enrolled clinical trials and the timing of filings such as a Biologics License Application (“BLA”);the scope, progress and costs of developing and commercializing our product candidates;our expectations regarding our expenses and revenues, the sufficiency of our cash resources, the timing of our future profitability, if at all;our ability to establish and maintain development and commercialization partnerships;our need for additional financing and our ability to raise additional funds on commercially reasonable terms;the timing and success of preclinical studies and clinical trials conducted by us and our development partners;the timing of enrollment, commencement and completion of our clinical trials;our securities’ or industry analysts’ expectations regarding the timing and success of our clinical trials;our technology, manufacturing capacity, location and partners;our ability to adequately manufacture our product candidates and the raw materials utilized therein;our ability to obtain and maintain intellectual property protection for our product candidates and our cell therapy technology platform;the rate and degree of reimbursement and market acceptance of any of our product candidates;our expectations regarding competition, including the actions of competitors and the perceived relative performance in the marketplace of NeoCart as compared to competitive products;the size and growth of the potential markets for our product candidates and our ability to serve those markets;our ability to manufacture our product candidates at an acceptable cost and scale to serve those markets;our anticipated growth strategies;the anticipated trends and challenges in our business and the market in which we operate;our ability to attract and retain key personnel;our ability to operate our business in compliance with the covenants and restrictions that we are subject to under our loan and security agreement;regulatory developments in the United States and foreign countries; andour plans for the use of our cash and cash equivalents.Any forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q reflect our current views with respect to future events or to our future financial performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other important factors that may cause our actual results, performance, or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance, or achievements expressed or implied by thesethe forward-looking statements. FactorsThe words "anticipate," "believe," "estimate," "expect," "intend," "may," "plan," "predict," "project," “will,” “would,” or the negative of such terms and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. Such statements are based on assumptions and expectations that may cause actual resultsnot be realized and are inherently subject to differ materially from current expectations include, amongrisks, uncertainties, and other things, those described in the sections titled “Risk Factors”factors, many of which cannot be predicted with accuracy and “Management’s Discussion and Analysissome of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”which might not even be anticipated.those describedcontained in the sections titled “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March 16, 2017. Given these19, 2021 (the "2020 Annual Report") include, among other things, statements about:theseour forward-looking statements. Actual results or events could differ materially from the plans, intentions, and expectations disclosed in the forward-looking statements we make. We specifically disclaimhave included important factors in the cautionary statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in the 2020 Annual Report, particularly under “Risk Factors,” that we believe could cause actual results or events to differ materially from the forward-looking statements that we make. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, joint ventures, collaborations, or investments we may make.forward-looking statementsstatements.future, except® or TM symbols, but those references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights or that the applicable owner will not assert its rights, to these tradenames or trademarks, as requiredapplicable. All tradenames, trademarks, and service marks included or incorporated by law.HISTOGENICS CORPORATIONdata) September 30, December 31, 2017 2016 (Unaudited) $ 10,798 $ 31,908 1,821 — 258 173 12,877 32,081 2,814 3,860 137 137 $ 15,828 $ 36,078 $ 827 $ 1,588 — 360 1,518 2,097 60 136 185 407 324 583 2,914 5,171 3,040 3,040 289 315 527 610 — 178 13,871 13,197 20,641 22,511 — — 159 159 196,419 195,181 (201,391 ) (181,773 ) (4,813 ) 13,567 $ 15,828 $ 36,078 June 30, 2021 December 31, 2020 Assets Current assets Cash and cash equivalents $ 115,642 $ 24,039 Advance for COVAXIN supply 4,988 0 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 996 1,839 Total current assets 121,626 25,878 Property and equipment, net 944 633 Restricted cash 151 151 Other assets 1,530 714 Total assets $ 124,251 $ 27,376 Liabilities and stockholders’ equity Current liabilities Accounts payable $ 802 $ 395 Accrued expenses and other current liabilities 3,870 2,941 Short-term debt, net 0 234 Operating lease obligation 168 44 Total current liabilities 4,840 3,614 Non-current liabilities Operating lease obligation, less current portion 1,328 389 Long term debt, net 1,674 1,823 Total non-current liabilities 3,002 2,212 Total liabilities 7,842 5,826 Commitments and contingencies (Note 13) 0 0 Stockholders’ equity Convertible preferred stock; $0.01 par value; 10,000,000 shares authorized at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 Series A; 7 issued and outstanding at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 0 0 Series B; 54,745 and 0 issued and outstanding at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively 1 0 Common stock; $0.01 par value; 295,000,000 and 200,000,000 shares authorized, 198,816,745 and 184,133,384 shares issued, and 198,695,245 and 184,011,884 shares outstanding at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively 1,988 1,841 Treasury stock, at cost, 121,500 shares at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 (48) (48) Additional paid-in capital 220,799 93,059 Accumulated deficit (106,331) (73,302) Total stockholders’ equity 116,409 21,550 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 124,251 $ 27,376 unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.HISTOGENICS CORPORATION(unaudited)data) Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 2016 2017 2016 $ — $ — $ — $ — 3,488 4,880 12,200 16,260 2,225 1,768 6,717 6,141 5,713 6,648 18,917 22,401 (5,713 ) (6,648 ) (18,917 ) (22,401 ) 39 (20 ) 114 (55 ) (52 ) (130 ) (142 ) (298 ) — (3,056 ) — (3,056 ) (269 ) 539 (673 ) 539 (282 ) (2,667 ) (701 ) (2,870 ) $ (5,995 ) $ (9,315 ) $ (19,618 ) $ (25,271 ) 1 — — — $ (5,994 ) $ (9,315 ) $ (19,618 ) $ (25,271 )
basic and diluted $ (5,080 ) $ (9,234 ) $ (16,380 ) $ (25,197 ) $ (0.23 ) $ (0.70 ) $ (0.74 ) $ (1.90 ) 22,552,341 13,297,546 22,219,666 13,279,833 Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30, 2021 2020 2021 2020 Revenues Collaboration revenue $ 0 $ 43 $ 0 $ 43 Total revenues 0 43 0 43 Operating expenses Research and development 18,853 1,630 21,725 3,282 General and administrative 6,757 1,779 10,942 4,056 Total operating expenses 25,610 3,409 32,667 7,338 Loss from operations (25,610) (3,366) (32,667) (7,295) Other income (expense) — Interest income 10 0 10 0 Interest expense (20) (248) (40) (263) Other income (expense) (332) 0 (332) 0 Total other income (expense) (342) (248) (362) (263) Net loss and comprehensive loss $ (25,952) $ (3,614) $ (33,029) $ (7,558) Deemed dividend related to Warrant Exchange 0 (12,546) 0 (12,546) Net loss to common stockholders $ (25,952) $ (16,160) $ (33,029) $ (20,104) Shares used in calculating net loss per common share — basic and diluted 195,572,189 83,537,463 190,960,775 68,082,346 Net loss per share of common stock — basic and diluted $ (0.13) $ (0.19) $ (0.17) $ (0.30) unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.HISTOGENICS CORPORATIONSeries A Convertible Preferred Stock Series B Convertible Preferred Stock Common Stock Treasury Stock Additional
Paid-in CapitalAccumulated
DeficitTotal Shares Amount Shares Amount Shares Amount Balance at December 31, 2020 7 $ 0 0 $ 0 184,133,384 $ 1,841 $ (48) $ 93,059 $ (73,302) $ 21,550 Stock-based compensation expense — — — — — — — 833 — 833 Issuance of common stock for option exercises — — — — 157,468 2 — 174 — 176 At-the-market common stock issuance, net — — — — 987,000 10 — 4,839 — 4,849 Registered direct offering common stock issuance, net — — — — 3,000,000 30 — 21,174 — 21,204 Series B Convertible Preferred Stock issuance, net — — 54,745 1 — — — 4,953 — 4,954 Net loss — — — — — — — — (7,077) (7,077) Balance at March 31, 2021 7 $ 0 54,745 $ 1 188,277,852 $ 1,883 $ (48) $ 125,032 $ (80,379) $ 46,489 Stock-based compensation expense — — — — — — — 2,095 — 2,095 Issuance of common stock for option and warrant exercises — — — — 538,893 5 — 366 — 371 Registered direct offering common stock issuance, net — — — — 10,000,000 100 — 93,306 — 93,406 Net loss — — — — — — — — (25,952) (25,952) Balance at June 30, 2021 7 $ 0 54,745 $ 1 198,816,745 $ 1,988 $ (48) $ 220,799 $ (106,331) $ 116,409 Series A Convertible Preferred Stock Series B Convertible Preferred Stock Common Stock Treasury Stock Additional
Paid-in CapitalAccumulated
DeficitTotal Shares Amount Shares Amount Shares Amount Balance at December 31, 2019 7 $ 0 0 $ 0 52,746,728 $ 528 $ (48) $ 62,019 $ (51,480) $ 11,019 Stock-based compensation expense — — — — — — — 222 — 222 Net loss — — — — — — — — (3,944) (3,944) Balance at March 31, 2020 7 $ 0 0 $ 0 52,746,728 $ 528 $ (48) $ 62,241 $ (55,424) $ 7,297 Stock-based compensation expense — — — — — — — 149 — 149 Warrant Exchange — — — — 21,920,820 219 — (5,197) — (4,978) Issuance of common stock for subscription agreements and warrant exercises — — — — 1,328,405 13 — 319 — 332 At-the-market common stock issuance, net — — — — 59,132,191 591 — 14,846 — 15,437 Net loss — — — — — — — — (3,614) (3,614) Balance at June 30, 2020 7 $ 0 0 $ 0 135,128,144 $ 1,351 $ (48) $ 72,358 $ (59,038) $ 14,623 (unaudited) Nine Months Ended Sept 30, 2017 2016 $ (19,618 ) $ (25,271 ) 1,178 1,267 24 — (407 ) (400 ) 1,233 1,080 673 (539 ) — 3,056 (85 ) 120 — 1,256 (761 ) (358 ) (360 ) (94 ) (578 ) 40 (18,701 ) (19,843 ) (132 ) (317 ) 6,159 — (8,004 ) — (1,977 ) (317 ) — 27,674 (437 ) (437 ) 5 2 (432 ) 27,239 (21,110 ) 7,079 31,908 30,915 $ 10,798 $ 37,994 Six months ended June 30, 2021 2020 Cash flows from operating activities Net loss $ (33,029) $ (7,558) Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: Depreciation expense 93 38 Non-cash interest expense 40 263 Non-cash lease expense 134 95 Stock-based compensation expense 2,928 371 Gain on forgiveness of PPP Note (426) 0 Impairment on note receivable 758 0 Other non-cash 0 (166) Changes in assets and liabilities: Prepaid expenses and other assets 965 500 Accounts payable and accrued expenses 1,483 (1,220) Other assets 100 0 Lease obligations (130) (96) Net cash used in operating activities (27,084) (7,773) Cash flows from investing activities Purchase of property and equipment (524) (34) Issuance of note receivable (750) 0 Net cash used in investing activities (1,274) (34) Cash flows from financing activities Proceeds from issuance of common stock 128,496 16,161 Payment of equity issuance costs (8,525) (593) Proceeds from issuance of debt 0 921 Payments of debt issuance costs 0 (6) Repayments of debt 0 (1,140) Financing lease principal payments (10) (12) Net cash provided by financing activities 119,961 15,331 Net increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash 91,603 7,524 Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of period 24,190 7,595 Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period $ 115,793 $ 15,119 Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing transactions: Series B Convertible Preferred Stock issuance $ 4,988 $ 0 Exercise of Warrants $ 603 $ 0 Forgiveness of PPP Note $ 426 $ 0 Issuance of Warrant Exchange Promissory Notes $ 0 $ 5,625 Obligation settled with common stock $ 0 $ 331 Equity issuance costs $ 0 $ 130 Purchase of property and equipment $ 78 $ 0 Right-of-use asset related to operating leases $ 926 $ 0 unaudited condensed consolidated financial statementsHISTOGENICS CORPORATION(unaudited)NATURE OF BUSINESSOrganizationHistogenics Corporation (theNature of Business was incorporated under, is a biopharmaceutical company focused on developing gene therapies to cure blindness diseases and developing a vaccine to save lives from COVID-19. The Company is located in Malvern, Pennsylvania, and manages its business as 1 operating segment.laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts on June 28, 2000Company entered into a Co-Development, Supply and has its principal operations in Waltham, Massachusetts. In 2006, the Company’s board of directors approved a corporate reorganizationCommercialization Agreement with Bharat Biotech International Limited ("Bharat Biotech"), pursuant to which the Company incorporated as a Delaware corporation. Theobtained an exclusive right and license under certain of Bharat Biotech's intellectual property rights, with the right to grant sublicenses to develop, manufacture, and commercialize COVAXIN for the prevention of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 in humans in the United States, its territories, and possessions. In June 2021, the Company entered into an amendment to the Co-Development, Supply and Commercialization Agreement (as so amended, the "Covaxin Agreement") pursuant to which the parties agreed to expand the Company's rights to develop, manufacture, and commercialize COVAXIN to include Canada in addition to the United States, its territories, and possessions (the “Ocugen Covaxin Territory”).cell therapy company engaged in developing and commercializing products in the musculoskeletal segment of the marketplace. The Company combines cell therapy and tissue engineering technologies to develop products for tissue repair and regenerationwhole-virion inactivated COVID-19 vaccine candidate and is initially focused on patients suffering from cartilage-derived painformulated with the inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus, an antigen, and immobility. The Company’s most advanced product, NeoCart®an adjuvant. COVAXIN requires a 2-dose vaccination regimen given 28 days apart and is stored in standard vaccine storage conditions (2-8°C). COVAXIN has been granted approval for emergency use in India and over 45.0 million doses globally have been administered to date.is currentlywith efficacy against severe COVID-19 disease of 93.4%, and efficacy against asymptomatic COVID-19 disease of 63.6% in athe Phase 3 clinical trial conducted by Bharat Biotech in India. Adverse events in the COVAXIN and controls arms of the Phase 3 clinical trial were observed in 12.4% of subjects, with less than 0.5% of subjects experiencing serious adverse side effects. The majority of the symptomatic cases identified in aggregate in the COVAXIN and controls arms in the Phase 3 clinical trial were COVID-19 variants, the majority of which were identified to be the Delta variant, B.1.617.2. Subjects vaccinated with COVAXIN in the Phase 3 clinical trial showed protection against the emerging Delta variant, B.1.617.2, showing a vaccine efficacy of 65.2%. Additionally, in in-vitro studies conducted by the Indian Council of Medical Research ("ICMR") — National Institute of Virology, COVAXIN demonstrated potential effectiveness against the Zeta variant, B.1.1.28.2, which contains the E484K mutation found in New York, as well as potential effectiveness against the Alpha variant, B.1.1.7, and the Beta variant, B.1.351.States (the “U.S.”) under a special protocol assessment withStates. In June 2021, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the "FDA") provided feedback to the Company regarding the data and information contained in a "Master File" that was previously submitted to the FDA and recommended that the Company pursue a Biologics License Application ("BLA") submission instead of an Emergency Use Authorization ("EUA") application for COVAXIN in the United States. As part of the feedback provided by the FDA regarding the "Master File", the FDA also requested additional information and data. The Company is currently in discussions with the FDA regarding the appropriate regulatory pathway for COVAXIN in the United States. The Company is additionally in discussions with the FDA regarding the data requirements for COVAXIN under a BLA submission and anticipates that data from an additional clinical trial will be required to support a BLA submission.FDA”NHRs”), which have the potential to restore homeostasis, the basic biological processes in the retina. Unlike single-gene replacement therapies, which only target 1 genetic mutation, the Company believes that its gene therapy platform, through its use of NHRs, represents a novel approach in that it may address multiple retinal diseases with 1 product.knee cartilage damage. In June 2017,dry AMD. This candidate is currently in preclinical development. The Company is planning to initiate a Phase 1/2a clinical trial for OCU410 in 2022.announced that it hadhas completed enrollment in the NeoCart Phase 3 clinical trial.technology transfer of manufacturing processes to the Company's contract development and manufacturing organization ("CDMO") for the manufacture of OCU200. The Company expects to report top-line data in the third quarter of 2018 and fileinitiate a Biologics License Application (“BLA”) with the FDA in the same quarter subject to successful Phase 31/2a clinical trial results.On May 13, 2011,in 2022. The Company's CDMO will manufacture the Company completed the acquisition of ProChon Biotech Ltd. (“ProChon”), a privately-held biotechnology company focused on modulating the fibroblast growth factor system for consideration of $2.2 million to enable it to create more effective solutions for tissue regeneration. The acquisition of ProChon provided the Company with access to a significant portfolio of intellectual property, including proprietary cell growth factors, in addition to furthering opportunitiesclinical supplies for the use of biomaterialsPhase 1/2a clinical trial.create more effective solutions for regenerating human tissue. The acquisition led todate through the initial recognition of goodwill, which was subsequently written off in 2011, and intangible assets including IPR&D and a licensing agreement which have been fully-impaired.On December 18, 2014, the Company formed a wholly owned subsidiary, Histogenics Securities Corporation, under the laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.On September 29, 2016, the Company closed a private placementsale of common stock, preferredwarrants to purchase common stock, the issuance of convertible notes, debt, and warrants, contemplated by a securities purchase agreement dated September 15, 2016, with certain institutional and accredited investors. The net proceeds after deducting placement agent fees and other transaction-related expenses was $27.6 million. See Note 6, Capital Stock, for further discussion of the private placement.Since its inception, the Company has devoted substantially all of its efforts to product development, recruiting management and technical staff, raising capital, starting up production and building infrastructure and has not yet generated revenues from its planned principal operations. Expenses have primarily been for research and development and related administrative costs.is subject to a numberincurred net losses of risks. The developmental natureapproximately $33.0 million and $7.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. As of its activities is such that significant inherent risks exist in the Company’s operations. Principal among these risks are the successful development of therapeutics, successfully enrolling patients in its clinical trials in a timely manner, ability to obtain adequate financing, obtaining regulatory approval for any of its product candidates in any jurisdiction, obtaining adequate reimbursement rates for any of its approved product candidates, compliance with government regulations, protection of proprietary therapeutics, fluctuations in operating results, dependence on key personnel and collaborative partners, adoption of the Company’s products by the physician community, rapid technological changes inherent in the markets targeted, the introduction of substitute products and competition from larger companies.LiquidityThe consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going-concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. As shown in the accompanying consolidated financial statements,June 30, 2021, the Company had an accumulated deficit at September 30, 2017 of $201.4$106.3 million and has incurred lossescash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash flow deficits from operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016. totaling $115.8 million.financed operationsa limited operating history and its prospects are subject to date primarilyrisks, expenses, and uncertainties frequently encountered by companies in its industry. The Company intends to continue its research, development, and commercialization efforts for its product candidates, which will require significant additional funding. If the Company is unable to obtain additional financing in the future or research, development, and commercialization efforts require higher than anticipated capital, there may be a negative impact on the financial viability of the Company. The Company plans to increase working capital by raising additional capital through public and private placements of equity securities, includingand/or debt, payments from potential strategic research and development arrangements, sale of assets, government grants, licensing and/or collaboration arrangements with pharmaceutical companies or other institutions, or other funding from the salesgovernment or other third parties. Such financing may not be available at all, or on terms that are favorable to the Company. While management of common stock and preferred stock, and the related issuance of warrants in September 2016, the issuance of common stock in the initial public offering completed in December 2014, and borrowings under debt agreements. The Company anticipatesbelieves that it has a plan to fund ongoing operations, its plan may not be successfully implemented. Failure to generate sufficient cash flows from operations, raise additional capital, or appropriately manage certain discretionary spending could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s ability to achieve its intended business objectives.incur net losses for the next several years and will require additional capital to complete the filing of a BLA with the FDAdevelop and commercialize NeoCart, if approved, and for the future development of its existing product candidates. However, the Company expects that total operating expenses will be lower over the next four quarters than the previous four quarters. As of September 30, 2017, the Company had approximately $12.6 million of cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities. Given the Company’s current development plans, it anticipates that its existing cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities will be not be sufficient to fund its operations beyond the middle of 2018. Accordingly, these factors, among others, raiseproduct candidates, there is substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.To meet its capital needs,concern within one year after the Company intends to raise additional capital through debt or equity financing or other strategic transactions. However, there can be no assurancedate that the Company will be able to complete any such transaction on acceptable terms or otherwise. The failure of the Company to obtain sufficient funds on commercially acceptable terms when needed could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, results of operations and financial condition. The forecast of cash resources is forward-looking information that involves risks and uncertainties, and the actual amount of our expenses could vary materially and adversely as a result of a number of factors. The Company has based its estimates on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and the Company’s expenses could prove to be significantly higher than it currently anticipates.Basis of AccountingThethese condensed consolidated financial statements are unauditedissued. The condensed consolidated financial statements do not contain any adjustments that might result from the resolution of any of the above uncertainties.of America (“U.S. GAAP”). However, they do not include all and under the rules and regulations of the informationUnited States Securities and footnotes required by GAAPExchange Commission (“SEC”) for complete financial statements. These interim reporting. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in the opinioninclude all adjustments, consisting of the Company’s management, reflect all normal recurring adjustments, that are necessary for a fair presentation ofto present fairly the Company’s financial position, and results of operations, for the interim periods ended September 30, 2017 and 2016.cash flows. The condensed consolidated results of operations for the interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations to be expectedthat may occur for the full fiscal year. Certain information and footnote disclosures of the Company normally included in the financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted under the SEC’s rules and regulations. These interimcondensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements as of and accompanying notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2016, and the notes thereto, which are2020, included in the Company’sCompany's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”)SEC on March 16, 2017.Histogenics CorporationOcugen and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, ProChon and Histogenics Securities Corporation.wholly owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accountsbalances and transactions arehave been eliminated in consolidation.2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIESninethree and six months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2017, there have been no material2020, the Company recorded collaboration revenue from an agreement accounted for as a collaborative arrangement within the scope of ASC 808. NaN collaboration revenue was recorded during the three and six months ended June 30, 2021.significant accounting policies describedplan will be made or the plan will be withdrawn, and (v) the plan has beenCompany’s audited financial statements asemployee is required to render service until termination in order to receive the benefits, are recognized ratably over the future service period.and for the year ended December 31, 2016,termination and the notes thereto, whichcosts are included inprobable and estimable.Annual Reportcondensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss depending on Form 10-K, except as noted below.amounts reported in the Company’s consolidatedvalue of certain financial statements forinstruments, including cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, accounts payable, equipment loan, and accrued liabilities approximateexpenses approximates their respective fair values because ofdue to the short-term nature of these accounts.Fairinstruments.is defined as the exchange price that would be received if sellingfor an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date.Additionally, from time to time, the Company may be required to record at fair value other assets on ASC 820 also establishes a nonrecurring basis, such as assets held for sale and certain other assets. These nonrecurring fair value adjustments typically involve the application of lower-of-cost-or-market accounting or write-downs of individual assets.The fair value hierarchy, giveswhich requires an entity to maximize the highest priorityuse of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. ASC 820 describes three levels of inputs that may be used to unadjustedmeasure fair value:(Level 1), and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3). The Company’s financial assets are classified within the fair value hierarchy based on the lowest level of inputs that is significant to the fair value measurement. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy, and their applicability to the Company’s financial assets, are described below.Level 1: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date of identical, unrestricted assets.: Quoted — quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets or inputs that are observable either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term through corroboration with observable market data. Level 2 includes investments valued at quoted prices adjusted for legal or contractual restrictions specific to the security.: Pricing — inputs that are unobservable for the assets. Level 3 assets include private investments that are supported by little or no market activity. Level 3 valuations are for instruments that are not traded in active markets or are subject to transfer restrictions and may be adjusted to reflect illiquidity and/or non-transferability, with such adjustment generally(for example cash flow modeling inputs based on available market evidence. In the absenceassumptions)such evidence, management’s best estimate is used.An adjustment to the pricing method used within either Level 1 or Level 2 inputs could generate a fair value measurement that effectively falls in a lower level in the hierarchy. The Company had no material re-measurements of fair value with respect to financial assets and liabilities, during the periods presented, other than those assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurringbasis. Other than the warrants issued in connection with the private placement transaction which closed on September 29, 2016,June 30, 2021, the Company had no assets or liabilities classified as Level 3 as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016. Transfers are calculated on values as ofbelieves the transfer date. There were no transfers between Levels 1, 2 and 3 during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and twelve months ended December 31, 2016.The fair value of the warrants is considered a Level 3 valuation and was determined using a Monte Carlo simulation model. This model incorporated several assumptions at each valuation date including: the price of the Company’s common stock on the date of valuation, the historical volatility of the price of the Company’s common stock, the remaining contractual term of the warrant and estimates of the probability of a fundamental transaction occurring (See Note 6 for further discussion of the private placement).The Company’s financial instruments as of September 30, 2017 consisted primarily of cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities and warrant liability. The Company’s financial instruments as of December 31, 2016 consisted primarily of cash and cash equivalents and warrant liability. As of September 30, 2017, and December 31, 2016, the Company’s financial assets recognized at fair value consisted of the following: Total Quoted
prices in
active markets
(Level 1) Significant
other
observable
inputs
(Level 2) Significant
unobservable
inputs
(Level 3) (in thousands) $ 4,603 $ 4,603 $ — $ — 900 — 900 — 921 — 921 — $ 6,424 $ 4,603 $ 1,821 $ — $ 13,871 $ — $ — $ 13,871 $ 30,318 $ 30,318 $ — $ — $ 13,198 $ — $ — $ 13,198 The following table provides a reconciliation of all liabilities measured at fair value using Level 3 significant unobservable inputs: As of September 30, 2017 (in thousands) $ 13,198 673 $ 13,871 and Cash Equivalents,securities with originalinvestments that have maturities of three months or less from the date of purchasewhen acquired to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents are comprised of funds in money market accounts.Marketable SecuritiesThe Company classifiesinclude bank demand deposits, marketable securities with a remaining maturity when purchasedmaturities of greater than three months as available for sale. The Company considers all available for sale securities, including those with maturity dates beyond 12 months, as available to support current operational liquidity needsor less at purchase, and therefore classifies all securities including those with maturity dates beyond 90 days at the datemoney market funds that invest primarily in certificates of purchase as current assets within the consolidated balance sheets. Available for sale securities are maintained by the Company’s investment managers and may consist ofdeposit, commercial paper, high-grade corporate notes,and U.S. Treasury securities,government and U.S. government agency securities,obligations. The Company’s restricted cash balance consists of cash held to collateralize a corporate credit card account.certificatesrestricted cash in the condensed consolidated balance sheets to the total amount shown in the condensed consolidated statements of deposit. Availablecash flows (in thousands):As of June 30, 2021 2020 Cash and cash equivalents $ 115,642 $ 14,968 Restricted cash 151 151 Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash $ 115,793 $ 15,119 sale securitiesrepairs and maintenance are carried at fair value with the unrealizedgainscharged to expense as incurred. Gains and losses on disposal of assets are included in otherthe condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) as a component of stockholders’ equity (deficit) until realized. Any premium or discount arising at purchaseloss. Depreciation is amortized and/or accreted to interest income and/or expensecalculated using the straight-line method and is recognized over the expected useful life of the instrument. Realized gainsunderlying asset. The Company's property and lossesequipmentdeterminedamortized over the shorter of their useful lives or the remaining lease term. If a leasehold improvement transfers ownership to the Company at the end of the lease term, the leasehold improvement is amortized over its useful life.specific identification methodunderlying asset. The Company’s current and historical lease agreements include lease and non-lease components, which the Company has elected not to account for separately for all classes of underlying assets. Lease expense for variable lease components is recognized when the obligation is probable.income (expense).If any adjustment to fair value reflects a declineassets and operating lease obligations in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. Operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the investment,lease term. Operating lease payments are recognized as lease expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term and recognized as research and development expense or general and administrative expense based on the underlying nature of the expense. The Company primarily leases real estate classified as operating leases. FASB ASC Topic 842, considers all available evidenceis reasonably certain to evaluateexercise, or an option to extend (or not to terminate) the extentlease controlled by the lessor.whichbe payable under the decline is “other-than-temporary” and,exercise of an option to purchase the underlying asset if so, marks the investment to market throughreasonably certain.charge torate or index associated with the Company’s leases are recognized when the event, activity, or circumstance is probable. Variable lease payments include the Company's proportionate share of certain utilities and other operating expenses and are presented as operating expenses in the Company’s condensed consolidated statementstatements of operations and comprehensive loss.The following table summarizes the available for sale securities held at September 30, 2017: Amortized
Cost Unrealized
Gains Unrealized
Losses Fair
Value (in thousands) $ 900 $ — $ — $ 900 921 — — 921 $ 1,821 $ — $ — $ 1,821 The Company did not hold any available for sale securities prior to the first quarter of 2017. The amortized cost of available for sale securities is adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts to maturity. At September 30, 2017, the balanceloss in the Company’s accumulated other comprehensive loss was composed solely of activity related to the Company’s available for sale marketable securities. There were no sales of available for sale securities during the quarter ended September 30, 2017.The aggregate fair value of available for sale securities held by the Company for less than twelve monthssame line item as of September 30, 2017 was $1.8 million. The Company determined that there was no material change in the credit risk of any of its investments. As a result, the Company determined it did not hold any investments with any other-than-temporary impairment as of September 30, 2017. The weighted average maturity of the Company’s portfolio was approximately one month at September 30, 2017.value and recognizes compensation expense on a straight-line basis over their vesting period.values. The Company estimatesuses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to determine the fair value of stock options as of the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, with the exception of stock options that include a market condition, and restricted stock based ongranted. For RSUs, the fair value of the underlyingRSUs is determined by the Company’s market price of a share of common stock as ofat the date of grant or the value of the services provided, whichever is more readily determinable.date. The Company in conjunction with adoption of ASU 2016-09- Stock Compensation: Improvementsrecognizes forfeitures as they occur. Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting has elected to estimate forfeitures at the time of grant, and revise those estimates in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from its estimates. The Company uses historical data to estimate pre-vesting option forfeitures and records stock-based compensation expense only for those awards that are expected to vest. To the extent that actual forfeitures differ from the Company’s estimates, the differences are recorded asgranted with service-based vesting conditions is recognized on a cumulative adjustment in the period the estimates were revised. Stock-based compensation expense is classified as research and development or general and administrative based on the grantee’s respective compensation classification.For stock option grants with vesting triggered by the achievement of performance-based milestones, the expense is recorded over the remaining service period after the point when the achievement of the milestone is probable or the performance condition has been achieved. For stock option grants with both performance-based milestones and market conditions, expense is recorded over the derived service period after the point when the achievement of the performance-based milestone is probable or the performance condition has been achieved. For stock option grants with market conditions, the expense is calculated using the Monte Carlo modelstraight-line basis based on the grant date fair value over the associated service period of the option andaward, which is recorded ongenerally the vesting term. Stock-based compensation awards generally vest over a straight line basis over theone to three year requisite service period which representsand have a contractual term of 10 years. To the derived service period and acceleratedextent a stock-based compensation award is subject to performance-based vesting conditions, the amount of compensation expense recorded reflects an assessment of the probability of achieving the performance conditions. Compensation expense for stock-based compensation awards with performance-based vesting conditions is only recognized when the marketperformance-based vesting condition is satisfied. The Company did not issue awards with market conditions during the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The Company accounts fordeemed probable to occur. Shares issued upon stock optionsoption exercise and restricted stock awards to non-employees usingRSU vesting are newly issued common shares.approach. Stockof stock options and restricted stock awards to non-employees are subject to periodic revaluation over their vesting terms.Warrant AccountingAs noted in Note 6, Capital Stock,requires the Company classifies a warrant to purchase sharesinput of its common stock as a liability on its consolidated balance sheet ifsubjective assumptions, including the warrant is a free-standing financial instrument that may require the Company to transfer consideration upon exercise. Each warrant of this type is initially recorded at fair value on date of grant using the Monte Carlo simulation model and net of issuance costs, and is subsequently re-measured to fair value at each subsequent balance sheet date. Changes in fair valueexpected life of the warrant are recognized as a component of other income (expense), netstock option, stock price volatility, the risk-free interest rate, and expected dividends. The assumptions used in the consolidated statementCompany’s Black-Scholes option-pricing model represent management’s best estimates and involve a number ofoperations variables, uncertainties, assumptions, and comprehensive loss. The Company will continue to adjust the liability for changesapplication of management’s judgment, as they are inherently subjective. If any assumptions change, the Company’s stock-based compensation expense could be materially different in fair value until the earlier of the exercise or expiration of the warrant.Recent Accounting PronouncementsIn November 2016, the Financialfuture. Board (the “FASB”)(“ASU”("ASU") No. 2016-18, Statement2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. This standard removes certain exceptions for recognizing deferred taxes for investments, performing intraperiod allocations, and calculating income taxes in interim periods. This standard also adds guidance to reduce complexity in certain areas, including recognizing franchise tax, recognizing deferred taxes for tax goodwill, allocating taxes to the members of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash. Thea consolidated group, and recognizing the effect of enacted changes in tax laws or rates during an interim period. This standard requires restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the total beginning and ending amounts for the periods shown on the statement of cash flows. The new standard iswas effective for the Company on January 1, 2018 using a retrospective transition method to each period presented. Early2021. The adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the timing of our adoption and the expected impact that this standard coulddid not have a material impact on ourthe Company's condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.March 2016,May 2021, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09, Compensation-Stock2021-04, Earnings Per Share (Topic 260), Debt — Modifications and Extinguishments (Subtopic 470-50), Compensation — Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Shared-Based Payment Accounting. This standard provides guidance on accounting for employee share-based payments. This guidance addresses several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment award transactions, including: (a) income tax consequences; (b) classification of awards as either equity or liabilities;, and (c) classification on the statement of cash flows.Derivatives and Hedging — Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40). This standard will behave an effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company has concluded that this guidance has no material impact on the presentationand transition date of its results of operations, financial position and disclosures.In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02- Leases (Topic 842).January 1, 2022. This standard requires companies to recognize on the balance sheet the assetsclarifies and liabilitiesreduces diversity in an issuer's accounting for the rights and obligations created by leased assets. ASU 2016-02 will be effective for the Company in the first quartermodifications or exchanges of 2019, with early adoption permitted.freestanding equity-classified written call options, including warrants, that remain equity-classified after modification or exchange. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that the adoption of ASU 2016-02 will have on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-15, Presentation of Financial Statements-Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40): Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern. This standard provides guidance that requires management to assess an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern every reporting period, and provide certain disclosures if management has substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to operate as a going concern, or an express statement if not, by incorporating and expanding upon certain principles that are currently in U.S. auditing standards. This guidance is effective for the annual period ending after December 15, 2016, and for annual periods and interim periods thereafter. Early application is permitted. The Company adopted this guidance in the fourth quarter of 2016 and made the relevant disclosures in the consolidated financial statements and related footnotes.In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), which requires an entity to recognizetreat a modification or an exchange of a freestanding equity-classified written call option that remains equity-classified after the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of promised goodsmodification or services to customers. ASU 2014-09 will replace most existing revenue recognition guidance in U.S. GAAP when it becomes effective. In July 2015, the FASB issued a one-year deferralexchange as an exchange of the effective dateoriginal instrument for a new instrument. The standard additionally provides guidance on measuring and recognizing the effect of the new revenue recognition standard.a modification or an exchange. The new guidance will be effective forCompany does not currently expect the Company’s first quarter of fiscal year 2018 and early application for fiscal year 2017 is permitted. The Company’s adoption of this guidance is not expectedstandard to have a material impact on the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements.May 2017,August 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-09, Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting.2020-06, Debt — Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging — Contracts in Entity's Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40). This standard provides guidance on changeswill have an effective and transition date of January 1, 2024. Early adoption is currently permitted. This standard simplifies an issuer's accounting for convertible instruments by eliminating two of the three models that require separate accounting for embedded conversion features as well as simplifies the settlement assessment that entities are required to perform to determine whether a contract qualifies for equity classification. This standard also requires entities to use the termsif-converted method for all convertible instruments in the diluted earnings per share calculation and include the effect of potential share settlement (if the effect is more dilutive) for instruments that may be settled in cash or conditionsshares, except for certain liability-classified share-based payment awards. The standard requires new disclosures about events that occur during the reporting period and cause conversion contingencies to be met and about the fair value of a share based payment award that requires an entity to apply modification accounting. The guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and for interim periods and annual periods thereafter.public business entity's convertible debt at the instrument level, among other things. The Company isdoes not currently evaluating the impact thatexpect the adoption of this guidance willstandard to have a material impact on the Company’sCompany's condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.July 2017,June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-11, Earnings Per Share2016-13, Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (Topic 260)326): Distinguishing LiabilitiesMeasurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The FASB subsequently issued amendments to ASU No. 2016-13, which have the same effective date and transition date of January 1, 2023. These require that credit losses be reported using an expected losses model rather than the incurred losses model that is currently used, and establishes additional disclosures related to credit risks. For available-for-sale debt securities with unrealized losses, these standards now require allowances to be recorded instead of reducing the amortized cost of the investment. These standards limit the amount of credit losses to be recognized for available-for-sale debt securities to the amount by which carrying value exceeds fair value and requires the reversal of previously recognized credit losses if fair value increases. The Company does not currently expect the adoption of this standard to have a material impact on the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements.Equity (Topic 480); Derivativesthe commercialization of COVAXIN in the Ocugen Covaxin Territory, with the Company retaining 45% of such profits, and Hedging (Topic 815): (PART I) AccountingBharat Biotech receiving the balance of such profits. In consideration of the expansion of the Ocugen Covaxin Territory to include Canada, the Company paid Bharat Biotech a non-refundable, up-front payment of $15.0 million in June 2021, which was recognized as research and development expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss during the three and six months ended June 30, 2021. The Company additionally agreed to pay Bharat Biotech $10.0 million within 30 days after the first commercial sale of COVAXIN in Canada. The Covaxin Agreement is a collaboration arrangement within the scope of ASC 808.financial instrumentscircumstances as described below, the Company has the exclusive right and is solely responsible for researching, developing, manufacturing, and commercializing COVAXIN for the Ocugen Covaxin Territory. Bharat Biotech has the exclusive right and is solely responsible for researching, developing, manufacturing, and commercializing COVAXIN outside of the Ocugen Covaxin Territory.down round features. This update addressesJubilant HollisterStier for the complexitymanufacture of accountingCOVAXIN and the technology transfer process to Jubilant HollisterStier has been initiated.certain financial instrumentsthe commercial life of COVAXIN, subject to the earlier termination of the Covaxin Agreement in accordance with down round features.its terms. The guidance is effective for fiscal years,Covaxin Agreement also contains customary representations and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. warranties made by both parties and customary provisions relating to indemnification, limitation of liability, confidentiality, information and data sharing, and other matters.concludedevaluated the probability of collecting the full principal and accrued interest balance under the terms of the Promissory Note and has determined that this guidancecollection is not probable. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, the Company wrote off the full principal and accrued interest balance of the Promissory Note and recorded the write-off as a loss within other income (expense) within the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.June 30, 2021 December 31, 2020 Office equipment $ 307 $ 166 Lab equipment 749 452 Leasehold improvements 163 177 Financing lease right-of-use asset 0 64 Total property and equipment 1,219 859 Less: accumulated depreciation (275) (226) Total property and equipment, net $ 944 $ 633 Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30, 2021 2020 2021 2020 Operating lease cost $ 66 $ 48 $ 134 $ 95 Variable lease cost 22 20 52 42 Total lease cost $ 88 $ 68 $ 186 $ 137 June 30, 2021 December 31, 2020 Right-of-use assets, net $ 1,480 $ 434 Current lease obligations $ 168 $ 44 Non-current lease obligations 1,328 389 Total lease liabilities $ 1,496 $ 433 Six months ended June 30, 2021 2020 Weighted-average remaining lease term — operating leases (years) 6.4 1.5 Weighted-average discount rate — operating leases 4.6 % 7.6 % For the Years Ending December 31, Amount Remainder of 2021 $ 102 2022 252 2023 261 2024 269 2025 277 Thereafter 578 Total $ 1,739 Less: present value adjustment (243) Present value of minimum lease payments $ 1,496 June 30, 2021 December 31, 2020 Research and development $ 814 $ 512 Clinical 106 117 Professional fees 1,907 405 Employee-related 647 963 Severance-related (1) 197 712 Other 199 232 Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities $ 3,870 $ 2,941 June 30, 2021 December 31, 2020 PPP Note $ 0 $ 421 EB-5 Loan Agreement 1,674 1,636 Total carrying value of debt, net $ 1,674 $ 2,057 June 30, 2021 December 31, 2020 Principal outstanding $ 1,500 $ 1,500 Plus: accrued interest 211 181 Less: unamortized debt issuance costs (37) (45) Carrying value $ 1,674 $ 1,636 impact onvoting rights. Upon a liquidation or dissolution of the presentationCompany, holders of its resultsSeries B Convertible Preferred Stock would be entitled to receive the same amount that a holder of operations, financial position and disclosures.3. LOSS PER COMMON SHAREcomputes basicaccounted for the issuance of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock in accordance with ASC 718 and diluted lossrecorded the fair value of $5.0 million within equity during the six months ended June 30, 2021, with a corresponding short-term asset for the advanced payment for the doses of COVAXIN. The Company utilized the traded common stock price, adjusted by the Conversion Ratio, to value the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock and the Finnerty model to estimate a 15% discount rate for the lack of marketability of the instrument. The valuation incorporates Level 3 inputs in the fair value hierarchy, including the estimated time until the instrument's liquidity and estimated volatility of the Company's common stock as of the grant date.share usingshare. The closing of the April 2021 Registered Direct Offering occurred on April 27, 2021 and the Company received net proceeds of $93.4 million after deducting equity issuance costs of $6.6 million.methodology that givessecurities purchase agreement with certain institutional investors pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell in a registered direct offering (the "February 2021 Registered Direct Offering") an aggregate of 3.0 million shares of the Company's common stock at an offering price of $7.65 per share. The closing of the February 2021 Registered Direct Offering occurred on February 10, 2021 and the Company received net proceeds of $21.2 million after deducting equity issuance costs of $1.7 million.impactdilutive issuance, to amend the Series A Warrants to provide for an adjustment to the number of outstanding participating securitiescommon stock issuable upon the exercise of the Series A Warrants. Concurrently with such amendments, the accredited investors exchanged the Series A Warrants for (i) an aggregate of 21.9 million shares of common stock and (ii) a promissory notes of $5.6 million (the “two-class method”"Warrant Exchange Promissory Notes" and collectively with the common stock issued, the "Warrant Exchange"). ForDuring the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2017 and 2016, there was no dilution attributed2020, the Company made payments to the weighted-averageWarrant Exchange Promissory Note holders of $1.1 million. As of December 31, 2020, the Warrant Exchange Promissory Notes had been repaid in full. Immediately following the consummation of the Warrant Exchange and the concurrent exercise of the remaining Series B Warrants and Series C Warrants, there were 0 SPA Warrants outstanding.outstandingof common stock and the fair value of the Warrant Exchange Promissory Notes of $5.0 million. The fair value of consideration transferred to settle the Series A Warrants was in excess of the fair value of the Series A Warrants immediately prior to the Warrant Exchange by approximately $12.5 million. The excess consideration was accounted for as a deemed dividend to the Series A Warrant holders and was reflected as an additional net loss to common stockholders in the calculation of basic and diluted net loss per share. Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 2016 2017 2016 (In thousands, except share and per share data) $ (5,995 ) $ (9,315 ) $ (19,618 ) $ (25,271 ) (915 ) (81 ) (3,238 ) (74 ) $ (5,080 ) $ (9,234 ) $ (16,380 ) $ (25,197 ) 22,552,341 13,297,546 22,219,666 13,279,833 $ (0.23 ) $ (0.70 ) $ (0.74 ) $ (1.90 ) (a)The Series A Preferred Stock participates in income and losses.Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30, 2021 2020 2021 2020 General and administrative $ 1,527 $ 44 $ 2,117 $ 148 Research and development 568 105 811 223 Total $ 2,095 $ 149 $ 2,928 $ 371 Number of Shares Weighted-Average Exercise Price Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life (years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands) Options outstanding at December 31, 2020 4,224,433 $ 0.84 8.9 $ 5,496 Granted 7,097,300 $ 3.13 $ — Exercised (668,666) $ 0.82 $ 6,439 Forfeited (274,220) $ 2.96 $ 1,146 Options outstanding at June 30, 2021 10,378,847 $ 2.35 9.2 $ 59,563 Options exercisable at June 30, 2021 1,110,116 $ 1.47 8.0 $ 7,441 Number of Shares Weighted-
Average
Grant-Date
Fair ValueAggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands) RSUs outstanding at December 31, 2020 0 $ 0 $ 0 Granted 117,601 $ 6.48 $ 839 Forfeited (900) $ 8.75 $ 6 RSUs outstanding at June 30, 2021 116,701 $ 6.47 $ 937 Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30, 2021 2020 2021 2020 Net loss — basic and diluted $ (25,952) $ (3,614) $ (33,029) $ (7,558) Deemed dividend related to Warrant Exchange 0 (12,546) 0 (12,546) Net loss to common stockholders $ (25,952) $ (16,160) $ (33,029) $ (20,104) Shares used in calculating net loss per common share — basic and diluted 195,572,189 83,537,463 190,960,775 68,082,346 Net loss per common share — basic and diluted $ (0.13) $ (0.19) $ (0.17) $ (0.30) theytheir inclusion would be anti-dilutive (in common stock equivalent shares): For the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 2016 2,194,630 882,887 3,826,920 — 13,633,070 13,633,070 4. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENTPropertyhave been antidilutive:Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30, 2021 2020 2021 2020 Options to purchase common stock 10,378,847 4,503,961 10,378,847 4,503,961 RSUs 116,701 0 116,701 0 Warrants 774,137 870,017 774,137 870,017 Series A Convertible Preferred Stock (as converted to common stock) 3,115 0 3,115 0 Series B Convertible Preferred Stock (as converted to common stock) 547,450 0 547,450 0 Total 11,820,250 5,373,978 11,820,250 5,373,978 equipment consisted of the following: September 30, December 31, 2017 2016 (in thousands) $ 279 $ 266 4,511 4,443 7,712 7,683 779 759 96 96 13,377 13,247 (10,563 ) (9,387 ) $ 2,814 $ 3,860 Depreciation expense related to property and equipment amounted to $389 and $404 for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and $1,178 and $1,267 for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively.5. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIESOperating LeasesThe Company leases its office and research facilities in Waltham and Lexington, Massachusetts under non-cancellable operating leases. The Lexington, Massachusetts facility lease expires in June 2023. The Waltham, Massachusetts facility lease was extended in April 2017. The effective date of the extension is January 2018. Under the terms of the extension, the lease will expire in December 2024 with one extension term of five years. Terms of the agreements generally provide for an initial rent-free period and future rent escalation, and provide that in addition to minimum lease rental payments, the Company is responsible for a pro-rata share of common area operating expenses. The Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, ProChon, leased a facility in Woburn, Massachusetts which expired in 2016 and was not renewed.Rent expense under operating lease agreements amounted to approximately $248 and $248 for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and $743 and $742 for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively.As an inducement to enter into its Waltham and Lexington facility leases, the lessors agreed to provide the Company with construction allowances of up to $3,184 and $996, respectively, towards the total cost of tenant improvements. Contingenciesrecorded these costs in the consolidated balance sheets as leasehold improvements, with the corresponding liability as deferredcommitments under certain license agreements, lease incentive. The liability is amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the leases as a reduction of rent expense. The Waltham lease renewal effective January 1, 2018 provides for a tenant improvement allowance not to exceed $0.9 million, of which $0.5 million can be applied to future rental payments.License AgreementsFrom time to time, the Company enters into various licensing agreements, whereby the Company may use certain technologies in conjunction with its product research and development. Licensingdebt agreements, and separation agreements. Commitments under certain license agreements primarily include annual payments, payments upon the Company’s commitments under the agreements are as follows:Hydrogel LicenseIn May 2005, the Company entered into an exclusive license agreement with Angiotech Pharmaceuticals (US), Inc. for the useachievement of certain patents, patent applications, and knowledge related to the manufacture and use of a hydrogel material in conjunction with NeoCart and certain other products (“Hydrogel License Agreement”). As of September 30, 2017, the Company has paid an aggregate $3.2 million in commercialization milestones under the terms of the Hydrogel License Agreement, which have been expensed to research and development.Under the terms of the Hydrogel License Agreement, the Company’s future commitments include:A one-time $3.0 million payment upon approval of an eligible product by the FDA; andSingle digit royalties on the net sales of NeoCart and certain other future products.Tissue Regeneration LicenseIn April 2001, the Company entered into an exclusive license agreement with The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University (“Stanford University”) for the use of certain technology to develop, manufacture and sell licensed products in the field of growth and regeneration of cartilage (“Tissue Regeneration License Agreement”). The term of the Tissue Regeneration License Agreement extends to the expiration date of Stanford University’s last to expire domestic or foreign patents. As of September 30, 2017, the Company has paid an aggregate $0.8 million in patent reimbursement costs, royalty fees, and commercialization milestone payments under the terms of the Tissue Regeneration License Agreement, which have been recorded to research and development expense.Under the terms of the Tissue Regeneration License Agreement, the Company’s future commitments include:A one-time $0.3 million payment upon approval of an eligible product by the FDA;An annual minimum non-refundable royalty fee of $10 thousand for the life of the license that may be used to offset up to 50% of the earned royalty below; andLow single digit royalties on net sales.Honeycomb LicenseIn March 2013, the Company entered into a license agreement with Koken Co., Ltd. (“Koken”) and paid a fee for a non-exclusive, non-transferable and non-sublicensable right to use its know-how related to the process for manufacturing atelocollagen honeycomb sponge materials, which is used in scaffolds (the “Honeycomb License Agreement”). Under the terms of the Honeycomb License Agreement, future commitments will be based on the amount of materials supplied to the Company and may vary from period to period over the term of the agreement.Tissue Processor Sub-LicenseIn December 2005, the Company entered into an exclusive agreement to sub-license certain technology from Purpose, Co. (“Purpose”), which is owned by a stockholder of the Company (“Sub-License Agreement”). Purpose entered into the original license agreement (“Original Agreement”) with Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Inc. (“Brigham and Women’s”) in August 2001. The Original Agreement shall remain in effect for the term of the licensed patents owned by Brigham and Women’s unless extended or terminated as provided for in the agreement. The technology is to be used to develop, manufacture, use and sell licensed products that cultivate cell or tissue development. The Sub-License Agreement extends to the expiration date of the last to expire domestic orforeign patents covered by the agreement. As of September 30, 2017, the Company has paid an aggregate $1.0 million in royalty and sub-license payments under the terms of the Sub-License Agreement.The Sub-License Agreement was amended and restated in June 2012. Under the amended and restated agreement, the Company made Purpose the sole supplier of equipment the Company uses in its manufacturing processes, and granted Purpose distribution rights of the Company’s products for certain territories. In exchange, Purpose allowed for the use of its technology (owned or licensed) and manufactured and serviced exogenous tissue processors used by the Company. Under the terms of the agreement, as amended, Purpose granted the Company: (a) exclusive rights to all of Purpose’s technology (owned or licensed) related to the exogenous tissue processors, (b) continued supply of exogenous tissue processors during the Company’s clinical trials, and (c) rights to manufacture the exogenous tissue processors at any location the Company chooses. In exchange for such consideration, the Company granted Purpose an exclusive license in Japan for the use of all of the Company’s technology and made a payment of $0.3 million to reimburse Purpose for development costs on a next generation tissue processor.In May 2016, the Original Agreement was amended whereby the Company acquired the development and commercialization rights to NeoCart for the Japanese market from Purpose. Under the terms of the amended agreement, the Company assumes sole responsibility for and rights to the development and commercialization of NeoCart in Japan. In exchange for the transfer of development and commercialization rights, the Company will pay a success-based milestone to Purpose upon conditional approval of NeoCart in Japan, as well as commercial milestones, and a low single digit royalty on Japanese sales of NeoCart, upon full approval, if any, in Japan.In addition to the above, the Company’s future commitments under the terms of the Original Agreement and Sub-License Agreement include:A minimum non-refundable annual royalty fee of $20 thousand, for the life of the license;An additional, non-refundable annual royalty fee of $30 thousand from 2016 through 2019;$10.2 million in potential milestone payments; andLow single digit royaltiespayments based on net sales of a licensed product.The OCS AgreementIn connection with its researchproducts. Commitments under the Company's licensing agreements are more fully described within Note 3 and development,within the Company received grants fromCompany's 2020 Annual Report. Commitments under lease agreements are future minimum lease payments for operating leases. See Note 6 for additional information about commitments under lease agreements. Commitments under debt agreements are the Office of Chief Scientist of the Ministry of Industry and Trade in Israel (“OCS”) in the aggregate of $1.1 million for funding the fibroblast growth factor (“FGF”) program. In consideration for this grant, the Company is committed to pay royalties at a rate of 3% to 5% of the sales of sponsored products developed using the grant money, up to the amount of the participation payments received. The Company committed to pay up to 100% of grants received plus interest according to the LIBOR interest rate if the sponsored product is produced in Israel. If the manufacturing of the sponsored product takes place outside of Israel, the royalties can increase up to, but no more than, 300% of grants received plus interest based on the LIBOR interest rate, depending on the percentage of the manufacturing of sponsored product that takes place outside of Israel.Engineering AgreementThe Company entered into an agreement with a development corporation to purchase a multi-unit bioreactor system. Pursuant to the agreement, as of September 30, 2017, the Company made total payments in an aggregate amount of $0.6 million, of which $0.2 million was made in 2016 after acceptance of the final product. There are no additional payments due under this agreement.Collagen Supply AgreementIn September 2015, the Company entered into an agreement with Collagen Solutions (UK) Limited (the “Supplier”) to purchase soluble collagen that meets specifications provided by the Company. The initial term of the agreement is three years and will automatically renew from year to year thereafter unless otherwise terminated with at least 180 days’ notice by either party. In February 2017, the Company entered into an amendment with the Supplier. Pursuant to the amendment, the Company agreed to pay the Supplier approximately $0.1 million in exchange for eliminating the minimum annual order of material and/or services and any other amounts due Supplier. Thefuture payment of $0.1 million will be made over the 18 months following the date of the amendment. As of September 30, 2017, the Company has paid $30 thousandprincipal and accrued interest under the termsEB-5 Loan Agreement. See Note 8 for additional information about commitmentsoverthroughout the next 9 months.6. CAPITAL STOCKSeptember 29, 2016, the Company closed the private placement contemplated by theJune 17, 2021, a securities purchase agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”), dated September 15, 2016, betweenclass action lawsuit was filed against the Company and certain institutionalof its officers and accredited investorsdirectors in which theCompany received gross proceeds U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of $30.0 million (the “Private Placement”). The net proceeds after deducting placement agent feesPennsylvania (Case No. 2:21-cv-02725) that purported to state a claim for alleged violations of Sections 10(b) and other transaction-related expenses was $27.6 million. At20(a) of the closing,Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder, based on statements made by the Company issued 2,596,059 sharesconcerning the announcement of the Company’s common stock atCompany's decision to pursue the submission of a per share price of $2.25 and 24,158.8693 shares of the Company’s newly-created Series A Convertible Preferred Stock (“Series A Preferred Stock”), which are convertible into approximately 10,737,275 shares of common stock. As of September 30, 2017, there were 8,610.5701 shares of Series A Preferred Stock outstanding, which remain convertible into 3,826,920 shares of the Company’s common stock. As part of the Private Placement, the investors received warrants to purchase up to 13,333,334 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $2.25 per share. The placement agentBLA for COVAXIN rather than pursuing EUA for the Private Placement, H.C. Wainwright & Co. LLC (“HCW”),vaccine candidate. On July 16, 2021, a second securities class action complaint was filed against the Company and certain of its affiliates wereofficers and directors in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (Case No. 2:21-cv-03182) that also granted warrantspurported to purchase 133,333 sharesstate a claim for alleged violations of Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Company’s common stock with an exercise priceSecurities Exchange Act of $2.25 per share in exchange for1934 and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder, based on same statements as the services provided by HCW.first complaint. The placement agent warrants were considered a financing cost ofcomplaints seek unspecified damages, interest, attorneys’ fees, and other costs. The Company believes that the Companylawsuits are without merit and included in warrant expense withinintends to vigorously defend against them. At this time, no assessment can be made as to their likely outcome or whether the consolidated statements of operations.The warrants include a cashless-exercise feature that mayoutcome will be exercised solely in the event there is no effective registration statement, or no current prospectus available for, the resale of the shares of common stock underlying the warrants as of the six-month anniversary of the closing of the Private Placement. Upon a fundamental transaction, the holders of the warrant may require the Company to purchase any unexercised warrants in an amount equalmaterial to the Black-Scholes value of the warrant. A fundamental transactionCompany. No information is defined asavailable to indicate that it is probable that a merger, sale of assets, sale of the Company, recapitalization of stockloss has been incurred and a sale of stock whereby any owner after the transaction would own greater than 50% of the outstanding common stock in the Company. The warrants became exercisable following approval of the Private Placement by our stockholders in the fourth quarter of 2016 and expire five years after the date of such stockholder approval. The Company determined the warrants are classified as a liability on the consolidated balance sheet because they contain a provision whereby in a fundamental transaction (as described above), the holder can elect to receive either the amount they are entitled to on an as-if-exercised basis or an amount based on the Black-Scholes value of the warrants at the time of the fundamental transaction. At the issuance date, the warrants were recorded at the fair value of $30.7 million and approximately $0.4 million excess of the fair value of the liability recorded for these warrants over the proceeds received was recorded as a charge to earnings in the third quarter of 2016 and included in warrant expense within the consolidated statement of operations. In connection with the Private Placement, the Company incurred $3.1 million in warrant expense which was included within the consolidated statements of operations.Concurrent with the closing of the Private Placement, the Company’s Certificate of Incorporation was amended by the filing of a Certificate of Designation to create the Series A Preferred Stock. The Company issued 24,158.8693 shares of the newly created Series A Preferred Stock which are convertible into approximately 10,737,275 shares of common stock. The Series A Preferred Stock has a par value of $0.01 and each share is convertible into 444.44 shares of common stock, at a conversion price of $2.25 per share, at the option of the holder. The Series A Preferred Stock has no voting rights and is only entitled to dividends as declared on an as-converted basis. The Series A Preferred Stock contains no liquidation preferences or redemption rights and shares in distributions of the Company on an as-converted basis with the common stock. The Series A Preferred Stock shall not be converted if, after giving effect to the conversion, the holder and its affiliated persons would own beneficially more than 4.99% of our common stock (subject to adjustment up to 9.99% solely at the holder’s discretion upon 61 days’ prior notice to us or, solely as to a holder, if such limitation is waived by such holder upon execution of the private placement agreement).As part of the Private Placement, affiliates of certain members of the Company’s Board of Directors purchased an aggregate of 283,046 shares of common stock, an aggregate of 2,563.1439 shares of Series A Preferred Stock and received warrants to purchase up to 1,422,221 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $2.25 per share in the Private Placement. These amounts are included in the amounts noted above.7. WARRANTSInvestor WarrantsIn September 2016, in connection with the Private Placement, the Company issued common stock warrants to the investors to purchase up to 13,333,334 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $2.25 per share. The warrants include a cashless-exercise feature that may be exercised solely in the event there is no effective registration statement registering, or no current prospectus available for, the resale of the shares of common stock underlying the warrants as of the six-month anniversary of the closing of the Private Placement. The warrants became exercisable following approval of the Private Placement by our stockholders in the fourth quarter of 2016 and expire five years after the date of such stockholder approval. The warrants were valued at $2.28 using a Monte Carlo simulation and are marked-to-market on a quarterly basis with the change in value recorded as warrant expense or income on the consolidated statements of operations.Placement Agent WarrantsIn September 2016, in connection with the Private Placement, the Company issued HCW and certain of its affiliates warrants for the purchase of 133,333 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $2.25 per share. The HCW warrants became exercisablefollowing approval of the Private Placement by our stockholders in the fourth quarter of 2016 and expire five years after the date of such stockholder approval. The warrants were valued at $2.28 per share using a Monte Carlo simulation and are marked-to-market on a quarterly basis with the change in value recorded as warrant expense or income on the consolidated statements of operations.Affiliates of an Advisor WarrantIn July, 2012, the Company issued warrants to purchase its common stock to affiliates of an advisor. The warrants provide the holders with the right to purchase an aggregate of 161,977 shares of the Company’s common stock at a per share exercise price of $0.01. The warrants are exercisable, in whole or in part, immediately and may be exercised on a cashless basis. The warrants expire on the tenth anniversary of issuance. The fair value of the warrants as of July 20, 2012 was $117 thousand and wasreasonably estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following inputs: (a) risk-free interest rate of 0.22%; (b) implied volatility of the Company’s common stock of 99%; and (c) the expected term to a liquidity event of 1.7 years. The fair value was recorded as a reduction to Series A Preferred Stock and a credit to additional paid-in capital. In December, 2014, the Company completed its initial public offering and warrants for 5,839 shares of common stock were surrendered to partially settle a related liability and common stock was issued by the Company to Purpose for the warrant shares surrendered. As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, warrants to purchase an aggregate of 156,138 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $0.01 were outstanding.Consulting Agreement WarrantIn March 2015, in connection with a consulting agreement entered into for an interim chief financial officer, the Company issued a common stock warrant as compensation to the consulting firm. The warrant provides the holder with the right to purchase an aggregate of 7,398 shares of the Company’s common stock at a per share exercise price of $9.75, the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the date of issuance. The warrant vested and became exercisable in monthly installments over 24 months beginning September 30, 2015 and expires on the tenth anniversary of issuance. The warrant is equity classified and accounted for using the fair value approach. The fair value of the warrant is estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and is subject to re-measurement at each reporting period until the measurement date is reached. On December 21, 2015, the Company terminated the consulting agreement resulting in the forfeiture of 50% (3,699) of the shares eligible for exercise under the warrant. The remaining 3,699 shares were vested and exercisable on September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016.Equipment Line of Credit WarrantIn July 2014, the Company granted Silicon Valley Bank a warrant to purchase 6,566 shares of common stock at a per share exercise price of $7.99 as discussed in Note 10. The warrant is exercisable, in whole or in part, immediately and may be exercised on a cashless basis and expires on the tenth anniversary of issuance. The fair value of the warrant as of July 9, 2014 was estimated at $51 thousand with the following inputs: (a) risk-free interest rate of 2.58%; (b) implied volatility of the Company’s common stock of 87%; (c) the expected term of 10 years. The fair value of the warrant was recorded as a debt issuance cost with a corresponding credit to additional paid-in capital.8. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATIONStock option activity under the Company’s 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2012 Plan”) and 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2013 Plan”) for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 is summarized as follows: Number
of Options Weighted-
Average
Exercise
Price Weighted-
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Term
(in years) Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
(in thousands) 1,577,016 $ 5.95 860,000 1.72 (7,497 ) 0.76 (234,889 ) 4.27 2,194,630 $ 4.48 8.3 $ 362 2,027,533 $ 4.60 8.3 $ 327 934,872 $ 5.91 7.6 $ 120 As of September 30, 2017, the unrecognized compensation cost related to outstanding options was $1.7 million and is expected to be recognized as expense over approximately 1.81 years. As of September 30, 2017, the weighted average grant date fair value of vested options was $3.96 and the weighted average grant date fair value of options outstanding was $2.76.The weighted average grant date fair value per share of employee option grants was $1.14 and $2.47 for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and $1.01 and $1.40 for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively.Restricted stock awards under the 2012 Plan and 2013 Plan for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 are summarized as follows: Number of
Shares Weighted Average
Grant Date Fair
Value 1,889 $ 0.83 (1,889 ) 0.83 — $ — Stock-Based Compensation ExpenseThe Company granted stock options to employees during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016. The Company estimates the fair value of stock options as of the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing modelcondensed consolidated financial statements and, restricted stock based on the stock price, with the exception of those stock options that included a market condition. The Company estimates the fair value of stock options that include a market condition using a Monte-Carlo model. Stock options and restricted stock issued to non-board member, non-employees are accounted for using the fair value approach and are subject to periodic revaluation over their vesting terms.Stock-based compensation expense amounted to $0.4 million and $0.4 millionas such, no accrual for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and $1.2 million and $1.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively.The allocation of stock-based compensation for all options granted and restricted stock awards is as follows: Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 2016 2017 2016 (in thousands) (in thousands) $ 86 $ 126 $ 326 $ 364 283 309 907 716 $ 369 $ 435 $ 1,233 $ 1,080 Stock-based compensation by award type is as follows: Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 2016 2017 2016 (in thousands) (in thousands) $ 369 $ 434 $ 1,233 $ 1,078 — 1 — 2 $ 369 $ 435 $ 1,233 $ 1,080 The weighted-average assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of the employee stock option grants were as follows: Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 2016 2017 2016 1.95 % 1.36 % 2.03 % 1.39 % 60.0 % 85.2 % 63.1 % 59.7 % 6.08 6.08 6.08 6.08 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % The weighted-average assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of the non-employee stock option grants were as follows: Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 2016 2017 2016 1.35 % 1.53 % 1.28 % 1.59 % 59.7 % 63.2 % 63.0 % 63.6 % 6.08 6.97 6.08 7.00 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 9. INCOME TAXESDeferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are recognized based on temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax basis of assets and liabilities using statutory rates. A valuation allowance is recorded against deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Due to the uncertainty surrounding the realization of the favorable tax attributes in future tax returns, the Company has recorded a full valuation allowance against the Company’s otherwise recognizable net deferred tax assets.10. EQUIPMENT LOAN PAYABLEAs of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Company had the following outstanding borrowing obligations: September 30, December 31, 2017 2016 (in thousands) $ 324 $ 761 (324 ) (583 ) $ — $ 178 In July 2014, the Company entered into a loan and security agreement with Silicon Valley Bank, which provides for a line of credit to finance certain equipment purchases up to an aggregate of $1.8 million through March 31, 2015. The lineloss has been fully drawn and is payable in 36 monthly installmentsrecorded within the condensed consolidated financial statements.principal and interest, with an annual interest rate of 2.75% plus the greater of 3.25% and the prime rate in effect at the time of each draw, as published in the Wall Street Journal. The outstanding balance on the line of credit is secured by a first priority lien over all equipment purchased using the line of credit.In accordance with the terms of the equipment line of credit, the Company issued a warrant to Silicon Valley Bank in July 2014 to purchase 6,566 shares of its common stock at an exercise price per share of $7.99 as discussed in Note 7.The equipment line of credit includes customary operating but non-financial covenants, including limitations on the Company’s ability to incur additional indebtedness, issue dividends, sell assets, engage in any business other than its current business, merge or consolidate with other entities, create liens on its assets, make investments, repurchase stock in certain instances, enter into transactions with affiliates, make payments on subordinated indebtedness and transfer or encumber any collateral securing the debt. As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 the Company was in compliance with all required covenants.The scheduled maturities of the Company’s debt are as follows: September 30, 2017 (in thousands) $ 146 178 $ 324 11. RELATED PARTIESIntrexon CorporationIn September 2014, the Company entered into an Exclusive Channel Collaboration Agreement (the “Collaboration Agreement”) with Intrexon Corporation (“Intrexon”) to use Intrexon’s proprietary technology for the development and commercialization of allogeneic cell therapeutics (the “Collaboration Products”) to treat or repair damaged articular hyaline cartilage in humans. The term of the Collaboration Agreement commenced upon the effective date, September 30, 2014, and continues until either written notice of termination is given by the Company within ninety days, or if either party creates a material breach that cannot be remedied within sixty days.Under the terms of the Collaboration Agreement, the Company is solely responsible for the costs to develop and commercialize any Collaboration Products with the following exceptions: (i) the establishment of certain manufacturing capabilities and facilities; (ii) the cost of basic research related to Intrexon’s proprietary technology outside of costs related to the Collaboration Products; (iii) payments related to certain in-licensed third party IP; (iv) the costs of filing, prosecution and maintenance of Intrexon patents; and (v) any other costs mutually agreed upon as being the responsibility of Intrexon. As partial consideration, the Company will pay commercialization milestones totaling $12 million, if and when achieved, and sales milestones totaling $22.5 million, if and when achieved. The milestone payments are payable in cash or shares of the Company’s common stock at the option of the Company. In the event the Company is sold prior to making any of these milestone payments and the Collaboration Agreement is transferred in the sale, the milestone payments would be payable in cash. The Company is also required to make low double digit royalty payments to Intrexon on any gross profit arising from the sale of Collaboration Products and to pay an intermediate double digit percentage of any sublicensing revenue it receives.Under the terms of the Collaboration Agreement, the Company reimburses Intrexon for 50% of the product research and development costs with the remaining 50% due after acceptance by the FDA or equivalent regulatory authority of an Investigational New Drug Application or equivalent regulatory filing of a collaboration product or upon 90 day written notice of cancellation by the Company. There were no expenses incurred under the collaboration for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. For the nine months ended September 30, 2016, total incurred expenses were $2.3 million. The total accrued expenses due to Intrexon at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 were $3.0 million and $3.0 million, respectively. These expenses were included in research and development in the consolidated statements of operations.Purpose, Co.In June 2012, the Company entered into an agreement with Purpose to amend its previous agreements. In the previous agreements, Purpose granted the Company a perpetual license to its patents related to its exogenous tissue processor which is used in the development of the Company’s products. In exchange, the Company granted Purpose a perpetual license to all of the Company’s biotechnology and biomaterial for use in Japan. The agreement provided for Purpose to manufacture and sell machinery to the Company for cost until the Company’s products become commercially viable. The Company also agreed to pay royalties on any third-party revenue generated using Purpose’s licensed technology.Under the June 2012 amendment, the Company received exclusive rights to all of Purpose’s technology related to the exogenous tissue processor, continued supply of exogenous tissue processors during the Company’s clinical trials, and rights to manufacture the exogenous tissue processors at any location the Company chooses. In exchange for such consideration, the Company named Purpose the sole manufacturer of equipment and also clarified the geographic territories of the exclusive license that Purpose was granted for use of the Company’s technology. In addition, the Company agreed to reimburse Purpose for $0.3 million of development costs on a next generation tissue processer. Refer to the discussion under Note 5, Tissue Processor Sub-License.In May 2016, the Company acquired the development and commercialization rights to NeoCart for the Japanese market from Purpose. Under the terms of the amended agreement, the Company assumes sole responsibility for and rights to the development and commercialization of NeoCart in Japan. In exchange for the transfer of development and commercialization rights, the Company will pay a success-based milestone to Purpose upon conditional approval of NeoCart in Japan, as well as commercial milestones and a low single digit royalty on Japanese sales of NeoCart, upon full approval, if any, in Japan.The Company paid Purpose $0.1 million and $0.1 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively.Board of Director Affiliates.Affiliates of certain members of the Company’s Board of Directors participated in the Private Placement as described in Note 6.included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016, filed with the SEC on March 16, 2017.2020, included in our 2020 Annual Report. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business and related financing, include forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties, and assumptions. These statements are based on our beliefs and expectations about future outcomes and are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from anticipated results. We undertake no obligation to publicly update these forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise. You should read the “Risk Factors” section included in our 2020 Annual Report and “Informationthe "Risk Factors" and “Disclosure Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” sections of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis.Histogenics Corporation (we, our or Histogenics) iscell therapybiopharmaceutical company focused on developing gene therapies to cure blindness diseases and commercializing productsdeveloping a vaccine to save lives from COVID-19.musculoskeletal segment of the marketplace. Our first product candidate, NeoCart, utilizes various aspects ofUnited States, its territories, and possessions. The Covaxin Agreement was subsequently amended in June 2021 by which we and Bharat Biotech agreed to expand our cell therapy technology platformrights to develop, manufacture, and commercialize COVAXIN to include Canada in addition to the United States, its territories, and possessions.innovative, cartilage-like implant intendedantigen, and an adjuvant. COVAXIN requires a two-dose vaccination regimen given 28 days apart and is stored in standard vaccine storage conditions (2-8°C). COVAXIN has been granted approval for emergency use in India and over 45.0 million doses globally have been administered to treat tissue injurydate. field of orthopedics, specifically cartilage damage in the knee. NeoCart is currently in a Phase 3 clinical trial conducted by Bharat Biotech in India. The aforementioned efficacy results represent point estimates of vaccine efficacy with a 95% confidence interval of 65.2% to 86.4% against COVID-19 disease, 57.1% to 99.8% against severe COVID-19 disease, and 29.0% to 82.4% against asymptomatic COVID-19 disease. The Phase 3 clinical trial enrolled 25,798 participants over the age of 18 in India, including 10.7% of participants over the age of 60 and 27.5% of participants with at least one pre-existing condition. Adverse events in the COVAXIN and control arms of the Phase 3 clinical trial were observed in 12.4% of subjects, with less than 0.5% of subjects experiencing serious adverse side effects. The majority of the symptomatic cases identified in aggregate in the COVAXIN and controls arms in the Phase 3 clinical trial were COVID-19 variants, the majority of which were identified to be the Delta variant, B.1.617.2. Subjects vaccinated with COVAXIN in the Phase 3 clinical trial showed protection against the emerging Delta variant, B.1.617.2, showing a vaccine efficacy of 65.2%, which represents a point estimate of vaccine efficacy with a 95% confidence interval of 33.1% to 83.0%. Additionally, in in-vitro studies conducted by the ICMR — National Institute of Virology, COVAXIN demonstrated potential effectiveness against the Zeta variant, B.1.1.28.2, which contains the E484K mutation found in New York, as well as potential effectiveness against the Alpha variant, B.1.1.7, and the Beta variant, B.1.351.StatesStates. In June 2021, the FDA provided feedback to us regarding the data and information contained in a "Master File" that was previously submitted to the FDA and recommended that we pursue a BLA submission instead of an EUA application for COVAXIN in the United States. As part of the feedback provided by the FDA regarding the "Master File", the FDA also requested additional information and data. We are currently in discussions with the FDA regarding the appropriate regulatory pathway for COVAXIN in the United States. We are additionally in discussions with the FDA regarding the data requirements for COVAXIN under a special protocol assessmentBLA submission and anticipate that data from an additional clinical trial will be required to support a BLA submission.U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the FDA)regulatory pathway for COVAXIN under the treatment of knee cartilage damage.Interim Order. In June 2017,July 2021, we announced that we had completed enrollmentour rolling submission to Health Canada for COVAXIN. The rolling submission process, which permits companies to submit safety and efficacy data and information as they become available, was recommended and accepted under the Interim Order and transitioned to a New Drug Submission for COVID-19. The submission was conducted through our Canadian affiliate, Vaccigen.NeoCart Phase 3 clinical trial.United States and Canada, if authorized or approved in either jurisdiction. In June 2021, we selected Jubilant HollisterStier as our manufacturing partner for COVAXIN to prepare for the potential commercial manufacturing for the Ocugen Covaxin Territory. We expect to report top-line dataenter into a master services agreement with Jubilant HollisterStier for the manufacture of COVAXIN and the technology transfer process to Jubilant HollisterStier has been initiated.third quarterarea of 2018retinal diseases, including IRDs and filedry AMD. Our modifier gene therapy platform is based on NHRs, which have the potential to restore homeostasis, the basic biological processes in the retina. Unlike single-gene replacement therapies, which only target one genetic mutation, we believe that our gene therapy platform, through its use of NHRs, represents a Biologics License Application (BLA)novel approach in that it may address multiple retinal diseases with one product. IRDs such as RP, a group of rare genetic disorders that involve a breakdown and loss of cells in the retina and can lead to visual impairment and blindness, affect over 2.0 million people worldwide. Over 150 gene mutations have been associated with RP and this number represents only 60% of the RP population. The remaining 40% of RP patients cannot be genetically diagnosed, making it difficult to develop individual treatments.same quarter, subjectPhase 1/2a study. We have completed the technology transfer of manufacturing processes to successfulour CDMO for the manufacture of OCU200. We expect to initiate a Phase 1/2a clinical trial in 2022. Our CDMO will manufacture the clinical supplies for the Phase 1/2a clinical trial.results.We believefor OCU300 was discontinued in 2020 based on results of a pre-planned interim sample size analysis conducted by an independent Data Monitoring Committee, which indicated the trial was unlikely to meet its co-primary endpoints upon completion.NeoCartthe COVID-19 pandemic may have on our operations including our preclinical activities, future clinical trials, and potential commercialization. The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic may impact our operations is a disruptive therapy that hasdependent on future developments, including but not limited to: (i) the potential to address manyduration of the challenges with the current treatment alternatives. NeoCart is a quick and easy procedure for the physician and may offer patients a more rapid and durable recovery, with fewer follow-on procedures. Joint, or articular, cartilage covers the ends of bones and allows for joints to glide smoothly with minimal friction. Cartilage damage, or chondral defects, can be caused by acute trauma, such as a bad fall or sports-related injury, or by repetitive trauma, such as general wear over time. Unlike other tissues in the body, joint cartilage has no innate ability to repair itself, making any injury permanent. Left untreated, even a small defect can expand in size and progress to debilitating arthritis, ultimately necessitating a joint replacement procedure.Our cell therapy technology platform combines expertise in the following areas:Cell therapy and processing: the handling of a tissue biopsy and the extraction, isolation and expansionspread of the cells;BiomaterialsSARS-CoV-2 virus, including the spread of variants, (ii) the future actions taken by governmental authorities and Scaffolds: three-dimensional biomaterials structures that enableregulators with respect to the proper distribution of cellsCOVID-19 pandemic, and organize cells in their natural environment(iii) the impact on our partners, collaborators, and suppliers. We will continue to support tissue formation;Tissue engineering:monitor the use ofsituation closely as these effects could have a combination of cells, engineering and biomaterials to improve or replace biological functions; andmaterial impact on our operations.Bioadhesives: natural, biocompatible materials that act as adhesives for biological tissue and allow for natural cell and tissue infiltration and integration with native cells.devoted substantially all of our resourcesno products approved for commercial sale and have not generated significant revenue to the development of our cell therapy technology platform, the preclinical and clinical advancement of our product candidates, the creation and protection of related intellectual property and the provision of general and administrative support for these operations. Prior to 2014, we generated revenue from product sales, collaboration activities and grants. We have funded our operations primarily through the private placement of preferred stock and convertible promissory notes, through commercial bank debt, the proceeds from our initial public offering in 2014 and our private placement in 2016.OurWe incurred net losses of approximately $33.0 million and $7.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. As of June 30, 2021, we had an accumulated deficit was $201.4of $106.3 million and a cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash balance of $115.8 million.September 30, 2017. Substantially allinternal and external expenses, as well as depreciation on assets used within our research and development activities. Internal expenses include the cost of salaries, benefits, severance, and other related costs, including stock-based compensation, for personnel serving in our net losses resulted fromresearch and development functions, as well as allocated rent and utilities expenses. External expenses include development, clinical trials, patent costs, and regulatory compliance costs incurred with research organizations, contract manufacturers, and other third-party vendors. License fees paid to acquire access to proprietary technology are expensed to research and development unless it is determined that the technology is expected to have an alternative future use. All patent-related costs incurred in connection with filing and prosecuting patent applications are expensed as incurred to research and development expense due to the uncertainty about the recovery of the expenditure. We record costs for certain development activities, such as preclinical studies and clinical trials, based on our evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks. Payments for these activities are based on the terms of the individual arrangements, which may differ from the pattern of costs incurred, and are reflected in the condensed consolidated financial statements as prepaid or accrued research and development expense, as applicable. Our recording of costs for certain development activities requires us to use estimates. We believe our estimates and assumptions are reasonable under the current conditions; however, actual results may differ from these estimates.fromcommercializing product candidates.associated with our operations. Our net losses may fluctuate significantly from quarterincluding, but not limited to, quarteraccounting, legal, human resources, consulting, and year to year. We expect to continue to incur significant expensesinvestor relations fees. Additionally, if and operating losseswhen we believe a regulatory approval of a product candidate appears likely, we anticipate an increase in connection with our ongoing activitiespayroll and expense as we:continue scale up and improvementa result of our manufacturing processes;continue withpreparation for commercial operations, especially as it relates to the transition of our manufacturing technology transfer;seek regulatory approvalssales and reimbursement from payors for NeoCart or any other product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials;prepare to commercialize NeoCart, if approved;seek to gain adequate reimbursement for NeoCart from third-party payors and insurers, if approved;continue our research and development efforts;conduct clinical trials of our future product candidates;manufacture preclinical study and clinical trial materials;hire additional clinical, quality control and technical personnel to conduct any future clinical trials;hire additional scientific personnel to support our product development efforts;maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio;implement operational, financial and management systems associated with the potential commercialization of NeoCart, if approved; andhire additional general and administrative personnel to operate as a public company.We do not expect to generate any future revenue from product sales until we successfully complete development and obtain regulatory approval for one or moremarketing of our product candidates, whichcandidates.expect will take place incommunicated notice to five employees of the next few years. If we obtain regulatory approval for anytermination of their employment as a result of the discontinuation of a product candidate. This reduction represented one-third of our product candidates,workforce at the time of communication. All terminations were “without cause” and each employee received termination benefits upon departure. The termination dates varied for each employee and ranged from June 30, 2020 to December 31, 2020. As a result of the workforce reduction, we expect to incur significant commercialization expenses related to product sales, marketing, manufacturingpay severance benefits of $0.2 million throughout the remainder of 2021. We made severance payments of $0.2 million and distribution. Accordingly, we will seek to fund our operations through public or private equity or debt financings or other sources. However, we may be unable to raise additional funds or enter into such other arrangements when needed, on favorable terms, or at all. Our failure to raise capital or enter into such other arrangements when needed would have$0.5 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively. We made a negative impact on our financial conditionde minimis amount of severance payments during the three and ability to develop our product candidates.Financial Operations OverviewWe conduct operations at our facilities in Waltham and Lexington, Massachusetts.In May 2011, we acquired 100% of the voting shares of Prochon Biotech Ltd. (Prochon), a privately held biotechnology company focused on modulating the fibroblast growth factor system to enable it to create more effective solutions for tissue regeneration. The ProChon acquisition was accounted for as a business combination. Unless otherwise indicated, the following information is presented on a consolidated basis to include our accounts and those of ProChon subsequent to the May 2011 acquisition.In September 2016, we completed a private placement where we issued 2,596,059 shares of the company’s common stock at a per share price of $2.25 and 24,158.8693 shares of our newly-created Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, which shares of preferred stock are convertible into approximately 10,737,275 shares of common stock. The Series A Convertible Preferred Stock will be convertible into shares of our common stock following approval of the private placement by our stockholders. The net proceeds after deduction placement agent fees and other transaction-related expenses were $27.7 million. As part of the private placement, the investors received warrants to purchase up to 13,333,334 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $2.25 per share. The warrants include a cashless-exercise feature that may be exercised solely in the event there is no effective registration statement registering, or no current prospectus available for, the resale of the shares of common stock underlying the warrants as of the six-month anniversary of the closing of the private placement. The warrants became exercisable following approval of the private placement by our stockholders and expire five years after the date of such stockholder approval.The consolidated financial statements and following information include the accounts of Histogenics, ProChon and Histogenics Securities Corporation, a Massachusetts securities corporation. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.Our management’s discussion and analysis of our consolidated financial condition and results of operations are based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. these consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make judgments, estimates, and judgments that affectassumptions in the reported amountspreparation of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in our condensed consolidated financial statements. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments, including those related to accrued expenses and stock-based compensation. We base our estimates on historical experience, known trends and events, and various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results maycould differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.have beenwere no material changes to our critical accounting policies from those described in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” includedestimates as reported in our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016, filed with the SEC on March 16, 2017.Other Company InformationNet Operating Loss CarryforwardsUtilization of the net operating loss (NOL) and research and development credit carryforwards may be subject to a substantial annual limitation due to ownership change limitations that have occurred or that could occur in the future, as required by Section 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code (Code), as well as similar state and foreign provisions. These ownership changes may limit the amount of NOL and research and development credit carryforwards that can be utilized annually to offset future taxable income and tax, respectively. In general, an “ownership change” as defined by Section 382 of the Code results from a transaction or series of transactions over a three-year period resulting in an ownership change of more than 50% of the outstanding stock of a company by certain stockholders. We have completed a study to assess whether an ownership change has occurred and the results of this study indicated we experienced ownership changes, as defined by Section 382 of the Code, in each of 2006, 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2016. We have not recorded NOLs that as a result of these restrictions will expire unused. The limitations are an aggregate of $312.8 million for the years 2010 to 2016.As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, we had U.S. federal NOL carryforwards of $24.5 million and $55.5 million, respectively, which may be available to offset future income tax liabilities and expire at various dates through 2036. As of December 31, 2016, and 2015, we also had U.S. state NOL carryforwards of $24.3 million and $55.4 million, respectively, which may be available to offset future income tax liabilities and expire at various dates through 2036. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, we also had $26.1 million and $25.6 million, respectively, of foreign NOL carryforwards which may be available to offset future income tax liabilities, which carryforwards do not expire.As of September 30, 2017, we have provided a full valuation allowance for deferred tax assets.JOBS ActOn April 5, 2012, the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (JOBS Act) was enacted. Section 107 of the JOBS Act permits an “emerging growth company” to delay the adoption of new or revised accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We plan to avail ourselves of this exemption from new or revised accounting standards and, therefore, we may not be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies.For so long as we are an “emerging growth company,” we intend to rely on exemptions relating to: (1) providing an auditor’s attestation report on our system of internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and (2) complying with any requirement that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report providing additional information about the audit and the financial statements, known as the auditor discussion and analysis. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of: (a) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenue of $1.0 billion or more, (b) December 31, 2019, the last day of our fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the date of the completion of our initial public offering (IPO), (c) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the previous three years and (d) the date on which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer under the rules of the SEC.Month PeriodsMonths Ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172021 and 2016month periodmonths ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172021 and 2016: Three Months Ended September 30, Change 2017 2016 $ % (in thousands) $ 3,488 $ 4,880 $ (1,392 ) (29 )% 2,225 1,768 457 26 (282 ) (2,667 ) 2,385 (89 ) Research and Development Expenses.2020 (in thousands):Three months ended June 30, 2021 2020 Change Revenues Collaboration revenue $ — $ 43 $ (43) Total revenues — 43 (43) Operating expenses Research and development 18,853 1,630 17,223 General and administrative 6,757 1,779 4,978 Total operating expenses 25,610 3,409 22,201 Loss from operations (25,610) (3,366) (22,244) Other income (expense) Interest income 10 — 10 Interest expense (20) (248) 228 Other income (expense) (332) — (332) Total other income (expense) (342) (248) (94) Net loss $ (25,952) $ (3,614) $ (22,338) expenses were $3.5expenseSeptemberJune 30, 2017 as2021 compared to $4.9the three months ended June 30, 2020. The increase was primarily due to the $15.0 million up-front payment to Bharat Biotech in connection with the amendment to the Covaxin Agreement to add rights to the Canadian market in June 2021 as well as increases of $0.8 million in OCU400 preclinical activities, $0.6 million in OCU200 preclinical activities, $0.4 million inSeptemberJune 30, 2016.2021 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2020. The decrease of $1.4 millionincrease was primarily due to a decrease$2.0 million of expenses for stockholder meetings and proxy solicitation as well as increases of $1.5 million in collaboration, consultingstock-based compensation expense, $1.0 million in professional fees, and temporary labor costs of $0.9$0.4 million clinical trial costs of $0.3 million, repairs and maintenance of $0.1 million and patient recruiting expenses of $0.1 million. We expect research and development expenses to decline over the next four quarters as we complete our NeoCart Phase 3 clinical trial.General and Administrative Expenses. General and administrative expenses were $2.2in employee-related expenses.SeptemberJune 30, 2017 as2021 compared to $1.8 millionthe three months ended June 30, 2020. Interest expense for the three months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2016. The increase2021 primarily includes debt coupon interest and amortization of $0.5 million wasdebt issuance costs. Interest expense for the three months ended June 30, 2020 primarily duerelated to an increasethe accretion of $0.2 million in salary-related expense and increases of $0.1 million in both consulting and repairs and maintenance expense. We expect general and administrative expenses to remain consistent over the next four quarters.(Expense), Net. Net other expense wasincome (expense)SeptemberJune 30, 2017 as2021 compared to $2.7 million for the three months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2016.2020. The $2.4 million changeincrease was primarily due to $0.8 million related to a changeloss on the write-off of the Promissory Note deemed uncollectible, partially offset by a gain on loan extinguishment of $0.4 million for PPP Note forgiveness obtained in warrant expense.Nine Month PeriodsMay 2021.SeptemberJune 30, 20172021 and 2016nine month periodsix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172021 and 2016 Nine Months Ended September 30, Change 2017 2016 $ % (in thousands) $ 12,200 $ 16,260 $ (4,060 ) (25 )% 6,717 6,141 576 9 (701 ) (2,870 ) 2,169 (76 ) Research and Development Expenses.2020 (in thousands):Six months ended June 30, 2021 2020 Change Revenues Collaboration revenue $ — $ 43 $ (43) Total revenues — 43 (43) Operating expenses Research and development 21,725 3,282 18,443 General and administrative 10,942 4,056 6,886 Total operating expenses 32,667 7,338 25,329 Loss from operations (32,667) (7,295) (25,372) Other income (expense) Interest income 10 — 10 Interest expense (40) (263) 223 Other income (expense) (332) — (332) Total other income (expense) (362) (263) (99) Net loss $ (33,029) $ (7,558) $ (25,471) expenses were $12.2expenseninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2017 as2021 compared to $16.3 million for the ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2016.2020. The decrease of $4.1 millionincrease was primarily due to a decrease$15.0 million up-front payment to Bharat Biotech in collaboration, consultingconnection with the amendment to the Covaxin Agreement to add rights to the Canadian market in June 2021 as well as increases of $1.5 million in OCU400 preclinical activities, $0.9 million in OCU200 preclinical activities, $0.8 million in COVAXIN development and temporary labor costs of $3.0regulatory activities, $0.6 million a reduction in patient recruiting expenses of $0.4 million, a reduction in salary-related costs ofstock-based compensation expense, and $0.3 million a reduction in clinical trial costs of $0.2 million, a reduction in materials to support our clinical trials of $0.2 million and a reduction in facilityemployee-related expenses, of $0.1 million. These amounts were partially offset by increasesa $1.0 million decrease for the discontinuation of OCU300 clinical trial activities in employee recruiting expenses2020.expenses were $6.7expenseninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2017 as2021 compared to $6.1 million for the ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2016.2020. The $0.6 million increase was primarily due to an increase of $3.2 million in expenses for stockholder meetings and proxy solicitation, $2.0 million in stock-based compensation expense, of $0.2 million, an increase in repairs and maintenance expense of $0.2 million, an increase in consulting and temp labor of $0.2 million, and increases of $0.1$0.5 million in both facility–employee-related expenses, and salary–related expenses. These increases were partially offset by decreases$0.8 million in professional fees and depreciation expenses of $0.1 million each. We expect general and administrative expenses to remain consistent over the next four quarters.Other (Expense), Net. Net otherfees. was $0.7ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2017 as2021 compared to $2.9the six months ended June 30, 2020. Interest expense for the six months ended June 30, 2021 primarily includes debt coupon interest and amortization of debt issuance costs. Interest expense for the six months ended June 30, 2020 primarily related to the accretion of the debt discount on the Warrant Exchange Promissory Notes.ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2016.2021 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2020. The $2.2 million changeincrease was primarily due to $0.8 million related to a decrease in warrant expenseloss on the write-off of $3.1 million, an increase in interest income of $0.2 million and a decrease in Delaware franchise tax expense of $0.1 million which wasthe Promissory Note deemed uncollectible, partially offset by an increasea gain on loan extinguishment of $0.4 million for PPP Note forgiveness obtained in the fair value of warrants of $1.2 million.negative cash flows from operations resulting in an accumulated deficit at September 30, 2017 of $201.4 million. We anticipate that we willmay continue to incur net losses in the future. We incurred net losses of approximately $33.0 million and $7.6 million for the next several years. Through Septembersix months ended June 30, 2017, we have funded our consolidated operations primarily through the funds raised in our private placement in 2016, funds raised in our IPO in 2014, the private placement of preferred stock2021 and convertible notes prior to our IPO, commercial bank debt and, to a limited extent, revenue from product sales, collaboration activities and grants.2020, respectively. As of SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2021, we had cash and cash equivalents and marketable securitiesan accumulated deficit of $12.6$106.3 million.We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities$12.6 million as of September 30, 2017 will be sufficient to fund our projected cash needs into the middle of 2018 as we expect that total operating expenses will decline over the next four quarters. However, we will require additional capital to complete the filing of a biologics license application with the FDA and commercialize NeoCart, if approved, and for the future development of our existing product candidates. To meet our capital needs, we intend to raise additional capital through debt or equity financings, or other strategic transactions. However, there can be no assurances that we will be able to complete any such transaction on acceptable terms or otherwise. The failure to obtain sufficient funds on commercially acceptable terms when needed could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Accordingly, these factors, among others, raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.sets forthshows a summary of our cash flows for the net cash flow activity for each of the periods indicated: Nine Months Ended September 30, Change 2017 2016 $ % (in thousands) $ (18,701 ) $ (19,843 ) $ 1,142 (6 )% (1,977 ) (317 ) (1,660 ) 524 (432 ) 27,239 (27,671 ) (102 ) $ (21,110 ) $ 7,079 $ (28,189 ) (398 )% Six months ended June 30, 2021 2020 Net cash used in operating activities $ (27,084) $ (7,773) Net cash used in investing activities (1,274) (34) Net cash provided by financing activities 119,961 15,331 Net increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash $ 91,603 $ 7,524 Activitiesdecreased $1.1 million to $18.7was $27.1 million for the ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2017 from $19.92021 compared to $7.8 million for the ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2016. During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, the net2020. The increase in cash used in operating activities consistedwas primarily ofdriven by the $15.0 million up-front payment to Bharat Biotech in connection with the amendment to the Covaxin Agreement to add rights to the Canadian market in June 2021, an increase in our net loss of $19.6 million, a $1.8 million net change in operating assetsresearch and liabilitiesdevelopment expenses for product candidates, including COVAXIN, and a $0.4 million chargeexpenses for deferred rentstockholder meetings and lease incentive, partially offset by stock-based compensation expense of $1.2 million, depreciation expense of $1.2 million and a change in fair value of warrants of $0.7 million.Activitiesincreased $1.7 million to $2.0was $1.3 million for the ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2017 from $0.3 million2021 compared to $34.5 thousand for the ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2016.2020. The increased useincrease in cash used in investing activities was primarily driven by the receipt of cash was related tothe Promissory Note of $0.8 million in April 2021 and a $0.5 million increase in purchases of marketable securities of $8.0 million offset by maturities of $6.2 million in marketable securities.Activitiesdecreased $27.7was $120.0 million for the ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2017 due2021 compared to $15.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020. During the six months ended June 30, 2021, cash provided by financing activities primarily consisted of gross proceeds of $100.0 million and $22.9 million received from the April 2021 Registered Direct Offering and the February 2021 Registered Direct Offering, respectively. During the six months ended June 30, 2020, cash provided by financing activities primarily consisted of gross proceeds of $16.2 million received under May 2020 and June 2020 ATMs.private placementPPP of $27.7the CARES Act. The PPP Note was in the form of a promissory note dated April 30, 2020 in favor of SVB, bore interest at a rate of 1.0% per annum, and had a maturity date of April 30, 2022. In May 2021, we received notice from the SBA that the PPP Note was forgiven in its entirety, including both principal and accrued interest.September 2016.Operating Capital Requirementsanticipate that we willexpect to continue to incur losses for the next several years in connection with the continuing development of NeoCart. In addition, we expect the losses to increase as we seek regulatory approvals for NeoCart and our future product candidates, and begin to commercialize any approved products. We are subject to all risks inherent in the development of new therapeutic products, and we may encounter unforeseensignificant expenses difficulties, complications, delays and other unknown factors that may adversely affect our business. We anticipate that we will need substantial additional funding in the future in connection with our continuing operations.Untilongoing activities, particularly as we can generate a sufficient amount of revenue from our products, if ever, we expect to finance future cash needs through public or private equity or debt offerings. Additional capital may not be available on reasonable terms, if at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, we may have to significantly delay, scale back or discontinue thecontinue research and development, or commercialization of one or moreincluding preclinical and clinical development of our product candidates. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of additional debt or equity securities, it could result in dilutioncandidates, contract to manufacture our existing stockholders, increased fixed payment obligations and the existence of securities with rights that may be senior to thoseproduct candidates, prepare for potential commercialization of our common stock. If we incur indebtedness, we could become subjectproduct candidates, add operational, financial, and information systems to covenants that would restrict our operations and potentially impair our competitiveness, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt, limitations on our ability to acquire, sell or license intellectual property rights and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. Any of these events could significantly harmexecute our business financial conditionplan, maintain, expand, and prospects.Our forecast of the period of time through whichprotect our financial resources will be adequate to support our operations is a forward-looking statementpatent portfolio, and involves risks and uncertainties, and actual results could varyoperate as a resultpublic company.estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could utilizeQuarterly Report. Factors impacting our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect. The amount and timing of future funding requirements both near- and long-term, will depend on many factors, including:design,following: size, timing, costs, and results of non-clinical studies and clinical trials for our product candidates;candidates, including the additional clinical trial in support of a BLA submission for COVAXIN;approvals byapproval process for our product candidates; including with respect to COVAXIN in the FDAUnited States and comparable foreign regulatory authorities,Canada;the potential for the FDAwith respect to COVAXIN, if authorized or comparable foreign regulatory authoritiesapproved;require that we perform more studies than, or evaluate clinical endpoints other than those that we currently expect;the timingdoing business internationally with respect to our proposed development and costs associated with our manufacturing technology transfer;the timing and costs associated with manufacturing NeoCart and our future product candidates for clinical trials, preclinical studies and, if approved, for commercial sale;the costcommercialization of establishing sales, marketing and distribution capabilities for NeoCart, or any products for which we may receive regulatory approval;COVAXIN in Canada;our ability to obtain adequate reimbursement from payors for any product which may be commercialized, if approved;the number and characteristics of product candidates that we pursue;the extent to which we are required to pay milestone or other payments under our in-license agreements and the timing of such payments;anyour patent claims and other intellectual property rights;expanddelay, scale back, or eliminate some or all of our research and development activities,programs; consider other various strategic alternatives, including our need and ability to hire additional employees;our need to implement additional infrastructure and internal systems and hire additional employees to operate as a public company and prepare to support the commercialization of NeoCart, if approved; andthe effect of competing technological and market developments.Loan and Security AgreementsEquipment LineCreditIn July 2014, we entered into a loan and security agreement with Silicon Valley Bank, which provides for a line of credit to finance certain equipment purchases up to an aggregate of $1.8 million through March 31, 2015. The line has been fully drawn and is payable in 36 monthly installments of principal and interest with an annual interest rate of 2.75% plus the greater of 3.25% and the prime rate in effect at the time of each draw. The outstanding balance on the line of credit is secured by a first priority lien over all equipment purchased using the line of credit.In accordancethese factors, together with the terms of the equipment line of credit, we issued a warrantanticipated increase in spending that will be necessary to Silicon Valley Bank in July 2014continue to purchase 6,566 shares ofdevelop and commercialize our common stock at an exercise price per share of $7.99.The equipment line of credit includes customary operating but non-financial covenants, including limitations onproduct candidates, there is substantial doubt about our ability to incurcontinue as a going concern within one year after the date that the condensed consolidated financial statements included in this report are issued. See Note 1 to our condensed consolidated financial statements included in this report for additional indebtedness, issue dividends, sell assets, engage in any business other than our current business, merge or consolidate with other entities, create liens on our assets, make investments, repurchase our stock in certain instances, enter into transactions with affiliates, make payments on subordinated indebtedness and transfer or encumber any collateral securing the debt. As of September 30, 2017, and December 31, 2016, $0.3 million and $0.8 million, respectively, of borrowings were outstanding under the line of credit and we were in compliance with all required covenants.diddo not have any off-balance sheet arrangements during the periods presented, and we do not currently have any off-balance sheet arrangements as defined in the rules and regulations of the SEC.Disclosureas(as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act)"Exchange Act"), areas of June 30, 2021. Based upon that evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this report, our disclosure controls and other procedures designed to ensureare effective in ensuring that (a) the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports filedthat we file or submittedsubmit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified byin the SEC’s rules and forms, promulgated by the SEC. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that(b) such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including the chiefour principal executive officer and the chiefprincipal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.connection with the preparation of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, we completed an evaluation, as of September 30, 2017, under the supervision ofdesigning and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as to the effectiveness ofevaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act).It should be notedour management recognized that any system of controls howeverand procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and not absolute, assurance thatour management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in evaluating the objectivescost-benefit relationship of the system will be met. In addition, the design of any control system is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events. Based upon the evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of September 30, 2017, our disclosurepossible controls and procedures were effective.From time to time, we are subject to claims inarisingsee Note 13 in the normal course of its business. We do not believe that we are currently partynotes to any pending legal actions that could reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on our business,the condensed consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.The following description ofinclude any material changes to, and supersedes the description of, risk factors associated with our businessas previously disclosed in Part I, Item 1A of our 2020 Annual Report. The risks described in our 2020 Annual Report, our Quarterly Report on Form 10-K10-Q for the yearquarter ended DecemberMarch 31, 2016, filed with2021, and this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are not the Securitiesonly risks facing our company. Additional risks and Exchange Commission (SEC) on March 16, 2017, under the heading “Risk Factors.” Our business, financial condition and operating results can be affected by a number of factors, whetheruncertainties not currently known to us or unknown, including but not limitedthat we currently deem to those described below, any one or more of which could, directly or indirectly, cause our actual operating results and financial condition to varybe immaterial also may materially from past, or anticipated future, operating results and financial condition. Any of these factors, in whole or in part, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, operating resultsor future results.price of our common stock.following discussion of risk factors contains forward-looking statements. These risk factors may be important to understanding any statementFDA indicated that it did not anticipate that it would review and process an EUA application for COVAXIN, and recommended that we consider submitting a BLA for COVAXIN, rather than seeking an EUA. We are currently in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q or elsewhere. The following information should be read in conjunctiondiscussions with the consolidated financial statementsFDA regarding the appropriate regulatory pathway and data requirements for COVAXIN. The FDA further advised us that the clinical trials used as the basis for a BLA submission should meet certain criteria related notes in Part I, Item 1, “Financial Statements”to trial participant demographics and Part I, Item 2, “Management’s, Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”Becausemanufacturing standards. We are currently evaluating the nature of the following factors, as well asactivities we will have to undertake in order to pursue that regulatory pathway including an additional clinical trial. BLA approval will entail a lengthier development process than an EUA pathway for COVAXIN. Moreover, evolving or changing plans or priorities at the FDA, including changes based on new knowledge of COVID-19, the effectiveness of other factors affecting our financial conditionavailable vaccines for COVID-19, the extent to which the U.S. population has been vaccinated or obtained natural immunity, emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2, and operating results, past financial performance should not be consideredhow the new variants of the disease affect the human body, may significantly affect the regulatory pathway and timeline for COVAXIN in the United States.a reliable indicatorconducted in the United States to support the BLA. There can be no assurances that the results of future performance, and investors should not use historical trends to anticipate results or trends in future periods.Risks Related to Our Business and Commercialization of Our Product CandidatesWe are a clinical-stage cell therapy company with a limited operating history of developing late-stage product candidates. There is a limited amount of information about us upon which to evaluate our product candidates and business prospects, making an investment in our common stock unsuitable for many investors.We are a clinical-stage cell therapy company, formed in 2000, with a limited operating history. Since inception we have devoted substantially all of our resources to the development of our cell therapy technology platform, the clinical and preclinical advancement of our product candidates, the creation, licensing and protection of related intellectual property rights and the provision of general and administrative support for these operations. We have not yet obtained regulatory approval for any product candidates in any jurisdiction or generated any significant revenues from product sales. If NeoCart or any of our future product candidates fails in clinical trials or preclinical development, or does not gain regulatory approval, or if our product candidates following regulatory approval, if any, do not achieve market acceptance, we may never become profitable or sustain profitability.We commenced our first clinical trialconduct will resemble the results obtained by Bharat Biotech in 2005, and we have a limited operating history developing clinical-stage cell therapies upon which you can evaluate our business and prospects. In addition, besides our current ongoingtheir Phase 3 clinical trial we have never conductedin India. Any results from further clinical testing by Bharat Biotech or by us may raise new questions and require us to redesign planned clinical trials, of a size required for regulatory approvals. Further, we have not yet demonstrated an ability to successfullyovercome many of the risks and uncertainties frequently encountered by companies inincluding revising proposed endpoints or adding new and rapidly evolving fields, such as cell therapy. For example, to execute our current business plan we will need to successfully:execute our research and development strategies, including successfully completing our clinical trial program for NeoCart;complete the transition of the NeoCart raw material manufacturing process to our in-house facilities and satisfy the United States Food and Drug Administration (the FDA) as to the comparability of such raw materials to those manufactured by third parties to support the BLA filing for NeoCart;secure additional funding as may be needed, including, without limitation, in order to complete our NeoCart Phase 3 clinical trial, and file a biologic license application (BLA) with the FDA;obtain required regulatory approvals for the manufacturing and commercialization of NeoCart;obtain adequate reimbursement from payors for NeoCart or any other product that may be commercialized, if approved;manage our spending as costs and expenses increase due to clinical trials, regulatory approvals, manufacturing and commercialization;continue to build and maintain a strong intellectual property portfolio;recruit and retain qualified executive management and other personnel;build and maintain appropriate research and development, clinical, sales, manufacturing, financial reporting, distribution and marketing capabilities on our own or through third parties;expand potential indications of NeoCart and our cell therapy technology platform;gain broad market acceptance for our product candidates; anddevelop and maintain successful strategic relationships.If we are unsuccessful in accomplishing any of these objectives, we may not be able to develop product candidates, raise capital, expand our business or continue our operations.Failure to obtain, or any delay in obtaining, FDA approval regarding the comparability of critical NeoCart raw materials following our technology transfer and manufacturing location transition may have an adverse effect on our business, operating results and prospects.We are in the process of completing a technology transfer to transition the manufacturing of certain raw materials and components in the NeoCart supply chain from outsourced contract manufacturers to in-house manufacturing facilities. This technology transfer extends to our source collagen and collagen honeycomb scaffold, as well as the three components of the CT3 bioadhesive—methylated collagen, curing component and activated polyethylene glycol.We have also entered into a supply agreement with Collagen Solutions (UK) Limited (Collagen Solutions) pursuant to which we may oversee the manufacture of additional collagen used in our manufacture of NeoCart. We currently do not anticipate using any collagen produced by Collagen Solutions in the near future, but anticipate needing additional supplies of collagen above those we anticipate being able to produce in-house upon commercialization, if ever.Although we do not anticipate changes to the raw materials, formulations or properties, nor do we anticipate changes to the NeoCart manufacturing process or finished product specifications as a result of the transfer, we are required to demonstrate to the FDA that the raw materials manufactured in our facility, and which may be manufactured under our direction in third party facilities (including, without limitation, facilities operated by Collagen Solutions) are comparable to the raw materials that were manufactured in the previous contract manufacturers’ facilities. Demonstrating comparability requires evidence that the product is consistent with that produced for the clinical trial to assure that the technology transfer does not affect safety, identity, purity or efficacy during the expansion from pilot scale to full scale production. For example, in April 2016, the FDA approved our submission which provided equivalence data for the collagen manufactured at our Lexington, Massachusetts facility, meaning that the collagen manufactured at such facility will require no further additional data or actual patient equivalence studies. Similarly, in August 2016, the FDA notified us that it approved our collagen scaffold equivalence strategy, which we previously submitted in May 2016.In the future, the FDA may determine that such analytical data is not sufficient to prove comparability of the raw materials produced at our in-house manufacturing sites or cohorts of subjects. In addition, the sitesFDA’s analysis of third parties underany clinical data may differ from our direction, to the raw materials sourced from external vendors for earlier clinical trial work, including the NeoCart Phase 3 clinical trial. If this is the case,interpretation and the FDA may require that we provideconduct additional preclinicalanalysis or trials. Further, ongoing clinical testing by Bharat Biotech and administration by Bharat Biotech under emergency use in India may demonstrate that the vaccine candidate is less effective than currently believed, including against new or emerging variants, or has an unacceptable safety profile, which would have a negative impact on our regulatory submission.provide evidence to supporta New Drug Submission for COVID-19.comparabilityapproval process under a New Drug Submission in Canada includes all of the raw materials. The size, scope, length and costs of any newrisks associated with obtaining BLA approval from the FDA. We may or supplemental clinical trials that may be required by the FDA to provide such data are not known at this time.Failure or delay in obtaining FDA approval of the comparability of our NeoCart raw materials or the FDA requiring us to provide clinical data may result in delays to our current projected timelines and could have an adverse effect on our business, operating results and prospects.Additionally, our manufacturing sites, or those of third party sites under our direction, may not receive FDA approval to operate at all, resulting in delays while we implement improvements necessary to receive approval which would lead to delaysunder the Interim Order and, as in the initiationUnited States, thecommercial production. In addition, we could encounter difficulties involving production yields, quality control and quality assurance, as well as shortages of qualified personnel, leading to additional delays.We are heavily dependent on the success of our lead product candidate NeoCart, which is still under developmentContentsPhase 3 clinical trial. If we are unable to commercialize NeoCart in the future, or experience significant delays due to manufacturing or otherwise in doing so, our business will be materially harmed.We have investedNew Drug Submission would potentially require a significant portion of our time and financial resources in the development of NeoCart, our product candidate in clinical development. We anticipate that in the near term our ability to generate revenues will depend solely on the successfullonger development and commercialization of NeoCart. We may not complete our registration filings in our anticipated time frame. Even after we complete our Biologics License Application (BLA) filing,approval process than approval under the FDA may not accept our submission, may request additional information from us, including data from additionalInterim Order. The clinical trials and, ultimately,of COVAXIN conducted by Bharat Biotech in India may not grant marketing approval for NeoCart. In addition, the clinical data we have generated to date is susceptible to varying interpretations and many companies that have believed that their products performed satisfactorily in clinical trials have nonetheless failed to obtain FDA approval for their products.If we are not successful in commercializing NeoCart, or are significantly delayed in doing so, our business will be materially harmed and we may need to curtail or cease operations. Our ability to successfully commercialize NeoCart will depend, among other things, on our ability to:complete the data analysis for the NeoCart Phase 3 clinical trial and the BLA submission for NeoCart;successfully monitor patients during and after treatment and minimize the risk that enrolled subjects will drop out of the NeoCart Phase 3 clinical trial before they are evaluated for the primary endpoint;produce, through a validated process, NeoCart in quantities sufficiently large to permit successful commercialization;receive marketing approvals from the FDA and similar foreign regulatory authorities;obtain adequate reimbursement from payors for NeoCart, if approved;build a commercial infrastructure and launch commercial sales of NeoCart;maintain adequate capital resources to fund operations through commercialization; andsecure acceptance of NeoCart in the medical community and with third-party payors.We have incurred significant losses since our inception and anticipate that we will continue to incur substantial losses for the next several years.We have incurred net losses in each year since our inception, including net losses of $16.2 million in 2016 and $32.0 million in 2015. As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 we had an accumulated deficit of $201.4 million and $181.8 million, respectively. We expect to continue to incur substantial losses for the next several years, and we expect these losses to increase as we continue our development of and seek regulatory approval for, NeoCart and our future product candidates. In addition, if we receive regulatory approval to market NeoCart or any of our future product candidates, we will incur additional losses as we scale our manufacturing operations and build an internal sales and marketing organization to commercialize any approved products. In addition, we expect our expenditures to increase as we add infrastructure and personnel to support our expanding operations in connection with the commercialization of NeoCart, if approved. We anticipate that our net losses and accumulated deficit for the next several years will be significant as we conduct our planned operations. Given our current development plans, we anticipate that our existing cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities will be not be sufficient to fund our operations beyond the middle of 2018.support an application for marketing approval in Canada. Accordingly, these factors, among others, raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. Because of the numerous risksseeking Canadian regulatory approval could result in difficulties and uncertainties associated with the development of cell therapies, we are unable to accurately predict the timing or amount of the developmentcosts for us and clinical expenses or when, or if we will be able to achieve, or maintain, profitability. In addition, our expenses could increase if we are required by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities to perform preclinical or clinical studies or trials in addition to those currently expected, or if there are any delays in completing the technology transfer and manufacturing location transition of our NeoCart raw material manufacturing process or completing our clinical trials or the development of NeoCart or our future product candidates. The amount of our future net losses will depend, in part, on the amount and timing of our expenses, ourability to generate revenue and our ability to raise additional capital. These net losses have had, and will continue to have, an adverse effect on our stockholders’ equity and working capital.We will require substantial additional funding, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all, and, if not available, may require us to delay, reduce or cease our product development activities and operations.We are currently advancing our lead product candidate NeoCart through clinical development. Developing cell therapies, including conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials, is expensive. We will require substantial additional capital in order to file a BLA for NeoCart with the FDA, create additional manufacturing capacity for and to commercialize NeoCart and conduct the research and development and clinical and regulatory activities necessary to bring other product candidates to market. If the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities require that we perform additional preclinical studies or clinical trials atwhich could be costly and time-consuming. We do not have any pointproduct candidates approved for sale in any jurisdiction, including in Canada, and we do not have experience in obtaining regulatory approval in Canada. We, or expand or extend our current trials, our expenses would further increase beyond what we currently expect, and the anticipated timing of any future clinical development activities and potential regulatory approvals may be delayed depending upon our allocation of resources and available funding. Raising funds currently or in the then-current economic environment may be difficult and additional fundingcollaborators, may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all.The global economic volatility and market instability has made the business climate more volatile and more costly. These economic conditions, and uncertainty as to the general direction of the macroeconomic environment, are beyond our control and may make any necessary debt or equity financing more difficult, more costly, and more dilutive. Additional funds may not be available when we need them on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all. If adequate funds are not available to usobtain approval for COVAXIN from Health Canada on a timely basis, if at all. Even if we obtain approval from the FDA for COVAXIN, approval by the FDA does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries or on acceptable terms,jurisdictions, including in Canada, or vice versa. Ultimately, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate preclinical studies, clinical trials or other development activities for one or more of our product candidates or delay, limit, reduce or terminate our establishment of sales and marketing capabilities or other activities that may benot receive the necessary approval to commercialize COVAXIN in Canada.product candidates.The amountthird-party manufacturers, which could impair our ability to commercialize COVAXIN, if authorized or approved.timing of our funding requirements will depend on many factors, including:the timing ofwe do not currently plan to develop any internal capacity to do so. Accordingly, we are, and costs involved in obtaining NeoCart regulatory approvals, including the submission of the BLA for NeoCart;the scope, progress, expansion, costs and results of our clinical trials;the scope, timing and costs of manufacturing NeoCart implants;the timing of and costs associated with obtaining FDA approval of the comparability of the NeoCart raw materials manufactured in our facilities, or in third party facilities at our direction, with the raw materials that were manufactured byexpect to continue to be, dependent upon third parties for the use in our NeoCartmanufacture of COVAXIN for clinical trials;market acceptance of NeoCart following the receipt of regulatory approval,trials and commercial supply, if any;our abilityauthorized or approved. Bharat Biotech has agreed to obtain adequate reimbursement from payors for NeoCart or any other product that may be commercialized, if approved;the resources we devote to marketing and commercializing NeoCart, if approved;the scope, progress, expansion and costs of the commercial manufacturing of NeoCart;the costs of maintaining, expanding and protecting our intellectual property portfolio, including potential litigation costs and liabilities associated therewith; andour need to implement additional internal systems and infrastructure, including financial and reporting systems, related to our status as a public company and the potential commercialization of NeoCart, if approved.Many of these factors are outside of our control. Based upon our currently expected level of operating expenditures, we believe that we will be able to fund our operations and sustain currently projected cash needs into the middle of 2018. Our expectations are based on management’s current assumptions, regulatory submission timelinesprovide all preclinical and clinical development plans, which may provedata, and to be wrong,transfer to us certain proprietary technology owned or controlled by Bharat Biotech, that is necessary for the successful commercial manufacture and we could spend our available financial resources much faster than we currently expect. This period could be shortened if there are any unanticipated increases in spending on development programs or other unanticipated increases in spending related to circumstances outsidesupply of our control, including, without limitation, costs associated with litigation or other legal proceedings, hiring of additional consultants and personnel or procurement of additional raw materials. Our existing cash and cash equivalents will not be sufficient to complete a BLA filing for NeoCart or complete any clinical development of any future product candidates that would be necessaryCOVAXIN to support an application for regulatory approval. Accordingly, we continue to require substantial additional capital. In order to fund our future needs, we may seek additional funding through equity or debt financings, development partnering arrangements, lines of credit or other sources.Our fundraising efforts in the future to secure additional financing will divert our management from our day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize our product candidates. In addition, we cannot guarantee that future financing will be available in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital when required or on acceptable terms, we may be required to significantly delay, reduce or discontinue the development or commercialization of one or more of our product candidates or curtail our operations, which will have an adverse effect on our business, operating results and prospects.NeoCart and our future product candidates are subject to extensive regulation, compliance with which is costly and time consuming, may cause unanticipated delays or prevent the receipt of the approvals required to commercialize NeoCart and our future product candidates.The clinical development, manufacturing, labeling, storage, record-keeping, advertising, promotion, import, export, marketing and distribution of NeoCart and our future product candidates are subject to extensive regulation by the FDAcommercial sale in the United States and by comparable authorities in foreign markets. InCanada, if authorized or approved. Until the United States,completion of the technology transfer and until we are not permitted to market our product candidates until we receive regulatory approval fromcapable and primarily responsible for the FDA. The process of obtaining regulatory approval is expensive, often takes many years,manufacture and can vary substantially based upon the type, complexity, and novelty of the products involved, as well as the target indications. Approval policies or regulations may change and the FDA has substantial discretion in the tissue regeneration approval process, including the ability to delay, limit or deny approval of a product candidate for many reasons. Despite the time and expense invested in clinical development of product candidates, regulatory approval is never guaranteed.The FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities can delay, limit or deny approval of a product candidate for many reasons, including:such authorities may disagree with the design or implementation of our NeoCart Phase 3 clinical trial or any of our future development partners’ clinical trials;we or any of our future development partners may be unable to demonstrate to the satisfaction of the FDA or other regulatory authorities that a product candidate is safe and effective for any indication;such authorities may not accept clinical data from trials which are conducted at clinical facilities or in countries where the standard of care is potentially different from the United States;the results of clinical trials may not demonstrate the safety or efficacy required by such authorities for approval;we or any of our future development partners may be unable to demonstrate that a product candidate’s clinical and other benefits outweigh its safety risks;such authorities may disagree with our interpretation of data from preclinical studies or clinical trials or the use of results from studies that served as precursors to our current or future product candidates;such authorities may find deficiencies in our manufacturing processes or facilities or those of third-party manufacturers with which we or any of our future development partners contract for clinical and commercial supplies; orthe approval policies or regulations of such authorities may significantly change in a manner rendering our or any of our future development partners’ clinical data insufficient for approval.With respect to foreign markets, approval procedures vary among countries and, in addition to the risks described above, can involve additional product testing, administrative review periods, and agreements with pricing authorities. In addition, events raising questions about the safety of certain marketed pharmaceuticals or biologics may result in increased cautiousness by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities in reviewing new tissue regeneration products based on safety, efficacy or other regulatory considerations and may result in significant delays in obtaining regulatory approvals. Any delay in obtaining, or inability to obtain, applicable regulatory approvals would prevent us or any of our future development partners from commercializing our product candidates.We are subject to a multitude of manufacturing risks, any of which could substantially increase our costs and limit supply of our products.The process of manufacturing NeoCart is complex, highly regulated and subject to several risks, including:The process of manufacturing NeoCart, including the use of autologous cells, is susceptible to product loss due to contamination, equipment failure or improper installation or operation of equipment, or surgeon or laboratory technician error. Even minor deviations from normal manufacturing processes could result in lost NeoCart production runs, product defects and other supply disruptions. If microbial, viral or other contaminations are discovered in our products or in the manufacturing process or facilities in which our products are made, such manufacturing facilities may need to be closed for an extended period of time to investigate and remedy the contamination.The manufacturing facilities in which NeoCart is made could be adversely affected by equipment failures, labor shortages, natural disasters, power failures and numerous other factors. For instance, in 2012, we voluntarily suspended manufacturing operations and paused enrollment of the NeoCart Phase 3 clinical trial upon discovery of discrepancies in the testing procedures used to assess one of the raw materials utilized in the manufacture of NeoCart implants and we could be required in the future to suspend manufacturing due to circumstances out of our control.We and our contract manufacturers must comply with the current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) regulations and guidelines promulgated by the FDA. We and our contract manufacturers may encounter difficulties in achieving quality control and quality assurance and may experience shortages in qualified personnel. We and our contract manufacturers are subject to inspections by the FDA and comparable agencies in other jurisdictions to confirm compliance with applicable regulatory requirements. Any failure to follow cGMP or other regulatory requirements or delay, interruption or other issues that arise in the manufacture, packaging, storage or shipping of our products as a result of a failure of our facilities or operations, or the facilities or operations of third parties, to comply with regulatory requirements or pass any regulatory authority inspection could significantly impair our ability to develop and commercialize our products, including leading to significant delays in the availability of products for our clinical studies or the termination or hold on a clinical study, or the delay or prevention of a filing or approval of marketing applications for our product candidates. Significant noncompliance could also result in the imposition of sanctions, including fines, injunctions, civil penalties, failure of regulatory authorities to grant marketing approvals for our product candidates, delays, suspension or withdrawal of approvals, license revocation, seizures or recalls of products, operating restrictions and criminal prosecutions, any of which could damage our reputation. If we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may not be permitted to market our products or may be subject to product recalls, seizures, injunctions, or criminal prosecution.Any adverse developments affecting manufacturing operations for our products may result in shipment delays, clinical enrollment delays, inventory shortages, lot failures, product withdrawals or recalls, or other interruptions in the supply of our products. We may also have to take inventory write-offs and incur other charges and expenses for products that fail to meet specifications, undertake costly remediation efforts or seek more costly manufacturing alternatives.In order to manufacture NeoCart, we operate our own cGMP manufacturing facility in Waltham, Massachusetts for production of NeoCart. In 2015, we completed a facility for our cGMP manufacturing in Lexington, Massachusetts which we plan to further build out to produce key NeoCart raw materials, including the CT3 components, source collagen and collagen scaffold. While we own the manufacturing process, unforeseen issues or outside influences could impact potential supply. For example:Our facility in Waltham may not meet FDA cGMP standards during the pre-approval inspection necessary for BLA approval, delaying BLA approval and resulting in added cost to mitigate issues identified during inspection.Our Lexington, Massachusetts facility for production of key raw materials may not receive FDA approval to operate, resulting in delays while we implement improvements necessary to receive approval, leading to delays in the initiation of commercial production. We met with the FDA in December 2014 to obtain preliminary feedback and general acceptance of our raw material transition strategy. In April 2016, the FDA approved our production of collagen and the use of collagen in the NeoCart Phase 3 clinical trial and in August 2016, the FDA also approved our collagen scaffold equivalence strategy. Additionally, we have entered into a supply agreement with Collagen Solutions pursuant to which we will oversee the manufacture of additional collagen used in our manufacture of NeoCart. Any raw materials manufactured or handled at facilities operated by Collagen Solutions will similarly need to be approved by the FDA for comparability, and the FDA may delay approval of the new raw material source or require additional studies to show comparability. We are not currently using any collagen produced by Collagen Solutions, but anticipate needing additional supplies of collagen above those we anticipate being able to produce in-house upon commercialization, if ever.The raw material to be produced at our facilities may not be comparable to the raw materials sourced from external vendors for earlier clinical trial work, including the ongoing NeoCart Phase 3 clinical trial, according to our current projected timelines, and the FDA may delay approval of the new raw material source or require additional studies to show comparability. Such delays may impact the timing of our BLA filing for NeoCart and FDA approval, if granted at all.We may not achieve our anticipated production throughput targets, resulting in lower than anticipated capacity, limiting supply of our products, lowering revenue and increasing costs. We may not hit our production cost target for a variety of reasons including increased raw material cost, underestimate of labor requirements, underestimate of capital requirement and other facility, personnel or materials issues that we have not anticipated. Increased costs will adversely impact gross margin achieved by our products.We may not be able to fund on a timely basis future expansions of additional clean rooms and associated equipment and validations to support NeoCart production and to meet market demand, or the FDA may require additional data that may delay our ability to supply anticipated market needs.The FDA may not approve implementation of the multi-unit NeoCart reactor or approval may be delayed, which could result in capacity limitation and high unit costs, depending upon the length of the delay.NeoCart or any future product candidate we or any of our future development partners advance into clinical trials may cause unacceptable adverse events or have other properties that may delay or prevent its regulatory approval or limit its commercial potential.Unacceptable adverse events caused by NeoCart or any of our future product candidates that we advance into clinical trials could cause us or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt clinical trials and could result in the denial of regulatory approval by the FDA or other regulatory authorities for any or all targeted indications and markets. This in turn could prevent us from completing development or commercializing the affected product candidate and generating revenue from its sale.We have not yet completed clinical testing of any of our product candidates for the treatment of the indications for which we intend to seek approval, and we currently do not know the extent of adverse events, if any, that will be observed in individuals who receive any of our product candidates. If any of our product candidates cause unacceptable adverse events in clinical trials, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval or commercialize such product candidate.The results of preclinical studies and early clinical trials are not always predictive of future results. Any product candidate we or any of our future development partners advance into clinical trials may not have favorable results in later clinical trials, if any, or receive regulatory approval.The development of cell therapies has inherent risk. We or any of our future development partners will be required to demonstrate through adequate and well-controlled clinical trials that our product candidates are effective, with a favorable benefit-risk profile, for use in their target indications before we can seek regulatory approvals for their commercial sale. The development of a cell therapy is a long, expensive and uncertain process, and delay or failure can occur at any stage of development, including after commencement of any of our clinical trials. In addition, success in early clinical trials does not mean that later clinical trials will be successful because product candidates in later-stage clinical trials may fail to demonstrate sufficient safety or efficacy despite having progressed through initial clinical testing. Furthermore, our future trials will need to demonstrate sufficient safety and efficacy for approval by regulatory authorities in larger patient populations. Companies frequently suffer significant setbacks in advanced clinical trials, even after earlier clinical trials have shown promising results. In addition, only a small percentage of biologics under development result in the submission of a BLA to the FDA and even fewer are approved for commercialization.Development of cell therapies is inherently expensive and risky and may not be understood by or accepted in the marketplace, which could adversely affect our future value.The clinical development, commercialization and marketing of cell therapies are at an early-stage, substantially research-oriented, and financially speculative. To date, very few companies have been successful in their efforts to develop and commercialize cell therapies. In general, cell therapies may be susceptible to various risks, including undesirable and unintended side effects, unintended immune system responses, inadequate therapeutic efficacy, potentially prohibitive costs or other characteristics that may prevent or limit their approval or commercial use. Furthermore, the number of people who may use cell- or tissue-based therapies is difficult to forecast with accuracy. Our future success is dependent on the establishment of a large global market for cell therapies and our ability to capture a share of this market with NeoCart and our future product candidates.Our development efforts with our cell therapy technology platform are susceptible to the same risks of failure inherent in the development and commercialization of product candidates based on new technologies. The novel nature of cell therapies creates significant challenges in the areas of product development and optimization, manufacturing, government regulation, third-party reimbursement and market acceptance.Even if we successfully develop and obtain regulatory approval for NeoCart and our future product candidates, the market may not understand or accept them. NeoCart and our future product candidates represent novel treatments and are expected to compete with a number of surgical options and more conventional products and therapies manufactured and marketed by others, including major pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. The degree of market acceptance of any of our developed and potential product candidates will depend on a number of factors, including:the clinical safety and effectiveness of NeoCart and our future product candidates and their perceived advantage over alternative treatment methods, if any;the design of the trial protocol for our NeoCart Phase 3 clinical trial;adverse events involving NeoCart and our future product candidates or the products or product candidates of others;the performance of competitive products in the market; andthe cost of manufacturing our products, the selling price of our products, and the reimbursement policies of government and private third-party payors.If the healthcare community does not accept NeoCart or our future product candidates for any of the foregoing reasons, or for any other reason, it could affect our sales, having an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.We have a limited manufacturing capacity for NeoCart and our future product candidates, which could inhibit our revenues and the long-term growth prospects of our business.We currently produce materials for clinical trials, including production of NeoCart, at our existing manufacturing facilities in Waltham, Massachusetts, which we have designed and operated to be compliant with FDA, cGMP and the current Good Tissue Practice as and if applicable, requirements. While we believe these facilities provide us with sufficient capacity to meet our expected clinical demand and possibly our initial commercial launch demand, it is possible that the demand for products could exceed our existing manufacturing capacity. It will become necessary or desirable for us to expand our manufacturing capabilities for our cell therapy technology platform in the future, which may require us to invest significant amounts of capital and to obtain regulatory approvals. We may not be able to fund future expansions of additional clean rooms and associated equipment and validations to support NeoCart production, or the FDA may require additional data that may delay our ability to supply anticipated market needs. If we are unable to meet rising demand for products on a timely basis or unable to maintain cGMP compliance standards, then it is likely that our clients and potential clients will elect to pursue alternative treatment options, which could materially and adversely affect the level of our revenues and our prospects for growth.Our expected capacity to manufacture NeoCart implants at launch, if approved, is limited by both space and equipment. For example, the current tissue engineering processor (TEP) in our Waltham facility is resource dependent due to its single-unit capacity. We are developing plans to innovate and automate our manufacturing equipment and processes with a goal of providing adequate and timely capacity to meet expected demand through the first two years of commercialization from our current facilities. The FDA may not, however, approve of the equipment modifications and automation plans or approval may be delayed which could result in capacity limitation or high unit costs depending upon the length of the delay.Components of cell therapies approved for commercial sale or used in late-stage clinical trials must be manufactured in accordance with cGMP. In addition, the manufacturing process for cell therapies may be required to be modified from time to time in response to FDA requests. Manufacture of cell- or tissue-based therapies is complex and subjects companies to significant regulatory burdens that may change over time. We may encounter difficulties in the production of our product candidates due to our limited manufacturing experience.Insurance coverage and reimbursement may be limited or unavailable in certain market segments for our product candidates, which could make it difficult for us to sell our product candidates profitably.Market acceptance and sales of NeoCart and our future product candidates will depend significantly on the availability of adequate insurance coverage and reimbursement from third-party payors for any of our product candidates and may be affected by existing and future health care reform measures. Government authorities and third-party payors, such as private health insurers and health maintenance organizations, decide which medical treatments they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels. Reimbursement by a third-party payor may depend upon a number of factors including the third-party payor’s determination that use of a product candidate is:a covered benefit under its health plan;safe, effective and medically necessary;appropriate for the specific patient;cost effective; andneither experimental nor investigational.Obtaining coverage and reimbursement approval for a product candidate from a government or other third-party payor is a time-consuming and costly process that could require us to provide supporting scientific, clinical and cost effectiveness data for the use of our product candidates to the payor. We may not be able to provide data sufficient to gain acceptance with respect to coverage and reimbursement. We cannot be sure that coverage or adequate reimbursement will be available for any of our product candidates. Also, we cannot be sure that reimbursement amounts will not reduce the demand for, or the price of, NeoCart or our future product candidates. If reimbursement is not available or is available only to limited levels, we may not be able to commercialize certain of our product candidates profitably, or at all, even if approved. In the United States and certain foreign jurisdictions, there have been a number of legislative and regulatory changes to health care systems that could affect our ability to sell our product candidates profitably. In particular, in 2003 the Medicare Modernization Act revised the payment methods for many product candidates under Medicare. This has resulted in lower rates of reimbursement. There have been numerous other federal and state initiatives designed to reduce payment for products.As a result of legislative proposals and the trend toward managed health care in the United States, third-party payors are increasingly attempting to contain healthcare costs by limiting both coverage and the level of reimbursement of new cell or tissue therapies. They may also refuse to provide coverage of approved product candidates for medical indications other than those for which the FDA has granted market approvals. As a result, significant uncertainty exists as to whether and how much third-party payors will reimburse patients for their use of newly approved cell or tissue therapies, which in turn will put pressure on the pricing of such products. We expect to experience pricing pressures in connection with the sale of our product candidates due to the trend toward managed health care, the increasing influence of health maintenance organizations, and additional legislative proposals as well as country, regional, or local healthcare budget limitations.In addition, reimbursement agencies in foreign jurisdictions may be more conservative than those in the United States. Accordingly, in markets outside the United States, the reimbursement for our products may be more limited thanCOVAXIN in the United States and mayCanada through the third-party manufacturer we have selected, Bharat Biotech has the exclusive right to manufacture COVAXIN and we will be insufficient to generate commercially reasonable revenueswholly dependent on Bharat Biotech for the manufacture and profits.Failure to obtain or maintain adequate reimbursementsupply of clinical testing materials required for any products for which we receive marketing approval will adversely impact our ability to achieve commercial success.We may pursue additional indications and conduct additional clinical trials for NeoCart or other products we may develop in the future. If we encounter difficulties enrolling patients in our clinical trials, our clinical development activities could be delayed or otherwise adversely affected.We are required to identify and enroll a sufficient number of patients that meet inclusion criteria under investigation for our clinical trials. There is a limited patient population from which to draw participants in clinical trials. We may not be able to identify and enroll a sufficient number of patients, or those with required or desired characteristics and criteria, in a timely manner. In addition, there are a limited number of specialized orthopedic surgeons that perform cartilage repair implantation procedures and among physicians who perform such procedures, some may not choose to perform these procedures under conditions that fall within our protocols, which would have an adverse effect on our development of product candidates. For example, in November 2015 we changed our guidance for the completion of patient enrollment in the NeoCart Phase 3 clinical trial from June 2016 to June 2017 based on enrollment trends in November 2015 not meeting our expectations. We completed enrollment in the NeoCart Phase 3 clinical trial in June 2017.Our ability to enroll patients in any future clinical trials is affected by a number of factors including:the size and nature of the patient population;the design of the trial protocol for our clinical trials;the eligibility and exclusion criteria for the trial in question;the availability of competing therapies and competing clinical trials, and physician and patient perceptionall of our product candidates and our other product candidates being studied in relation to these other potential options;the efforts to facilitate timely enrollment in clinical trials;the ability to obtain and maintain patient consent;the number and locationrequirements of clinical sites in our clinical trials;the proximity and availability of clinical trial sites for prospective patients;the availability of time and resources at the institutions where clinical trials are and will be conducted;the availability of raw materials and the possibility of raw materials expiring prior to their use;the availability of adequate financing to fund ongoing clinical trial expenses;the presence of concomitant joint disease in patients under investigation; andthe study endpoints such as pain that rely on subjective patient reported outcomes.If we have difficulty enrolling a sufficient number of patients to conduct our clinical trials as planned, we may need to delay or terminate ongoing or planned clinical trials, either of which would have an adverse effect on our business.A number of cell and tissue therapy companies have suffered significant setbacks or difficulty enrolling patients in later stage clinical trials even after achieving promising results in earlier stages of development. Success in preclinical testing and early clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials will be successful, and initial results from a clinical trial do not necessarily predict final results. Even if early stage clinical trials are successful, we may need to conduct additional clinical trials for product candidates in additional patient populations or under different treatment conditions before we are able to seek approvals from the FDA and regulatory authorities outside the United States to market and sell these product candidates. Our failure to demonstrate the requiredcharacteristics to support marketing approval for NeoCart and our product candidates in our current and future clinical trials would substantially harm our business and prospects.If our competitors develop treatments for the target indications of NeoCart or our future product candidates that are approved more quickly, marketed more successfully or demonstrated to be safer or more effective than our product candidates, our commercial opportunity will be reduced or eliminated.The cell and tissue therapy sector is intensely competitive and subject to rapid and significant technological change. We face competition from major multinational companies, established and early-stage biotechnology companies, and universities and other research institutions. Many of our competitors have greater financial and other resources, such as larger research and development staff and more experienced marketing and manufacturing organizations. Large pharmaceutical companies, in particular, have extensive experience in clinical testing, obtaining regulatory approvals, recruiting patients and manufacturing products. These companies also have significantly greater research, sales and marketing capabilities and collaborative arrangements in our target markets with leading companies and research institutions. Established companies may also invest heavily to accelerate discovery and development of novel therapeutics or to in-license novel therapeutics that could make the product candidates that we develop obsolete. As a result of all of these factors, our competitors may succeed in obtaining patent protection or FDA approval or discovering, developing and commercializing treatments in the indications that we are targeting before we do. Smaller or early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large, established companies.There are several clinical-stage development programs in various stages of development that seek to regenerate soft tissue and repair cartilage. Our competitors may succeed in developing, acquiring or licensing on an exclusive basis, technologies and products that are more effective, including a one-step alternative to NeoCart, or less costly than NeoCart or any future product candidates that we may develop, which could render our products obsolete and noncompetitive.We believe that our ability to successfully compete will depend on, among other things:the results of our and our collaborative partners’ preclinical studies and clinical trials;the relative prices and perceived value of competitive products as compared to NeoCart;our ability to recruit and enroll patients for our clinical trials;the relative efficacy, safety, ease of use, reliability and durability of our product candidates;the speed at which we and our competitors develop our respective product candidates;our ability to design and successfully execute appropriate clinical trials;our ability to manufacture raw materials for use in our clinical trials, including our Phase 3 clinical trial of NeoCart;our ability to protect and develop intellectual property rights related to our products;our ability to maintain a good relationship with regulatory authorities;the timing and scope of regulatory approvals, if any;our ability to commercialize and market any of our product candidates that receive regulatory approval;market perception and acceptance of cell or tissue therapies;acceptance of our product candidates by physicians, patients and institutions;the cost to manufacture and price of our products;adequate levels of reimbursement under private and governmental health insurance plans, including Medicare; andour ability to manufacture and sell commercial quantities of any approved products to the market.If our competitors market products that are more effective, saferCOVAXIN, if authorized or less expensive than our future products or that reach the market sooner than our future products, we may not achieve commercial success. In addition, poor market reception to the recently launched MACI product by a competitor could negatively impact a future launch of NeoCart following FDA approval, if at all. Any inability to compete effectively will adversely impact our business and financial prospects.If we are not successful in discovering, developing, acquiring and commercializing additional product candidates, our ability to expand our business will be limited.A substantial amount of our effort is focused on the continued clinical testing and potential approval of NeoCart and our future product candidates and expanding our product candidates to serve other indications of high unmet medical needs. Research programsto identify other indications require substantial technical, financial and human resources, whether or not any product candidates for other indications are ultimately identified. Our research programs may initially show promise in identifying potential product candidates, yet fail to yield product candidates for clinical development for many reasons, including the following:the research methodology used may not be successful in identifying potential product candidates;competitors may develop alternatives that render our product candidates obsolete or less attractive;product candidates we develop may nevertheless be covered by third parties’ patents or other exclusive rights;a product candidate may on further study be shown to have harmful side effects or other characteristics that indicate it is unlikely to be effective or otherwise does not meet applicable regulatory criteria;a product candidate may not be capable of being produced in commercial quantities at an acceptable cost, or at all; anda product candidate may not be accepted as safe and effective by patients, the medical community or third-party payors, if applicable.If we do not successfully develop and commercialize product candidates for other indications, our business and future prospects may be limited and our business will be more vulnerable to problems that we encounter in developing and commercializing our current product candidates.We may fail to comply with any of our obligations under existing agreements pursuant to which we license rights or technology, which could result in the loss of rights or technology that are material to our business.We are a party to technology licenses that are important to our business and we may enter into additional licenses in the future. We currently hold material licenses from Purpose Co., Ltd., Angiotech Pharmaceuticals (US), Inc., Angiodevice International GmbH, the Board of Trustees of The Leland Stanford Junior University, Koken Co., Ltd., Intrexon and Advanced BioMatrix, Inc. The rights licensed under these agreements, including rights relating to our scaffolds, tissue processor, bioadhesives and growth factors, are material to our cell therapy technology platform and the continued development of NeoCart and our future product candidates. These licenses impose various commercial, contingent payment, royalty, insurance, indemnification and other obligations on us. If we fail to comply with these obligations, the licensor may have the right to terminate the license, in which event we would lose valuable rights under our license agreements and our ability to develop or commercialize product candidates. Any termination or reversion of our rights to under the foregoing agreements may have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects and results of operations. Our Exclusive Channel Collaboration Agreement (the ECC) with Intrexon Corporation (Intrexon) provides that Intrexon may terminate such agreement if we do not perform certain specified requirements, including developing therapies considered demonstrably superior to existing therapies and those under development by us.The technologies on which our channel partnering agreement with Intrexon is based are currently in preclinical and clinical stages of development. The intellectual property of Intrexon underlying the ECC may be subject to infringement or other challenges, similar to those we face, as set forth elsewhere in these risk factors.Our ECC with Intrexon that provides for the worldwide exclusive use of Intrexon’s proprietary synthetic biology technology platform for the development and commercialization of allogeneic genetically modified chondrocyte cell therapeutics for the treatment or repair of damaged articular hyaline cartilage in humans. Such technologies have a limited history of use in the design and development of human therapeutic product candidates and may therefore involve unanticipated risks or delays. We cannot assure that any product candidates developed from this collaboration will result in nonclinical results sufficient to warrant the advancement of such product candidates into human clinical trials.To the extent the intellectual property protection of any of the assets owned or licensed by Intrexon utilized under our ECC with Intrexon are successfully challenged or encounter problems, including, without limitation, restrictions on freedom to operate, with the United States Patent and Trademark Office or other comparable agencies throughout the world, the future development or commercialization, if any, of these potential products could be delayed or prevented. Any challenge to the intellectual property protection of intellectual property owned or licensed by Intrexon of a potential development asset arising from our ECC with Intrexon could harm our business have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.We will incur additional expenses in connection with our exclusive channel collaboration arrangement with Intrexon.Pursuant to our ECC with Intrexon, we are responsible for future research and development expenses of product candidates developed under each such collaboration, the effect of which may increase the level of our overall research and development expenses going forward. We have incurred $3.0 million and $3.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, in connection with our collaboration with Intrexon. There were no expenses incurred under the collaboration for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. In addition, because development activities are determined pursuant to a joint steering committee comprised ofrepresentatives of Intrexon and us, future development costs associated this program may be difficult to anticipate and may exceed our expectations. Our actual cash requirements may vary materially from our current expectations for a number of other factors that may include, but are not limited to, unanticipated technical challenges, changes in the focus and direction of our development activities or adjustments necessitated by changes in the competitive landscape in which we operate. If we are unable to continue to financially support such collaborations due to our own working capital constraints, we may be forced to delay our activities.We may experience delays in commencing or conducting our clinical trials or in receiving data from third parties or in the completion of clinical testing, which could result in increased costs to us and delay our ability to generate product candidate revenue.Before we can initiate clinical trials in the United States for our product candidates, we need to submit the results of preclinical testing to the FDA as part of an IND application, along with other information including information about product candidate chemistry, manufacturing and controls and our proposed clinical trial protocol. We may rely in part on preclinical, clinical and quality data generated by contract research organization and other third parties for regulatory submissions for our product candidates. If these third parties do not make timely regulatory submissions for our product candidates, it will delay our plans for our clinical trials. If those third parties do not make this data available to us, we will likely have to develop all necessary preclinical and clinical data on our own, which will lead to significant delays and increase development costs of the product candidate. In addition, the FDA may require us to conduct additional preclinical testing for any product candidate before it allows us to initiate clinical testing under any IND application, which may lead to additional delays and increase the costs of our preclinical development. Despite the presence of an active IND application for a product candidate, clinical trials can be delayed for a variety of reasons including delays in:identifying, recruiting and training suitable clinical investigators;reaching agreement on acceptable terms with prospective contract research organizations and trial sites, the terms of which can be subject to extensive negotiation, may be subject to modification from time to time, and may vary significantly among different contract research organizations and trial sites;manufacturing and obtaining sufficient quantities of a product candidate for use in clinical trials, including as a result of transferring the manufacturing of a product candidate to another site or manufacturer or the procurement of critical raw materials required for manufacturing a product candidate;obtaining and maintaining institutional review board or ethics committee approval to conduct a clinical trial at an existing or prospective site;identifying, recruiting and enrolling subjects to participate in a clinical trial; andretaining or replacing participants who have initiated a clinical trial but may withdraw due to adverse events from the therapy, insufficient efficacy, fatigue with the clinical trial process, or personal issues.The FDA may also put a clinical trial on clinical hold at any time during product candidate development. In addition, we may voluntarily pause a clinical trial for a variety of reasons. For instance, in 2012 we voluntarily suspended manufacturing operations and paused enrollment of the NeoCart Phase 3 clinical trial upon discovery of discrepancies in the testing procedures used to assess one of the raw materials utilized in the manufacture of NeoCart implants and we could be required in the future to suspend manufacturing due to circumstances out of our control.Once a clinical trial has begun, it may also be delayed as a result of ambiguous or negative interim results. Further, a clinical trial may be suspended or terminated by us, an institutional review board, an ethics committee or a data safety monitoring committee overseeing the clinical trial, any of our clinical trial sites with respect to that site or the FDA or other regulatory authorities due to a number of factors, including:failure to conduct the clinical trial in accordance with regulatory requirements or our clinical protocols;inspection of the clinical trial operations or clinical trial site by the FDA or other regulatory authorities;unforeseen safety issues, known safety issues that occur at a greater frequency or severity than we anticipate, or any determination that the clinical trial presents unacceptable health risks; orlack of adequate funding to continue the clinical trial.Any delays in the commencement of our clinical trials will delay our ability to pursue regulatory approval for our product candidates. Changes in U.S. and foreign regulatory requirements and guidance also may occur and we may need to amend clinical trial protocols to reflect these changes. Amendments may require us to resubmit our clinical trial protocols to institutional review boards for re-examination, which may affect the costs, timing and likelihood of a successful completion of a clinical trial. If we or any of our future development partners experience delays in the completion of, or if we or any of our future development partners must terminate, any clinical trial of any product candidate our ability to obtain regulatory approval for that product candidate will be delayed and thecommercial prospects, if any, for the product candidate may suffer as a result. In addition, many of these factors may also ultimately lead to the denial of regulatory approval of a product candidate.Regulatory authorities, including the FDA, PMDA and the European Medicines Agency, may disagree with our interpretations of data from pre-clinical studies and clinical trials. Regulatory authorities also may approve a product for narrower indications than requested or may grant approval subject to the performance of post-marketing studies for a product. There can be no guarantee that such post-approval studies, if required, will corroborate the results of earlier trials. Furthermore, the market use of such products may show different safety and efficacy profiles to those demonstrated in the trials on which marketing approval was based. Such circumstances could lead to the withdrawal or suspension of marketing approval for the product, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results or cash flows. In addition, regulatory authorities may not approve or agree with the labeling claims that are necessary or desirable for the successful commercialization of our products.If NeoCart or any future product candidate that we successfully develop does not achieve broad market acceptance among physicians, patients, healthcare payors and the medical community, the revenue that it generates and the success of our operations may be limited.Even if NeoCart or our future product candidates receive regulatory approval, they may not gain market acceptance among physicians, patients, healthcare payors and the medical community. Coverage and reimbursement of our product candidates by third-party payors, including government payors, generally is also necessary for commercial success. The degree of market acceptance of any approved product candidates will depend on a number of factors, including:the efficacy and safety as demonstrated in clinical trials;the clinical indications for which our product candidate is approved;acceptance by physicians, major operators of hospitals and clinics and patients of our product candidate as a safe and effective treatment;the number of alternative treatments on the market and the potential and perceived advantages of our product candidates over such alternative treatments;the safety of product candidates seen in a broader patient group, including their use outside the approved indications;the cost of treatment in relation to alternative treatments;the availability of adequate reimbursement and pricing by third parties and government authorities;relative convenience and ease of administration;the prevalence and severity of adverse events;the effectiveness of our sales and marketing efforts; andunfavorable publicity relating to the product candidate or cell or tissue therapies, in general.If any product candidate is approved but does not achieve an adequate level of acceptance by physicians, hospitals, healthcare payors and patients, we may not generate sufficient revenue from that product candidate and may not become or remain profitable. Ethical, social and legal concerns about cell or tissue therapies could result in additional regulations restricting or prohibiting the use of our product candidates.Additionally, if any of our competitors’ products are approved and are unable to gain market acceptance for any reason, there could be a market perception that products like NeoCart are not able to adequately meet an unmet medical need. If we are unable to demonstrate to physicians, hospitals, healthcare payors and patients that our products are better alternatives, we may not be able to gain market acceptance for our products at the levels we anticipate and our business may be materially harmed as a result.We may face product liability claims and, if successful claims are brought against us, we may incur substantial liability and costs. If the use of our product candidates harms patients, or is perceived to harm patients even when such harm is unrelated to our product candidates, our regulatory approvals could be revoked or otherwise negatively impacted and we could be subject to costly and damaging product liability claims.The use of NeoCart and our future product candidates in clinical trials and the sale of any products for which we obtain marketing approval exposes us to the risk of product liability claims. Product liability claims might be brought against us by participants in clinical trials, consumers, healthcare providers, pharmaceutical companies or others selling or otherwise coming into contact with our product candidates and any products for which we obtain marketing approval. There is a risk that our product candidates may induce adverse events, and that such adverse events may not be detected for a long period of time. If we cannot successfully defend againstproduct liability claims, we could incur substantial liability and costs. In addition, regardless of merit or eventual outcome, product liability claims may result in:impairment of our business reputation;withdrawal of clinical trial participants;termination of clinical trial sites or entire trial programs;increased costs due to related litigation;distraction of management’s attention from our primary business;substantial monetary awards to patients or other claimants;the inability to commercialize our product candidates; anddecreased demand for our product candidates, if approved for commercial sale.We carry product liability insurance that we believe is sufficient in light of our current clinical programs; however, we may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in sufficient amounts to protect us against losses due to liability. If and when we obtain marketing approval for product candidates, we intend to expand our insurance coverage to include the sale of commercial products; however, we may be unable to obtain product liability insurance on commercially reasonable terms or in adequate amounts. On occasion, large judgments have been awarded in class action lawsuits based on cell or tissue therapies or medical treatments that had unanticipated adverse effects. In addition, under some of our agreements with clinical trial sites, we are required to indemnify the sites and their personnel against product liability and other claims. A successful product liability claim or series of claims brought against us or any third parties whom we are required to indemnify could cause our stock price to decline and, if judgments exceed our insurance coverage, could adversely affect our results of operations and business.During the course of treatment, patients may suffer adverse events for reasons that may be related to our product candidates. Such events could subject us to costly litigation, require us to pay substantial amounts of money to injured patients, delay, negatively impact or end our opportunity to receive or maintain regulatory approval to market our products, or require us to suspend or abandon our commercialization efforts. Even in a circumstance in which we do not believe that an adverse event is related to our products, the investigation into the circumstance may be time-consuming or inconclusive. These investigations may interrupt our development and commercialization efforts, delay our regulatory approval process, or impact and limit the type of regulatory approvals our product candidates receive or maintain. As a result of these factors, a product liability claim, even if successfully defended, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.We do not carry insurance for all categories of risk that our business may encounter and we may not be able to maintain insurance with adequate levels of coverage. Any significant uninsured liability may require us to pay substantial amounts, which would adversely affect our financial position and results of operations.If we are unable to establish sales and marketing capabilities or fail to enter into agreements with third parties to market and sell any product candidates we may successfully develop, we may not be able to effectively market and sell any such product candidates.We have no experience selling and marketing any products. We do not currently have any infrastructure for the sale, marketing and distribution of any of our product candidates once approved, if at all, and we must build this infrastructure in order to commercialize any product candidates for which we may obtain approval in the United States or make arrangements with third parties to perform these functions for us outside of the United States. To successfully commercialize any products that may result from our development programs, we will need to develop these capabilities, either on our own or with others. The establishment and development of a sales force, either by us or jointly with a development partner, or the establishment of a contract sales force to market any product candidates we may develop will be expensive and time consuming and could delay any commercial launch. If we or any of our future development partners are unable to establish sales and marketing capabilities or any other nontechnical capabilities necessary to commercialize any product candidates we may successfully develop, we will need to contract with third parties to market and sell such product candidates. We may not be able to establish arrangements with third parties on acceptable terms, if at all.Significant developments arising from the current political climate in the United States and U.K. could have a material adverse effect on us.In January 2017, a new presidential administration and Congress took power in the United States. The president has expressed antipathy towards existing trade agreements, like the North American Free Trade Agreement, greater restrictions on free trade generally and significant increases on tariffs on goods imported into the United States, particularly from China and Mexico. Changes in United States social, political, regulatory and economic conditions or in laws and policies governing foreign trade, manufacturing,development and investment, and any negative sentiments towards the United States as a result of such changes, could adversely affect our business.There have been recent public announcements by members of the U.S. Congress and the current presidential administration regarding their plans to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act (the ACA), but they have been unsuccessful in doing so as of the date of the filing of this report. We cannot predict the ultimate form or timing of any repeal or replacement of the ACA or the effect such repeal or replacement would have on our business. Regardless of the impact of repeal or replacement of the ACA on us, the government has shown significant interest in pursuing healthcare reform and reducing healthcare costs.On June 23, 2016, the United Kingdom held a referendum and voted in favor of leaving the European Union. On February 1, 2017, the United Kingdom parliament voted to allow the United Kingdom to exit the European Union by passing a bill that gives the prime minister of the United Kingdom the authority to invoke Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty. This referendum has created political and economic uncertainty, particularly in the United Kingdom and the European Union, and this uncertainty may last for years. There are many ways in which our business could be affected, only some of which we can identify.The referendum, and the likely withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European it triggers, has caused and, along with events that could occur in the future as a consequence of the United Kingdom’s withdrawal, including the possible breakup of the United Kingdom, may continue to cause significant volatility in global financial markets, including in global currency and debt markets. This volatility could cause a slowdown in economic activity in the United Kingdom, Europe or globally, which could adversely affect our operating results and growth prospects. In addition, our business could be negatively affected by new trade agreements between the United Kingdom and other countries, including the United States, and by the possible imposition of trade or other regulatory barriers in the United Kingdom. These possible negative impacts, and others resulting from the United Kingdom’s actual or threatened withdrawal from the European Union, may adversely affect our operating results and growth prospects.Changes in government funding for the FDA and other government agencies could hinder their ability to hire and retain key leadership and other personnel, properly administer drug innovation, or prevent new products and services from being developed or commercialized by our life science tenants, which could negatively impact our business.The ability of the FDA to review and approve new products can be affected by a variety of factors, including budget and funding levels, ability to hire and retain key personnel, and statutory, regulatory, and policy changes. Average review times at the agency have fluctuated in recent years as a result. In addition, government funding of other government agencies that fund research and development activities is subject to the political process, which is inherently fluid and unpredictable.In December 2016, the 21st Century Cures Act was signed into law. This new legislation is designed to advance medical innovation and empower the FDA with the authority to directly hire positions related to drug and device development and review. In the past, the FDA was often unable to offer key leadership candidates (including scientists) competitive compensation packages as compared to those offered by private industry. The 21st Century Cures Act is designed to streamline the agency’s hiring process and enable the FDA to compete for leadership talent by expanding the narrow ranges that are provided in the existing compensation structures.In the first week of the new presidential administration, it issued executive orders to freeze government hiring of new employees with the exception of military, national security and public safety personnel. This hiring freeze could impede current or future operations at the FDA and other agencies. It is unknown at this time what the impact of the hiring freeze will have on the FDA and on programs such as the 21st Century Cures Act. Furthermore, future government proposals to reduce or eliminate budgetary deficits may include reduced allocations to the FDA and other related government agencies. These budgetary pressures may result in a reduced ability by the FDA to perform their respective roles; including the related impact to academic institutions and research laboratories whose funding is fully or partially dependent on both the level and timing of funding from government sources.Disruptions at the FDA and other agencies may also slow the time necessary for new drugs, biologics and devices to be reviewed and/or approved by necessary government agencies and the healthcare and drug industries’ ability to deliver new products to the market in a timely manner, which would adversely affect our tenants’ operating results and business. Interruptions to the function of the FDA and other government agencies could adversely affect the demand for office/laboratory space and significantly impact our operating results and our business.Legislative or regulatory healthcare reforms in the United States and abroad may make it more difficult and costly for us to obtain regulatory approval of our product candidates and to produce, market and distribute our products after approval is obtained.From time to time, legislation is drafted and introduced in Congress that could significantly change the statutory provisions governing the regulatory approval, manufacture and marketing of regulated products or the reimbursement thereof. In addition, FDA regulations and guidance are often revised or reinterpreted by the FDA in ways that may significantly affect our business and our products. Any new regulations or revisions or reinterpretations of existing regulations may impose additional costs or lengthen review times ofNeoCart or any future product candidates. We cannot determine what effect changes in regulations, statutes, legal interpretation or policies, when and if promulgated, enacted or adopted may have on our business in the future. Such changes could, among other things, require:changes to manufacturing methods;additional studies, including clinical studies;recall, replacement, or discontinuance of one or more of our products;the payment of additional taxes; oradditional record keeping.Each of these requirements would likely entail substantial time and cost and could adversely harm our business and our financial results. In addition, delays in receipt of or failure to receive regulatory approvals for any future products would harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. We intend to seek approval to market our product candidates in both the United States and in foreign jurisdictions. If we obtain approval in one or more foreign jurisdictions, we will be subject to rules and regulations in those jurisdictions relating to such product candidate. If reimbursement of our future products is unavailable or limited in scope or amount, or if pricing is set at unsatisfactory levels, we may be unable to achieve or sustain profitability.We currently rely on third parties in order to perform certain aspects of our business, including to support certain aspects of our clinical trials and to supply the NeoCart tissue engineering processor. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or meet expected deadlines, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or commercialize our product candidates and our business could be substantially harmed.We have relied upon and plan to continue to rely upon third parties to monitor and manage data for our ongoing clinical programs. We rely on these parties for execution of our clinical trials, and control only certain aspects of their activities. Nevertheless, we are responsible for ensuring that each of our studies is conducted in accordance with the applicable protocol and legal, regulatory and scientific standards, and our reliance on third parties does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities. We also rely on third parties to assist in conducting our nonclinical studies in accordance with good laboratory practices.approved. We and our third-party service providers are required to comply with good clinical practices, which are regulations and guidelines enforced by the FDA, as well as comparable foreign regulations and guidelines, for all of our product candidates in clinical development. Regulatory authorities enforce these good clinical practices through periodic inspections of trial sponsors, principal investigators and trial sites. If we or any of our third-party service providers or clinical trial sites fail to comply with applicable good clinical practices, the clinical data generated in our clinical trials may be deemed unreliable and the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving our marketing applications. We cannot assure you that upon inspection by a given regulatory authority, such regulatory authority will determine that any of our clinical trials comply with good clinical practices requirements. In addition, our clinical trials must be conducted with product produced under applicable good manufacturing practices requirements. Failure to comply with these regulations may require us to repeat nonclinical and clinical trials, which would delay the regulatory approval process.Our third-party service providers are not our employees, and except for remedies available to us under our agreements with such third parties, we cannot control whether or not they devote sufficient time and resources to our on-going clinical and nonclinical programs. If third-party service providers do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or obligations or meet expected deadlines or if the quality or accuracy of the clinical data they obtain is compromised due to the failure to adhere to our clinical protocols, regulatory requirements or for other reasons, our clinical trials may be extended, delayed or terminated and we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or successfully commercialize our product candidates. As a result, our results of operations and the commercial prospects for our product candidates would be harmed, our costs could increase and our ability to generate revenues could be delayed.Because we have relied on third parties, our internal capacity to perform these functions is limited. Outsourcing these functions involves risk that third parties may not perform to our standards, may not produce results in a timely manner or may fail to perform at all. In addition, the use of third-party service providers requires us to disclose our proprietary information to these parties, which could increase the risk that this information will be misappropriated. We currently have a small number of employees, which limits the internal resources we have available to identify and monitor our third-party service providers. To the extent we are unable to identify and successfully manage the performance of third-party service providers in the future, our business may be adversely affected. Although we carefully manage our relationships with our third-party service providers, there can be no assurance that we will not encounter similar challenges or delays in the future or that these delays or challenges will not have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and prospects.We are also dependent on third-party suppliers, most of which are sole source suppliers of the components used to manufacture our TEP. If these third-party suppliers do not supply sufficient quantities to us on a timely basis and in accordance with applicablespecifications and other regulatory requirements, there could be a significant interruption of our ability to supply, which would adversely affect clinical development or commercial production of the product candidate. Furthermore, if any of these third parties cannot successfully supply TEPs that we require for our production that conforms to our specifications and with regulatory requirements, we will not be able to meet demand, for our product candidates.We do not expect to have the resources or capacity to commercially manufacture TEPs required to manufacture our proposed product candidates if approved, and will likely continue to be dependent on third-party suppliers. Our dependence on third parties to manufacture and supply us with these TEPs may adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize our product candidates on a timely basis.We have also entered into a supply agreement with Collagen Solutions pursuant to which we may oversee the manufacture of additional collagen used in our manufacture of NeoCart. We currently do not anticipate using any collagen produced by Collagen Solutions during our Phase 3 clinical trial, but anticipate needing additional supplies of collagen above those we anticipate being able to produce in-house upon commercialization, if ever.We may not be successful in establishing and maintaining development or other strategic partnerships, which could adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize product candidates.As part of our strategy, weBharat Biotech intend to enter into development or other strategic partnerships in the future, including collaborations with major biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies. We face significant competition in seeking appropriate partners and the negotiation process is time consuming and complex. Moreover, we may not be successful in our efforts to establish a development partnership or other alternative arrangements for any of our other existing or future product candidates and programs because our research and development pipeline may be insufficient, our product candidates and programs may be deemed to be at too early a stage of development for collaborative effort or third parties may not view our product candidates and programs as having the requisite potential to demonstrate safety and efficacy. Even if we are successful in our efforts to establish development partnerships,supply agreements setting forth the terms that we agree upon may not be favorable to us and we may not be able to maintain such development partnerships if, for example, development or approval of a product candidate is delayed or sales of an approved product candidate are disappointing. Any delay in entering into development partnership agreements related to our product candidates could delay the development and commercialization of our product candidates and reduce their competitiveness if they reach the market.Moreover, if we fail to establish and maintain development or other strategic partnerships related to our product candidates:the development of certain of our current or future product candidates may be terminated or delayed;our cash expenditures related to development of certain of our current or future product candidates would increase significantly and we may need to seek additional financing;we may be required to hire additional employees or otherwise develop expertise, such as sales and marketing expertise, for which we have not budgeted; andwe will bear all of the risk related to the development of any such product candidates.We will need to expand our operations and increase the size of our company and we may experience difficulties in managing any such growth.As we continue to advance NeoCart towards potential commercialization, increase the number of ongoing product development programs and advance our future product candidates through preclinical studies and clinical trials, we will need to expand our development, regulatory, manufacturing, marketing and sales capabilities and, in some cases, collaborate and contract with third parties to provide these capabilities for us. Our management, personnel and systems currently in place may not be adequate to support this future growth. Our need to effectively manage our operations, growth and various projects requires that we:successfully attract and recruit new employees or consultants with the requisite expertise and experience;manage our preclinical and clinical programs effectively;develop a marketing and sales infrastructure if we receive regulatory approval for any product candidate;continue to improve our operational, financial and management controls, reporting systems and procedures, including those related to being a public company; andconstruct, validate and effectively operate new and expanded manufacturing facilities.If we are unable to successfully manage this growth and increased complexity of operations, our business may be adversely affected.If we fail to attract and keep senior management and key scientific personnel, the future development and commercialization of our product candidates may suffer, harming future regulatory approvals, sales of our product candidates or our results of operations.We are highly dependent on members of our management and scientific teams, including Adam Gridley, our Chief Executive Officer and President; Donald Haut, Ph.D., our Chief Business Officer; Stephen Kennedy, our Chief Operating Officer; and Jonathan Lieber, our Chief Financial Officer. The loss of the services of any of these persons could impede the achievement of our research, development and commercialization objectives. We do not maintain “key person” insurance for any of our executives or other employees.Recruiting and retaining qualified scientific, clinical, manufacturing, sales and marketing personnel will also be critical to our success. We may not be able to attract and retain these personnel on acceptable terms given the competition among numerous pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for similar personnel. We also experience competition for the hiring of scientific and clinical personnel from universities and research institutions. In addition, we rely on consultants and advisors, including scientific and clinical advisors, to assist us in formulating our research and development and commercialization strategy. Our consultants and advisors may be employed by employers other than us and may have commitments under consulting or advisory contracts with other entities that may limit their availability to us.We may not be able to manage our business effectively if we are unable to attract and retain key personnel and consultants.Given the specialized nature of cell and tissue therapy and that it is a relatively new field, there is an inherent scarcity of experienced personnel in the field. We may not be able to attract or retain qualified management (including a new chief executive officer), finance, scientific and clinical personnel and consultants due to the intense competition for qualified personnel and consultants among biotechnology, pharmaceutical and other businesses. If we are not able to attract and retain necessary personnel and consultants to accomplish our business objectives, we may experience constraints that will significantly impede the achievement of our development objectives, our ability to raise additional capital and our ability to implement our business strategy.Our industry has experienced high turnover of management personnel in recent years. We are highly dependent on the development, regulatory, commercialization and business development expertise of our senior management team. The loss of Mr. Gridley or one or more additional executive officers or key employees, could seriously harm our ability to implement our business strategy successfully. While we have entered into employment contracts with each of our executive officers, any of them could leave our employment at any time, as all of our employees are at-will employees. Replacing key personnel and consultants may be difficult and may take an extended period of time because of the limited number of individuals in our industry with the breadth of skills and experience requiredto develop, gain regulatory approval of and commercialize products successfully. Competition to hire and retain employees and consultants from this limited pool is intense, and we may be unable to hire, train, retain or motivate these additional key personnel and consultants. Our failure to retain key personnel or consultants could materially harm our business, and the transition to any replacement personnel, particularly at the chief executive officer position, may cause or result in:speculation and uncertainty about our business and future direction;distraction of our employees and management;difficulty in recruiting, hiring, motivating and retaining talented and skilled personnel;volatility in our stock price; anddifficulty in negotiating, maintaining or consummating business or strategic relationships or transactions.We rely on our scientific and clinical advisors and consultants to assist us in formulating our research, development and clinical strategies. These advisors and consultants are not our employees and may have commitments to, or consulting or advisory contracts with, other entities that may limit their availability to us. In addition, these advisors and consultants typically will not enter into non-compete agreements with us. If a conflict of interest arises between their work for us and their work for another entity, we may lose their services. Furthermore, our advisors may have arrangements with other companies to assist them in developing products or technologies that may compete with ours. If we are unable to maintain consulting relationships with our key advisors or consultants or if they provide services to our competitors, our development and commercialization efforts will be impaired, and our business will be significantly harmed.Failure to build our finance infrastructure and improve our accounting systems and controls could impair our ability to comply with the financial reporting and internal control requirements for publicly traded companies.As a public company, we operate in an increasingly demanding regulatory environment, which requires us to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the related rules and regulations of the SEC, expanded disclosure requirements, accelerated reporting requirements and more complex accounting rules. Company responsibilities required by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act include establishing corporate oversight and adequate internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures. Effective internal controls are necessary for us to produce reliable financial reports and are important to help prevent financial fraud.Pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and related rules, our management will be required to report upon the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting when we are no longer a “smaller reporting company” or an “emerging growth company,” each as defined under the Exchange Act. When and if we are a “large accelerated filer” or an “accelerated filer” and are no longer an “emerging growth company,” each as defined in the Exchange Act, our independent registered public accounting firm will be required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. However, for so long as we remain an emerging growth company, we intend to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 for a period of no more than five years. Once we are no longer an emerging growth company or, if prior to such date, we opt to no longer take advantage of the applicable exemption, we will be required to include an opinion from our independent registered public accounting firm on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. The rules governing the standards that must be met for management to assess our internal control over financial reporting are complex and require significant documentation, testing, and possible remediation. To comply with the requirements of being a reporting company under the Exchange Act, we need to: upgrade our systems, including information technology; implement additional financial and management controls, reporting systems and procedures; and hire additional accounting and finance staff.We are also subject to complex tax laws, regulations, accounting principles and interpretations thereof. The preparation of our financial statements requires us to interpret accounting principles and guidance and make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported revenue generated and expenses incurred during the reporting periods. Our interpretations, estimates and judgments are based on our historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for the preparation of our financial statements. U.S. generally accepted accounting principles presentation is subject to interpretation by the SEC, the Financial Accounting Standards Board and various other bodies formed to interpret and create appropriate accounting principles and guidance. In the event that one of these bodies disagrees with our accounting recognition, measurement or disclosure or any of our accounting interpretations, estimates or assumptions, it may have a significant effect on our reported results and may retroactively affect previously reported results. The need to restate our financial results could, among other potential adverse effects, result in us incurring substantial costs, affect our ability to timely file our periodic reports until such restatement is completed, divert the attention of our management and employees from managing our business, result in material changes to our historical and future financial results, result in investors losing confidence in our operating results, subject us to securities class action litigation, and cause our stock price to decline.We may identify material weaknesses in the future that may cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations or result in material misstatements of our financial statements.Our management team is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.We cannot assure you that we will not have material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting. If we identify any material weaknesses or significant deficiencies that may exist, the accuracy and timing of our financial reporting may be adversely affected, we may be unable to maintain compliance with securities law requirements regarding timely filing of periodic reports in addition to applicable stock exchange listing requirements, and our stock price may decline materially as a result.If we engage in an acquisition, reorganization or business combination, we will incur a variety of risks that could adversely affect our business operations or our stockholders.From time to time we have considered, and we will continue to consider in the future, strategic business initiatives intended to further the expansion and development of our business. These initiatives may include acquiring businesses, technologies or products or entering into a business combination with another company.For instance, in 2011, we acquired ProChon Biotech Ltd. Although we intend to evaluate and consider acquisitions, reorganizations and business combinations in the future, we have no agreements or understandings with respect to any acquisition, reorganization or business combination at this time. Any acquisitions we undertake, including our prior acquisition of ProChon Biotech Ltd., will likely be accompanied by business risks which may include:the effect of the acquisition on our financial and strategic position and reputation;the need to reprioritize our development programs and even cease development and commercialization of our product candidates;the failure of an acquisition to result in expected benefits, which may include benefits relating to enhanced revenues, technology, human resources, costs savings, operating efficiencies, goodwill and other synergies;the difficulty, cost and management effort required to integrate the acquired businesses, including costs and delays in implementing common systems and procedures and costs and delays caused by communication difficulties;the assumption of certain known or unknown liabilities of the acquired business, including litigation-related liabilities;the reduction of our cash available for operations and other uses, the increase in amortization expense related to identifiable assets acquired, potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities or the incurrence of debt;a lack of experience in new markets, new business culture, products or technologies or an initial dependence on unfamiliar distribution partners;the possibility that we will pay more than the value we derive from the acquisition;the impairment of relationships with customers, partners or suppliers of the acquired business; andthe potential loss of key employees of the acquired company.These factors could harm our business, results of operations or financial condition.In addition to the risks commonly encountered in the acquisition of a business or assets as described above, we may also experience risks relating to the challenges and costs of evaluating or closing a transaction, including distraction of our management team from normal business operations. The risks described above may be exacerbated as a result of managing multiple acquisitions at once.Our ability to utilize our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.We have incurred substantial losses during our history and do not expect to become profitable in the foreseeable future and may never achieve profitability. To the extent that we continue to generate taxable losses, unused losses will carry forward to offset future taxable income, if any, until such unused losses expire. We may be unable to use these losses to offset income before such unused losses expire. Under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code (Code), utilization of net operating losses and research and development credit carryforwards may be subject to a substantial annual limitation due to ownership change limitations that have occurred or that could occur in the future. In general, an “ownership change” as defined by Section 382 of the Code results from a transaction or series of transactions over a three year period resulting in an ownership change of more than 50 percentage points of the outstanding stock of a company by certain stockholders. We have in the past experienced ownership changes that have resulted in limitations on the use of a portion of our net operating loss carryforwards. We have completed a study to assess whether an ownership change has occurred or whether there have been multiple ownership changes since our formation. The results of this study indicated we experienced ownership changes, as defined by Section 382 of the Code, in each of 2006, 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2016. If we experience further ownership changes, our ability to utilize our net operating loss carryforwards could be further limited.Our internal computer systems, or those of our development partners, third-party clinical research organizations or other contractors or consultants, may fail or suffer security breaches, which could result in a material disruption of our product development programs.Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems and those of our development partners, third-party clinical research organizations and other contractors and consultants are vulnerable to damage from computer viruses, unauthorized access, natural disasters, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures. While we have not experienced any such system failure, accident or security breach to date, if such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a material disruption of our programs. For example, the loss of clinical trial data for any of our product candidates could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. To the extent that any disruption or security breach results in a loss of or damage to our data or applications or other data or applications relating to our technology or product candidates, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liabilities and the further development of our product candidates could be delayed.We use hazardous chemicals and biological materials in our business. Any claims relating to improper handling, storage or disposal of these materials could be time consuming and costly. We may incur significant costs complying with environmental laws and regulations.Our research and development and manufacturing processes involve the controlled use of hazardous materials, including chemicals and biological materials. Our operations produce hazardous waste products. We cannot eliminate the risk of accidental contamination or discharge and any resultant injury from these materials. We may be sued for any injury or contamination that results from our use or the use by third parties of these materials, and our liability may exceed our insurance coverage and our total assets. Federal, state and local laws and regulations govern the use, manufacture, storage, handling and disposal of these hazardous materials and specified waste products, as well as the discharge of pollutants into the environment and human health and safety matters.Compliance with environmental laws and regulations may be expensive and may impair our research, development and production efforts. If we fail to comply with these requirements, we could incur substantial costs, including civil or criminal fines and penalties, clean-up costs or capital expenditures for control equipment or operational changes necessary to achieve and maintain compliance. In addition, we cannot predict the impact on our business of new or amended environmental laws or regulations or any changes in the way existing and future laws and regulations are interpreted and enforced.Our employees may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements and insider trading.We are exposed to the risk of employee fraud or other misconduct. Misconduct by employees could include intentional failures to comply with the regulations of the FDA or foreign regulators, failure to provide accurate information to regulatory authorities, failure to comply with manufacturing standards we have established, failure to comply with federal and state health care fraud and abuse laws and regulations in the United States and abroad, failure to report financial information or data accurately or disclose unauthorized activities to us. In particular, sales, marketing and business arrangements in the healthcare industry are subject to extensive laws and regulations intended to prevent fraud, misconduct, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, sales commission, customer incentive programs and other business arrangements. Employee misconduct could also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of clinical trials, which could result in regulatory sanctions and cause harm to our reputation. We have adopted a code of business conduct and ethics, but it is not always possible to identify and deter employee misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to comply with these laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, including the imposition of significant fines or other sanctions.In addition, during the course of our operations our directors, executives and employees may have access to material, nonpublic information regarding our business, our results of operations or potential transactions we are considering. We may not be able to prevent a director, executive or employee from trading in our common stock on the basis of, or while having access to, material, nonpublic information. If a director, executive or employee was to be investigated or an action was to be brought against a director, executive or employee for insider trading, it could have a negative impact on our reputation and our stock price. Such a claim, with or without merit, could also result in substantial expenditures of time and money and divert attention of our management team from other tasks important to the success of our business.Costs associated with being a public reporting company are significant, and public reporting requirements divert significant company resources and management attention.We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act and the other rules and regulations of the SEC. We are working with our legal, independent accounting and financial advisors to identify those areas in which changes should be made to our financial and management control systems to manage our growth and our obligations as a public reporting company including preparing for the commercialization of NeoCart, if approved. These areas include corporate governance, corporate control, disclosure controls and procedures, and financial reporting and accounting systems. We have made, and will continue to make, changes in these and other areas. Compliance with the various reporting and other requirements applicable to public reporting companies will require considerable time, attention of management and financial resources. In addition, the changes we make may not be sufficient to allow us to satisfy our obligations as a public reporting company on a timely basis.Further, the listing requirements of NASDAQ require that we satisfy certain corporate governance requirements relating to director independence, distributing annual and interim reports, stockholder meetings, approvals and voting, soliciting proxies, conflicts of interest and a code of conduct. Our management and other personnel will need to devote a substantial amount of time to ensure that we comply with all of these requirements. Moreover, the reporting requirements, rules and regulations will increase our legal and financial compliance costs and will make some activities more time-consuming and costly. These reporting requirements, rules and regulations, coupled with the increase in potential litigation exposure associated with being a public company, could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve as our directors or executive officers, or to obtain certain types of insurance, including directors’ and officers’ insurance, on acceptable terms.Our business is subject to the risks of earthquakes, fire, power outages, floods and other catastrophic events, and to interruption by manmade problems such as terrorism. If any of our manufacturing, processing or storage facilities are damaged or destroyed, our business and prospects would be adversely affected.A significant natural disaster, such as an earthquake, fire or flood, or a significant power outage, could have a material adverse impact on our business, operating results and financial condition. If any of our manufacturing, processing or storage facilities, or any of the equipment in such facilities were to be damaged or destroyed, this would force us to delay or halt our clinical trial or commercialproduction processes. We currently produce materials for our clinical trials at our manufacturing facilities located in Waltham, Massachusetts. If these facilities or the equipment in them are significantly damaged or destroyed, we may not be able to quickly or inexpensively replace our manufacturing capacity. In addition, natural disasters could affect our third-party service providers’ and manufacturers ability to perform services and provide materials for us on a timely basis. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or meet expected deadlines, our efforts to obtain regulatory approvals for, and to commercialize, our product candidates may be delayed or prevented. For example, if a central laboratory holding all of our clinical product supply were to suffer a catastrophic loss of their facility, we would be required to delay our clinical trials. In addition, acts of terrorism could cause disruptions in our business or the business of our third-party service providers, partners, customers or the economy as a whole.Our loan and security agreement contains operating covenants and restrictions that may restrict our business and financing activities.We are party to a loan and security agreement with Silicon Valley Bank, which provides for a line of credit of up to $1.75 million in the aggregate to finance certain equipment purchases. Borrowings under this agreement are secured by a first priority lien over all equipment purchased using the line of credit. This agreement restricts our ability to, among other things:sell assets;engage in any business other than our current business;merge or consolidate with other entities;incur additional indebtedness;create liens on our assets;make investments;pay or declare dividends, or, in certain cases, repurchase our stock;enter into transactions with affiliates; ormake any payment on subordinated indebtedness.The operating covenants and restrictions in the loan and security agreement, as well as covenants and restrictions in any future financing agreements that we may enter into, may restrict our ability to finance our operations, engage in business activities or expand or fully pursue our business strategies. Our ability to comply with these covenants may be affected by events beyond our control, and we may not be able to meet those covenants. A breach of any of these covenants could result in a default under the loan and security agreement or any future financing agreement, which could cause all of the outstanding indebtedness under the facility to become immediately due and payable and terminate all commitments to extend further credit.We cannot assure you that we will continue to maintain sufficient cash reserves or that our business will ever generate cash flow from operations at levels sufficient to permit us to pay principal, premium, if any, and interest on our indebtedness, or that our cash needs will not increase. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow or otherwise obtain funds necessary to make required payments, or if we fail to comply with the various requirements of our loan and security agreement with Silicon Valley Bank, or any indebtedness which we may incur in the future, we would be in default under our agreement with Silicon Valley Bank or other indebtedness we may incur in the future. Any default under our agreement with Silicon Valley Bank, or any indebtedness that we may incur in the future, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.We are increasingly dependent on information technology systems, infrastructure and data.We are increasingly dependent upon information technology systems, infrastructure and data. Our computer systems may be vulnerable to service interruption or destruction, malicious intrusion and random attack. Security breaches pose a risk that sensitive data, including intellectual property, clinical data, trade secrets or personal information may be exposed to unauthorized persons or to the public. Cyber-attacks are increasing in their frequency, sophistication and intensity, and have become increasingly difficult to detect. Cyber-attacks could include the deployment of harmful malware, denial-of service, social engineering and other means to affect service reliability and threaten data confidentiality, integrity and availability. Our key business partners face similar risks, and a security breach of their systems could adversely affect our security posture. While we continue to invest data protection and information technology, there can be no assurance that our efforts will prevent service interruptions, or identify breaches in our systems, that could adversely affect our business and operations and/or result in the loss of critical or sensitive information, which could result in financial, legal, business or reputational harm.Risks Related to Regulatory ApprovalIf we fail to complete clinical trials and obtain regulatory approval for NeoCart, our business would be significantly harmed.We have not completed clinical development for any of our product candidates and will only obtain regulatory approval to commercialize a product candidate if we can demonstrate to the satisfaction of the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities in well-designed and conducted clinical trials that the product candidate is safe, effective, and otherwise meets the appropriate standards required for approval for a particular class of products or indication. Clinical trials are lengthy, complex and extremely expensive processes with uncertain results. A failure of one or more clinical trials may occur at any stage. Of the large number of products in development, only a small percentage successfully complete the FDA regulatory approval process and are commercialized.We have never obtained marketing approval from the FDA or any comparable foreign regulatory authority for any product candidate. Our ability to obtain regulatory approval of our product candidates depends on, among other things, whether our clinical trials demonstrate statistically significant efficacy with safety issues that do not potentially outweigh the therapeutic benefit of the product candidates, and whether the regulatory agencies agree that the data from our future clinical trials is sufficient to support approval for any of our product candidates. The final results of our current and future clinical trials may not meet the FDA’s or other regulatory agencies’ requirements to approve a product candidate for marketing, and the regulatory agencies may otherwise determine that our manufacturing processes or facilities are insufficient to support approval. We may need to conduct more clinical trials than we currently anticipate. Even if we do receive FDA or other regulatory agency approval, we may not be successful in commercializing approved product candidates. If any of these events occur, our business could be materially harmed and the value of our common stock would likely decline.Our clinical development of NeoCart could be substantially delayed if the FDA requires us to conduct additional studies or trials or imposes other requirements or restrictions.We will need to generate and provide the FDA with comparability data from our new raw material production for the collagen critical raw materials used in our manufacturing process and intended for clinical use. The FDA may also require us to generate additional preclinical or clinical data to support the use of these new critical raw material suppliers in our NeoCart Phase 3 clinical trial. Additionally, the FDA may impose other requirements on the protocol for our NeoCart Phase 3 clinical trial. These additional requirements may cause further delays in our NeoCart Phase 3 clinical trial which could require us to incur additional development costs, seek funding for these increased costs or delay or cease our clinical development activities for NeoCart. Any inability to advance NeoCart or any other product candidate through clinical development would have a material adverse effect on our business. For example, the recently enacted Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act made permanent the Pediatric Research Equity Act, which requires a sponsor to conduct pediatric studies for most tissue regeneration products for a new active ingredient, new indication, new dosage form, new dosing regimen or new route of administration. Under the Pediatric Research Equity Act, original NDAs and BLAs and supplements thereto must contain a pediatric assessment unless the sponsor has received a deferral or waiver. The required assessment must evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the product for the claimed indications in all relevant pediatric subpopulations and support dosing and administration for each pediatric subpopulation for which the product is safe and effective. The sponsor or FDA may request a deferral of pediatric studies for some or all of the pediatric subpopulations, and it is likely that we will request such a deferral. A deferral may be granted for several reasons, including a finding that the tissue regeneration products is ready for approval for use in adults before pediatric studies are complete or that additional safety or effectiveness data needs to be collected before the pediatric studies begin. The FDA must send a non-compliance letter to any sponsor that fails to submit the required assessment, keep a deferral current or fails to submit a request for approval of a pediatric formulation.We are subject to numerous U.S. federal and state laws pertaining to health care fraud and abuse, including anti-kickback, self-referral, false claims and fraud laws, and any violation by us of such laws could result in fines or other penalties.If one or more of our product candidates is approved, we will be subject to U.S. federal and state laws intended to prevent health care fraud and abuse. The federal anti-kickback statute prohibits the offer, receipt, or payment of remuneration in exchange for or to induce the referral of patients or the use of products or services that would be paid for in whole or part by Medicare, Medicaid or other federal health care programs. Remuneration has been broadly defined to include anything of value, including cash, improper discounts, and free or reduced price items and services. Many states have similar laws that apply to their state health care programs as well as private payors. Violations of the anti-kickback laws can result in exclusion from federal health care programs and substantial civil and criminal penalties.The False Claims Act imposes liability on persons who, among other things, present or cause to be presented false or fraudulent claims for payment by a federal health care program. The False Claims Act has been used to prosecute persons submitting claims for payment that are inaccurate or fraudulent, that are for services not provided as claimed, or for services that are not medically necessary. The False Claims Act includes a whistleblower provision that allows individuals to bring actions on behalf of the federal government and share a portion of the recovery of successful claims. If our marketing or other arrangements were determined toviolate the False Claims Act or anti-kickback or related laws, then our revenue could be adversely affected, which would likely harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.State and federal authorities have aggressively targeted medical technology companies for alleged violations of these anti-fraud statutes, based on improper research or consulting contracts with doctors, certain marketing arrangements that rely on volume-based pricing, off-label marketing schemes and other improper promotional practices. Companies targeted in such prosecutions have paid substantial fines in the hundreds of millions of dollars or more, have been forced to implement extensive corrective action plans or Corporate Integrity Agreements, and have often become subject to consent decrees severely restricting the manner in which they conduct their business. If we become the target of such an investigation or prosecution based on our contractual relationships with providers or institutions, or our marketing and promotional practices, we could face similar sanctions, which would materially harm our business.The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar worldwide anti-bribery laws generally prohibit companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments to non-U.S. officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. We cannot assure you that our internal control policies and procedures will protect us from reckless or negligent acts committed by our employees, future distributors, partners, collaborators or agents. Violations of these laws, or allegations of such violations, could result in fines, penalties or prosecution and have a negative impact on our business, results of operations and reputation.Also, the Physician Payment Sunshine Act imposes new reporting and disclosure requirements on drug, device, biologic and medical supply manufacturers for any “transfer of value” made or distributed to prescribers and other healthcare providers. In addition, device and drug manufacturers will also be required to report and disclose any investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members during the preceding calendar year. Failure to submit required information may result in significant civil monetary penalties.Our failure to comply with extensive governmental regulation may significantly affect our operating results.Even if we obtain regulatory approval for some or all of our product candidates, we will continue to be subject to extensive ongoing requirements by the FDA, as well as by a number of foreign, national, state and local agencies.These regulations will impact many aspects of our operations, including testing, research and development, manufacturing, safety, efficacy, labeling, storage, quality control, adverse event reporting, import and export, record keeping, approval, distribution, advertising and promotion of our future products. We must also submit new or supplemental applications and obtain FDA approval for certain changes to an approved product, product labeling or manufacturing process. Application holders must also submit advertising and other promotional material to the FDA and report on ongoing clinical trials. The FDA enforces post-marketing regulatory requirements, including cGMP requirements, through periodic unannounced inspections. We do not know whether we will pass any future FDA inspections. Failure to pass an inspection could disrupt, delay or shut down our manufacturing operations. Failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements could, among other things, result in:administrative or judicial enforcement actions;changes to advertising;failure to obtain marketing approvals for our product candidates;revocation or suspension of regulatory approvals of products;product seizures or recalls;court-ordered injunctions;import detentions;delay, interruption or suspension of product manufacturing, distribution, marketing and sales; orcivil or criminal sanctions.The discovery of previously unknown problems with our product candidates or future products may result in restrictions of the products, including withdrawal from the market. In addition, the FDA may revisit and change its prior determinations with regard to the safety or efficacy of our future products. If the FDA’s position changes, we may be required to change our labeling or cease to manufacture and market our future products.Even prior to any formal regulatory action, we could voluntarily decide to cease the distribution and sale or recall any of our future products if concerns about their safety or efficacy develop.In their regulation of advertising and other promotion, the FDA and the U.S. Federal Trade Commission may issue correspondence alleging that some advertising or promotional practices are false, misleading or deceptive. The FDA and the U.S. Federal Trade Commission are authorized to impose a wide array of sanctions on companies for such advertising and promotion practices, which could result in any of the following:our incurrence of substantial expenses, including fines, penalties, legal fees and costs to comply with the FDA’s requirements;our being required to change in the methods of marketing and selling products;our being required to take FDA mandated corrective action, which may include placing advertisements or sending letters to physicians rescinding previous advertisements or promotions; ora disruption in the distribution of products and loss of sales until compliance with the FDA’s position is obtained.Improper promotional activities may also lead to investigations by federal or state prosecutors, and result in criminal and civil penalties. If we become subject to any of the above requirements, it could be damaging to our reputation and restrict our ability to sell or market our future products, and our business condition could be adversely affected. We may also incur significant expenses in defending ourselves.Physicians may prescribe pharmaceutical or biologic products for uses that are not described in a product’s labeling or differ from those tested by us and approved by the FDA. While such “off-label” uses are common and the FDA does not regulate physicians’ choice of treatments, the FDA does restrict a manufacturer’s communications on the subject of off-label use. Companies cannot promote FDA-approved pharmaceutical or biologic products for off-label uses,arrangement, but under certain limited circumstances they may disseminate to practitioners’ articles published in peer-reviewed journals. To the extent allowed by the FDA, we intend to disseminate peer-reviewed articles on our future products to practitioners. If, however, our activities fail to comply with the FDA’s regulations or guidelines, we may be subject to warnings from, or enforcement action by, the FDA or other regulatory or law enforcement authorities.Depending on the circumstances, failure to meet post-approval requirements can result in criminal prosecution, fines or other penalties, injunctions, recall or seizure of products, total or partial suspension of production, denial or withdrawal of pre-marketing product approvals, or refusal to allow us to enter into supply contracts, including government contracts. Any government investigation of alleged violations of law could require us to expend significant time and resources in response, and could generate negative publicity.Even if we obtain regulatory approval for a product candidate, our products will remain subject to regulatory scrutiny.Any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval, along with the manufacturing processes, qualification testing, post-approval clinical data, labeling and promotional activities for such product, will be subject to continuing and additional requirements of the FDA and other regulatory authorities. These requirements include submissions of safety and other post-marketing information, reports, registration and listing requirements, cGMP requirements relating to quality control, quality assurance and corresponding maintenance of records and documents, and recordkeeping. Even if marketing approval of a product candidate is granted, the approval may be subject to limitations on the indicated uses for which the product may be marketed or to conditions of approval, or contain requirements for costly post-marketing testing and surveillance to monitor the safety or efficacy of the product. The FDA closely regulates the post-approval marketing and promotion of pharmaceutical and biological products to ensure such products are marketed only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved labeling.In addition, later discovery of previously unknown problems with our products, manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may lead to various adverse results, including:restrictions on such products, manufacturers or manufacturing processes;restrictions on the labeling or marketing of a product;restrictions on product distribution or use;requirements to conduct post-marketing clinical trials;requirements to institute a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy to monitor safety of the product post-approval;warning letters issued by the FDA or other regulatory authorities;withdrawal of the products from the market;refusal to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications that we submit;recalls of products, fines, restitution or disgorgement of profits or revenue;suspension, revocation or withdrawal of marketing approvals;refusal to permit the import or export of our products; orinjunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties.The FDA’s policies may change and additional government regulations may be enacted that could prevent, limit or delay regulatory approval of our product candidates. If we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may lose any marketing approval that we may have obtained, which would adversely affect our business, prospects and ability to achieve or sustain profitability.Risks Related to Our Intellectual PropertyOur success depends on our ability to protect our intellectual property and our proprietary technologies.Our commercial success depends in part on our ability to obtain and maintain patent protection and trade secret protection for our product candidates, proprietary technologies and their uses as well as our ability to operate without infringing upon the proprietary rights of others. There can be no assurance that our patent applications or those of our licensors will result in additional patents being issued or that issued patents will afford sufficient protection against competitors with similar technology, nor can there be any assurance that the patents issued will not be infringed, designed around, or invalidated by third parties. Even issued patents may later be found unenforceable or may be modified or revoked in proceedings instituted by third parties before various patent offices or in courts. The degree of future protection for our proprietary rights is uncertain. Only limited protection may be available and may not adequately protect our rights or permit us to gain or keep any competitive advantage. This failure to properly protect the intellectual property rights relating to these product candidates could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.Composition-of-matter patents are generally considered to be the strongest form of intellectual property protection as such patents provide protection without regard to any method of use. We cannot be certain that the claims in our patent applications covering composition-of-matter of our product candidates will be considered patentable by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and courts in the United States or by the patent offices and courts in foreign countries, nor can we be certain that the claims in our issued composition-of-matter patents will not be found invalid or unenforceable if challenged. Method-of-use patents protect the use of a product for the specified method. This type of patent does not prevent a competitor from making and marketing a product that is identical to our product for a use that is outside the scope of the patented method. Moreover, even if competitors do not actively promote their product for our targeted indications, physicians may prescribe these products “off-label.” Although off-label prescriptions may infringe or contribute to the infringement of method-of-use patents, the practice is common and such infringement is difficult to prevent or prosecute.The patent application process is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, and there can be no assurance that we or any of our future development partners will be successful in protecting our product candidates by obtaining and defending patents. These risks and uncertainties include the following:The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and various foreign governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other provisions during the patent process. There are situations in which noncompliance can result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. In such an event, competitors might be able to enter the market earlier than would otherwise have been the case.Patent applications may not result in any patents being issued.Patents that may be issued or in-licensed may be challenged, invalidated, modified, revoked, circumvented, found to be unenforceable, or otherwise may not provide any competitive advantage.Our competitors, many of whom have substantially greater resources than we do and many of whom have made significant investments in competing technologies, may seek or may have already obtained patents that will limit, interfere with, or eliminate our ability to make, use and sell our potential product candidates.There may be significant pressure on the U.S. government and international governmental bodies to limit the scope of patent protection both inside and outside the United States for treatments that prove successful, as a matter of public policy regarding worldwide health concerns.Countries other than the United States may have patent laws less favorable to patentees than those upheld by U.S. courts, allowing foreign competitors a better opportunity to create, develop, and market competing product candidates.In addition, we rely on the protection of our trade secrets and proprietary know-how. Although we have taken steps to protect our trade secrets and unpatented know-how, including entering into confidentiality agreements with third parties, and confidentialinformation and inventions agreements with employees, consultants and advisors, third parties may still obtain this information or may come upon this or similar information independently. If any of these events occurs or if we otherwise lose protection for our trade secrets or proprietary know-how, the value of this information may be greatly reduced.If we or any of our future development or collaborative partners are sued for infringing intellectual property rights of third parties, it will be costly and time consuming, and an unfavorable outcome in that litigation could have a material adverse effect on our business.Our success also depends on our ability and the ability of our current or future development or collaborative partners to develop, manufacture, market and sell our product candidates without infringing upon the proprietary rights of third parties. Numerous U.S. and foreign-issued patents and pending patent applications owned by third parties exist in the fields in which we are developing product candidates, some of which may contain claims that overlap with the subject matter of our intellectual property or are directed at our product candidates. When we become aware of patents held by third parties that may implicate the manufacture, development or commercialization of our product candidates, we evaluate our need to license rights to such patents. If we need to license rights from third parties to manufacture, develop or commercialize our product candidates, there can be no assurance that we will be able to obtainsuccessfully enter into such agreements. Bharat Biotech has agreed to provide a license on commercially reasonable termsspecified minimum number of doses in calendar year 2021, but there can be no assurance that they will in fact provide such number of doses, whether due to shortages in supply, diversion of vaccine resources to other uses deemed more immediate, or at all.Because patent applicationsother factors.take many years to issue there may be currently pending applications, unknown to us, that may later result in issued patents upon which our product candidates or proprietary technologies may infringe. Similarly, there may be issued patents relevant to our product candidates of which we are not aware.There is a substantial amount of litigation involving patent and other intellectual property rights in the biologics industry generally. If a third-party claimsno assurance that we will be successful in transitioning the manufacture of COVAXIN for the U.S. or Canadian markets from Bharat Biotech to Jubilant HollisterStier or any other third-party manufacturer. A technology transfer of a manufacturing process can be time-consuming and expensive and there can be no assurance that such transfer will be successful or that Jubilant HollisterStier will be able to manufacture our licensors, suppliers or development partners infringe upon a third-party’s intellectual property rights,drug products successfully. Certain manufacturing processes for COVAXIN are novel and complex. Due to the nature of this vaccine candidate, we may have to:seekencounter difficulties in manufacturing, product release, shelf life, testing, storage and supply chain management, or shipping. These difficulties could be due to any number of reasons including, but not limited to, complexities of producing batches at a larger scale, equipment failure, choice, availability, and quality of raw materials, analytical testing technology, and product instability. Insufficient stability or shelf life of COVAXIN could materially delay our ability to continue any potential commercialization activities due to the need to manufacture additional commercial supply of COVAXIN. Moreover, notwithstanding our selection of Jubilant HollisterStier as our commercial manufacturing partner, we expect to continue to be dependent on Bharat Biotech as a single-source supplier for the supply of certain raw materials necessary for manufacture of COVAXIN, including the adjuvant and active pharmaceutical ingredient. If, for any reason, Bharat Biotech is unable to provide an adequate supply of these materials, our ability to timely complete the technology transfer to Jubilant HollisterStier and to obtain licenses thatadequate quantities of commercial supply of COVAXIN could be jeopardized.not be available on commercially reasonable terms,also require additional testing, notification, or approval by the FDA, Health Canada, or other regulatory authorities. If Jubilant HollisterStier proceeds to scale up its manufacturing of COVAXIN for commercialization, if at all;abandon an infringing product candidateauthorized or redesign our products or processes to avoid infringement;pay substantial damages including, in an exceptional case, treble damages and attorneys’ fees, whichapproved, we may haveencounter unexpected issues relating to pay if a court decides thatthe manufacturing process or the quality, purity, and stability of the product, candidate or proprietary technology at issue infringes upon or violates the third-party’s rights;pay substantial royalties or fees or grant cross-licenses to our technology; ordefend litigation or administrative proceedings that may be costly whether we win or lose, and which could result in a substantial diversion of our financial and management resources.We may be involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents or the patents of our licensors, which could be expensive, time consuming and unsuccessful.Competitors may infringe upon our patents or the patents of our licensors. To counter infringement or unauthorized use, we may be required to file infringement claims,refine or alter our manufacturing processes to address these issues, which canmay not be expensivesuccessful. This could jeopardize our ability to commence COVAXIN sales and time consuming. An adverse resultgenerate revenue. Moreover, we have not yet entered into a master services agreement with Jubilant HollisterStier and we may not be successful in any litigationdoing so on commercially favorable terms or defense proceedings could put one or more ofat all. If we have to engage another third-party manufacturer, this will entail additional cost and cause further delay.patents at risk of being invalidated, foundthird-party manufacturing partners cannot successfully manufacture material that conforms to be unenforceable or interpreted narrowlyour specifications and could put our patent applications at risk of not issuing. Furthermore, becausethe strict regulatory requirements of the substantial amountFDA, Health Canada, or comparable regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions, we maydiscovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation.Most of our competitors are larger than we are and have substantially greater resources. They are, therefore, likely toContentssustainrely on our third-party manufacturing partners’ facilities for the costsmanufacture of complex patentCOVAXIN. If the FDA, Health Canada, or another comparable regulatory authority finds their facilities inadequate for the manufacture of COVAXIN, or if such facilities are subject to enforcement action in the future or are otherwise inadequate, we may need to find alternative manufacturing facilities, which would significantly impact our ability to develop, obtain regulatory approval for, or market COVAXIN. If we are unable to obtain and maintain adequate supply of COVAXIN, our U.S. and Canadian development and commercialization efforts would be impaired.longerwhich is expensive and could divert management attention.we could. In addition,pursuing an EUA for the uncertainties associated with litigationvaccine candidate. On July 16, 2021, a second securities class action complaint was filed against us and certain of our officers and directors in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (Case No. 2:21-cv-03182) that also purported to state a claim for alleged violations of Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder, based on same statements as the first complaint. The complaints seek unspecified damages, interest, attorneys’ fees, and other costs. We believe that the lawsuits are without merit and intend to vigorously defend against them. At this time, no assessment can be made as to their likely outcome or whether the outcome will be material to us. We may also become subject to additional securities class action lawsuits in the future. This risk is especially relevant for us because life sciences companies have experienced significant stock price volatility in recent years.ability to raise the funds necessary to continue our clinical trials, continue our internal research programs, in-license needed technology, or enter into development partnerships that would help us bring our product candidates to market.In addition, any future patent litigation, interference or other administrative proceedings will resultreputation, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows. They could also cause a decline in additional expense and distraction of our personnel. An adverse outcome in such litigation or proceedings may expose us, or any of our future development partners to loss of our proprietary position, expose us to significant liabilities or require us to seek licenses that may not be available on commercially acceptable terms, if at all.Our issued patents could be found invalid or unenforceable if challenged in court which could have a material adverse effect on our business.If we or any of our future development partners were to initiate legal proceedings against a third party to enforce a patent covering one of our product candidates or one of our future product candidates, the defendant could counterclaim that our patent is invalid or unenforceable. In patent litigation in the United States, defendant counterclaims alleging invalidity or unenforceability are commonplace. Grounds for a validity challenge could be an alleged failure to meet any of several statutory requirements, including lack of novelty, obviousness or non- enablement. Grounds for an unenforceability assertion could be an allegation that someone connected with prosecution of the patent withheld relevant information from the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or made a misleading statement, during prosecution. Third parties may also raise similar claims before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office even outside the context of litigation. The outcome following legal assertions of invalidity and unenforceability is unpredictable. With respect to the validity question, for example, we cannot be certain that there is no invalidating prior art, of which we and the patent examiner were unaware during prosecution. If a defendant were to prevail on a legal assertion of invalidity or unenforceability, we would lose at least part, and perhaps all, of the patent protection on such product candidate. Such a loss of patent protection would have a material adverse impact on our business.We may be subject to claims that our consultants or independent contractors have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their other clients or former employers to us, which could subject us to costly litigation.As is common in the biotechnology industry, we engage the services of consultants to assist us in the development of our product candidates. Many of these consultants were previously employed at, or may have previously or may be currently providing consulting services to, other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. We may become subject to claims that our company or a consultant inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed trade secrets or other information proprietary to their former employers or their former or current clients. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. Even if we are successful in defending against these claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to our management team.Changes in U.S. patent law could diminish the value of patents in general, which could materially impair our ability to protect our product candidates.As is the case with other biotechnology companies, our success is heavily dependent on intellectual property, particularly patents. Obtaining and enforcing patents in the biotechnology industry involve technological and legal complexity. Therefore, obtaining and enforcing biotechnology patents is costly, time consuming and inherently uncertain. In addition, Congress recently passed patent reform legislation. The Supreme Court has ruled on several patent cases in recent years, either narrowing the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances or weakening the rights of patent owners in certain situations. In addition to increasing uncertainty with regard to our ability to obtain patents in the future, this combination of events has created uncertainty with respect to the value of patents, once obtained. Depending on decisions by the U.S. Congress, the federal courts and the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that would weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce our existing patents and patents we might obtain in the future.We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world which could materially, negatively affect our business.Filing, prosecuting and defending patents on product candidates in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and our intellectual property rights in some countries outside the United States can be less extensive than those in the United States. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as federal and state laws in the United States. Consequently, we may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in all countries outside the United States, or from selling or importing products made using our inventions in and into the United States or other jurisdictions. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and further, may export otherwise infringing products to territories where we have patent protection, but enforcement is not as strong as that in the United States. These products may compete with our product candidates and our patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing.Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection, particularly those relating to biotechnology, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents or marketing of competing products in violation of our proprietary rights generally. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license and may adversely affect our business.If our trademarks and trade names are not adequately protected, then we may not be able to build name recognition in our markets of interest and our business may be adversely affected.Our registered or unregistered trademarks or trade names may be challenged, infringed, circumvented or declared generic or determined to be infringing on other marks. We may not be able to protect our rights to these trademarks and trade names, which we need to build name recognition by potential partners or customers in our markets of interest. Over the long term, if we are unable to establish name recognition based on our trademarks and trade names, then we may not be able to compete effectively and our business may be adversely affected.Risks Related to Our Common StockThe trading price of our common stock has been, and is likely to continue to be, volatile, and you might not be able to sell your shares at or above the price you paid.We completed our initial public offering in December 2014 at an initial price to the public of $11.00 per share. Subsequently, as of November 7, 2017 our common stock has traded as low as $1.39 per share. The realization of any of the risks described in these risk factors or other unforeseen risks could have a dramatic and adverse effect on the market price of our common stock. The trading price of our common stock is likely to continue to be highly volatile and could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control. These factors include those discussed elsewhere in this “Risk Factors” section and others such as:the delay or failure in initiating, enrolling or completing preclinical studies or clinical trials, or unsatisfactory results of these trials;announcements about us or about our competitors including clinical trial results, regulatory approvals, or new product candidate introductions and the revenue and growth potential of such new products;developments concerning our current or future development partner, licensors or product candidate manufacturers;litigation and other developments relating to our patents or other proprietary rights or those of our competitors;conditions in the pharmaceutical or biotechnology industries and the economy as a whole;governmental regulation and legislation;the recruitment or departure of members of our board of directors, management team or other key personnel;changes in our operating results;any changes in the financial projections we may provide to the public, our failure to meet these projections, or changes in recommendations by any securities analysts that elect to follow our common stock;any change in securities analysts’ estimates of our performance, or our failure to meet analysts’ expectations;the expiration of market standoff or contractual lock-up agreements;sales or potential sales of substantial amounts of our common stock; andprice and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market or resulting from inconsistent trading volume levels of our shares.In recent months and years, the stock market in general, and the market for pharmaceutical and biotechnological companies in particular, has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to changes in the operating performance of the companies whose stock is experiencing those price and volume fluctuations. In addition, Brexit or actions taken by the new presidential administration and Congress could adversely affect United States, European or worldwideeconomic or market conditions and could contribute to instability and volatility in global financial markets. Broad market and industry factors may seriously affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance.Our quarterly operating results may fluctuate substantially, which may cause the price of our common stock to fluctuate substantially.We expect our quarterly operating results to be subject to fluctuations. Our net income or loss and other operating results may be affected by numerous factors, including:any variations in the level of expenses related to our development and expected commercialization of NeoCart;derivative instruments recorded at fair value;the addition or termination of any clinical trials;any regulatory or clinical developments affecting NeoCart; andthe nature and terms of any stock-based compensation grants and any intellectual property infringement lawsuits in which we may become involved.If our quarterly operating results fall below the expectations of investors or securities analysts, the price of our common stock could decline substantially. Furthermore, any quarterly fluctuations in our operating results may, in turn, cause the price of our stock to fluctuate substantially. We believe that quarterly comparisons of our financial results are not necessarily meaningful and should not be relied upon as an indication of our future performance.Our stock price may continue to be volatile, and securities class action litigation has often been instituted against companies following periods of volatility of their stock price. Any such litigation, if instituted against us, could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our management’s attention and resources.In the past, following periods of volatility in the overall market and the market price of a particular company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against these companies. This litigation, if instituted against us, could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our management’s attention and resources.If securities analysts do not publish research or publish unfavorable research about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.The trading market for our common stock will depend in part on the research and reports that securities and industry analysts publish about us or our business. We currently have limited research coverage by securities analysts. If no additional securities or industry analysts commence coverage of our company, the trading price for our stock could suffer. In the event we obtain additional securities or industry analyst coverage, if one or more of the analysts who covers us downgrades our stock or publishes unfavorable research about our business, or if our clinical trials or operating results fail to meet the analysts’ expectations, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of our company or fails to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our stock could decrease, which could cause our stock price and trading volume to decline.Raising additional funds by issuing securities or through licensing or lending arrangements may cause dilution to our existing stockholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish proprietary rights.We will need to raise additional funding in order to file a BLA for NeoCart, create additional manufacturing capacity and to commercialize NeoCart and to conduct the research and development and clinical and regulatory activities necessary to bring other product candidates to market. To the extent that we raise additional capital by issuing equity securities, the share ownership of existing stockholders will be diluted. Any future debt financing may involve covenants that restrict our operations, including limitations on our ability to incur liens or additional debt, pay dividends, redeem our stock, make certain investments, and engage in certain merger, consolidation, or asset sale transactions. In addition, if we seek funds through arrangements with collaborative partners, these arrangements may require us to relinquish rights to some of our technologies or product candidates or otherwise agree to terms unfavorable to us.We have never paid and do not intend to pay cash dividends and, consequently, your ability to achieve a return on your investment will depend on appreciation in the price of our common stock.We have never paid cash dividends on any of our capital stock, and we currently intend to retain future earnings, if any, to fund the development and growth of our business. Therefore, you are not likely to receive any dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future or at all. Since we do not intend to pay dividends, your ability to receive a return on your investment will depend on any future appreciation in the market value of our common stock. There is no guarantee that our common stock will appreciate or even maintain the price at which you have purchased it.Our principal stockholders and management own a significant percentage of our stock and will be able to exert significant control over matters subject to stockholder approval.As of November 7, 2017, our executive officers, directors, holders of more than 5% of our capital stock and their respective affiliates beneficially owned 58% of our outstanding capital stock. These stockholders have the ability to influence us through their ownership position. These stockholders are able to determine all matters requiring stockholder approval. For example, these stockholders are able to control elections of directors, amendments of our organizational documents, or approval of any merger, sale of assets, or other major corporate transaction. This may prevent or discourage unsolicited acquisition proposals or offers for our common stock that you may feel are in your best interest as one of our stockholders.Substantial future sales of shares by existing stockholders, including pursuant to our equity incentive plans, or the perception that such sales may occur, could cause our stock price to decline.A small number of institutional investors and private equity funds hold a significant number of shares of our common stock and all of our shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock and warrants to purchase our common stock issued in our September 2016 private placement. If these existing stockholders, particularly our directors and executive officers and the venture capital funds affiliated with our current and former directors, sell substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market, or are perceived by the public market as intending to sell substantial amounts of our common stock, the trading price of our common stock could decline.Some of pre-IPO existing security holders have demand and piggyback rights to require us to register with the SEC up to 4,479,418 shares of our common stock. If we register these shares of common stock, the stockholders would be able to sell those shares freely in the public market, subject to Rule 144 transfer restrictions applicable to affiliates. In November 2016, we registered 26,800,001 shares of common stock for resale by selling stockholders, including 10,737,275 shares of common stock underlying our outstanding Series A Convertible Preferred Stock and 13,466,667 shares of common stock underlying outstanding warrants issued in connection with our September 2016 private placement. The selling stockholders in the private placement are able to freely trade such shares of common stock, subject to Rule 144 transfer restrictions applicable to affiliates. We have registered an additional 2,436,666 shares of ourcommon stock that we may issue under our equity plans. Once we issue these shares, they can be freely sold in the public market upon issuance, contractual lock-up agreements, or Rule 144 transfer restrictions applicable to affiliates.We may not satisfy The NASDAQ Capital Market’s requirements for continued listing. If we cannot satisfy these requirements, NASDAQ could delist our common stock.Our common stock is listed on The NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol “HSGX”. To continue to be listed on NASDAQ, we are required to satisfy a number of conditions. We previously received two letters from NASDAQ, with the first letter in November 2016 notifying us of our failure to maintain a minimum market value of listed securities of $50,000,000 for the 30 consecutive business days. We subsequently regained compliance with this listing standard in March 2017. The second letter in May 2017 notified us of our failure to maintain a minimum of $10,000,000 in stockholders’ equity as required for companies trading on The NASDAQ Global Market. In response to the second letter, we transferred our securities to The NASDAQ Capital Market in June 2017 to regain compliance with the minimum stockholders’ equity requirement.We cannot assure you that we will be able to satisfy the NASDAQ listing requirements in the future. If we are delisted from NASDAQ, trading in our shares of common stock may be conducted, if available, on the “OTC Bulletin Board Service” or, if available, via another market. In the event of such delisting, an investor would likely find it significantly more difficult to dispose of, or to obtain accurate quotations as to the value of the shares of our common stock, and our ability to raise future capital through the sale of the shares of our common stock or other securities convertible into or exercisable for our common stock could be severely limited. A determination could also then be made that our common stock is a “penny stock” which would require brokers trading in our common stock to adhere to more stringent rules and possibly result in a reduced level of trading. This could have a long-term impact on our ability to raise future capital through the sale of our common stock.Provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws and Delaware law might discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company or changes in our management and, therefore, depress the market price of our common stock.Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws contain provisions that could depress the market price of our common stock by acting to discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company or changes in our management that the stockholders of our company may deem advantageous. These provisions among other things:establish a classified board of directors so that not all members of our board are elected at one time;permit the board of directors to establish the number of directors;provide that directors may only be removed “for cause”;require super-majority voting to amend some provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws;authorize the issuance of “blank check” preferred stock that our board of directors could use to implement a stockholder rights plan;eliminate the ability of our stockholders to call special meetings of stockholders;prohibit stockholder action by written consent, which requires all stockholder actions to be taken at a meeting of our stockholders;provide that the board of directors is expressly authorized to make, alter or repeal our bylaws; andestablish advance notice requirements for nominations for election to our board of directors or for proposing matters that can be acted upon by stockholders at annual stockholder meetings.In addition, Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company. Section 203 imposes certain restrictions on merger, business combinations and other transactions between us and holders of 15% or more of our common stock.We are an emerging growth company and the extended transition period for complying with new or revised financial accounting standards and reduced disclosure and governance requirements applicable to emerging growth companies could make our common stock less attractive to investors.We are an emerging growth company. Under the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We plan to avail ourselves of this exemption from new or revised accounting standards and, therefore, we may not be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies.For as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, we also intend to take advantage of certain other exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies, including reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory stockholder vote on executive compensation and any golden parachute payments not previously approved, exemption from the requirement of auditor attestation on our internal control over financial reporting and exemption from any requirement that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report providing additional information about the audit and the financial statements (auditor discussion and analysis). If we do, the information that we provide stockholders may be different than what is available with respect to other public companies.Investors could find our common stock less attractive because we will rely on these exemptions, which may make it more difficult for investors to compare our business with other companies in our industry. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile. In addition, it may be difficult for us to raise additional capital as and when we need it. If we are unable to do so, our financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of: (1) the end of the fiscal year in which the market value of our common stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700.0 million as of the end of the second fiscal quarter; (2) the end of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenue of $1.0 billion or more during such fiscal year; (3) the date on which we issue more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt in a three-year period or (4) December 31, 2019, the end of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the completion of our initial public offering.SalesUnregistered SecuritiesOn September 15, 2016, we entered into aequity securities purchase agreement with certain institutional and accredited investors (the Securities Purchase Agreement) forduring the sale and issuance of 2,596,059 shares of our common stock (the Common Shares) and 24,158.8693 shares of our newly-created Series A Convertible Preferred Stock (the Preferred Shares), which Preferred Shares are convertible into an aggregate of 10,737,275 shares of our Common Stock (the Private Placement). On September 29, 2016, the transactions contemplatedperiod covered by the Securities Purchase Agreement closed, and we sold and issued the Common Shares and Preferred Shares for total consideration of approximately $30.0 million. H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC (HCW) served as the sole placement agent for the Private Placement. As part of the Private Placement, we provided each purchaser 100% warrant coverage based on an as-converted number of shares of our Common Stock issued and issuable upon conversion of the Preferred Shares plus the Common Shares and accordingly issued the investors warrants (the Purchaser Warrants) to purchase 13,333,334 shares of our Common Stock at an exercise price of $2.25 per share and exercisable for a period of five years following receipt of the stockholder approval requiredthis Quarterly Report that were not registered under the Securities Purchase Agreement. We also issued HCW and certain of its affiliates warrants (the HCW Warrants and, together with the Purchaser Warrants, the Common Stock Warrants) for the purchase of 133,333 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $2.25 per share and exercisable for a period of five years following receipt of the stockholder approval required under the Securities Purchase Agreement pursuant to the terms of our letter agreement with HCW. We raised approximately $27.7 million in net proceeds after deducting placement agent and legal fees from the Private Placement.As set forth below, the Certificate of Designation (as defined below) describing the rights, preference and privileges of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock provides that, until stockholder approval is obtained, holders may not convert the Preferred Shares if such conversion will result in the purchasers under the Securities Purchase Agreement owning in the aggregate an amount of Common Stock issued in connection with the Private Placement in excess of 19.99% the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately prior to the closing of the Private Placement. The Common Stock Warrants provide that, until stockholder approval is obtained, holders may not exercise the Common Stock Warrants. The securities issued pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreement were issued under the exemption from registration provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, including Regulation D.On September 29, 2016, we filed a Certificate of Designation of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware (the Certificate of Designation), the form of which was included as Exhibit 3.3 to our Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 16, 2016 and which is incorporated herein by reference. The designations, preferences, limitations, restrictions and relative rights of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock are as follows: (i) a stated value of $1,000 per share; (ii) a conversion price of $2.25 per share of Common Stock; (ii) the option to convert into the number of shares of Common Stock equal to the stated value divided by the conversion price, provided that until stockholder approval is obtained, holders may not convert (and there shall not be any mandatory conversion) if such conversion will result in the purchasers under the Securities Purchase Agreement owning in the aggregate an amount of Common Stock issued in connection with the Private Placement in excessof 19.99% of the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately prior to the closing of the Private Placement; and (iii) the right to receive, upon any liquidation, dissolution, or winding-up of our Company, out of our assets, the same amount that a holder of our Common Stock would receive if the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock were fully converted to Common Stock on apari passu basis. Pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreement, the holders purchasing securities in an amount of at least $1.95 million of securities have the right to participate on a pro-rata basis, in up to 50% of the aggregate of any subsequent equity or debt offerings by us, on identical terms and conditions as set forth in such subsequent offering for the later of (a) twelve months following the Effective Date (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement) and (b) the date we receive stockholder approval of the Private Placement as described therein.Prior to the closing of the Private Placement, and as a condition to such closing, certain of our large stockholders and affiliates entered the Support Agreements. As of immediately prior to the closing of the Private Placement, the stockholders executing the Support Agreements held beneficial ownership of approximately 45.4% of our total issued and outstanding Common Stock.Use of ProceedsOn September 29, 2016, we closed the Private Placement and issued the Common Shares, Preferred Shares and the Common Stock Warrants. HCW served as the sole placement agent for the Private Placement. No payments were made by us to directors, officers or persons owning ten percent or more of our common stock or to their associates, or to our affiliates, other than payments in the ordinary course of business to officers for salaries and to non-employee directors as compensation for board committee service. We raised approximately $27.7 million in net proceeds after deducting placement agent and legal fees from the Private Placement.There has been no material change in the planned use of proceeds from the Private Placement as described in our prospectus dated November 4, 2016, filed with the SEC pursuant to Rule 424(b)(3) under the Securities Act.None.Exhibit Description ExhibitDescription 3.110.2*+ 3.210.3*+31.1* 31.2* 32.1** 101.INS* Inline XBRL Instance Document 101.SCH* Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document 101.CAL* Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document 101.DEF* Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document 101.LAB* Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document 101.PRE* Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document 104 The cover page from this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, formatted in Inline XBRL *Filed herewith.Histogenics CorporationOcugen, Inc.Dated: August 6, 2021 /s/ Shankar Musunuri Shankar Musunuri, Ph.D., MBA
Chief Executive Officer and Chairman
(Principal Executive Officer)Dated: November 9, 2017August 6, 2021/s/ Adam GridleySanjay SubramanianAdam GridleyPresident and Chief Executive Officer(Principal Executive Officer)Dated: November 9, 2017/s/ Jonathan LieberJonathan Lieber
Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)60