UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒	~~QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934~~

☒QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended ~~September 30, 2018~~March 31, 2023

☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

☐	~~TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934~~

For the transition period from to

Commission file number: 001-38663

Gritstone ~~Oncology,~~bio, Inc.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)


Delaware		47-4859534
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

~~5858~~5959 Horton Street, Suite ~~210~~300 Emeryville, California		94608
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)		(Zip Code)

~~(510)~~ (510) 871-6100

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class

Trading

Symbol(s)

Name of each exchange on which registered

Common Stock, $0.0001 par value per share

GRTS

The Nasdaq Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☐ ☒ No ☒☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, ~~or a~~ smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of ~~November 5, 2018,~~May 8, 2023, there were ~~29,038,308~~88,913,562 shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, outstanding.

Gritstone bio, Inc.

~~Gritstone Oncology, Inc..~~

Table of Contents


			Page
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION			1
Item 1.	Financial Statements (unaudited)		1
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of ~~September 30, 2018~~March 31, 2023 and December 31, ~~2017~~2022		1
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the Three ~~and Nine~~ Months Ended ~~September 30, 2018~~March 31, 2023 and ~~2017~~2022		2
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 and 2022	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the ~~Nine~~Three Months Ended ~~September 30, 2018~~March 31, 2023 and ~~2017~~2022		3	4
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)		4	5
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations		20	29
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risks		29	40
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures		29	40

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION			31	42
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings		31	42
Item 1A.	Risk Factors		31	42
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and ~~Uses~~Use of Proceeds		71	44
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities		71	44
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures		71	44
Item 5.	Other Information		71	44
Item 6.	Exhibits		72	45

SIGNATURES			75	47

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Gritstone ~~Oncology,~~bio, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(Unaudited)

(In thousands, except share

amounts and ~~per~~par value)

~~share amounts)~~


	March 31,			December 31,
	2023			2022
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	47,128		$	55,498
Marketable securities		98,680			116,389
Restricted cash		2,077			3,977
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		6,880			7,014
Total current assets		154,765			182,878
Long-term restricted cash		5,290			5,290
Property and equipment, net		20,365			21,335
Lease right-of-use assets		15,615			17,481
Deposits and other long-term assets		13,917			9,739
Long-term marketable securities		—			4,031
Total assets	$	209,952		$	240,754
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	5,975		$	8,694
Accrued compensation		4,697			8,215
Accrued liabilities		3,123			4,124
Accrued research and development expenses		3,448			3,343
Lease liabilities, current portion		4,628			5,294
Deferred revenue, current portion		2,801			5,131
Total current liabilities		24,672			34,801
Other liabilities, noncurrent		251			150
Lease liabilities, net of current portion		14,575			15,673
Debt, noncurrent		29,576			19,349
Total liabilities		69,074			69,973
Commitments and contingencies (Notes 6, 8 and 9)
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value; 10,000,000 shares authorized; no shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022		—			—
Common stock, $0.0001 par value; 300,000,000 shares authorized at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022; 87,848,417 and 86,894,901 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively		22			22
Additional paid-in capital		695,961			691,910
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(52	)		(80	)
Accumulated deficit		(555,053	)		(521,071	)
Total stockholders’ equity		140,878			170,781
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	209,952		$	240,754

   September 30,
2018    December 31,
2017
Assets

Current assets:

Cash and cash equivalents
   $ 65,936    $ 39,007
Marketable securities
   11,486    46,946
Prepaid expenses and other current assets
   6,728    2,526




Total current assets
   84,150    88,479
Property and equipment, net
   27,012    27,211
Deposits and other long-term assets
   2,039    1,610




Total assets
   $ 113,201    $ 117,300




Liabilities and stockholders’ equity

Current liabilities:

Accounts payable
   $ 3,874    $ 3,935
Accrued compensation
   2,400    2,227
Accrued liabilities
   2,238    1,490
Deferred revenue, current portion
   5,210    -




Total current liabilities
   13,722    7,652
Deferred rent, net of current portion
   1,567    1,749
Othernon-current liabilities
   25    96
Lease financing obligation, net of current portion
   10,502    10,521
Deferred revenue, net of current portion
   14,694    -




Total liabilities
   40,510    20,018




Commitments and contingencies (Note 6)

Stockholders’ equity:

Convertible preferred stock, $0.001 par value; 139,228,319 and 125,362,551 shares authorized at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively; 19,409,132 and 17,797,529 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively; aggregate liquidation preference of $178,283 and $157,268 at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively
   177,872    156,937
Common stock, $0.0001 par value; 172,250,000 and 160,000,000 shares authorized at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively; 2,489,871 and 2,152,525 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively
   2    1
Additionalpaid-in capital
   3,885    2,045
Accumulated other comprehensive loss
   (5)    (74)
Accumulated deficit
   (109,063)    (61,627)




Total stockholders’ equity
   72,691    97,282




Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity
   $ 113,201    $ 117,300

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

Gritstone ~~Oncology,~~bio, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss

(Unaudited)

(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,				Three Months Ended March 31,
	2018		2017		2018		2017		2023			2022
Collaboration revenue	$	96	$	-	$	96	$	-

Revenues:
Collaboration and license revenues									$	542		$	4,745
Grant revenues										1,901			2,446
Total revenues										2,443			7,191
Operating expenses:
Research and development		15,622		8,084		39,712		19,939		30,514			28,199
General and administrative		3,088		1,404		7,940		4,244		6,745			7,955

Total operating expenses		18,710		9,488		47,652		24,183		37,259			36,154

Loss from operations		(18,614)		(9,488)		(47,556)		(24,183)		(34,816	)		(28,963	)
Interest income, net		26		37		120		175

Interest income										1,678			71
Interest expense										(844	)		(24	)
Net loss		(18,588)		(9,451)		(47,436)		(24,008)		(33,982	)		(28,916	)
Other comprehensive loss:
Unrealized gain on marketable securities, net of tax		27		2		69		3

Unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities										28			(318	)
Comprehensive loss	$	(18,561)	$	(9,449)	$	(47,367)	$	(24,005)	$	(33,954	)	$	(29,234	)

Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$	(7.60)	$	(4.59)	$	(20.27)	$	(12.27)	$	(0.30	)	$	(0.34	)

Weighted average number of shares used in computing net loss per share, basic and diluted		2,445,547		2,057,040		2,339,705		1,957,381

Weighted-average number of shares used in computing net loss per share, basic and diluted										114,423,000			86,277,599

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

Gritstone ~~Oncology,~~bio, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of ~~Cash Flows~~Stockholders’ Equity

(Unaudited)

(In ~~thousands)~~thousands, except share amounts)

Three Months Ended March 31, 2023:

   Nine Months Ended
September 30,
   2018    2017
Operating activities

Net loss
   $     (47,436)    $ (24,008)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:

Depreciation
   2,885    1,316
Net amortization of premiums and discounts on marketable securities
   (204)    (64)
Stock-based compensation
   1,674    811
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:

Prepaid expenses and other current assets
   (2,475)    (24)
Deposits and other long term assets
   (429)    172
Accounts payable
   179    255
Accrued compensation
   173    637
Accrued and othernon-current liabilities
   745    483
Deferred rent
   (182)    (209)
Deferred revenue
   19,904    -




Net cash used in operating activities
   (25,166)    (20,631)




Investing activities

Purchase of marketable securities
   (1,487)    (16,302)
Maturities of marketable securities
   37,220    38,967
Purchase of property and equipment
   (3,375)    (8,017)
Disposition of property and equipment
   -    31




Net cash provided by investing activities
   32,358    14,679




Financing activities

Proceeds from issuance of common stock under equity incentive plan
   79    14
Payments of deferred IPO costs
   (1,277)    -
Proceeds from issuance of convertible preferred stock, net of issuance costs
   20,935    92,556




Net cash provided by financing activities
   19,737    92,570




Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
   26,929    86,618
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period
   39,999    12,410




Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period
   $       66,928    $       99,028




Supplemental disclosures ofnon-cash investing and financing information

Property and equipment purchases accrued but not yet paid
   $ 211    $ 807




Assets acquired under leasing obligations
   $ -    $ 9,300




Receivable for lessor funded financing
   $ -    $ 1,226




Deferred IPO costs included in accrued liabilities and accounts payable
   $ 1,727    $ -


	Common Stock				Additional Paid-In			Accumulated Other Comprehensive			Accumulated			Total Stockholders'
	Shares		Amount		Capital			Gain (Loss)			Deficit			Equity
Balance at December 31, 2022		86,894,901	$	22	$	691,910		$	(80	)	$	(521,071	)	$	170,781
Unrealized gain on marketable securities		—		—		—			28			—			28
Issuance of common stock upon restricted stock units vesting		345,663		—		—			—			—			—
Tax payments related to shares withheld for vested restricted stock units		—		—		(742	)		—			—			(742	)
Issuance of common stock under at the market, ("ATM") equity offering program, net of issuance costs of $58		607,853		—		1,902			—			—			1,902
Stock-based compensation		—		—		2,891			—						2,891
Net loss		—		—		—			—			(33,982	)		(33,982	)
Balance at March 31, 2023		87,848,417	$	22	$	695,961		$	(52	)	$	(555,053	)	$	140,878

Three Months Ended March 31, 2022:


	Common Stock				Additional Paid-In			Accumulated Other Comprehensive			Accumulated			Total Stockholders'
	Shares		Amount		Capital			Loss			Deficit			Equity
Balance at December 31, 2021		69,047,878	$	20	$	617,523		$	(73	)	$	(401,384	)	$	216,086
Unrealized loss on marketable securities		—		—		—			(318	)		—			(318	)
Issuance of common stock upon restricted stock units vesting		215,350		—		—			—			—			—
Tax payments related to shares withheld for vested restricted stock units		—		—		(890	)		—			—			(890	)
Issuance of common stock for warrant exercises		3,442,567		—		34			—			—			34
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options		73,713		—		64			—			—			64
Stock-based compensation		—		—		3,131			—						3,131
Net loss		—		—		—			—			(28,916	)		(28,916	)
Balance at March 31, 2022		72,779,508	$	20	$	619,862		$	(391	)	$	(430,300	)	$	189,191

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

Gritstone ~~Oncology,~~bio, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Unaudited)

(In thousands)

Three Months Ended March 31,

2023

2022

Operating activities

Net loss

$
(33,982
)

$
(28,916
)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:

Depreciation and amortization

1,799

1,589

Net amortization of premiums and discounts on marketable securities

(973
)

196

Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs

342

—

Stock-based compensation

2,891

3,131

Non-cash operating lease expense

2,243

2,332

Changes in operating assets and liabilities:

Prepaid expenses and other current assets

134

(3,273
)
Deposits and other long-term assets

(4,177
)

787

Accounts payable

327

1,861

Accrued compensation

(3,518
)

(2,640
)
Accrued and other non-current liabilities

(869
)

121

Accrued research and development expenses

105

(105
)
Lease liability

(2,082
)

(2,034
)
Deferred revenue

(2,330
)

(6,500
)
Net cash used in operating activities

(40,090
)

(33,451
)
Investing activities

Purchase of marketable securities

(15,874
)

(28,342
)
Maturities of marketable securities

38,614

37,788

Purchase of property and equipment

(1,567
)

(1,812
)
Net cash provided by investing activities

21,173

7,634

Financing activities

Proceeds from issuance of common stock from ATM equity offering
program

1,960

—

Proceeds from long-term debt, net of debt discount and issuance costs

9,977

—

Proceeds from issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options, warrants, and other

—

98

Payments of financing costs

(2,489
)

(69
)
Payments of financing lease

(59
)

(56
)
Tax payments related to shares withheld for vested restricted stock units

(742
)

(890
)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities

8,647

(917
)
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash

(10,270
)

(26,734
)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period

64,765

110,577

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period

$
54,495

$
83,843

Supplemental disclosures of non-cash investing and financing
information

Property and equipment purchases accrued but not yet paid

$
407

$
1,182

Remeasurement of operating lease right-of-use asset for lease modification

$
—

$
228

Cash paid for interest on debt

$
436

$
—

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
4
Gritstone bio, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

1. Organization

1.	~~Organization~~

Description of Business

Gritstone ~~Oncology,~~bio, Inc. (“Gritstone” or ~~the “Company”~~“the Company”) is ~~an immuno-oncology~~a clinical stage biotechnology company developing ~~personalized~~targeted immunotherapies for cancer ~~immunotherapies to fight multiple cancer types.~~and infectious disease. The Company was incorporated in the state of Delaware onin August 5, 2015, and is based in Emeryville, California and Cambridge, Massachusetts, with a manufacturing facility in Pleasanton, California. The Company operates in one segment.

~~Initial Public Offering~~Liquidity

~~In October 2018,~~The Company has incurred operating losses and has an accumulated deficit as a result of ongoing efforts to develop drug product candidates, including conducting preclinical and clinical trials and providing general and administrative support for these operations. The Company had net losses of $34.0 million and $28.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Cash used by operating activities was $40.1 million and $33.5 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company had an accumulated deficit of $555.1 million and $521.1 million as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. To date, none of the Company’s product candidates have been approved for sale and therefore the Company ~~closed~~has not generated any revenue from sales of commercial products. Management expects operating losses to continue for the foreseeable future. The Company has funded its ~~initial public offering (“IPO”),~~operations to date primarily through private placements of ~~6,854,202 shares~~its convertible preferred stock, the sale of common stock ~~including 187,535 shares sold pursuant to~~in public offerings and under its “at the ~~underwriters’ partial exercise~~market” offering programs, the private placement of their option to purchase additional shares, at an offering price to the public of $15.00 per share. The Company received net proceeds of approximately $95.6 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions. In connection with the IPO, all of the Company’s outstanding shares of convertible preferred stock were automatically converted into 19,409,132 shares of common stock. The related carrying value of $177.9 million was reclassified to common stock and ~~additional paid-in capital.~~

~~In connection with~~pre-funded warrants, and through proceeds received from its collaboration arrangements. As of March 31, 2023, the ~~completion~~Company had cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of ~~its IPO, on October 2, 2018,~~$145.8 million, which the Company’s certificate of incorporation was amended and restated to provide for 300,000,000 authorized shares of common stock with a par value of $0.0001 per share and 10,000,000 authorized shares of preferred stock with a par value of $0.0001 per share.

~~Deferred IPO Costs~~

Deferred IPO costs of $3.0 million are capitalized and included within prepaid expenses and other current assets on the condensed balance sheet as of September 30, 2018. There were no deferred IPO costs as of December 31, 2017. The deferred IPO costsCompany believes will be ~~offset against proceeds from~~sufficient to fund its planned operations for a period of at least twelve months following the ~~IPO.~~filing date of this report.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

2.	~~Summary of Significant Accounting Policies~~

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying interim condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited and are comprised of the consolidation of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiary. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The Company has no unconsolidated subsidiaries or investments accounted for under the equity method.

The accompanying interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) and the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission ~~(“SEC”~~(the “SEC”) for interim reporting.

The interim condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for the fair presentation for interim reporting. The results of operations for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of results of operations for any future period.

Certain information and footnote disclosures typically included in annual financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted. Accordingly, these unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, ~~2017,~~2022, which are included in the Company’s ~~prospectus related to~~Annual Report on Form 10-K for the ~~Company’s IPO,~~year ended December 31, 2022, as filed ~~September 27, 2018 (the “Prospectus”), pursuant to Rule 424 (b) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended~~ with the ~~SEC.~~

~~Reverse Stock Split~~

~~On September 20, 2018, the Company amended and restated its amended and restated certificate of incorporation to effect a1-for-6.9~~ reverse split (“Reverse Split”) of shares of the Company’s common and convertible preferred stock. The par value and the authorized shares of common stock and convertible preferred stock were not adjusted as a result of the Reverse Split. All of the share and per share information included in the accompanying financial statements has been adjusted to reflect the Reverse Split.SEC on March 9, 2023.

~~Need for Additional Capital~~

The Company has incurred operating losses and has an accumulated deficit as a result of ongoing efforts to develop drug product candidates, including conducting preclinical and clinical trials and providing general and administrative support for these operations. The Company had an accumulated deficit of $109.1 million and $61.6 million as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The Company had net losses of $47.4 million and $24.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and net cash used in operating activities of $25.2 million and $20.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. To date, none of the Company’s drug candidates have been approved for sale and therefore the Company has not generated any revenue from contracts with customers. The Company has evaluated and concluded there are no conditions or events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for a period of one year following the date that these financial statements are issued. Management expects operating losses to continue for the foreseeable future. As a result, the Company will need to raise additional capital. If sufficient funds on acceptable terms are not available when needed, the Company could be required to significantly reduce its operating expenses and delay, reduce the scope of, or eliminate one or more of its development programs. Failure to manage discretionary spending or raise additional financing, as needed, may adversely impact the Company’s ability to achieve its intended business objectives.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent ~~assets and~~

liabilities as of the date of the ~~condensed~~ financial statements and the reported amounts of ~~revenue~~revenues and expenses ~~in the condensed financial statements and accompanying notes~~ during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its estimates, including those related to revenue recognition, clinical and preclinical study trial accruals, fair value of assets and liabilities, the fair value of leased buildings and other assumptions associated with lease financing transactions, and the fair value of common stock and stock-based compensation. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other market-specific and relevant assumptions that management believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

U.S. GAAP establishes a fair value hierarchy for instruments measured at fair value that distinguishes between assumptions based on market data (observable inputs) and the Company’s own assumptions (unobservable inputs). Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the Company’s assumptions about the inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability and are developed based on the best information available in the circumstances.

Fair value is established as the exchange price, or exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As a basis for considering market participant assumptions in fair value measurements, an established three-tier fair value hierarchy distinguishes between the following:

•
Level 1 inputs are quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the market date for identical assets or liabilities.

•
Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly.

•
Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs that reflect the Company’s own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the assets or liability. Financial assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

To the extent that the valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by the Company in determining fair value is greatest for instruments categorized in Level 3. A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value instrument.

The carrying amounts reflected on the condensed consolidated balance sheets for cash and cash equivalents, prepaid expenses and other current assets, accounts payable, accrued compensation and accrued liabilities approximate their fair values due to their short-term nature.

Debt Issuance Costs and Debt Discounts

Debt issuance costs include legal fees, accounting fees and other direct costs incurred in connection with the execution of the Company’s debt financing. Debt discounts represent costs paid to the lenders. Debt issuance costs and debt discounts are deducted from the carrying amount of the debt liability and are amortized to interest expense over the term of the related debt using the effective interest method.

Concentrations of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist of cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities. Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities are invested through banks and other financial institutions in the United States. Such deposits may be in excess of federally insured limits. The Company maintains cash equivalents and marketable securities with various high-credit-quality and capitalized financial institutions. The Company has not experienced any credit losses in such accounts and does not believe it is exposed to any significant credit risk on these funds.

The Company’s investment policy limits investments to certain types of securities issued by the U.S. government, its agencies and institutions with investment-grade credit ratings and places restrictions on maturities and concentration by type and issuer. The Company is exposed to credit risk in the event of a default by the financial institutions holding its cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities and issuers of marketable securities to the extent recorded on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. As of March 31, 2023, the Company has no off-balance sheet concentrations of credit risk.

Other Risks and Uncertainties

The Company is subject to a number of risks similar to those of other ~~early-stage immuno-oncology~~clinical-stage biotechnology companies, including dependence on key individuals; the need to develop commercially viable therapeutics; competition from other companies, many of which are larger and better capitalized; and the need to obtain adequate additional financing to fund the development of its products. The Company currently depends on third-party suppliers for key materials and services used in its research and development manufacturing process and is subject to certain risks related to the loss of these third-party suppliers or their inability to supply the Company with adequate materials and services. Further, the Company is subject to broad market risks and uncertainties resulting from recent events, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, the Russian invasion of Ukraine, inflation, rising interest rates and recession risks, as well as supply chain and labor shortages.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

Cash equivalents, which consist primarily of highly liquid investments with original maturities of three (3) months or less when purchased, are stated at ~~cost which approximates~~ fair value. These assets include investments in money market funds that invest in U.S. Treasury obligations and certificates of deposit, which are stated at fair value.

The Company has issued ~~a letter~~letters of credit under acertain lease ~~agreement which has~~agreements that have been collateralized by a cash ~~deposit~~deposits for an equal amount and isare recorded within short-term restricted cash and deposits and other long-term assets on the condensed consolidated balance ~~sheet~~sheets based on the term of the underlying lease. Additionally, the Company’s restricted cash includes payments received under the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (“CEPI”) Funding Agreement, dated as of August 14, 2021 (the “CEPI Funding Agreement”) and the Gates Foundation Grant Agreement (see Note 9). The Company will utilize the CEPI and Gates Foundation funds as it incurs expenses for services performed under the agreements.

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and short-term and long-term restricted cash reported within the condensed consolidated balance sheets that sum to the total of the same amounts shown in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows (in thousands).:


	September 30, 2018		December 31, 2017		March 31,		December 31,
					2023		2022
Cash and cash equivalents		$65,936		$39,007	$	47,128	$	55,498
Restricted cash		992		992		2,077		3,977

Total, cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		$66,928		$39,999

Long-term restricted cash						5,290		5,290
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash					$	54,495	$	64,765

~~Revenue Recognition~~Leases

The Company ~~analyzes~~determines whether the arrangement is or contains a lease at the inception of the arrangement and if such a lease is classified as a financing lease or operating lease. The majority of the Company’s leases are classified as operating leases. Leases with a term greater than one year are included in operating lease ROU Assets, lease liabilities, current portion, and lease liabilities, net of current portion in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The Company has elected not to recognize on the condensed consolidated balance sheets leases with terms of one year or less. Lease liabilities and their corresponding ROU Assets are recorded based on the present value of lease payments over the expected lease term. In determining the net present value of lease payments, the interest rate implicit in lease contracts is typically not readily determinable. As such, the Company estimates the appropriate incremental borrowing rate, which is the rate that would be incurred to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment. Certain adjustments to the ROU Assets may be required for items such as initial direct costs paid or incentives received and impairment charges if the Company determines the ROU Asset is impaired.

The Company considers a lease term to be the non-cancelable period that it has the right to use the underlying asset, including any periods where it is reasonably assured the Company will exercise the option to extend the contract. Periods covered by an option to extend are included in the lease term if the lessor controls the exercise of that option.

The Company recognizes lease expense on a straight-line basis over the expected lease term.

The Company has elected not to separate lease and non-lease components for its leased assets and accounts for all lease and non-lease components of its agreements as a single lease component. The lease components resulting

in an ROU Asset have been recorded on the condensed consolidated balance sheets and amortized as lease expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Revenue Recognition

The Company performs research and development under collaboration, license, grant and clinical development agreements. The Company’s revenue primarily consists of collaboration agreements and grant agreements. At contract inception, the Company analyzes a revenue arrangement to determine the appropriate accounting under U.S. GAAP. Currently, the Company’s revenue arrangements represent customer contracts within the scope of ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASC 606”) or are subject to the contribution guidance in ASC Topic 958-605, Not-for-Profit Entities – Revenue Recognition (“ASC 958-605”), which applies to business entities that receive contributions within the scope of ASC 958-605.

For collaboration agreements, the Company analyzes such arrangements to assess whether ~~such arrangements~~they involve joint operating activities performed by parties that are both active participants in the activities and exposed to significant risks and rewards dependent on the commercial success of such activities. This assessment is performed throughout the life of the arrangement based on changes in the responsibilities of all parties in the arrangement. For collaboration arrangements that are considered to be in the scope of the collaboration guidance and that contain multiple elements, the Company first determines which elements of the collaboration are deemed to be within the scope of the collaboration guidance and those that are more reflective of a vendor-customer relationship and, therefore, within the scope of the revenue with contracts with ~~customer~~customers guidance. ~~For elements~~Elements of collaboration arrangements that are reflective of a vendor-customer relationship are accounted for pursuant to the revenue from contracts with ~~customer guidance, an appropriate recognition method is determined and applied consistently, generally by analogy to the revenue from contracts with~~ customers guidance.

The terms of the licensing and collaboration agreements entered into typically include payment of one or more of the following:non-refundable,up-front fees; development, regulatory, and commercial milestone payments; payments for manufacturing supply services; and royalties on net sales of licensed products. Each of these payments results in license, collaboration and other revenues, except for revenues from royalties on net sales of licensed products, which are classified as royalty revenues. The core principle of the accounting for revenue from contracts with customers guidance is to recognize revenues when promised goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that is expected to be received in exchange for those goods or services.

In determining the appropriate amount of revenue to be recognized as the Company fulfills its obligations under each of its agreements, the Company performs the following steps: (i) identification of the promised goods or services in the contract; (ii) determination of whether the promised goods or services are performance obligations, including whether they are distinct in the context of the contract; (iii) measurement of the transaction price, including the constraint on variable consideration; (iv) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations based on estimated selling prices; and (v) recognition of revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies each performance obligation.

Amounts received prior to satisfying the revenue recognition criteria are recorded as deferred revenue in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. If the related performance obligation is expected to be satisfied within the next twelve (12) months, this will be classified in current liabilities. Amounts recognized as revenue prior to receipt are recorded as contract assets in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. If the Company expects to have an unconditional right to receive consideration in the next twelve (12) months, this will be classified in current assets. A net contract asset or liability is presented for each contract with a customer.

At contract inception, the Company assesses the goods or services promised in a contract with a customer and identifies those distinct goods and services that represent a performance obligation. A promised good or service may not be identified as a performance obligation if it is immaterial in the context of the contract with the customer, if it is not separately identifiable from other promises in the contract (either because it is not capable of being separated or because it is not separable in the context of the contract), or if the performance obligation does not provide the customer with a material right.

The Company considers the terms of the contract and its customary business practices to determine the transaction price. The transaction price is the amount of consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring promised goods or services to a customer. The consideration promised in a contract with a customer may include fixed amounts, variable amounts, or both. Variable consideration will only be included in the transaction price when it is not considered constrained, which is when it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur.

If it is determined that multiple performance obligations exist, the transaction price is allocated at the inception of the agreement to all identified performance obligations, based on the relative standalone selling prices. The relative selling price for each ~~deliverable~~performance obligation is estimated using objective evidence if it is available. If objective evidence is not available, the Company uses its best estimate of the selling price for the ~~deliverable.~~performance obligation.

Revenue is recognized when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation by transferring a promised good or service to a customer. An asset is transferred when, or as, the customer obtains control of that asset, which for a service is considered to be as the services are received and used. The Company recognizes revenue over time by measuring the progress toward complete satisfaction of the relevant performance obligation, using an appropriate input or output method based on the nature of the good or service promised to the customer.

After contract inception, the transaction price is reassessed at every period end and updated for changes, such as resolution of uncertain events. Any change in the transaction price is allocated to the performance obligations on the same basis as at contract inception.

Management may be required to exercise considerable judgment in estimating revenue to be recognized. Judgment is required in identifying performance obligations, estimating the transaction price, estimating the stand-alone selling prices of identified performance obligations ~~which~~(which may include forecasted revenue, development timelines, reimbursement rates for personnel costs, discount rates and probabilities of technical and regulatory ~~success,~~success) and estimating the progress towards satisfaction of performance obligations.

~~Net Loss per Share~~

~~Basic net loss per share~~For grant funding agreements, grant revenue is ~~calculated by dividing the net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding~~recognized during the period ~~without consideration for common stock equivalents. Diluted net loss per share is~~that the ~~same~~research and development services occur, as ~~basic net loss per share, since the effects of potentially dilutive securities~~qualifying expenses are ~~antidilutive given the net loss for each period presented.~~

~~Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements~~

~~In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”)No. 2016-02,~~ ~~Leases (Topic 842). ASUNo. 2016-02~~ ~~amends a number of aspects of lease accounting, including requiring lessees to recognize almost all leases with a term greater than one year as aright-of-use~~ asset and corresponding liability, measured at the present value of the lease payments. Subsequent measurement, including the presentation of expenses and cash flows, will depend on the classification of the lease as either a finance or an operating lease. Initial costs directly attributable to negotiating and arranging the lease will be included in the asset. For public entities, this standard is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 31, 2018, including interim periods within that reporting period. Originally, entities were required to adopt ASU~~No. 2016-02~~ using a modified retrospective approach, which required prior periods to be presented under this new standard with various practical expedients allowed. In July 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU~~No. 2018-11,~~ Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements, which now allow entities the option of recognizing the cumulative effect of applying the new standard as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the year of adoption (January 1, 2019) while continuing to present all prior periods under previous lease accounting guidance.incurred. The Company ~~will adopt this standard on January 1, 2019 using~~concluded that payments received under these grants represent nonreciprocal contributions, as described in ASC 958, Not-for-Profit Entities, and that the modified retrospective approach with a cumulative effect adjustment to accumulated deficit at the beginning of the period of adoption. The Company will also adopt certain practical expedients provided by ASU 2018-11. Management is in the process of inventorying and scoping the Company’s population of leased assets in order to assess the impact of Topic 842. While the Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this standard on its financial statements and related disclosures, the Company anticipates recognition of additional assets and corresponding liabilities related to leases on its balance sheets, expanded footnote disclosures and potential changes to how the Company has accounted for its Pleasanton Lease.

~~In June 2018, the FASB issued ASUNo. 2018-07,~~~~Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting~~~~. ASUNo. 2018-07~~ ~~is intended to reduce cost and complexity and to improve financial reporting for share-based payments issued tonon-employees~~ (for example, service providers, external legal counsel, suppliers, etc.). The ASU expands the scope of Topic 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation, which currently only includes share-based payments issued to employees, to also include share-based payments issued to~~non-employees~~ ~~for goods and services. Consequently, the accounting for share-based payments tonon-employees~~ ~~and employees will be substantially aligned. ASUNo. 2018-07~~ is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption of the standard is permitted. The standard will be applied in a retrospective approach for each period presented. The Company is currently evaluating the timing and impact of adopting this accounting standard update on its financial statements and related disclosures.

~~In August 2018, the FASB issued ASUNo. 2018-13,~~~~Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement.~~~~ASUNo. 2018-13~~ eliminates, adds and modifies certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements and requires companies to disclose certain information. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this accounting update on its financial statements and related disclosures.

~~In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-18,~~~~Collaborative Arrangements (Topic 808): Clarifying the Interaction between Topic 808 and Topic 606~~, which clarifies that certain transactions between collaborative arrangement participants should be accounted for as revenue under Topic 606 when the collaborative arrangement participant is a customer in the context of a unit of account. In those situations, all the guidance in Topic 606 should be applied, including recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure requirements. The standard adds unit-of-account guidance in Topic 808 to align with the guidance in Topic 606 (that is, a distinct good or service) when an entity is assessing whether the collaborative arrangement or a part of the arrangement isgrants are not within the scope of ~~Topic~~ASC 606 ~~and requires that in a transaction with a collaborative arrangement participant that is~~as the organization providing the grant does not directly related to sales to third parties, presenting the transaction together with revenue recognized under Topic 606 is precluded if the collaborative arrangement participant is not a customer. The standard is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted, including adoption in any interim period for public business entities for periods in which financial statements have not been issued. Amendments in the standard should be applied retrospectively to the date of initial application of Topic 606, but entities may elect to apply the amendments in this Update retrospectively either to all contracts or only to contracts that are not completed at the date of initial application of Topic 606, and should disclose the election. An entity may also elect to apply the practical expedient for contract modifications that is permitted for entities using the modified retrospective transition method in Topic 606. The Company is currently assessing the impact of this standard on its condensed financial statements.


*~~Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements~~*

~~In January 2017, the FASB issued ASUNo. 2017-01,~~~~Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business~~~~. This ASU clarifies~~meet the definition of a ~~business when evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses.~~ customer. Grant revenue relates primarily to the CEPI and Gates Funding Agreements (see Note 9).

Income Taxes

The Company ~~adopted ASUNo. 2017-01~~ ~~effective~~did not record income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, as the Company expected to be in a cumulative taxable loss position in 2023 and 2022, and the net deferred tax assets are fully offset by a valuation allowance as it is not more likely than not that the benefit will be realized. As of March 31, 2023, the Company remains in a cumulative book loss position and does not have sufficient positive evidence to realize its net deferred tax assets. As such, the Company continues to maintain a full valuation allowance against its net deferred tax assets.

Effective January 1, ~~2018. The adoption of this accounting standards update did not have~~2022, a ~~material impact on the Company’s condensed financial statements.~~

~~In May 2017, the FASB issued ASUNo. 2017-09,~~ ~~Compensation –~~~~Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting~~, which clarifies when to account for a change to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award as a modification. Under the new guidance, modification accounting is required only if the fair value, the vesting conditions, or the classification of the award (as equity or liability) changes as a result of the change in the terms or conditions. This standard was adopted as of January 1, 2018 and will be applied prospectively to any award modified after the adoption date, and the adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements.

On December 22, 2017, the U.S. federal government enacted the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“the Act”). The Tax Act contains, among other things, significant changes to corporate taxation, including reduction of the corporate tax rate from a top marginal rate of 35% to a flat rate of 21% for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017, limitation of the deduction for net operating losses to 80% of current year taxable income and elimination of net operating loss carrybacks, implementing a territorial tax system, and requiring a mandatory~~one-time~~ ~~tax on U.S. owned undistributed foreign earnings and profits known as the transition tax. In December 2017, SEC staff issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118, Income Tax Accounting Implications~~provision of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ~~(“SAB 118”)~~(TCJA) took effect creating a significant change to ~~address~~ the ~~accounting implications~~treatment of ~~recently enacted U.S. federal tax reform. SAB 118 allows companies to record provisional amounts during a measurement period not to extend beyond one year~~research and experimental expenditures under Section 174 of the ~~enactment date~~Internal Revenue Code (Sec. 174 expenses). Historically, businesses have had the option of deducting Sec. 174 expenses in the year incurred or capitalizing and amortizing the costs over five years. The new TCJA provision, however, eliminates this option and will require Sec. 174 expenses associated with research conducted in the United States to ~~address ongoing guidance~~be capitalized and ~~tax interpretations that are expected~~amortized over ~~the next 12 months. The Company has adopted SAB 118 and currently considers its accounting~~a five-year period. For expenses associated with research outside of the ~~impact of U.S. federal tax reform to~~United States, Sec. 174 expenses will be ~~incomplete but continues to make~~capitalized and amortized over a reasonable estimate of the effects on our existing deferred tax assets. The Company expects to complete the remainder of the analysis within the measurement period in accordance with SAB 118. Adjustments, if any, are15-year period. This provision is not expected to have a material impact to the Company's financial statements.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-06, Debt - Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging - Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (“ASU 2020-06”). The standard eliminates the beneficial conversion and cash conversion accounting models for convertible instruments. It also amends the accounting for certain contracts in an entity’s own equity that are currently accounted for as derivatives because of specific settlement provisions. In addition, the standard modifies how particular convertible instruments and certain contracts that may be settled in cash or shares impact the ~~statement of operations and comprehensive loss due to the full valuation allowance on the Company’s deferred tax assets~~.

~~In August 2018, the SEC adopted~~diluted EPS computation. The amendments ~~to certain disclosure requirements~~ in ~~Securities Act ReleaseNo. 33-10532,~~~~Disclosure Update and Simplification~~. These amendments eliminate, modify, or integrate into other SEC requirements certain disclosure rules. Among the amendments is the requirement to present an analysis of changes in stockholders’ equity in the interim financial statements included in quarterly reports on Form~~10-Q.~~ ~~The analysis, which can be presented as a footnote or separate statement, is required for the current and comparative quarter andyear-to-date~~ ~~interim periods. The amendments~~ASU 2020-06 are effective for ~~all filings made on or after November 5, 2018. In light of~~ the anticipated timing of effectiveness of the amendments and expected proximity of effectiveness to the filing date for most filers’ quarterly reports, the SEC’s Division of Corporate Finance issued a Compliance and Disclosure Interpretation related to Exchange Act Forms, or CDI – Question 105.09, that provides transition guidance related to this disclosure requirement. CDI – Question 105.09 states thatCompany as defined by the SEC ~~would~~for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, but not ~~object if the filer’s first presentation of the changes in shareholders’ equity is included in its Form10-Q~~ ~~for the quarter that begins~~earlier than fiscal years beginning after the effective date of the amendments. As such, the Company adopted these SEC amendments on November 5, 2018 and will present the analysis of changes in stockholders’ equity in its interim financial statements in its March 31, 2019 Form~~10-Q.~~December 15, 2020. The Company does not ~~anticipate that~~expect the adoption of ~~these SEC amendments will~~ASU 2020-06 to have a material ~~effect~~impact on ~~the Company’s~~its condensed consolidated financial ~~position, results of operations, cash flows or stockholders’ equity.~~statements and related disclosures.

3.	~~Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities~~

3. Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities

The amortized ~~cost,~~costs, unrealized gains and losses and fair values of cash equivalents and marketable securities were as follows (in thousands):


	September 30, 2018							March 31, 2023
Description	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains	Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds		$37,229	$—		$—		$37,229	$	24,674	$	—	$	—		$	24,674
Commercial paper		6,990	—		(2)		6,988		2,391		—		—			2,391
Corporate debt securities		4,501	—		(3)		4,498		2,822		—		—			2,822

		$48,720	$—		$(5)		$48,715

Classified as:
Cash equivalents							$37,229
Marketable securities							11,486

							$48,715

U.S. government treasuries									3,987		—		—			3,987
Total cash equivalents									33,874		—		—			33,874
Short-term marketable securities:
U.S. government treasuries									22,139		3		(20	)		22,122
Asset backed securities									484		—		—			484
U.S. government debt securities									26,967		19		(6	)		26,980
Certificates of deposit									948		—		—			948
Commercial paper									28,759		6		(5	)		28,760
Corporate debt securities									19,435		—		(49	)		19,386
Total short-term marketable securities									98,732		28		(80	)		98,680
Total								$	132,606	$	28	$	(80	)	$	132,554


	December 31, 2022
Description	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	38,191	$	—	$	—		$	38,191
Total cash equivalents		38,191		—		—			38,191
Short-term marketable securities:
Certificates of deposit		948		1		—			949
Commercial paper		33,318		23		(13	)		33,328
Corporate debt securities		21,887		6		(40	)		21,853
U.S. government treasuries		35,608		3		(71	)		35,540
U.S. government debt securities		24,703		22		(6	)		24,719
Total short-term marketable securities		116,464		55		(130	)		116,389
Long-term marketable securities:
Corporate debt securities		933		—		(1	)		932
U.S. government treasuries		3,103		—		(4	)		3,099
Total long-term marketable securities		4,036		—		(5	)		4,031
Total	$	158,691	$	55	$	(135	)	$	158,611

   December 31, 2017
Description
   Amortized
Cost
Unrealized
Gains
   Unrealized
Losses    Fair
Value
Money market funds
   $27,711    $—    $—      $27,711
Commercial paper
   32,257    —    (48)      32,209
Corporate debt securities
   19,930    —    (26)      19,904








   $79,898    $—    $(74)      $79,824








Classified as:

Cash equivalents
            $32,878
Marketable securities
            46,946


            $79,824

All marketable securities held as of ~~September 30, 2018,~~March 31, 2023 had contractual maturities of less than one ~~year.~~year. There have been no material realized gains or losses on marketable securities for the periods presented. ~~None~~As of March 31, 2023, the ~~Company’s investments in marketable~~Company did not hold any individual securities ~~has been~~ in an unrealized loss position for ~~more than one year.~~12 months or greater. The Company ~~determined that it did have~~has the ability and intent to hold all marketable securities that have been in a continuous loss position until maturity or ~~recovery, thus~~recovery. No significant facts or circumstances have arisen to indicate that there has been any significant deterioration in the creditworthiness of the issuers of the securities held by us. The Company considered the current and expected future economic and market conditions and determined that the estimate of credit losses was not significantly impacted. Thus, there has been no ~~recognition~~change in estimate of ~~any other-than-temporary impairment in~~expected credit loss during the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2018~~March 31, 2023 and ~~2017.~~

4.	~~Fair Value Measurements~~

no allowance for credit loss was recorded at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The Company ~~determines~~will continue to assess the current and expected future economic and market conditions as further development arises.

See Note 4 for further information regarding the fair value of ~~financial andnon-financial~~ assets and liabilities based on the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability in orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The identification of market participant assumptions provides a basis for determining what inputs are to be used for pricing each asset or liability. A fair value hierarchy has been established which gives precedence to fair value measurements calculated using observable inputs over those using unobservable inputs. This hierarchy prioritizes the inputs into three broad levels as follows:

~~Level 1 inputs are quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the market date for identical assets or liabilities.~~

~~Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly.~~

~~Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs that reflect~~ the Company’s own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the assets or liability. Financial assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.financial instruments.

The carrying amounts reflected on the balance sheets for cash and cash equivalents, prepaid expenses and other current assets, accounts payable, accrued compensation and accrued liabilities approximate their fair values due to their short-term nature.10

4. Fair Value Measurements

The Company’s financial assets ~~and liabilities~~ subject to fair value measurements on a recurring basis and the level of inputs used in such measurements were as follows (in thousands):


	September 30, 2018								March 31, 2023
Description	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds		$37,229		$37,229		$ —		$—	$	24,674	$	24,674	$	—	$	—
Commercial paper		6,988		—		6,988		—		2,391		—		2,391		—
Corporate debt securities		4,498		—		4,498		—		2,822		—		2,822		—

		$48,715		$37,229		$11,486		$—

U.S. government treasuries										3,987		3,987		—		—
Total cash equivalents										33,874		28,661		5,213		—
Short-term marketable securities:
U.S. government treasuries										22,122		22,122		—		—
Asset backed securities										484		—		484		—
U.S. government debt securities										26,980		—		26,980		—
Certificates of deposit										948		—		948		—
Commercial paper										28,760		—		28,760		—
Corporate debt securities										19,386		—		19,386		—
Total short-term marketable securities										98,680		22,122		76,558		—
Total									$	132,554	$	50,783	$	81,771	$	—


	December 31, 2022
Description	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	38,191	$	38,191	$	—	$	—
Total cash equivalents		38,191		38,191		—		—
Short-term marketable securities:
Certificates of deposit		949		—		949		—
Commercial paper		33,328		—		33,328		—
Corporate debt securities		21,853		—		21,853		—
U.S. government treasuries		35,540		35,540		—		—
U.S. government debt securities		24,719		—		24,719		—
Total short-term marketable securities		116,389		35,540		80,849		—
Long-term marketable securities:
Corporate debt securities		932		—		932		—
U.S. government treasuries		3,099		3,099		—		—
Total long-term marketable securities		4,031		3,099		932		—
Total	$	158,611	$	76,830	$	81,781	$	—

   December 31, 2017
Description
   Total    Level 1    Level 2    Level 3
Money market funds
   $27,711    $27,711    $      —      $—
Commercial paper
   32,209    —      32,209    —
Corporate debt securities
   19,904    —      19,904    —








   $79,824    $27,711    $52,113    $—

The Company measures the fair value of money market funds and U.S. treasuries based on quoted prices in active markets for identical securities. Commercial paper, corporate debt securities, certificates of deposits, asset backed securities, and ~~corporate~~U.S. government debt securities are valued taking into consideration valuations obtained from third-party pricing services. ~~The~~These pricing services utilize industry standard valuation models, including both income and market-based approaches, for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly, to estimate fair value. These inputs include reported trades of, and broker/dealer quotes on, the same or similar securities, issuer credit spreads; benchmark securities; prepayment/default projections based on historical data; and other observable inputs.

There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 during the periods presented. See Note 3 for further information regarding the amortized cost of the Company’s financial instruments.

5.	~~Property and Equipment, Net~~

5. Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment and related accumulated depreciation and amortization are as follows (in thousands):


					March 31,			December 31,
	September 30, 2018		December 31, 2017		2023			2022
Computer equipment and software	$	470	$	353	$	1,403		$	1,155
Furniture and fixtures		809		785		2,285			2,285
Laboratory equipment		12,999		10,515		27,369			27,309
Leasehold improvements		3,038		2,977		18,537			18,024
Buildings and improvements capitalized under a lease financing transaction		15,371		15,371

		32,687		30,001		49,594			48,773
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization		(5,675)		(2,790)		(30,581	)		(28,782	)

	$	27,012	$	27,211

Construction-in-progress						1,352			1,344
Total property and equipment, net					$	20,365		$	21,335

Depreciation and amortization expense was ~~$1.0~~$1.8 million and ~~$2.9~~$1.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and ~~nine month periods ended September 30, 2018,~~March 31, 2022, respectively.

6. Commitments and ~~$0.5 million~~Contingencies

Leases

The Company leases office, laboratory and ~~$1.3 million for the three~~storage space in facilities at several locations:

Emeryville Lease

The Company’s principal executive offices in Emeryville, California, consisting of office and ~~nine month periods ended September 30, 2017.~~

6.	~~Commitments and Contingencies~~

~~Leases~~

~~In November 2015,~~laboratory space, are leased pursuant to a 120-month operating lease (the “Emeryville Lease”), which the Company entered into an~~84-monthnon-cancelable~~ ~~operating lease, effective March 2016, for a new facility~~ in ~~Emeryville, California,~~January 2019, with ~~laboratory and office space.~~the obligation to pay rent commencing in November 2019. In conjunction with signing the ~~lease,~~Emeryville Lease, the Company paid a cash security deposit of ~~$0.05 million.~~$0.6 million, which is recorded as a deposit on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2023. The ~~lease agreement~~Emeryville Lease includes a free rent period, an escalation clause for increased rent and a renewal provision allowing the Company to extend this lease for an additional ~~three years~~twofive-year periods at the ~~prevailing rental rate. In September 2018 the Emeryville lease was amended whereby the Company entered into a12-month~~ ~~operating lease for additional temporary space. The Company may terminate the temporary space lease agreement with 30 days advanced written notice to the Landlord.~~

~~In February 2016, the Company entered into a67-monthnon-cancelable~~ operating lease effective October 2016 for a new facility in Cambridge, Massachusetts, with laboratory and office space. In conjunction with signing the lease, the Company paid a cash security deposit of $0.3 million. The lease agreement includes an escalation clause for increased rent and a renewal provision allowing the Company to extend this lease for an additional three years at the prevailingthen market rental rate. The lessor provided the Company a tenant improvement allowance for a total of ~~$2.1~~$4.0 million to complete the laboratory and office renovation. The Company ~~recorded~~has determined the tenant ~~allowance received as leasehold~~ improvements ~~under the property~~to be lessee owned and ~~equipment account~~therefore has recorded a $7.9 million ROU Asset and ~~deferred rent~~a $12.5 million lease liability on the ~~accompanying~~ condensed consolidated balance ~~sheets.~~

sheet as of March 31, 2023. The Company recorded a $8.1 million ROU Asset and a $12.8 million lease liability on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022.

Pleasanton Leases

~~In March 2017, the~~The Company ~~entered into a noncancelable operating lease (the Pleasanton Lease) to lease~~ leases 42,620 square feet of office, cleanroom, and laboratory support manufacturing space in Pleasanton, California pursuant to a non-cancelable operating lease (the ~~Pleasanton Facility). Subsequently, in April 2017,~~“Pleasanton Lease”), which the Company ~~took possession of~~entered into in March 2017, with the ~~space.~~obligation to pay rent commencing in December 2017. The Pleasanton Lease includes a free rent period, escalating rent payments and a term that expires on November 30, ~~2024.~~2024. The Company ~~has the option to~~may extend the lease term for a period of five years at the then market rental rate. ~~The Company’s obligation to pay rent commenced on December 1, 2017.~~ The Company obtained an irrevocable letter of credit in March 2017 in the initial amount of approximately ~~$1.0~~$1.0 million as a security deposit to the Pleasanton Lease, which may be drawn down by the landlord in the event the Company fails to fully and faithfully perform ~~all of~~ its ~~obligations.~~obligations under the Pleasanton lease. The letter of credit may be reduced based on certain levels of cash and cash equivalents the Company holds. In October 2022, the letter of credit was reduced to a balance of $0.6 million. As of March 31, 2023, none of the irrevocable letter of credit amount had been drawn. The Pleasanton Lease further provides that the Company is obligated to pay to the landlord its proportionate share of certain basic operating costs, including taxes and operating expenses.

In connection with the Pleasanton Lease, the Company received a tenant improvement allowance of ~~$1.2~~$1.2 million from the landlord for the costs associated with the design, development and construction of tenant ~~improvements for the Pleasanton Facility.~~improvements. The ~~scope~~unamortized tenant improvement balance is recognized as a component of ~~the tenant improvements did not qualify under the~~operating lease accounting guidance as “normal tenant improvements” and the Company was deemed owner of the leased building during the construction period for accounting purposes. The Company has therefore capitalized the $9.3 million fair value of the leased building within property and equipment, net, and recognized a corresponding~~non-current~~ lease financing obligation in the condensed balance sheet as of December 31, 2017 and September 30, 2018. The fair value of the leased building was estimated using a market approach that utilized comparable observable sales for similar assets (Level 2 inputs). The Company has also recognized building improvements totaling $6.1 million for additions to the leased building incurred by the Company during the construction period, of which $1.2 million were due but had not yet been received from the landlord as of December 31, 2017 and were recorded as an increase to the lease financing obligation and prepaid and other current assetsROU Assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet. Such amount were subsequently reimbursed by the landlord in April 2018. In November 2017, construction on the Pleasanton Facility was substantially completed and the leased property was placed into service. The Company determined the completed construction project did not qualify for sale-leaseback accounting due to the collateral held by the landlord in the form of a letter of credit and instead has been accounted for as a financing lease transaction. The leased building for the Pleasanton Facility and related improvements remain on the Company’s balance sheetsheets as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2017 and rental payments associated with the Pleasanton Lease have been allocated to operating lease expense for the ground underlying the leased building and principal and interest payments on the lease financing obligation.2022.

Rent expense recorded by the Company associated with the ground lease was not material for any period presented. Total interest, which represents the cost of the lease financing obligation under the Pleasanton Lease agreement, was approximately $0.2 million and $0.6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, which was recognized within the statement of operations and comprehensive loss. No interest expense was recognized for the lease financing obligation while the leased building was being constructed during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017. The allocation of the Pleasanton Lease payment to ground lease rent expense and principal and interest expense on the lease financing obligation was estimated using income and market approaches that utilized comparable observable sales for similar assets, land capitalization rates and an estimate of the Company’s incremental borrowing rate (Level 2 and Level 3 inputs).12

In ~~September 2018,~~addition, in May 2019, the Company entered into a~~24-monthnon-cancellable~~64-month non-cancelable operating lease for additional office space in Pleasanton, California, with an obligation to pay rent commencing in August 2019. In January 2022, the Company amended the lease to add additional ~~facility~~leased space and extend the lease expiration date to February 2027.

Cambridge Leases

The Company leases laboratory, office and storage space in several facilities in Cambridge, Massachusetts, pursuant to three separate agreements:

The Company’s facility located at 40 Erie Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts is leased pursuant to a 67-month non-cancelable operating lease (the “40 Erie Lease”), which the Company entered into in February 2016, with an obligation to pay rent commencing in October 2016. The lessor provided the Company a tenant improvement allowance for a total of $2.1 million to complete the laboratory and office ~~space.~~ renovation. In September 2021, the Company executed an amendment to the 40 Erie Lease, which extends its term through April 2025 and provides for monthly base rent amounts, subject to annual increases over the term of the lease.

The Company’s facility located at 21 Erie Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts is leased pursuant to a 24-month non-cancelable operating lease (the “21 Erie Lease”), which the Company entered into in September 2018. The 21 Erie Lease has since been amended five times, as a result of which the lease term extends through June 2023.

In March 2021, the Company entered into a 17-month operating lease (the “Cambridge Storage Lease”) for additional office and laboratory storage space in Cambridge, Massachusetts, which commenced on April 1, 2021. The Company also paid an insignificant cash security deposit. The Cambridge Storage Lease was amended in June 2022 to extend the lease term through June 30, 2023.

In conjunction with ~~signing~~ the ~~lease,~~40 Erie Lease, the 21 Erie Lease and the Cambridge Storage Lease, each as amended (if applicable), the Company ~~prepaid~~has paid certain cash security deposits, which in each case included amounts for the ~~first twelve months base~~applicable last month’s rent and has been classified as part of the operating lease ROU Assets. As of March 31, 2023, of the $0.5 million security deposits, $0.2 million was recorded in ~~the amount of $1.3 million which is included in prepaid expenses~~prepaids and other ~~current~~ assets onand the ~~condensed balance sheet as of September 30, 2018 and a cash security deposit of $0.3~~remaining $0.3 million was recorded in deposits and other long-term ~~assets.~~ assets on the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheet. As of December 31, 2022, of the $0.7 million security deposits, $0.4 million was recorded in prepaids and other assets and the remaining $0.3 million was recorded in deposits and other long-term assets on the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheet.

Boston Lease

The Company plans to occupy a newly built facility in Boston, Massachusetts, with office and laboratory space, in 2023 pursuant to a 120-month operating lease ~~agreement~~(the “Boston Lease”), which the Company entered into in September 2021. The Boston Lease includes a free rent period, an escalation clause for increased ~~rent.~~

rent and a renewal provision allowing the Company to extend the Boston Lease for two additional five-year periods at the then market rental rate. The landlord provided the Company with a tenant improvement allowance of up to approximately $19.1 million for costs relating to the design, permitting and construction of improvements. The Company’s obligation to pay rent is expected to commence in the second half of 2023, subject to free rent periods of three and six months with respect to certain premises. The Company expects to be provided early access to the premises to install fixtures and equipment 60 days prior to the anticipated rent commencement date. The Boston Lease is expected to expire in 2033. The Boston Lease further provides that the Company is obligated to pay to the landlord its proportionate share of certain basic operating costs, including taxes and operating expenses. In connection with the Boston Lease and as a security deposit thereunder, the Company has provided the landlord an irrevocable letter of credit in the amount of approximately $4.6 million, which is collateralized by a restricted cash deposit of $4.7 million, and which may be reduced in the fifth and seventh years of the Boston Lease. As of ~~September 30, 2018,~~March 31, 2023, none of the irrevocable letter of credit amount had been drawn.

As of March 31, 2023, the Company has not recognized a ROU Asset or lease liability for the Boston Lease as it did not control the underlying assets at any time in the three months ended March 31, 2023. Under the Boston Lease, the Company is obligated to make minimum lease payments of approximately $79.1 million for the years from 2023 to 2033, which includes rent abatement during the free rent periods.

The Company’s operating leases include various covenants, indemnities, defaults, termination rights, security deposits and other provisions customary for lease transactions of this nature.

The components of lease costs, which were included in our condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, were as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Lease cost
Operating lease cost	$	2,164	$	2,253
Total lease cost	$	2,164	$	2,253

Supplemental information related to leases was as follows:


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023			2022
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities (in thousands):
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	2,094		$	2,034
New right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations (in thousands):
Operating leases	$	—		$	781
Weighted-average remaining lease term (years):
Operating leases		5.1			5.3
Weighted-average discount rate:
Operating leases		7.9	%		7.4	%

As of March 31, 2023, minimum annual rental payments under the Company’s~~non-cancelable~~ ~~operating~~ lease agreements ~~and lease financing obligation~~ are as follows (in thousands):

   Lease
Financing
Obligation      Operating
Leases
2018 (remaining three months)
     $ 197      $ 455
2019
   794    2,329
2020
   818    2,673
2021
   843    1,803
2022
   868    1,118
Thereafter
   1,737    396




Total minimum payments
   5,257      $ 8,774


Less: Amount representing interest expense
   (4,627)



   630
Residual value of lease financing obligation
   9,896



   10,526
Less: Lease financing obligation, short-term
   (24)



Lease financing obligation, long-term
     $ 10,502


	Lease Financing Obligation
Year ending December 31,
2023 (remaining nine months)	$	6,456
2024		12,527
2025		10,658
2026		10,376
2027		10,466
Thereafter		52,348
Total minimum payments		102,831
Less: Amounts representing interest expense		(4,515	)
Less: Amounts representing lease payments under the Boston Lease		(79,113	)
Present value of future minimum lease payments		19,203
Less: Current portion of lease liability		(4,628	)
Noncurrent portion of lease liability	$	14,575

Guarantees and Indemnifications

~~Rent expense~~The Company, as permitted under Delaware law and in accordance with its certificate of incorporation and bylaws, and pursuant to indemnification agreements with certain of its officers and directors, indemnifies its officers and directors for certain events or occurrences, subject to certain limits, with respect to which the officer or director is or was $0.5 million and $1.1 million for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018 and $0.3 million and $0.9 million for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2017, respectively.

~~Agreement with CRO~~

In September 2017, the Company entered into a contract research and development agreement with a third party contract research organization (“CRO”) to provide research, analysis and antibody samples to furtherserving at the Company’s ~~development of its drug candidates. Under the agreement, the Company paid an upfront payment of $0.5 million to the CRO.~~request in such capacity. The ~~upfront payment has been capitalized and will be recognized as research and development expense using the straight-line method over the~~ term of the ~~agreement, which~~indemnification period lasts as long as an officer or director may be subject to any proceeding arising out of acts or omissions of such officer or director in such capacity. The maximum amount of potential future indemnification is ~~one year.~~unlimited; however, the Company currently holds director and officer liability insurance. This insurance limits the Company’s exposure and may enable it to recover a portion of any future amounts paid. The Company ~~is also obligated to pay up to $0.9 million to~~believes that the CRO upon the completion of certain phases of the research services. These costs will be recorded to research and development expense over the expected period of each phase of the research services. The Company is also obligated to pay the CRO certain milestone payments of up to $36.4 million on achievement of specified events. Nonefair value of these ~~events had occurred as of September 30, 2018. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018,~~indemnification obligations is minimal. Accordingly, the Company has not recognized ~~a total of $0.2 million and $0.9 million of research and development expense under the agreement.~~any liabilities relating to these obligations for any period presented.

7. Balance Sheet Components

7.	~~Balance Sheet Components~~

Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consist of the following (in thousands):

   September 30,
2018    December 31,
2017
Receivable from landlord
       $ -          $ 1,226
Prepaid rent
   1,182      93
Prepaid research and development-related expenses
   1,638      628
Prepaid IPO costs
   3,004      -
Other
   904      579




       $ 6,728          $ 2,526


	March 31,		December 31,
	2023		2022
Prepaid research and development-related expenses	$	4,056	$	4,241
Collaboration receivable		112		135
Prepaid insurance		813		1,158
Interest and other receivables		454		529
Facilities-related deposits		717		384
Other		728		567
Total prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	6,880	$	7,014

Deposits and Other Long-Term Assets

Deposits and other long-term assets consist of the following (in thousands):

   September 30,
2018    December 31,
2017
Lease security deposit
       $ 632          $ 368
Prepaid research and development-related expenses
   415      -
Restricted cash
   992      992
Other
   -      250




       $ 2,039          $ 1,610


	March 31,		December 31,
	2023		2022
Lease security deposits	$	934	$	934
Prepaid research and development-related expenses		488		643
Prepaid rent		12,495		8,162
Total deposits and other long-term assets	$	13,917	$	9,739

~~Accrued Liabilities~~

8. Debt

~~Accrued current liabilities consist~~In July 2022, the Company entered into a loan and security agreement (the “Loan Agreement”) with Hercules Capital, Inc. (“Hercules”) and Silicon Valley Bank (“SVB”), which provides the Company a 60-month term loan facility for up to $80.0 million in borrowing capacity across five potential tranches. At the closing of the ~~following (in thousands):~~Loan Agreement, the Company drew $20.0 million from the first tranche and in March 2023, the Company drew an additional $10.0 million. The remaining tranches provide up to $50.0 million borrowing capacity and become available upon the Company meeting certain milestones set forth in the Loan Agreement. In the fourth quarter of 2022, one milestone had been achieved, which provides the Company the ability to draw up to $10 million through December 15, 2023. As of March 31, 2023, the additional $10 million remains available to be drawn by the Company. The term loan is secured by substantially all of the Company’s assets, other than intellectual property. There are no warrants associated with the Loan Agreement.

   September 30,
2018    December 31,
2017
Deferred rent
         $ 296            $ 381
Research and development-related expenses
   1,659      683
Other
   283      426




         $ 2,238            $ 1,490

Borrowings under the Loan Agreement bear interest (i) at an annual cash rate equal to the greater of (x) the lesser of (1) the prime rate (as customarily defined) and (2) 5.50%, in either case, plus 3.15%, and (y) 7.15% and (ii) at an annual payment-in-kind rate which may equal 2.00%. The Company is required to make monthly interest-only payments prior to the amortization date of January 1, 2025, subject to a potential six-month and one-year extension upon satisfaction of certain conditions. The interest-only payment date has been extended an additional six months based on the Company's achievement of one of the milestones as set forth in the Loan Agreement. In addition, the Company paid a $150,000 facility charge upon closing, and the Company must pay a facility charge equal to 0.50% of the principal amount of any borrowings made pursuant to the amounts under the last four tranches.

All unpaid principal and accrued and unpaid interest with respect to each term loan is due and payable in full on July 19, 2027. At the Company’s option, the Company may prepay all or any portion of the outstanding borrowings, plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon and fees and expenses, subject to a prepayment premium ranging from zero to 2.5%, during the first three years after closing, depending on the year of such prepayment. Upon repayment of the term loan, the Company is required to make a final payment fee to the lenders equal to 5.75% of the aggregate original principal amount of the loan. Debt issuance costs have been treated as debt discounts on the Company’s consolidated

balance sheet and together with the final payment are being amortized to interest expense throughout the life of the term loan using the effective interest rate method.

In March 2023, Gritstone, Hercules and SVB amended the Loan Agreement to change the minimum liquidity requirements. Under the amended Loan Agreement, beginning on the earliest occurrence of certain milestones or April 1, 2024, and at all times thereafter, so long as the Company’s market capitalization is no greater than $400.0 million, the Company is subject to a minimum liquidity requirement equal to the then outstanding balance under the Loan Agreement multiplied by 0.55 or 0.45, which multiplier depends on whether the Company achieves certain performance milestones.

The Company’s obligations under the Loan Agreement, as amended, are subject to acceleration upon the occurrence of customary events of default, including payment default, insolvency and the occurrence of certain events having a material adverse effect on the Company, including (but not limited to) material adverse effects upon the business, operations, properties, assets or financial condition of the Company and its subsidiaries, taken as a whole. As of March 31, 2023, the Company is in compliance with all covenants in the Loan Agreement, as amended.

As of March 31, 2023, there were debt discounts, unamortized issuance costs and unaccreted value of the final fee of $2.1 million which were recorded as a direct deduction from the term loan on the condensed consolidated balance sheet. Interest expense related to the Loan Agreement was $0.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The effective interest rate on the term loan, including the amortization of the debt discount and issuance costs, and accretion of the final payment, was 13%. The components of the long-term debt balance are as follows:

8.	~~Collaboration and License Agreements~~

~~bluebird~~

March 31,

2023

Principal loan balance

$
30,000

Final fee

1,725

Unamortized debt discount, issuance costs, and unaccreted value of final fee

(2,149
)
Long term debt, net

$
29,576

As of March 31, 2023, the estimated future principal payments due (excluding the final payment fee) were as follows:

2023 (remaining nine months)

$
—

2024

—

2025

6,616

2026

14,108

2027

9,276

Total principal payments

$
30,000

9. Collaboration and License Agreements and Grant Revenue

2seventy bio, Inc.

In August 2018, the Company entered into a Research Collaboration and License Agreement ~~(“Collaboration Agreement”)~~ with bluebird bio, Inc. (“bluebird”). In November 2021, bluebird assigned the Research Collaboration and License Agreement (the “2seventy Agreement”) to its affiliate, 2seventy bio, Inc. (“2seventy”), in connection with bluebirds restructuring and subsequent spin-out of 2seventy. Under the terms of the ~~Collaboration~~2seventy Agreement, the Company ~~will provide~~provides to ~~bluebird~~2seventy tumor-specific targets across several tumor types and, in certain cases,~~T-cell~~ T cell receptors ~~(“TCR”)~~(TCR) directed to those targets. The Company received anon-refundable upfront payment of ~~$20.0~~$20.0 million, and ~~bluebird~~2seventy also concurrently acquired 768,115 shares of the Company’s Series C convertible preferred stock for ~~$10.0~~$10.0 million at ~~$13.04~~$13.04 per share. Per the ~~Collaboration~~2seventy Agreement, ~~bluebird~~2seventy was also provided an option to acquire shares of the Company’s common stock at the same price as all other investors in connection with the ~~IPO.~~Company’s initial public offering (“IPO”). In October 2018, ~~bluebird~~2seventy purchased 666,667 shares of the Company’s common stock at the price to the public of ~~$15.00~~$15.00 per share for a total of ~~$10.0~~$10.0 million. Under the terms of the ~~Collaboration~~2seventy Agreement, the Company is eligible to earn development, regulatory, and sales-based milestones in an amount of up to ~~$1.2~~$1.2 billion, and single-digit royalties on sales of products that utilize the technology subject to the ~~Collaboration~~2seventy Agreement.None of these events had occurred as of ~~September 30, 2018~~March 31, 2023, and no royalties were due from the sale of licensed products.

~~bluebird~~16

In August 2019, the Company entered into a First Amendment to the 2seventy Agreement, which extended the timeline for the Company and 2seventy to execute a Patient Selection Services Agreement from within one year to within two years after the effective date of the 2seventy Agreement. In August 2020, the Company entered into a Second Amendment, which extended the timeline of the Patient Selection Services Agreement to within three years and also extended the Tissue Analysis Period from February 28, 2021 to June 30, 2021. In April 2021, the Company entered into a Third Amendment, which removed the Patient Selection Services Agreement in its entirety and extended the Tissue Analysis Period from June 30, 2021 to December 31, 2021. The amendments were entered into for administrative purposes, and the Company determined the amendments were not a modification of contract under the contract with customers guidance.

2seventy may terminate the ~~Collaboration~~2seventy Agreement by giving a 120 ~~day~~-day prior written notice to the Company at any time after the effective date of the agreement. Unless terminated early, the agreement has a term that ends upon the last payment owed by ~~Gritstone~~the Company on a licensed ~~product .~~product. The ~~Collaboration~~2seventy Agreement may be terminated for cause by either party based on uncured material breach by the other party or bankruptcy of the other party. Upon early termination, all ongoing activities under the agreement and all mutual collaboration, development and commercialization licenses and sublicenses will terminate. The licenses granted by the Company to ~~bluebird~~2seventy under the licensed intellectual property will remain in effect in accordance with their respective terms. Additionally, all of ~~bluebird’s~~2seventy’s payment obligations that have not yet accrued related to future milestone and royalty payments will be reduced by ~~fifty percent~~50% for the remainder of the agreement term.

The Company concluded that ~~bluebird~~2seventy is a customer, and the contract is not subject to ~~accounting literature~~guidance on collaborative arrangements. This is because the Company granted to ~~bluebird~~2seventy a license to its intellectual property and provided research and development services, all of which are outputs of the Company’s ongoing activities, in exchange for consideration.

The Company identified the following three material promises under the ~~Collaboration~~2seventy Agreement: 1)(i) transfer of a license to intellectual property and related technologyknow-how (“License andKnow-How”); 2) (ii) the obligation to perform target selection and TCR generation services (“Research and Development Services”); and 3)(iii) participation on the Joint Steering Committee ~~(“JSC”~~(the “JSC”). The Company provided to ~~bluebird~~2seventy standard indemnification and protection of licensed intellectual property, which is part of assurance that the license meets the contract’s specifications and is not an obligation to provide goods or services.

The Company considered that the License andKnow-How has standalone functionality, was considered to be functional intellectual property, and is capable of being distinct. However, the Company determined that the License andKnow-How is not distinct from the Research and Development Services or participation on the JSC within the context of the ~~agreement~~2seventy Agreement, because ~~bluebird~~2seventy is dependent on the Company to execute the Research and Development Services and participate on the JSC in order for ~~bluebird~~2seventy to benefit from the License andKnow-How. As such, the License andKnow-How is combined with the Research and Development Services and participation on the JSC into a single performance ~~obligation. As such,~~obligation, and the transaction price under this arrangement will be allocated to this single performance obligation.

The Company has also determined that all other goods or services ~~which~~that are contingent upon ~~bluebird~~2seventy reaching various milestones are not considered performance obligations at the inception of the arrangement.

The transaction price at the inception of the ~~Collaboration~~2seventy Agreement consisted of the upfront payment of ~~$20.0~~$20.0 million and the ~~$10.0~~$10.0 million received from ~~bluebird~~2seventy for the purchase of the Company’s Series C convertible preferred stock. The sale of the Series C convertible preferred stock was not considered to be a performance obligation, as it was a separate financing component of the transaction. Accordingly, ~~$10.0~~$10.0 million of the transaction price was allocated to the issuance of 768,115 shares of Series C convertible preferred stock at fair value of ~~$13.04~~$13.04 per share and recorded in stockholders’ equity.

The variable consideration related to the remaining development, regulatory, and sales-based milestones payments has not been included in the initial transaction price ~~as these were~~and continues to be fully constrained as of ~~September 30, 2018.~~March 31, 2023. As part of its evaluation of the constraint, the Company considered numerous factors, including that receipt of the milestones is outside the control of the Company and contingent upon initiation of clinical trials for ~~early stage~~early-stage targets and ~~bluebird’s~~2seventy’s development efforts. Any variable consideration related to sales-based milestones (including royalties) will be recognized when the related sales occur, as they were determined to relate predominantly to the License andKnow-How granted to ~~bluebird.~~2seventy. The Company willre-evaluate the transaction price in each reporting period and as uncertain events are resolved or other changes in circumstances occur.

For revenue recognition purposes, the Company determined that the duration of the ~~contract~~2seventy Agreement began on the effective date in August 2018 and ends upon completion of the Research and Development Services, which is also when ~~the~~ participation on the JSC is no longer an obligation. The contract duration is defined as the period in which parties to the contract have present enforceable rights and obligations. WeThe Company also analyzed the impact of ~~bluebird~~2seventy terminating the agreement prior to August 2023 and determined, considering both quantitative and qualitative factors, that there were substantivenon-monetary penalties to ~~bluebird~~2seventy for doing so. ~~We considered quantitative and qualitative factors to reach this conclusion.~~

Revenue is recognized when, or as, the Company satisfies its performance obligation by transferring the promised services to ~~bluebird.~~2seventy. Revenue ~~will be~~is being recognized over time using a cost-based input method, based on internal labor cost effort to perform the research services, since the internal labor cost incurred over time is thought to best reflect the transfer of services to ~~bluebird.~~2seventy. In applying a cost-based input method of revenue recognition, we use actual costs incurred relative to budgeted costs to fulfill the combined performance obligation. A cost-based input method of revenue recognition requires us to make estimates of costs to complete the performance obligation. The cumulative effect of any revisions to estimated costs to complete the performance obligation will be recorded in the period in which changes are identified and amounts can be reasonably estimated. A significant change in these assumptions and estimates could have a material impact on the timing and amount of revenue recognized in future periods.

During the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized $0.4 million and $4.0 million, respectively, in collaboration revenue under the 2seventy Agreement. The amount of collaboration revenue recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2022 included a cumulative catch-up adjustment increasing contribution revenue by $3.5 million due to revisions to estimated costs to complete the remaining performance obligation. The adjustment resulted in a decrease in the Company’s loss from operations of $3.5 million and a decrease in loss per share of $0.04 for the three months ended March 31, 2022. Deferred revenue of $0.6 million and $1.0 million was recorded on the condensed consolidated balance sheets in current liabilities as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Deferred revenue relates to the performance obligations identified under the 2seventy Agreement and will be recognized over the period the performance obligations are expected to be satisfied, which is currently estimated to be through September 2023.

Changes in the deferred revenue balance during the three months ended March 31, 2023 for the 2seventy Agreement are as follows (in thousands):


	Deferred Revenue
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	1,047
Additions		—
Deductions		(417	)
Balance at March 31, 2023	$	630

There were no receivables or net contract assets recorded as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 associated with the 2seventy Agreement.

Gilead Sciences, Inc.

In January 2021, the Company entered into a Collaboration, Option and License Agreement (the “Gilead Collaboration Agreement”) with Gilead Sciences, Inc. (“Gilead”) to research and develop a vaccine-based immunotherapy as part of Gilead’s efforts to find a curative treatment for HIV infection. Under the terms of the Gilead Collaboration Agreement, the Company granted to Gilead an exclusive, worldwide license to develop and commercialize a HIV-specific therapeutic vaccine utilizing the Company’s technology. Gilead is responsible for conducting all development and commercialization activities beginning with a Phase 1 study, and the Company is responsible for contributing to preclinical research studies and participation in a joint steering committee (collectively, “research and development activities”). Concurrently with execution of the Gilead Collaboration Agreement, the Company and Gilead entered into a Supply Agreement (the “Gilead Supply Agreement”) under which the Company will supply research product and GMP product (“Product Supply”) that may be required under the Gilead Collaboration Agreement until Gilead completes its first GMP product batch, and the Company will participate in a joint manufacturing team (collectively, “product supply activities”). In addition, the Company also concurrently entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement (the “Gilead Stock Purchase Agreement”) under which Gilead acquired, in a private placement transaction, 1,169,591 shares of the Company’s common stock. The common shares were issued

to Gilead with certain registration rights and certain standstill and market stand-off provisions. The Company determined that these concurrent contracts represent a combined arrangement (“the Gilead Arrangement”).

Under the Gilead Collaboration Agreement, the Company received a non-refundable upfront payment of $30.0 million. Under the Gilead Collaboration Agreement and the Gilead Supply Agreement, the Company will receive additional reimbursement payments for expenses incurred in the research and development activities and product supply activities. Under the Gilead Stock Purchase Agreement, the common shares were sold at a price of $25.65 per share for a total of $30.0 million. The Company’s common stock at fair value on closing was $18.10 per share. If Gilead decides to move forward with development beyond the initial Phase 1 study (the “Option”), the Company will receive a $40.0 million non-refundable option fee and will be eligible to receive up to an aggregate of $685.0 million if certain clinical, regulatory and commercial milestones are achieved, as well as tiered royalties ranging from the mid-single digits to low double-digits on net sales of a therapeutic product utilizing its technology. None of these events had occurred as of March 31, 2023 and no royalties were due from the sale of licensed products.

Gilead may terminate the Gilead Collaboration Agreement for convenience by giving a 90-day prior written notice to the Company at any time after the effective date of the agreement. Unless terminated early, the agreement has a term that ends upon the expiration of the royalty term, or, if the Option is not exercised, by the end of the Option term. The Gilead Collaboration Agreement may be terminated for cause by either party based on uncured material breach by the other party, insolvency of the other party, or patent challenge. Upon early termination, all ongoing activities under the agreement and all mutual collaboration, development and commercialization licenses and sublicenses will terminate. The licenses granted by the Company to Gilead under the licensed intellectual property will remain in effect in accordance with their respective terms. Additionally, if terminated early by Gilead for convenience or by the Company for material breach or insolvency, all of Gilead’s payment obligations for reimbursable costs or for future milestone and royalty payments remain. If terminated early by Gilead for material breach or insolvency, all of Gilead’s unaccrued payment obligations related to future milestone and royalty payments will be reduced by 50% for the remainder of the agreement term. Furthermore, Gilead may terminate the Gilead Supply Agreement without cause by giving six months prior written notice and any active orders with 60-day notice without terminating the agreement, and either party may terminate based on an uncured material breach, insolvency of the other party, or in the event that the Gilead Collaboration Agreement is terminated. Upon termination, the Company will deliver all supply products that have been produced and destroy, reimburse or deliver materials that Gilead has reimbursed, and Gilead must pay for any manufacturing costs that the Company has actually incurred or committed to pay, including any cancellation costs owed to subcontractors.

The Company concluded that Gilead is a customer and therefore revenue recognition should be accounted for in accordance with ASC 606, because the Company granted to Gilead licenses to its intellectual property and will provide research and development services and Supply of Product, as defined below, all of which are outputs of the Company’s ongoing activities, in exchange for consideration. The Option, if exercised by Gilead, will be considered a modification that increases the scope of the arrangement beyond the Option Term.

The Company identified the following performance obligations under the Gilead Collaboration Agreement: (i) licenses including an exclusive (in the HIV field), royalty-free, worldwide collaboration license and transfer of know-how and an exclusive (in the HIV field) worldwide, royalty-bearing development and commercial license subject to restrictions on its use during the Option Term and an exclusive option to release such restrictions; (ii) preclinical research and development activities, manufacturing-related activities, and participation on a Joint Steering Committee; and (iii) product supply, including research and GMP product, until Gilead completes its first GMP batch, and participation on a Joint Manufacturing Team.

The Company considered that the licenses and know-how have standalone functionality, are considered to be functional intellectual property and are capable of being distinct. The Company also determined that the research and development activities and product supply by Gritstone could be provided by resources otherwise available to Gilead and thus are capable of being distinct.

The Company has also determined that the pricing for optional goods and services and release of license restrictions upon exercise of the Option do not constitute material rights and are not a potential performance obligation. The Company evaluated whether there is an interdependence between the promises and determined that the licenses are a combined solution and the predominant performance obligation, while the other promises are separately identifiable in the context of the contract; however, the research and development activities are dependent on the research product supply, which is accounted for as a combined performance obligation. As a result, the Company

identified three performance obligations in the Gilead Arrangement: (i) exclusive licenses and know-how, (ii) research and development activities and product supply, and (iii) GMP product supply.

The transaction price at the inception of the Gilead Collaboration Agreement consisted of the upfront payment of $30.0 million and the $30.0 million received for the sale of the Company’s common stock. The sale of the common stock was not considered to be a performance obligation, as it was a separate financing component of the transaction. Accordingly, $21.2 million of the transaction price was allocated to the issuance of 1,169,591shares of the Company’s common stock at fair value on closing of $18.10 per share and recorded in stockholders’ equity. The remaining $8.8 million of the common stock purchase price in excess of the fair value of the shares received is added to the transaction price for the Gilead Collaboration Agreement. In addition, the initial transaction price includes estimated variable consideration for budgeted reimbursement of research and development costs and product supply. The variable consideration related to reimbursable costs and product supply has been constrained as of March 31, 2023 based on the current research and development plan forecast. The Company will re-evaluate the transaction price in each reporting period and as uncertain events are resolved or other changes in circumstances occur.

The Company determined that the variable consideration for the $40.0 million option exercise fee and for the development, regulatory, and sales-based milestones payments were probable of significant revenue reversal as their achievement was highly dependent on factors outside the Company’s control. As a result, these payments were fully constrained and were not included in the transaction price. Any variable consideration related to sales-based milestones (including royalties) will be recognized when the related sales occur, as they were determined to relate predominantly to the exclusive licenses and know-how granted to Gilead.

The transaction price is allocated to the performance obligation based upon relative standalone selling prices, which were determined for the exclusive licenses and know-how using an adjusted market approach and for the research and development activities and product supply using a cost plus reasonable margin approach. Variable consideration is allocated to the specific performance obligations to which it relates.

For revenue recognition purposes, the Company determined that the duration of the contract began on the effective date in January 2021 and ends upon (i) the completion of the Option term, which is expected to end within four years after the effective date, if the Option is not exercised or (ii) the expiration of the royalty-term on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis. The Company also analyzed the impact of Gilead terminating the agreement prior to the end of the Option term and determined, considering both quantitative and qualitative factors, that there were substantive non-monetary penalties to Gilead for doing so.

Revenue for the exclusive licenses and know-how was recognized on the effective date of the Gilead Collaboration Agreement at the point in time that the licenses are effective. The research and development activities and product combined performance obligation and the GMP product supply performance obligation are recognized over time when, or as, the Company transfers the promised goods and services to Gilead. Research and development service and product supply revenues will be recognized over time using a cost-based input method, based on internal and external labor cost effort to perform the services, costs to acquire research materials, and costs of product supply, since the costs incurred over time are thought to best reflect the transfer of goods and services to Gilead. In applying a cost-based input method of revenue recognition, we use actual costs incurred relative to estimated total costs to fulfill each performance obligation. A cost-based input method of revenue recognition requires us to make estimates of costs to complete the performance obligation. The cumulative effect of any revisions to estimated costs to complete the performance obligation and associated variable consideration will be recorded in the period in which changes are identified and amounts can be reasonably estimated. A significant change in these assumptions and estimates could have a material impact on the timing and amount of revenue recognized in future periods.

For the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2018,~~March 31, 2023, the Company ~~has recognized $0.1~~did not record any license revenue and recorded $0.1 million as collaboration revenue as a result of satisfying its performance ~~obligation~~obligations by transferring the promised goods and services estimated by the ~~labor cost incurred. A deferred~~costs incurred for the Gilead Collaboration Agreement. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company did not record any license revenue ~~balance~~and recorded $0.7 million as collaboration revenue as a result of ~~$19.9 million is~~satisfying its performance obligations by transferring the promised goods and services estimated by the costs incurred for the Gilead Collaboration Agreement. There was no contract asset recorded on the condensed consolidated balance ~~sheet in both current and long-term liabilities~~sheets as of ~~September 30, 2018, which relates to~~March 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022. There was $0.1 million recorded as deferred revenue as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 associated with the ~~performance obligation identified, with such amounts to be recognized over the period the performance obligation is expected to be satisfied, which is currently expected to be through mid-2023.~~Gilead Collaboration Agreement.

Changes in the deferred revenue balance during the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2018~~March 31, 2023 for the Gilead Collaboration Agreement are as follows (in thousands):


	~~Deferred Revenue~~
~~Balance at January 1, 2018~~		~~$ -~~

~~Additions~~		~~20,000~~

~~Deductions~~		~~(96)~~

~~Balance at September 30, 2018~~		~~$ 19,904~~


	Deferred Revenue
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	107
Additions		—
Deductions		(13	)
Balance at March 31, 2023	$	94

There ~~were no~~was $0.1 million of receivables ~~or net contract~~recorded on the condensed consolidated balance sheet as a current asset in the prepaid expenses and other current assets ~~recorded~~balance as of ~~September 30, 2018~~March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, associated with the Gilead Collaboration Agreement.

The Company ~~expensed all~~deferred $0.1 million in incremental costs ~~of obtaining~~to acquire the Gilead Collaboration Agreement in the first quarter of 2021 allocated to performance obligations recognized over time, which will be recognized over time in each period proportionate to revenue recognition. There were no deferred contract acquisition costs amortized during the three months ended March 31, 2023 as ~~such amounts~~they were ~~insignificant.~~fully amortized during the year ended December 31, 2022. Deferred contract acquisition costs amortized during the three months ended March 31, 2022 were negligible.

Arbutus Biopharma Corporation

In October 2017, the Company entered into an Exclusive License Agreement bywith Arbutus and ~~between Arbutus Biopharma Corporation (“Arbutus”) and~~its wholly-owned subsidiary, Protiva Biotherapeutics Inc. ~~a wholly owned subsidiary of Arbutus.~~ Certain terms of the agreement were modified by amendment in July 2018. Under the license agreement, the Company has an exclusive license to utilize certain Arbutus intellectual property, including patents andknow-how relating to immunotherapy. ~~Under this license agreement,~~During the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company ~~paid an upfront payment of $5.0 million which was included in~~had no research and development ~~expenses during 2017. The Company also reimbursed Arbutus for materials and personnel costs totaling $0.2 million, which were included in research and development expenses during 2017. During~~expense under the ~~nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company reimbursed Arbutus for materials and personnel costs totaling $0.4 million.~~agreement. The Company is obligated to pay Arbutus certain milestone payments up to ~~$123.5~~$123.5 million on achievement of specified events, and royalties ~~of not more than 3.5%~~ on sales of its licensed products. Following the acceptance of our investigational new drug application for~~GRANITE-001~~ GRANITE by the ~~U.S. Food and Drug Administration,~~FDA, the Company made a ~~$2.5~~$2.5 million development milestone payment to Arbutus in September 2018 that was recorded as research and development expense. In August 2019, a milestone was met following the initial patient treatment of SLATE in the Company’s GO-005 clinical trial. In 2019, the Company recorded $3.0 million as research and development expense in connection with the milestone. None of the other events had occurred as of ~~September 30, 2018~~March 31, 2023, and no royalties were due from the sale of licensed products.

Non-Profit Hospital Cancer Center

In January 2016, the Company entered into an Exclusive License Agreement with anon-profit hospital cancer center. Under the license agreement, the Company has an exclusive license to utilize certain patents andknow-how relating to immunotherapy for an insignificant upfront payment, cash milestone payments on achievement of specified events, and a low single digit ~~royalty~~royalties on sales of licensed products. The achievement of the milestones and payment of royalties is dependent upon obtaining regulatory approval. Upon achievement of a milestone related to the Company’s Phase 1 clinical trial for GRANITE, GO-004, in December 2018 the Company recorded an insignificant amount to research and development expense for amounts owed to the Hospital Cancer Center, which was paid to the hospital in February 2019. None of the other milestone events had occurred as of ~~September 30, 2018~~March 31, 2023 and no royalties were due from the sales of licensed products.

Genevant Sciences GmbH

In October 2020, the Company entered into an Option and License and Development Agreement (the “2020 Genevant License Agreement”) with Genevant Sciences GmbH (“Genevant”), pursuant to which Genevant granted the Company exclusive license rights under certain intellectual property related to Genevant’s LNP technology for a single therapeutic indication, and the Company agreed to pay Genevant an initial payment of $2.0 million, up to an aggregate of $71.0 million in specified development, regulatory, and commercial milestones, and low to mid-single digit royalties on net sales of licensed products. The ~~Company also issued aten-year~~ ~~warrant to the cancer center for the right to purchase 40,257 shares~~upfront payment of ~~its common stock at $0.35 per share. The estimated fair value of the warrant was not significant and~~$2.0 million was included in research and development expense for the year ended December 31, 2020. Genevant is a spin-off of Arbutus, and ~~additionalpaid-in-capital.~~the 2020 Genevant License Agreement expands Gritstone’s intellectual property rights to such LNP technology originally obtained pursuant to the Company’s license agreement with Arbutus. Prior to the 2020 Genevant License Agreement, the Company licensed Arbutus’ LNP technology for indications in the oncology space. The ~~warrant~~remainder of Arbutus’ IP

portfolio was ~~exercised~~transferred to Genevant in ~~full~~the spin-off. In March 2022, a milestone in the amount of $1.0 million was met, which was included in research and development expense for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Pursuant to the 2020 Genevant License Agreement, Genevant also granted the Company certain options to license the LNP technology for additional therapeutic indications of up to $1.5 million for each indication and $1.0 million to extend the option term. The 2020 Genevant License Agreement continues in effect until the last to expire royalty term or early termination. It is terminable by the Company for convenience with 90 days prior written notice or immediately if based on certain product safety or efficacy or regulatory criteria. Either party may terminate the agreement for material breach, subject to a cure period, and Genevant may terminate the agreement if the Company challenges a licensed patent.

In January ~~2018.~~

9.	~~Convertible Preferred Stock~~

~~Series A Equity Financing~~

~~The~~2021, the Company entered into a ~~Series A preferred stock purchase agreement (“Series A Preferred Stock Purchase~~Non-Exclusive License and Development Agreement (the “2021 Genevant License Agreement”), with ~~certain investors on September 18, 2015, and upon approval by~~Genevant. Pursuant to the ~~Company’s Board of Directors,~~2021 Genevant License Agreement, the Company ~~completed~~obtained a ~~Series A convertible preferred stock financing~~nonexclusive license to Genevant’s LNP technology to develop and commercialize self-amplifying RNA (“~~Series A—First Tranche”~~samRNA”) atvaccines against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Under the 2021 Genevant License Agreement, the Company made a ~~price~~$1.5 million upfront payment to Genevant, and Genevant is eligible to receive from the Company up to an aggregate of $141.0 million in contingent milestone payments per ~~share~~product, plus certain tiered royalties, upon achievement of ~~$6.90. The net cash proceeds~~development and commercial milestones. In certain scenarios, in lieu of milestones and royalties, Genevant will be entitled to a percentage of amounts that the Company receives from ~~this round~~sublicenses under the 2021 Genevant License Agreement, subject to certain conditions. In March 2021, a milestone in the amount of ~~financing totaled $25.4~~$1.0 million was met following the initial patient treatment in the Phase 1 clinical trial conducted through the NIAID-supported Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Consortium (“IDCRC”). Both the $1.5 million upfront and ~~3,699,259 shares of Series A convertible preferred stock were issued. Issuance costs totaled $0.1~~$1.0 million ~~and~~milestone payments were recorded as ~~a reduction~~research and development expense for the year ended December 31, 2021. None of the ~~proceeds.~~

other milestone events had occurred as of March 31, 2023.

Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations

On ~~April~~August 14, 2021, the Company entered into the CEPI Funding Agreement with CEPI, under which CEPI agreed to provide funding of up to $20.6 million to the Company to advance the Company’s program, which is developing a second-generation COVID-19 vaccine, with an initial clinical trial in South Africa. Under the terms of the agreement, CEPI will fund a multi-arm Phase 1 ~~2016,~~study evaluating the CORAL program’s samRNA vaccine in naïve, convalescent, and ~~upon approval~~HIV+ patients. The study will evaluate three different samRNA vaccine constructs that each target both the spike protein and other SARS-CoV-2 targets and are designed to drive both robust B and T cell immune responses. The funding will also support pre-clinical studies, scale-up and formulation development to enable manufacturing of large quantities of stable vaccine product.

Under the terms of the CEPI Funding Agreement, among other things, the Company and CEPI agreed on the importance of global equitable access to the vaccine produced pursuant to the CEPI Funding Agreement. The vaccine, if approved, is expected to be made available to the COVAX Facility for procurement and allocation. The COVAX Facility aims to deliver equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines for all countries, at all levels of development, that wish to participate.

The scope and continuation of the CEPI Funding Agreement may be amended depending on ongoing developments of the COVID-19 outbreak and the success of the Company’s COVID-19 vaccine candidate developed under the CEPI Funding Agreement relative to other third-party COVID-19 vaccine candidates or treatments. If the World Health Organization (WHO), CEPI or a regulatory authority having jurisdiction over a clinical trial performed under the CEPI Funding Agreement determines that a third-party product candidate has substantially greater potential than the Company’s COVID-19 vaccine candidate developed under the CEPI Funding Agreement and should be prioritized instead for a particular trial, the Company must consider in good faith any written request of CEPI not to proceed with a clinical trial of such COVID-19 vaccine candidate (the determination of whether to proceed or not with such trial shall be made by the ~~Company’s Board of Directors,~~Company in its sole discretion). In addition, CEPI has the right to unilaterally terminate the CEPI Funding Agreement upon prior written notice if CEPI determines that (i) there are material safety, regulatory, scientific misconduct or ethical issues with the project undertaken by the Company completed a Series A convertible preferred stock financing (“Series A—Second Tranche”) at a price per share of $6.90. The net cash proceeds from this round of financing totaled $35.7 million, and 5,178,968 shares of Series A convertible preferred stock were issued. Issuance costs totaled $0.02 million and were recorded as a reduction ofunder the ~~proceeds.~~

~~Upon approval~~CEPI Funding Agreement, (ii) the project undertaken by the ~~Company’s Board of Directors and a majority of~~Company under the ~~holders of the Series A convertible preferred stock,~~CEPI Funding Agreement should be terminated, (iii) the Company ~~could proceed with~~becomes unable to discharge its obligations under the ~~third closing~~CEPI Funding Agreement, (iv) the Company fails to meet certain criteria set forth in the CEPI Funding Agreement, or (v) the Company commits fraud or a financial irregularity, as such terms are defined in the CEPI Funding Agreement.

In December 2021, the Company and CEPI entered into an amendment to the CEPI Funding Agreement, under which CEPI agreed to provide additional funding of ~~the Series A convertible preferred stock~~up to $5.0 million, for a total of ~~5,918,840 shares at a purchase price of $6.90 per share (“Series A—Third Tranche”). However, for a period of 90 days following such approval,~~up to $25.6 million, to the Company ~~may solicit alternative financing at financially superior terms~~ to ~~those~~conduct a Phase I clinical trial of the ~~Series A—Third Tranche, including a purchase price greater than $6.90 per share (the “Superior Financing Transaction”). If approved~~Company's Omicron vaccine candidate in South Africa.

CEPI advances grant funds upon request by the ~~Board~~Company consistent with the agreed upon amounts and schedules as provided in the CEPI Funding Agreement. The first tranche of ~~Directors, the Company’s obligation to complete the Series A—Third Tranche shall terminate,~~funding of $11.3 million was received in September 2021, and the ~~Superior Financing Transaction would proceed. Each Series A convertible preferred stockholder will have~~second tranche of funding of $2.7 million was received in April 2022.

Payments received in advance that are related to future performance are deferred and recognized as grant revenue when the ~~right~~research and development activities are performed. Cash payments received under the CEPI Funding Agreement are restricted as to ~~purchase at least 50% of its original Series A— Third Tranche amount~~their use until expenditures contemplated in the ~~Superior Financing Transaction. The Series A—Second Tranche~~funding agreement are incurred. During the three months ended March 31, 2023 and ~~Series A—Third Tranche rights~~2022, the Company recognized grant revenue of $1.5 million and $2.2 million, respectively, under the CEPI Funding Agreement. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, short-term deferred revenue of $1.5 million and $3.0 million, respectively, was recorded on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Deferred revenue will be recognized over the period in which the funding agreement activities related to the tranches of funding are ~~considered~~expected to take place, which is currently estimated to be ~~mutual options~~through the end of the year 2023. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, $1.5 million and $3.0 million, respectively, was recorded as ~~neither~~short-term restricted cash on the ~~purchasers nor~~condensed consolidated balance sheet.

Changes in the ~~Company have a commitment or obligation to purchase or sell additional shares. As such, these rights~~deferred revenue balance during the three months ended March 31, 2023 for the CEPI Funding Agreement are ~~not accounted for separately.~~ as follows (in thousands):


	Deferred Revenue
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	2,952
Additions		—
Deductions		(1,455	)
Balance at March 31, 2023	$	1,497

Gates Foundation

In ~~connection with~~November 2021, the ~~Company’s Series B Equity Financing the Company’s Board of Directors and investors terminated the ability to complete the Series A—Third Tranche.~~

~~Series B Equity Financing~~

~~The~~ Company entered into a ~~Series B~~Grant Agreement with the Gates Foundation ("Gates Grant Agreement"), under which the Company will develop an optimal immunogen in the context of a therapeutic human papillomavirus ("HPV") vaccine. In consideration for the work to be performed, the Gates Foundation provided the Company with an upfront payment of $2.2 million in December 2021, and future funding of $1.0 million is expected to be received by the Company in 2023, for a total grant amount of up to $3.2 million.

Payments received in advance that are related to future performance are deferred and recognized as grant revenue when the research and development activities are performed. Cash payments received under the Gates Grant Agreement are restricted as to their use until expenditures contemplated in the funding agreement are incurred. The Company did not recognize any grant revenue under the Gates Grant Agreement in 2021. During the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized $0.4 million and $0.2 million, respectively, in revenue under the Gates Grant Agreement. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, short-term deferred revenue of $0.6 million and $1.0 million, respectively, was recorded on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Deferred revenue will be recognized over the period in which the funding agreement activities related to the tranches of funding are expected to take place, which is currently estimated to be through the year ended 2023.

Changes in the deferred revenue balance during the three months ended March 31, 2023 for the Gates Grant Agreement are as follows (in thousands):


	Deferred Revenue
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	1,025
Additions		—
Deductions		(445	)
Balance at March 31, 2023	$	580

10. Stockholders’ Equity

The Company’s amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides for 300,000,000 shares of common stock and 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock ~~purchase agreement (“Series B Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement”),~~authorized for issuance, each with ~~certain investors on September 6, 2017~~a par value of $0.0001 per share.

As of March 31, 2023 and October 20, 2017, and upon approval by the Company’s Board of Directors, the Company completed a Series B convertible preferred stock financing (“Series B”) at a price per share of $10.76. The net cash proceeds totaled $95.8 million and 8,919,302December 31, 2022, no shares of ~~Series B convertible~~ preferred stock were ~~issued. Issuance costs totaled $0.2 million~~issued and outstanding.

As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there were ~~recorded as a reduction~~87,848,417 and 86,894,901 shares of common stock issued and outstanding, respectively. Holders of the ~~proceeds.~~Company’s common stock are entitled to one vote per share.

~~Series C Equity Financing~~Sale of Common Stock and Pre-Funded Warrants

~~The~~In December 2020, the Company entered into ~~a Series C preferred stock purchase agreement (“Series C Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement”~~two private placement financing transactions (collectively, the “First PIPE Financing”), with certain investors on June 29, 2018, and upon approval by the Company’s Board of Directors, the Company completed a Series C convertible preferred stock financing (“Series C”) at a price per share of $13.04. The net cash proceeds totaled $8.9 million and 690,128as follows: (i) to sell 5,543,351 shares of Series C convertible preferred stock were issued. Issuance costs totaled $0.1 million and were recorded as a reduction of the proceeds. In July 2018, the Company sold an additional 153,360 shares of Series C convertible preferredits common stock at a price of ~~$13.04~~$3.34 per share for net cash proceeds of $2.0 million. In August 2018, in conjunction with the Collaboration Agreement entered into with bluebird, the Company sold bluebird 768,115 shares of Series C convertible preferred stock at a price of $13.04 per share for gross proceeds of $10.0 million.

~~The preferred stock has various features, including convertibility andnon-cumulative~~ ~~dividends. The Company determined that none of the features required bifurcation from the underlying shares, either because they are clearly~~ and closely related to the underlying shares or because they do not meet the definition of a derivative. The Series A, Series B and Series C convertible preferred stock are considered permanent equity and have not been accreted up to their redemption value. The Second and Third Tranche rights are considered to be mutual options as neither the purchasers nor the Company have a commitment or obligationpre-funded warrants (the “Warrants”) to purchase or sell additional shares. As such, these rights are not accounted for separately. Moreover, in any such redemption (i.e. deemed liquidation) all equity holders (common and preferred) will receive the same form of consideration. The preferred stockholders cannot contractually redeem their27,480,719 shares ~~or redeem their shares through separate negotiation, without the Company’s common stockholders being able to also redeem their shares for the same form of consideration.~~

~~Convertible preferred stock consisted of the following (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):~~

   September 30, 2018
   Shares
Authorized    Shares Issued
and
Outstanding    Issuance
Price Per
Share    Carrying
Value    Liquidation
Preference
Series C
   16,425,000    1,611,603    $13.04    $ 20,935    $ 21,015
Series B
   61,543,319    8,919,302    $10.76    95,798    96,008
Series A—First Tranche
   61,260,000    3,699,259    $6.90    25,425    25,525
Series A—Second Tranche
   —      5,178,968    $6.90    35,714    35,735








   139,228,319    19,409,132       $177,872    $178,283

   December 31, 2017
   Shares
Authorized    Shares Issued
and
Outstanding    Issuance
Price Per
Share    Carrying
Value    Liquidation
Preference
Series B
   64,102,551    8,919,302    $10.76    $  95,798    $  96,008
Series A—First Tranche
   61,260,000    3,699,259    $6.90    25,425    25,525
Series A—Second Tranche
   —      5,178,968    $6.90    35,714    35,735








   125,362,551    17,797,529       $156,937    $157,268

~~The rights, preferences, and privileges of the convertible preferred stock are as follows:~~

~~Redemption Rights~~

The preferred stock is not redeemable by holders unless a redemption event occurs. A redemption event will only occur upon the liquidation or winding up of the Company, a greater than 50% change in control, or the sale of substantially all of the assets of the Company. Management has also elected not to adjust the carrying values of the Series A, Series B and Series C convertible preferred stock to the redemption value of such shares, since it is uncertain whether or when a redemption event will occur. Subsequent adjustments to increase the carrying value to the redemption values will be made when it becomes probable that such a redemption will occur.

~~Dividends Rights~~

The holders of Series A, Series B and Series C convertible preferred stock are entitled to receive dividends, from any assets legally available, prior and in preference to any declaration or payment of any dividend to the common stockholders, at the rate of 8% of the original issue price (as determined on a per annum basis and on an~~as-converted~~ basis). Such dividends are payable if and when declared by the Board of Directors and are not cumulative. After payment of such dividends, any additional dividends shall be distributed among the holders of the Series A, Series B and Series C convertible preferred stock and common stock pro rata based on the number of shares of common stock then held by each holder (assuming conversion of all such preferred stock into common stock). As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, no such dividends had been declared or accrued.

~~Liquidation Rights~~

In the event of any liquidation, dissolution, or winding up of the Company, whether voluntary or involuntary (“Liquidation Event”), the holders of Series C convertible preferred stock are entitled to receive, prior and in preference to any distribution of any of the assets of the Company to the holders of the Series A and B convertible preferred stock, $13.04 per share (as adjusted for any stock splits, combinations, reorganizations, or similar transactions, plus any declared and unpaid dividends). The holders of Series B convertible preferred stock are entitled to receive, prior and in preference to any distribution of any of the assets of the Company to the holders of the Series A convertible preferred stock, $10.76 per share (as adjusted for any stock splits, combinations, reorganizations, or similar transactions, plus any declared and unpaid dividends). After payment of the above, the holders of Series A convertible preferred stock are entitled to receive, prior and in preference to any distribution of any of the assets of the Company to the holders of common stock, $6.90 per share (as adjusted for any stock splits, combinations, reorganizations, or similar transactions, plus any declared and unpaid dividends).

If, upon the occurrence of such an event, the proceeds to be distributed are insufficient to permit the payment to such holders of the full preferential amounts, then the entire amount legally available for distribution shall be distributed among the holders of the Series A, Series B and Series C preferred stock in proportion to the full preferential amount that each such holder is otherwise entitled to receive had such proceeds been available.

After liquidation preference payments have been made to the holders of the convertible preferred stock as described above, all of the remaining assets and funds of the Company are to be distributed ratably among the holders of the preferred and common stock, as if the preferred stock had been converted to common stock. However, Series C preferred stock holders are limited to the greater of (1) $65.21 per share (as adjusted for any stock splits, combinations, reorganizations or similar transactions) and (2) the amount the holder would have received if all shares of Series C convertible preferred stock had been converted to common stock prior to such liquidation, dissolution, or winding up of the Company. Series B preferred stockholders are limited to the greater of (1) $53.82 per share (as adjusted for any stock splits, combinations, reorganizations or similar transactions) and (2) the amount the holder would have received if all shares of Series B convertible preferred stock had been converted to common stock prior to such liquidation, dissolution, or winding up of the Company. Series A preferred stockholders are limited to the greater of (1) $34.50 per share (as adjusted for any stock splits, combinations, reorganizations or similar transactions) and (2) the amount the holder would have received if all shares of Series A convertible preferred stock had been converted to common stock prior to such liquidation, dissolution, or winding up of the Company.

~~Voting Rights~~

Except as otherwise required by law, the holders of common and Series A, Series B and Series C convertible preferred stock vote together as a single class. The holders of the convertible preferred stock are entitled to the number of votes equal to the number of shares of common stock into which the convertible preferred stock could be converted on the record date for the vote, or upon the written consent of the stockholders.

The holders of the Series A convertible preferred stock are entitled to elect three directors of the Company, the holders of the Series B convertible preferred stock are entitled to elect one director of the Company, and the holders of common stock shall be entitled to elect one director of the Company.

~~Conversion Rights~~

Each share of Series A, Series B and Series C convertible preferred stock, at the option of the holder and at any time after the date of issuance, is convertible into the number of shares of common stock determined by dividing the respective original issue price by the conversion price (the Conversion Price). At September 30, 2018, the Series A, Series B and Series C Conversion Prices are $6.90, $10.76 and $13.04, respectively, and are subject to certain future adjustments.

~~Conversion occurs at the conversion rate (i) upon the closing of the sale~~ of common stock at a price of ~~at least $15.66~~$3.34 per share (of which $3.33 per share was prepaid by each purchaser), and (ii) to sell an additional 4,043,127 shares of its common stock at a price per share of $3.71. In connection with the First PIPE Financing, the Company received aggregate net proceeds of approximately $119.8 million. The Warrants are exercisable upon issuance at an exercise price of $0.01 per share.

The outstanding Warrants generally may not be exercised if the holder’s aggregate beneficial ownership would be more than 9.99% of the total issued and outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock following such exercise. The exercise price and number of shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of the Warrants (the “Warrant Shares”) are subject to adjustment in the event of any stock dividends and splits, reverse stock split, recapitalization, reorganization or similar transaction, as described in the Warrant agreements. Under certain circumstances, the Warrants may be exercisable on a ~~firm commitment underwritten public offering~~“cashless” basis. In connection with the issuance and sale of the common stock and Warrants, the Company granted the purchasers certain registration rights with respect to the Warrants and the Warrant Shares.

The Warrants were classified as a component of permanent stockholders’ equity within additional paid-in-capital and were recorded at the issuance date using a relative fair value allocation method. The Warrants are equity classified because they are freestanding financial instruments that are legally detachable and separately exercisable from the equity instruments, are immediately exercisable, do not embody an obligation for the Company to repurchase its shares, permit the holders to receive a fixed number of common shares upon exercise, are indexed to the Company’s common stock and meet the equity classification criteria. In addition, such Warrants do not provide any guarantee of value or return. The Company valued the Warrants at issuance, concluding their sales price approximated their fair value, and allocated net proceeds from the sale proportionately to the common stock and Warrants, of which $87.7 million, net of issuance costs, was allocated to the Warrants and recorded as a component of additional paid-in-capital.

In September 2021, the Company completed a PIPE financing transaction, in which it sold 5,000,000 shares of its common stock at a price of $11.00 per share pursuant to ~~an effective~~a securities purchase agreement entered into on September 16, 2021 (the “Second PIPE Financing”). The Company received aggregate net proceeds of approximately $52.7 million after deducting placement agent commissions and offering expenses payable by the Company. In connection with the issuance and sale of the common stock, the Company agreed to file a registration statement with the SEC registering the resale of the shares of common stock issued in the Second PIPE Financing.

In March 2022, the Company filed a Registration Statement on Form S-3 with the SEC (the “2022 Shelf Registration Statement”), covering the offering of up to $250.0 million of common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants and units. The 2022 Shelf Registration Statement included a prospectus supplement covering the issuance and sale of up to $100.0 million of the Company’s common stock, from time to time, through an “at-the-market” offering program (the “2022 ATM Offering Program”) under the Securities ~~Act~~Act. The SEC declared the 2022 Shelf Registration Statement effective as of ~~1933,~~May 6, 2022.

In connection with the 2022 ATM Offering Program, in March 2022, the Company also entered into a sales agreement (the “2022 Sales Agreement”) with Cowen, pursuant to which Cowen will act as ~~amended, resulting~~the Company’s sales agent and, from time to time, offer and sell shares of the Company’s common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $100.0 million. Cowen is entitled to compensation for its services equal to up to 3.0% of the gross proceeds of any shares of common stock sold under the 2022 Sales Agreement. In addition, the Company agreed to reimburse a portion of Cowen’s expenses in connection with the 2022 ATM Offering Program up to $50,000

. As of December 31, 2022, the Company has received aggregate proceeds from its 2022 ATM Offering Program of $19.6 million, net of commissions and offering costs, pursuant to the issuance of 7,034,948 shares of its common stock. As of March 31, 2023, the Company has received aggregate proceeds from its 2022 ATM Offering Program of $21.5 million, net of commissions and offering costs, pursuant to the issuance of 7,642,801 shares of its common stock.

In October 2022, the Company completed a PIPE financing transaction, in which it sold 6,637,165 shares of its common stock at ~~least $50.0 million~~a price of $2.26 per share pursuant to a securities purchase agreement entered into on October 24, 2022 and pre-funded warrants (the “Warrants”) to purchase 13,274,923 shares of common stock at a price of $2.26 per share (of which $2.2599 per share was prepaid by each purchaser) (the “Third PIPE Financing”). The Company received aggregate net proceeds ~~or (ii) at~~of approximately $42.4 million after deducting placement agent commissions and offering expenses payable by the ~~election~~Company. In connection with the issuance and sale of the ~~holders of at least~~common stock, the Company agreed to file a ~~majority~~registration statement with the SEC registering the resale of the ~~then~~shares of common stock issued in the Third PIPE Financing. The Warrants are exercisable upon issuance at an exercise price of $0.0001 per share.

The outstanding Warrants generally may not be exercised if the holder’s aggregate beneficial ownership would be more than 9.99% of the total issued and outstanding shares of ~~convertible preferred~~the Company’s common stock ~~voting together~~following such exercise. The exercise price and number of shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of the Warrants (the “Warrant Shares”) are subject to adjustment in the event of any stock dividends and splits, reverse stock split, recapitalization, reorganization or similar transaction, as described in the Warrant agreements. Under certain circumstances, the Warrants may be exercisable on a “cashless” basis. In connection with the issuance and sale of the common stock and Warrants, the Company granted the purchasers certain registration rights with respect to the Warrants and the Warrant Shares.

The Warrants were classified as a ~~single class~~component of permanent stockholders’ equity within additional paid-in-capital and onwere recorded at the issuance date using a relative fair value allocation method. The Warrants are equity classified because they are freestanding financial instruments that are legally detachable and separately exercisable from the equity instruments, are immediately exercisable, do not embody an~~as-converted~~ obligation for the Company to repurchase its shares, permit the holders to receive a fixed number of common shares upon exercise, are indexed to the Company’s common stock ~~basis. Through September 30, 2018,~~and meet the equity classification criteria. In addition, such Warrants do not provide any guarantee of value or return. The Company ~~has sufficient authorized~~valued the Warrants at issuance, concluding their sales price approximated their fair value, and ~~unissued~~allocated net proceeds from the sale proportionately to the common ~~shares available~~stock and Warrants, of which $28.2 million, net of issuance costs, was allocated to ~~settle any conversion event.~~ the Warrants and recorded as a component of additional paid-in-capital.

Common Stock Warrants

As ~~part~~of March 31, 2023, the following warrants to purchase shares of the Company’s ~~Series C convertible preferred~~common stock ~~financing,~~were issued and outstanding:


Issue Date	Expiration Date	Exercise Price		Number of Warrants Outstanding
December 28, 2020	None	$	0.01		13,573,704
October 24, 2022	None	$	0.0001		13,274,923
					26,848,627

There were no warrants exercised during the ~~Company’s certificate~~three months ended March 31, 2023. During the three months ended March 31, 2022, there were 3,442,567 warrants exercised resulting in the Company issuing 3,442,567 shares of incorporation was amended to reduce the initial public offering automatic conversion price for the Series A and B convertible preferred stock from $21.53 to $15.66 per share. The Company accounted for this as a modification of an instrument akin to equity that resulted in no incremental fair value being attributed to the Series A and Series B convertible preferredcommon stock.

11. Stock-Based Compensation

~~10.~~

~~Stock-Based Compensation~~

~~2015 Equity~~Award Incentive ~~Plan~~Plans

In ~~February 2018,~~August 2015, the Company’s board of directors approved ~~a 507,246 share increase in~~ the ~~number of shares to be reserved under the Company’s~~ 2015 Equity Incentive Plan (“2015 Plan”). In connection with the Company’s IPO and the effectiveness of the 2018 Award Incentive Plan (“2018 Plan”), discussed below, the 2015 Plan ~~terminated and no further awards will be granted under the 2015 Plan.~~terminated. The 92,815 shares of common stock ~~shares~~ that were then unissued and available for future issuance under the 2015 Plan became available under the 2018 Plan. ~~The 2015 Plan will continue to govern all outstanding awards by their existing terms.~~

~~2018 Award Incentive Plan~~

In September 2018, the Company’s board of directors approved the 2018 Plan. ~~The 2018 Plan became effective on September 28, 2018.~~ Under the 2018 Plan, the Company may grant stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units and other certain awards to individuals who are employees, officers, directors or consultants of the Company. Aa total of 2,690,000 shares of ~~our~~ common stock ~~are~~were initially reserved for issuance pursuant to a variety of stock-based compensation awards, including stock options, stock appreciation rights, or SARs, restricted stock awards, restricted stock unit awards and other stock-based awards,under the 2018 Plan, plus the number of shares remaining available for future awards under the 2015 Plan, as of the effective date of the 2018 Plan. The number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the 2018 Plan will automatically increase on January 1 of each year, beginning on January 1, 2019 and continuing through and including January 1, 2028, by 4%4% of the total number of shares of ~~our~~the Company’s outstanding stock ~~outstanding~~ on December 31 of the preceding calendar year, or a lesser number of shares determined by the Company’s board of directors. The 2018 Plan provides, among others, for the grant of options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock unit awards and performance bonus awards.

The maximum number of shares that may be issued upon the exercise of ~~ISOs~~stock options under the 2018 Plan is ~~45,000,000.~~45,000,000.

The Company’s board of directors has the authority to determine to whom options will be granted, the number of shares, the term, and the exercise price. If an individual owns stock representing ~~10%~~10% or more of the outstanding shares, the price of each share shall be at least ~~110%~~110% of the fair market value, as determined by the board of directors. Options granted ~~under the Plan~~ have a term of up to 10 years and generally vest over a~~4-year~~4-year period with a straight-line vesting.

~~2018 Employee Stock Purchase~~Material Features of the 2021 Employment Inducement Incentive Award Plan

In ~~September 2018,~~April 2021, the Company’s board of directors ~~approved~~adopted the ~~2018 Employee Stock Purchase~~2021 Employment Inducement Incentive Award Plan ~~(“2018 ESPP”~~(the “2021 Plan”), pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(c)(4). The ~~2018 ESPP became effective on September 28, 2018.~~principal purpose of the 2021 Plan is to enhance our ability to attract, retain and motivate employees who are expected to make important contributions to us by providing such individuals with equity ownership opportunities. Awards granted under the 2021 Plan are intended to constitute “employment inducement awards” under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(c)(4), and, as such, the 2021 Plan is intended to be exempt from the Nasdaq Listing Rules regarding shareholder approval of stock option and stock purchase plans. A total of ~~282,334~~790,400 shares of our common stock ("Share Limit") were initially reserved for issuance under the ~~2018 ESPP. Additionally,~~2021 Plan. The Share Limit may be increased by the Company's board of directors. The 2021 Plan provides for the grant of non-qualified stock options, restricted stock units, restricted stock awards, stock appreciation rights, and other stock-based and cash-based awards. The 2021 Plan does not provide for the grant of incentive stock options. Awards under the 2021 Plan may be granted to eligible employees who are either new employees or who are commencing employment with the Company or one of its subsidiaries following a bona fide period of non-employment with the Company, and for whom such awards are granted as a material inducement to commencing employment with the Company or one of its subsidiaries. Awards under the 2021 Plan may not be granted to the Company's consultants or non-employee directors.

The 2021 Plan is administered by our board of directors and the Company's compensation committee, acting pursuant to the delegation by our board of directors. In the event of a change in control in which the Company's successor refuses to assume or substitute any outstanding award under the 2021 Plan, the vesting of such award will accelerate in full. The Company's board of directors may terminate, amend, or modify the 2021 Plan at any time, provided that no termination or amendment may materially impair any rights under any outstanding award under the 2021 Plan without the consent of the holder.

On April 21, 2022, the Company’s board of directors increased the number of shares ~~of common stock reserved for issuance~~available under the ~~2018 ESPP will increase automatically each year, beginning on January 1, 2019 and continuing through and including January 1, 2028,~~2021 Plan by ~~the lesser of (1) 1% of the shares of common stock outstanding on December 31 of the preceding calendar year or (2) such lesser number of shares determined by~~700,000 shares. On February 2, 2023, the Company’s board of ~~directors. The maximum~~directors increased the number of shares ~~that may be issued~~available under the ~~2018 ESPP is 5,000,000.~~

2021 Plan by 1,300,000 shares.

Stock Option Activity

A summary of the ~~2015~~2018 Plan and ~~2018~~2021 Plan activity is as follows:

   Options Outstanding
   Number of
Shares
Available
for
    Issuance     Number
of
    Shares     Weighted-
Average
  Exercise Price   Weighted-
Average
Remaining
Contractual
  Term (in years)       Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
(in thousands)
Balance at December 31, 2017
   626,229   1,351,840   $        0.89
Authorized
   3,197,246
Granted
   (1,231,483)   1,231,483   $        7.49
Exercised
   (67,241)   $        0.57
Cancelled
   99,411   (99,411)   $        1.31
Repurchased
   30,117   $        0.35


Balance at September 30, 2018
   2,721,520     2,416,671   $        4.25   9.04   $    13,245


				Options Outstanding
	Number of Shares Available for Issuance			Number of Shares			Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)
Balance at December 31, 2022		4,814,394			6,951,620		$	7.92		8.08	$	1,089
Authorized		4,775,796			—		$	—
Granted		(3,582,453	)		67,666		$	3.10
Cancelled		323,663			(84,672	)	$	4.72
Balance at March 31, 2023		6,331,400			6,934,614		$	5.44		7.84	$	451
Vested and exercisable at March 31, 2023					3,452,242		$	9.19		7.02	$	258
Vested and expected to vest at March 31, 2023					6,492,805		$	8.02		7.78	$	430

For the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2018 and 2017,~~March 31, 2023, there were no stock options exercised. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, the total intrinsic value of stock option awards exercised was ~~$0.52~~$0.3 million, ~~and $0.02 million, respectively,~~ determined at the date of option exercise, and the total cash received upon exercise of stock options was not significant for either period. ~~The total intrinsic value of options exercisable was $4.2 million as of September 30, 2018.~~ The aggregate intrinsic value was calculated as the difference between the exercise prices of the underlying stock option awards and the estimated fair value of the common stock on the date of exercise.

~~At September 30, 2018, $8.0~~As of March 31, 2023, $12.8 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related tonon-vested employee and consultant options is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of ~~3.23~~ 2.2 years. The total fair value of shares vested during the ~~period~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2018~~March 31, 2023 was ~~$1.3~~$2.0 million.

Stock-based compensation expense and awards granted tonon-employees were ~~not material~~$0.2 million and immaterial, respectively, for ~~either~~ the three ~~or nine~~ months ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2023 and 2022.

Restricted Stock Units

We have granted restricted stock unit awards under the 2018 Equity Plan. Our restricted stock unit awards have a term of up to 10 years and generally vest over a 6 month, 1or ~~September 30, 2017.~~2-year period. The following table summarizes our restricted stock unit activity during the three months ended March 31, 2023:

Number of Shares

Weighted-
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value

Outstanding, unvested at December 31, 2022

561,526

$
5.38

Issued

3,514,787

$
3.29

Vested

(561,526
)

$
5.38

Canceled/Forfeited

(23,128
)

$
3.29

Outstanding, unvested at March 31, 2023

3,491,659

$
3.29

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

Total stock-based compensation for all awards granted to employees, consultants and ~~consultants,~~the Company's 2018 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”), before taxes, is as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,				Three Months Ended March 31,
	2018		2017		2018		2017		2023		2022
Research and development expenses	$	421	$	245	$	979	$	640	$	1,613	$	1,745
General and administrative expenses		117		60		695		171		1,278		1,386

Total	$	538	$	305	$	1,674	$	811	$	2,891	$	3,131

~~11.~~

~~Net Loss Per Common Share~~

12. Net Loss Per Common Share

Basic net loss per share is calculated by dividing the net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period, without consideration for common stock equivalents.

The following table sets forth the computation of the basic and diluted net loss per share (in thousands, except for share and per share amounts):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,				Three Months Ended March 31,
	2018		2017		2018		2017		2023			2022
Numerator:
Net Loss		$ (18,588)		$ (9,451)		$ (47,436)		$ (24,008)
Net loss									$	(33,982	)	$	(28,916	)
Denominator:
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted		2,445,547		2,057,040		2,339,705		1,957,381
Weighted-average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted										114,423,000			86,277,599
Net loss per share, basic and diluted		$ (7.60)		$ (4.59)		$ (20.27)		$ (12.27)	$	(0.30	)	$	(0.34	)

~~Since~~In December 2020, the Company ~~was~~issued and sold the 2020 Warrants to purchase 27,480,719 shares of common stock at a nominal exercise price of $0.01 per share and, in October 2022, the Company issued and sold the 2022 Warrants to purchase 13,274,923 shares of common stock at a ~~loss position~~nominal exercise price of $0.0001 per share (see Note 10). The shares of common stock into which the 2020 and 2022 Warrants may be exercised are considered outstanding for ~~all periods presented,~~the purposes of computing earnings per share, because the shares may be issued for little or no consideration, they are fully vested and the Warrants are immediately exercisable upon their issuance date.

During a period of net loss, basic net loss per share is the same as diluted net loss per share, ~~for all periods~~ as the inclusion of all potential common shares outstanding would have been anti-dilutive. Potentially dilutive securities that were not included in the diluted per share calculations because they would be anti-dilutive were as follows:

   Three and Nine Months Ended
September 30,
   2018    2017
Convertible preferred stock
   19,409,132    17,495,598
Options issued and outstanding
   2,416,671    1,213,440
Early exercised common stock subject to future vesting
   283,670    604,254
Warrants to purchase common stock
   -    40,257




Total
     22,109,473        19,353,549


	March 31,
	2023		2022
Options issued and outstanding and ESPP shares issuable and outstanding		7,120,656		7,038,660
Restricted stock subject to future vesting		3,491,659		669,790
Total		10,612,315		7,708,450

~~ITEM 2.~~

~~MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS~~

~~The~~

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations ~~should be read~~ together with ~~our~~the condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included elsewhere in this report, and our audited financial statements and related notes thereto included as part of our Annual Report on Form 10‑K for the year ended December 31, 2022. This discussion and analysis, and other ~~financial information appearing~~parts of this report, contain forward-looking statements, including, but not limited to, our clinical and regulatory development plans for our product candidates; our expectations regarding the data to be derived in our ongoing and planned clinical trials; the timing of commencement of our future nonclinical studies, clinical trials and research and development programs; our ability to discover, develop and advance product candidates into, and successfully complete, clinical trials; our plans and strategy regarding maintaining existing and entering into new collaborations and/or partnerships; the timing or likelihood of regulatory filings and approvals for our product candidates; our expectations regarding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic or the end of the COVID-19 pandemic on our operations; and the sufficiency of our capital resources. These forward-looking statements are identified by their use of terms and phrases, such as “believe,” “could,” “aim,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “will,” and other similar terms and phrases, including references to assumptions. Such forward-looking statements involve substantial risks and uncertainties that could cause the outcome of Gritstone’s programs, future results, performance or achievements to differ significantly from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements, including that interim results obtained may differ from those at completion of the studies and clinical trials. Such risks and uncertainties include, among others, the uncertainties inherent in the drug development process, including our programs’ clinical development, the process of designing and conducting preclinical and clinical trials, the regulatory approval processes, the timing of regulatory filings, the challenges associated with manufacturing drug products, our ability to successfully establish, protect and defend its intellectual property and other matters that could affect the sufficiency of existing cash to fund our operations. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in these forward-looking statements. For a further description of the risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ from those expressed in these forward-looking statements, as well as risks relating to our business in general, see the section titled “Risk Factors”included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form~~10-Q.~~ ~~These statements generally relate to future events or to~~ 10-Q and our future financial performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors which may cause our action results, performance, or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance, or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. This QuarterlyAnnual Report on Form ~~10-Q contains forward-looking statements within~~10-K for the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Our actual results and the timing of events may differ materially from those discussed in our forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those discussed below in the section titled “Risk Factors” included in this Quarterly Report on Form~~10-Q.~~

~~Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about:~~

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the success, cost and timing of our development activities, preclinical studies and clinical trials, including the enrollment in such trials, and in particular the development of our immunotherapy candidates,~~GRANITE-001~~ ~~andSLATE-001;~~

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the expected potential benefits and potential revenue resulting from strategic collaborations with third parties and our ability to attract collaborators with development, regulatory and commercialization expertise;

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~~the timing or likelihood of regulatory filings and approvals;~~

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~~our ability to obtain and maintain regulatory approval of our product candidates, and any related restrictions, limitations and/or warnings in the label of any approved candidates;~~

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~~the scope of protection we are able to establish and maintain for intellectual property rights covering our product candidates and technology;~~

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~~the terms and conditions of licenses granted to us and our ability to license and/or acquire additional intellectual property relating to our product candidates;~~

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~~our ability to obtain funding for our operations, including funding necessary to develop and commercialize our current and potential future product candidates;~~

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~~our plans and ability to establish manufacturing, sales, marketing and distribution infrastructure to commercialize any product candidates for which we obtain approval;~~

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~~future agreements with third parties in connection with the commercialization of our product candidates;~~

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~~the size and growth potential of the markets for our product candidates, if approved for commercial use, and our ability to serve those markets;~~

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~~the rate and degree of market acceptance of our product candidates;~~

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~~existing regulations and regulatory developments in the United States and foreign countries;~~

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~~potential claims relating to our intellectual property and third-party intellectual property;~~

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~~our potential plans and ability to develop our own manufacturing facilities;~~

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~~our ability to contract with third-party suppliers and manufacturers and their ability to perform adequately;~~

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~~the pricing and reimbursement of our product candidates, if approved and commercialized;~~

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~~the success of competing products or platform technologies that are or may become available;~~

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~~our ability to attract and retain key managerial, scientific and medical personnel;~~

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~~the accuracy of our estimates regarding expenses, future revenue, capital requirements and needs for additional financing;~~

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~~our ability to enhance operational, financial and information management systems;~~

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~~our financial performance; and~~

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~~our expectations regarding the period during which we qualify as an emerging growth company under the JOBS Act.~~

year ended December 31, 2022. These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, including those described in “Risk Factors”. In some cases, you can identify these statements by terms such as “anticipate,” believe,” “could,” “estimate,” “expects,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “potential,” “project,” “should,” “will,” “would,” or the negative of those terms, and similar expressions that convey uncertainty of future events or outcomes. These forward-looking statements reflect our beliefs and views with respect to future events and are based on estimates and assumptionsspeak only as of the date ~~of this Quarterly Report on Form10-Q~~ and are subject to risks and uncertainties. We discuss many of these risks in greater detail in the section entitled “Risk Factors” included in Part II, Item 1A and elsewhere in this report. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statement we may make. Given these uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. We qualify all of the forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form~~10-Q~~ ~~by these cautionary statements.~~hereof. Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update or revise these forward-looking statements ~~publicly,~~ for any reason.

Overview

We are a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on combining immunological insights with proprietary technologies and capabilities to develop next-generation vaccines. Specifically, we discover, develop, manufacture and deliver vaccine-based immunotherapy candidates against cancer and infectious disease. Our goal is to unlock more potent and durable immunity by harnessing vaccine innovation. We aim to achieve that goal by leveraging our in-house capabilities and technologies to address the shortcomings of currently available vaccines and immunotherapies.

The immune system sits at the nexus of many diseases, and we believe that immune response modulation is core to several transformational product classes. Recent advances have pointed to T cells as being central to the success of cancer immunotherapy and critical in the elimination of virally infected cells. We believe that our scientific approach of focusing on generating antigen-specific T cells, particularly the challenging but critical cytotoxic CD8+ T cell subclass, has the potential to drive transformational therapeutic and prophylactic benefits.

In oncology, we develop personalized vaccines that aim to destroy tumors through CD8+ (killer) T cell recognition of tumor cells by virtue of their surface display of neoantigens, peptides that are presented on cancer cells when certain mutations occur in tumor DNA. In infectious disease, we develop both therapeutic and prophylactic vaccines targeting both T cells and B cells. We believe we are leading the field of development and application of self-amplifying mRNA (samRNA), a rapidly emerging platform technology. Our unique approach to immunogen design, whereby our vaccines deliver, as appropriate, whole proteins to drive neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) and/or protein fragments to ~~update~~drive T cell responses, has the ~~reasons actual results could differ~~potential to both neutralize incoming pathogens (through nAbs) and kill infected cells through CD8+ T cell recognition of foreign, pathogen-derived peptides displayed on the surface of infected cells.

Our clinical programs include GRANITE, an individualized neoantigen-based vaccine program; SLATE, an “off-the-shelf” neoantigen-based vaccine program; CORAL, a second-generation SARS-CoV-2 vaccine program; and HIV, an HIV vaccine program in collaboration with Gilead Sciences, Inc (Gilead).
The table below summarizes key information about our ongoing clinical trials.
Program
Phase
Status
Indication(s)
Collaborator
Commercial Rights
GRANITE
2/3
Enrollment Ongoing; Treatment Ongoing
MSS-CRC* first line maintenance
—
Gritstone
GRANITE
1/2
Completed
Early stage & advanced solid tumors
—
Gritstone
SLATE
2
Enrollment Completed; Treatment Completed
KRASmut-driven tumor types
—
Gritstone
SLATE
1/2
Completed
KRAS Advanced Solid Tumors
—
Gritstone
HIV
1
Ongoing
HIV treatment/cure
Gilead
Gilead**
CORAL
1
Enrollment Completed; Treatment Ongoing
SARS-CoV-2 in South Africa
CEPI
Gritstone
CORAL
1
Enrollment Completed; Treatment Ongoing
SARS-CoV-2 booster
—
Gritstone
CORAL
1
Enrollment Completed; Treatment Ongoing
SARS-CoV-2 naïve & booster
NIAID, IDCRC
Gritstone
* MSS-CRC = microsatellite stable colorectal cancer
** Gilead is responsible for conducting a Phase 1 study
Beyond GRANITE, SLATE, CORAL and the HIV collaboration with Gilead, we continue to apply our broad set of capabilities in oncology and infectious diseases through promising preclinical work and partnerships.
COVID-19 Update

Since the COVID-19 pandemic began, providers of healthcare services have had to deal with significant strains on their operations. These strains have affected all healthcare institutions, including those where we conduct our clinical trials, with some institutions prohibiting or postponing the initiation of new clinical trials, slowing or halting enrollment in existing trials and restricting the on-site monitoring of clinical trials. Although our operations have not been materially ~~from those anticipated~~impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, we have experienced slowing of patient recruitment and sample collection in ~~any forward-looking statements, whether~~our ongoing clinical trials. Additionally, as a result of ~~new information, future events~~the COVID-19 pandemic, competition for potential patients in our trials may be further exaggerated as a result of multiple clinical site closures. To date, the COVID-19 pandemic has not materially affected our supply chain or ~~otherwise.~~production schedule, but further escalation of the health crisis has the potential to cause delays in our supply chain and manufacturing operations, which could materially adversely impact our business.

~~Overview~~In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we have implemented heightened health and safety measures designed to comply with applicable federal, state and local guidelines, and transitioned to a flexible work environment, where employees who can work from home effectively are allowed to do so. We have implemented virtual meeting and messaging technology and encourage employees to follow local health authority guidance. As the pandemic and its impacts continue to evolve, we may need to undertake additional actions that could impact our operations if required by applicable laws or regulations or if we determine such actions to be in the best interests of our employees. Yet, we note that the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services is planning for the federal Public Health Emergency for COVID-19, declared under Section 319 Public Health Service Act, to expire at the end of the day on May 11, 2023. Additionally, on May 4, 2023, the World Health Organization Director-General determined that COVD-19 is now an established and ongoing health issue which no longer constitutes a public health emergency of international concern. At this time, it is not clear what, if any, impact these developments may have on our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects.

Oncology Program Updates

We are ~~an immuno-oncology company~~ developing ~~tumor-specific~~a portfolio of vaccine-based cancer ~~immunotherapies to fight multiple cancer types. Our~~immunotherapy product candidates using a heterologous prime (ChAd)/boost (samRNA) approach ~~harnesses~~aimed at the ~~natural power~~highly targeted activation of ~~a patient’s own immune system to recognize short tumor-specific peptide sequences presented on cancer cells, referred to as~~ tumor-specific neoantigens ~~or TSNA,~~(TSNA) in ~~order~~solid tumors. Our two clinical-stage programs (GRANITE, which is “individualized” and SLATE, which is “off-the-shelf”) aim to ~~destroy~~induce a substantial neoantigen-specific CD8+ T cell response using neoantigen-containing immunotherapies. GRANITE patients receive a product candidate made specifically for them, based upon their tumor ~~cells.~~ DNA/RNA sequence. In contrast, SLATE patients receive an off-the-shelf product candidate made for a subset of patients based on common driver mutations.

GRANITE – Individualized Vaccine Program for Solid Tumors

Our ~~tumor-specific~~first oncology program, GRANITE, consists of individualized neoantigen-based immunotherapy candidates for solid tumors. GRANITE was granted Fast Track designation by the FDA for the treatment ~~is built on two key pillars—first,~~of microsatellite stable colorectal cancer (MSS-CRC).

Results from our proprietary Gritstone EDGE platform, which gives us a superior ability to predict, from a routine tumor biopsy, the TSNA that are presented on a patient’s tumor cells; and second, our ability to develop and manufacture potent immunotherapies utilizing patients’ TSNA to drive the patient’s immune system to attack and destroy tumors.

~~We expect to initiate our~~ongoing Phase 1/2 ~~clinical trial of our first personalized immunotherapy product candidate,GRANITE-001~~ ~~(referred to as GO-004), in the fourth quarter of 2018,~~study evaluating ~~it in the treatment of common solid tumors, including metastaticnon-small~~ ~~cell lung cancer and gastroesophageal, bladder and colorectal cancers, in each case in~~GRANITE combination with checkpoint inhibitors ~~provided~~in 3rd line microsatellite-stable colorectal cancer (MSS-CRC) and other advanced solid tumors have demonstrated positive results. Among all cohorts, the vaccine regimen was shown to be generally well-tolerated with no dose limiting toxicities and demonstrated consistent and potent CD8+ neoantigen-specific T cell induction. Additionally, an association between molecular responses (as measured by ~~our partner, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, or BMS.~~ reduction in circulating tumor DNA, ctDNA) and improved clinical outcomes (including overall survival) was observed in MSS-CRC subjects.

As of August 31, 2022, 55% of patients within the MSS-CRC cohort demonstrated a molecular response (6/11 evaluable patients; molecular response defined as ≥30% reduction in ctDNA from baseline) and the median overall survival (mOS) among molecular responders had not yet been reached and was expected to exceed at least 22 months. This compares to mOS of 7.8 months in evaluable MSS-CRC patients who did not exhibit a molecular response in the study, and a general 6-7 months against standard of care (Trifluridine/tipiracil combo and Regorafenib monotherapy). Interim results from the Phase 1/2 study of GRANITE were published in Nature Medicine in August 2022.

Upon assessing initial results of the GRANITE Phase 1/2 study, we discussed potential registrational paths with the FDA and subsequently initiated a randomized, controlled Phase 2/3 trial in newly diagnosed metastatic CRC patients that has registrational intent (NCT05141721). The study, which is evaluating GRANITE as a maintenance treatment in patients with first-line MSS-CRC who have completed FOLFOX (or FOLFOXFIRI)-bevacizumab induction therapy, was announced in late 2021. The first patient was enrolled in the ongoing Phase 2 portion of the Phase 2/3 study in January 2022. As of May 10, 2023, 71 patients had been randomized. In May 2023, we announced a plan to expand the study from 80 to 100 patients in total, and expect to share preliminary data from the Phase 2 portion of the Phase 2/3 study in the first quarter of 2024.

SLATE – "Off the shelf” Vaccine Program for Solid Tumors

Our second ~~tumor-specific~~oncology program, SLATE, consists of “off-the-shelf”, TSNA-directed immunotherapy product ~~candidate series,~~candidates. SLATE ~~utilizes the same antigen delivery system asGRANITE-001~~ ~~but~~ contains a fixed cassette with TSNA that are shared across a subset of cancer patients rather than a cassette unique to an individual patient, ~~providing us~~which distinguishes it as a potential off-the-shelf alternative candidate to GRANITE. The key differentiator and advantage of SLATE as compared to GRANITE is speed. SLATE vaccines are produced and delivered to clinical sites proactively and can be administered rapidly upon patient selection (achieved by standard commercial screening for driver mutations). We believe vaccines capable of targeting neoantigens from common tumor driver mutations, such as SLATE, have a clear potential clinical utility and commercialization advantages that are complementary to individualized vaccines.

An initial version of SLATE (SLATE v1) was studied in a Phase 1/2 study in patients with an~~off-the-shelf~~ ~~alternative~~metastatic solid tumors (n = 26). SLATE v1 demonstrated induction of CD8+ T cells against multiple KRAS driver mutations and greatest activity was observed in a subset of NSCLC patients with KRASmut G12C mutations. With these initial data, we developed a second SLATE candidate that exclusively includes epitopes from mutated KRAS (SLATE-KRAS) and evaluated it under the same study protocol. In results shared during ESMO 2022, SLATE-KRAS exhibited immunogenic superiority over SLATE v1 in human HLA-transgenic mice and cancer patients, and demonstrated similar molecular response and overall survival trends as those seen in the Phase 1/2 study of GRANITE. In 38 patients with advanced solid tumors evaluating both SLATE v1 (n =26) and SLATE-KRAS (n=12), the candidates demonstrated a 39% molecular response rate (MRR) in evaluable patients with MSS-CRC and NSCLC and among

the 18 patients with NSCLC, a molecular response was correlated with extended mOS (mOS of 9.6 months in molecular responders versus 4.5 months in non-responders).

We believe the results to date demonstrate our ~~personalized manufactured product candidate,GRANITE-001.~~ ~~We intend~~ability to ~~initiate~~both accurately define shared neoantigen targets and engineer the SLATE cassette and vaccine to optimize immune response based on those specific mutations. Having optimized and validated the SLATE cassette, we now believe the SLATE platform is ready for “plug and play” application across solid tumor indications and shared tumor neoantigen classes. In advancing SLATE, we aim to combine the potential benefits of the full spectrum of tumor antigens with the practicality of the “off-the-shelf” approach.

In February 2023, we announced that we entered into a clinical trial of~~SLATE-001,~~agreement with the National Cancer Institute (NCI) to evaluate an autologous T cell therapy expressing a T cell receptor targeting mutated KRAS in combination with our ~~firstoff-the-shelf~~ ~~product~~KRAS-directed vaccine candidate, SLATE-KRAS, in a Phase 1 study led by Steven A. Rosenberg, M.D., Ph.D.

Infectious Disease Program Updates

In early 2021, we initiated two programs in infectious diseases: CORAL, a second-generation prophylactic program against COVID-19, and a collaboration with Gilead Sciences to develop a therapeutic vaccine against HIV. Our infectious disease programs aim to deliver vaccine candidates that induce both B cell and T cell immunity with the ~~second half of 2019.~~

~~Beyond TSNA-directed therapeutics, we are leveraging our expertise in cancer genomics~~potential to drive potent and ~~our tumor antigen discovery platform~~durable immune response that can be applied for either protective or therapeutic benefit. This approach has demonstrated the ability to ~~identify novel peptide sequences (not mutated) that may be shared across common tumor types (tumor-specific shared antigens), which we believe likely have value as targets to direct~~generate robust CD8+ T cells onto tumors specifically. These shared antigen targets enable us to opportunistically partner or develop additional therapeutic approaches to redirect T cells onto tumors using these highly specific targets. These approaches include (1)~~“off-the-shelf”~~ ~~shared,non-mutated~~ ~~tumor antigens~~and neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in multiple preclinical and clinical studies and is being evaluated against multiple other pathogens in Gritstone-owned and partnered studies. We believe that initially evaluating our ~~heterologous prime-boost platform, (2) modifying the receptors~~approach against SARS-CoV-2 can provide proof of ~~the patient’s own T cells to help them recognize tumor targets (adoptive T cell therapy) and (3) using small adapter proteins that have two recognition arms—one~~concept for ~~tumors and one for T cells (bispecific antibodies).~~ a number of infectious diseases.

HIV Vaccine Collaboration with Gilead Sciences

In August 2018, we announced our first collaboration supporting this strategy with bluebird bio, Inc., or bluebird bio, whereby we will identify up to ten tumor-specific targets and associated T cell receptors for therapeutic application within bluebird bio’s cell therapy platform.

We have funded our operations to date primarily from private placements of our convertible preferred stock, the net proceeds from our IPO and cash proceeds from bluebird under the Collaboration AgreementJanuary 2021, we entered into a collaboration, option and license agreement with Gilead to research and develop a vaccine-based immunotherapy for HIV. Together, we plan to develop an HIV-specific therapeutic vaccine using our proprietary prime-boost vaccine platform, comprised of samRNA and adenoviral vectors, with antigens developed by Gilead. The collaboration and the program are progressing, and a Phase I trial is ongoing. If Gilead decides to progress development beyond the Phase 1 study by exercising their exclusive option, the Company will receive a $40.0 million non-refundable option exercise fee.

In February 2023, first data from a preclinical study conducted in ~~August 2018. We do not expect~~collaboration with Gilead were presented at Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI) 2023. The results showed that simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), Chimpanzee Adenovirus (ChAd) and self-amplifying mRNA (samRNA) vaccines induced a strong and broad CD8+ T cell immune response, which was significantly enhanced in combination with immune modulators.

CORAL – Second Generation COVID-19 Vaccine Program

The CORAL program was initiated in 2021 in response to ~~generate revenue from any product candidates that~~emerging limitations of first-generation COVID-19 vaccines. Today it serves as proof-of-concept for our ability to drive more potent and durable responses than those of current vaccines in prophylactic applications. As seen in COVID-19 and other infectious diseases, immune responses can vary, viruses mutate, and neutralizing antibodies wane, necessitating re-dosing (boosters). An approach capable of inducing a potent, broad immune response could have utility across a variety of viral and infectious diseases,

In multiple ongoing Phase 1 trials, we ~~develop until we obtain regulatory approval for one or more of such product candidates and commercialize our products or enter into collaboration agreements with third parties. Substantially all~~have generated early data demonstrating the potential ability of our ~~net losses have resulted from costs incurred in connection with our research~~vaccines to elicit potent and ~~development programs~~durable neutralizing antibody responses, and ~~from general and administrative costs associated with our operations.GRANITE-001~~ ~~andSLATE-001~~ will require substantial additional development time and resources before we would be able to apply for or receive regulatory approvals and begin generating revenue from product sales. In addition, we expect to incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company. We also do not yet have a sales organization or commercial infrastructure and, accordingly, we will incur significant expenses to develop a sales organization or commercial infrastructure in advance of generating any commercial product sales. As a result, we will need substantial additional capital to support our operating activities.

We currently anticipate that we will seek to fund our operations through equity or debt financings or other sources, such as potential collaboration agreements with third parties. Adequate funding may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. If sufficient funds on acceptable terms are not available when needed, we will be required to significantly reduce our operating expenses and delay, reduce the scope of, or eliminate one or more of our development programs.

Manufacturing is a vital component of personalized immunotherapy, and we have invested significantly in our manufacturing facility, which opened in November 2017. We currently use a hybrid approach to manufacturing our personalized immunotherapy wherein certain elements of our product candidates are manufactured on an outsourced basis at qualified third-party contract manufacturing organizations, or CMOs,potent cytotoxic cellular responses against Spike and other ~~elements of our product candidates are manufactured internally. Our goal is to internalize the majority~~conserved targets regions of the ~~manufacturing steps to drive down both cost and production time, as well as establish full control~~virus. These results have also provided early signals of the potential advantages of self-amplifying mRNA over ~~intellectual property and product quality, which will require significant investments in our manufacturing facility and processes.~~first-generation mRNA.

Since we commenced operations in August 2015, we have invested a significant portion of our efforts and financial resources in research and development activities and establishing our manufacturing facility, and we have incurred net losses each year since inception. Our net losses were $18.6 million and $47.4 million forAcross the three active Phase 1 trials (CORAL-BOOST, CORAL-CEPI and ~~nine months ended September 30, 2018,~~CORAL-NIH), there are multiple constructs being evaluated with various antigenic cassettes designed to target Wild Type, Beta and ~~$9.5 million~~Omicron variants. The trials are evaluating our approach in different populations including elderly adults, immunocompromised individuals, those naïve to the virus and ~~$24.0 million for~~previously vaccinated individuals using different vaccine regimens. In all,

these trials are designed to answer core questions regarding self-amplifying mRNA dose regimen, and the ~~three~~patient populations that could be applicable to other infectious diseases.

We believe that our CORAL vaccine candidates have the potential to improve both B cell and ~~nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively. As~~T cell responses to Spike and other viral proteins. By creating a cassette that targets several viral antigens including Spike protein and additional T cell epitopes from the SARS-CoV-2 virus, some of ~~September 30, 2018,~~which are highly conserved between viral strains (such as SARS and SARS-CoV-2), we ~~had an accumulated deficit of $109.1 million, and we do not expect positive cash flows from operations~~believe our vaccine candidates may have pan-coronavirus potential to protect against future coronavirus pandemics. While mutations in the ~~foreseeable future. We do not have any products approved~~Spike protein may reduce protection by antibodies (since the antibody target changes its shape), broad T cell immunity and long-term memory to different viral proteins may provide a second layer of clinical protection. The CORAL program is supported by the Gates Foundation, the Coalition for ~~sale. We expect to continue to incur net operating losses for at least~~Epidemic Preparedness Innovation (CEPI) and the ~~next several years as we advance our personalized cancer immunotherapy through clinical development, seek regulatory approval, prepare for~~National Institute of Allergy and ~~if approved, proceed to commercialization, continue our research and development efforts and invest in our manufacturing facility.~~Infectious Diseases (NIAID).

In October 2018, we completed our initial public offering of our common stock. In connection with the IPO, we sold and issued an aggregate of 6,854,202 shares of common stock, including 187,535 shares sold pursuant to the underwriters’ partial exercise of their option to purchase additional shares, at a price to the public of $15.00 per share. We received aggregate net proceeds from the offering of $95.6 million, net of underwriting discounts and commissions.

Components of Our Operating Results

Collaboration and License and Grant Revenue

To date, we have not generated any revenue from product sales, and we do not expect to generate any revenue from product sales for the foreseeable future. For the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2018,~~March 31, 2023 and 2022, we recognized ~~$0.1~~$2.4 million and $7.2 million, respectively, of ~~collaboration~~ revenue from the ~~bluebird~~2seventy Agreement, the Gilead Collaboration ~~Agreement.~~Agreement and the grant agreements with CEPI and the Gates Foundation. See Note 9 to our condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information.

In the future, we ~~will~~expect to continue to recognize revenue from the ~~bluebird~~2seventy Agreement, Gilead Collaboration Agreement and our grant agreements with CEPI and the Gates Foundation and may generate revenue from product sales or other collaboration agreements, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements. We expect ~~that~~ our revenue ~~will~~to fluctuate fromquarter-to-quarter andyear-to-year as a result of the timing and amount of license fees, milestones, reimbursement of costs incurred and other payments and product sales, to the extent that any are successfully commercialized. If we fail to complete the development of our product candidates in a timely manner or obtain regulatory approval for them, our ability to generate future revenue, and our results of operations and financial position, would be materially adversely affected.

Operating Expenses

Research and Development Expenses

Since our inception, we have focused significant resources on our research and development activities, including conducting preclinical studies, manufacturing development efforts and related development activities ~~related to the submission of~~for our ~~Investigational New Drug application, or IND, forGRANITE-001.~~

product candidates.

Research and development activities account for a significant portion of our operating expenses. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. These costs include:

•

External research and development expenses, including:

~~Expenses~~o

expenses incurred under ~~arrangement~~arrangements with third parties, including clinical research organizations ~~or CROs,~~(CROs), preclinical testing organizations, contract manufacturing organizations ~~or CMOs,~~(CMOs), academic andnon-profit institutions and consultants;

~~Fees~~o

fees related to our license agreements;

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Internal research and development expenses, ~~including:~~

~~Personnel related~~including (i) headcount-related expenses, ~~including~~such as salaries, payroll taxes, benefits,non-cash stock-based compensation and travel, for employees contributing to research and (ii) development activities, including the costs associated with the development of our ~~EDGE~~EDGE™ platform; and

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Other expenses, which include direct and allocated expenses for laboratories, facilities and other costs.

~~In October 2017, we entered into a license agreement with~~Pursuant to our Arbutus ~~Biopharma Corporation, or Arbutus. Certain terms of the agreement were modified by amendment in July 2018. Under the agreement,~~License Agreement, Arbutus ~~grants~~granted us a worldwide, exclusive license to certain technology of Arbutus, including Arbutus’ portfolio of proprietary and clinically validated LNP products and

associated intellectual property, as well as technology transfer of Arbutus’ manufacturingknow-how. ~~Under this agreement,~~ During the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, we ~~made~~had no research and development expense under the agreement.

Pursuant to our 2020 Genevant License Agreement, Genevant granted us exclusive license rights under certain intellectual property related to Genevant’s LNP technology for a single indication, and we agreed to pay Genevant an initial payment of $2.0 million, and up to an aggregate of $71.0 million in specified development, regulatory, and commercial milestones, and low to mid-single digit royalties on net sales of licensed products. The upfront payment of ~~$5.0~~$2.0 million was included in research and development expense during 2020. In March 2022, a milestone in the amount of $1.0 million was met, which was included in research and development ~~expenses during~~expense for the ~~year~~three months ended ~~December~~March 31, ~~2017. We also reimbursed Arbutus for materials and personnel costs totaling $0.2 million, which were included in~~2022. No research and development ~~expenses during~~expense was recorded for the ~~same period. Following~~three months ended March 31, 2023.

Pursuant to our 2021 Genevant License Agreement, we obtained a nonexclusive license to Genevant’s LNP technology to develop and commercialize samRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, the ~~acceptance of our investigational new drug application forGRANITE-001~~ byvirus that causes COVID-19. Under the ~~U.S. Food and Drug Administration,~~2021 Genevant License Agreement, we made a ~~$2.5~~$1.5 million ~~development milestone~~upfront payment to ~~Arbutus~~Genevant, and Genevant is eligible to receive from us up to $141.0 million in ~~September 2018 that~~contingent milestone payments per product, plus certain royalties on future product sales or licensing (or, in certain scenarios and subject to certain conditions, in lieu of these milestone payments and royalties Genevant would receive a percentage of amounts we receive from sublicenses). In March 2021, a milestone was met following the initial patient treatment in the Phase 1 clinical trial conducted through the NIAID-supported IDCRC. Both the $1.5 million upfront and $1.0 million milestone payments were recorded as research and development ~~expense. During~~expense for the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2018, we reimbursed Arbutus~~March 31, 2021. No research and development expense was recorded for ~~materials and personnel costs totaling $0.4 million.~~the three months ended March 31, 2023 or 2022.

We expect our research and development expenses to increase substantially in the future as we continue to advance our ~~personalized cancer immunotherapy~~product candidates into and through clinical studies and pursue regulatory approval. ~~The process of conducting~~Conducting the necessary clinical studies to obtain regulatory approval is costly and ~~time-consuming. Clinical~~time-consuming, and such clinical studies generally become larger and more costly to conduct as they advance into later ~~stages and, in the future, we will be required to make estimates for expense accruals related to clinical study expenses.~~stages. The successful development of our product candidates is highly uncertain. The actual probability of success for our product candidates may be affected by a variety of risks and uncertainties associated with drug development, including those set forth in the section entitled “Risk Factors” included in Part II, Section 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and ~~elsewhere~~ in ~~this report. At this time, we cannot reasonably estimate~~Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the nature, timing or costs required to complete the remaining development of our current or any future product candidates. As a result of these uncertainties, we are unable to determine the duration and completion costs ofyear ended December 31, 2022.

The following table summarizes our research and development ~~projects or when~~expenses by program and ~~to what extent we will generate revenue from~~category (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
GRANITE program external expenses	$	5,409	$	2,698
SLATE program external expenses		616		796
CORAL program external expenses		2,133		3,005
Other program external research and development expenses		5,752		6,702
Personnel-related expenses (1)		11,851		10,587
Other unallocated research and development expenses		4,753		4,411
Total research and development expenses	$	30,514	$	28,199

(1)

Personnel-related expenses include stock-based compensation expense of $1.6 million and $1.7 million, respectively, for the ~~commercialization~~three months ended March 31, 2023 and ~~sale of our product candidates.~~

2022, respectively.

~~Due to the early-stage nature of our personalized cancer immunotherapy programs, we~~We do not track ~~costs~~internal related expenses on a~~project-by-project~~ ~~basis. Starting in 2019, we will track the costs of each program.~~ program-by-program basis, because our research and development employees and infrastructure resources are utilized across our development programs.

General and Administrative Expenses

Our general and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and related costs, including payroll taxes, benefits,non-cash stock-based compensation and travel. Other general and administrative expenses include legal costs of pursuing patent protection of our intellectual property, and professional service fees for auditing, tax and general legal services. We expect our general and administrative expenses to continue to increase in the future as we expand our operating activities and prepare for potential commercialization of our current and future product candidates, increase our headcount and support our operations, ~~as a public company,~~ including increased expenses related to legal, accounting,

regulatory andtax-related services associated with maintaining compliance with requirements of the Nasdaq Global Select Market and the SEC, directors and officers liability insurance premiums and investor relations activities. Allocated expenses consist of rent expenses related to our office and research and development facilities, depreciation and other allocated costs not otherwise included in research and development expenses.

Interest Income ~~Net~~

Interest income ~~net,~~ consists primarily of interest income and investment income earned on our cash, cash equivalents and marketable ~~securities, and~~securities.

Interest Expense

Interest expense consists primarily of interest expense onrelated to our ~~lease financing obligation.~~

debt facility. A portion of the interest expense is non-cash expense relating to the accretion of the final payment fees and amortization of debt discount and debt issuance costs associated with the Loan Agreement.

Results of Operations

Comparison of the ~~Nine~~Three Months Ended ~~September 30, 2018~~March 31, 2023 and ~~2017~~2022

The following table sets forth the significant components of our results of operations (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,								Change				Three Months Ended March 31,
													2023			2022			Change
	2018				2017

Collaboration revenue:		$	96			$	—			$	96

Revenues:
Collaboration and license revenues													$	542		$	4,745		$	(4,203	)
Grant revenues														1,901			2,446			(545	)
Total revenues														2,443			7,191			(4,748	)
Operating expenses:
Research and development			15,622				8,084				7,538			30,514			28,199			2,315
General and administrative			3,088				1,404				1,684			6,745			7,955			(1,210	)

Total operating expenses			18,710				9,488				9,222			37,259			36,154			1,105

Loss from operations			(18,614	)			(9,488	)			(9,126	)		(34,816	)		(28,963	)		(5,853	)
Interest income, net			26				37				(11	)

Interest income														1,678			71			1,607
Interest expense														(844	)		(24	)		(820	)
Net loss		$	(18,588	)		$	(9,451	)		$	(9,137	)	$	(33,982	)	$	(28,916	)	$	(5,066	)


	Nine Months Ended September 30,								Change

	2018				2017

Collaboration revenue:		$	96			$	—			$	96

Operating expenses:
Research and development			39,712				19,939				19,773
General and administrative			7,940				4,244				3,696

Total operating expenses			47,652				24,183				23,469

Loss from operations			(47,556	)			(24,183	)			(23,373	)
Interest income, net			120				175				(55	)

Net loss		$	(47,436	)		$	(24,008	)		$	(23,428	)

Collaboration ~~Revenue~~and License and Grant Revenues

Collaboration ~~revenue was $0.1 million for the three~~ and ~~nine months ended September 30, 2018, with no revenue recognized for the three~~license revenues from our collaboration arrangements and ~~nine months ended September 30, 2017. The increase was due to recognition of revenue during the period pursuant to the bluebird Collaboration Agreement which we entered into in August 2018.~~

~~Research and Development Expenses~~

~~Research and development expenses~~grant revenues were ~~$15.6~~$2.4 million and ~~$39.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to $8.1 million and $19.9 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively.~~

~~The increase of $7.5~~$7.2 million for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2018 compared to~~March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. During the three months ended ~~September 30, 2017 was primarily~~March 31, 2023, we recorded $0.1 million in collaboration revenue related to the Gilead Collaboration Agreement, $0.4 million in collaboration revenue related to the 2seventy Agreement, $1.5 million in grant revenue from the CEPI Funding Agreement, and $0.4 million in grant revenue from the Gates Foundation. During the three months ended March 31, 2022, we recognized $4.0 million in collaboration revenue related to the 2seventy Agreement, $0.7 million in collaboration revenue related to the Gilead Collaboration Agreement, $2.2 million in grant revenue from the CEPI Funding Agreement, and $0.2 million in grant revenue from the Gates Foundation. The amount of collaboration revenue recognized related to the 2seventy Agreement during the three months ended March 31, 2022 included a cumulative catch-up adjustment increasing collaboration revenue by $3.5 million due to ~~increases in personnel related expenses, expenses related~~revisions to ~~outside services~~estimated costs to complete the remaining performance obligation. See Note 9 to our condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information.

Research and ~~consultants,in-house~~ ~~laboratory supplies and consumables, and facilities expenses. Personnel related costs increased by $1.5 million, as a direct result of our increased research~~Development Expenses

Research and development ~~headcount. Outside services and consultants increased by $1.4 million for clinical trials, preclinical testing and contract manufacturing expansion.In-house~~expenses ~~for laboratory supplies and consumables increased by $0.5~~were $30.5 million and reflect our increased research and development personnel. Facility related expenses increased by $1.2 million to accommodate our manufacturing expansion and increased research and development personnel. Milestone and license payments increased $2.9 million to reflect payments made under certain agreements.

~~The increase of $19.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was primarily due to increases in personnel related expenses, expenses related to outside services and consultants,in-house~~ laboratory supplies and consumables, and facilities expenses. Personnel related costs increased by $4.8 million, as a direct result of our increased research and development headcount. Outside services and consultants increased by $6.1 million for clinical trials, preclinical testing and contract manufacturing expansion.~~In-house~~ expenses for laboratory supplies and consumables increased by $2.7 million, and reflect our increased research and development personnel. Facility related expenses increased by $3.3 million to accommodate our manufacturing expansion and increased research and development personnel. Milestone and license payments increased $2.9 million to reflect payments made under certain agreements due to the achievement of certain milestones in September 2018.

~~General and Administrative Expenses~~

~~General and administrative expenses were $3.1~~$28.2 million for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2018 compared~~March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase of $2.3 million was primarily due to ~~$1.4~~increases of $1.5 million in

personnel-related expenses, $0.3 million in outside services, $0.7 million in facilities related costs, and $0.8 million in laboratory supplies, offset by a decrease of $1.0 million in milestone and license payments.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses were $6.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017. The increase of $1.7 million was primarily attributable to a $0.4 million increase in personnel related costs as we expanded our headcount, and a $1.1 million increase in outside services for legal, finance, recruiting and other professional services to support our ongoing operations. Facility related expenses increased by $0.2 million to accommodate our increased general and administrative personnel.

~~General and administrative expenses were $7.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018~~March 31, 2023 compared to $4.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The increase of $3.7 million was primarily attributable to a $1.7 million increase in personnel related costs as we expanded our headcount, and a $1.6 million increase in outside services for legal, finance, recruiting and other professional services to support our ongoing operations. Facility related expenses increased by $0.4 million to accommodate our increased general and administrative personnel.

~~Interest Income, Net~~

~~Interest income, net was $0.03~~$8.0 million for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2018 compared~~March 21, 2022. The decrease of $1.3 million was primarily attributable to ~~$0.04~~decreases of $1.1 million in outside services and $0.2 million in facilities related costs.

Interest Income

Interest income was $1.7 million for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2017.~~March 31, 2023, and negligible for the three months ended March 31, 2022. The income for both ~~years~~periods represents interest and investment income from cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities. The ~~decrease~~increase of ~~$0.01~~$1.6 million was primarily due to higher interest rates in 2023 as compared to 2022.

Interest Expense

Interest expense was $0.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, and negligible for the three months ended March 31, 2022. Interest expense is primarily comprised of the contractual coupon interest expense, the amortization of the debt discount and issuance costs and the accretion of the final payment fee associated with the Loan Agreement. The increase of $0.8 million from 2022 to 2023 was due to ~~increased interest expense incurred on our lease financing obligation, partially offset by a higher average cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities balance~~the Company entering into the Loan Agreement in ~~2018 than in 2017.~~July 2022.

Interest income, net was $0.12 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to $0.18 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The decrease of $0.06 million was due to increased interest expense incurred on our lease financing obligation, partially offset by a higher average cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities balance in 2018 than in 2017.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources of Liquidity

~~From~~Since our inception, ~~through September 30, 2018,~~ we have funded our operations primarily through ~~private placements~~sales of our convertible preferred stock, sales of our common stock in public offerings and under our "at-the-market" offering programs, private placements of our common stock and pre-funded warrants, and our collaborations, including with the receipt of proceeds under the 2seventy Agreement and the Gilead Collaboration Agreement, ~~with bluebird. We have raised net cash proceeds of $177.9 million~~and non-dilutive grants from ~~the issuance of our convertible preferred stock and anon-refundable~~ ~~upfront payment of $20.0 million from bluebird.~~various nonprofit organizations. As of ~~September 30, 2018,~~March 31, 2023, we had cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities of ~~$77.4~~$145.8 million and an accumulated deficit of ~~$109.1~~$555.1 million, compared to cash, ~~and~~ cash equivalents, and marketable securities of ~~$39.0~~$175.9 million and an accumulated deficit of ~~$61.6~~$521.1 million as of December 31, ~~2017. Our primary sources~~2022. We expect that our cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities as of March 31, 2023 will enable us to fund our current and planned operating expenses and capital ~~prior to our IPO in October 2018 have been~~expenditures for at least the next 12 months from ~~private placements~~the date of ~~convertible preferred securities and upfront fees from our bluebird Collaboration Agreement. To date, we have raised $177.9 million from private placements~~the filing of ~~convertible preferred securities from our investors.~~this report.

In ~~October 2018,~~September 2021, we completed ~~our IPO by issuing 6,854,202~~the Second PIPE Financing, pursuant to which we sold an aggregate of 5,000,000 shares of common stock at a per share purchase price of $11.00. In connection with the Second PIPE Financing, we received $55.0 million in aggregate gross cash proceeds and incurred related costs of $2.3 million.

In February 2021, we received a non-refundable upfront payment of $30.0 million under the Gilead Collaboration Agreement and $30.0 million under the Gilead Stock Purchase Agreement.

In September 2021, we received an upfront payment of $11.3 million under the CEPI Funding Agreement.

In March 2022, we filed the 2022 Shelf Registration Statement, covering the offering of up to $250.0 million of various equity and debt securities, including ~~187,535~~the sale and issuance of up to $100.0 million worth of shares ~~sold~~of our common stock under the 2022 ATM Offering Program. Through March 31, 2023, we have received aggregate proceeds from our 2022 ATM Offering Program of $21.5 million, net of commissions and offering costs, pursuant to the ~~underwriters’ partial exercise~~issuance of ~~their option~~7,642,801 shares. As of March 31, 2023, we have $77.8 million available under the 2022 ATM Offering Program.

In April 2022, we received the second tranche payment of $2.7 million under the CEPI Funding Agreement.

In July 2022, we entered into a Loan Agreement with Hercules and SVB, which provides us with a 60-month term loan facility for the Company up to $80.0 million in borrowing capacity across five potential tranches. At the closing of the Loan Agreement, we drew $20.0 million from the first tranche, and we drew the additional $10.0 million in March 2023. The remaining tranches provide up to $50.0 million borrowing capacity and become available if and when we meet certain milestones set forth in the Loan Agreement. In the fourth quarter of 2022, one milestone had

been achieved, which provides the Company the ability to draw up to $10 million through December 15, 2023. As of March 31, 2023, the Company has not drawn the additional $10 million. The term loan is secured by substantially all of our assets, other than intellectual property. There are no warrants associated with the Loan Agreement. See Note 8 to our condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information.

In October 2022, we completed the Third PIPE Financing, pursuant to which we sold an aggregate of 6,637,165 shares of common stock at a per share purchase price of $2.26 and pre-funded warrants to purchase ~~additional~~13,274,923 shares of common stock at ~~an offering~~a price of ~~$15.00~~$2.26 per share (of which $2.2599 per share was prepaid by each purchaser). The aggregate gross cash proceeds to us for ~~net proceeds of approximately $95.6~~the securities sold in the Third PIPE Financing was $45.0 million, ~~after deducting underwriters’ discounts~~ and ~~commissions.~~related costs were $2.6 million.

~~Additionally, we~~Future Funding Requirements

We do not expect positive cash flows from operations in the foreseeable future. Historically, we have incurred operating losses as a result of ongoing efforts to develop our ~~personalized~~ cancer and infectious disease immunotherapy ~~candidate,~~candidates, including conducting ongoing research and development, clinical ~~trials,~~and preclinical studies and providing general and administrative support for these operations. We do not have any products approved for sale, and we do not expect to generate any meaningful revenue unless and until we obtain regulatory approval of and commercialize any of our current and future product candidates and/or enter into additional significant collaboration or grant agreements with third parties. We do not know when, or if, either will occur. We expect to continue to incur net operating losses for at least the next several years and we expect the losses to increase as we advance~~GRANITE-001,SLATE-001~~ our CORAL, GRANITE and SLATE programs, as well as any future product candidates, through clinical development, seek regulatory approval, prepare for and, if approved, proceed to commercialization, continue our research and development efforts and invest in our manufacturing facility.

~~Future Funding Requirements~~

We do not have any products approved for sale, and we have never generated any revenue from contracts with customers. We do not expect to generate any meaningful revenue unless and until we obtain regulatory approval of and commercialize any of our current and future product candidates and/ or enter into collaboration agreements with third parties, and we do not know when, or if, either will occur. We expect to continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future, and we expect the losses to increase as we continue the development of, and seek regulatory approvals for, our current and future product candidates, and begin to commercialize any approved products. We are subject to all the risks typically related to the development of new product candidates, and we may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other unknown factors that may adversely affect our business. Moreover, ~~following the completion of this offering,~~ we ~~expect to~~ incur ~~additional~~substantial costs associated with operating as a public company. We anticipate that we will need substantial additional funding in connection with our continuing operations.

Until we can generate a sufficient amount of revenue from the commercialization of ~~our tumor- specific~~ immunotherapy product candidates or from additional significant collaboration or license agreements with third parties, if ever, we expect to finance our future cash needs through private and public ~~or private~~ equity offerings, orincluding our “at-the-market” offering programs, debt ~~financings.~~financings, and potential future collaboration, license and development agreements. Additional capital may not be available on reasonable terms, if at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, we may have to significantly delay, scale back or discontinue the development or commercialization of one or more of our current or future product candidates. If we raise additional funds by issuing equity or convertible debt securities, it could result in dilution to our existing stockholders and increased fixed payment obligations. In addition, as a condition to providing additional funds to us, future investors may demand, and may be granted, rights superior to those of existing stockholders. If we incur indebtedness, we could become subject to covenants that would restrict our operations and potentially impair our competitiveness, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt, limitations on our ability to acquire, sell or license intellectual property rights, and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. Additionally, any future collaborations we enter into with third parties may provide capital in the near term, but we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our product candidates or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us. Any of the foregoing could significantly harm our business, financial condition and prospects.

Since our inception, we have incurred significant losses and negative cash flows from operations. We have an accumulated deficit of ~~$109.1~~$555.1 million ~~through September 30, 2018.~~as of March 31, 2023. We expect to incur substantial additional losses in the future as we conduct and expand our research and development activities. We believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities will be sufficient to enable us to fund our projected operations through at least the next ~~12 months.~~twelve (12) months from the date of this Quarterly Report. We have based our projections of operating capital requirements on assumptions that may prove to be incorrect, and we may use all our available capital resources sooner

than we expect. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with research, development and commercialization of product candidates, we are unable to estimate the exact amount of our operating capital requirements. Our future capital requirements depend on many factors, including:

•

the scope, progress, results and costs of developing our ~~tumor-specific immunotherapy~~ product candidates, and of conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials, including our ~~Phase 1/2 clinical trial ofGRANITE-001,~~ ~~which we expect to initiate in the fourth quarter of 2018;~~

~~the scope, progress, results and costs of conducting studies and~~ clinical trials for ~~our~~GRANITE, SLATE ~~product candidate series, including the Phase 1/2 clinical trial forSLATE-001,~~ ~~which we expect to initiate in the second half of 2019;~~

and CORAL;

•

the timing of, and the costs involved in, obtaining regulatory approvals for our ~~tumor-specific~~oncology and infectious disease immunotherapy product candidates;

in particular, any costs incurred in connection with any future regulatory requirements that may be imposed by the FDA or foreign regulatory bodies;

•

the number and characteristics of any additional product candidates we develop or acquire;

•

the timing and amount of any milestone, royalty or other payments we are required to make pursuant to any current or future collaboration or license agreements;

•

potential delays in our ongoing clinical trials as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic;

•

the cost of manufacturing our ~~tumor-specific immunotherapy~~ product candidates we successfully commercialize, including the cost of scaling up our internal manufacturing operations;

•

the cost of building a sales force in anticipation of product commercialization;

•

the cost of commercialization activities, including building a commercial infrastructure, marketing, sales and distribution costs;

•

our ability to maintain existing, and establish new, strategic collaborations, licensing or other arrangements, and the financial terms of any such agreements, including the timing and amount of any future milestone, royalty or other payments due under any such agreement;

•

any product liability or other lawsuits related to our products;

•

the ~~expenses needed~~costs to attract, hire and retain skilled personnel;

•

the costs associated with being a public company;

•

the costs involved in preparing, filing, prosecuting, maintaining, defending and enforcing our intellectual property portfolio; and

•

the timing, receipt and amount of sales of ~~any~~ future approved products, if any.

A change in the outcome of any of these or other variables with respect to the development of any of our current and future product candidates could significantly change the costs and timing associated with the development of that product candidate. Furthermore, our operating plans may change in the future, and we will need additional funds to meet operational needs and capital requirements associated with such operating plans.

Cash Flows

The following table sets forth a summary of the primary sources and uses of cash for each of the periods presented below (in thousands):


	Nine Months Ended September 30,						Three Months Ended March 31,
	2018			2017			2023			2022
Cash used in operating activities	$	(25,166	)	$	(20,631	)	$	(40,090	)	$	(33,451	)
Cash provided by investing activities		32,358			14,679			21,173			7,634
Cash provided by financing activities		19,737			92,570

Net increase in cash and cash equivalents	$	26,929		$	86,618

Cash provided by (used in) financing activities								8,647			(917	)
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents							$	(10,270	)	$	(26,734	)

Cash Used in Operating Activities

During the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2018,~~March 31, 2023, cash used in operating activities was ~~$25.2~~$40.1 million, which consisted of a net loss of ~~$47.4~~$34.0 million, adjusted bynon-cash charges of ~~$4.3~~$6.2 million and ~~cash used due to~~net changes in our operating assets and liabilities of ~~$17.9~~$12.3 million. Thenon-cash charges consisted primarily of depreciation and amortization

expense of ~~$2.7~~$0.8 million, amortization of debt discount and issuance costs of $0.3 million, stock-based compensation of ~~$1.6~~$2.9 million and non-cash operating lease expense of $2.2 million. The change in our operating assets and liabilities was primarily due to decreases of $3.5 million in accrued compensation, $0.7 million in accrued and other non-current liabilities, $2.1 million in lease liability, $2.3 million in deferred revenue, and an increase of ~~$19.9~~$4.2 million ~~as a result of the deferred revenue recorded~~ in ~~connection with our Collaboration Agreement with bluebird, a increase of $2.9~~deposits and other long-term assets, offset by $0.1 million decrease in prepaid expenses and other current assets, $0.3 million increase in accounts payable and an$0.1 million increase ~~of $0.9 million~~ in accrued research and ~~other liabilities.~~development expenses.

During the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2022, cash used in operating activities was ~~$20.6~~$33.5 million, which consisted of a net loss of ~~$24.0~~$28.9 million, adjusted bynon-cash charges of ~~$2.1~~$7.2 million and ~~cash used due to~~net changes in our operating assets and liabilities of ~~$1.3~~$11.8 million. Thenon-cash charges consisted primarily of depreciation and amortization expense of ~~$1.3~~$1.6 million, ~~and~~ stock-based compensation of ~~$0.8~~$3.1 million, non-cash operating lease expense of $2.3 million and net amortization of premiums and discounts on marketable securities of $0.2 million. The change in our operating assets and liabilities was primarily due to decreases of $6.5 million in deferred revenue, $2.6 million in accrued compensation, $2.0 million in lease liability and an increase of ~~$1.2~~$3.3 million in ~~accrued and other liabilities and a decrease of $0.1 million in prepaids~~prepaid expenses and other current assets, offset by an increase of $1.9 million in accounts payable and decrease of $0.8 million in deposits and other long-term assets.

Cash Provided Byby Investing Activities

During the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2018,~~March 31, 2023, cash provided by investing activities was ~~$32.4~~$21.2 million, which consisted of ~~$37.2~~$38.6 million in proceeds from the maturity of marketable securities, offset by ~~$1.5~~$15.9 million in purchases of marketable securities and ~~$3.3~~$1.5 million of capital expenditures to purchase property and equipment.

During the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2022, cash provided by investing activities was ~~$14.7~~$7.6 million, which consisted of ~~$39.0~~$26.5 million in proceeds from the maturity of marketable securities and $11.2 million from sales of marketable securities, offset by ~~$16.3~~$28.3 million ofin purchases of marketable securities and ~~$8.0~~$1.8 million of capital expenditures to purchase property and equipment.

Cash Provided by (Used in) Financing Activities

During the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2018,~~March 31, 2023, cash provided by financing activities was ~~$19.7~~$8.6 million, which primarily consisted of ~~$20.9~~$9.9 million in proceeds from long-term debt, net of debt discount and issuance costs, and $1.9 million in proceeds from the ~~issuances~~issuance of ~~shares~~common stock under the 2022 ATM Offering program, offset by $2.5 million in financing and offering costs and $0.7 million in taxes paid related to net share settlement of ~~our Series C convertible preferred~~restricted stock units.

During the three months ended March 31, 2022, cash used in financing activities was $0.9 million, which primarily consisted of $0.9 million in tax withholding on vesting of restricted stock units and $0.1 million in payment of financing costs, offset by $0.1 million in proceeds from the ~~exercise~~issuance of common stock ~~options, offset by $1.3 million paid for deferred offering costs associated with preparation for our initial public offering.~~from option and warrant exercises.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, cash provided by financing activities was $92.6 million, which consisted of proceeds from the issuances of shares of our Series B convertible preferred stock.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have not entered into anyoff-balance sheet arrangements, as defined under SEC rules.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

We lease office, laboratory and storage space in facilities at several locations in California and Massachusetts. The ~~following table summarizes~~terms of our ~~contractual obligations as~~lease agreements have expiration dates between 2023 to 2033. The total future minimum lease payments under the agreements are $102.8 million, of ~~September 30, 2018 (in thousands):~~which $6.5 million of the payments are due in 2023. See Note 6 to our condensed consolidated financial statements.

      Payments Due by Period
   Total
Less than
1 Year

1-3
Years

3-5
Years

More than
5 Years

Operating leases(1)
   $    8,774      $  455      $  5,002      $  2,921      $     396
Lease financing obligation(1)
   5,257      197      1,612      1,711      1,737










Total obligations
   $  14,031      $  652      $  6,614      $  4,632      $  2,133

~~(1)~~

~~See Note 6 to our condensed financial statements.~~

We are party to license agreements pursuant to which we havein-licensed various intellectual property rights. The license agreements obligate us to make certain milestone payments related to achievement of specified events, as well as royalties in thelow-single digits based on sales of licensed products. ~~In September 2018, we made a milestone payment of $2.5 million in relation to a license agreement.~~ During the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2018~~March 31, 2023 and 2022, no royalties were due from the sales of licensed products. The table above does not include any milestone or royalty payments to the counterparties to these agreements as the amounts, timing and likelihood of such payments are not known. See Note 89 to our condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information.

~~In September 2017, we entered into a contract research and development agreement with a third party CRO~~From time to ~~provide research, analysis and antibody samples to further the development of our personalized immunotherapy candidate~~time, in the ~~treatment~~normal course of ~~cancer. Under the agreement,~~business, we ~~paid an upfront payment~~enter into contracts with CROs for clinical trials, CMOs for clinical supply manufacturing and with vendors for preclinical research studies and other services and

products for operating purposes, which generally provide for termination within 30 days of ~~$0.5 million to the CRO. The upfront payment has been capitalized~~notice. Therefore, all such contracts are cancelable contracts and will be recognized as research and development expense using the straight-line method over the term of the agreement, which is one year. We are also obligated to pay up to $0.9 million to the CRO upon the completion of certain phases of the research services. These costs will be recorded to research and development expense over the expected period of each phase of the research services. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company recognized a total of $0.9 million of research and development expense under the agreement. We are also obligated to pay the CRO certain milestone payments of up to $36.4 million on achievement of specified events. None of these events had occurred as of September 30, 2018. However, we are unable to estimate the timing or likelihood of achieving the milestones and, therefore, any related payments are not included in the table above.

Critical Accounting Policies and Use of Estimates

This discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operation is based on our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, or U.S. GAAP. The preparation of financial statements requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its estimates, including those related to preclinical study trial accruals, fair value of assets and liabilities, and the fair value of common stock and stock-based compensation. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other market-specific and relevant assumptions that management believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

~~While~~There have been no changes to our ~~significant~~critical accounting policies ~~are more fully described~~since we filed our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 with the SEC on March 9, 2023. For a description of our critical accounting policies, please refer to that Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Refer to “Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in the notes to our ~~audited~~unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements ~~included~~ in ~~our Prospectus dated October~~Part I, Item 1 ~~2018, as filed with the SEC (the “Prospectus”), we believe that the following accounting policies are critical to the process~~ of ~~making significant judgments and estimates in the preparation of our financial statements and understanding and evaluating our reported financial results.~~

~~Revenue Recognition~~

We analyze our collaboration agreements to assess whether such arrangements involve joint operating activities performed by parties that are both active participants in the activities and exposed to significant risks and rewards dependent on the commercial success of such activities. This assessment is performed throughout the life of the arrangement based on changes in the responsibilities of all parties in the arrangement. For collaboration arrangements that are considered to be in the scope of the collaboration guidance and that contain multiple elements, we first determine which elements of the collaboration are deemed to be within the scope of the collaboration guidance and those that are more reflective of a vendor-customer relationship and, therefore, within the scope of the revenue with contracts with customer guidance. For elements of collaboration arrangements that are accounted for pursuant to the revenue from contracts with customer guidance, an appropriate recognition method is determined and applied consistently, generally by analogy to the revenue from contracts with customers guidance.

~~The terms of the collaboration and license agreements entered into typically include payment of one or more of the following:non-refundable,up-front~~ fees; development, regulatory, and commercial milestone payments; payments for manufacturing supply services; and royalties on net sales of licensed products. Each of these payments results in license, collaboration, and other revenues, except for revenues from royalties on net sales of licensed products, which are classified as royalty revenues. The core principle of the accounting for revenue from contracts with customers guidance is to recognize revenues when promised goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that is expected to be received in exchange for those goods or services.

In determining the appropriate amount of revenue to be recognized as we fulfill our obligations under each of our agreements, we perform the following steps: (i) identification of the promised goods or services in the contract; (ii) determination of whether the promised goods or services are performance obligations including whether they are distinct in the context of the contract; (iii) measurement of the transaction price, including the constraint on variable consideration; (iv) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations based on estimated selling prices; and (v) recognition of revenue when (or as) we satisfy each performance obligation.

Amounts received prior to satisfying the revenue recognition criteria are recorded as deferred revenue in our balance sheets. If the related performance obligation is expected to be satisfied within the next twelve months this will be classified in current liabilities. Amounts recognized as revenue prior to receipt are recorded as contract assets in our balance sheets. If we expect to have an unconditional right to receive consideration in the next twelve months, this will be classified in current assets. A net contract asset or liability is presented for each contract with a customer.

At contract inception, we assess the goods or services promised in a contract with a customer and identify those distinct goods and services that represent a performance obligation. A promised good or service may not be identified as a performance obligation if it is immaterial in the context of the contract with the customer, if it is not separately identifiable from other promises in the contract (either because it is not capable of being separated or because it is not separable in the context of the contract), or if the performance obligation does not provide the customer with a material right.

We consider the terms of the contract and our customary business practices to determine the transaction price. The transaction price is the amount of consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for transferring promised goods or services to a customer. The consideration promised in a contract with a customer may include fixed amounts, variable amounts, or both. Variable consideration will only be included in the transaction price when it is not considered constrained, which is when it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur.

If it is determined that multiple performance obligations exist, the transaction price is allocated at the inception of the agreement to all identified performance obligations based on the relative standalone selling prices. The relative selling price for each deliverable is estimated using objective evidence if it is available. If objective evidence is not available, we use our best estimate of the selling price for the deliverable.

Revenue is recognized when, or as, we satisfy a performance obligation by transferring a promised good or service to a customer. An asset is transferred when, or as, the customer obtains control of that asset, whichQuarterly Report, for a ~~service, is considered to be as the services are received and used. We recognize revenue over time by measuring the progress toward complete satisfaction~~discussion of ~~the relevant performance obligation using an appropriate input or output method based on the nature of the good or service promised to the customer.~~

After contract inception, the transaction price is reassessed at every period end and updated for changes such as resolution of uncertain events. Any change in the transaction price is allocated to the performance obligations on the same basis as at contract inception.

Management may be required to exercise considerable judgment in estimating revenue to be recognized. Judgment is required in identifying performance obligations, estimating the transaction price, estimating the stand-alone selling prices of identified performance obligations, which may include forecasted revenue, development timelines, reimbursement rates for personnel costs, discount rates and probabilities of technical and regulatory success, and estimating the progress towards satisfaction of performance obligations.

~~Recent Accounting Pronouncements~~

Except as described in Note 2 to the condensed financial statements under the heading “Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements”, there have been no new accounting pronouncements or changes to accounting pronouncements during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to the recent accounting ~~pronouncements described in our Prospectus that are of significant or potential significance to us.~~pronouncements.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

~~Item 3.~~

~~Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk~~

Interest Rate Risk

There have been no material changes ~~to our~~in market ~~risks~~risk from ~~those disclosed~~the information provided in “Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” in our ~~Prospectus.~~Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

~~Item 4.~~

~~Controls and Procedures~~

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As of ~~September 30, 2018,~~March 31, 2023, our management, with the participation of our ~~Chief Executive Officer~~principal executive, financial and ~~Chief Financial Officer,~~accounting officers, performed an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rules13a-15(e) and15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including the ~~Chief Executive Officer~~principal executive, financial and ~~the Chief Financial Officer,~~accounting officers, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

Any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objective, and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of ~~September 30, 2018,~~March 31, 2023, the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at athe reasonable assurance level.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rule13a-15(e) and15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2018~~

March 31, 2023 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. Legal Proceedings

~~ITEM 1.~~

~~Legal Proceedings~~

From time to time, we may become involved in litigation or other legal proceedings. We are not currently a party to any litigation or legal proceedings that, in the opinion of our management, are likely to have a material adverse effect on our business. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.

ITEM 1A. Risk Factors

~~ITEM 1A.~~

~~Risk Factors~~

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks described below, as well as the other information in this ~~Quarterly Report,~~report, including our financial statements and the related notes and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” before deciding whether to invest in our common stock. The occurrence of any of the events or developments described below, or in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 9, 2023 could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, prospects and stock price. In such an event, the market price of our common stock could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment. Many of the following risks and uncertainties are, and will be, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, inflation, the high interest rate environment, and any worsening of the global business and economic environment as a result. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also impair our business operations.

~~Risks Related~~There have been no material changes to ~~Our Limited Operating History, Financial Condition and Capital Requirements~~

~~We are an early-stage biopharmaceutical company with a limited operating history and no products approved for commercial sale. We have incurred significant losses since~~the risk factors set forth in Part I, Item 1A of our ~~inception, and we anticipate that we will continue to incur significant losses~~Annual Report on Form 10-K for the ~~foreseeable future, which, together with our limited operating history, makes it difficult to assess our future viability.~~

Biopharmaceutical product development is a highly speculative undertaking and involves a substantial degree of risk. We are an early-stage biopharmaceutical company, and we have only a limited operating history upon which you can evaluate our business and prospects. We have no products approved for commercial sale, have not generated any revenue from product sales and have incurred losses in each year since our inception in August 2015. In addition, we have limited experience and have not yet demonstrated an ability to successfully overcome many of the risks and uncertainties frequently encountered by companies in new and rapidly evolving fields, particularly in the biopharmaceutical industry. We have only recently received clearance from the FDA for our IND of our first personalized cancer immunotherapy candidate,~~GRANITE-001,~~ ~~and have not yet initiated our Phase 1/2 clinical trial, GO-004.~~

~~We have had significant operating losses since our inception. Our net losses for the years~~ ended December 31, ~~2017 and 2016 were approximately $41.4 million and $18.8 million, respectively, and for~~2022 filed with the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 were approximately $47.4 million and $24.0 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2018, we had an accumulated deficit of $109.1 million. Substantially all of our losses have resulted from expenses incurred in connection with our research and development programs and from general and administrative costs associated with our operations.~~GRANITE-001~~ ~~andSLATE-001~~ will require substantial additional development time and resources before we would be able to apply for or receive regulatory approvals and begin generating revenue from product sales. In addition, upon the completion of this offering we expect to incur additional costs associated with operatingSEC on March 9, 2023, except as a public company. We also do not yet have a sales organization or commercial infrastructure and, accordingly, we will incur significant expenses to develop a sales organization or commercial infrastructure in advance of generating any commercial product sales. We expect to continue to incur losses for the foreseeable future, and we anticipate these losses will increase as we continue to develop~~GRANITE-001,SLATE-001~~ and any future product candidates, conduct clinical trials and pursue research and development activities. Even if we achieve profitability in the future, we may not be able to sustain profitability in subsequent periods. Our prior losses, combined with expected future losses, have had and will continue to have an adverse effect on our stockholders’ equity and working capital.set forth below.

We will require substantial additional financing to achieve our goals, and a failure to obtain ~~this~~such necessary capital when needed on acceptable terms, or at all, could force us to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development programs, commercialization efforts or other operations.

Since our inception, we have invested a significant portion of our efforts and financial resources in research and development activities for tumor-specific cancer immunotherapies and ~~working~~infectious disease programs in addition to ~~establish~~establishing ourin-house manufacturing capabilities. ~~Preclinical~~Our preclinical studies, ~~and~~ clinical trials and additional research and development activities will require substantial funds to complete. ~~As of September 30, 2018, we had capital resources consisting of cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $77.4 million.~~ We believe that we will continue to expend substantial resources for the foreseeable future in connection with the development of~~GRANITE-001,SLATE-001~~ our current and any other future ~~cancer~~ immunotherapy product candidates we may choose to pursue, as well as the continued development of our manufacturing capabilities and other corporate uses. Specifically, in the near term, we expect to incur substantial expenses as we advance~~GRANITE-001~~ GRANITE and~~SLATE-001~~ SLATE through clinical development, seek regulatory approval, prepare for and, if approved, proceed to commercialization, continue our research and development efforts and invest in our manufacturing facility. These expenditures will include costs associated with conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approvals, and manufacturing and supply, as well as marketing and selling any products approved for sale. In addition, other unanticipated costs may arise. Because the outcome of any of our preclinical ~~study~~studies or clinical ~~trial~~trials is highly uncertain, we cannot reasonably estimate the actual amounts necessary to successfully complete the development and commercialization of~~GRANITE-001,SLATE-001~~ GRANITE, SLATE or any other current or future immunotherapy product candidates.

We believe that ~~the net proceeds from this offering, together with~~ our existing cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities will ~~allow us~~be sufficient to fund our ~~operating plan~~planned operations for at least ~~12 months following the date of this offering and through preliminary efficacy data for our planned Phase 1/2 clinical trial forGRANITE-001.~~twelve (12) months. However, our operating plans and other demands on our capital resources may change as a result of many factors currently unknown to us, and we may need to seek additional funds sooner than planned, through public or private equity or debt financings or other sources, such as strategic collaborations. ~~Such financing may result in dilution to stockholders, imposition of burdensome debt covenants and repayment obligations, or other restrictions that may affect our business.~~ If we raise additional funds through licensing or collaboration arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our product candidates or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us. In addition, we may seek additional capital due to favorable market conditions or strategic considerations even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans. Attempting to secure additional financing may divert our management from ourday-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our ability to develop our product candidates. In addition, we cannot guarantee that future financing will be available in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all.

Our future capital requirements depend on many factors, including:

•

the scope, progress, results and costs of developing each of our ~~tumor-specific immunotherapy~~ product candidates, ~~and~~including conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials, ~~including~~either on our ~~planned Phase 1/2 clinical trial forGRANITE-001,~~ ~~which we expect to initiate~~own or in ~~the fourth quarter of 2018;~~

collaboration with others;

~~the scope, progress, results and costs of conducting studies and~~•

potential delays in our ongoing clinical trials, including for reasons beyond our ~~SLATE product candidate series, including the Phase 1/2 clinical trial forSLATE-001,~~ ~~which we expect to initiate in the second half of 2019;~~

control;

•

the timing of, and the costs involved in, obtaining regulatory approvals for our ~~tumor-specific immunotherapy~~product candidates;

•

the number and characteristics of any additional product candidates we develop or acquire;

•

the timing and amount of any milestone, royalty or other payments we are required to make pursuant to any current or future collaboration or license agreement;

•

the cost of manufacturing any of our ~~tumor-specific immunotherapies~~products we successfully commercialize, including the cost of scaling up our internal manufacturing operations;

•

the cost of building a sales force in anticipation of product commercialization;

•

the cost of commercialization activities, including legal, compliance, marketing, sales and distribution costs;

•

our ability to maintain existing, and establish new, strategic collaborations, licensing or other arrangements and the financial terms of any such ~~agreements,~~arrangement, including the timing and amount of any future milestone, royalty or other payments due under any such ~~agreement;~~

arrangement;

•

any product liability or other lawsuits related to our products;

•

the expenses needed to attract, hire and retain skilled personnel;

•

the costs associated with being a public company;

•

the costs involved in preparing, filing, prosecuting, maintaining, defending and enforcing our intellectual property portfolio; and

•

the timing, receipt and amount of sales of ~~any~~our future approved products, if any.

Additional funds may not be available when we need them, on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all. If adequate funds are not available to us on a timely basis, we may be required to:

•

delay, limit, reduce or terminate preclinical studies, clinical trials or other research and development activities or eliminate one or more of our development programs altogether; or

•

delay, limit, reduce or terminate our efforts to establish manufacturing and sales and marketing capabilities or other activities that may be necessary to commercialize our ~~tumor-specific~~ immunotherapy product candidates, or reduce our flexibility in developing or maintaining our sales and marketing strategy.

We also could be required to seek funds through arrangements with collaborators or others that may require us to relinquish rights or jointly own some aspects of our technologies or product candidates that we would otherwise pursue on our own. We domay not ~~expect to~~ realize revenue from sales of products or royalties from licensed products in the foreseeable future, ~~if at all,~~ and no such revenue will be realized unless and until a product candidate is clinically tested, approved for commercialization and successfully marketed. To date, we have primarily financed our operations through the sale of equity securities. We will be required to seek additional funding in the future and currently intend to do so through collaborations, public or private equity offerings or debt financings, credit or loan facilities or a combination of one or more of these funding sources. Our ability to raise additional funds will depend on financial, economic and other factors, many of which are beyond our control. Additional funds may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. If we raise additional funds by issuing equity securities, our stockholders will suffer dilution and the terms of any financing may adversely affect the rights of our stockholders. In addition, as a condition to providing additional funds to us, future investors may demand, and may be granted, rights superior to those of existing stockholders. Debt financing, if available, is likely to involve restrictive covenants, ~~limiting~~repayment obligations, or other similar restrictions that may affect our business and limit our flexibility in conducting future business activities, and, in the event of insolvency, debt holders would be repaid before holders of our equity securities received any distribution of our corporate assets.

~~Our operating results may fluctuate significantly, which makes our future operating results difficult to predict and could cause our operating results to fall below expectations.~~43

Our quarterly and annual operating results may fluctuate significantly, which makes it difficult for us to predict our future operating results. These fluctuations may occur due to a variety of factors, many of which are outside

In addition, we maintain the majority of our ~~control~~cash and ~~may be difficult to predict, including:~~

~~the timing~~cash equivalents in accounts with major U.S. and ~~cost of,~~multi-national financial institutions, and ~~level of investment in, research, development and commercialization activities, which may change from time to time;~~

~~the timing of receipt of approvals from regulatory authorities in the United States and internationally;~~

~~the timing and status of enrollment for~~ our ~~clinical trials;~~

the cost of manufacturing, as well as building out our supply chain, which may vary depending on the quantity of production, the cost of continuing to establish and scale up our internal manufacturing capabilities, and the terms of any agreements we enter into with third-party suppliers;

~~timing and amount of any milestone, royalty or other payments due under any current or future collaboration or license agreement;~~

~~coverage and reimbursement policies with respect to our tumor-specific immunotherapy product candidates, if approved, and potential future drugs that compete with our products;~~

~~expenditures that we may incur to acquire, develop or commercialize additional products and technologies;~~

~~the level of demand for our cancer immunotherapy products, if approved, which may vary significantly over time;~~

~~future accounting pronouncements or changes in our accounting policies; and~~

the timing and success or failure of preclinical studies and clinical trials for our product candidates or competing product candidates, or any other change in the competitive landscape of our industry, including consolidation among our competitors or partners.

~~The cumulative effects~~deposits at certain of these ~~factors could result in large fluctuations and unpredictability in our quarterly and annual operating results. As a result, comparing our operating results on aperiod-to-period~~ ~~basis may not be meaningful. Investors should not rely on our past results as an indication~~institutions exceed insured limits. Market conditions can impact the viability of ~~our future performance.~~

This variability and unpredictability could also result in our failing to meet the expectations of industry or financial analysts or investors for any period. If our revenue or operating results fall below the expectations of analysts or investors or below any forecasts we may provide to the market, or if the forecasts we provide to the market are below the expectations of analysts or investors, the price of our common stock could decline substantially. Such a stock price decline could occur even when we have met any previously publicly stated revenue or earnings guidance we may provide.

~~Risks Related to Our Business~~

~~Our business is dependent on the successful development, regulatory approval and commercialization of our personalized immunotherapy product candidate,GRANITE-001,~~ ~~which is in the early stages of development and has not been tested in humans.~~

~~We have no products approved for sale and our initial product candidate,GRANITE-001,~~ ~~a personalized immunotherapy, has not been tested in humans. As such, we face significant translational risk withGRANITE-001~~ specifically and our tumor-specific immunotherapy approach generally. The success of our business, including our ability to finance our company and generate any revenue in the future, will primarily depend on the successful development, regulatory approval and commercialization of~~GRANITE-001,~~ ~~as well as other product candidates derived from our tumor-specific immunotherapy approach, which may never occur.~~these institutions. In the future, we may also become dependent on other product candidates that we may develop or acquire; however, no product candidates based on our tumor-specific immunotherapy approach have been tested in humans and given our early stageevent of ~~development, it may be many years, if at all, before we have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of a personalized immunotherapy treatment sufficient to warrant approval for commercialization.~~

We have not previously submitted a biologics license application, or BLA, to the FDA or similar regulatory approval filings to comparable foreign authorities, for any product candidate, and we cannot be certain that our product candidates will be successful in clinical trials or receive regulatory approval. Further,~~GRANITE-001,SLATE-001~~ or any future product candidates may not receive regulatory approval even if they are successful in clinical trials. If we do not receive regulatory approvals for our product candidates, we may not be able to continue our operations. Even if we successfully obtain regulatory approvals to market a product candidate, our revenue will be dependent, in part, upon the size of the markets in the territories for which we gain regulatory approval and have commercial rights. If the markets or patient subsets that we are targeting are not as significant as we estimate, we may not generate significant revenues from sales of such products, if approved.

We plan to seek regulatory approval to commercialize our product candidates both in the United States and in selected foreign countries. While the scope of regulatory approval generally is similar in other countries, in order to obtain separate regulatory approval in other countries we must comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements of such countries regarding safety and efficacy. Other countries also have their own regulations governing, among other things, clinical trials and commercial sales, as well as pricing and distribution of our product candidates, and we may be required to expend significant resources to obtain regulatory approval and to comply with ongoing regulations in these jurisdictions.

~~The clinical and commercial success of our current and any future product candidates will depend on a number of factors, including the following:~~

~~our ability to raise any additional required capital on acceptable terms, or at all;~~

~~our ability to completeIND-enabling~~ ~~studies and successfully submit an IND for future product candidates;~~

timely completion of our preclinical studies and clinical trials, which may be significantly slower or cost more than we currently anticipate and will depend substantially upon the performance of third-party contractors;

~~whether we are required by the FDA or similar foreign regulatory agencies to conduct additional clinical trials or other studies beyond those planned to support approval of our product candidates;~~

~~acceptance of our proposed indications and primary endpoint assessments relating to the proposed indications of our product candidates by the FDA and similar foreign regulatory authorities;~~

~~our ability to consistently manufacture on a timely basis our personalized immunotherapy candidates;~~

our ability, and the ability of any third parties with whom we contract, to remain in good standing with regulatory agencies and develop, validate and maintain commercially viable manufacturing processes that are compliant with current good manufacturing practices, or cGMPs;

~~our ability to demonstrate to the satisfaction of the FDA and similar foreign regulatory authorities the safety, efficacy and acceptable risk-benefit profile of our product candidates;~~

~~the prevalence, duration and severity of potential side effects or other safety issues experienced with our product candidates or future approved products, if any;~~

~~the timely receipt of necessary marketing approvals from the FDA and similar foreign regulatory authorities;~~

achieving and maintaining, and, where applicable, ensuring that our third-party contractors achieve and maintain, compliance with our contractual obligations and with all regulatory requirements applicable to our lead product candidate or any future product candidates or approved products, if any;

~~the willingness of physicians, operators of hospitals and clinics and patients to utilize or adopt our personalized cancer immunotherapy approach;~~

~~our ability to successfully develop a commercial strategy and thereafter commercializeGRANITE-001,SLATE-001~~ or any future product candidates in the United States and internationally, if approved for marketing, sale and distribution in such countries and territories, whether alone or in collaboration with others;

the availability of coverage and adequate reimbursement from managed care plans, private insurers, government payors (such as Medicare and Medicaid) and other third-party payors for any of our product candidates that may be approved;

~~the convenience of our treatment or dosing regimen;~~

acceptance by physicians, payors and patients of the benefits, safety and efficacy of our product candidate or any future product candidates, if approved, including relative to alternative and competing treatments;

~~patient demand for our current or future product candidates, if approved;~~

~~our ability to establish and enforce intellectual property rights in and to our product candidates; and~~

~~our ability to avoid third-party patent interference, intellectual property challenges or intellectual property infringement claims.~~

These factors, many of which are beyond our control, could cause us to experience significant delays or an inability to obtain regulatory approvals or commercialize our current or future product candidates. Even if regulatory approvals are obtained, we may never be able to successfully commercialize any product candidates. Accordingly, we cannot provide assurances that we will be able to generate sufficient revenue through the sale of our product candidate or any future product candidates to continue our business or achieve profitability.

Our tumor-specific cancer immunotherapy approach is based on novel ideas and technologies that are unproven and may not result in marketable products, which exposes us to unforeseen risks and makes it difficult for us to predict the time and cost of product development and potential for regulatory approval.

We are using our proprietary EDGE tumor-antigen prediction platform to develop tumor-specific immunotherapy product candidates to treat cancer. Our foundational science and product development approach are based on our ability to predict the presence of a patient’s tumor-specific neoantigens, or TSNA, and develop a TSNA-directed therapy that will elicit a meaningful T cell response. We believe that this approach may offer an improved therapeutic effect by driving an intense, focused T cell attack selectively upon a patient’s tumor. However, this approach to treating cancer is novel and the scientific research that forms the basis of our efforts to predict the presence of TSNA and to develop TSNA-directed cancer immunotherapy candidates is both preliminary and limited. Neither of our tumor-specific immunotherapy product candidates have been tested in humans, and the results of our preclinical animal studies may not translate into humans. For example, our prediction model may fail to accurately predict the presence of TSNA, resulting in little or no T cell activity, or our therapy may fail to elicit a significant or durable enough T cell response to effectively destroy a tumor. As such, we cannot assure you that that even if we are able to develop personalized cancer immunotherapy candidates capable of recognizing TSNA and eliciting a T cell response, that such therapy would safely and effectively treat cancers. We may spend substantial funds attempting to develop this approach and never succeed in developing a marketable therapeutic.

No regulatory authority has granted approval for a personalized cancer immunotherapy based on a heterologous prime-boost approach. As such, we believe the FDA has limited experience with evaluating our approach, which may increase the complexity, uncertainty and length of the regulatory approval process for our product candidates. We may never receive approval to market and commercialize any product candidate. Even if we obtain regulatory approval, the approval may be for targets, disease indications, lines of therapy or patient populations that are not as broad as we intended or desired or may require labeling that includes significant use or distribution restrictions or safety warnings. We may be required to perform additional or unanticipated clinical trials to obtain approval or be subject to post-marketing testing requirements to maintain regulatory approval. If our personalized immunotherapy candidates prove to be ineffective, unsafe or commercially unviable, our entire technology platform and pipeline would have little, if any, value, which would have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

~~Results of earlier studies and trials of our product candidates may not be predictive of future trial results.~~

Clinical testing is expensive and can take many years to complete, and its outcome is inherently uncertain. Failure or delay can occur at any time during the clinical trial process. Success in preclinical studies and early clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials will be successful. A number of companies in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries have suffered significant setbacks in clinical trials, even after positive results in earlier preclinical studies or clinical trials. These setbacks have been caused by, among other things, preclinical findings made while clinical trials were underway and safety or efficacy observations made in clinical trials, including previously unreported adverse events. Notwithstanding any potential promising results in earlier studies and trials, we cannot be certain that we will not face similar setbacks. Even if our clinical trials are completed, the results may not be sufficient to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates. In addition, the results of our preclinical animal studies, including our~~non-human~~ primate studies, may not be predictive of the results of outcomes in human clinical trials. For example, our tumor-specific cancer immunotherapy candidates and any future product candidates may demonstrate different chemical, biological and pharmacological properties in patients than they do in laboratory studies or may interact with human biological systems in unforeseen or harmful ways. Product candidates in later stages of clinical trials may fail to show the desired pharmacological properties or safety and efficacy traits despite having progressed through preclinical studies and initial clinical trials. Even if we are able to initiate and complete clinical trials, the results may not be sufficient to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates.

~~Clinical development involves a lengthy and expensive process with an uncertain outcome, and delays can occur for a variety of reasons outside of our control.~~

Clinical development is expensive and can take many years to complete, and its outcome is inherently uncertain. Failure can occur at any time during the clinical trial process. Although we expect to initiate our Phase 1/2 clinical trial, GO-004, in the fourth quarter of 2018, we may experience delays in enrolling or completing our planned studies and trials of~~GRANITE-001.~~ ~~Additionally, we cannot be certain that studies or trials forGRANITE-001,SLATE-001~~ or any future product candidates will begin on time, not require redesign, enroll an adequate number of subjects on time or be completed on schedule, if at all. Clinical trials can be delayed or terminated for a variety of reasons, including delays or failures related to:

~~the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities disagreeing as to the design or implementation of our clinical trials;~~

~~delays in obtaining regulatory authorization to commence a trial;~~

reaching agreement on acceptable terms with prospective contract research organizations, or CROs, and clinical trial sites, the terms of which can be subject to extensive negotiation and may vary significantly among different CROs and trial sites;

~~obtaining institutional review board, or IRB, approval at each trial site;~~

~~recruiting an adequate number of suitable patients to participate in a trial;~~

~~having subjects complete a trial or return for post-treatmentfollow-up;~~

~~clinical sites deviating from trial protocol or dropping out of a trial;~~

~~addressing subject safety concerns that arise during the course of a trial;~~

~~adding a sufficient number of clinical trial sites;~~

~~obtaining sufficient quantities of product candidate for use in preclinical studies or clinical trials from third-party suppliers; or~~

accessing checkpoint inhibitors for use in combination with our product candidate in preclinical studies or clinical trials, including checkpoint inhibitors that have not been approved by the FDA for such use.

We may experience numerous adverse or unforeseen events during, or as a result of, preclinical studies and clinical trials that could delay or prevent our ability to receive marketing approval or commercialize our product candidates, including:

~~we may receive feedback from regulatory authorities that requires us to modify the design of our clinical trials;~~

clinical trials of our product candidates may produce negative or inconclusive results, and we may decide, or regulators may require us, to conduct additional clinical trials or abandon our development programs, including our personalized cancer immunotherapy program;

the number of patients required for clinical trials of our product candidates may be larger than we anticipate, enrollment in these clinical trials may be slower than we anticipate or participants may drop out of these clinical trials at a higher rate than we anticipate;

we or our third-party contractors may fail to comply with regulatory requirements, fail to maintain adequate quality controls, or be unable to produce sufficient product supply to conduct and complete preclinical studies or clinical trials of our product candidates in a timely manner, or at all;

~~we or our investigators might have to suspend or terminate clinical trials of our product candidates for various reasons, includingnon-compliance~~ with regulatory requirements, a finding that our product candidates have undesirable side effects or other unexpected characteristics, or a finding that the participants are being exposed to unacceptable health risks;

~~the cost of clinical trials of our product candidates may be greater than we anticipate;~~

~~the quality of our product candidates or other materials necessary to conduct preclinical studies or clinical trials of our product candidates may be insufficient or inadequate;~~

~~regulators may revise the requirements for approving our product candidates, or such requirements may not be as we anticipate; and~~

~~future collaborators may conduct clinical trials in ways they view as advantageous to them but that are suboptimal for us.~~

If we are required to conduct additional clinical trials or other testing of our product candidates beyond those that we currently contemplate, if we are unable to successfully complete clinical trials of our product candidates or other testing, if the results of these trials or tests are not positive or are only moderately positive or if there are safety concerns, we may:

~~incur unplanned costs;~~

~~be delayed in obtaining marketing approval for our product candidates or not obtain marketing approval at all;~~

~~obtain marketing approval in some countries and not in others;~~

~~obtain marketing approval for indications or patient populations that are not as broad as intended or desired;~~

~~obtain marketing approval with labeling that includes significant use or distribution restrictions or safety warnings, including boxed warnings;~~

~~be subject to additional post-marketing testing requirements, which could be expensive and time consuming; or~~

~~have the treatment removed from the market after obtaining marketing approval.~~

We could also encounter delays if a clinical trial is suspended or terminated by us, by the IRBs of the institutions in which such trials are being conducted, by the Data Safety Monitoring Board, or DSMB, for such trial or by the FDA or other regulatory authorities. Such authorities may suspend or terminate a clinical trial due to a number of factors, including failure to conduct the clinical trial in accordance with regulatory requirements or our clinical protocols, inspection of the clinical trial operations or trial site by the FDA or other regulatory authorities resulting in the imposition of a clinical hold, unforeseen safety issues or adverse side effects, failure to demonstrate a benefit from using a product candidate, changes in governmental regulations or administrative actions or lack of adequate funding to continue the clinical trial.

Further, conducting clinical trials in foreign countries, as we may do for certain of our product candidates, presents additional risks that may delay completion of our clinical trials. These risks include the failure of enrolled patients in foreign countries to adhere to clinical protocol as a result of differences in healthcare services or cultural customs, managing additional administrative burdens associated with foreign regulatory schemes, as well as political and economic risks relevant to such foreign countries.

Principal investigators for our clinical trials may serve as scientific advisors or consultants to us from time to time and may receive cash or equity compensation in connection with such services. If these relationships and any related compensation result in perceived or actual conflicts of interest, or a regulatory authority concludes that the financial relationship may have affected the interpretation of the trial, the integrity of the data generated at the applicable clinical trial site may be questioned and the utility of the clinical trial itself may be jeopardized, which could result in the delay or rejection of the marketing application we submit. Any such delay or rejection could prevent or delay us from commercializing our current or future product candidates.

If any of our preclinical studies or clinical trials of our product candidates are delayed or terminated, the commercial prospects of our product candidates may be harmed, and our ability to generate revenues from any of these product candidates will be delayed or not realized at all. In addition, any delays in completing our clinical trials may increase our costs, slow down our product candidate development and approval process and jeopardize our ability to commence product sales and generate revenues. Any of these occurrences may significantly harm our business, financial condition and prospects. In addition, many of the factors that cause, or lead to, a delay in the commencement or completion of clinical trials may also ultimately lead to the denial of regulatory approval of our product candidates. If~~GRANITE-001,SLATE-001,~~ any future product candidates or our TSNA prediction platform generally prove to be ineffective, unsafe or commercially unviable, our entire platform and approach would have little, if any, value, which would have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

~~As a result of our planned trial design, the Phase 1 portion of our planned Phase 1/2 clinical trial will provide little evidence of the efficacy of our personalized immunotherapy product candidate,GRANITE-001.~~

Scientific principles and preclinical data suggest that combination treatment of cancer patients with our TSNA-directed immunotherapy product candidate plus checkpoint inhibitors is likely to be most effective for our target indications. The Phase 1 portion of our Phase 1/2 clinical trial,~~GO-004,~~ ~~will, consequently, involve administration of a combination therapy withGRANITE-001.~~ ~~Notably, all patients in the Phase 1 portion will receiveanti-PD-1~~ ~~monoclonal antibodies, or mAb, as background therapy. Some patients will additionally receiveanti-CTLA-4~~ ~~mAb. Checkpoint inhibitors such asanti-PD-1~~ ~~andanti-CTLA-4~~ mAb are known to be effective treatments in many cancer patients and elicit objective responses in some patients. Any objective responses observed in Phase 1 will thus be in patients receiving our experimental therapy together with a checkpoint inhibitor and attribution of objective responses to the effects of~~GRANITE-001~~ alone will not be possible. We expect that efficacy will be studied carefully in the Phase 2 cohorts where the relative contributions of our personalized immunotherapy candidate and the checkpoint inhibitor will be dissected and quantified to some degree. As a result, the Phase 1 portion of our planned Phase 1/2 clinical trial will provide little evidence of the efficacy of~~GRANITE-001,~~ ~~which may not be fully understood by investors or market participants, potentially leading to negative effects on our stock price.~~

We may be unable to obtain regulatory approval for our tumor-specific immunotherapy product candidates under applicable regulatory requirements. The denial or delay of any such approval would delay commercialization of our product candidates and adversely impact our potential to generate revenue, our business and our results of operations.

To gain approval to market our tumor-specific immunotherapy product candidates, we must provide the FDA and foreign regulatory authorities with clinical data that adequately demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the product candidate for the intended indication applied for in the applicable regulatory filing. Product development is a long, expensive and uncertain process, and delay or failure can occur at any stage of any of ~~our clinical development programs. A number of companies in~~ the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries have suffered significant setbacks in clinical trials, even after promising results in earlier preclinical or clinical trials. These setbacks have been caused by, among other things, preclinical findings made while clinical studies were underway and safety or efficacy observations made in clinical trials, including previously unreported adverse events. Success in preclinical testing and early clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials will be successful, and the results of clinical trials by other parties may not be indicative of the results in trials we may conduct.

We have not previously submitted a BLA or any other marketing application to the FDA or similar filings to comparable foreign regulatory authorities. A BLA or other similar regulatory filing requesting approval to market a product candidate must include extensive preclinical and clinical data and supporting information to establish that the product candidate is safe, pure and potent for each desired indication. The BLA or other similar regulatory filing must also include significant information regarding the chemistry, manufacturing and controls for the product.

The research, testing, manufacturing, labeling, approval, sale, marketing and distribution of biologic products are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA and other regulatory authorities in the United States and other countries, and such regulations differ from country to country. We are not permitted to market our product candidates in the United States or in any foreign countries until they receive the requisite approval from the applicable regulatory authorities of such jurisdictions.

~~The FDA or any foreign regulatory bodies can delay, limit or deny approval of our product candidates for many reasons, including:~~

~~our inability to demonstrate to the satisfaction of the FDA or the applicable foreign regulatory body that any of our product candidates are safe and effective for the requested indication;~~

~~the FDA’s or the applicable foreign regulatory agency’s disagreement with our trial protocol or the interpretation of data from preclinical studies or clinical trials;~~

~~our inability to demonstrate that the clinical and other benefits of any of our product candidates outweigh any safety or other perceived risks;~~

~~the FDA’s or the applicable foreign regulatory agency’s requirement for additional preclinical studies or clinical trials;~~

~~the FDA’s or the applicable foreign regulatory agency’snon-approval~~ ~~of the formulation, labeling or specifications ofGRANITE-001,SLATE-001~~ ~~or any of our future product candidates;~~

~~the FDA’s or the applicable foreign regulatory agency’s failure to approve our manufacturing processes and facilities or the facilities of third-party manufacturers upon which we rely; or~~

~~the potential for approval policies or regulations of the FDA or the applicable foreign regulatory agencies to significantly change in a manner rendering our clinical data insufficient for approval.~~

~~Of the large number of biopharmaceutical products in development, only a small percentage successfully complete the FDA or other regulatory bodies’ approval processes and are commercialized.~~

Even if we eventually complete clinical testing and receive approval from the FDA or applicable foreign agencies for any of our product candidates, the FDA or the applicable foreign regulatory agency may grant approval contingent on the performance of costly additional clinical trials which may be required after approval. The FDA or the applicable foreign regulatory agency also may approve our lead product candidate for a more limited indication or a narrower patient population than we originally requested, and the FDA, or applicable foreign regulatory agency, may not approve our product candidates with the labeling that we believe is necessary or desirable for the successful commercialization of such product candidates.

Any delay in obtaining, or inability to obtain, applicable regulatory approval would delay or prevent commercialization of our product candidates and would materially adversely impact our business and prospects.

~~We have chosen to prioritize development of our personalized immunotherapy candidate,GRANITE-001.~~ We may expend our limited resources on candidates or indications that do not yield a successful product and fail to capitalize on other product candidates or indications for which there may be a greater likelihood of success or may be more profitable.

~~We are currently developing our personalized cancer immunotherapy candidate based on the prediction of a patient’s TSNA, in order to address a variety of cancers, including metastaticnon-small~~ cell lung cancer, or NSCLC, and gastroesophageal, bladder and colorectal cancers. We have strategically determined to initially focus solely on the development of personalized cancer immunotherapy candidates rather than pursue other types of immunotherapies based, in part, on the significant resources required to develop and manufacture immunotherapies. As a result, we may initially be foregoing other potentially more profitable therapies or those with a greater likelihood of success.

~~Our decisions concerning the allocation of research, development, collaboration, management and~~ financial resources toward particular product candidates or therapeutic areas may not lead to the development of any viable commercial product and may divert resources away from better opportunities. Similarly, our potential decisions to delay, terminate or collaborate with third parties in respect of certain programs may subsequently also prove to be suboptimal and could cause us to miss valuable opportunities. If we make incorrect determinations regarding the viability or market potential of any of our programs or product candidates or misread trends in the oncology or biopharmaceutical industry, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. As a result, we may fail to capitalize on viable commercial products or profitable market opportunities, be required to forego or delay pursuit of opportunities with other product candidates or other diseases and disease pathways that may later prove to have greater commercial potential than those we choose to pursue, or relinquish valuable rights to such product candidates through collaboration, licensing or other royalty arrangements in cases in which it would have been advantageous for us to invest additional resources to retain development and commercialization rights.

~~In order for our tumor-specific immunotherapy candidate,GRANITE-001,~~ ~~to be commercially viable, they must be utilized in early-stages of cancer treatment given the time required to manufacture the personalized therapy.~~

Cancer therapies are sometimes characterized as first line, second line or third line, and the FDA often approves new systemic therapies initially only for third line use. When cancer is detected early enough, surgery plus first-line systemic therapy is sometimes adequate to cure the cancer. Whenever first-line therapy, usually chemotherapy, hormone therapy, radiotherapy, surgery or a combination of these, proves unsuccessful, second line therapy may be administered. Second-line therapies often consist of more chemotherapy, radiation, antibody drugs, tumor targeted small molecules or a combination of these. Third-line therapies can include bone marrow transplantation, antibody and small molecule targeted therapies and new technologies such as adoptive cell therapies.

Traditionally, novel therapeutics are developed and approved in late (third) line therapy of cancer patients. Such clinical programs carry risk of failure because patients are often quite frail, with effects of multiple rounds of prior therapy weakening bone marrow, immune systems and general fitness. Immunotherapy, such as checkpoint inhibitors, has generally been shown to be more effective when used in earlier lines of therapy, with prospect of very durable responses in some patients and there is a trend towards earlier use of these agents, avoiding in particular cytotoxic chemotherapy agents which carry substantial toxicity and very little prospect of long-term responses. Tumor-specific immunotherapy product candidates such as~~GRANITE-001,~~ ~~as well as“off-the-shelf”~~ ~~product candidates such asSLATE-001,~~ are expected to be developed in combination with checkpoint inhibitors and can, in principle, be safely used in early lines of therapy. Our clinical development program will thus aim to study our products in early lines of cancer treatment, which carry a higher safety bar, and often a greater expectation of efficacy over control arms. Such studies may thus be relatively large and slow to achieve maturity. There are new tools available to stratify cancer patients for risk of recurrence or progression, such as liquid biopsies that measure the amount of circulating tumor-derived DNA. We will utilize these tools to attempt to expedite clinical trials in early-stage cancer patients by focusing upon patients at above-average risk of disease recurrence or progression, which events are typical endpoints in clinical trials. The development of liquid biopsies is at an early stage, however, and these tools may prove to carry low utility and thus render early-stage cancer trials slow, necessarily large and expensive. The safety of our product candidates in combination with checkpoint inhibitors in early lines of therapy may also prove to be unacceptable.

~~We expect to seek approval of our product candidates both as late-line therapy~~institutions where appropriate, but also as a first line therapy wherever possible and potentially as a second-line therapy. There is no guarantee that our product candidates, even if approved in late-line therapy, would be approved for second-line or first-line therapy. In addition, we may have to conduct additional clinical trials prior to gaining approval for second-line or first-line therapy.

~~GRANITE-001~~ ~~will initially take approximately16-20~~ weeks to be manufactured and released for human use, and this long timeline demands that either patients are consented and entered into our trials when they start a prior line of therapy, and start our therapy upon disease progression, or we initiate treatment in patients who have entered the maintenance phase of their original line of treatment. For example, we might enroll newly diagnosed patients who are due to receive front-line chemotherapy and then start their therapy with our immunotherapy product candidate as second-line treatment when they progress upon front-line chemotherapy or fail to tolerate it. This carries the risk of time delays or~~drop-out,~~ i.e. patients may not progress after first-line chemotherapy for a long time, or they may decide not to receive an immunotherapy product candidate we have manufactured for them, at our expense. Alternatively we may treat first-line patients once they have completed their initial treatment and have not progressed (called maintenance therapy)—this renders efficacy harder to interpret versus simple treatment studies (any objective response cannot clearly be attributed to our products) and may be complicated by standard of care treatments which may necessarily be continued alongside our immunotherapy candidates, further confounding interpretation of efficacy.

Our projections of both the number of people who have the cancers we are targeting, as well as the subset of people with these cancers in a position to receive third-line therapy and who have the potential to benefit from treatment with our product candidates, are based on our beliefs and estimates. These estimates have been derived from a variety of sources, including scientific literature, surveys of clinics, patient foundations, and market research and may prove to be incorrect. Regulatory authorities also may establish narrower definitions around when a patient is ineligible for other treatments than we have used in our projections, and that would reduce the size of the patient population eligible for our product candidates. Further, new studies may change the estimated incidence or prevalence of these cancers. The number of patients may turn out to be lower than expected. Additionally, the potentially addressable patient population for our product candidates may be limited or may not be amenable to treatment with our product candidates. For instance, we anticipate that only a fraction of colorectal cancer patients will be predicted to have a high enough probability of TSNA presence to merit their inclusion into our program. Even if we obtain significant market share for our product candidates, because the potential target populations are small, we may never achieve profitability without obtaining regulatory approval for additional indications, including use as a first-line or second-line therapy.

We may not be successful in our efforts to create a pipeline of immunotherapy candidates or to develop commercially successful products. If we fail to successfully develop additional product candidates, our commercial opportunity may be limited.

We are committed to developing personalized cancer immunotherapies to fight multiple cancer types and are currently advancing multiple product candidates to address a variety of cancers, including metastatic NSCLC and colorectal, gastroesophageal and bladder cancers. Utilizing our EDGE platform, we believe we can develop multiple therapeutic classes of products that will generate a T cell immune response unleashing the natural power of the immune system on the tumor cells. However, one or more of these alternative therapeutic products may never be successfully validated in a human. In addition, identifying, developing, obtaining regulatory approval for and commercializing therapies for the treatment of cancer will require substantial additional funding beyond the net proceeds of this offering and is prone to the risks of failure inherent in therapeutic product development. Research programs to identify product candidates also require substantial technical, financial and human resources, regardless of whether or not any product candidates are ultimately identified, and even if our research programs initially show promise in identifying potential product candidates, they may fail to yield product candidates for clinical development.

We therefore cannot provide any assurance that we will be able to successfully identify additional product candidates, advance any of these additional product candidates through the development process, successfully commercialize any such additional product candidates, if approved, or assemble sufficient resources to identify, acquire, develop or, if approved, commercialize additional product candidates. If we are unable to successfully identify, acquire, develop and commercialize additional product candidates, our commercial opportunity may be limited.

~~If we encounter difficulties enrolling patients in our clinical trials, our clinical development activities could be delayed or otherwise adversely affected.~~

The timely completion of clinical trials in accordance with their protocols depends, among other things, on our ability to enroll a sufficient number of patients who remain in the study until its conclusion. We may experience difficulties in patient enrollment in our clinical trials for a variety of reasons. The enrollment of patients depends on many factors, including:

~~the patient eligibility criteria defined in the protocol;~~

~~the size of the patient population required for analysis of the trial’s primary endpoints;~~

~~the proximity of patients to trial sites;~~

~~the design of the trial;~~

~~our ability to recruit clinical trial investigators with the appropriate competencies and experience;~~

clinicians’ and patients’ perceptions as to the potential advantages of the product candidate being studied in relation to other available therapies, including any new therapies that may be approved for the indications we are investigating; and

~~our ability to obtain and maintain patient consents.~~

In addition, our clinical trials may compete with other clinical trials for product candidates that are in the same therapeutic areas as our product candidates, and this competition will reduce the number and types of patients available to us, because some patients who might have opted to enroll in our trials may instead opt to enroll in a trial being conducted by one of our competitors. Since the number of qualified clinical investigators is limited, we may conduct some of our clinical trials at the same clinical trial sites that some of our competitors use, which will reduce the number of patients who are available for our clinical trials in such clinical trial site.

Further, the targeting of TSNA may result in unforeseen events, including harming healthy tissues in humans. As a result, it is possible that safety concerns could negatively affect patient enrollment among the patient populations that we intend to treat. Delays in patient enrollment may result in increased costs or may affect the timing or outcome of the planned clinical trials, which could prevent completion of these trials and adversely affect our ability to advance the development of our product candidates.

Our tumor-specific immunotherapy product candidates may cause undesirable side effects or have other properties that could delay or prevent their regulatory approval, limit the commercial profile of an approved label, or result in significant negative consequences following marketing approval, if any.

As with most biological products, use of our product candidates could be associated with side effects or adverse events which can vary in severity from minor reactions to death and in frequency from infrequent to prevalent. Undesirable side effects or unacceptable toxicities caused by our product candidates could cause us or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt clinical trials and could result in a more restrictive label or the delay or denial of regulatory approval by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities. While we have not yet treated a patient in clinical trials for~~GRANITE-001,~~ ~~it is likely that there will be side effects associated with its use. Results of our trials could reveal a high and unacceptable severity and prevalence of these or other side effects.~~

If unacceptable side effects arise in the development of our product candidates, we, the FDA, the IRBs at the institutions in which our studies are conducted, or the DSMB could suspend or terminate our clinical trials or the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities could order us to cease clinical trials or deny approval of our product candidates for any or all targeted indications. Treatment-related side effects could also affect patient recruitment or the ability of enrolled patients to complete any of our clinical trials or result in potential product liability claims. In addition, these side effects may not be appropriately recognized or managed by the treating medical staff. We expect to have to train medical personnel using our product candidates to understand the side effect profiles for our clinical trials and upon any commercialization of any of our product candidates. Inadequate training in recognizing or managing the potential side effects of our product candidates could result in patient injury or death. Any of these occurrences may harm our business, financial condition and prospects significantly.

In addition, even if we successfully advance one of our tumor-specific immunotherapy product candidates through clinical trials, such trials will likely only include a limited number of subjects and limited duration of exposure to our product candidates. As a result, we cannot be assured that adverse effects of our product candidates will not be uncovered when a significantly larger number of patients are exposed to the product candidate. Further, any clinical trials may not be sufficient to determine the effect and safety consequences of taking our product candidates over a multi-year period.

If any of our product candidates receives marketing approval and we or others later identify undesirable side effects caused by such products, a number of potentially significant negative consequences could result, including:

~~regulatory authorities may withdraw their approval of the product;~~

~~we may be required to recall a product or change the way such product is administered to patients;~~

~~additional restrictions may be imposed on the marketing of the particular product or the manufacturing processes for the product or any component thereof;~~

~~regulatory authorities may require the addition of labeling statements, such as a “black box” warning or a contraindication;~~

~~we may be required to implement a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy, or REMS, or create a Medication Guide outlining the risks of such side effects for distribution to patients;~~

~~we could be sued and held liable for harm caused to patients;~~

~~the product may become less competitive; and~~

~~our reputation may suffer.~~

Any of the foregoing events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the particular product candidate, if approved, and result in the loss of significant revenues to us, which would materially and adversely affect our results of operations and business. In addition, if one or more of our product candidates or our TSNA-directed immunotherapy approach generally prove to be unsafe, our entire technology platform and pipeline could be affected, which would have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Even if one of our tumor-specific immunotherapy product candidates obtains regulatory approval, they may fail to achieve the broad degree of physician and patient adoption and use necessary for commercial success.

Even if one of our tumor-specific immunotherapy product candidates receives FDA or other regulatory approvals, the commercial success of any of our current or future product candidates will depend significantly on the broad adoption and use of the resulting product by physicians and patients for approved indications. For a variety of reasons, including among other things, competitive factors, pricing or physician preference, reimbursement by insurers, the degree and rate of physician and patient adoption of our current or future product candidates, if approved, will depend on a number of factors, including:

~~the clinical indications for which the product is approved and patient demand for approved products that treat those indications;~~

~~the safety and efficacy of our product as compared to other available therapies;~~

~~the time required for manufacture and release of our personalized immunotherapy products;~~

~~acceptance by physicians, operators of hospitals and clinics and patients of the product as a safe and effective treatment;~~

~~physician and patient willingness to adopt a new therapy over other available therapies for a particular indication;~~

~~proper training and administration of our product candidates by physicians and medical staff;~~

~~patient satisfaction with the results and administration of our product candidates and overall treatment experience, including, for example, the convenience of any dosing regimen;~~

the cost of treatment with our product candidates in relation to alternative treatments and reimbursement levels, if any, and willingness to pay for the product, if approved, on the part of insurance companies and other third-party payers, physicians and patients;

~~the prevalence and severity of side effects;~~

~~limitations or warnings contained in theFDA-approved~~ ~~labeling for our products;~~

~~the willingness of physicians, operators of hospitals and clinics and patients to utilize or adopt our products as a solution;~~

~~any FDA requirement for a REMS;~~

~~the effectiveness of our sales, marketing and distribution efforts;~~

~~adverse publicity about our products or favorable publicity about competitive products; and~~

~~potential product liability claims.~~

We cannot assure you that our current or future product candidates, if approved, will achieve broad market acceptance among physicians and patients. Any failure by our product candidates that obtain regulatory approval to achieve market acceptance or commercial success would adversely affect our results of operations.

We currently manufacture a portion of our initial product candidate internally and rely on qualified third parties to supply components of our initial product candidate. Our inability to manufacture sufficient quantities of~~GRANITE-001,SLATE-001~~ or any future product candidates, or the loss of our third-party suppliers, or our or their failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements or to supply sufficient quantities at acceptable quality levels or prices, or at all, would materially and adversely affect our business.

Manufacturing is a vital component of our tumor-specific immunotherapy approach and we have invested significantly in our manufacturing facility. To ensure timely and consistent product supply assurance to our patients we currently use a hybrid product supply approach whereby certain elements of our initial product candidate are manufactured internally at our manufacturing facilities in Pleasanton, California, and other elements are manufactured at qualified third-party contract manufacturing organizations, or CMOs. All internal and third party contract manufacturing is performed under cGMP guidelines. In the future, we plan to internalize a majority of the manufacturing steps in the supply chain to optimize cost and production time, as well as establish full control over intellectual property and product quality. To do so, we will need to scale up our manufacturing operations, as we do not currently have the infrastructure or capability internally to manufacture all supplies needed for our product candidates or the materials necessary to produce our product candidates for use in the conduct of our preclinical studies or clinical trials, and we currently lack the internal resources and the capability to manufacture certain elements of our product candidates on a clinical scale. Accordingly, we will be required to make significant investments in our manufacturing facility and processing in the future, and our efforts to scale our manufacturing operations may not succeed.

In addition, our facilities and the facilities used by our CMOs to manufacture our product candidates are subject to various regulatory requirements and may be subject to the inspection of the FDA or other regulatory authorities. We do not control the manufacturing process at our CMOs, and are completely dependent on them for compliance with current regulatory requirements. If we or our CMOs cannot successfully manufacture material that conforms to our specifications and the strict regulatory requirements of the FDA or comparable regulatory authorities in foreign jurisdictions, we may not be able to rely on our or their manufacturing facilities for the manufacture of elements of our product candidates. In addition, we have limited control over the ability of our CMOs to maintain adequate quality control, quality assurance and qualified personnel. If the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority finds our facilities or those of our CMOs inadequate for the manufacture of our product candidates or if such facilities are subject to enforcement action in the future or are otherwise inadequate, we may need to find alternative manufacturing facilities, which would significantly impact our ability to develop, obtain regulatory approval for or market our product candidates.

Additionally, we and our CMOs may experience manufacturing difficulties due to resource constraints or as a result of labor disputes or unstable political environments. If we or our CMOs were to encounter any of these difficulties, our ability to provide our product candidate to patients in clinical trials, or to provide product for the treatment of patients once approved, would be jeopardized.

Our tumor-specific product candidates are biologics with complex and time-consuming manufacturing processes and we may encounter difficulties in production, particularly with respect to process development or~~scaling-out~~ of our manufacturing capabilities. If we or any of our third-party manufacturers encounter such difficulties, our ability to provide supply of our product candidates for clinical trials or our products for patients, if approved, could be delayed or stopped, or we may be unable to maintain a commercially viable cost structure.

Our tumor-specific immunotherapy product candidate is considered to be a biologic and the manufacturing processes is complex, time-consuming, highly-regulated and subject to multiple risks. The manufacture of our product candidates involves extraction of genetic material from patient tumor samples, genetic manipulations at the gene sequence level, live cell culture operations, specialized formulations and aseptic fill finish operations. As a result of these complexities, the cost to manufacture biologics in general, and our personalized immunotherapy candidate, in particular, is generally higher than traditional small molecule chemical compounds, and the manufacturing process is less reliable and more difficult and time-consuming to reproduce. For example, the entire cGMP manufacturing process from biopsy receipt to the release and shipment of the personalized immunotherapy to the clinical site for patient administration will initially take approximately~~16-20~~ weeks. In addition, our manufacturing process is in its early stages of development and will be susceptible to product loss or failure, or product variation that may adversely impact patient outcomes. Our supply chain may not function efficiently due to logistical issues associated with but not limited to the collection of a tumor biopsy from the patient, shipping such material to the manufacturing site, sequencing the biopsy specimen, manufacturing the immunotherapy components, shipping the final immunotherapy back to the patient, and injecting the patient with the immunotherapy. Manufacturing issues or different product characteristics resulting from process development activities or even minor deviations during normal manufacturing processes could result in reduced production yields, product defects and other supply disruptions. If for any reason we lose a patient’s biopsy or an~~in-process~~ ~~product at any point in the process, the manufacturing process for that patient will need to be restarted and the resulting delay may adversely affect that patient’s outcome. BecauseGRANITE-001~~ is manufactured specifically for an individual patient, we will be required to maintain a chain of identity and chain of custody with respect to materials as they move from the patient to the manufacturing facility, through the manufacturing process, and back to the patient. Maintaining such a chain of identity and chain of custody is difficult and complex, and the failure to do so could result in adverse patient outcomes, loss of product or regulatory action including withdrawal of our products from the market, if licensed.

As part of our process development efforts, we also may make changes to our manufacturing processes at various points during development, for various reasons, such as controlling costs, achieving scale, decreasing processing time, increasing manufacturing success rate, or other reasons.

Such changes carry the risk that they will not achieve their intended objectives, and any of these changes could cause our product candidates to perform differently and affect the results of our ongoing clinical trials or future clinical trials. In some circumstances, changes in the manufacturing process may require us to perform ~~ex vivo~~ comparability studies and to collect additional data from patients prior to undertaking more advanced clinical trials. For instance, changes in our process during the course of clinical development may require us to show the comparability of the product used in earlier clinical phases or at earlier portions of a trial to the product used in later clinical phases or later portions of the trial.

Furthermore, if microbial, viral or other contaminations are discovered in our supply of our product candidates or in our manufacturing facilities or those of our CMOs, such manufacturing facilities may need to be closed for an extended period of time to investigate and remedy the contamination. We cannot assure you that any such contaminations or stability failures or other issues relating to the manufacture of our product candidates will not occur in the future.

We depend on third-party suppliers for key materials used in our manufacturing processes, and the loss of these third-party suppliers or their inability to supply us with adequate materials could harm our business.

We rely on third-party suppliers for certain materials required for the production of our personalized immunotherapy candidate. Our dependence on these third-party suppliers and the challenges we may face in obtaining adequate supplies of materials involve several risks, including limited control over pricing, availability, quality and delivery schedules. As a small company, our negotiation leverage is limited and we are likely to get lower priority than our competitors that are larger than we are. We cannot be certain that our suppliers will continue to provide us with the quantities of these raw materials that we require or satisfy our anticipated specifications and quality requirements. Any supply interruption in limited or sole sourced raw materials could materially harm our ability to manufacture our product candidates until a new source of supply, if any, could be identified and qualified. We may be unable to find a sufficient alternative supply channel in a reasonable time or on commercially reasonable terms. Any performance failure on the part of our suppliers could delay the development and potential commercialization of our product candidates, including limiting supplies necessary for clinical trials and regulatory approvals, which would have a material adverse effect on our business.

We rely on third parties in the conduct of all of our preclinical studies and intend to rely on third parties in the conduct of all of our future clinical trials. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties, fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements or meet expected deadlines, we may be unable to obtain regulatory approval for our tumor-specific immunotherapy product candidates.

We currently do not have the ability to independently conduct preclinical studies that comply with the regulatory requirements known as good laboratory practice, or GLP, requirements. We also do not currently have the ability to independently conduct any clinical trials. The FDA and regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions require us to comply with regulations and standards, commonly referred to as good clinical practice, or GCP, requirements for conducting, monitoring, recording and reporting the results of clinical trials, in order to ensure that the data and results are scientifically credible and accurate and that the trial subjects are adequately informed of the potential risks of participating in clinical trials. We rely on medical institutions, clinical investigators, contract laboratories and other third parties, such as CROs, to conduct~~GLP-compliant~~ ~~preclinical studies andGCP-compliant~~ clinical trials on our product candidates properly and on time. While we have agreements governing their activities, we control only certain aspects of their activities and have limited influence over their actual performance. The third parties with whom we contract for execution of our~~GLP-compliant~~ ~~preclinical studies and ourGCP-compliant~~ clinical trials play a significant role in the conduct of these studies and trials and the subsequent collection and analysis of data. These third parties are not our employees and, except for restrictions imposed by our contracts with such third parties, we have limited ability to control the amount or timing of resources that they devote to our programs. Although we rely on these third parties to conduct our~~GLP-compliant~~ ~~preclinical studies andGCP-compliant~~ clinical trials, we remain responsible for ensuring that each of our preclinical studies and clinical trials is conducted in accordance with its investigational plan and protocol and applicable laws and regulations, and our reliance on the CROs does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities.

Many of the third parties with whom we contract may also have relationships with other commercial entities, including our competitors, for whom they may also be conducting clinical trials or other drug development activities that could harm our competitive position. Further, under certain circumstances, these third parties may terminate their agreements with us upon as little as 10 days’ prior written notice. Some of these agreements may also be terminated by such third parties under certain other circumstances, including our insolvency. If the third parties conducting our preclinical studies or our clinical trials do not adequately perform their contractual duties or obligations, experience significant business challenges, disruptions or failures, do not meet expected deadlines, terminate their agreements with us or need to be replaced, or if the quality or accuracy of the data they obtain is compromised due to their failure to adhere to our protocols or to GLPs/GCPs, or for any other reason, we may need to enter into new arrangements with alternative third parties. This could be difficult, costly or impossible, and our preclinical studies or clinical trials may need to be extended, delayed, terminated or repeated. As a result, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval in a timely fashion, or at all, for the applicable product candidate, our financial results and the commercial prospects for our product candidates would be harmed, our costs could increase, and our ability to generate revenues could be delayed.

We face significant competition in an environment of rapid technological and scientific change, and we will face significant competition and our failure to effectively compete may prevent us from achieving significant market penetration. Most of our competitors have significantly greater resources than we do and we may not be able to successfully compete.

The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries in particular are characterized by rapidly advancing technologies, intense competition and a strong emphasis on developing proprietary therapeutics. We compete with a variety of multinational biopharmaceutical companies and specialized biotechnology companies, as well as technology being developed at universities and other research institutions. Our competitors have developed, are developing or will develop product candidates and processes competitive with our product candidates. Competitive therapeutic treatments include those that have already been approved and accepted by the medical community and any new treatments that enter the market. We believe that a significant number of product candidates are currently under development, and may become commercially available in the future, for the treatment of diseases and other conditions for which we may try to develop product candidates. There is intense and rapidly evolving competition in the biotechnology, biopharmaceutical and antibody and immunoregulatory therapeutics fields. We believe that while our discovery platform, its associated intellectual property and our scientific and technical~~know-how~~ give us a competitive advantage in this space, competition from many sources remains. Our competitors include larger and better funded biopharmaceutical, biotechnological and therapeutics companies. Moreover, we also compete with current and future therapeutics developed at universities and other research institutions.

Our success will partially depend on our ability to develop and protect therapeutics that are safer and more effective than competing products. Our commercial opportunity and success will be reduced or eliminated if competing products that are safer, more effective, or less expensive than the therapeutics we develop. If either of~~GRANITE-001~~ or~~SLATE-001~~ is approved, it will compete with a range of therapeutic treatments that are either in development or currently marketed. Indeed, a variety of oncology drugs and therapeutic biologics are on the market or in clinical development. Such marketed therapies range from immune checkpoint inhibitors such as Bristol-Myers Squibb Company’s OPDIVO and YERVOY, Merck & Co., Inc.’s KEYTRUDA and Genentech, Inc.’s TECENTRIQ, and T cell engager immunotherapies such as Amgen, Inc.’s BLINCYTO. The most common therapeutic treatments for common solid tumors are chemotherapeutic compounds, radiation therapy, targeted therapies and now immunotherapies.

In addition, numerous compounds are in clinical development for cancer treatment. The clinical development pipeline for cancer includes small molecules, antibodies and immunotherapies from a variety of groups, including in the neoantigen space, the bispecific antibody space and engineered cell therapy and TCR space. Many of these companies are well-capitalized and, in contrast to us, have significant clinical experience.

Many of our competitors have significantly greater financial, technical, manufacturing, marketing, sales and supply resources or experience than we do. If we successfully obtain approval for any product candidate, we will face competition based on many different factors, including the safety and effectiveness of our products, the ease with which our products can be administered and the extent to which patients accept relatively new routes of administration, the timing and scope of regulatory approvals for these products, the availability and cost of manufacturing, marketing and sales capabilities, price, reimbursement coverage and patent position. Competing products could present superior treatment alternatives, including by being more effective, safer, less expensive or marketed and sold more effectively than any products we may develop. Competitive products may make any products we develop obsolete or noncompetitive before we recover the expense of developing and commercializing our product candidates. Such competitors could also recruit our employees, which could negatively impact our level of expertise and our ability to execute our business plan. For additional information regarding our competition, see the section of our Prospectus captioned “Business—Competition.”

The successful commercialization of our product candidates will depend in part on the extent to which governmental authorities, private health insurers, and other third-party payors provide coverage, adequate reimbursement levels and implement pricing policies favorable for our product candidates. Failure to obtain or maintain coverage and adequate reimbursement for our product candidates, if approved, could limit our ability to market those products and decrease our ability to generate revenue.

The availability of coverage and adequacy of reimbursement by managed care plans, governmental healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, private health insurers and other third-party payors are essential for most patients to be able to afford medical services and pharmaceutical products such as our product candidates that receive FDA approval. Our ability to achieve acceptable levels of coverage and reimbursement for our products or procedures using our products by third-party payors will have an effect on our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates. Obtaining coverage and adequate reimbursement for our products may be particularly difficult because of the higher prices often associated with drugs administered under the supervision of a physician. Separate reimbursement for the product itself or the treatment or procedure in which our product is used may not be available. A decision by a third-party payor not to cover or separately reimburse for our products or procedures using our products, could reduce physician utilization of our products once approved. Assuming there is coverage for our product candidates, or procedures using our product candidates by a third-party payor, the resulting reimbursement payment rates may not be adequate or may require~~co-payments~~ that patients find unacceptably high. We cannot be sure that coverage and reimbursement in the United States, the European Union or elsewhere will be available for our product candidates or procedures using our product candidates, or any product that we may develop, and any reimbursement that may become available may not be adequate or may be decreased or eliminated in the future.

Third-party payors increasingly are challenging prices charged for pharmaceutical products and services, and many third-party payors may refuse to provide coverage and reimbursement for particular drugs or biologics when an equivalent generic drug, biosimilar or a less expensive therapy is available. It is possible that a third-party payor may consider our product candidates as substitutable and only offer to reimburse patients for the less expensive product. Even if we show improved efficacy or improved convenience of administration with our product candidates, pricing of existing third-party therapeutics may limit the amount we will be able to charge for our product candidates. These third-party payors may deny or revoke the reimbursement status of our product candidates, if approved, or establish prices for our product candidates at levels that are too low to enable us to realize an appropriate return on our investment. If reimbursement is not available or is available only at limited levels, we may not be able to successfully commercialize our product candidates, and may not be able to obtain a satisfactory financial return on our product candidates.

There is significant uncertainty related to the insurance coverage and reimbursement of newly-approved products, especially novel products like our immunotherapy product candidates. No regulatory authority has granted approval for a tumor-specific cancer immunotherapy based on a vaccine approach, and there is no model for reimbursement of this type of product. The Medicare and Medicaid programs increasingly are used as models in the United States for how private payors and other governmental payors develop their coverage and reimbursement policies for drugs and biologics. Some third-party payors may require~~pre-approval~~ of coverage for new or innovative devices or drug therapies before they will reimburse healthcare providers who use such therapies. We cannot predict at this time what third-party payors will decide with respect to the coverage and reimbursement for our product candidates.

No uniform policy for coverage and reimbursement for products exists among third-party payors in the United States. Therefore, coverage and reimbursement for products can differ significantly from payor to payor. As a result, the coverage determination process is often a time-consuming and costly process that may require us to provide scientific and clinical support for the use of our product candidates to each payor separately, with no assurance that coverage and adequate reimbursement will be applied consistently or obtained in the first instance. Furthermore, rules and regulations regarding reimbursement change frequently, in some cases on short notice, and we believe that changes in these rules and regulations are likely.

Outside the United States, international operations are generally subject to extensive governmental price controls and other market regulations, and we believe the increasing emphasis on cost-containment initiatives in Europe and other countries have and will continue to put pressure on the pricing and usage of our product candidates. In many countries, the prices of medical products are subject to varying price control mechanisms as part of national health systems. Other countries allow companies to fix their own prices for medical products, but monitor and control company profits. Additional foreign price controls or other changes in pricing regulation could restrict the amount that we are able to charge for our product candidates. Accordingly, in markets outside the United States, the reimbursement for our product candidates may be reduced compared with the United States and may be insufficient to generate commercially-reasonable revenue and profits.

Moreover, increasing efforts by governmental and third-party payors in the United States and abroad to cap or reduce healthcare costs may cause such organizations to limit both coverage and the level of reimbursement for newly approved products and, as a result, they may not cover or provide adequate payment for our product candidates. We expect to experience pricing pressures in connection with the sale of our product candidates due to the trend toward managed health care, the increasing influence of health maintenance organizations and additional legislative changes. The downward pressure on healthcare costs in general, particularly prescription drugs and biologics and surgical procedures and other treatments, has become intense. As a result, increasingly high barriers are being erected to the entry of new products.

If we are unable to support demand for our existing or future services, including ensuring that we have adequate capacity to meet increased demand, or we are unable to successfully manage the evolution of our EDGE platform, our business could suffer.

As the demand for our personalized immunotherapy candidate increases with our clinical trial needs, we will need to continue to increase our workflow capacity for sample intake and general process improvements, expand our internal quality assurance program, and extend our EDGE platform based on additional tumor data collected from our clinical trials at a larger scale within expected turnaround times. We will need additional certified laboratory scientists and technicians and other scientific and technical personnel to process higher volumes of tumor biopsies. Portions of our process are not automated and will require additional personnel to scale. We will also need to purchase additional equipment, some of which can take several months or more to procure, set up, and validate, and increase our software and computing capacity to meet increased volume. There is no assurance that any of these increases in scale, expansion of personnel, equipment, software and computing capacities, or process enhancements will be successfully implemented, or that we will have adequate space in our laboratory facilities to accommodate such required expansion.

As we progress into clinical development and expand our manufacturing capabilities, we will need to incorporate new equipment, implement new technology systems and laboratory processes, and hire new personnel with different qualifications. Failure to manage this growth or transition could result in turnaround time delays, higher service costs, declining service quality, deteriorating customer service, and slower responses to competitive challenges. A failure in any one of these areas could make it difficult for us to meet market expectations for our services, and could damage our reputation and the prospects for our business.

We currently have no sales organization. If we are unable to establish sales capabilities on our own or through third parties, we may not be able to market and sell our product candidates effectively in the United States and foreign jurisdictions, if approved, or generate product revenue.

We currently do not have a marketing or sales organization. In order to commercialize our product candidates, if approved, in the United States and foreign jurisdictions, we must build our marketing, sales, distribution, managerial and other~~non-technical~~ capabilities or make arrangements with third parties to perform these services, and we may not be successful in doing so. If any of our product candidates receive regulatory approval, we expect to establish a sales organization with technical expertise and supporting distribution capabilities to commercialize each such product candidate, which will be expensive and time consuming. We have no prior experience in the marketing, sale and distribution of pharmaceutical products and there are significant risks involved in building and managing a sales organization, including our ability to hire, retain, and incentivize qualified individuals, generate sufficient sales leads, provide adequate training to sales and marketing personnel, and effectively manage a geographically dispersed sales and marketing team. Any failure or delay in the development of our internal sales, marketing and distribution capabilities would adversely impact the commercialization of these products. We may choose to collaborate with third parties that have direct sales forces and established distribution systems, either to augment our own sales force and distribution systems or in lieu of our own sales force and distribution systems. If we are unable to enter into such arrangements on acceptable terms or at all, we may not be able to successfully commercialize our product candidates. If we are not successful in commercializing our product candidates or any future product candidates, either on our own or through arrangements with one or more third parties, we may not be able to generate any future product revenue and we would incur significant additional losses.

~~We will need to increase the size of our organization, and we may experience difficulties in managing growth.~~

As of September 30, 2018, we had 102 full-time employees. We will need to continue to expand our managerial, operational, finance and other resources in order to manage our operations and clinical trials, continue our development activities and commercialize our lead product candidate or any future product candidates. Our management and personnel, systems and facilities currently in place may not be adequate to support this future growth. Our need to effectively execute our growth strategy requires that we:

~~manage our preclinical studies and clinical trials effectively;~~

~~identify, recruit, retain, incentivize and integrate additional employees, including sales personnel;~~

~~manage our internal development and operational efforts effectively while carrying out our contractual obligations to third parties; and~~

~~continue to improve our operational, financial and management controls, reports systems and procedures.~~

~~If we fail to attract and retain senior management and key scientific personnel, our business may be materially and adversely affected.~~

Our success depends in part on our continued ability to attract, retain and motivate highly qualified management, clinical and scientific personnel. We are highly dependent upon our senior management, particularly our President and Chief Executive Officer, as well as our senior scientists and other members of our senior management team. The loss of services of any of these individuals could delay or prevent the successful development of our products, initiation or completion of our planned clinical trials or the commercialization of our lead product candidate or any future product candidates.

Competition for qualified personnel in the biotechnology and biopharmaceutical fields is intense due to the limited number of individuals who possess the skills and experience required by our industry. We will need to hire additional personnel as we expand our clinical development and if we initiate commercial activities. We may not be able to attract and retain quality personnel on acceptable terms, or at all. In addition, to the extent we hire personnel from competitors, we may be subject to allegations that they have been improperly solicited or that they have divulged proprietary or other confidential information, or that their former employers own their research output.

~~If product liability lawsuits are brought against us, we may incur substantial liabilities and may be required to limit commercialization of our current or future product candidates.~~

We face an inherent risk of product liability as a result of the planned clinical testing of our product candidates and will face an even greater risk if we commercialize any products. For example, we may be sued if any product we develop allegedly causes injury or is found to be otherwise unsuitable during product testing, manufacturing, marketing or sale. Any such product liability claims may include allegations of defects in manufacturing, defects in design, a failure to warn of dangers inherent in the product, negligence, strict liability, and a breach of warranty. Claims could also be asserted under state consumer protection acts. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against product liability claims, we may incur substantial liabilities or be required to limit commercialization of our product candidates. Even successful defense would require significant financial and management resources. Regardless of the merits or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:

~~decreased demand for our current or future product candidates;~~

~~injury to our reputation;~~

~~withdrawal of clinical trial participants;~~

~~costs to defend the related litigation;~~

~~a diversion of management’s time and our resources;~~

~~substantial monetary awards to trial participants or patients;~~

~~regulatory investigations, product recalls, withdrawals or labeling, marketing or promotional restrictions;~~

~~loss of revenue; and~~

~~the inability to commercialize our current or any future product candidates.~~

Our inability to obtain and maintain sufficient product liability insurance at an acceptable cost and scope of coverage to protect against potential product liability claims could prevent or inhibit the commercialization of our current or any future product candidates we develop. We currently carry product liability insurance covering our clinical trials in the amount of $10.0 million in the aggregate. Although we maintain ~~such insurance, any claim that may be brought against us could result in a court judgment or settlement in an amount that is not covered, in whole or in part, by~~ our insurance or that is in excess of the limits of our insurance coverage. Our insurance policies also have various exclusions and deductibles, and we may be subject to a product liability claim for which we have no coverage. We will have to pay any amounts awarded by a court or negotiated in a settlement that exceed our coverage limitations or that are not covered by our insurance, and we may not have, or be able to obtain, sufficient funds to pay such amounts. Moreover, in the future, we may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in sufficient amounts to protect us against losses. If and when we obtain approval for marketing any of our product candidates, we intend to expand our insurance coverage to include the sale of such product candidate; however, we may be unable to obtain this liability insurance on commercially reasonable terms or at all.

Our strategic collaboration with bluebird bio, or any future collaboration arrangements that we may enter into, may not be successful, which could significantly limit the likelihood of receiving the potential economic benefits of the collaboration and adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize our product candidates.

In August 2018, we entered into a strategic collaboration with bluebird bio to utilize our EDGE platform to identify and validate tumor-specific targets and provide TCRs directed to ten selected targets for use in bluebird bio’s cell therapy products. Under the collaboration, we are entitled to receive up to an aggregate of $1.2 billion in development, regulatory and commercial milestones and tiered single digit royalties on sales of bluebird bio’s cell therapy products utilizing the TCRs we develop directed at the targets we discovered. In addition, in the future we may seek to enter into additional collaboration arrangements for the development or commercialization of certain of our product candidates depending on the merits of retaining commercialization rights for ourselves as compared to entering into collaboration arrangements. To the extent that we decide to enter into collaboration agreements in the future, we may face significant competition in seeking appropriate collaborators. Moreover, any collaboration arrangements are complex and time-consuming to negotiate, document, implement and maintain and challenging to manage. We may not be successful in our efforts with bluebird bio and we may never receive any milestone or royalty payments. Further, we may be unable to prudently manage our existing collaboration or to enter new ones should we chose to do so. The terms of new collaborations or other arrangements that we may establish may not be favorable to us.

~~The success of our collaboration arrangements will depend heavily on the efforts and activities of our collaborators. Collaborations are subject to numerous risks, which may include risks that:~~

~~collaborators have significant discretion in determining the efforts and resources that they will apply to collaborations;~~

collaborators may not pursue development and commercialization of our product candidates or may elect not to continue or renew development or commercialization programs based on clinical trial results, changes in their strategic focus due to their acquisition of competitive products or their internal development of competitive products, availability of funding or other external factors, such as a business combination that diverts resources or creates competing priorities;

collaborators may delay clinical trials, provide insufficient funding for a clinical trial program, stop a clinical trial, abandon a product candidate, repeat or conduct new clinical trials or require a new formulation of a product candidate for clinical testing;

~~collaborators could independently develop, or develop with third parties, products that compete directly or indirectly with our products or product candidates;~~

a collaborator with marketing, manufacturing and distribution rights to one or more products may not commit sufficient resources to or otherwise not perform satisfactorily in carrying out these activities;

~~we could grant exclusive rights to our collaborators that would prevent us from collaborating with others;~~

collaborators may not properly maintain or defend our intellectual property rights or may use our intellectual property or proprietary information in a way that gives rise to actual or threatened litigation that could jeopardize or invalidate our intellectual property or proprietary information or expose us to potential liability;

disputes may arise between us and a collaborator that causes the delay or termination of the research, development or commercialization of our current or future product candidates or that results in costly litigation or arbitration that diverts management attention and resources;

collaborations may be terminated, and, if terminated, this may result in a need for additional capital to pursue further development or commercialization of the applicable current or future product candidates;

~~collaborators may own orco-own~~ ~~intellectual property covering products that result from our collaboration with them, and in such cases, we would not have the exclusive right to develop or commercialize such intellectual property;~~

~~disputes may arise with respect to the ownership of any intellectual property developed pursuant to our collaborations; and~~

~~a collaborator’s sales and marketing activities or other operations may not be in compliance with applicable laws resulting in civil or criminal proceedings.~~

If we engage in future acquisitions or strategic partnerships, this may increase our capital requirements, dilute our stockholders, cause us to incur debt or assume contingent liabilities, and subject us to other risks.

We may evaluate various acquisitions and strategic partnerships, including licensing or acquiring complementary products, intellectual property rights, technologies, or businesses. Any potential acquisition or strategic partnership may entail numerous risks, including:

~~increased operating expenses~~cash and cash ~~requirements;~~

~~the assumption of additional indebtedness or contingent liabilities;~~

~~the issuance of our equity securities;~~

~~assimilation of operations, intellectual property and products of an acquired company, including difficulties associated with integrating new personnel;~~

~~the diversion of our management’s attention from our existing product programs and initiatives in pursuing such a strategic merger or acquisition;~~

~~retention of key employees, the loss of key personnel, and uncertainties in our ability to maintain key business relationships;~~

~~risks and uncertainties associated with the other party to such a transaction, including the prospects of that party and their existing products or product candidates and regulatory approvals; and~~

our inability to generate revenue from acquired technology and/or products sufficient to meet our objectives in undertaking the acquisition or even to offset the associated acquisition and maintenance costs.

~~In addition, if we undertake acquisitions, we may issue dilutive securities, assume or incur debt obligations, incur largeone-time~~ expenses and acquire intangible assets that could result in significant future amortization expense. Moreover, we may not be able to locate suitable acquisition opportunities and this inability could impair our ability to grow or obtain access to technology or products that may be important to the development of our business.

We or the third parties upon whom we depend may be adversely affected by earthquakes or other natural disasters and our business continuity and disaster recovery plans may not adequately protect us from a serious disaster.

Our corporate headquarters and certain of our other facilities, including our manufacturing facility, are located in the San Francisco Bay Area, which in the past has experienced both severe earthquakes and wildfires. We do not carry earthquake insurance. Earthquakes, wildfires or other natural disasters could severely disrupt our operations, and have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

If a natural disaster, power outage or other event occurred that prevented us from using all or a significant portion of our headquarters or other facilities, that damaged critical infrastructure, such as our enterprise financial systems or manufacturing resource planning and enterprise quality systems, or that otherwise disrupted operations, it may be difficult or, in certain cases, impossible, for us to continue our business for a substantial period of time. The disaster recovery and business continuity plans we have in place currently are limited and are unlikely to prove adequate in the event of a serious disaster or similar event. We may incur substantial expenses as a result of the limited nature of our disaster recovery and business continuity plans, which, particularly when taken together with our lack of earthquake insurance, could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Furthermore, integral parties in our supply chain are similarly vulnerable to natural disasters or other sudden, unforeseen and severe adverse events. If such an event were to affect our supply chain, it could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We depend on our information technology systems, and any failure of these systems could harm our business. Security breaches, loss of data, and other disruptions could compromise sensitive information related to our business or prevent us from accessing critical information and expose us to liability, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We collect and maintain information in digital form that is necessary to conduct our business, and we are increasingly dependent on information technology systems and infrastructure to operate our business, including our laboratory information management system and our EDGE platform. In the ordinary course of our business, we collect, store and transmit large amounts of confidential information, including intellectual property, proprietary business information and personal information. It is critical that we do so in a secure manner to maintain the confidentiality and integrity of such confidential information. We have established physical, electronic and organizational measures to safeguard and secure our systems to prevent a data compromise, and rely on commercially available systems, software, tools, and monitoring to provide security for our information technology systems and the processing, transmission and storage of digital information. We have also outsourced elements of our information technology infrastructure, and as a result a number of third-party vendors may or could have access to our confidential information. Our internal information technology systems and infrastructure, and those of our current and any future collaborators, contractors and consultants and other third parties on which we rely, are vulnerable to damage from computer viruses, malware, natural disasters, terrorism, war, telecommunication and electrical failures, cyber-attacks or cyber-intrusions over the Internet, attachments to emails, persons inside our organization, or persons with access to systems inside our organization.

The risk of a security breach or disruption or data loss, particularly through cyber-attacks or cyber intrusion, including by computer hackers, foreign governments and cyber terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. In addition, the prevalent use of mobile devices that access confidential information increases the risk of data security breaches, which could lead to the loss of confidential information or other intellectual property. The costs to us to mitigate network security problems, bugs, viruses, worms, malicious software programs and security vulnerabilities could be significant, and while we have implemented security measures to protect our data security and information technology systems, our efforts to address these problems may not be successful, and these problems could result in unexpected interruptions, delays, cessation of service and other harm to our business and our competitive position. If such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a material disruption of our product development programs. For example, the loss of clinical trial data from completed or ongoing or planned clinical trials could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. Moreover, if a computer security breach affects our systems or results in the unauthorized release of personally identifiable information, our reputation could be materially damaged. In addition, such a breach may require notification to governmental agencies, the media or individuals pursuant to various federal and state privacy and security laws, if applicable, including the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Clinical Health Act of 2009, or HITECH, and its implementing rules and regulations, as well as regulations promulgated by the Federal Trade Commission and state breach notification laws. We would also be exposed to a risk of loss or litigation and potential liability, which could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our employees and independent contractors, including principal investigators, consultants, commercial collaborators, service providers and other vendors may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

We are exposed to the risk that our employees and independent contractors, including principal investigators, consultants, any future commercial collaborators, service providers and other vendors may engage in misconduct or other illegal activity. Misconduct by these parties could include intentional, reckless and/or negligent conduct or other unauthorized activities that violate the laws and regulations of the FDA and other similar regulatory bodies, including those laws that require the reporting of true, complete and accurate information to such regulatory bodies; manufacturing standards; U.S. federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse, data privacy laws and other similar~~non-U.S.~~ laws; or laws that require the true, complete and accurate reporting of financial information or data. Activities subject to these laws also involve the improper use or misrepresentation of information obtained in the course of clinical trials, the creation of fraudulent data in our preclinical studies or clinical trials, or illegal misappropriation of product, which could result in regulatory sanctions and cause serious harm to our reputation. It is not always possible to identify and deter misconduct by employees and other third-parties, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws or regulations. In addition, we are subject to the risk that a person or government could allege such fraud or other misconduct, even if none occurred. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business and financial results, including, without limitation, the imposition of significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, monetary fines, disgorgement, possible exclusion from participation in Medicare, Medicaid and other U.S. federal healthcare programs or healthcare programs in other jurisdictions, integrity oversight and reporting obligations to resolve allegations of~~non-compliance,~~ individual imprisonment, other sanctions, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings and curtailment of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our results of operations.

Our business involves the use of hazardous materials and we and our third-party manufacturers and suppliers must comply with environmental laws and regulations, which can be expensive and restrict how we do business.

Our research and development activities and our third-party manufacturers’ and suppliers’ activities involve the controlled storage, use and disposal of hazardous materials owned by us, including the components of our product and product candidates and other hazardous compounds. We and any third-party manufacturers and suppliers we engage are subject to numerous federal, state and local environmental, health and safety laws, regulations and permitting requirements, including those governing laboratory procedures; the generation, handling, use, storage, treatment, and disposal of hazardous and regulated materials and wastes; the emission and discharge of hazardous materials into the ground, air and water; and employee health and safety. Our operations involve the use of hazardous and flammable materials, including chemicals and biological and radioactive materials. Our operations also produce hazardous waste. In some cases, these hazardous materials and various wastes resulting from their use are stored at our and our manufacturers’ facilities pending their use and disposal. We generally contract with third parties for the disposal of these materials and wastes. We cannot eliminate the risk of contamination, which could cause an interruption of our commercialization efforts, research and development efforts and business operations, environmental damage resulting in costly~~clean-up~~ ~~and liabilities under applicable laws and regulations governing the use, storage, handling and disposal of these materials and specified waste products.~~

Although we believe that the safety procedures utilized by our third-party manufacturers for handling and disposing of these materials generally comply with the standards prescribed by these laws and regulations, we cannot guarantee that this is the case or eliminate the risk of accidental contamination or injury from these materials. Under certain environmental laws, we could be held responsible for costs relating to any contamination at our current or past facilities and at third-party facilities. In such an event, we may be held liable for any resulting damages and such liability could exceed our resources and state or federal or other applicable authorities may curtail our use of certain materials and/or interrupt our business operations. Furthermore, environmental laws and regulations are complex, change frequently and have tended to become more stringent. We cannot predict the impact of such changes and cannot be certain of our future compliance.

Compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations may be expensive, and current or future environmental laws and regulations may impair our research, product development and manufacturing efforts. In addition, we cannot entirely eliminate the risk of accidental injury or contamination from these materials or wastes. Although we maintain workers’ compensation insurance to cover us for costs and expenses we may incur due to injuries to our employees resulting from the use of hazardous materials, this insurance may not provide adequate coverage against potential liabilities. We do not carry specific biological or hazardous waste insurance coverage, and our property, casualty, and general liability insurance policies specifically exclude coverage for damages and fines arising from biological or hazardous waste exposure or contamination. Accordingly, in the event of contamination or injury, we could be held liable for damages or be penalized with fines in an amount exceeding our resources, and our clinical trials or regulatory approvals could be suspended, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

~~Risks Related to Intellectual Property~~

~~Our success depends on our ability to protect our intellectual property and our proprietary technologies.~~

Our commercial success depends in part on our ability to obtain and maintain patent protection and trade secret protection for our product candidates, proprietary technologies and their uses as well as our ability to operate without infringing upon the proprietary rights of others. We generally seek to protect our proprietary position by filing patent applications in the United States and abroad related to our product candidates, proprietary technologies and their uses that are important to our business. Our patent applications cannot be enforced against third parties practicing the technology claimed in such applications unless, and until, patents issues from such applications, and then only to the extent the issued claims cover the technology. There can be no assurance that our patent applications or those of our licensors will result in additional patents being issued or that issued patents will afford sufficient protection against competitors with similar technology, nor can there be any assurance that the patents issued will not be infringed, designed around or invalidated by third parties. Even issued patents may later be found invalid or unenforceable or may be modified or revoked in proceedings instituted by third parties before various patent offices or in courts. The degree of future protection for our proprietary rights is uncertain. Only limited protection may be available and may not adequately protect our rights or permit us to gain or keep any competitive advantage. If we do not adequately protect our intellectual property and proprietary technology, competitors may be able to use our product candidates and proprietary technologies and erode or negate any competitive advantage we may have, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We have applied, and we intend to continue applying, for patents covering aspects of our product candidates, proprietary technologies and their uses that we deem appropriate. However, we may not be able to apply for patents on certain aspects of our current or future product candidates, proprietary technologies and their uses in a timely fashion, at a reasonable cost, in all jurisdictions, or at all, and any potential patent coverage we obtain may not be sufficient to prevent substantial competition. As of September 30, 2018, our solely owned patent portfolio includes 19 pending U.S. patent applications and 28 pending foreign patent applications and one issued U.S. patent relating to the use of a predictive model to identify neoantigens, particularly where the predictive model was trained using mass spectrometry data. We cannot be certain that the claims in any of our patent applications will be considered patentable by the United States Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, courts in the United States or by the patent offices and courts in foreign countries, nor can we be certain that the claims in our issued patents will not be found invalid or unenforceable if challenged.

~~The patent application process is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, and~~equivalents, there can be no assurance that we or any of our actual or potential future collaborators will be successful in protecting our product candidates, proprietary technologies and their uses by obtaining and defending patents. These risks and uncertainties include the following:

the USPTO and various foreign governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other provisions during the patent process, the noncompliance with which can result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent application, and partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction;

~~patent applications may not result in any patents being issued;~~

~~patents that may be issued orin-licensed~~ ~~may be challenged, invalidated, modified, revoked, circumvented, found to be unenforceable or otherwise may not provide any competitive advantage;~~

our competitors, many of whom have substantially greater resources than we do and many of whom have made significant investments in competing technologies, may seek or may have already obtained patents that will limit, interfere with or eliminate our ability to make, use and sell our potential product candidates;

other parties may have designed around our claims or developed technologies that may be related or competitive to our platform, may have filed or may file patent applications and may have received or may receive patents that overlap or conflict with our patent applications, either by claiming the same methods or devices or by claiming subject matter that could dominate our patent position;

any successful opposition to any patents owned by or licensed to us could deprive us of rights necessary for the practice of our technologies or the successful commercialization of any products or product candidates that we may develop;

because patent applications in the United States and most other countries are confidential for a period of time after filing, we cannot be certain that we or our licensors were the first to file any patent application related to our product candidates, proprietary technologies and their uses;

an interference proceeding can be provoked by a third party or instituted by the USPTO to determine who was the first to invent any of the subject matter covered by the patent claims of our applications for any application with an effective filing date before March 16, 2013;

there may be significant pressure on the U.S. government and international governmental bodies to limit the scope of patent protection both inside and outside the United States for disease treatments that prove successful, as a matter of public policy regarding worldwide health concerns; and

countries other than the United States may have patent laws less favorable to patentees than those upheld by U.S. courts, allowing foreign competitors a better opportunity to create, develop and market competing product candidates.

The patent position of biopharmaceutical companies generally is highly uncertain, involves complex legal and factual questions, and has been the subject of much litigation in recent years. Moreover, the patent prosecution process is also expensive and time-consuming, and we may notwould be able to ~~file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or~~access uninsured funds in a timely ~~manner. It is also possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development output before it is too late to obtain patent protection. Although we enter intonon-disclosure~~ and confidentiality agreements with parties who have access to patentable aspects of our research and development output, such as our employees, corporate collaborators, outside scientific collaborators, CROs, contract manufacturers, consultants, advisors and other third parties, any of these parties may breach such agreements and disclose such output before a patent application is filed, thereby jeopardizing our ability to seek patent protection.

The issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its inventorship, scope, validity or enforceability, and our patents, if issued, or the patent rights that we license from others, may be challenged in the courts or patent offices in the United States and abroad. Once granted, patents may remain open to opposition, interference,~~re-examination,~~ ~~post-grant review,~~ ~~inter partes~~ review, nullification or derivation action in court or before patent offices or similar proceedings for a given period after allowance or grant, during which time third parties can raise objections against such initial grant. Such challenges may result in loss of exclusivity or in patent claims being narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable, which could limit our ability to stop others from using or commercializing similar or identical products, or limit the duration of the patent protection of our products and product candidates. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting such candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized. As a result, our intellectual property may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or identical to ours.

Our ability to enforce our patent rights depends on our ability to detect infringement. It may be difficult to detect infringers who do not advertise the components or methods that are used in connection with their products and services. Moreover, it may be difficult or impossible to obtain evidence of infringement in a competitor’s or potential competitor’s product or service. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded if we were to prevail may not be commercially meaningful.

In addition, proceedings to enforce or defend our patents could put our patents at risk of being invalidated, held unenforceable or interpreted narrowly. Such proceedings could also provoke third parties to assert claims against us, including that some or all of the claims in one or more of our patents are invalid or otherwise unenforceable. If any of our patents covering our products are invalidated or found unenforceable, or if a court found that valid, enforceable patents held by third parties covered one or more of our products, our competitive position could be harmed or we could be required to incur significant expenses to enforce or defend our rights. If we initiate lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents, or litigate against third party claims, such proceedings would be expensive and would divert the attention of our management and technical personnel.

~~The degree of future protection for our proprietary rights is uncertain, and we cannot ensure that:~~

~~any of our patents, or any of our pending patent applications, if issued, or those of our licensors, will include claims having a scope sufficient to protect our products;~~

~~any of our pending patent applications or those of our licensors may issue as patents;~~

others will not or may not be able to make, use, offer to sell, or sell products that are the same as or similar to our own but that are not covered by the claims of the patents that we own or license;

~~we will be able to successfully commercialize our products on a substantial scale, if approved, before the relevant patents that we own or license expire;~~

~~we were the first to make the inventions covered by each of the patents and pending patent applications that we own or license;~~

~~we or our licensors were the first to file patent applications for these inventions;~~

~~others will not develop similar or alternative technologies that do not infringe the patents we own or license;~~

~~any of the patents we own or license will be found to ultimately be valid and enforceable;~~

~~any patents issued to us or our licensors will provide a basis for an exclusive market for our commercially viable products or will provide us with any competitive advantages;~~

~~a third party may not challenge the patents we own or license and, if challenged, a court would hold that such patents are valid, enforceable and infringed;~~

~~we may develop orin-license~~ ~~additional proprietary technologies that are patentable;~~

~~the patents of others will not have an adverse effect on our business;~~

our competitors do not conduct research and development activities in countries where we do not have enforceable patent rights and then use the information learned from such activities to develop competitive products for sale in our major commercial markets;

~~we will develop additional proprietary technologies or products that are separately patentable; or~~

~~our commercial activities or products will not infringe upon the patents of others.~~

Where we obtain licenses from or collaborate with third parties, in some circumstances, we may not have the right to control the preparation, filing and prosecution of patent applications, or to maintain the patents, covering technology that we license from third parties, or such activities, if controlled by us, may require the input of such third parties. We may also require the cooperation of our licensors and collaborators to enforce any licensed patent rights, and such cooperation may not be provided. Therefore, these patents and applications may not be prosecuted and enforced in a manner consistent with the best interests of our business. Moreover, if we do obtain necessary licenses, we will likely have obligations under those licenses, and any failure to satisfy those obligations could give our licensor the right to terminate the license. Termination of a necessary license, or expiration of licensed patents or patent applications, could have a material adverse impact on our business.

~~The lives of our patents may not be sufficient to effectively protect our products and business.~~

~~Patents have a limited lifespan. In the United States, the natural expiration of a patent is generally 20 years after its first effectivenon-provisional~~ filing date. Although various extensions may be available, the life of a patent, and the protection it affords, is limited. Even if patents covering our product candidates, proprietary technologies and their uses are obtained, once the patent life has expired, we may be open to competition. In addition, although upon issuance in the United States a patent’s life can be increased based on certain delays caused by the USPTO, this increase can be reduced or eliminated based on certain delays caused by the patent applicant during patent prosecution. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting such candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized. If we do not have sufficient patent life to protect our product candidates, proprietary technologies and their uses, our business and results of operations will be adversely affected.

~~If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position would be harmed.~~

~~We rely on the protection of our trade secrets, including unpatentedknow-how,~~ ~~technology and other proprietary information. We have taken steps to protect our trade secrets and unpatentedknow-how,~~ including entering into confidentiality agreements with third parties, and confidential information and inventions agreements with employees, consultants and advisors. In addition to contractual measures, we try to protect the confidential nature of our proprietary information using commonly accepted physical and technological security measures. Despite these efforts, we cannot provide any assurances that all such agreements have been duly executed, and any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose our proprietary information, including our trade secrets, and we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for such breaches. In addition, such security measures may not provide adequate protection for our proprietary information, for example, in the case of misappropriation of a trade secret by an employee, consultant, customer or third party with authorized access. Our security measures may not prevent an employee, consultant or customer from misappropriating our trade secrets and providing them to a competitor, and recourse we take against such misconduct may not provide an adequate remedy to protect our interests fully. Monitoring unauthorized uses and disclosures is difficult, and we do not know whether the steps we have taken to protect our proprietary technologies will be effective. Unauthorized parties may also attempt to copy or reverse engineer certain aspects of our products that we consider proprietary. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret can be difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. Even though we use commonly accepted security measures, the criteria for protection of trade secrets can vary among different jurisdictions.

Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret is difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, some courts inside and outside the United States are less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets. Moreover, third parties may still obtain this information or may come upon this or similar information independently, and we would have no right to prevent them from using that technology or information to compete with us. Trade secrets will over time be disseminated within the industry through independent development, the publication of journal articles and the movement of personnel skilled in the art from company to company or academic to industry scientific positions. Though our agreements with third parties typically restrict the ability of our advisors, employees, collaborators, licensors, suppliers, third-party contractors and consultants to publish data potentially relating to our trade secrets, our agreements may contain certain limited publication rights. If any of our trade secrets were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor, we would have no right to prevent such competitor from using that technology or information to compete with us, which could harm our competitive position. Because from time to time we expect to rely on third parties in the development, manufacture, and distribution of our products and provision of our services, we must, at times, share trade secrets with them. Despite employing the contractual and other security precautions described above, the need to share trade secrets increases the risk that such trade secrets become known by our competitors, are inadvertently incorporated into the technology of others, or are disclosed or used in violation of these agreements. If any of these events occurs or if we otherwise lose protection for our trade secrets, the value of this information may be greatly reduced and our competitive position would be harmed. If we do not apply for patent protection prior to such publication or if we cannot otherwise maintain the confidentiality of our proprietary technology and other confidential information, then our ability to obtain patent protection or to protect our trade secret information may be jeopardized.

Our rights to develop and commercialize our product candidates are subject in part to the terms and conditions of licenses granted to us by other companies. The patent protection, prosecution and enforcement for some of our product candidates may be dependent on third parties.

We currently are reliant upon licenses of certain patent rights and proprietary technology from third parties that is important or necessary to the development of our technology and products, including technology related to our product candidates. For example, we rely on our license agreement with Arbutus Biopharma Corporation for certain lipid nanoparticle-based delivery technologies. This and other licenses we may enter into in the future may not provide adequate rights to use such intellectual property and technology in all relevant fields of use or in all territories in which we may wish to develop or commercialize our technology and products in the future. As a result, we may not be able to develop and commercialize our technology and products in fields of use and territories for which we are not granted rights pursuant to such licenses.

Licenses to additional third-party technology that may be required for our development programs may not be available in the future or may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

In some circumstances, we may not have the right to control the preparation, filing, prosecution and enforcement of patent applications, or to maintain the patents, covering technology that we license from third parties. In addition, some of our agreements with our licensors require us to obtain consent from the licensor before we can enforce patent rights, and our licensor may withhold such consent or may not provide it on a timely basis. Therefore, we cannot be certain that our licensors or collaborators will prosecute, maintain, enforce and defend such intellectual property rights in a manner consistent with the best interests of our business, including by taking reasonable measures to protect the confidentiality of~~know-how~~ and trade secrets, or by paying all applicable prosecution and maintenance fees related to intellectual property registrations for any of our product candidates. We also cannot be certain that our licensors have drafted or prosecuted the patents and patent applications licensed to us in compliance with applicable laws and regulations, which may affect the validity and enforceability of such patents or any patents that may issue from such applications. If they fail to do so, this could cause us to lose rights in any applicable intellectual property that we~~in-license,~~ and as a result our ability to develop and commercialize products or product candidates may be adversely affected and we may be unable to prevent competitors from making, using and selling competing products.

Our current licenses, and our future licenses likely will, impose various royalty payments, milestones, and other obligations on us. If we fail to comply with any of these obligations, we may be required to pay damages and the licensor may have the right to terminate the license. Termination by the licensor would cause us to lose valuable rights, and could prevent us from developing and commercializing our product candidates and proprietary technologies. Our business would suffer if any current or future licenses terminate, if the licensors fail to abide by the terms of the license, if the licensors fail to enforce licensed patents against infringing third parties, if the licensed patents or other rights are found to be invalid or unenforceable, or if we are unable to enter into necessary licenses on acceptable terms. Furthermore, if any current or future licenses terminate, or if the underlying patents fail to provide the intended exclusivity, competitors or other third parties may gain the freedom to seek regulatory approval of, and to market, products identical to ours. Moreover, our licensors may own or control intellectual property that has not been licensed to us and, as a result, we may be subject to claims, regardless of their merit, that we are infringing or otherwise violating the licensor’s rights. In addition, while we cannot currently determine the amount of the royalty obligations we would be required to pay on sales of future products, if any, the amounts may be significant. The amount of our future royalty obligations will depend on the technology and intellectual property we use in products that we successfully develop and commercialize, if any. Therefore, even if we successfully develop and commercialize products, we may be unable to achieve or maintain profitability.

~~Litigation or other proceedings or third-party claims of intellectual property infringement could require us to spend significant time and money and could prevent us from selling our products.~~

Our commercial success depends significantly on our ability to operate without infringing the patents and other proprietary rights of third parties. However, our research, development and commercialization activities may be subject to claims that we infringe or otherwise violate patents or other intellectual property rights owned or controlled by third parties. Claims by third parties that we infringe their proprietary rights may result in liability for damages or prevent or delay our developmental and commercialization efforts. We cannot assure you that our operations do not, or will not in the future, infringe existing or future patents.

Other entities may have or obtain patents or proprietary rights that could limit our ability to make, use, sell, offer for sale or import our product candidates and future approved products or impair our competitive position. There is a substantial amount of litigation, both within and outside the United States, involving patent and other intellectual property rights in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, including patent infringement lawsuits, interferences, oppositions, reexaminations, ~~inter partes~~ review proceedings and post-grant review proceedings before the USPTO and/or corresponding foreign patent offices. Numerous third-party U.S. and foreign issued patents and pending patent applications exist in the fields in which we are developing product candidates. There may be third-party patents or patent applications with claims to materials, formulations, methods of manufacture or methods for treatment related to the use or manufacture of our product candidates. For example, we are aware of U.S. Serial Nos. 15/187,174 and 14/794,449, expiring in May 2031 (absent any patent term adjustments or extensions), directed to certain methods of identifying and using neoantigens. If a patent issues from such patent applications with claims similar to those that are currently pending, our ability to commercialize~~GRANITE-001~~ in the United States may be adversely affected if we do not obtain a license under such patent. In addition, we are aware of and have timely opposed EP Patent 2569633, expiring in May 2031 (absent any patent term adjustments or extensions), directed to certain methods of identifying and using neoantigens. EP Patent 2569633 is currently validated in Great Britain, France, Germany, Netherlands, Italy, Ireland, Spain and Switzerland. Our opposition was filed in the company’s name on November 7, 2016 by Vossius & Partner. Four other parties also filed oppositions to the patent within the required timeframe. The Opposition Division of the European Patent Office, or EPO, held opposition hearings on October 15 and 16, 2018, and determined that EP Patent 2569633 does not meet the requirements of the European Patent Convention, or EPC, and consequently, revoked the patent. EP Patent 2569633 licensors have indicated they plan to file an appeal to the Opposition Division’s decision. If, after appeal, EP Patent 2569633 is ultimately maintained by the EPO with claims similar to those that are currently opposed, our ability to commercialize~~GRANITE-001~~ ~~in certain European countries may be adversely affected if we do not obtain a license under the patent.~~

Furthermore, the scope of a patent claim is determined by an interpretation of the law, the written disclosure in a patent and the patent’s prosecution history and can involve other factors such as expert opinion. Our interpretation of the relevance or the scope of claims in a patent or a pending application may be incorrect, which may negatively impact our ability to market our products. Further, we may incorrectly determine that our technologies, products, or product candidates are not covered by a third party patent or may incorrectly predict whether a third party’s pending patent application will issue with claims of relevant scope. Our determination of the expiration date of any patent in the United States or abroad that we consider relevant may be incorrect, which may negatively impact our ability to develop and market our products or product candidates.

As the biotechnology industry expands and more patents are issued, the risk increases that our product candidates may be subject to claims of infringement of the patent rights of third parties. Our competitors in both the United States and abroad, many of which have substantially greater resources and have made substantial investments in patent portfolios and competing technologies, may have applied for or obtained or may in the future apply for and obtain, patents that will prevent, limit or otherwise interfere with our ability to make, use and sell our product candidates. We do not always conduct independent reviews of pending patent applications of and patents issued to third parties.

Patent applications in the United States and elsewhere are typically published approximately 18 months after the earliest filing for which priority is claimed, with such earliest filing date being commonly referred to as the priority date. Certain U.S. applications that will not be filed outside the United States can remain confidential until patents issue. In addition, patent applications in the United States and elsewhere can be pending for many years before issuance, or unintentionally abandoned patents or applications can be revived. Furthermore, pending patent applications that have been published can, subject to certain limitations, be later amended in a manner that could cover our technologies, our product candidates or the use of our product candidates. As such, there may be applications of others now pending or recently revived patents of which we are unaware. These applications may later result in issued patents, or the revival of previously abandoned patents, that will prevent, limit or otherwise interfere with our ability to make, use or sell our products. Because patent applications are maintained as confidential for a certain period of time, until the relevant application is published we may be unaware of third-party patents that may be infringed by commercialization of~~GRANITE-001,SLATE-001~~ or our other product candidates, and cannot be certain that we were the first to file a patent application related to a product candidate or technology. Moreover, because patent applications can take many years to issue, there may be currently-pending patent applications that may later result in issued patents that our product candidates may infringe. In addition, identification of third-party patent rights that may be relevant to our technology is difficult because patent searching is imperfect due to differences in terminology among patents, incomplete databases and the difficulty in assessing the meaning of patent claims. Any claims of patent infringement asserted by third parties would be time consuming and could:

~~result in costly litigation;~~

~~divert the time and attention of our technical personnel and management;~~

~~cause development delays;~~

~~prevent us from commercializingGRANITE-001,SLATE-001~~ ~~or our other product candidates until the asserted patent expires or is held finally invalid or not infringed in a court of law;~~

~~require us to developnon-infringing~~ ~~technology, which may not be possible on a cost-effective basis;~~

require us to pay damages to the party whose intellectual property rights we may be found to be infringing, which may include treble damages if we are found to have been willfully infringing such intellectual property;

~~require us to pay the attorney’s fees and costs of litigation to the party whose intellectual property rights we may be found to be infringing; and/or~~

~~require us to enter into royalty or licensing agreements, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all.~~

~~Although no third party has asserted a claim of patent infringement against us as of the date of this Quarterly Report, others may hold proprietary rights that could preventGRANITE-001,SLATE-001~~ or any future immunotherapy candidates from being marketed. Any patent-related legal action against us claiming damages and seeking to enjoin commercial activities relating to our product candidates or processes could subject us to potential liability for damages, including treble damages if we were determined to willfully infringe, and require us to obtain a license to manufacture or market~~GRANITE-001,SLATE-001~~ or any future immunotherapy candidates. Defense of these claims, regardless of their merit, would involve substantial litigation expense and would be a substantial diversion of employee resources from our business. We cannot predict whether we would prevail in any such actions or that any license required under any of these patents would be made available on commercially acceptable terms, if at all. Even if such licenses are available, we could incur substantial costs related to royalty payments for licenses obtained from third parties, which could negatively affect our gross margins, and the rights may be~~non-exclusive,~~ which could give our competitors access to the same technology or intellectual property rights licensed to us. In addition, we cannot be certain that we could redesign our product candidates or processes to avoid infringement, if necessary. Accordingly, an adverse determination in a judicial or administrative proceeding, or the failure to obtain necessary licenses, could prevent us from developing and commercializing~~GRANITE-001,SLATE-001~~ or any future immunotherapy candidates, which could harm our business, financial condition and operating results. In addition, intellectual property litigation, regardless of its outcome, may cause negative publicity and could prohibit us from marketing or otherwise commercializing our product candidates and technology.

If we collaborate with third parties in the development of technology in the future, our collaborators may not properly maintain or defend our intellectual property rights or may use our proprietary information in such a way as to invite litigation that could jeopardize or invalidate our intellectual property or proprietary information or expose us to litigation or potential liability. Further, collaborators may infringe the intellectual property rights of third parties, which may expose us to litigation and potential liability. Also, we may be obligated under our agreements with our collaborators, licensors, suppliers and others to indemnify and hold them harmless for damages arising from intellectual property infringement by us.

We may be involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents or the patents of our licensors, which could be expensive, time consuming, and unsuccessful. Further, our issued patents could be found invalid or unenforceable if challenged in court.

Competitors may infringe our intellectual property rights or those of our licensors. To prevent infringement or unauthorized use, we may be required to file infringement claims, which can be expensive and time-consuming. In addition, in a patent infringement proceeding, a court may decide that a patent we own or~~in-license~~ is not valid, is unenforceable and/or is not infringed. If we or any of our potential future collaborators were to initiate legal proceedings against a third party to enforce a patent directed at one of our product candidates, the defendant could counterclaim that our patent is invalid and/or unenforceable in whole or in part. In patent litigation in the United States, defendant counterclaims alleging invalidity and/or unenforceability are commonplace. Grounds for a validity challenge include an alleged failure to meet any of several statutory requirements, including lack of novelty, obviousness or~~non-enablement.~~ Grounds for an unenforceability assertion could include an allegation that someone connected with prosecution of the patent withheld relevant information from the USPTO or made a misleading statement during prosecution. Third parties may also raise similar claims before the USPTO, even outside the context of litigation. Similar mechanisms for challenging the validity and enforceability of a patent exist in~~ex-U.S.~~ ~~patent offices and may result in the revocation, cancellation, or amendment of anyex-U.S.~~ patents we hold in the future. The outcome following legal assertions of invalidity and unenforceability is unpredictable, and prior art could render our patents or those of our licensors invalid. If a defendant were to prevail on a legal assertion of invalidity and/or unenforceability, we would lose at least part, and perhaps all, of the patent protection on such product candidate. Such a loss of patent protection would have a material adverse impact on our business.

Interference or derivation proceedings provoked by third parties or brought by us or declared by the USPTO may be necessary to determine the priority of inventions with respect to our patents or patent applications or those of our licensors. An unfavorable outcome could require us to cease using the related technology or to attempt to license rights to it from the prevailing party. Our business could be harmed if the prevailing party does not offer us a license on commercially reasonable terms or at all, or if a~~non-exclusive~~ license is offered and our competitors gain access to the same technology. Our defense of litigation or interference proceedings may fail and, even if successful, may result in substantial costs and distract our management and other employees. In addition, the uncertainties associated with litigation could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise the funds necessary to continue our clinical trials, continue our research programs, license necessary technology from third parties or enter into development or manufacturing partnerships that would help us bring our product candidates to market.

Even if resolved in our favor, litigation or other legal proceedings relating to our intellectual property rights may cause us to incur significant expenses, and could distract our technical and management personnel from their normal responsibilities. In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments and if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our common stock. Such litigation or proceedings could substantially increase our operating losses and reduce the resources available for development activities or any future sales, marketing or distribution activities. We may not have sufficient financial or other resources to conduct such litigation or proceedings adequately. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of such litigation or proceedings more effectively than we can because of their greater financial resources. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of patent litigation or other proceedings could compromise our ability to compete in the marketplace.

Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. There could also be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a material adverse effect on the price of our common stock.

~~We may not be successful in obtaining or maintaining necessary rights to our product candidates through acquisitions andin-licenses.~~

We currently have rights to the intellectual property, through licenses from third parties and under patents that we own, to develop our product candidates. Because our programs may require the use of proprietary rights held by third parties, the growth of our business will depend in part on our ability to acquire,~~in-license~~ ~~or use these proprietary rights. We may be unable to acquire orin-license~~ any compositions, methods of use, processes or other third-party intellectual property rights from third parties that we identify as necessary for our product candidates. The licensing and acquisition of third-party intellectual property rights is a competitive area, and a number of more established companies are also pursuing strategies to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights that we may consider attractive. These established companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to their size, cash resources and greater clinical development and commercialization capabilities. In addition, companies that perceive us to be a competitor may be unwilling to assign or license rights to us. We also may be unable to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights on terms that would allow us to make an appropriate return on our investment.

We have collaborated with U.S. academic institutions and may in the future collaborate with U.S. and foreign academic institutions to accelerate our preclinical research or development under written agreements with these institutions. These institutions may provide us with an option to negotiate a license to any of the institution’s rights in technology resulting from the collaboration. Regardless of such option, we may be unable to negotiate a license within the specified timeframe or under terms

~~that are acceptable to us. If we are unable to do so, the institution may offer the intellectual property rights to other parties, potentially blocking our ability to pursue our program.~~

If we are unable to successfully obtain rights to required third-party intellectual property rights or maintain the existing intellectual property rights we have, we may have to abandon development of that program and our business and financial condition could suffer.

We may fail to comply with any of our obligations under existing or future agreements pursuant to which we license or have otherwise acquired intellectual property rights or technology, which could result in the loss of rights or technology that are material to our business.

~~We are party to various agreements that we depend on to operate our business, including intellectual property rights relating toGRANITE-001~~ ~~andSLATE-001,~~ in particular, our agreement with Arbutus. Our rights to use currently licensed intellectual property or intellectual property to be licensed in the future are subject to the continuation of and our compliance with the terms of these agreements. Disputes may arise regarding our rights to intellectual property licensed to us from a third party, including but not limited to:

~~the scope of rights granted under the license agreement and other interpretation-related issues;~~

~~the extent to which our technology and processes infringe on intellectual property of the licensor that is not subject to the licensing agreement;~~

~~the sublicensing of patent and other rights;~~

~~our diligence obligations under the license agreement and what activities satisfy those diligence obligations;~~

~~the ownership of inventions andknow-how~~ ~~resulting from the creation or use of intellectual property by us, alone or with our licensors and collaborators;~~

~~the scope and duration of our payment obligations;~~

~~our rights upon termination of such agreement; and~~

~~the scope and duration of exclusivity obligations of each party to the agreement.~~

If disputes over intellectual property and other rights that we have licensed or acquired from third parties prevent or impair our ability to maintain our current license agreements on acceptable terms, we may be unable to successfully develop and commercialize the affected product candidates. If we fail to comply with our obligations under current or future license agreements, these agreements may be terminated or the scope of our rights under them may be reduced and we might be unable to develop, manufacture or market any product that is licensed under these agreements.

We may be subject to claims that we have wrongfully hired an employee from a competitor or that we or our employees have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged confidential information or trade secrets of their former employers.

As is common in the biotechnology and biopharmaceutical industries, in addition to our employees, we engage the services of consultants to assist us in the development of our product candidates. Many of these consultants, and many of our employees, were previously employed at, or may have previously provided or may be currently providing consulting services to, other biotechnology or biopharmaceutical companies including our competitors or potential competitors. Although we try to ensure that our employees and consultants do not use the proprietary information or~~know-how~~ of others in their work for us, we may become subject to claims that we, our employees or a consultant inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed trade secrets or other information proprietary to their former employers or their former or current clients. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights, which could adversely affect our business. Even if we are successful in defending against these claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to our management team.

~~We may be subject to claims challenging the inventorship or ownership of our patents and other intellectual property.~~

We may also be subject to claims that former employees, collaborators or other third parties have an ownership interest in our patents or other intellectual property. In addition, we may face claims by third parties that our agreements with employees, contractors or consultants obligating them to assign intellectual property to us are ineffective or in conflict with prior or competing contractual obligations of assignment, which could result in ownership disputes regarding intellectual property we have developed or will develop and interfere with our ability to capture the commercial value of such intellectual property. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these and other claims challenging inventorship or ownership. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights. Such an outcome could have a material adverse effect on our business. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and distraction to management and other employees.

~~If we do not obtain patent term extension for our product candidates, our business may be materially harmed.~~

~~Depending upon the timing, duration and specifics of FDA marketing approval ofGRANITE-001,SLATE-001~~ or any future immunotherapy candidates, one or more of our U.S. patents may be eligible for limited patent term restoration under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, also known as the Hatch-Waxman Amendments. The Hatch-Waxman Amendments permit a patent restoration term of up to five years as compensation for patent term lost during product development and the FDA regulatory review process. The Hatch-Waxman Act allows a maximum of one patent to be extended per FDA approved product as compensation for the patent term lost during the FDA regulatory review process. A patent term extension cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the date of product approval and only those claims covering such approved drug product, a method for using it or a method for manufacturing it may be extended. Patent term extension may also be available in certain foreign countries upon regulatory approval of our product candidates. However, we may not be granted an extension because of, for example, failing to apply within applicable deadlines, failing to apply prior to expiration of relevant patents or otherwise failing to satisfy applicable requirements. Moreover, the applicable time period or the scope of patent protection afforded could be less than we request. If we are unable to obtain patent term extension or restoration or the term of any such extension is less than we request, our competitors may obtain approval of competing products following our patent expiration, and our revenue could be reduced, possibly materially.

~~If our trademarks and trade names are not adequately protected, then we may not be able to build name recognition in our markets of interest and our business may be adversely affected.~~

Our registered or unregistered trademarks or trade names may be challenged, infringed, circumvented or declared generic or determined to be infringing on other marks. We may not be able to protect our rights to these trademarks and trade names, which we need to build name recognition among potential partners or customers in our markets of interest. At times, competitors may adopt trade names or trademarks similar to ours, thereby impeding our ability to build brand identity and possibly leading to market confusion. In addition, there could be potential trade name or trademark infringement claims brought by owners of other trademarks or trademarks that incorporate variations of our registered or unregistered trademarks or trade names. Over the long term, if we are unable to establish name recognition based on our trademarks and trade names, then we may not be able to compete effectively and our business may be adversely affected. We may license our trademarks and trade names to third parties, such as distributors. Though these license agreements may provide guidelines for how our trademarks and trade names may be used, a breach of these agreements or misuse of our trademarks and tradenames by our licensees may jeopardize our rights in or diminish the goodwill associated with our trademarks and trade names. Our efforts to enforce or protect our proprietary rights related to trademarks, trade names, trade secrets, domain names, copyrights or other intellectual property may be ineffective and could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and could adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations.

~~Changes in patent law in the U.S. or in other countries could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our product candidates.~~

~~Our patent rights may be affected by developments or uncertainty in U.S. orex-U.S.~~ ~~patent statutes, patent case laws in USPTO rules and regulations or in the rules and regulations ofex-U.S.~~ patent offices. There are a number of recent changes to the U.S. patent laws that may have a significant impact on our ability to protect our technology and enforce our intellectual property rights. For example, on September 16, 2011, the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, or Leahy-Smith Act, was signed into law. The Leahy-Smith Act includes a number of significant changes to U.S. patent law. These include provisions that affect the way patent applications will be prosecuted and may also affect patent litigation. In particular, under the Leahy-Smith Act, the United States transitioned in March 2013 to a “first to file” system in which the first inventor to file a patent application will be entitled to the patent. Third parties are allowed to submit prior art before the issuance of a patent by the USPTO, and may become involved in post-grant proceedings including opposition, derivation, reexamination, ~~inter partes~~ review or interference proceedings challenging our patent rights or the patent rights of others. An adverse determination in any such submission, proceeding or litigation could reduce the scope or enforceability of, or invalidate, our patent rights, which could adversely affect our competitive position. This could have a negative impact on some of our intellectual property and could increase uncertainties surrounding obtaining and enforcement or defense of our issued patents. In addition, Congress may pass patent reform legislation that is unfavorable to us. The Supreme Court has ruled on several patent cases in recent years, either narrowing the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances or weakening the rights of patent owners in certain situations. In addition to increasing uncertainty with regard to our ability to obtain patents in the future, this combination of events has created uncertainty with respect to the value of patents, once obtained. Depending on decisions by Congress, the federal courts and the USPTO, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that would weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce our existing patents and patents we might obtain in the future.

Similarly, statutory or judicial changes to the patent laws of other countries may increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of patent applications and the enforcement or defense of issued patents.

~~We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.~~

Filing, prosecuting and defending all current and future patents in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and our intellectual property rights in some countries outside the United States can be less extensive than those in the United States. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as federal and state laws in the United States. Consequently, we may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in all countries outside the United States, or from selling or importing products made using our inventions in and into the United States or other jurisdictions. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and, further, may export otherwise infringing products to territories where we have patent protection but enforcement is not as strong as that in the United States. These products may compete with our product candidates, and our patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing.

The legal systems of many foreign countries do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents or marketing of competing products in violation of our proprietary rights. For example, some foreign countries have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner must grant licenses to third parties. In addition, some countries limit the enforceability of patents against third parties, including government agencies or government contractors. In these countries, patents may provide limited or no benefit. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate, and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license.

Obtaining and maintaining patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for~~non-compliance~~ ~~with these requirements.~~

The USPTO and various foreign governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other provisions during the patent process. Periodic maintenance fees, renewal fees, annuity fees and various other governmental fees on patents and/or applications will be due to be paid to the USPTO and various governmental patent agencies outside of the US in several stages over the lifetime of the patents and/or applications. We employ reputable professionals and rely on such third parties to help us comply with these requirements and effect payment of these fees with respect to the patents and patent applications that we own, and if we license intellectual property we may have to rely upon our licensors to comply with these requirements and effect payment of these fees with respect to any patents and patent applications that we license. In many cases, an inadvertent lapse can be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules. However, there are situations in which noncompliance can result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. In such an event, competitors might be able to enter the market earlier than would otherwise have been the case.

~~Intellectual property rights do not necessarily address all potential threats to our competitive advantage.~~

The degree of future protection afforded by our intellectual property rights is uncertain because intellectual property rights have limitations, and may not adequately protect our business or permit us to maintain our competitive advantage. For example:

~~others may be able to make personalized cancer immunotherapies that are similar to ours but that are not covered by the claims of the patents that we own or have exclusively licensed;~~

~~we or our licensors or future collaborators might not have been the first to make the inventions covered by the issued patents or pending patent applications that we own or have exclusively licensed;~~

~~we or our licensors or future collaborators might not have been the first to file patent applications covering certain of our inventions;~~

~~others may independently develop similar or alternative technologies or duplicate any of our technologies without infringing our intellectual property rights;~~

~~it is possible that our pending patent applications will not lead to issued patents;~~

~~issued patents that we own or have exclusively licensed may be held invalid or unenforceable, as a result of legal challenges by our competitors;~~

our competitors might conduct research and development activities in countries where we do not have patent rights and then use the information learned from such activities to develop competitive products for sale in our major commercial markets;

~~we may not develop additional proprietary technologies that are patentable; and~~

~~the patents of others may have an adverse effect on our business.~~

~~Should any of these events occur, they could significantly harm our business, results of operations and prospects.~~

~~Risks Related to Government Regulation~~

~~Even if we obtain regulatory approval for a product candidate, our products will remain subject to regulatory scrutiny.~~

If one of our product candidates is approved, it will be subject to ongoing regulatory requirements for manufacturing, labeling, packaging, storage, advertising, promotion, sampling, record-keeping, conduct of post-marketing studies, and submission of safety, efficacy, and other post- market information, including both federal and state requirements in the United States and requirements of comparable foreign regulatory authorities.

Manufacturers and manufacturers’ facilities are required to comply with extensive FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authority requirements, including ensuring that quality control and manufacturing procedures conform to cGMP regulations. As such, we and our contract manufacturers will be subject to continual review and inspections to assess compliance with cGMP and adherence to commitments made in any approved marketing application. Accordingly, we and others with whom we work must continue to expend time, money, and effort in all areas of regulatory compliance, including manufacturing, production, and quality control.

We will have to comply with requirements concerning advertising and promotion for our products. Promotional communications with respect to prescription drugs and biologics are subject to a variety of legal and regulatory restrictions and must be consistent with the information in the product’s approved label. As such, we may not promote our products~~“off-label”~~ for indications or uses for which they do not have approval. The holder of an approved application must submit new or supplemental applications and obtain approval for certain changes to the approved product, product labeling, or manufacturing process. We could also be asked to conduct post-marketing clinical studies to verify the safety and efficacy of our products in general or in specific patient subsets. An unsuccessful post-marketing study or failure to complete such a study could result in the withdrawal of marketing approval.

If a regulatory agency discovers previously unknown problems with a product, such as adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or problems with the facility where the product is manufactured, or disagrees with the promotion, marketing or labeling of a product, such regulatory agency may impose restrictions on that product or us, including requiring withdrawal of the product from the market. If we fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements, a regulatory agency or enforcement authority may, among other things:

~~issue warning letters;~~

~~impose civil or criminal penalties;~~

~~suspend or withdraw regulatory approval;~~

~~suspend any of our clinical studies;~~

~~refuse to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications submitted by us;~~

~~impose restrictions on our operations, including closing our contract manufacturers’ facilities; or~~

~~seize or detain products, or require a product recall.~~

Any government investigation of alleged violations of law could require us to expend significant time and resources in response, and could generate negative publicity. Any failure to comply with ongoing regulatory requirements may significantly and adversely affect our ability to commercialize and generate revenue from our products. If regulatory sanctions are applied or if regulatory approval is withdrawn, the value of our company and our operating results will be adversely affected.

Moreover, the policies of the FDA and of other regulatory authorities may change and additional government regulations may be enacted that could prevent, limit or delay regulatory approval of our product candidates. We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of government regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative or executive action, either in the United States or abroad. For example, certain policies of the Trump administration may impact our business and industry. Namely, the Trump administration has taken several executive actions, including the issuance of a number of Executive Orders, that could impose significant burdens on, or otherwise materially delay, FDA’s ability to engage in routine oversight activities such as implementing statutes through rulemaking, issuance of guidance, and review and approval of marketing applications. It is difficult to predict how these orders will be implemented, and the extent to which they will impact the FDA’s ability to exercise its regulatory authority. If these executive actions impose restrictions on FDA’s ability to engage in oversight and implementation activities in the normal course, our business may be negatively impacted. In addition, if we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may lose any marketing approval that we may have obtained and we may not achieve or sustain profitability.

We may seek orphan drug designation for certain future product candidates, but we may be unable to obtain such designations or to maintain the benefits associated with orphan drug designation, including market exclusivity, which may cause our revenue, if any, to be reduced.

We may pursue orphan drug designation for certain of our future product candidates. Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may designate a drug or biologic product as an orphan drug if it is intended to treat a rare disease or condition, defined as a patient population of fewer than 200,000 in the United States, or a patient population greater than 200,000 in the United States where there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing the drug will be recovered from sales in the United States. In the European Union, the EMA’s Committee for Orphan Medicinal Products, or COMP, grants orphan drug designation to promote the development of products that are intended for the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of a life-threatening or chronically debilitating condition affecting not more than five in 10,000 persons in the European Union. Additionally, designation is granted for products intended for the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of a life-threatening, seriously debilitating or serious and chronic condition when, without incentives, it is unlikely that sales of the drug in the European Union would be sufficient to justify the necessary investment in developing the drug or biological product or where there is no satisfactory method of diagnosis, prevention, or treatment, or, if such a method exists, the medicine must be of significant benefit to those affected by the condition.

In the United States, orphan drug designation entitles a party to financial incentives such as opportunities for grant funding towards clinical trial costs, tax advantages, and application fee waivers. In addition, if a product receives the first FDA approval for the indication for which it has orphan designation, the product is entitled to orphan drug exclusivity, which means the FDA may not approve any other application to market the same drug for the same indication for a period of seven years, except in limited circumstances, such as a showing of clinical superiority over the product with orphan exclusivity or where the manufacturer is unable to assure sufficient product quantity the orphan patient population. In the European Union, orphan drug designation entitles a party to financial incentives such as reduction of fees or fee waivers and ten years of market exclusivity following drug or biological product approval. This period may be reduced to six years if the orphan drug designation criteria are no longer met, including where it is shown that the product is sufficiently profitable not to justify maintenance of market exclusivity.

Even if we obtain orphan drug designation, we may not be the first to obtain marketing approval for any particular orphan indication due to the uncertainties associated with developing pharmaceutical products. Further, even if we obtain orphan drug exclusivity for a product candidate, that exclusivity may not effectively protect the product from competition because different drugs with different active moieties can be approved for the same condition. Even after an orphan drug is approved, the FDA or EMA can subsequently approve the same drug with the same active moiety for the same condition if the FDA or EMA concludes that the later drug is clinically superior in that it is safer, more effective, or makes a major contribution to patient care. Orphan drug designation neither shortens the development time or regulatory review time of a drug or biologic nor gives the drug or biologic any advantage in the regulatory review or approval process.

~~Enacted and future healthcare legislation may increase the difficulty and cost for us to obtain marketing approval of and commercialize our product candidates and may affect the prices we may set.~~

In the United States, the European Union and other jurisdictions, there have been, and we expect there will continue to be, a number of legislative and regulatory changes and proposed changes to the healthcare system that could affect our future results of operations. In particular, there have been and continue to be a number of initiatives at the U.S. federal and state levels that seek to reduce healthcare costs and improve the quality of healthcare. For example, in March 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, or collectively the ACA, was enacted, which substantially changed the way healthcare is financed by both governmental and private payors. Among the provisions of the ACA, those of greatest importance to the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries include the following:

~~an annual,non-deductible~~ fee payable by any entity that manufactures or imports certain branded prescription drugs and biologic agents (other than those designated as orphan drugs), which is apportioned among these entities according to their market share in certain government healthcare programs;

new requirements to report certain financial arrangements with physicians and teaching hospitals, including reporting “transfers of value” made or distributed to prescribers and other healthcare providers and reporting investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members;

~~a new methodology by which rebates owed by manufacturers under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program are calculated for drugs that are inhaled, infused, instilled, implanted or injected;~~

expansion of eligibility criteria for Medicaid programs by, among other things, allowing states to offer Medicaid coverage to certain individuals with income at or below 133% of the federal poverty level, thereby potentially increasing a manufacturer’s Medicaid rebate liability;

~~a licensure framework for follow on biologic products;~~

~~a new Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute to oversee, identify priorities in, and conduct comparative clinical effectiveness research, along with funding for such research; and~~

establishment of a Center for Medicare Innovation at the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, or CMS, to test innovative payment and service delivery models to lower Medicare and Medicaid spending, potentially including prescription drug spending.

Since its enactment, there have been judicial and Congressional challenges to certain aspects of the ACA, and we expect there will be additional challenges and amendments to the ACA in the future. For example, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 was enacted, which includes a provision repealing, effective January 1, 2019, the~~tax-based~~ shared responsibility payment imposed by the ACA on certain individuals who fail to maintain qualifying health coverage for all or part of a year that is commonly referred to as the “individual mandate”. Since the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, there have been additional amendments to certain provisions of the ACA, and we expect the current Trump administration and Congress will likely continue to seek to modify, repeal, or otherwise invalidate all, or certain provisions of, the ACA. It is uncertain the extent to which any such changes may impact our business or financial condition.

In addition, other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted in the United States since the ACA was enacted. In August 2011, the Budget Control Act of 2011, among other things, led to aggregate reductions of Medicare payments to providers of 2% per fiscal year. These reductions went into effect in April 2013 and, due to subsequent legislative amendments to the statute, will remain in effect through 2027 unless additional action is taken by Congress. In January 2013, the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 was signed into law, which, among other things, further reduced Medicare payments to several types of providers, including hospitals, imaging centers and cancer treatment centers, and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments to providers from three to five years. These new laws or any other similar laws introduced in the future may result in additional reductions in Medicare and other health care funding, which could negatively affect our customers and accordingly, our financial operations.

Moreover, payment methodologies may be subject to changes in healthcare legislation and regulatory initiatives. For example, CMS may develop new payment and delivery models, such as bundled payment models. In addition, recently there has been heightened governmental scrutiny over the manner in which manufacturers set prices for their marketed products, which has resulted in several U.S. Congressional inquiries and proposed and enacted federal and state legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to drug pricing, reduce the cost of prescription drugs under government payor programs, and review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs. The Trump administration’s budget proposal for fiscal year 2019 contains further drug price control measures that could be enacted during the 2019 budget process or in other future legislation, including, for example, measures to permit Medicare Part D plans to negotiate the price of certain drugs under Medicare Part B, to allow some states to negotiate drug prices under Medicaid, and to eliminate cost sharing for generic drugs for~~low-income~~ patients. Further, the Trump administration released a “Blueprint”, or plan, to lower drug prices and reduce out of pocket costs of drugs that contains additional proposals to increase drug manufacturer competition, increase the negotiating power of certain federal healthcare programs, incentivize manufacturers to lower the list price of their products, and reduce the out of pocket costs of drug products paid by consumers. The Department of Health and Human Services, or HHS, has already started the process of soliciting feedback on some of these measures and, at the same time, is immediately implementing others under its existing authority. While some proposed measures will require authorization through additional legislation to become effective, Congress and the Trump administration have each indicated that it will continue to seek new legislative and/or administrative measures to control drug costs. We expect that additional U.S. federal healthcare reform measures will be adopted in the future, any of which could limit the amounts that the U.S. federal government will pay for healthcare products and services, which could result in reduced demand for our product candidates or additional pricing pressures.

Individual states in the United States have also increasingly passed legislation and implemented regulations designed to control pharmaceutical and biological product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing. Legally mandated price controls on payment amounts by third-party payors or other restrictions could harm our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects. In addition, regional healthcare authorities and individual hospitals are increasingly using bidding procedures to determine what pharmaceutical products and which suppliers will be included in their prescription drug and other healthcare programs. This could reduce the ultimate demand for our product candidates or put pressure on our product pricing.

In the European Union, similar political, economic and regulatory developments may affect our ability to profitably commercialize our product candidates, if approved. In addition to continuing pressure on prices and cost containment measures, legislative developments at the European Union or member state level may result in significant additional requirements or obstacles that may increase our operating costs. The delivery of healthcare in the European Union, including the establishment and operation of health services and the pricing and reimbursement of medicines, is almost exclusively a matter for national, rather than European Union, law and policy. National governments and health service providers have different priorities and approaches to the delivery of health care and the pricing and reimbursement of products in that context. In general, however, the healthcare budgetary constraints in most European Union member states have resulted in restrictions on the pricing and reimbursement of medicines by relevant health service providers. Coupled with ever-increasing European Union and national regulatory burdens on those wishing to develop and market products, this could prevent or delay marketing approval of our product candidates, restrict or regulate post-approval activities and affect our ability to commercialize our product candidates, if approved. In markets outside of the United States and European Union, reimbursement and healthcare payment systems vary significantly by country, and many countries have instituted price ceilings on specific products and therapies.

We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of government regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative action in the United States, the European Union or any other jurisdiction. If we or any third parties we may engage are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we or such third parties are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, our product candidates may lose any regulatory approval that may have been obtained and we may not achieve or sustain profitability.

Our business operations and current and future relationships with investigators, healthcare professionals, consultants, third-party payors, patient organizations and customers will be subject to applicable healthcare regulatory laws, which could expose us to penalties.

Our business operations and current and future arrangements with investigators, healthcare professionals, consultants, third-party payors, patient organizations and customers, may expose us to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations. These laws may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we conduct our operations, including how we research, market, sell and distribute our product candidates, if approved. Such laws include:

the U.S. federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, persons or entities from knowingly and willfully soliciting, offering, receiving or providing any remuneration (including any kickback, bribe, or certain rebate), directly or indirectly, overtly or covertly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward, or in return for, either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, lease, order or recommendation of, any good, facility, item or service, for which payment may be made, in whole or in part, under any U.S. federal healthcare program, such as Medicare and Medicaid. A person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation;

the U.S. federal civil and criminal false claims and civil monetary penalties laws, including the civil False Claims Act, which prohibit, among other things, including through civil whistleblower or qui tam actions, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, to the U.S. federal government, claims for payment or approval that are false or fraudulent, knowingly making, using or causing to be made or used, a false record or statement material to a false or fraudulent claim, or from knowingly making a false statement to avoid, decrease or conceal an obligation to pay money to the U.S. federal government. Pharmaceutical manufacturers can cause false claims to be presented to the U.S. federal government by engaging in impermissible marketing practices, such as the~~off-label~~ promotion of a product for an indication for which it has not received FDA approval. In addition, the government may assert that a claim including items and services resulting from a violation of the U.S. federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the civil False Claims Act;

HIPAA, which imposes criminal and civil liability for, among other things, knowingly and willfully executing, or attempting to execute, a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program, or knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any materially false statement, in connection with the delivery of, or payment for, healthcare benefits, items or services. Similar to the U.S. federal Anti-Kickback Statute, a person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the healthcare fraud statute implemented under HIPAA or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation;

HIPAA, as amended by HITECH, and its implementing regulations, which also imposes certain obligations, including mandatory contractual terms, with respect to safeguarding the privacy and security of individually identifiable health information of covered entities subject to the rule, such as health plans, healthcare clearinghouses and certain healthcare providers as well as their business associates, independent contractors of a covered entity that perform certain services involving the use or disclosure of individually identifiable health information on their behalf;

~~the FDCA, which prohibits, among other things, the adulteration or misbranding of drugs, biologics and medical devices;~~

~~the U.S. Public Health Service Act, which prohibits, among other things, the introduction into interstate commerce of a biological product unless a biologics license is in effect for that product;~~

the U.S. Physician Payments Sunshine Act and its implementing regulations, which requires certain manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies that are reimbursable under Medicare, Medicaid, or the Children’s Health Insurance Program, with specific exceptions, to report annually to the government information related to certain payments and other transfers of value to physicians and teaching hospitals, as well as ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members;

analogous U.S. state laws and regulations, including: state anti-kickback and false claims laws, which may apply to our business practices, including but not limited to, research, distribution, sales and marketing arrangements and claims involving healthcare items or services reimbursed by any third-party payor, including private insurers; state laws that require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the U.S. federal government, or otherwise restrict payments that may be made to healthcare providers and other potential referral sources; state laws and regulations that require drug manufacturers to file reports relating to pricing and marketing information, which requires tracking gifts and other remuneration and items of value provided to healthcare professionals and entities; state and local laws requiring the registration of pharmaceutical sales representatives; and state laws governing the privacy and security of health information in certain circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts; and

the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, which prohibits, among other things, U.S. companies and their employees and agents from authorizing, promising, offering, or providing, directly or indirectly, corrupt or improper payments or anything else of value to foreign government officials, employees of public international organizations and foreign government owned or affiliated entities, candidates for foreign political office, and foreign political parties or officials thereof;

~~similar healthcare laws and regulations in the European Union and other jurisdictions, including reporting requirements detailing interactions with and payments to healthcare providers.~~

Ensuring that our internal operations and future business arrangements with third parties comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations will involve substantial costs. It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices do not comply with current or future statutes, regulations, agency guidance or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the laws described above or any other governmental laws and regulations that may apply to us, we may be subject to significant penalties, including civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, exclusion from government-funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid or similar programs in other countries or jurisdictions, integrity oversight and reporting obligations to resolve allegations of non-compliance, disgorgement, individual imprisonment, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations. If any of the physicians or other providers or entities with whom we expect to do business are found to not be in compliance with applicable laws, they may be subject to criminal, civil or administrative sanctions, including exclusions from government funded healthcare programs and imprisonment, which could affect our ability to operate our business. Further, defending against any such actions can be costly, time-consuming and may require significant personnel resources. Therefore, even if we are successful in defending against any such actions that may be brought against us, our business may be impaired.

~~Risks Related to Our Common Stock~~

~~Our stock price may be volatile and you may not be able to resell shares of our common stock at or above the price you paid.~~

The trading price of our common stock could be highly volatile and could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control. These factors include those discussed in this “Risk Factors” section of this Quarterly Report and others such as:

~~results from, and any delays in, our clinical trials forGRANITE-001,SLATE-001~~ ~~or any other future clinical development programs, including public misperception of the results of our trials;~~

~~announcements by academic or other third parties challenging the fundamental premises underlying our approach to treating cancer and/or biopharmaceutical product development;~~

~~announcements of regulatory approval or disapproval of our current or any future product candidates;~~

~~failure or discontinuation of any of our research and development programs;~~

~~manufacturing setbacks or delays of or issues with the supply of the materials for our personalized immunotherapy candidate;~~

~~announcements relating to future licensing, collaboration or development agreements, including the early termination or failure of an existing strategic collaboration;~~

~~delays in the commercialization of our current or any future product candidates;~~

~~public misperception regarding the use of our therapies;~~

~~acquisitions and sales of new products, technologies or businesses;~~

~~quarterly variations in our results of operations or those of our future competitors;~~

~~changes in earnings estimates or recommendations by securities analysts;~~

~~announcements by us or our competitors of new products, significant contracts, commercial relationships, acquisitions or capital commitments;~~

~~developments with respect to intellectual property rights;~~

~~our commencement of, or involvement in, litigation;~~

~~changes in financial estimates or guidance, including our ability to meet our future revenue and operating profit or loss estimates or guidance;~~

~~any major changes in our board of directors or management;~~

~~new legislation in the United States relating to the sale or pricing of pharmaceuticals;~~

~~FDA or other U.S. or foreign regulatory actions affecting us or our industry;~~

~~product liability claims or other litigation or public concern about the safety of our product candidates;~~

~~market conditions in the biopharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors; and~~

~~general economic conditions in the United States and abroad.~~

In addition, the stock markets in general, and the markets for biopharmaceutical and biotechnology stocks in particular, have experienced extreme volatility that may have been unrelated to the operating performance of the issuer. These broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the trading price or liquidity of our common stock. In the past, when the market price of a stock has been volatile, holders of that stock have sometimes instituted securities class action litigation against the issuer. If any of our stockholders were to bring such a lawsuit against us, we could incur substantial costs defending the lawsuit and the attention of our management would be diverted from the operation of our business.

~~An active, liquid and orderly market for our common stock may not develop, and you may not be able to resell your common stock at or above the price you paid.~~

Prior to our initial public offering in September 2018, there was no public market for shares of our common stock. An active trading market may not develop following our initial public offering or, if it is developed, may not be sustained. The lack of an active market may impair your ability to sell your shares at the time you wish to sell them or at a price that you consider reasonable. An inactive market may also impair our ability to raise capital by selling shares and may impair our ability to acquire other businesses, applications, or technologies using our shares as consideration.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they issue an adverse or misleading opinion regarding our stock, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts publish about us or our business. We do not currently have and may never obtain research coverage by securities and industry analysts. If no or few securities or industry analysts commence coverage of us, the trading price for our stock would be negatively impacted. In the event we obtain securities or industry analyst coverage, if any of the analysts who cover us issue an adverse or misleading opinion regarding us, our business model, our intellectual property or our stock performance, or if our clinical trials and operating results fail to meet the expectations of analysts, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

We will incur significant costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management will devote substantial time to new compliance initiatives. We may fail to comply with the rules that apply to public companies, including Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which could result in sanctions or other penalties that would harm our business.

We will incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses as a public company, including costs resulting from public company reporting obligations under the Exchange Act and regulations regarding corporate governance practices. The listing requirements of the Nasdaq Global Select Market and the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, require that we satisfy certain corporate governance requirements relating to director independence, filing annual and interim reports, stockholder meetings, approvals and voting, soliciting proxies, conflicts of interest and a code of conduct. Our management and other personnel will need to devote a substantial amount of time to ensure that we comply with all of these requirements. Moreover, the reporting requirements, rules and regulations will increase our legal and financial compliance costs and will make some activities more time-consuming and costly. Any changes we make to comply with these obligations may not be sufficient to allow us to satisfy our obligations as a public company on a timely basis, or at all. ~~These reporting requirements, rules and regulations, coupled with the increase~~Any inability to access or delay in potential litigation exposure associated with being a public company, could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors or board committees or to serve as executive officers, or to obtain certain types of insurance, including directors’ and officers’ insurance, on acceptable terms.

As a public company, we are subject to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or Section 404, and the related rules of the SEC, which generally require our management and independent registered public accounting firm to report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Beginning with the second annual report that we will be required to file with the SEC, Section 404 requires an annual management assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. However, for so long as we remain an emerging growth company as defined in the JOBS Act, we intend to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404. Once we are no longer an emerging growth company or, if prior to such date, we opt to no longer take advantage of the applicable exemption, we will be required to include an opinion from our independent registered public accounting firm on the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of (1) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following the fifth anniversary of the completion of our initial public offering, (b) in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.07 billion, or (c) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of our common stock that is held by~~non-affiliates~~ ~~exceeds $700.0 million as of the prior June 30th, and (2) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion innon-convertible~~ ~~debt during the prior three-year period.~~

~~To date, we have never conducted a review of our internal control for the purpose of providing the reports required by~~accessing these rules. During the course of our review and testing, we may identify deficiencies and be unable to remediate them before we must provide the required reports. Furthermore, if we have a material weakness in our internal controls over financial reporting, we may not detect errors on a timely basis and our financial statements may be materially misstated. We or our independent registered public accounting firm may not be able to conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal control over financial reporting, which could harm our operating results, cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information and cause the trading price of our stock to fall. In addition, as a public company we are required to file accurate and timely quarterly and annual reports with the SEC under the Exchange Act. In order to report our results of operations and financial statements on an accurate and timely basis, we will depend on CROs to provide timely and accurate notice of their costs to us. Any failure to report our financial results on an accurate and timely basis could result in sanctions, lawsuits, delisting of our shares from the Nasdaq Global Select Market or other adverse consequences that would materially harm to our business.

~~If we sell shares of our common stock in future financings, stockholders may experience immediate dilution and, as a result, our stock price may decline.~~

We may from time to time issue additional shares of common stock at a discount from the current trading price of our common stock. As a result, our stockholders would experience immediate dilution upon the purchase of any shares of our common stock sold at such discount. In addition, as opportunities present themselves, we may enter into financing or similar arrangements in the future, including the issuance of debt securities, preferred stock or common stock. If we issue common stock or securities convertible into common stock, our common stockholders would experience additional dilution and, as a result, our stock price may decline.

~~Our principal stockholders and management own a significant percentage of our stock and will be able to exert significant control over matters subject to stockholder approval.~~

As of November 5, 2018, our executive officers and directors and their respective affiliates held over a majority of our outstanding voting stock. Therefore, these stockholders have the ability to influence us through this ownership position. These stockholders may be able to determine most matters requiring stockholder approval. For example, these stockholders may be able to control elections of directors, or approval of any merger, sale of assets, or other major corporate transaction. This may prevent or discourage unsolicited acquisition proposals or offers for our common stock that you may feel are in your best interest as one of our stockholders.

~~Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market could cause our stock price to fall.~~

~~If our existing stockholders sell, or indicate an intention to sell, substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market after thelock-up~~ entered into in connection with our initial public offering and other legal restrictions on resale lapse, the trading price of our common stock could decline. As of November 5, 2018, we have outstanding a total of 29,038,308 shares of common stock. The~~lock-up~~ ~~agreements entered into in connection with our initial public offering will expire 180 days from the date of our initial public offering prospectus. After thelock-up~~ agreements expire up to approximately 22.2 million additional shares of common stock will be eligible for sale in the public market, approximately 10.6 million of which shares are held by directors, executive officers and other affiliates and will be subject to Rule 144 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act. Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC, Cowen and Company, LLC and Barclays Capital Inc. may, however, in their sole discretion, permit our officers, directors and other stockholders who are subject to~~lock-up~~ ~~agreements to sell shares prior to the expiration of thelock-up~~ ~~agreements.~~

In addition, as of November 5, 2018, approximately 2.5 million shares of common stock that are either subject to outstanding options or reserved for future issuance under our existing equity incentive plan will become eligible for sale in the public market to the extent permitted by the provisions of various vesting schedules, the~~lock-up~~ agreements and Rule 144 and Rule 701 under the Securities Act. If these additional shares of common stock are sold, or if it is perceived that they will be sold, in the public market, the trading price of our common stock could decline.

Further, the holders of approximately 19.4 million shares of our common stock, or approximately 66.8% of our total outstanding common stock as of November 5, 2018, will be entitled to rights with respect to the registration of their shares under the Securities Act, subject to vesting schedules and to the~~lock-up~~ agreements described above. Registration of these shares under the Securities Act would result in the shares becoming freely tradable without restriction under the Securities Act, except for shares purchased by affiliates. Any sales of securities by these stockholders could have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our common stock.

~~Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.~~

We have incurred substantial losses during our history and do not expect to become profitable in the near future, and we may never achieve profitability. To the extent that we continue to generate taxable losses, unused losses will carry forward to offset a portion of future taxable income, if any, until such unused losses expire, if ever. Under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” generally defined as a greater than 50 percentage point change (by value) in its equity ownership by certain stockholders over a three-year period, the corporation’s ability to use its~~pre-change~~ ~~net operating loss carryforwards, or NOLs, and otherpre-change~~ tax attributes (such as research and development tax credits) to offset its post-change income or taxes may be limited. While we do not believe we have experienced ownership changes in the past, it is possible we have done so, and we may experience ownership changes in the future as a result of this offering and/or subsequent shifts in our stock ownership (some of which shifts are outside our control). As a result, even if we attain profitability, we may be unable to use a material portion of our NOLs and other tax attributes.

~~Recent U.S. tax legislation and future changes to applicable U.S. tax laws and regulations may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.~~

Changes in laws and policy relating to taxes may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. For example, the U.S. government recently enacted significant tax reform legislation, and certain provisions of the new law may adversely affect us. Changes include, but are not limited to, a federal corporate income tax rate decrease to 21% for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017, a reduction to the maximum deduction allowed for net operating losses generated in tax years after December 31, 2017, eliminating carrybacks of net operating losses, and providing for indefinite carryforwards for losses generated in tax years after December 31, 2017. The legislation is unclear in many respects and could be subject to potential amendments and technical corrections, and will be subject to interpretations and implementing regulations by the Treasury and Internal Revenue Service, any of which could mitigate or increase certain adverse effects of the legislation. In addition, it is unclear how these U.S. federal income tax changes will affect state and local taxation. Generally, future changes in applicable U.S. tax laws and regulations, or their interpretation and application could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

~~Provisions in our charter documents and under Delaware law could discourage a takeover that stockholders may consider favorable and may lead to entrenchment of management.~~

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws contain provisions that could delay or prevent changes in control or changes in our management without the consent of our board of directors. These provisions include the following:

~~a classified board of directors with three-year staggered terms, which may delay the ability of stockholders to change the membership of a majority of our board of directors;~~

~~no cumulative voting in the election of directors, which limits the ability of minority stockholders to elect director candidates;~~

the exclusive right of our board of directors to elect a director to fill a vacancy created by the expansion of the board of directors or the resignation, death or removal of a director, which prevents stockholders from being able to fill vacancies on our board of directors;

the ability of our board of directors to authorize the issuance of shares of preferred stock and to determine the price and other terms of those shares, including preferences and voting rights, without stockholder approval, which could be used to significantly dilute the ownership of a hostile acquiror;

~~the ability of our board of directors to alter our amended and restated bylaws without obtaining stockholder approval;~~

the required approval of at least 66 2/3% of the shares entitled to vote at an election of directors to adopt, amend or repeal our amended and restated bylaws or repeal the provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation regarding the election and removal of directors;

~~a prohibition on stockholder action by written consent, which forces stockholder action to be taken at an annual or special meeting of our stockholders;~~

the requirement that a special meeting of stockholders may be called only by our chief executive officer or president or by the board of directors, which may delay the ability of our stockholders to force consideration of a proposal or to take action, including the removal of directors; and

advance notice procedures that stockholders must comply with in order to nominate candidates to our board of directors or to propose matters to be acted upon at a stockholders’ meeting, which may discourage or deter a potential acquiror from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect the acquiror’s own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of us.

We are also subject to the anti-takeover provisions contained in Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law. Under Section 203, a corporation may not, in general, engage in a business combination with any holder of 15% or more of its capital stock unless the holder has held the stock for three years or, among other exceptions, the board of directors has approved the transaction.

~~Claims for indemnification by our directors and officers may reduce our available~~ funds ~~to satisfy successful third-party claims against us and may reduce the amount of money available to us.~~

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws provides that we will indemnify our directors and officers, in each case to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law.

In addition, as permitted by Section 145 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, our amended and restated bylaws and our indemnification agreements that we have entered into with our directors and officers provide that:

We will indemnify our directors and officers for serving us in those capacities or for serving other business enterprises at our request, to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law. Delaware law provides that a corporation may indemnify such person if such person acted in good faith and in a manner such person reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the registrant and, with respect to any criminal proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe such person’s conduct was unlawful.

~~We may, in our discretion, indemnify employees and agents in those circumstances where indemnification is permitted by applicable law.~~

We are required to advance expenses, as incurred, to our directors and officers in connection with defending a proceeding, except that such directors or officers shall undertake to repay such advances if it is ultimately determined that such person is not entitled to indemnification.

We will not be obligated pursuant to our amended and restated bylaws to indemnify a person with respect to proceedings initiated by that person against us or our other indemnitees, except with respect to proceedings authorized by our board of directors or brought to enforce a right to indemnification.

The rights conferred in our amended and restated bylaws are not exclusive, and we are authorized to enter into indemnification agreements with our directors, officers, employees and agents and to obtain insurance to indemnify such persons.

~~We may not retroactively amend our amended and restated bylaw provisions to reduce our indemnification obligations to directors, officers, employees and agents.~~

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides for an exclusive forum in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware and in the U.S. federal district courts for certain disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the exclusive forum for any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, any action asserting a breach of fiduciary duty, any action asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to the Delaware General Corporation Law, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or our amended and restated bylaws, any action to interpret, apply, enforce, or determine the validity of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or amended and restated bylaws, or any action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine. Similarly, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that the U.S. federal district courts are the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. The choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and other employees.

Alternatively, if a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business and financial ~~condition.~~position.

We do not currently intend to pay dividends on our common stock, and, consequently, investors’ ability to achieve a return on their investment will depend on appreciation in the price of our common stock.

We do not currently intend to pay any cash dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future. We currently intend to invest our future earnings, if any, to fund our growth. Therefore, investors are not likely to receive any dividends on their common stock for the foreseeable future. Since we do not intend to pay dividends, investors’ ability to receive a return on investment will depend on any future appreciation in the market value of our common stock. There is no guarantee that our common stock will appreciate or even maintain the price at which our holders have purchased it.

ITEM 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities

~~During the quarter ended September 30, 2018, we issued and sold the following unregistered securities:~~Not applicable.

~~We issued an aggregate of 921,475 shares of our Series C convertible preferred stock at a price per share of $13.04 per share, for a total amount raised of approximately $12.0 million.~~

We granted stock options under our 2015 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended, covering an aggregate of 777,322 shares of common stock at a weighted average exercise price of $10.02. Of these, no options were cancelled without being exercised.

~~We sold an aggregate of 28,322 shares of common stock to employees for cash consideration in the aggregate amount of $18,800 upon the exercise of stock options.~~

Use of Proceeds

~~On September 27, 2018, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission declared effective our registration statement on FormS-1~~ ~~(FileNos. 333-226976),~~ as amended, filed in connection with our IPO. The IPO closed on October 2, 2018 and we issued and sold 6,666,667 shares of our common stock at a price to the public of $15.00 per share. On October 31, 2018, the underwriters exercised their option to purchase additional shares with respect to 187,535 shares of our common stock, at a price to the public of $15.00 per share. We received gross proceeds from the IPO, including from the exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares, of approximately $102.8 million, before deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of approximately $7.2 million. The managing underwriters of the offering were Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC, Cowen and Company, LLC, Barclays Capital Inc. and BTIG, LLC. No offering expenses were paid or are payable, directly or indirectly, to our directors or officers, to persons owning 10% or more of any class of our equity securities or to any of our affiliates.Not applicable.

The net proceeds from the IPO have been invested in short-term, interest-bearing, investment-grade securities and government securities. There has been no material change in the expected use of the net proceeds from our IPO as described in our registration statement on Form~~S-1.~~

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

~~We did not repurchase any of our equity securities during the nine months ended September 30, 2018.~~Not applicable.

ITEM 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

ITEM 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

ITEM 5. ~~OTHER INFORMATION~~Other Information

None.

ITEM 6. EXHIBITS

Exhibit

Number

Exhibit Description

Incorporated by Reference

Filed

Herewith

Form

Date

Number

3.1(a)

Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation.

8-K

10/02/2018

3.1

3.1(b)

Certificate of Amendment to Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation.

8-K

05/06/2021

3.1

3.2

Amended and Restated Bylaws.

8-K

05/06/2021

3.2

4.1

Reference is made to exhibits 3.1 through 3.2.

4.2

Form of Common Stock Certificate.

S-1/A

09/17/2018

4.2

4.3

Description of Common Stock.

10-K

03/10/2022

4.3

10.1#**

Loan and Security Agreement, dated as of July 19, 2022, by and among Gritstone bio, Inc., as borrower, Hercules Capital, Inc., Silicon Valley Bank, and the several banks and other financial institutions or entities from time to time parties to this agreement, each as a Lender, and Hercules Capital, Inc., in its capacity as administrative agent and collateral agent for itself and the Lenders.

10.2

First Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement, dated as of March 31, 2023, by and among Gritstone bio, Inc., as borrower, Silicon Valley Bank, a division of First-Citizens Bank & Trust Company (successor by purchase to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation as Receiver for Silicon Valley Bank, N.A. (as successor to Silicon Valley Bank)), Hercules Capital, Inc., Hercules Capital Funding Trust 2022-1, each as a Lender, and Hercules Capital, Inc., in its capacity as administrative agent and collateral agent for itself and the several banks and other financial institutions or entities from time to time party to the Loan and Security Agreement.

8-K

04/06/2023

10.1

31.1

Certification of Chief Executive Officer of Gritstone bio, Inc., as required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

31.2

Certification of Chief Financial Officer of Gritstone bio, Inc., as required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

32.1*

Certification by the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as required by Rule 13a-14(b) or Rule 15d-14(b) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Section 1350 of Chapter 36 of Title 18 of the United States Code (18 U.S.C. §1350).

Exhibit
Number

Exhibit Description

Incorporated by Reference
Filed
Herewith

Form

Date
   Number
  3.1    Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended.    8-K    10/02/2018    3.1
  3.2    Amended and Restated Bylaws.    8-K    10/02/2018    3.2
  4.1    Reference is made to exhibits 3.1 through3.2.
  4.2    Form of Common Stock Certificate.    S-1/A    09/17/18    4.2
10.1†    Amendment Number One to License Agreement, dated as of July 20, 2018, by and among Gritstone Oncology, Inc., Arbutus Biopharma Corporation and its subsidiary Protiva Biotherapeutics Inc.    S-1/A    08/23/18    10.1 (b)
10.2(a)#    2018 Incentive Award Plan.    S-8    10/02/18    99.2 (A)
10.2(b)#    Form of Stock Option Grant Notice and Stock Option Agreement under the 2018 Incentive Award Plan.    S-1/A    09/17/18    10.7 (b)
10.2(c)#    Form of Restricted Stock Award Grant Notice under the 2018 Incentive Award Plan.    S-1/A    09/17/18    10.7 (c)
10.2(d)#    Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Grant Notice under the 2018 Incentive Award Plan.    S-1/A    09/17/18    10.7 (d)
10.3#    Employment Agreement by and between Gritstone Oncology, Inc. and Andrew Allen, M.D., Ph.D., effective as of September 27, 2018.    S-1/A    09/17/18    10.9
10.4#    Employment Agreement by and between Gritstone Oncology, Inc. and Matthew Hawryluk, Ph.D., effective as of September 27, 2018.    S-1/A    09/17/18    10.10
10.5#    Employment Agreement by and between Gritstone Oncology, Inc. and Karin Jooss, Ph.D., effective as of September 27, 2018.    S-1/A    09/17/18    10.11
10.6#    Employment Agreement by and between Gritstone Oncology, Inc. and Raphaël Rousseau, M.D., Ph.D., effective as of September 27, 2018.    S-1/A    09/17/18    10.12
10.7#    Employment Agreement by and between Gritstone Oncology, Inc. and Roman Yelensky, Ph.D., effective as of September 27, 2018.    S-1/A    09/17/18    10.13

~~10.8#~~

101.INS

~~Employment Agreement by and between Gritstone Oncology, Inc. and Jean-Marc Bellemin, effective as of September 27, 2018.~~

~~S-1/A~~

~~09/17/18~~

~~10.14~~

~~10.9#~~

~~Employment Agreement by and between Gritstone Oncology, Inc. and Jayant Aphale, Ph.D., effective as of September 27, 2018.~~

~~S-1/A~~

~~09/17/18~~

~~10.15~~

~~10.10#~~

~~Employment Agreement by and between Gritstone Oncology, Inc. and Erin Jones, effective as of September 27, 2018.~~

~~S-1/A~~

~~09/17/18~~

~~10.16~~

~~10.10#~~

~~Non-Employee~~ ~~Director Compensation Program.~~

~~S-1/A~~

~~09/17/18~~

~~10.17~~

~~10.11#~~

~~2018 Employee Stock Purchase Plan.~~

~~S-8~~

~~10/02/18~~

~~99.3~~

~~31.1~~

~~Certification of Chief Executive Officer of Gritstone Oncology, Inc., as required byRule 13a-14(a) orRule 15d-14(a)~~ ~~under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.~~

~~31.2~~

~~Certification of Chief Financial Officer of Gritstone Oncology, Inc., as required byRule 13a-14(a) orRule 15d-14(a)~~ ~~under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.~~

32.1*

~~Certification by the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as required byRule 13a-14(b) orRule 15d-14(b) under~~ ~~the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Section 1350 of Chapter 36 of Title 18 of the United States Code (18 U.S.C. §1350).~~

~~101.INS~~

Inline XBRL Instance Document

101.SCH

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension ~~Labels~~Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

†

~~Confidential treatment has been granted for certain information contained in this exhibit. Such information has been omitted and filed separately with~~

104

The cover page from the ~~SEC.~~

#	~~Indicates management contract or compensatory plan.~~

~~The certification attached as Exhibit 32.1 that accompanies this~~Company’s Quarterly Report on Form10-Q ~~is not deemed filed with~~ for the ~~SEC and is not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of Gritstone Oncology, Inc.under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, whether made before or after the date of this Form10-Q,~~ ~~irrespective of any general incorporation language contained~~quarter ended March 31, 2023 has been formatted in ~~such filing.~~Inline XBRL.

~~SIGNATURES~~* The certification attached as Exhibit 32.1 that accompanies this report is not deemed filed with the SEC and is not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of Gritstone bio, Inc. under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, whether made before or after the date of this Form 10-Q, irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing.

** Refiled to correct the filing of the Loan and Security Agreement between the Company, Hercules Capital, Inc. and Silicon Valley Bank and certain other parties thereto, previously filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 3, 2022, which included an incorrect version of Schedule 1.1(a).

# Portions of the exhibit have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(10)(iv) of Regulation S-K. A copy of any omitted portions will be furnished to the SEC upon request.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this ~~Quarterly Report~~report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.


		~~Gritstone Oncology, Inc.~~

~~Date: November 14, 2018~~		~~By:~~		~~/s/ Jean-Marc Bellemin~~		Gritstone bio, Inc.
				~~Jean-Marc Bellemin~~
			Date:		May 11, 2023	By:	/s/ Andrew Allen
			Andrew Allen, M.D., Ph.D.
			President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)

	By:		/s/ Vassiliki Economides
			Vassiliki Economides
			Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)


	December 31, 2017
Description	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains	Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
Money market funds		$27,711	$—		$—		$27,711
Commercial paper		32,257	—		(48)		32,209
Corporate debt securities		19,930	—		(26)		19,904

		$79,898	$—		$(74)		$79,824

Classified as:
Cash equivalents							$32,878
Marketable securities							46,946

							$79,824


	Lease Financing Obligation		Operating Leases
2018 (remaining three months)	$	197	$	455
2019		794		2,329
2020		818		2,673
2021		843		1,803
2022		868		1,118
Thereafter		1,737		396

Total minimum payments		5,257	$	8,774

Less: Amount representing interest expense		(4,627)

		630
Residual value of lease financing obligation		9,896

		10,526
Less: Lease financing obligation, short-term		(24)

Lease financing obligation, long-term	$	10,502


	September 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
Receivable from landlord	$	-	$	1,226
Prepaid rent		1,182		93
Prepaid research and development-related expenses		1,638		628
Prepaid IPO costs		3,004		-
Other		904		579

	$	6,728	$	2,526


	September 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
Lease security deposit	$	632	$	368
Prepaid research and development-related expenses		415		-
Restricted cash		992		992
Other		-		250

	$	2,039	$	1,610


	September 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
Deferred rent	$	296	$	381
Research and development-related expenses		1,659		683
Other		283		426

	$	2,238	$	1,490


	March 31,
	2023
Principal loan balance	$	30,000
Final fee		1,725
Unamortized debt discount, issuance costs, and unaccreted value of final fee		(2,149	)
Long term debt, net	$	29,576


	September 30, 2018
	Shares Authorized		Shares Issued and Outstanding		Issuance Price Per Share		Carrying Value		Liquidation Preference
Series C		16,425,000		1,611,603		$13.04		$ 20,935		$ 21,015
Series B		61,543,319		8,919,302		$10.76		95,798		96,008
Series A—First Tranche		61,260,000		3,699,259		$6.90		25,425		25,525
Series A—Second Tranche		—		5,178,968		$6.90		35,714		35,735

		139,228,319		19,409,132				$177,872		$178,283


			Options Outstanding
	Number of Shares Available for Issuance		Number of Shares		Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)
Balance at December 31, 2017		626,229		1,351,840		$ 0.89
Authorized		3,197,246
Granted		(1,231,483)		1,231,483		$ 7.49
Exercised				(67,241)		$ 0.57
Cancelled		99,411		(99,411)		$ 1.31
Repurchased		30,117				$ 0.35

Balance at September 30, 2018		2,721,520		2,416,671		$ 4.25		9.04		$ 13,245


	Number of Shares			Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding, unvested at December 31, 2022		561,526		$	5.38
Issued		3,514,787		$	3.29
Vested		(561,526	)	$	5.38
Canceled/Forfeited		(23,128	)	$	3.29
Outstanding, unvested at March 31, 2023		3,491,659		$	3.29


Program	Phase	Status	Indication(s)	Collaborator	Commercial Rights
GRANITE	2/3	Enrollment Ongoing; Treatment Ongoing	MSS-CRC* first line maintenance	—	Gritstone
GRANITE	1/2	Completed	Early stage & advanced solid tumors	—	Gritstone
SLATE	2	Enrollment Completed; Treatment Completed	KRASmut-driven tumor types	—	Gritstone
SLATE	1/2	Completed	KRAS Advanced Solid Tumors	—	Gritstone
HIV	1	Ongoing	HIV treatment/cure	Gilead	Gilead**
CORAL	1	Enrollment Completed; Treatment Ongoing	SARS-CoV-2 in South Africa	CEPI	Gritstone
CORAL	1	Enrollment Completed; Treatment Ongoing	SARS-CoV-2 booster	—	Gritstone
CORAL	1	Enrollment Completed; Treatment Ongoing	SARS-CoV-2 naïve & booster	NIAID, IDCRC	Gritstone


			Payments Due by Period
	Total		Less than 1 Year		1-3 Years		3-5 Years		More than 5 Years
Operating leases(1)		$ 8,774		$ 455		$ 5,002		$ 2,921		$ 396
Lease financing obligation(1)		5,257		197		1,612		1,711		1,737

Total obligations		$ 14,031		$ 652		$ 6,614		$ 4,632		$ 2,133

Large accelerated filer

Accelerated filer

Non-accelerated filer

Smaller reporting company

Emerging growth company