UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒     Quarterly report pursuant to section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2018March 31, 2019

☐    Transition report pursuant to section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934

For the transition period from _______ to ________

Commission file number 1-35526

Storgatan 23C, 114 55 Stockholm, Sweden

(Address of principal executive offices and zip code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes ☒    No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒   No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “non-accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.    ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Yes ☐   No ☒

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

The number of shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding as of NovemberMay 2, 20182019 was 5,859,414.8,800,577.

NEONODE INC.

Form 10-Q

For the Fiscal Quarter Ended September 30, 2018March 31, 2019

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I.Financial Information     FINANCIAL INFORMATION

NEONODE INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

NEONODE INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(In thousands, except per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

NEONODE INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

NEONODE INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(In thousands, except for Series B Preferred Stock Shares Issued)

(Unaudited)

For the Quarter to Date periods ended March 31, 2018 through March 31, 2019

NEONODE INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Continued)

(In thousands, except for Series B Preferred Stock Shares Issued)

(Unaudited)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

NEONODE INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

NEONODE INC.

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

1. Interim Period Reporting

The accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments consisting of normal recurring adjustments that are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position and results of operations and cash flows for the interim periods presented. The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018March 31, 2019 are not necessarily indicative of results for a full fiscal year or any other period.

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements for the three and nine months ended September 30,March 31, 2019 and 2018 and 2017 have been prepared by us, pursuant to the rules and regulations of the United States (“U.S.”) Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Certain information and footnote disclosures normally contained in financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (“U.S. GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted. These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017.2018.

We adopted the new lease accounting standard for revenue recognition effective January 1, 2018.2019. We elected to useused the required modified retrospective (“cumulative-effect”) approach for adoption of the new standard. Use of the cumulative-effect approach requiredstandard, which allowed us to make an opening adjustment to equity rather than recast prior year financial data, therefore comparabilitybegin reporting operating leases on the balance sheet as of financial statements was impacted. Beginning with the first quarter of 2018, our financial results reflect adoption of the standard.January 1, 2019. See NoteNotes 2 and 7 for further discussion.

Operations

Neonode Inc. (collectively, collectively with its subsidiaries is referred to in this Form 10-Q Report as “Neonode”, “we”, “us”, “our”, “registrant”, or “Company”) develops and licenses user interfaces and optical touch and gesture solutions for human interaction with devices. In 2010 we began licensing our technology to Original Equipment Manufacturers (“OEMs”) and Tier 1 suppliers who in-turn embed ourthe Neonode technology into productsdevices that they develop, manufactureproduce and sell. Since 2010, our customers have sold over 64 million devices under our licensing agreements that use our technology. In the fourth quarter of 2016, we augmented our licensing business andNeonode started to manufacture and sell standardizedAirBar. In December 2017, we began selling embedded sensors modules that incorporate our technology to OEMs, Tier 1 Suppliers, distributors and our branded products sold directly to consumers.Neonode technology.

Liquidity

We have incurred significant operating losses and negative cash flows from operations since our inception. The Company incurred net losses of approximately $0.8$0.6 million and $2.5 million and $1.1 million and $3.0$0.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30,March 31, 2019 and 2018, and 2017, respectively, and had an accumulated deficit of approximately $184.6$185.8 million and $183.7$185.2 million as of September 30, 2018March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2017,2018, respectively. In addition, operating activities used cash of approximately $2.3$0.5 million and $4.7$0.6 million for the ninethree months ended September 30,March 31, 2019 and 2018, and 2017, respectively.

We expect our revenues from license fees, sensor module, non-recurring engineering fees and embedded sensor moduleAirBar sales will enable us to reduce our operating losses going forward.in 2019. In addition, we have improved the overall cost efficiency of our operations, as a result of the transition from providing our customers a full custom design solution to providing standardized sensor modules which require limited custom design work. We intend to continue to implement various measures to improve our operational efficiencies. No assurances can be given that management will be successful in meeting its revenue targets and reducing its operating loss.

The condensed consolidated financial statements included herein have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates continuity of operations and the realization of assets and the repayment of liabilities in the ordinary course of business. Management evaluated the significance of the Company’s operating loss and determined that the Company’s current operating plan and sources of capital would be sufficient to alleviate concerns about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

As described immediately below, weWe have obtained capital through private placements in recent years and currently have the ability to raise capital pursuant to an effective shelf registration statement.statement, which is described immediately below.

In the future, we may require sources of capital in addition to cash on hand to continue operations and to implement our strategy. If our operations do not become cash flow positive, we may be forced to seek equity investments or debt arrangements. No assurances can be given that we will be successful in obtaining such additional financing on reasonable terms, or at all. If adequate funds are not available on acceptable terms, or at all, we may be unable to adequately fund our business plans and it could have a negative effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, if funds are available, the issuance of equity securities or securities convertible into equity could dilute the value of shares of our common stock and cause the market price to fall, and the issuance of debt securities could impose restrictive covenants that could impair our ability to engage in certain business transactions.

Reverse Stock Split

As previously disclosed, at the annual meeting of stockholders on June 7, 2018, Neonode stockholders approved an amendment to the restated certification of incorporation to effect a reverse stock split of the Company’s common stock, in the range of 1-for-5 to 1-for-15 at the discretion of the board of directors. The board approved a 1-for-10 reverse stock split of the Company’s issued and outstanding shares of common stock, and on September 27, 2018, the Company filed the certificate of first amendment to its restated certificate of incorporate with the state of Delaware to effect the reverse stock split, effective October 1, 2018.

As a result of the reverse stock split, every ten shares of issued and outstanding common stock were converted into one share of common stock, without any change in the par value per share. No fractional shares were issued, therefore shareholders entitled to receive a fractional share in connection with the reverse stock split received a cash payment instead. There was no financial impact to the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements. All shares and per share information in this Form 10-Q has been retroactively adjusted for all periods presented to reflect the reverse stock split, including reclassifying any amount equal to the reduction in par value of common stock to additional paid-in capital.

Trading of the Company’s common stock continued on the NASDAQ Capital Market on a reverse stock split-adjusted basis beginning on October 1, 2018.

At the annual meeting of stockholders on June 7, 2018, stockholders of the Company also approved the reduction in the number of authorized shares of common stock in corresponding proportion to the reverse stock split. As a result, the Company filed a certificate of second amendment to its restated certificate of incorporation with the state of Delaware to reduce the number of authorized shares of common stock from 100,000,000 to 10,000,000 shares. The filing did not affect the number of authorized preferred stock of 1,000,000 shares.

NASDAQ

As previously disclosed, the NASDAQ Stock Market informed us in a deficiency notice dated December 27, 2017 that we failed to meet the minimum closing bid price requirement of $1.00 for the previous thirty consecutive trading days; we were initially granted 180 days to regain compliance. Because we met all other listing requirements with the exception of the minimum closing bid price requirement, we received second 180-day compliance period to regain compliance on June 27, 2018. On October 15, 2018, we received a letter from The NASDAQ Stock Market stating that we had regained compliance with The NASDAQ Capital Markets minimum bid price requirements for continued listing, because the closing bid price on our stock had exceeded the $1.00 minimum requirement for at least ten consecutive trading days prior to the date of the letter.

August 2017 Private Placement

In August 2017, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement with accredited investors as part of a private placement pursuant to which we issued a total of 975,000 shares of common stock at $10.00 per share, and warrants, for of an aggregate purchase price of $9.75 million in gross proceeds. We received approximately $9.1 million in net proceeds. Under the terms of the 2017 Securities Purchase Agreement, we also issued warrants (the “2017 Warrants”) to investors in the private placement to purchase up to a total of 325,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $20.00 per share. The 2017 Warrants became exercisable on August 8, 2018, and will expire on August 9, 2020. If the 2017 Warrants are fully exercised, we will receive approximately $6.5 million in proceeds. There are no registration rights associated with the securities to be issued and sold pursuant to the 2017 Securities Purchase Agreement.

Shelf Registration Statement

In March 2017, we filed a $20 million shelf registration statement with the SEC that became effective on March 24, 2017. WeSubject to the availability of sufficient shares of authorized common stock, we may from time to time issue shares of our common stock under our shelf registration in amounts, at prices, and on terms to be announced when and if the securities are offered. The specifics of any future offerings, along with the use of proceeds of any securities offered, will be described in a prospectus supplement and any other offering materials, at the time of the offering. Our shelf registration statement will expire on March 24, 2020.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Principles of Consolidation

The condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and include the accounts of Neonode Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries, as well as Pronode Technologies AB, a 51% majority owned subsidiary of Neonode Technologies AB. The remaining 49% of Pronode Technologies AB is owned by Propoint AB, located in Gothenburg, Sweden. Pronode Technologies AB was organized to sell engineering services within the automotive markets. All inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Neonode consolidates entities in which we have a controlling financial interest. We consolidate subsidiaries in which we hold, directly or indirectly, more than 50% of the voting rights, and variable interest entities (VIEs)(“VIEs”) in which Neonode is the primary beneficiary.

In June 2016, we entered into a Joint Venture (“JV”) with a Swedish based eye-tracking company SMART EYE AB. By combining our technologies, we plan to bring multi-chip modules to the market for the consumer and automotive markets that provide new opportunities for interaction with cars and devices. The name of the JV is Neoeye AB (“Neoeye”). 

We use the equity method of accounting to record our investments in the common stock of each entity in which Neonode has the ability to exercise significant influence, but does not own a majority equity interest. Under the equity method, our investment is originally included in equity interests at cost, and is adjusted to recognize our share of net earnings or losses of the investee, in our condensed consolidated balance sheets; our share of net income (loss) is reported in our condensed consolidated statements of operations according to our equity ownership in each entity.

The condensed consolidated balance sheets at September 30, 2018March 31, 2019 and December 31, 20172018 and the condensed consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss and cash flows for the threeperiods ended March 31, 2019 and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 include our accounts and those of our wholly owned subsidiaries Neonode Technologies AB (Sweden), Neonode Americas Inc. (U.S.), Neonode Japan Inc. (Japan), NEON Technology Inc. (U.S.), Neno User Interface Solutions AB (Sweden), Neonode Korea Ltd. (South Korea) and Neonode Taiwan Ltd. (Taiwan), as well as Pronode Technologies AB (Sweden), a 51% majority owned subsidiary of Neonode Technologies AB.

Estimates and Judgments

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires making estimates and assumptionsjudgments that affect, at the date of the financial statements, the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses. Actual results could differ from these estimates. estimates and judgments.

Significant estimates and judgments include, but are not limited to: for revenue recognition, determining the nature and timing of satisfaction of performance obligations, and determining the standalone selling price of performance obligations, and transaction prices and assessing transfer of control; measuring variable consideration and other obligations such as product returns and refunds, and product warranties; provisions for uncollectible receivables; determining the net realizable value of inventory; recoverability of capitalized project costs and long-lived assets;assets for leases, determining whether a contract contains a lease, allocating consideration between lease and non-lease components, determining incremental borrowing rates, and identifying reassessment events, such as modifications; the valuation allowance related to our deferred tax assets; and the fair value of options and warrants issued for stock-based compensation.

Cash

We have not had any liquid investments other than normal cash deposits with bank institutions to date. The Company considers all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months of less to be cash equivalents.

Concentration of Cash Balance Risks

Cash balances are maintained at various banks in the U.S., Japan, Korea, Taiwan and Sweden. For deposits held with financial institutions in the U.S., the U.S. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, provides basic deposit coverage with limits up to $250,000 per owner. The Swedish government provides insurance coverage up to 100,000 Euro per customer and covers deposits in all types of accounts. The Japanese government provides insurance coverage up to 10,000,000 Yen per customer. The Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation provides insurance coverage up to 50,000,000 Won per customer. The Central Deposit Insurance Corporation in Taiwan provides insurance coverage up to 3,000,000 Taiwan Dollar, per customer. At times, deposits held with financial institutions may exceed the amount of insurance provided.

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Accounts receivable is stated at net realizable value. Our policy is to maintain allowances for estimated losses resulting from the inability of our customers to make required payments. Credit limits are established through a process of reviewing the financial history and stability of each customer. Where appropriate, we obtain credit rating reports and financial statements of the customer when determining or modifying its credit limits. We regularly evaluate the collectability of our trade receivable balances based on a combination of factors. When a customer’s account balance becomes past due, we initiate dialogue with the customer to determine the cause. If it is determined that the customer will be unable to meet its financial obligation, such as in the case of a bankruptcy filing, deterioration in the customer’s operating results or financial position or other material events impacting its business, we record a specific allowance to reduce the related receivable to the amount we expect to recover. Should all efforts fail to recover the related receivable, we will write off the account. We also record an allowance for all customers based on certain other factors including the length of time the receivables are past due and historical collection experience with customers. There was no allowance for doubtful accounts as of March 31, 2019. Our allowance for doubtful accounts was approximately $149,000 as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.2018.

Projects in Process

Projects in process consist of costs incurred toward the completion of various projects for certain customers. These costs are primarily comprised of direct engineering labor costs and project-specific equipment costs. These costs are capitalized on our condensed consolidated balance sheet as an asset and deferred until revenue for each project is recognized in accordance with our revenue recognition policy. Costs capitalized in projects in process were $8,000 as of March 31, 2019. There were no costs capitalized in projects in process as of September 30, 2018. Costs capitalized in projects in process were $1,000 as of December 31, 2017.

2018.

Inventory

Inventory is stated at the lower of cost, computed using the first-in, first-out method (“FIFO”), and net realizable value. Net realizable value is the estimated selling prices in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal, and transportation. Any adjustments to reduce the cost of inventories to their net realizable value are recognized in earnings in the current period.

As of September 30, 2018,March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2017,2018, the Company’s inventory consists primarily of components that will be used in the manufacturing of our sensor modules. We segregate inventory for reporting purposes by raw materials, work-in-process, and finished goods.

Raw materials, work-in-process, and finished goods are as follows (in thousands):

Investment in JVJoint Venture

We have invested $3,000 for a 50% interest in Neoeye AB (see above)(“Neoeye”). We account for our investment using the equity method of accounting sincebecause the investment provides us the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control, over the investee. Significant influence is generally deemed to exist if we have an ownership interest in the voting stock of the investee of between 20% and 50%, although other factors, such as representation on the investee’s Board of Directors, are considered in determining whether the equity method of accounting is appropriate. Under the equity method of accounting, the investment, originally recorded at cost, is adjusted to recognize our share of net earnings or losses of the investee and will be recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and will also be adjusted by contributions to and distributions from Neoeye. The Company is not required to guarantee any obligations of the JV.Neoeye. There have been no operations of Neoeye through September 30, 2018.March 31, 2019.

Neoeye, as an unconsolidated equity investee, will recognize revenue from technology license agreements at the time a contract is entered into, the license method is determined (paid-in-advance or on-going royalty), performance obligations under the license agreement are satisfied, and the realization of revenue is assured, which is generally upon the receipt of the license proceeds. Neoeye may at times enter into license agreements whereby contingent revenues are recognized as one or more contractual milestones have been met.

We periodically review our investment in Neoeye to determine whether events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. The primary factors we consider in our determination are the financial condition, operating performance and near-term prospects of Neoeye. If a decline in value is deemed to be other than temporary, we would recognize an impairment loss.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization are computed using the straight-line method based upon estimated useful lives of the assets as follows:

Estimated useful lives

Equipment purchased under a capitalfinance lease is recognized over the term of the lease, if that lease term is shorter than the estimated useful life.

Upon retirement or sale of property and equipment, cost and accumulated depreciation and amortization are removed from the accounts and any gains or losses are reflected in the condensed consolidated statement of operations. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred. 

Right of Use Assets

A right-of-use asset represents a lessee’s right to use a leased asset for the term of the lease. Our right-of-use assets generally consist of operating leases for buildings and finance leases for manufacturing equipment.

Right-of-use assets are measured initially at the present value of the lease payments, plus any lease payments made before a lease began and any initial direct costs, such as commissions paid to obtain a lease.

Right-of-use assets are subsequently measured at the present value of the remaining lease payments, adjusted for incentives, prepaid or accrued rent, and any initial direct costs not yet expensed.

Long-lived AssetsAsset Recoverability

We assess any impairmentthe recoverability of long-lived assets by estimating the future cash flow from the associated assetassets in accordance with relevant accounting guidance. If the estimated undiscounted future cash flow related to these assets decreases or the useful life is shorter than originally estimated, we may incur charges for impairment of these assets. As of September 30, 2018,March 31, 2019, we believe there was no impairment of our long-lived assets. There can be no assurance, however, that market conditions will not change or sufficient demand for our products and services will continue, which could result in impairment of long-lived assets in the future.

Foreign Currency Translation and Transaction Gains and Losses

The functional currency of our foreign subsidiaries is the applicable local currency, the Swedish Krona, the Japanese Yen, the South Korean Won and the Taiwan Dollar. The translation from Swedish Krona, Japanese Yen, South Korean Won and Taiwan Dollar to U.S. Dollars is performed for balance sheet accounts using current exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date and for income statement accounts using a weighted-average exchange rate during the period. Gains or (losses) resulting from translation are included as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Foreign currency translation gains (losses) were $13,000$(181,000) and $(417,000)$(94,000) during the three and nine months ended September 30,March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, compared to translation gains of $83,000 and $205,000 during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively. LossesGains (losses) resulting from foreign currency transactions are included in general and administrative expenses in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations and were $13,000$(171,000) and $34,000$(29,000) during the three and nine months ended September 30,March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, compared to $45,000 and $24,000 during the same periods in 2017, respectively.

Concentration of Credit and Business Risks

Our customers are located in U.S., Europe and Asia.

As of September 30, 2018, fourMarch 31, 2019, three customers represented approximately 73%61% of the Company’s accounts receivable. 

As of December 31, 2017, two2018, four customers represented approximately 69%67% of the Company’s accounts receivable. 

Customers who accounted for 10% or more of our net revenues during the three months ended September 30, 2018March 31, 2019 are as follows:

Customers who accounted for 10% or more of our net revenues during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 are as follows:

Customers who accounted for 10% or more of our net revenues during the three months ended September 30, 2017March 31, 2018 are as follows:

Customers who accounted for 10% or more of our net revenues during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 are as follows:

Revenue Recognition

We recognize revenue when control of products is transferred to our customers, and when services are completed and accepted by our customers; thecustomers. The amount of revenue we recognize reflects the consideration we expect to receive for those products or services. Our contracts with customers may include combinations of products and services, for example, a contract that includes products and related engineering services. We structure our contracts such that distinct performance obligations, such as product sales or license fees, and related engineering services, are clearly defined in each contract.

Sales of license fees and AirBar and sensor modules are on a per-unit basis; therefore, we generally satisfy performance obligations as units are shipped to our customers. Non-recurring engineering service performance obligations are satisfied as work is performed and accepted by our customers.

We recognize revenue net of allowances for returns and any taxes collected from customers, which are subsequently remitted to governmental authorities. We treat all product shipping and handling charges (regardless of when they occur) as activities to fulfill the promise to transfer goods, therefore we treat all shipping and handling charges as expenses.

Licensing Revenues:

We earn revenue from licensing our internally developed intellectual property (“IP”). We enter into IP licensing agreements that generally provide licensees the right to incorporate our IP components in their products, with terms and conditions that vary by licensee. Fees under these agreements may include license fees relating to our IP, and royalties payable to us following the distribution by our licensees of products incorporating the licensed technology. The license for our IP has standalone value and can be used by the licensee without maintenance and support.

For technology license arrangements that do not require significant modification or customization of the underlying technology, we recognize technology license revenue when the license is made available to the customer and the customer has a right to use that license. At the end of each reporting period, we record unbilled license fees, using prior royalty revenue data by customer to make accurate estimates of those royalties.

Explicit return rights are not offered to customers. There have been no returns through September 30, 2018.March 31, 2019.

Engineering Services:

For technology license or sensor module contracts that require modification or customization of the underlying technology to adapt that technology to customer use, we determine whether the technology license or sensor module, and engineering consulting services represent separate performance obligations. We perform our analysis on a contract-by-contract basis. If there are separate performance obligations, we determine the standalone selling price (“SSP”) of each separate performance obligation to properly recognize revenue as each performance obligation is satisfied. We provide engineering consulting services to our customers under a signed Statement of Work (“SOW”). Deliverables and payment terms are specified in each SOW. We generally charge an hourly rate for engineering services, and we recognize revenue as engineering services specified in contracts are completed and accepted by our customers. Any upfront payments we receive for future non-recurring engineering services are recorded as unearned revenue until that revenue is earned.

We believe that recognizing non-recurring engineering services revenues as progress towards completion of engineering services and customer acceptance of those services occurs best reflects the economics of those transactions, because engineering services as tracked in our systems correspond directly with the value to our customers of our performance completed to date. Hours performed for each engineering project are tracked and reflect progress made on each project, and are charged at a consistent hourly rate.

Revenues from engineering services contracts that are short-term in nature are recorded when those services are complete and accepted by customers.

Revenues from engineering services contracts with substantive defined deliverables for which payment terms in the SOW are commensurate with the efforts required to produce such deliverables are recognized as they are completed and accepted by customers.

Estimated losses on all SOW projects are recognized in full as soon as they become evident. In the quarters ended September 30,March 31, 2019 and 2018, and 2017, no losses related to SOW projects were recorded.

Optical Sensor Modules Revenues:

We earn revenue from sales of sensor modules hardware products to our OEM and Tier 1 supplier customers, who embed our hardware into their products, and from sales of branded consumer products (AirBar) that incorporate our sensor modules sold through distributors or directly to end users.distributors. These distributors are generally given business terms that allow them to return unsold inventory, receive credits for changes in selling prices, and participate in various cooperative marketing programs. Our sales agreements generally provide customers with limited rights of return and warranty provisions.

The timing of revenue recognition related to AirBar modules depends upon how each sale is transacted - either point-of-sale or through distributors. We recognize revenue for AirBar modules sold point-of-sale (online sales and other direct sales to customers) when we provide the promised product to the customer.

Because we generally use distributors to provide AirBar and sensor modules to our customers, however, we analyze the terms of distributor agreements to determine when control passes from us to our distributors. For sales of AirBar and sensor modules sold through distributors, revenues are recognized when our distributors obtain control over our products. Control passes to our distributors when we have a present right to payment for products sold to distributors, the distributors have legal title to and physical possession of products purchased from us, and the distributors have significant risks and rewards of ownership of products purchased.

Distributors participate in various cooperative marketing and other incentive programs, and we maintain estimated accruals and allowances for these programs. If actual credits received by distributors under these programs were to deviate significantly from our estimates, which are based on historical experience, our revenue could be adversely affected.

Under U.S. GAAP, companies may make reasonable aggregations and approximations of returns data to accurately estimate returns. Our AirBar returns and warranty experience to date has enabled us to make reasonable returns estimates, which are supported by the fact that our product sales involve homogenous transactions. The reserve for future sales returns is recorded as a reduction of our accounts receivable and revenue and was insignificant as of September 30, 2018March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2017.2018. If the actual future returns were to deviate from the historical data on which the reserve had been established, our revenue could be adversely affected.

The following table presents disaggregated revenues by market for the three and nine months ended September 30,March 31, 2019 and 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):

Significant Judgments

Our contracts with customers may include promises to transfer multiple products and services to a customer, particularly when one of our customers contracts with usthe contract is for a product and related engineering services fees for customizing that product for our customer. Determining whether products and services are considered distinct performance obligations that should be accounted for separately may require significant judgment. Judgment may also be required to determine the SSP for each distinct performance obligation identified, although we generally structure our contracts such that performance obligations and pricing for each performance obligation are specifically addressed. We currently have no outstanding contracts with multiple performance obligations; however, we recently negotiated a contract that may include multiple performance obligations in the future.obligations.

Judgment is also required to determine when control of products passes from us to our distributors, as well as the amounts of product that may be returned to us. Our products are sold with a right of return, and we may provide other credits or incentives to our customers, which could result in variability when determining the amount of revenue to recognize. At the end of each reporting period, we use product returns history and additional information that becomes available to estimate returns and credits. We do not recognize revenue if it is probable that a significant reversal of any incremental revenue would occur.

Finally, judgment is required to determine the amount of unbilled license fees at the end of each reporting period.

Contract Balances

Timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of invoicing to customers. We record a receivable when we have an unconditional right to receive future payments from customers, and we record unearned deferred revenue when we receive prepayments or upfront payments for goods or services from our customers.

The following table presents accounts receivable and deferred revenues as of March 31, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands):

The timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections results in billed accounts receivable, unbilled revenues (contract assets), and customer advances and deposits or deferred revenue (contract liabilities) on the consolidated balance sheet.sheets. Generally, billing occurs subsequent to revenue recognition, resulting in contract assets; contract assetswhich are generally classified as current. The Company sometimes receives advances or deposits from its customers before revenue is recognized, which are reported as contract liabilities and are generally classified as current. These assets and liabilities are reported on the consolidated balance sheet on a contract-by-contract basis at the end of each reporting period.

The opening balance of current accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts, was $2.2 million as of January 1, 2018. As of September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts, were $1.5 million and $1.0 million, respectively, and are included in current assets on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. There are no long-term accounts receivable related to contracts.

The opening balance of deferred revenues was $0.9 million as of January 1, 2018. As of September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, deferred revenues was $0.2 million and $1.2 million, respectively, and is included in current liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets. There are no long-term liabilities related to contracts.

We do not anticipate impairment of our contract asset related to license fee revenues, given the creditworthiness of our customers whose invoices comprise the balance in that asset account. We will continue to monitor the timeliness of receipts from those customers, however, to assess whether the contract asset has been impaired.

The allowance for doubtful accounts reflects our best estimate of probable losses inherent in the accounts receivable balance. We determine the allowance based on known troubled accounts, historical experience, and other currently available evidence. The balance in theOur allowance for doubtful accounts was approximately $149,000 as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.2018. There was no allowance for doubtful accounts as of March 31, 2019.

Payment terms and conditions vary by the type of contract; however, payments generally occur 30-60 days after invoicing for license fees and sensor modules to our resellers and distributors. Where revenue recognition timing differs from invoice timing, we have determined that our contracts do not include a significant financing component. Our intent is to provide our customers with consistent invoicing terms for the convenience of our customers, not to receive financing from our customers.

Costs to Obtain Contracts

We record the incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer as an asset, if we expect the benefit of those costs to cover a period greater than one year. We currently have no incremental costs that must be capitalized.

We expense as incurred costs of obtaining a contract when the amortization period of those costs would have been less than or equal to one year.

Product Warranty

The following table summarizes the activity related to the product warranty liability (in thousands):

We accrueThe Company accrues for warranty costs as part of its cost of sales of sensor modules based on estimated costs. OurThe Company’s products are generally covered by a warranty for a period of 12 to 36 months from the customer receipt of the product.

Deferred Revenues

Deferred revenues consist primarily of prepayments for license fees, and other products or services for which we have been paid in advance, and earn the revenue when we transfer control of the product or service. Deferred revenues may also include upfront payments for consulting services to be performed in the future, such as non-recurring engineering services.

We defer license fees until we have met all accounting requirements for revenue recognition, as per unit royalty products are distributed andwhich is when a license is made available to our customers.a customer and that customer has a right to use the license. Engineering development fee revenues are deferred until the engineering work hasservices have been completed and accepted by our customers. We defer AirBar and sensor modules revenues until distributors sell the products to their end customers.

The following table presents our deferred revenues (in thousands):

The opening balance of deferred revenues after adjustment pursuant to ASC 606 was $0.9 million as of January 1, 2018.

Changes in deferred

During the three months ended March 31, 2019, the Company recognized revenues were as follows (in thousands):

Contracted revenue not yet recognized was $0.2 million as of September 30, 2018; we expectapproximately $35,000 related to recognize approximately 100%contract liabilities outstanding at the beginning of that revenue over the next twelve months.year.

Advertising

Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising costs for the three and nine months ended September 30,March 31, 2019 and 2018 amounted to approximately $14,000$19,000 and $84,000$43,000, respectively. Advertising costs for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 amounted to approximately $216,000 and $529,000, respectively.

Research and Development

Research and development (“R&D”) costs are expensed as incurred. R&D costs consist primarily of personnel related costs in addition to some external consultancy costs such as testing, certifying and measurements.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

We measure the cost of employee services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments, including share options, based on the estimated fair value of the award on the grant date, and recognize the value as compensation expense over the period the employee is required to provide services in exchange for the award, usually the vesting period.

We account for equity instruments issued to non-employees at their estimated fair value. The measurement date for the estimated fair value for the equity instruments issued is determined at the earlier of (1) the date at which a commitment for performance by the consultant or vendor is reached, or (2) the date at which the consultant or vendor’s performance is complete. In the case of equity instruments issued to consultants, the fair value of the equity instruments is primarily recognized over the term of the consulting agreement. The estimated fair value of the stock-based compensation is periodically re-measured and income or expense is recognized during the vesting term.

When determining stock-based compensation expense involving options and warrants, we determine the estimated fair value of options and warrants using the Black-Scholes option pricing model.

Noncontrolling Interests

The Company recognizes noncontrolling interests as equity in the condensed consolidated financial statements separate from the parent company’s equity. Noncontrolling interests’ partners have less than 50% share of voting rights at any one of the subsidiary level companies. The amount of net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests is included in consolidated net income (loss) on the face of the condensed consolidated statements of operations. Changes in a parent entity’s ownership interest in a subsidiary that do not result in deconsolidation are treated as equity transactions if the parent entity retains its controlling financial interest. The Company recognizes a gain or loss in net income (loss) when a subsidiary is deconsolidated. Such gain or loss is measured using the fair value of the noncontrolling equity investment on the deconsolidation date. Additionally, operating losses are allocated to noncontrolling interests even when such allocation creates a deficit balance for the noncontrolling interest partner.

The Company provides either in the condensed consolidated statement of stockholders’ equity, if presented, or in the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements, a reconciliation at the beginning and the end of the period of the carrying amount of total equity (net assets), equity (net assets) attributable to the parent, and equity (net assets) attributable to the noncontrolling interest that separately discloses:

Income Taxestaxes

We recognize deferred tax liabilities and assets for the expected future tax consequences of items that have been included in the consolidated financial statements or tax returns. We estimate income taxes based on rates in effect in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined based upon differences between the financial statement and income tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The realization of deferred tax assets is based on historical tax positions and expectations about future taxable income. Valuation allowances are recorded against net deferred tax assets when, in our opinion, realization is uncertain based on the “more likely than not” criteria of the accounting guidance.

Based on the uncertainty of future pre-tax income, we fully reserved our net deferred tax assets as of September 30, 2018March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2017.2018. In the event we were to determine that we would be able to realize our deferred tax assets in the future, an adjustment to the deferred tax asset would increase income in the period such determination was made. The provision for income taxes represents the net change in deferred tax amounts, plus income taxes paid or payable for the current period.

We follow U.S. GAAP related accounting for uncertainty in income taxes, which provisions include a two-step approach to recognizing, de-recognizing and measuring uncertainty in income taxes. As a result, we did not recognize a liability for unrecognized tax benefits. As of September 30, 2018,March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2017,2018, we had no unrecognized tax benefits.

On December 22, 2017, the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) was signed into law and the new legislation contains several key tax provisions that affected us, including the one-time mandatory transition tax on accumulated foreign earnings and a reduction of the corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% effective January 1, 2018, among other changes. We are required to recognize the effect of the tax law changes in the period of enactment. Since we have negative accumulated foreign earnings, we are not subject to the one-time repatriation tax. We have re-measured our U.S. deferred tax assets and liabilities, which resulted in a reduction of our net deferred tax assets with a corresponding adjustment to valuation allowance. As a result, no tax expense is recorded related to the enactment of the Tax Act. We have considered the accounting of deferred tax re-measurement and one-time transition tax calculation to be complete.

Net Loss per Share

Net loss per share amounts has been computed based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018March 31, 2019 and 2017.2018. Net loss per share, assuming dilution amounts from common stock equivalents, is computed based on the weighted-average number of shares of common stock and potential common stock equivalents outstanding during the period. The weighted-average number of shares of common stock and potential common stock equivalents used in computing the net loss per share for the three and nine months ended September 30,March 31, 2019 and 2018 and 2017 exclude the potential common stock equivalents, as the effect would be anti-dilutive (See(see Note 7)8).

Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Our other comprehensive income (loss) includes foreign currency translation gains and losses. The cumulative amount of translation gains and losses are reflected as a separate component of stockholders’ equity in the condensed consolidated balance sheets as accumulated other comprehensive loss.sheets.

Cash Flow Information

Cash flows in foreign currencies have been converted to U.S. Dollars at an approximate weighted-average exchange rate for the respective reporting periods. The weighted-average exchange rate for the condensed consolidated statements of operations was as follows:

Exchange rate for the consolidated balance sheets was as follows:

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

We disclose the estimated fair values for all financial instruments for which it is practicable to estimate fair value. Financial instruments including cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses and are deemed to approximate fair value due to their short maturities.

New Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2014-09 to address the new revenue recognition accounting standard, ASC 606 - Revenues from Contracts with Customers. The new standard was effective January 1, 2018 for public entities. Under the new standard, revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of goods or services to customers, and the amount of revenue recognized should reflect the consideration expected to be received for the transfer of those goods or services to customers. Disclosures are required to describe the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows that may arise from contracts with customers.

We adopted the new standard on January 1, 2018. For cost and time efficiency purposes, we used the modified retrospective (“cumulative-effect”) approach to implement the new revenue recognition standard. We elected to apply that approach only to contracts not substantially complete at January 1, 2018.

We may from time to time negotiate contract modifications to contracts with our customers. While using the cumulative-effect approach for our revenue recognition implementation, we found that there was one contract that was modified before the beginning of the earliest reporting period presented. We elected to not apply the practical expedient related to contract modification because that contract was the only contract modified during the past several years, and we determined that the modified contract in substance represented a new contract for a new product. Therefore, the original contract and contract modification were treated as separate contracts for purposes of contract analysis.

Use of the cumulative-effect approach required us to make an opening adjustment to equity rather than recast prior year financial data; therefore, comparability of financial statements was impacted.

The most significant impact of the standard going forward relates to our accounting for license fee revenues. In prior years, we recognized license fee revenues after receipt of royalty reports from our customers; those royalty reports were often subject to reporting lags of five days to three months. We have requested that our customers provide more timely license fee royalty reports (with a maximum one-month lag), and we estimate any license fee revenue still subject to lag reporting. We use our royalty history with each customer to most accurately estimate the remaining royalties not yet reported to us at the end of each reporting period.

There was no adjustment related to AirBar and sensor modules; however, there will be a change in the timing of revenue recognition in the future. The timing of revenue recognition related to our AirBar and sensor modules depends upon how each sale is transacted - either point-of-sale or through distributors. Revenue recognition timing for AirBar modules sold point-of-sale (online sales and other direct sales to consumers) remains unchanged; revenue is recognized when we provide the promised product to the customer. In prior years, we did not recognize revenues related to our AirBar and sensor modules sold through distributors until those products were sold through to end customers. For sales of AirBar and sensor modules through distributors, revenues are now recognized when our distributors obtain control over our products; control passes to our distributors depending upon a number of factors.

Although we are entitled to an optional exemption from disclosure of variable consideration related to AirBar and sensor modules under the new standard, we plan to continue to disclose variable consideration related to sales of AirBar and sensor modules.

There was no cumulative adjustment related to non-recurring engineering fees, because all outstanding engineering projects were completed as of December 31, 2017.

The following table summarizes the impact of the new revenue standard on the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2018:

Adoption of the new standard resulted in an increase in accounts receivable and unbilled revenue, due to an adjustment to equity to record license fees that had not yet been reported, as well as a reduction of deferred revenues, due to an adjustment to equity to apply license fee prepayments to revenues.

Adoption of the new revenue recognition standard had no impact on cash provided by or used in operating, financing, or investing activities on our condensed consolidated statements of cash flows.

We implemented internal controls effective January 1, 2018 to ensure that we properly evaluate our contracts and review assumptions we make for revenue estimates, and we assessed the impact of the new accounting standard related to revenue recognition on our consolidated financial statements to facilitate our adoption of the new standard on January 1, 2018.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842)” (“ASU 2016-02”). Under ASU 2016-02 (and several subsequent accounting standards updates), lessees will beare required to recognize the following for all leases (with the exception of short-term leases) at the commencement date: a lease liability, which is a lessee’s obligation to make lease payments arising from a lease, measured on a discounted basis; and a right-of-use asset, which is an asset that represents the lessee’s right to use, or control the use of, a specified asset for thethat asset's lease term. ASU 2016-02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Lessees must apply a modified retrospective transition approach for leases existing at, or entered into after, the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements.

The effective date of the new lease standard (ASC 842) iswas January 1, 2019, and we plan to adoptadopted the new standard on that date. We have drafted our lease standard implementation plan, and that plan is currently under final review by executive management. We will useused the required modified retrospective approach, which allowsallowed us to make any necessaryour transition adjustments at January 1, 2019. We will electelected the optional transition method, which will allowallows us to continue to use disclosures required by ASC 840, the prior standard, during 2019, the year of adoption. There are also several practical expedients available to make2019. As permitted by the transition more efficient and cost-effective for companies. We plan to elect the package of three practical expedients available to us; doing so will allow us tomethod, we did not reassess existing leases, therefore we will not be required to search existing contracts for embedded leases.

We currently have a limited number of leased capitalfinance assets, all of which will behave been classified as finance leases under the new lease standard. We maintain a lease inventory for those leased assets; theywhich are currently reported on our condensed consolidated balance sheets and willwe continue to be reportedreport them on our condensed consolidated balance sheets under the new standard. We also have a small number of leases which are currently classified as operating leases; we have compiled a list of those leases and will analyze them as we transition to the new standard. We expect that the transition may result in the inclusion of a fewreported two material operating leases (for the Kungsbacka manufacturing facility and the Stockholm corporate offices) on our condensed consolidated balance sheets as well as more robust disclosures.beginning January 1, 2019, which resulted in recording operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease obligations of approximately $0.9 million. We determined that no adjustment to equity was necessary related to implementation of the new lease standard.

Because of the small number of assets we lease, we dodid not need to make systems changes to comply with the new standard. We plan to continue to track those leased assets outside of our accounting systems. We will assessimplemented additional process controls effective January 1, 2019 to ensure that we properly evaluate our contracts to determine whether they may contain leased assets. We assessed the impact of the new lease accounting and possible tax impacts duringstandard on our consolidated financial statements to facilitate our adoption of the coming months; however,new standard on January 1, 2019. We have not noted (nor do we do not expect to see) material changes in financial ratios, leasing practices, or tax reporting.reporting; however, we will continue to address impacts to our business. 

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, “Financial“Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326)”-Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments”, (“ASU 2016-13”), supplemented by ASU 2018-19, “Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses”, (“ASU 2018-19”). The new standard requires entities to measure all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. ASU 2016-13 and ASU 2018-19 will become effective for us for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact ASU 2016-13 and ASU 2018-19 will have on our consolidated financial statements.statements, specifically regarding our trade receivables; however, we do not expect any significant impact from implementation of the new standard.

In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-09, “Codification Improvements (Topic 740, among others)”, (“ASU 2018-09”), and in March 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-05, “Income Taxes (Topic 740)”, (“ASU 2018-05”). The updates were issued to address the income tax accounting and SEC reporting implications of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, enacted December 22, 2017. The new legislation contained several key tax provisions that affected us, including the one-time mandatory transition tax on accumulated foreign earnings and a reduction of the corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% effective January 1, 2018, among other changes.

We were required to recognize the effect of the tax law changes in the period of enactment. Because we have negative accumulated foreign earnings, we are not subject to the one-time repatriation tax. We have re-measured our U.S. deferred tax assets and liabilities, which resulted in a reduction of our net deferred tax assets with a corresponding adjustment to our valuation allowance. As a result, no tax expense is recorded related to the enactment of the Tax Act. We consider the accounting of deferred tax re-measurement and one-time transition tax calculation to be complete.

3. Stockholders’ Equity

Common Stock

During the ninethree months ended September 30, 2018,March 31, 2019, there were no activities that affected common stock. The

On September 27, 2018, the Company effected afiled the certificate of first amendment to its restated certificate of incorporate with the state of Delaware to effect the reverse stock split, effective October 1, 2018 (see Note 1).

August 2017 Private Placement

On August 2, 2017, we entered into2018. The Company also filed a Securities Purchase Agreementcertificate of second amendment to its restated certificate of incorporation with accredited investors as partthe state of a private placement pursuantDelaware to which we issued a totalreduce the number of 975,000authorized shares of common stock at $10.00from 100,000,000 to 10,000,000 shares. The filing did not affect the number of authorized preferred stock of 1,000,000 shares.

As a result of the reverse stock split, every ten shares of issued and outstanding common stock were converted into one share of common stock, without any change in the par value per share. No fractional shares were issued, therefore shareholders entitled to receive a fractional share in connection with the reverse stock split received a cash payment instead. There was no financial impact to the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements. All shares and per share and warrants,information in this Form 10-Q has been retroactively adjusted for an aggregate purchase priceall periods presented to reflect the reverse stock split, including reclassifying any amount equal to the reduction in par value of $9.75 million in gross proceeds (see Note 1 forcommon stock to additional details). paid-in capital.

Preferred Stock

We have one class of preferred stock outstanding. There were no activities that affected preferred stock during the ninethree months ended September 30, 2018.March 31, 2019.

Conversion of Preferred Stock Issued to Common Stock

The following table summarizes the amounts as of September 30, 2018.March 31, 2019. 

Warrants

As of both September 30, 2018March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2017,2018, there were 1,116,368 warrants to purchase common stock outstanding, respectively. During 2017, we agreed to issue the 2017 Warrants to investors in the August 2017 private placement to purchase up to a total of approximately 325,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $20.00 per share. The 2017 Warrants will become exercisable 12 months from the date of issuance and will expire three years from the date of issuance. If the 2017 Warrants are fully exercised, we will receive approximately $6.5 million in cash.

4. Stock-Based Compensation

There was noThe stock-based compensation expense for the three months ended September 30,March 31, 2019 and 2018 nor is there any remaining unrecognized stock-based compensation expense at September 30, 2018. The stock-based compensation expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 reflects the estimated fair value of the vested portion of options granted to employees, directors and eligible consultants. On April 11, 2018, the Company issued to the CEO, Håkan Persson, a total of 30,000 immediately vested options to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $15.00 per share that expire on April 11, 2021. The purchase price of the stock options was determined to be $0.40 per option for a total amount of $12,000. Under Sweden law, the CEO is required to purchase the stock options from the Company, therefore the $12,000 was recorded as stock-based compensation expense. At the discretion of the board of directors, the Company absorbed the cost and recorded the amount as a bonus to this employee on date of grant. Stock-based compensation expense in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations is as follows (in thousands):

There is no remaining unrecognized expense related to stock options as of March 31, 2019.

The estimated fair value of stock-based awards is calculated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, even though this model was developed to estimate the fair value of freely tradable, fully transferable options without vesting restrictions, which differ significantly from our stock options. The Black-Scholes model also requires subjective assumptions, including future stock price volatility and expected time to exercise, which greatly affect the calculated values. The expected term and forfeiture rate of options granted is derived from historical data on employee exercises and post-vesting employment termination behavior, as well as expected behavior on outstanding options. The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. Treasury rates in effect during the corresponding period of grant. The expected volatility is based on the historical volatility of our stock price. These factors could change in the future, which would affect fair values of stock options granted in such future periods, and could cause volatility in the total amount of the stock-based compensation expense reported in future periods.

Stock Options

We have adopted equity incentive plans for which stock options and restricted stock awards are available to grant to employees, consultants and directors. Except for the 30,000 options issued to the CEO (see above), allAll employee, consultant and director stock options granted under our stock option plans have an exercise price equal to the market value of the underlying common stock on the grant date. There are no vesting provisions tied to performance conditions for any options, as vesting for all outstanding option grants was based only on continued service as an employee, consultant or director. All of our outstanding stock options and restricted stock awards are classified as equity instruments.

As of September 30, 2018,March 31, 2019, we had two equity incentive plans:

A summary of the combined activity under all of the stock option plans is set forth below:

The aggregate intrinsic value of the 101,30099,800 stock options that are outstanding, vested and expected to vest as of September 30, 2018March 31, 2019 was $0.

For the three and nine months ended September 30,March 31, 2019 and 2018, and 2017, we recorded $0 and $29,000 and $17,000 and $56,000,$12,000, respectively, of compensation expense related to the vesting of stock options. The fair value of the stock-based compensation was calculated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model as of the date of grant of the stock option.

During the ninethree months ended September 30, 2018,March 31, 2019, we granted 30,000did not grant any options to purchase shares of our common stock to the CEO with a grant fair value of $6,000 computed using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The weighted average grant date fair value of the options during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was $0.20. We did not grant any options to purchase shares to any of theemployees or members of our board of directors.

See below for assumptions used in the valuation of stock options: 

Stock options granted under the 2006 and 2015 Plans are exercisable over a maximum term of ten years from the date of grant, vest in various installments over a one to four-year period and have exercise prices reflecting the market value of the shares of common stock on the date of grant.

5. Commitments and Contingencies

Indemnities and Guarantees

Our bylaws require that we indemnify each of our executive officers and directors for certain events or occurrences arising as a result of the officer or director serving in such capacity. The term of the indemnification period is for the officer’s or director’s lifetime. The maximum potential amount of future payments we could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is unlimited. However, we have a directors’ and officers’ liability insurance policy that should enable us to recover a portion of future amounts paid. As a result of our insurance policy coverage, we believe the estimated fair value of these indemnification agreements is minimal and we have no liabilities recorded for these agreements as of September 30, 2018March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2017.2018.

We enter into indemnification provisions under our agreements with other companies in the ordinary course of business, typically with business partners, contractors, customers and landlords. Under these provisions we generally indemnify and hold harmless the indemnified party for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified party as a result of our activities or, in some cases, as a result of the indemnified party’s activities under the agreement. These indemnification provisions often include indemnifications relating to representations made by us with regard to intellectual property rights. These indemnification provisions generally survive termination of the underlying agreement. The maximum potential amount of future payments we could be required to make under these indemnification provisions is unlimited. We have not incurred material costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to these indemnification agreements. As a result, we believe the estimated fair value of these agreements is minimal. Accordingly, we have no liabilities recorded for these indemnification provisions as of September 30, 2018March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2017.2018.