UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-Q



☑☒	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
	For the quarterly period ended	September 30, ~~2019~~2020



☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
	For the Transition Period from to

Commission File No. 001-32260

Westlake Chemical Corporation

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)



Delaware		76-0346924
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

2801 Post Oak Boulevard, Suite 600

Houston, Texas 77056

(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)

(713) 960-9111

(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:



Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value	WLK	The New York Stock Exchange
1.625% Senior Notes due 2029	WLK29	The New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange ~~Act (Check one):~~Act:

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act) Yes ☐ No x

The number of shares outstanding of the registrant's sole class of common stock as of October ~~30, 2019~~28, 2020 was ~~128,340,050.~~127,721,678.

INDEX




Item	Page
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
1) Financial Statements	1
2) Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	2421
3) Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	39
4) Controls and Procedures	3940

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
1) Legal Proceedings	40
1A) Risk Factors	41
2) Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	4142
6) Exhibits	4243

Table of Contents

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Unaudited)


	September 30, 2019			December 31, 2018			September 30, 2020			December 31, 2019

	(in millions of dollars, except par values and share amounts)						(in millions of dollars, except par values and share amounts)
ASSETS
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,437		$	753		$	1,217		$	728
Accounts receivable, net	1,094			1,037			1,293			1,036
Inventories	906			1,014			829			936
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	45			38			42			42
Total current assets	3,482			2,842			3,381			2,742
Property, plant and equipment, net	6,842			6,595			6,853			6,912
Operating lease right-of-use assets	417			—			460			443
Goodwill	1,069			1,002			1,075			1,074
Customer relationships, net	541			525			461			523
Other intangible assets, net	191			134			171			187
Equity method investments							1,046			1,112
Other assets, net	565			504			247			268
Total assets	$	13,107		$	11,602		$	13,694		$	13,261
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Current liabilities
Accounts and notes payable	$	496		$	507
Accounts payable							$	447		$	473
Accrued and other liabilities	742			676			771			768
Total current liabilities	1,238			1,183			1,218			1,241
Long-term debt, net	3,424			2,668			3,681			3,445
Deferred income taxes	1,230			1,159			1,403			1,255
Pension and other post-retirement benefits	328			337			350			360
Operating lease liabilities	330			—			373			355
Other liabilities	195			179			181			202
Total liabilities	6,745			5,526			7,206			6,858
Commitments and contingencies (Note 16)
Commitments and contingencies (Note 13)
Stockholders' equity
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value, 50,000,000 shares authorized; no shares issued and outstanding	—			—			0			0
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 300,000,000 shares authorized;134,651,380 and 134,651,380 shares issued at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively	1			1
Common stock, held in treasury, at cost; 6,515,203 and 6,183,125 shares at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively	(396		)	(382		)
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 300,000,000 shares authorized; 134,651,380 and 134,651,380 shares issued at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively							1			1
Common stock, held in treasury, at cost; 6,930,624 and 6,266,609 shares at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively							(409		)	(377		)
Additional paid-in capital	561			556			563			553
Retained earnings	5,724			5,477			5,863			5,757
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(66		)	(62		)	(69		)	(74		)
Total Westlake Chemical Corporation stockholders' equity	5,824			5,590			5,949			5,860
Noncontrolling interests	538			486			539			543
Total equity	6,362			6,076			6,488			6,403
Total liabilities and equity	$	13,107		$	11,602		$	13,694		$	13,261

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(Unaudited)


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,						Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018			2020			2019			2020			2019

	(in millions of dollars, except per share data and share amounts)												(in millions of dollars, except per share data and share amounts)
Net sales	$	2,066		$	2,255		$	6,235		$	6,640		$	1,898		$	2,066		$	5,539		$	6,235
Cost of sales	1,695			1,716			5,225			5,007			1,650			1,695			4,839			5,225
Gross profit	371			539			1,010			1,633			248			371			700			1,010
Selling, general and administrative expenses	110			114			343			337			108			110			332			343
Amortization of intangibles	27			24			81			75			27			27			81			81
Restructuring, transaction and integration-related costs	8			5			32			20			34			8			36			32
Income from operations	226			396			554			1,201			79			226			251			554
Other income (expense)
Interest expense	(31		)	(28		)	(89		)	(96		)	(37		)	(31		)	(108		)	(89		)
Other income, net	21			23			32			53			12			21			32			32
Income before income taxes	216			391			497			1,158			54			216			175			497
Provision for income taxes	50			73			120			255
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes													(15		)	50			(75		)	120
Net income	166			318			377			903			69			166			250			377
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	8			10			28			30			12			8			33			28
Net income attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation	$	158		$	308		$	349		$	873		$	57		$	158		$	217		$	349
Earnings per common share attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation:
Basic	$	1.22		$	2.36		$	2.70		$	6.70		$	0.45		$	1.22		$	1.69		$	2.70
Diluted	$	1.22		$	2.35		$	2.69		$	6.67		$	0.45		$	1.22		$	1.69		$	2.69
Weighted average common shares outstanding:
Basic	128,216,105			129,427,328			128,408,841			129,512,097			127,701,340			128,216,105			127,872,434			128,408,841
Diluted	128,552,360			130,052,292			128,770,944			130,183,201			127,953,907			128,552,360			128,073,066			128,770,944

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(Unaudited)


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,						Three Months Ended September 30,					Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018			2020		2019			2020		2019

	(in millions of dollars)												(in millions of dollars)
Net income	$	166		$	318		$	377		$	903		$	69	$	166		$	250	$	377
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of income taxes
Pension and other post-retirement benefits liability
Pension and other post-retirement benefits reserves adjustment	—			12			—			12
Income tax provision on pension and other post-retirement benefits liability	—			(3		)	—			(3		)
Foreign currency translation adjustments
Foreign currency translation	(9		)	—			4			(43		)	10		(9		)	0		4
Income tax benefit (provision) on foreign currency translation	(7		)	—			(9		)	1			9		(7		)	7		(9		)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of income taxes	(16		)	9			(5		)	(33		)	19		(16		)	7		(5		)
Comprehensive income	150			327			372			870			88		150			257		372
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests, net of tax of $1 and $1 for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018; and net of tax of $2 and $3 for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively	8			10			27			28
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests, net of tax of $0 and $1 for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019; and net of tax of $1 and $2 for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively													13		8			35		27
Comprehensive income attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation	$	142		$	317		$	345		$	842		$	75	$	142		$	222	$	345

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

(Unaudited)


	Common Stock			Common Stock, Held in Treasury																				Common Stock			Common Stock, Held in Treasury
	Number of Shares	Amount		Number of Shares		At Cost			Additional Paid-in Capital			Retained Earnings			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Noncontrolling Interests			Total			Number of Shares	Amount		Number of Shares		At Cost			Additional Paid-in Capital			Retained Earnings			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Noncontrolling Interests			Total

	(in millions of dollars, except share amounts)																							(in millions of dollars, except share amounts)
Balances at December 31, 2018	134,651,380	$	1	6,183,125		$	(382	)	$	556		$	5,477		$	(62	)	$	486		$	6,076
Balances at December 31, 2019																								134,651,380	$	1	6,266,609		$	(377	)	$	553		$	5,757		$	(74	)	$	543		$	6,403
Net income	—	—		—		—			—			72			—			10			82			—	—		—		—			—			145			—			12			157
Other comprehensive loss	—	—		—		—			—			—			(2		)	—			(2		)	—	—		—		—			—			—			(32		)	0			(32		)
Shares issued—stock-based compensation	—	—		(124,052	)	11			(8		)	(3		)	—			—			—
Stock-based compensation	—	—		—		—			7			—			—			—			7
Dividends declared	—	—		—		—			—			(33		)	—			—			(33		)
Distributions to noncontrolling interests	—	—		—		—			—			—			—			(8		)	(8		)
Issuance of Westlake Chemical Partners LP common units	—	—		—		—			(2		)	—			—			65			63
Balances at March 31, 2019	134,651,380	1		6,059,073		(371		)	553			5,513			(64		)	553			6,185
Net income	—	—		—		—			—			119			—			10			129
Other comprehensive income (loss)	—	—		—		—			—			—			14			(1		)	13
Common stock repurchased	—	—		342,740		(20		)	—			—			—			—			(20		)	—	—		995,529		(54		)	—			—			—			—			(54		)
Shares issued—stock-based compensation	—	—		(19,173	)	1			(1		)	—			—			—			—			—	—		(282,476	)	18			(8		)	(8		)	—			—			2
Stock-based compensation	—	—		—		—			6			—			—			—			6			—	—		—		—			6			—			—			—			6
Dividends declared	—	—		—		—			—			(32		)	—			—			(32		)	—	—		—		—			—			(34		)	—			—			(34		)
Distributions to noncontrolling interests	—	—		—		—			—			—			—			(22		)	(22		)	—	—		—		—			—			—			—			(10		)	(10		)
Balances at June 30, 2019	134,651,380	1		6,382,640		(390		)	558			5,600			(50		)	540			6,259
Balances at March 31, 2020																								134,651,380	1		6,979,662		(413		)	551			5,860			(106		)	545			6,438
Net income																								—	—		—		—			—			15			—			9			24
Other comprehensive income																								—	—		—		—			—			—			19			1			20
Shares issued—stock-based compensation																								—	—		(16,331	)	2			(1		)	(1		)	—			—			0
Stock-based compensation																								—	—		—		—			8			—			—			—			8
Dividends declared																								—	—		—		—			—			(34		)	—			—			(34		)
Distributions to noncontrolling interests																								—	—		—		—			—			—			—			(19		)	(19		)
Balances at June 30, 2020																								134,651,380	1		6,963,331		(411		)	558			5,840			(87		)	536			6,437
Net income																								—	—		—		—			—			57			—			12			69
Other comprehensive income																								—	—		—		—			—			—			18			1			19
Shares issued—stock-based compensation																								—	—		(32,707	)	2			(2		)	0			—			—			0
Stock-based compensation																								—	—		—		—			7			—			—			—			7
Dividends declared																								—	—		—		—			—			(34		)	—			—			(34		)
Distributions to noncontrolling interests																								—	—		—		—			—			—			—			(10		)	(10		)
Balances at September 30, 2020																								134,651,380	$	1	6,930,624		$	(409	)	$	563		$	5,863		$	(69	)	$	539		$	6,488

Table of Contents

WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

(Unaudited)


	Common Stock			Common Stock, Held in Treasury																				Common Stock			Common Stock, Held in Treasury
	Number of Shares	Amount		Number of Shares		At Cost			Additional Paid-in Capital			Retained Earnings			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Noncontrolling Interests			Total			Number of Shares	Amount		Number of Shares		At Cost			Additional Paid-in Capital			Retained Earnings			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Noncontrolling Interests			Total

	(in millions of dollars, except share amounts)																							(in millions of dollars, except share amounts)
Balances at December 31, 2018																								134,651,380	$	1	6,183,125		$	(382	)	$	556		$	5,477		$	(62	)	$	486		$	6,076
Net income																								—	—		—		—			—			72			—			10			82
Other comprehensive loss																								—	—		—		—			—			—			(2		)	0			(2		)
Shares issued—stock-based compensation																								—	—		(124,052	)	11			(8		)	(3		)	—			—			0
Stock-based compensation																								—	—		—		—			7			—			—			—			7
Dividends declared																								—	—		—		—			—			(33		)	—			—			(33		)
Distributions to noncontrolling interests																								—	—		—		—			—			—			—			(8		)	(8		)
Issuance of Westlake Chemical Partners LP common units																								—	—		—		—			(2		)	—			—			65			63
Balances at March 31, 2019																								134,651,380	1		6,059,073		(371		)	553			5,513			(64		)	553			6,185
Net income	—	—		—		—			—			158			—			8			166			—	—		—		—			—			119			—			10			129
Other comprehensive income (loss)	—	—		—		—			—			—			(16		)	—			(16		)	—	—		—		—			—			—			14			(1		)	13
Common stock repurchased	—	—		174,972		(10		)	—			—			—			—			(10		)	—	—		342,740		(20		)	—			—			—			—			(20		)
Shares issued—stock-based compensation	—	—		(42,409	)	4			(3		)	(1		)	—			—			—			—	—		(19,173	)	1			(1		)	0			—			—			0
Stock-based compensation	—	—		—		—			6			—			—			—			6			—	—		—		—			6			—			—			—			6
Dividends declared	—	—		—		—			—			(33		)	—			—			(33		)	—	—		—		—			—			(32		)	—			—			(32		)
Distributions to noncontrolling interests	—	—		—		—			—			—			—			(10		)	(10		)	—	—		—		—			—			—			—			(22		)	(22		)
Balances at September 30, 2019	134,651,380	$	1	6,515,203		$	(396	)	$	561		$	5,724		$	(66	)	$	538		$	6,362
Balances at June 30, 2019																								134,651,380	1		6,382,640		(390		)	558			5,600			(50		)	540			6,259

Table of Contents

WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

(Unaudited)

Common Stock Common Stock, Held in Treasury
Number of Shares Amount Number of Shares At Cost Additional Paid-in Capital
Retained
Earnings

Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)

Noncontrolling
Interests
Total

(in millions of dollars, except share amounts)
Balances at December 31, 2017 134,651,380
$ 1
5,232,875
$ (302 ) $ 555
$ 4,613
$ 7
$ 495
$ 5,369
Cumulative effect of accounting change —
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
1
Net income —
—
—
—
—
287
—
10
297
Other comprehensive income (loss) —
—
—
—
—
—
(4 ) 2
(2 )
Shares issued—stock-based compensation —
—
(175,143 ) 10
(4 ) —
—
—
6
Stock-based compensation —
—
—
—
4
—
—
—
4
Dividends declared —
—
—
—
—
(27 ) —
—
(27 )
Distributions to noncontrolling interests —
—
—
—
—
—
—
(7 ) (7 )
Balances at March 31, 2018 134,651,380
1
5,057,732
(292 ) 555
4,874
3
500
5,641
Net income —
—
—
—
—
278
—
10
288
Other comprehensive loss —
—
—
—
—
—
(36 ) (4 ) (40 )
Shares issued—stock-based compensation —
—
(57,967 ) 3
(1 ) —
—
—
2
Stock-based compensation —
—
—
—
4
—
—
—
4
Dividends declared —
—
—
—
—
(27 ) —
—
(27 )
Distributions to noncontrolling interests —
—
—
—
—
—
—
(22 ) (22 )
Balances at June 30, 2018 134,651,380
1
4,999,765
(289 ) 558
5,125
(33 ) 484
5,846

~~Table of Contents~~

~~WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION~~

~~CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY~~

~~(Unaudited)~~


																								Common Stock			Common Stock, Held in Treasury
	Common Stock			Common Stock, Held in Treasury																				Number of Shares	Amount		Number of Shares		At Cost			Additional Paid-in Capital			Retained Earnings			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Noncontrolling Interests			Total
	Number of Shares	Amount		Number of Shares		At Cost			Additional Paid-in Capital			Retained Earnings			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Noncontrolling Interests			Total
																								(in millions of dollars, except share amounts)
Net income	—	—		—		—			—			308			—			10			318			—	—		—		—			—			158			—			8			166
Other comprehensive income	—	—		—		—			—			—			9			—			9
Other comprehensive loss																								—	—		—		—			—			—			(16		)	0			(16		)
Common stock repurchased	—	—		515,853		(49		)	—			—			—			—			(49		)	—	—		174,972		(10		)	—			—			—			—			(10		)
Shares issued—stock-based compensation	—	—		(29,454	)	1			(1		)	—			—			—			—			—	—		(42,409	)	4			(3		)	(1		)	—			—			0
Stock-based compensation	—	—		—		—			5			—			—			—			5			—	—		—		—			6			—			—			—			6
Dividends declared	—	—		—		—			—			(33		)	—			—			(33		)	—	—		—		—			—			(33		)	—			—			(33		)
Distributions to noncontrolling interests	—	—		—		—			—			—			—			(8		)	(8		)	—	—		—		—			—			—			—			(10		)	(10		)
Balances at September 30, 2018	134,651,380	$	1	5,486,164		$	(337	)	$	562		$	5,400		$	(24	)	$	486		$	6,088
Balances at September 30, 2019																								134,651,380	$	1	6,515,203		$	(396	)	$	561		$	5,724		$	(66	)	$	538		$	6,362

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Unaudited)


	Nine Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019			2018			2020			2019

	(in millions of dollars)						(in millions of dollars)
Cash flows from operating activities
Net income	$	377		$	903		$	250		$	377
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities
Depreciation and amortization	525			473			577			525
Stock-based compensation expense	19			16			21			19
Loss from disposition and write-off of property, plant and equipment	32			26			26			32
Deferred income taxes	34			74			154			34
Other losses (gains), net	4			(20		)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities
Other losses, net							23			4
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of effect of business acquisitions
Accounts receivable	(5		)	(252		)	(251		)	(5		)
Inventories	136			(42		)	108			136
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	(7		)	(3		)	(8		)	(7		)
Accounts payable	(49		)	36			17			(49		)
Accrued and other liabilities	(34		)	9			14			(34		)
Other, net	(64		)	(65		)	(65		)	(64		)
Net cash provided by operating activities	968			1,155			866			968
Cash flows from investing activities
Acquisition of businesses, net of cash acquired	(314		)	—			0			(314		)
Additions to property, plant and equipment	(604		)	(507		)	(403		)	(604		)
Additions to investments in unconsolidated subsidiaries	(45		)	(63		)	0			(45		)
Return of investment from an equity investee							44			0
Other, net	15			9			(7		)	15
Net cash used for investing activities	(948		)	(561		)	(366		)	(948		)
Cash flows from financing activities
Debt issuance costs	(7		)	—
Dividends paid	(98		)	(87		)	(102		)	(98		)
Distributions to noncontrolling interests	(40		)	(37		)	(39		)	(40		)
Proceeds from debt issuance, net	784			—
Proceeds from notes payable	13			11
Proceeds from issuance of Westlake Chemical Partners LP common units	63			—
Redemption and repayment of notes payable	(19		)	(1,177		)
Net proceeds from issuance of Westlake Chemical Partners LP common units							0			63
Net proceeds from debt issuance and drawdown of revolver							1,299			784
Net proceeds from (repayment of) short-term notes payable							(17		)	(4		)
Repayment of revolver and senior notes							(1,100		)	0
Repurchase of common stock for treasury	(30		)	(49		)	(54		)	(30		)
Other	3			8
Other, net							(1		)	(6		)
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities	669			(1,331		)	(14		)	669
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(5		)	(6		)	4			(5		)
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	684			(743		)	490			684
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period	775			1,554			750			775
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	$	1,459		$	811		$	1,240		$	1,459

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)

1. Basis of Financial Statements

The accompanying unaudited consolidated interim financial statements were prepared in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") for interim periods. Accordingly, certain information and footnotes required for complete financial statements under generally accepted accounting principles in the United States ("U.S. GAAP") have not been included. These interim consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto of Westlake Chemical Corporation (the "Company") included in the annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, ~~2018~~2019 (the "~~2018~~2019 Form 10-K"), filed with the SEC on February ~~20, 2019.~~19, 2020. These consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with the accounting principles and practices as disclosed in the notes to the consolidated financial statements of the Company for the fiscal year ended December 31, ~~2018~~2019 with the exception of those accounting standards adopted in ~~2019~~2020 as discussed in Note 1.

In the opinion of the Company's management, the accompanying unaudited consolidated interim financial statements reflect all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring adjustments) that are necessary for a fair statement of the Company's financial position as of September 30, ~~2019~~2020, its results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018~~2019, and the changes in its cash position for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018~~2019.

Results of operations and changes in cash position for the interim periods presented are not necessarily indicative of the results that will be realized for the fiscal year ending December 31, ~~2019~~2020 or any other interim period. The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Events surrounding the ongoing coronavirus ("COVID-19") pandemic resulted in widespread adverse impacts on the global economy. The Company experienced significant disruptions in the second quarter of 2020 as the pandemic and its impact on the global economy spread through most of its markets. Since the middle of the second quarter of 2020, a general ease in government restrictions in many jurisdictions across the world has resulted in improved economic conditions and a gradual increase in demand for the Company's products. As the pandemic and its impacts on the global economy continue, the Company expects to experience further near-term impacts on its business operations. However, the impact that COVID-19 will have on the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Company cannot be estimated with certainty at this time as it will depend on future developments, including, among others, the ultimate duration, geographic spread and severity of the virus, the actions to contain the virus, the consequences of governmental and other measures designed to prevent the spread of the virus, the development of effective treatments, actions taken by customers, suppliers and other third parties, workforce availability, and the timing and extent to which normal economic and operating conditions resume.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Income Taxes (ASU No. 2019-12)

In December 2019, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued an accounting standards update removing certain exceptions for investments, intraperiod allocations and interim calculations and adding guidance to reduce complexity in accounting for income taxes. The accounting standard will be effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2020. Early adoption of this guidance is permitted. The Company is in the process of evaluating the impact that the new accounting guidance will have on the Company's consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

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WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—Continued

(Unaudited)

(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)

Reference Rate Reform (ASU No. 2020-04)

In March 2020, the FASB issued an accounting standards update to provide optional expedients and exceptions for applying generally accepted accounting principles to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions affected by reference rate reform, if certain criteria are met. The amendments in this update are effective for all entities as of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. The Company is in the process of evaluating the impact that the new accounting guidance will have on the Company's consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

Credit Losses (ASU No. 2016-13)

In June 2016, the ~~Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB")~~FASB issued an accounting standards update providing new guidance for the accounting for credit losses on loans and other financial instruments. The new guidance introduces an approach based on expected losses to estimate credit losses on trade receivables, debt securities and certain types of financial instruments. The standard also modifies the impairment model for available-for-sale debt securities and provides for a simplified accounting model for purchased financial assets with credit deterioration since their origination. In November 2019, the FASB issued an additional authoritative guidance related to credit losses. The accounting standard ~~will be~~became effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, ~~2019~~2019. The Company adopted this accounting standard effective January 1, 2020 and isthe adoption did not ~~expected to~~ have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (ASU No. 2017-04)

In January 2017, the FASB issued an accounting standards update to simplify the subsequent measurement of goodwill. The guidance removes Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test, which requires a hypothetical purchase price allocation. A goodwill impairment will now be the amount by which a reporting unit's carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. The accounting standard ~~will be~~became effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, ~~2019~~2019. The Company adopted this accounting standard effective January 1, 2020 and isthe adoption did not ~~expected to~~ have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

Fair Value Measurement (ASU No. 2018-13)

In August 2018, the FASB issued an accounting standards update to modify the disclosure requirements on fair value measurements. ~~The amendments are effective for periods beginning after December 15, 2019.~~ An entity is permitted to early adopt any removed or modified disclosures and delay adoption of the additional disclosures until the effective date. Most amendments should be applied retrospectively, but certain amendments will be applied prospectively. The accounting standard became effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company ~~is in~~adopted this accounting standard effective January 1, 2020 and the ~~process of assessing the impact of the standard on the Company's fair value disclosures. However, the standard is~~adoption did not ~~expected to~~ have ana material impact on the Company's consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

~~WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION~~

~~NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—Continued~~

~~(Unaudited)~~

~~(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)~~

~~Recently Adopted Accounting Standards~~

~~Leases (ASU No. 2016-02)~~

In February 2016, the FASB issued an accounting standards update on lease accounting that supersedes the previously issued leases guidance. The new standard requires lessees to recognize assets and liabilities for all long-term operating leases. An asset is recognized for the right to use an underlying leased asset and a liability is recognized for the obligation to make payments over the lease term. The standard also requires expanded lease disclosures. The standard requires a modified retrospective adoption approach and allows for the election of certain transition expedients.

The Company adopted the standard January 1, 2019 using the optional transition method which allows entities to recognize a cumulative adjustment to the opening balance sheet in the period of adoption. The Company elected the package of optional transition expedients and was not required to reassess (1) whether any existing contracts are or contain leases, (2) classification of existing leases as operating or capital or (3) whether initial direct costs for existing leases qualify for capitalization under the new accounting standard. The Company did not elect the use of hindsight to determine the lease term when considering lease renewal or termination options. Additionally, the Company elected to continue accounting for existing land easements under its accounting policies that were in effect prior to adoption of the new lease standard.

~~The following amounts were recorded as a result of adopting the new lease standard on January 1, 2019:~~

Operating Lease Assets and Liabilities Balance Sheet Location Amounts Recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheet January 1, 2019
Right-of-use assets Operating lease right-of-use assets $ 421
Current lease liabilities Accrued and other liabilities (94 )
Non-current lease liabilities Operating lease liabilities (331 )
Deferred rent Other liabilities 4

2. Financial Instruments

Cash Equivalents

The Company had ~~$249~~$0 and ~~$10~~$240 of held-to-maturity securities with original maturities of three months or less, primarily consisting of corporate debt securities, classified as cash equivalents at September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, respectively. The Company's investments in held-to-maturity securities were held at amortized cost, which approximates fair value.

Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company had restricted cash and cash equivalents of ~~$22~~$23 and $22 at September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018.~~2019, respectively. The Company's restricted cash and cash equivalents are related to balances that are restricted for payment of distributions to certain of the Company's current and former employees and are reflected primarily in other assets, net in the consolidated balance sheets.

~~3. Accounts Receivable~~

~~Accounts receivable consist of the following:~~

September 30,
2019 December 31,
2018
Trade customers $ 1,052
$ 969
Related parties 6
6
Allowance for doubtful accounts (21 ) (23 )
1,037
952
Federal and state taxes 29
57
Other 28
28
Accounts receivable, net $ 1,094
$ 1,037

109

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WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—Continued

(Unaudited)

(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)

3. Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable consist of the following:



	September 30, 2020			December 31, 2019
Trade customers	$	968		$	948
Related parties	4			12
Allowance for credit losses	(15		)	(22		)
	957			938
Federal and state taxes	297			59
Other	39			39
Accounts receivable, net	$	1,293		$	1,036

4. Inventories

Inventories consist of the following:


	September 30, 2019		December 31, 2018		September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
Finished products	$	541	$	657	$	451	$	568
Feedstock, additives, chemicals and other raw materials	210		203		213		210
Materials and supplies	155		154		165		158
Inventories	$	906	$	1,014	$	829	$	936

5. ~~Leases~~Goodwill

The ~~Company is obligated under various long-term~~gross carrying amounts and short-term operating leases for rail cars, buildings, land and other transportation and storage assets. The Company determines whether an arrangement is, or contains, a lease at contract inception. Some of the Company's arrangements contain both lease and non-lease components. For certain transportation equipment leases, the Company accounts for the lease and non-lease components as a single lease component. The Company records right-of-use assets and corresponding lease liabilities for operating leases with terms greater than one year. Operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities are recorded at the present value of the fixed lease payments over the life of the lease. The majority of the Company's leases do not provide an implicit rate. Therefore, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate at lease commencement to measure operating lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities. Certain of the Company's leases provide for renewal and purchase options. Renewal and purchase options are evaluated at lease commencement and includedchanges in the lease term if they are reasonably certain to be exercised. Short-term leases are recognized in rental expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term and are not recorded in the consolidated balance sheets. The Company's finance leases are not material to the consolidated financial statements.

~~Lease related asset and liability balances were as follows:~~

September 30,
2019
Operating Leases
Right-of-use assets $ 417

Accrued and other liabilities $ 92
Operating lease liabilities 330
Total operating lease liabilities $ 422

Weighted Average Remaining Term (in years) 7
Weighted Average Lease Discount Rate 3.6 %

~~The Company's operating lease cost is comprised~~carrying amount of payments related to operating leases recorded in the consolidated balance sheet and short-term rental payments for leases that are not recorded in the consolidated balance sheet. Variable operating lease cost was not material to the consolidated statement of operationsgoodwill for the ~~three and~~ nine months ended September 30, ~~2019. The components of operating lease expense~~2020 were as follows:



	Vinyls Segment		Olefins Segment		Total
Balances at December 31, 2019	$	1,044	$	30	$	1,074
Effects of changes in foreign exchange rates	1		0		1
Balances at September 30, 2020	$	1,045	$	30	$	1,075

Three Months Ended September 30, 2019 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
Operating lease cost ⁽¹⁾
$ 29
$ 85
Short-term lease cost 15
43
Total operating lease cost $ 44
$ 128
The Company performed its annual impairment assessment for the Vinyls reporting units during the second quarter of 2020 and did not identify any impairment. The fair value of the Vinyls reporting units was calculated using both a discounted cash flow methodology and a market value methodology. The discounted cash flow projections were based on a long-term forecast. The forecast was based on prices and spreads projected by third party industry publications, historical results and estimates by management, including its strategic and operational plans. Significant assumptions used in the discounted cash flow projection included projected sales volumes based on production capacities. The future cash flows were discounted to present value using a discount rate. Significant assumptions used in determining the fair value of the reporting unit using the market value methodology included the determination of market comparables and the estimated multiples of net income before interest expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA") a willing buyer is likely to pay.

~~_____________~~The Company will perform its annual impairment assessment for the Olefins reporting unit in the fourth quarter or when events or circumstances indicate a reporting unit's carrying value may not be recoverable.


~~(1)~~	~~Includes fixed lease payments for operating leases recorded in the consolidated balance sheet.~~

There were no events or circumstances indicating that the fair value of either of the Vinyls or Olefins reporting units had been reduced below its carrying value during the third quarter of 2020.

1110

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WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—Continued

(Unaudited)

(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)

~~Maturities~~6. Accounts Payable

Accounts payable consist of ~~lease liabilities were as follows at September 30, 2019:~~the following:

Operating Leases
2019 (excluding the nine months ended September 30, 2019) $ 28
2020 100
2021 78
2022 64
2023 50
Thereafter 189
Total lease payments 509
Less: imputed interest (87 )
Present value of lease liabilities $ 422



	September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
Accounts payable—third parties	$	446	$	435
Accounts payable to related parties	0		12
Notes payable	1		26
Accounts payable	$	447	$	473

~~Future lease commitments for operating lease obligations were as follows at December 31, 2018:~~

Operating Leases
2019 $ 94
2020 89
2021 70
2022 56
2023 42
Thereafter 152
Total lease payments $ 503

~~Related Party Leases~~

The Company leases certain assets under operating leases with related parties. As of September 30, 2019, right-of-use assets and the associated operating lease liabilities for related party operating leases were approximately $51. The Company recognized operating lease cost for fixed lease payments to related parties of $4 and $13 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively.

~~6. Goodwill~~

~~The gross carrying amounts and changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 were as follows:~~

Olefins Segment Vinyls Segment Total
Balances at December 31, 2018 $ 30
$ 972
$ 1,002
Goodwill acquired during the period —
67
67
Effects of changes in foreign exchange rates —
—
—
Balances at September 30, 2019 $ 30
$ 1,039
$ 1,069

~~The Company performed its annual impairment assessment for the Vinyls reporting units during the second quarter of 2019 and did not identify any impairment.~~

1211

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WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—Continued

(Unaudited)

(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)

7. ~~LACC, LLC Joint Venture~~

In 2015, Eagle US 2 LLC ("Eagle"), a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, and Lotte Chemical USA Corporation, a subsidiary of Lotte Chemical Corporation ("Lotte"), formed a joint venture, LACC, LLC ("LACC"), to design, build and operate an ethylene facility with 2.2 billion pounds per year of ethylene production capacity. Pursuant to a contribution and subscription agreement between Eagle and LACC, Eagle contributed $225 to LACC to fund construction costs of the ethylene plant, representing approximately 12% membership interests in LACC.

On October 29, 2019, Eagle entered into a securities purchase agreement with Lotte, to purchase at least an additional 34.787% of the membership interests in LACC from Lotte for approximately $817 (the "Transaction"), pursuant to Eagle's exercise of a call option. The closing of the Transaction is subject to the expiration or termination of the waiting period under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976, as amended, and customary closing conditions. Eagle may receive additional membership interests in LACC subject to potential adjustments based upon the finalization of an audit and further negotiations between the parties concerning the purchase price.

~~The ethylene plant was built adjacent to the Company's chlor-alkali facility in Lake Charles. During the third quarter of 2019, the ethylene plant began commercial operations.~~

The Company accounts for its investment in LACC under the equity method of accounting. The LACC joint venture is a cost-sharing arrangement between the members of LACC. The members of LACC receive their proportionate shares of ethylene offtake each month and fund cash operating costs, excluding depreciation and amortization. As a result, LACC recognizes net losses equal to depreciation and amortization each period. The Company's equity in losses from LACC, which is equal to its share of depreciation and amortization expenses, is recognized in cost of sales in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company's investment in LACC is recorded as a component of other assets, net in the consolidated balance sheets. The Company's capital contributions to fund its share of capital expenditures are classified within investing activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows.

~~The Company's ethylene offtake from LACC was approximately 55 million pounds during the three months ended September 30, 2019.~~

~~Changes in the Company's investment in LACC for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 were as follows:~~

Investment in LACC
Balance at December 31, 2018 $ 183
Cash contributions 45
Depreciation and amortization (1 )
Balance at September 30, 2019 $ 227

~~Services Provided to LACC and Lotte~~

The Company provides certain utilities and other services to LACC and Lotte. Pursuant to a construction and reimbursement agreement, LACC and Lotte agreed to reimburse the Company for construction costs over a 6.5-year period beginning in 2020. In addition to the reimbursements for construction costs, the Company charges LACC and Lotte certain fixed fees under an operating, maintenance and logistics agreement. The Company accounts for the reimbursement of construction costs and the fixed fees as components of the total transaction price and recognize it ratably in net sales over approximately 25 years. The remaining performance obligations at September 30, 2019, representing these fixed components of the transaction price, was $61 and $84 from LACC and Lotte, respectively. In addition to the reimbursements for construction costs and other fixed fees, the Company charges LACC and Lotte certain variable fees.

~~WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION~~

~~NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—Continued~~

~~(Unaudited)~~

~~(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)~~

~~8. Accounts and Notes Payable~~

~~Accounts and notes payable consist of the following:~~

September 30,
2019 December 31,
2018
Accounts payable—third parties $ 475
$ 504
Accounts payable to related parties 4
2
Notes payable 17
1
Accounts and notes payable $ 496
$ 507

9. Long-Term Debt

Long-term debt consists of the following:


	September 30, 2019							December 31, 2018							September 30, 2020							December 31, 2019
	Principal Amount		Unamortized Discount and Debt Issuance Costs			Net Long-term Debt		Principal Amount		Unamortized Discount and Debt Issuance Costs			Net Long-term Debt		Principal Amount		Unamortized Discount and Debt Issuance Costs			Net Long-term Debt		Principal Amount		Unamortized Discount and Debt Issuance Costs			Net Long-term Debt
3.60% senior notes due 2022 (the "3.60% 2022 Senior Notes")	$	250	$	(1	)	$	249	$	250	$	(1	)	$	249	$	250	$	(1	)	$	249	$	250	$	(1	)	$	249
3.60% senior notes due 2026 (the "3.60% 2026 Senior Notes")	750		(8		)	742		750		(9		)	741		750		(7		)	743		750		(8		)	742
Loan related to tax-exempt waste disposal revenue bonds due 2027	11		—			11		11		—			11		11		0			11		11		0			11
1.625% senior notes due 2029 (the "1.625% 2029 Senior Notes")															821		(10		)	811		785		(11		)	774
6 ½% senior notes due 2029 (the "6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Senior Notes")	100		(1		)	99		100		(1		)	99		0		0			0		100		(1		)	99
6 ½% senior notes due 2035 (the "6 ½% 2035 GO Zone Senior Notes")	89		(1		)	88		89		(1		)	88
6 ½% senior notes due 2035 (the "6 ½% 2035 IKE Zone Senior Notes")	65		—			65		65		—			65
3.375% senior notes due 2030 (the "3.375% 2030 Senior Notes")															300		(4		)	296		0		0			0
3.50% senior notes due 2032 (the "3.50% 2032 GO Zone Refunding Senior Notes")															250		(1		)	249		250		(1		)	249
6 ½% senior notes due 2035 (the "6 ½% 2035 GO Zone Senior Notes") ⁽¹⁾															89		0			89		89		(1		)	88
6 ½% senior notes due 2035 (the "6 ½% 2035 IKE Zone Senior Notes") ⁽¹⁾															65		0			65		65		0			65
5.0% senior notes due 2046 (the "5.0% 2046 Senior Notes")	700		(24		)	676		700		(24		)	676		700		(23		)	677		700		(23		)	677
4.375% senior notes due 2047 (the "4.375% 2047 Senior Notes")	500		(9		)	491		500		(9		)	491		500		(9		)	491		500		(9		)	491
3.50% senior notes due 2032 (the "3.50% 2032 GO Zone Refunding Senior Notes")	250		(1		)	249		250		(2		)	248
1.625% senior notes due 2029 (the "1.625% 2029 Senior Notes")	764		(10		)	754		—		—			—
Total Long-term debt	$	3,479	$	(55	)	$	3,424	$	2,715	$	(47	)	$	2,668	$	3,736	$	(55	)	$	3,681	$	3,500	$	(55	)	$	3,445

_____________

~~WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION~~

~~NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—Continued~~

~~(Unaudited)~~

~~(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)~~


(1)	See the discussion below regarding the purchase of the 2035 GO Zone Bonds and 2035 IKE Zone Bonds in lieu of optional redemption on November 1, 2020.

Credit Agreement

The Company has a $1,000 revolving credit facility that is scheduled to mature on July 24, 2023 (the "Credit Agreement"). The Credit Agreement bears interest at either (a) LIBOR plus a spread ranging from 1.00% to 1.75% or (b) Alternate Base Rate plus a spread ranging from 0.00% to 0.75% in each case depending on the credit rating of the Company. At September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, the Company had 0 borrowings outstanding under the Credit Agreement. As of September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, the Company had 0 outstanding letters of credit and had $1,000 of borrowing availability ~~of $1,000~~ under the Credit Agreement. The Credit Agreement contains certain affirmative and negative covenants, including a quarterly total leverage ratio financial maintenance covenant. As of September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, the Company was in compliance with the total leverage ratio financial maintenance covenant. The Credit Agreement also contains certain events of default and if and for so long as certain events of default have occurred and are continuing, any overdue amounts outstanding under the Credit Agreement will accrue interest at an increased rate, the lenders can terminate their commitments thereunder and payments of any outstanding amounts could be accelerated by the lenders. ~~None of the Company's subsidiaries are required to guarantee the obligations of the Company under the Credit Agreement.~~

The Credit Agreement includes a $150 sub-limit for letters of credit, and any outstanding letters of credit will be deducted from availability under the facility. The Credit Agreement also provides for a discretionary $50 commitment for swingline loans to be provided on a same-day basis. The Company may also increase the size of the facility, in increments of at least $25, up to a maximum of $500, subject to certain conditions and if certain lenders agree to commit to such an increase.

~~1.625%~~

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WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—Continued

(Unaudited)

(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)

3.375% Senior Notes due ~~2029~~2030

On ~~July 17, 2019,~~June 12, 2020, the Company completed the registered public offering of ~~€700 million~~$300 aggregate principal amount of ~~1.625%~~its 3.375% Senior Notes due ~~July 17, 2029~~June 15, 2030 (the ~~"1.625% 2029~~"3.375% 2030 Senior Notes"). ~~The 1.625% 2029~~There is no sinking fund and no scheduled amortization of the 3.375% 2030 Senior Notes ~~will~~prior to maturity. The 3.375% 2030 Senior Notes accrue interest from ~~July 17, 2019~~June 12, 2020 at a rate of ~~1.625%~~3.375% per annum, payable ~~annually~~semi-annually in arrears on ~~July 17~~June 15 and December 15 of each year, beginning ~~July 17,~~December 15, 2020. The indenture and supplemental indenture governing the ~~1.625% 2029~~3.375% 2030 Senior Notes ~~contains~~contain customary events of default and covenants that ~~will~~ restrict the Company and certain of its subsidiaries' ability to (1) incur certain secured indebtedness, (2) engage in certain sale-leaseback transactions and (3) consolidate, merge or transfer all or substantially all of its assets. The Company ~~designated this euro-denominated debt as~~may optionally redeem the 3.375% 2030 Senior Notes in accordance with the terms of the 3.375% 2030 Senior Notes.

6 ½% Senior Notes due 2029

During June 2020, the Company directed the Louisiana Local Government Environmental Facilities and Community Development Authority (the "Authority") to optionally redeem in full $100 aggregate principal amount of the Authority's outstanding Revenue Bonds (Westlake Chemical Corporation Projects) Series 2009A due August 1, 2029 (the "2029 GO Zone Bonds") on August 1, 2020 at a ~~non-derivative net investment hedge~~redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2029 GO Zone Bonds plus accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date. The 2029 GO Zone Bonds were offered by the Authority in July 2010 under the Gulf Opportunity Zone Act of 2005 for the benefit of the Company and bore interest at a rate of 6.50% per annum. In connection with the offering of the 2029 GO Zone Bonds in July 2010, the Company issued $100 aggregate principal amount of its 6 ½% senior notes due 2029 (the "6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Senior Notes") to evidence and secure the Company's obligations under the Amended and Restated Loan Agreement relating to the 2029 GO Zone Bonds. On August 1, 2020, the Company purchased the 2029 GO Zone Bonds in lieu of optional redemption. A portion of the net proceeds from the issuance of the 3.375% 2030 Senior Notes was used to fund the purchase in lieu of optional redemption of the 2029 GO Zone Bonds. In connection with the purchase of the 2029 GO Zone Bonds by the Company in lieu of optional redemption, the 2029 GO Zone Bonds trustee surrendered the 6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Senior Notes for cancellation.

6 ½% GO Zone and IKE Zone Senior Notes due 2035

During September 2020, the Company directed the Authority to optionally redeem in full (1) $89 aggregate principal amount of the Authority's outstanding Revenue Bonds (Westlake Chemical Corporation Projects) Series 2010A-1 (GO Zone) due November 1, 2035 (the "2035 GO Zone Bonds"), and (2) $65 aggregate principal amount of the Authority's outstanding Revenue Bonds (Westlake Chemical Corporation Projects) Series 2010A-2 (IKE Zone) due November 1, 2035 (the "2035 IKE Zone Bonds," and together with the 2035 GO Zone Bonds, the "2035 Revenue Bonds"), in each case, on November 1, 2020 at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2035 Revenue Bonds plus accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date. The 2035 GO Zone Bonds were issued by the Authority in December 2010 under the Gulf Opportunity Zone Act of 2005 for the benefit of the Company and bore interest at a rate of 6.50% per annum. The 2035 IKE Zone Bonds were issued by the Authority in December 2010 under Section 704 of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 for the benefit of the Company and bore interest at a rate of 6.50% per annum. In connection with the offering of the 2035 Revenue Bonds in December 2010, the Company issued $89 aggregate principal amount of its 6 ½% senior notes due 2035 (the "6 ½% 2035 GO Zone Senior Notes") and $65 aggregate principal amount of its 6 ½% senior notes due 2035 (the "6 ½% 2035 IKE Zone Senior Notes") to evidence and secure the Company's obligations under the Loan Agreements relating to the 2035 Revenue Bonds. On November 1, 2020, the Company purchased the 2035 Revenue Bonds in lieu of optional redemption. A portion of the net ~~investments~~proceeds from the issuance of the 3.375% 2030 Senior Notes was used to fund the purchase in ~~euro functional-currency denominated subsidiaries~~lieu of optional redemption of the 2035 Revenue Bonds. In connection with the purchase of the 2035 Revenue Bonds by the Company in lieu of optional redemption, the Authority is required to ~~offset foreign currency fluctuations.~~cause the 2035 Revenue Bonds trustee to surrender the 6 ½% 2035 GO Zone Senior Notes and the 6 ½% 2035 IKE Zone Senior Notes to the Senior Notes trustee for cancellation.

As of September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, the Company was in compliance with all of its long-term debt covenants.

Unamortized debt issuance costs on long-term debt were ~~$30~~$29 and ~~$25~~$30 at September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, respectively.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—Continued

(Unaudited)

(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)

~~10.~~8. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by component for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018~~2019 were as follows:

Benefits
Liability,
Net of Tax

Cumulative
Foreign
Currency
Exchange,
Net of Tax
Total
Balances at December 31, 2017 $ 43
$ (36 ) $ 7
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications 20
(40 ) (20 )
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (11 ) —
(11 )
Net other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation 9
(40 ) (31 )
Balances at September 30, 2018 $ 52
$ (76 ) $ (24 )

Balances at December 31, 2018 $ 27
$ (89 ) $ (62 )
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications —
(4 ) (4 )
Net other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation —
(4 ) (4 )
Balances at September 30, 2019 $ 27
$ (93 ) $ (66 )



	Pension and Other Post-Retirement Benefits Liability, Net of Tax		Cumulative Foreign Currency Exchange, Net of Tax			Total
Balances at December 31, 2019	$	3	$	(77	)	$	(74	)
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications	0		5			5
Net other comprehensive income attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation	0		5			5
Balances at September 30, 2020	$	3	$	(72	)	$	(69	)

Balances at December 31, 2018	$	27	$	(89	)	$	(62	)
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications	0		(4		)	(4		)
Net other comprehensive loss attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation	0		(4		)	(4		)
Balances at September 30, 2019	$	27	$	(93	)	$	(66	)

~~11.~~9. Fair Value Measurements

The Company reports certain assets and liabilities at fair value, which is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (exit price). Under the accounting guidance for fair value measurements, inputs used to measure fair value are classified in one of three levels:

Level 1: Quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2: Observable market-based inputs or unobservable inputs that are corroborated by market data.

Level 3: Unobservable inputs that are not corroborated by market data.

The Company has financial assets and liabilities subject to fair value measures. These financial assets and liabilities include cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, net, accounts payable and long-term debt, all of which are recorded at carrying value. The amounts reported in the consolidated balance sheets for cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, net and accounts payable approximate their fair value due to the short maturities of these instruments.

The Company's long-term debt instruments, except for the revolving credit facility, are publicly-traded. A market approach, based upon quotes from financial reporting services, is used to measure the fair value of the Company's long-term debt. Because the Company's long-term debt instruments may not be actively traded, the inputs used to measure the fair value of the Company's long-term debt are classified as Level 2 inputs within the fair value hierarchy. The carrying and fair values of the Company's long-term debt are summarized in the table below.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—Continued

(Unaudited)

(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)


	September 30, 2019				December 31, 2018				September 30, 2020				December 31, 2019
	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value
3.60% 2022 Senior Notes	$	249	$	255	$	249	$	248	$	249	$	261	$	249	$	255
3.60% 2026 Senior Notes	742		775		741		692		743		826		742		777
Loan related to tax-exempt waste disposal revenue bonds due 2027	11		11		11		11		11		11		11		11
1.625% 2029 Senior Notes									811		809		774		785
6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Senior Notes	99		104		99		106		0		0		99		103
3.375% 2030 Senior Notes									296		321		0		0
3.50% 2032 GO Zone Refunding Senior Notes									249		261		249		267
6 ½% 2035 GO Zone Senior Notes	88		94		88		95		89		89		88		92
6 ½% 2035 IKE Zone Senior Notes	65		68		65		69		65		65		65		68
5.0% 2046 Senior Notes	676		756		676		641		677		809		677		761
4.375% 2047 Senior Notes	491		493		491		417		491		533		491		505
3.50% 2032 GO Zone Refunding Senior Notes	249		266		248		233
1.625% 2029 Senior Notes	754		785		—		—

~~12.~~10. Income Taxes

The effective income tax ~~rates were 23.1% and 18.7%~~rate was a benefit of 27.8% for the three months ended September 30, ~~2019~~2020 as compared to an expense of 23.1% for the three months ended September 30, 2019. The effective income tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2020 was a benefit and ~~2018, respectively.~~below the statutory rate of 21.0% primarily due to the income tax rate benefit resulting from the carryback of additional federal net operating loss ("NOL") to taxable years that were taxed at the U.S. corporate tax rate of 35.0% as permitted under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the "CARES Act"), partially offset by the reduction in the Internal Revenue Code Section 199 ("Section 199") domestic manufacturing deduction as a result of the NOL carryback. The effective income tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2019 was above the statutory rate of 21.0% primarily due to state and foreign taxes.

The effective income tax rate was a benefit of 42.9% for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 as compared to an expense of 24.1% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The effective income tax rate for the ~~three~~nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2020 was a benefit and below the ~~U.S. federal~~ statutory rate of 21.0% primarily due to ~~certain discrete tax benefit adjustments related to~~ the ~~remeasurement of state deferred tax balances and changes in~~ income tax ~~estimates due~~rate benefit resulting from the carryback of federal NOL to taxable years that were taxed at the ~~filing~~U.S. corporate tax rate of 35.0% as permitted under the CARES Act, partially offset by the reduction in the Section 199 domestic manufacturing deduction as a result of the ~~Company's 2017 U.S. federal tax return. The effective~~NOL carryback, the depletion deduction, the foreign earnings rate differential and the state income tax ~~rates were 24.1% and 22.0% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.~~benefit. The effective income tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was above the statutory rate of 21.0% primarily due to state and foreign taxes.

On March 27, 2020, the CARES Act was enacted and signed into law. The ~~effective~~CARES Act, among other things, permits any federal NOL generated in 2018, 2019 and 2020 to be carried back to each of the five tax years preceding the tax year of the federal NOL to fully offset taxable income to generate a refund of previously paid income taxes. However, any such federal NOL not carried back can be carried forward to fully offset taxable income, but only for the taxable years beginning before January 1, 2021, after which, the federal NOL deduction limitation not to exceed 80.0% of taxable income under the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "Tax Act") will be reinstated. Federal NOLs generated in 2018, 2019 and 2020 measured at the current U.S. corporate tax rate of 21.0% that are carried back to taxable years prior to the Tax Act to fully offset taxable income taxed at the U.S. corporate tax rate of 35.0% result in an income tax rate benefit. At the end of 2019, the Company generated a federal NOL primarily due to bonus tax depreciation from the Company's investment in LACC, LLC ("LACC"), which is accounted for as an equity method investment. This federal NOL was increased to account for the disallowed interest deduction which originated in 2019 that is no longer disallowed due to the increase in the business interest expense deduction limitation from 30.0% to 50.0% of adjusted taxable income for tax years 2019 and 2020 as permitted under the CARES Act. For the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018 was above~~2020, the ~~U.S.~~carryback of the federal ~~statutory~~NOL resulted in a net tax benefit of $27 and $95, respectively, for the Company, primarily from the tax rate ~~of 21.0% primarily due to state and foreign taxes.~~difference, partially offset by the reduction in the Section 199 domestic manufacturing deduction.

~~13.~~

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WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—Continued

(Unaudited)

(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)

11. Earnings and Dividends per Share

Earnings per Share

The Company has unvested restricted stock units outstanding that are considered participating securities and, therefore, computes basic and diluted earnings per share under the two-class method. ~~The computation of basic~~Basic earnings per share isfor the periods are based upon the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during each period. Diluted earnings per share ~~includes~~include the effects of certain stock options and performance stock units.


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,						Three Months Ended September 30,					Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018			2020		2019			2020			2019
Net income attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation	$	158		$	308		$	349		$	873		$	57	$	158		$	217		$	349
Less:
Net income attributable to participating securities	(1		)	(1		)	(2		)	(4		)	0		(1		)	(1		)	(2		)
Net income attributable to common shareholders	$	157		$	307		$	347		$	869		$	57	$	157		$	216		$	347

~~WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION~~

~~NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—Continued~~

~~(Unaudited)~~

~~(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)~~

The following table reconciles the denominator for the basic and diluted earnings per share computations shown in the consolidated statements of operations:


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,				Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019		2018		2019		2018		2020		2019		2020		2019
Weighted average common shares—basic	128,216,105		129,427,328		128,408,841		129,512,097		127,701,340		128,216,105		127,872,434		128,408,841
Plus incremental shares from:
Assumed exercise of options and vesting of performance stock units	336,255		624,964		362,103		671,104		252,567		336,255		200,632		362,103
Weighted average common shares—diluted	128,552,360		130,052,292		128,770,944		130,183,201		127,953,907		128,552,360		128,073,066		128,770,944

Earnings per common share attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation:
Basic	$	1.22	$	2.36	$	2.70	$	6.70	$	0.45	$	1.22	$	1.69	$	2.70
Diluted	$	1.22	$	2.35	$	2.69	$	6.67	$	0.45	$	1.22	$	1.69	$	2.69

Excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share are options to purchase ~~805,878~~1,298,659 and ~~172,194~~805,878 shares of common stock for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively; and ~~2018, respectively,~~1,234,126 and 564,676 ~~and 143,439~~ shares of common stock for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018,~~2019, respectively. These options were outstanding during the periods reported but were excluded because the effect of including them would have been antidilutive.

Dividends per Share

Dividends per common share for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018~~2019 were as follows:

Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
2019 2018 2019 2018
Dividends per common share $ 0.2625
$ 0.2500
$ 0.7625
$ 0.6700



	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Dividends per common share	$	0.2700	$	0.2625	$	0.7950	$	0.7625

~~14.~~12. Supplemental Information

~~Accrued~~Equity Method Investments

The Company's investment in LACC, a related party, was $966 and ~~Other Liabilities~~

~~Accrued and other liabilities were $742 and $676~~$1,038 at September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, respectively. ~~Accrued rebates, which are a component of accrued~~The Company received $5 and other liabilities, were $108 and $125 at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. Other than the lease liability disclosed in Note 5, no other component of accrued and other liabilities was more than five percent of total current liabilities. Accrued liabilities with related parties were $26 and $54 at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

~~Restructuring, Transaction and Integration-related Costs~~

~~For~~$44 during the three months ended September 30, ~~2019, the restructuring, transaction~~2020 and integration-related costs of $8 primarily consisted of restructuring expenses of $3 related to certain Vinyls segment operations and integration-related consulting fees and costs associated with acquisitions of $5. For the three months ended September 30, 2018, the restructuring, transaction and integration-related costs of $5 primarily consisted of integration-related consulting fees.

~~For the~~ nine months ended September 30, ~~2019, the restructuring, transaction and integration-related costs~~2020, respectively, from LACC representing return of $32 primarily consisted of restructuring expenses of $22 related to certain Vinyls segment operations and integration-related consulting fees and costs associated with acquisitions of $10. The restructuring expenses consisted of charges associated with the write-off of certain assets. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the restructuring, transaction and integration-related costs of $20 primarily consisted of integration-related consulting fees and acquisition costs.investment.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—Continued

(Unaudited)

(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)

Accrued and Other ~~Income, Net~~Liabilities

Accrued and other liabilities were $771 and $768 at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. Accrued rebates and operating lease liability, which are components of accrued and other liabilities, were $114 and $93 at September 30, 2020, respectively; and $115 and $93 at December 31, 2019, respectively. No other component of accrued and other liabilities was more than five percent of total current liabilities. Accrued liabilities with related parties were $37 and $41 at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

Restructuring, Transaction and Integration-related Costs

For the three months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, the restructuring, transaction and integration-related costs of $34 related to the decision to close a non-integrated plant located in Germany that was part of the Vinyls segment. The expenses primarily consisted of the write-off of certain assets of $8 and other ~~income, net included income from unconsolidated subsidiaries, an insurance recovery and interest income on cash and cash equivalents of $7, $5 and $8, respectively.~~costs associated with the plant closure. For the three months ended September 30, ~~2018, other income, net included income from pension~~2019, the restructuring, transaction and ~~postretirement plans (including a one-time settlement gain), income from unconsolidated subsidiaries~~integration-related costs of $8 consisted of restructuring expenses of $3 related to certain Vinyls segment operations and ~~interest income on cash~~integration-related consulting fees and ~~cash equivalents~~costs associated with acquisitions of ~~$16, $5 and $4, respectively.~~$5.

For the nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, the restructuring, transaction and integration-related costs of $36 primarily consisted of restructuring expenses of $34 related to the decision to close the non-integrated plant located in Germany. The expenses primarily consisted of the write-off of certain assets of $8 and other ~~income, net included income from unconsolidated subsidiaries, an insurance recovery and interest income on cash and cash equivalents of $12, $5 and $16, respectively.~~costs associated with the plant closure. For the nine months ended September 30, ~~2018, other income, net included income from pension~~2019, the restructuring, transaction and ~~postretirement plans (including a one-time settlement gain), income from unconsolidated subsidiaries, gain on redemption~~integration-related costs of ~~senior notes~~$32 consisted of restructuring expenses of $22 related to charges associated with the write-off of certain Vinyls segment assets and ~~interest income on cash~~integration-related consulting fees and ~~cash equivalents~~costs associated with acquisitions of ~~$23, $17, $6 and $13, respectively.~~$10.

Non-cash Investing Activity

The ~~change in~~non-cash investing activities related to accruals for capital ~~expenditure accrual resulted in an increase in additions to property, plant and equipment by $24~~expenditures were $49 and $24, for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2019. The change in capital expenditure accrual resulted in a decrease in additions to property, plant~~2020 and ~~equipment by $8 for the nine months ended September 30, 2018.~~

~~Operating Lease Supplemental Cash Flow~~

~~Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:~~

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
Operating cash flows from operating leases ⁽¹⁾
$ 83
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations 70

~~_____________~~


~~(1)~~	Includes cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities recorded in the consolidated balance sheets. For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, finance lease related cash flows used for operating and financing activities were not material to the consolidated statement of cash flows.

~~15. Acquisition~~

~~NAKAN~~^TM

~~On January 2,~~ 2019, ~~the Company acquired all of the outstanding equity interests in the parent entity of the NAKAN~~^TM~~global compounding solutions business. NAKAN's products are used in a wide-variety of applications, including in the automotive, building and construction, and medical industries.~~

The closing purchase price of $249 was paid with available cash on hand. The acquisition is being accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting. The assets acquired and liabilities assumed and the results of operations of NAKAN are included in the Vinyls segment.

NAKAN's net sales and earnings since the acquisition date were not material to the Company's consolidated statement of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The acquisition-related costs recognized in the consolidated statement of operation for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 were not material. The pro forma impact of this business combination has not been presented as it is not material to the Company's consolidated statements of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018.

~~WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION~~

~~NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—Continued~~

~~(Unaudited)~~

~~(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)~~

The following table summarizes the estimated fair value of identified assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the date of acquisition. The preliminary allocation of consideration transferred is based on management's estimates, judgments and assumptions. When determining the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, management made significant estimates, judgments and assumptions. These estimates, judgments and assumptions are subject to change upon final valuation and should be treated as preliminary values. Management estimated that consideration paid exceeded the fair value of the net assets acquired. Therefore, goodwill of $40 was recorded. The goodwill recognized is primarily attributable to the expected values to be achieved from the acquisition.

~~The information below represents the preliminary purchase price allocation:~~

Cash $ 10
Accounts receivable 53
Inventories 40
Prepaid expenses and other current assets 7
Property, plant and equipment 75
Operating lease right-of-use assets 3
Intangible assets:
Customer relationships (weighted average lives of 17 years) 65
Technology (weighted average lives of 14 years) 40
Trade name (life of 15 years) 25
Other assets 12
Total assets acquired 330
Accounts and notes payable 57
Accrued and other liabilities 18
Deferred income taxes 31
Pension and other post-retirement benefits 4
Operating lease liabilities 3
Other long-term liabilities 8
Total liabilities assumed 121
Total identifiable net assets acquired 209
Goodwill 40
Total purchase consideration $ 249

respectively.

~~16.~~13. Commitments and Contingencies

The Company is involved in a number of legal and regulatory matters, principally environmental in nature, that are incidental to the normal conduct of its business, including lawsuits, investigations and claims. The outcome of these matters are inherently unpredictable. The Company believes that, in the aggregate, the outcome of all known legal and regulatory matters will not have a material adverse effect on its consolidated financial statements; however, under certain circumstances, if required to recognize costs in a specific period, when combined with other factors, outcomes with respect to such matters may be material to the Company's consolidated statements of operations in such period. The Company's assessment of the potential impact of environmental matters, in particular, is subject to uncertainty due to the complex, ongoing and evolving process of investigation and remediation of such environmental matters, and the potential for technological and regulatory developments. In addition, the impact of evolving claims and programs, such as natural resource damage claims, industrial site reuse initiatives and state remediation programs creates further uncertainty of the ultimate resolution of these matters. The Company anticipates that the resolution of many legal and regulatory matters, and in particular environmental matters, will occur over an extended period of time.

2017

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WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—Continued

(Unaudited)

(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)

The Company and other caustic soda producers were named as defendants in multiple purported class action civil lawsuits filed since March 2019 in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of New York. The lawsuits allege the defendants conspired to fix, raise, maintain and stabilize the price of caustic soda, restrict domestic (U.S.) supply of caustic soda and allocate caustic soda customers. The other defendants named in the lawsuits are Olin Corporation, K.A. Steel Chemicals (a ~~wholly owned~~wholly-owned subsidiary of Olin), Occidental Petroleum Corporation, Occidental Chemical Corporation d/b/a OxyChem, Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd., Shintech Incorporated, Formosa Plastics Corporation, and Formosa Plastics Corporation, U.S.A. Each of the lawsuits is filed on behalf of the respective named plaintiff or plaintiffs and a putative class comprised of either direct purchasers or indirect purchasers of caustic soda in the U.S. ~~Plaintiffs~~The plaintiffs seek an unspecified amount of damages and injunctive relief. The ~~Company has already moved~~defendants' joint motion to dismiss the ~~majority~~direct purchaser lawsuits was denied, so those cases will proceed with discovery. In October 2020, a similar class action proceeding was filed in Canada before the Superior Court of Quebec. This case seeks authorization of a class action on behalf of all residents of Canada who purchased caustic soda or products containing caustic soda from October 1, 2015 through the date of the ~~lawsuits filed and plan to file similar motions with respect to~~authorization of such class action or such other date deemed appropriate by the ~~remaining lawsuits.~~court. At this time, the Company is not able to estimate the impact, if any, that these lawsuits could have on the Company's consolidated financial statements either in the current period or in future periods.

Environmental. As of September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, the Company had reserves for environmental contingencies totaling approximately ~~$46~~$48 and ~~$54,~~$47, respectively, most of which was classified as noncurrent liabilities. The Company's assessment of the potential impact of these environmental contingencies is subject to considerable uncertainty due to the complex, ongoing and evolving process of investigation and remediation, if necessary, of such environmental contingencies, and the potential for technological and regulatory developments.

Calvert City Proceedings. For several years, the Environmental Protection Agency (the "EPA") has been conducting remedial investigation and feasibility studies at the Company's Calvert City, Kentucky facility pursuant to the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 ("CERCLA"). As the current owner of the Calvert City facility, the Company was named by the EPA as a potentially responsible party ("PRP") along with Goodrich Corporation ("Goodrich") and its successor-in-interest, Avient Corporation (formerly known as PolyOne Corporation, ~~("PolyOne"~~"Avient"). On November 30, 2017, the EPA published a draft Proposed Plan, incorporating by reference an August 2015 draft Remedial Investigation ("RI") report, an October 2017 draft Feasibility Study ("FS") report and a new Technical Impracticability Waiver document dated December 19, 2017. On June 18, 2018, the EPA published an amendment to its Proposed Plan. The amended Proposed Plan describes a final remedy for the onshore portion of the site comprised of a containment wall, targeted treatment and supplemental hydraulic containment. The amended Proposed Plan also describes an interim approach to address the contamination under the river that would include recovery of any mobile contaminants by an extraction well along with further study of the extent of the contamination and potential treatment options. The EPA's estimated cost of implementation is $107, with an estimated $1 to $3 in annual operation and maintenance ("O&M") costs. In September 2018, the EPA published the Record of Decision ("ROD") for the site, formally selecting the preferred final and interim remedies outlined in the amended Proposed Plan. In October 2018, the EPA issued Special Notice letters to the PRPs for the remedial design phase of work under the ROD. In April 2019, the PRPs and the EPA entered into an ~~Administrative Settlement Agreement~~administrative settlement agreement and ~~Order~~order on ~~Consent~~consent for ~~Remedial Design.~~remedial design. In October 2019, the PRPs received a special notice ~~letter from~~letters for the remedial action phase of work at the site. The Company, jointly with the other PRPs, submitted a good faith offer response in December 2019. On September 17, 2020, the EPA ~~requesting that~~and the ~~parties begin negotiations regarding~~Department of Justice filed a ~~Consent Decree~~proposed consent decree for the ~~Remedial Action at~~remedial action with the ~~Calvert City site.~~U.S. District Court for the Western District of Kentucky. The Company's allocation of liability for remedial and O&M costs at the Calvert City site, if any, is governed by a series of agreements between the Company, Goodrich and ~~PolyOne.~~Avient. These agreements ~~are the subject of further~~and associated litigation asare described below.

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WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—Continued

(Unaudited)

(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)

In connection with the 1990 and 1997 acquisitions of the Goodrich chemical manufacturing complex in Calvert City, Goodrich agreed to indemnify the Company for any liabilities related to preexisting contamination at the complex. For its part, the Company agreed to indemnify Goodrich for post-closing contamination caused by the Company's operations. The soil and groundwater at the complex, which does not include the Company's nearby PVC facility, had been extensively contaminated by Goodrich's operations. In 1993, Goodrich spun off the predecessor of ~~PolyOne,~~Avient, and that predecessor assumed Goodrich's indemnification obligations relating to preexisting contamination. In 2003, litigation arose among the Company, Goodrich and ~~PolyOne~~Avient with respect to the allocation of the cost of remediating contamination at the site. The parties settled this litigation in December 2007 and the case was dismissed. In the settlement, the parties agreed that, among other things: (1) ~~PolyOne~~Avient would pay 100% of the costs (with specified exceptions), net of recoveries or credits from third parties, incurred with respect to environmental issues at the Calvert City site from August 1, 2007 forward; and (2) either the Company or ~~PolyOne~~Avient might, from time to time in the future (but not more than once every five years), institute an arbitration proceeding to adjust that percentage. In May 2017, ~~PolyOne~~Avient filed a demand for arbitration. In this proceeding, ~~PolyOne~~Avient sought to readjust the percentage allocation of future costs and to recover approximately $11 from the Company in reimbursement of previously paid remediation costs. The Company's cross demand for arbitration seeking unreimbursed remediation costs incurred during the relevant period was dismissed from the proceedings when ~~PolyOne made payment~~Avient paid such costs in full at the beginning of the arbitration hearing.

~~WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION~~

~~NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—Continued~~

~~(Unaudited)~~

~~(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)~~

On July 10, 2018, ~~PolyOne~~Avient sued the Company in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Kentucky, and sought to invalidate the arbitration provisions in the parties' 2007 settlement agreement and enjoin the arbitration it had initiated in 2017. On July 30, 2018, the district court refused to enjoin the arbitration and, on January 15, 2019, the court granted the Company's motion to dismiss ~~PolyOne's~~Avient's suit. On February 13, 2019, ~~PolyOne~~Avient appealed those decisions to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. The court of appeals issued an opinion and final order on September 6, 2019, affirming the district court.

The arbitration hearing began in August 2018 and concluded in December 2018. On May 22, 2019, the arbitration panel issued its final award. It determined that ~~PolyOne~~Avient was responsible for 100% of the allocable costs at issue in the proceeding and that ~~PolyOne~~Avient would remain responsible for 100% of the costs to operate the existing groundwater remedy at the Calvert City site. In August 2019, ~~PolyOne~~Avient filed a motion to vacate before the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Kentucky, seeking to invalidate the final award under the Federal Arbitration Act. ~~The Company filed a~~On February 11, 2020, the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Kentucky denied Avient's motion to ~~confirm~~vacate and affirmed the arbitration final award. Avient did not file a notice of appeal before the March 10, 2020 deadline to contest the court's decision. Accordingly, the final award ~~in that same action. The action~~was affirmed and the arbitration proceeding is ~~currently pending.~~

fully and finally resolved. At this time, the Company is not able to estimate the impact, if any, that ~~the issuance of the final award in the~~any subsequent arbitration ~~proceeding,~~ or ~~any subsequent~~ judicial proceeding could have on the Company's consolidated financial statements either in the current period or in later periods. Any cash expenditures that the Company might incur in the future with respect to the remediation of contamination at the Calvert City complex would likely be spread out over an extended period. As a result, the Company believes it is unlikely that any remediation costs allocable to it will be material in terms of expenditures made in any individual reporting period.

Environmental Remediation: Reasonably Possible Matters. The Company's assessment of the potential impact of environmental contingencies is subject to considerable uncertainty due to the complex, ongoing and evolving process of investigation and remediation, if necessary, of such environmental contingencies, and the potential for technological and regulatory developments. As such, in addition to the amounts currently reserved, the Company may be subject to reasonably possible loss contingencies related to environmental matters in the range of ~~$65~~$70 to $130.

~~17.~~

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WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—Continued

(Unaudited)

(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)

14. Segment Information

The Company operates in 2 principal operating segments: ~~Olefins~~Vinyls and ~~Vinyls.~~Olefins. These segments are strategic business units that offer a variety of different products. The Company manages each segment separately as each business requires different technology and marketing strategies.


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,				Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019		2018		2019		2018		2020			2019			2020			2019
Net external sales
Vinyls
PVC, caustic soda and other									$	1,116		$	1,253		$	3,333		$	3,879
Building products									413			365			1,049			972
Total Vinyls									1,529			1,618			4,382			4,851
Olefins
Polyethylene	$	315	$	396	$	997	$	1,152	302			315			914			997
Styrene, feedstock and other	133		145		387		374		67			133			243			387
Total Olefins	448		541		1,384		1,526		369			448			1,157			1,384
Vinyls
PVC, caustic soda and other	1,253		1,372		3,879		4,126
Building products	365		342		972		988
Total Vinyls	1,618		1,714		4,851		5,114
	$	2,066	$	2,255	$	6,235	$	6,640	$	1,898		$	2,066		$	5,539		$	6,235

Intersegment sales
Vinyls									$	0		$	0		$	1		$	1
Olefins	$	72	$	136	$	238	$	368	79			72			183			238
Vinyls	—		—		1		1
	$	72	$	136	$	239	$	369	$	79		$	72		$	184		$	239

Income (loss) from operations
Vinyls									$	42		$	153		$	135		$	383
Olefins									51			92			138			211
Corporate and other									(14		)	(19		)	(22		)	(40		)
									$	79		$	226		$	251		$	554

Depreciation and amortization
Vinyls									$	160		$	141		$	467		$	413
Olefins									34			35			104			106
Corporate and other									2			2			6			6
									$	196		$	178		$	577		$	525

Other income, net
Vinyls									$	7		$	12		$	21		$	18
Olefins									1			1			2			4
Corporate and other									4			8			9			10
									$	12		$	21		$	32		$	32

Provision for (benefit from) income taxes
Vinyls									$	(25	)	$	31		$	(121	)	$	76
Olefins									4			18			41			45
Corporate and other									6			1			5			(1		)
									$	(15	)	$	50		$	(75	)	$	120

2220

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WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—Continued

(Unaudited)

(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,						Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018			2020		2019		2020		2019
Income (loss) from operations
Capital expenditures
Vinyls													$	94	$	165	$	338	$	511
Olefins	$	92		$	162		$	211		$	483		16		25		60		87
Vinyls	153			251			383			788
Corporate and other	(19		)	(17		)	(40		)	(70		)	2		3		5		6
	$	226		$	396		$	554		$	1,201		$	112	$	193	$	403	$	604

Depreciation and amortization
Olefins	$	35		$	35		$	106		$	102
Vinyls	141			124			413			362
Corporate and other	2			2			6			9
	$	178		$	161		$	525		$	473

Other income, net
Olefins	$	1		$	1		$	4		$	4
Vinyls	12			16			18			32
Corporate and other	8			6			10			17
	$	21		$	23		$	32		$	53

Provision for (benefit from) income taxes
Olefins	$	18		$	34		$	45		$	107
Vinyls	31			44			76			174
Corporate and other	1			(5		)	(1		)	(26		)
	$	50		$	73		$	120		$	255

Capital expenditures
Olefins	$	25		$	33		$	87		$	81
Vinyls	165			162			511			420
Corporate and other	3			—			6			6
	$	193		$	195		$	604		$	507

A reconciliation of total segment income from operations to consolidated income before income taxes is as follows:


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,						Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018			2020			2019			2020			2019
Income from operations	$	226		$	396		$	554		$	1,201		$	79		$	226		$	251		$	554
Interest expense	(31		)	(28		)	(89		)	(96		)	(37		)	(31		)	(108		)	(89		)
Other income, net	21			23			32			53			12			21			32			32
Income before income taxes	$	216		$	391		$	497		$	1,158		$	54		$	216		$	175		$	497


	September 30, 2019		December 31, 2018		September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
Total assets
Vinyls					$	10,419	$	10,597
Olefins	$	2,026	$	2,024	1,906		1,991
Vinyls	9,683		8,879
Corporate and other	1,398		699		1,369		673
	$	13,107	$	11,602	$	13,694	$	13,261

~~WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION~~

~~NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—Continued~~

~~(Unaudited)~~

~~(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)~~

~~18.~~15. Westlake Chemical Partners LP

In 2014, the Company formed Westlake Chemical Partners LP ("WLKP") to operate, acquire and develop ethylene production facilities and related assets. Also in 2014, WLKP completed its initial public offering of 12,937,500 common units.

~~On March 29, 2019,~~At September 30, 2020, WLKP ~~purchased an additional 4.5% newly issued~~had a 22.8% limited partner interest in Westlake Chemical OpCo LP ("OpCo") for approximately $201 and completed a private placement of 2,940,818 common units at a price of $21.40 per common unit for total proceeds of approximately $63. TTWF LP, the Company's principal stockholder and a related party, acquired 1,401,869 units out of 2,940,818 common units issued in the private placement.

~~At September 30, 2019, WLKP had a 22.8% limited partner interest in OpCo,~~, and the Company retained a 77.2% limited partner interest in OpCo and a significant interest in WLKP through the Company's ownership of WLKP's general partner, 40.1% of the limited partner ~~interest~~interests (consisting of 14,122,230 common units) and incentive distribution rights.

~~19. Subsequent Event~~

On October ~~29, 2019,~~4, 2018, WLKP and Westlake Partners GP, the ~~Company, through one~~general partner of ~~its subsidiaries, Eagle US 2 LLC ("Eagle"),~~WLKP, entered into an Equity Distribution Agreement with UBS Securities LLC, Barclays Capital Inc., Citigroup Global Markets Inc., Deutsche Bank Securities Inc., RBC Capital Markets, LLC, Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC to offer and sell WLKP's common units, from time to time, up to an aggregate offering amount of $50. This Equity Distribution Agreement was amended on February 28, 2020 to reference a ~~securities purchase agreement with Lotte, to purchase at least an additional 34.787%~~new shelf registration for utilization under this agreement. No common units were issued under this program as of the membership interests in LACC from Lotte for approximately $817 pursuant to Eagle's exercise of a call option (the "Transaction"). Prior to the Transaction, Eagle owned approximately 12% of the membership interests in LACC. See Note 7 for additional information.September 30, 2020.

Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

This discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with information contained in the accompanying unaudited consolidated interim financial statements of Westlake Chemical Corporation ~~("Westlake" or the "Company")~~ and the notes thereto and the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto of Westlake Chemical Corporation included in Westlake Chemical Corporation's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, ~~2018~~2019 (the "~~2018~~2019 Form 10-K"). Unless otherwise indicated, references in this report to "we," "our," "us" or like terms refer to Westlake Chemical Corporation ("Westlake" or the "Company"). The following discussion contains forward-looking statements. Please read "Forward-Looking Statements" for a discussion of limitations inherent in such statements.

We are a vertically integrated global manufacturer and marketer of basic chemicals, vinyls, polymers and building products. Our two principal operating segments are Olefins and Vinyls. We use the majority of our internally-produced basic chemicals to produce higher value-added chemicals, polymers and building products.

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Consumption of the basic chemicals that we manufacture in the commodity portions of our olefins and vinyls processes has increased significantly since we began operations in 1986. Our olefins and vinyls products are some of the most widely used chemicals in the world and are upgraded into a wide variety of higher value-added chemical products used in many end-markets. ~~Petrochemicals~~Chlor-alkali and petrochemicals are typically manufactured in large volume by a number of different producers using widely available technologies. The chlor-alkali and petrochemical ~~industry exhibits~~industries exhibit cyclical commodity characteristics, and margins are influenced by changes in the balance between supply and demand and the resulting operating rates, the level of general economic activity and the price of raw materials. Due to the significant size of new plants, capacity additions are built in large increments and typically require several years of demand growth to be absorbed. The cycle is generally characterized by periods of tight supply, leading to high operating rates and margins, followed by a decline in operating rates and margins primarily as a result of excess new capacity additions.

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Ethane-based ethylene producers have in the recent past experienced a cost advantage over naphtha-based ethylene producers during periods of higher crude oil prices. This cost advantage has resulted in a strong export market for polyethylene and other ethylene derivatives and has benefited operating margins and cash flows for our Olefins segment during such periods. However, we have seen a significant reduction in the cost advantage enjoyed by North American ethane-based ethylene producers due to lower crude oil prices from the third quarter of 2014 through the third quarter of ~~2019,~~2020, which has resulted in reduced prices and lower margins for our Olefins segment. Further, our Olefins segment has experienced lower profitability in recent periods due to several new ethylene and polyethylene capacity additions in North America and Asia that have led to additional supply ~~and lower prices~~ of ethylene and polyethylene. In recent months, we have seen volatility in ethane and ethylene prices, primarily due to changes in demand resulting from the coronavirus ("COVID-19") pandemic, anticipated timing for ~~some of the~~certain new ethylene capacity additions and availability of natural gas liquids, as well as fluctuation in the price of crude ~~oil prices.~~oil. Looking forward, new ethylene and polyethylene capacity additions in North America, Asia and the Middle East will add additional supply and may continue to contribute to periods of lower profitability in our Olefins segment.

Westlake is the second-largest PVC producer and the second-largest chlor-alkali producer in the world. Since late 2010, the PVC industry in the U.S. has experienced an increase in PVC resin exports, driven largely by more competitive feedstock and energy cost positions in the U.S. As a consequence, the U.S. PVC resin industry operating rates have improved since 2010. In ~~addition, our 2014 acquisition of Vinnolit Holdings GmbH and its subsidiary companies, an integrated global leader in specialty~~response to increased demand, PVC ~~resins, has contributed~~pricing is expected to improved operating margins and cash flows for our Vinyls segment. The acquisition of Axiall Corporation ("Axiall") in 2016 contributed to a significant increase in our chlor-alkali and PVC resin production capacities. Westlake is the second-largest chlor-alkali producer and the second-largest PVC producergenerally improve in the ~~world.~~remainder of 2020. Globally, there were large chlor-alkali capacity additions between 2008 and 2015 resulting in excess capacity and lower industry operating rates which exerted downward pressure on caustic soda pricing. From 2015 through the end of 2018, the capacity additions have been outpaced by an increase in demand driven by improving economic growth and U.S. producers' competitive export position, which ~~has~~ resulted in improved operating rates and caustic soda pricing.

Since the ~~end~~second half of 2018, the uncertainties surrounding international trade have impacted both domestic and export prices for our products. ~~Depending~~In addition, COVID-19 has negatively impacted demand for our products both in the domestic as well as in the export markets in recent months.

Recent Developments

Recent Developments Related to COVID-19 Affecting Industry Conditions and Our Business

On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the ongoing COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic and recommended containment and mitigation measures worldwide. The pandemic has resulted in widespread adverse impacts on the ~~performance~~global economy. We experienced significant disruptions in the second quarter of 2020 as the pandemic and its impact on the global economy spread through most of our markets. While demand for some of our products used in cleaning, packaging and medical applications and manufacturing continues to be firm, we expected lower demand for certain of our other products that led us to proactively temporarily idle production at several of our smaller non-integrated plants and reduce operating rates at others in the ~~potential changes~~beginning of the second quarter of 2020. Since the middle of the second quarter of 2020, a general ease in ~~international trade~~government restrictions in many jurisdictions across the world has resulted in a gradual increase in demand for our products. As a result, all of our idled plants recommenced production. While plant operating rates have improved over the course of the third quarter of 2020, operating rates for some plants remain below our normal seasonal operating rates due to continuing demand and ~~tariffs policies,~~price pressures. For a discussion of the ~~trend~~additional impact on plant operating rates from recent hurricanes, see "Impact of Hurricanes Laura and Delta" below. We continue to monitor the volatile environment and may reduce operating rates or idle production if the pandemic and its financial impacts persist or worsen. Considering the uncertain and volatile environment, we could continue to experience significant resulting disruptions to our business operations in the near future.

Our first priority in our response to this crisis has been the health and safety of our employees and those of our customers and vendors. We have implemented preventative measures and developed corporate and regional response plans to minimize unnecessary risk of exposure. We have modified certain business practices (including those related to employee travel, employee work locations and employee work practices) to conform to government restrictions and best practices encouraged by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the World Health Organization and other governmental and health authorities.

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Though the government restrictions across the world generally started to ease in the later part of the second quarter of 2020, there is considerable uncertainty regarding the extent to which COVID-19 will continue to spread and the extent and duration of governmental and other measures implemented to try to slow the spread of the virus, such as large-scale travel bans and restrictions, border closures, quarantines, shelter-in-place orders and business and government shutdowns (whether through a continuation of existing measures or the re-imposition of prior measures). Certain parts of Europe may see the implementation of new government restrictions due to a recent increase in COVID-19 cases. Restrictions of this nature have caused, and may continue to cause us and our customers to experience reduced demand and operational delays. Lockdowns across the world and curtailed business activities specifically in transportation, construction, automotive and oil and gas related activities have resulted in and may continue to result in an oversupplied market. We continue to see weakness in demand for some of our products due to the continuing impact of restrictions on business activities.

Due to the sudden collapse of crude oil prices in early March 2020, the cost advantage of North American ethane-based ethylene producers over naphtha-based ethylene producers has been significantly eroded. We started seeing impact from this erosion towards the end of the first quarter of 2020. Crude oil prices have recovered somewhat since the second quarter of 2020. If this trend is not sustained in the future, it could continue to result in reduced prices and lower margins for our Olefins segment and some of our products in the Vinyls segment. In addition, our Olefins segment has been impacted by the addition of new ethylene production capacity in recent months.

We have taken proactive actions to respond to the challenges presented by the conditions described above and minimize the impact to our business. We have implemented strategies to reduce costs, increase operational efficiencies, maintain strong liquidity and lower our capital spending. We expect to reduce our capital spending in 2020 to be in the range of $500 million to $550 million. Additionally, we deferred the planned turnaround at our Petro 2 ethylene unit and associated maintenance cost into the second half of 2021. The turnaround is expected to last approximately 60 days.

In addition, as of September 30, 2020, we had $1,217 million of cash and cash equivalents on our consolidated balance sheet, which remains available to support our operations, in addition to the $1 billion of availability under the Credit Agreement. Our borrowings of $1 billion under the Credit Agreement on March 20, 2020 were fully repaid on June 4, 2020.

The impact that COVID-19 will have on our business, cash flows, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations will depend on future developments, including, among others, the ultimate geographic spread and severity of the virus, the consequences of governmental and other measures designed to prevent the spread of the virus, the development of effective treatments, the duration of the outbreak, actions taken by governmental authorities, customers, suppliers and other third parties, workforce availability, and the timing and extent to which normal economic and operating conditions resume.

CARES Act

On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the "CARES Act") was enacted and signed into law. The CARES Act, among other things, permits any federal net operating loss ("NOL") generated in 2018, 2019 and 2020 to be carried back to each of the ~~new ethylene capacity additions~~five tax years preceding the tax year of the federal NOL to fully offset taxable income to generate a refund of previously paid income taxes. However, any such federal NOL not carried back can be carried forward to fully offset taxable income, but only for the taxable years beginning before January 1, 2021, after which, the federal NOL deduction limitation not to exceed 80% of taxable income under the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "Tax Act") will be reinstated. Federal NOLs generated in 2018, 2019 and 2020 measured at the current U.S. corporate tax rate of 21% that are carried back to taxable years prior to the Tax Act to fully offset taxable income taxed at the U.S. corporate tax rate of 35% result in an income tax rate benefit. At the end of 2019, we generated a federal NOL primarily due to bonus tax depreciation from the Company's investment in LACC, LLC ("LACC"), which is accounted for as an equity method investment. This federal NOL was increased to account for the disallowed interest deduction which originated in 2019 that is no longer disallowed due to the increase in the ~~remainder~~business interest expense deduction limitation from 30% to 50% of adjusted taxable income for tax years 2019 and ~~beyond, our financial condition, results~~2020 as permitted under the CARES Act. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, the carryback of ~~operations or cash flows could~~the federal NOL resulted in a net tax benefit of $27 million and $95 million, respectively, for the Company, primarily from the tax rate difference, partially offset by the reduction in the Internal Revenue Code Section 199 ("Section 199") domestic manufacturing deduction.

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6 ½% GO Zone Senior Notes due 2029

During June 2020, the Company directed the Louisiana Local Government Environmental Facilities and Community Development Authority (the "Authority") to optionally redeem in full $100 million aggregate principal amount of the 2029 GO Zone Bonds on August 1, 2020 at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2029 GO Zone Bonds plus accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date. The 2029 GO Zone Bonds were offered by the Authority in July 2010 under the Gulf Opportunity Zone Act of 2005 (the "GO Zone Act") for the benefit of the Company and bore interest at a rate of 6.50% per annum. In connection with the offering of the 2029 GO Zone Bonds in July 2010, the Company issued $100 million aggregate principal amount of the 6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Senior Notes to evidence and secure the Company's obligations under the Amended and Restated Loan Agreement relating to the 2029 GO Zone Bonds. On August 1, 2020, the Company purchased the 2029 GO Zone Bonds in lieu of optional redemption. In connection therewith, the 2029 GO Zone Bonds trustee surrendered the 6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Senior Notes for cancellation. A portion of the net proceeds from the issuance of the 3.375% 2030 Senior Notes was used to fund the purchase in lieu of optional redemption of the 2029 GO Zone Bonds.

Impact of Hurricanes Laura and Delta

On August 27, 2020, Hurricane Laura made landfall in Louisiana as a Category 4 storm, which resulted in widespread damage to property and infrastructure in the greater Lake Charles area, including the electricity transmission system. On October 9, 2020, Hurricane Delta made landfall as a Category 2 storm in the same general vicinity of Louisiana. As a precautionary measure, Westlake idled its facilities in the Lake Charles area in advance of each storm. As a result of Hurricane Laura, most of Westlake's facilities in the Lake Charles area were shut down starting the last week of August and remained shut down through much of September. Several facilities resumed production at the end of September but then had to idle production as a result of Hurricane Delta. Westlake's facilities in the Lake Charles area have resumed production. The shut downs resulted in higher maintenance expense of $39 million in the third quarter.

Schkopau Plant Closure

During September 2020, the Company initiated consultations with the works council at its Schkopau, Germany site regarding the closure of the site's paste polyvinyl chloride plant. The decision was driven by the plant's lack of long-term economic viability. The Company has taken an accounting charge of $34 million in the third quarter of 2020 associated with the closure. Customers will continue to be ~~negatively or positively impacted.~~supplied from the Company's larger, backward-integrated sites at Burghausen, Gendorf and Cologne, Germany.

6 ½% GO Zone and IKE Zone Senior Notes due 2035

During September 2020, the Company directed the Authority to optionally redeem in full (1) $89 million aggregate principal amount of the 2035 GO Zone Bonds, and (2) $65 million aggregate principal amount of the 2035 IKE Zone Bonds, in each case, on November 1, 2020 at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2035 Revenue Bonds plus accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date. The 2035 GO Zone Bonds were issued by the Authority in December 2010 under the GO Zone Act for the benefit of the Company and bore interest at a rate of 6.50% per annum. The 2035 IKE Zone Bonds were issued by the Authority in December 2010 under Section 704 of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 for the benefit of the Company and bore interest at a rate of 6.50% per annum. In connection with the offering of the 2035 Revenue Bonds in December 2010, the Company issued $89 million aggregate principal amount of the 6 ½% 2035 GO Zone Senior Notes and $65 million aggregate principal amount of the 6 ½% 2035 IKE Zone Senior Notes to evidence and secure the Company's obligations under the Loan Agreements relating to the 2035 Revenue Bonds. On November 1, 2020, the Company purchased the 2035 Revenue Bonds in lieu of optional redemption. In connection with the purchase of the 2035 Revenue Bonds by the Company in lieu of optional redemption, the Authority is required to cause the 2035 Revenue Bonds trustee to surrender the 6 ½% 2035 GO Zone Senior Notes and the 6 ½% 2035 IKE Zone Senior Notes to the Senior Notes trustee for cancellation. A portion of the net proceeds from the issuance of the 3.375% 2030 Senior Notes was used to fund the purchase in lieu of optional redemption of the 2035 Revenue Bonds.

Table of Contents

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

The body of accounting principles generally accepted in the United States is commonly referred to as "GAAP." For this purpose, a non-GAAP financial measure is generally defined by the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") as one that purports to measure historical or future financial performance, financial position or cash flows that (1) excludes amounts, or is subject to adjustments that have the effect of excluding amounts, that are included in the most directly comparable measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP in the statement of income, balance sheet or statement of cash flows (or equivalent statements) of the registrant; or (2) includes amounts, or is subject to adjustments that have the effect of including amounts, that are excluded from the most directly comparable measure so calculated and presented. In this report, we disclose non-GAAP financial measures, primarily earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA"). We define EBITDA as net income before interest expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization. The non-GAAP financial measures described in this Form 10-Q are not substitutes for the GAAP measures of earnings and cash flows.

EBITDA is included in this Form 10-Q because our management considers it an important supplemental measure of our performance and believes that it is frequently used by securities analysts, investors and other interested parties in the evaluation of companies in our industry, some of which present EBITDA when reporting their results. We regularly evaluate our performance as compared to other companies in our industry that have different financing and capital structures and/or tax rates by using EBITDA. In addition, we utilize EBITDA in evaluating acquisition targets. Management also believes that EBITDA is a useful tool for measuring our ability to meet our future debt service, capital expenditures and working capital requirements, and EBITDA is commonly used by us and our investors to measure our ability to service indebtedness. EBITDA is not a substitute for the GAAP measures of net income, income from operations and net cash provided by operating activities and is not necessarily a measure of our ability to fund our cash needs. In addition, it should be noted that companies calculate EBITDA differently and, therefore, EBITDA as presented for us may not be comparable to EBITDA reported by other companies. EBITDA has material limitations as a performance measure because it excludes interest expense, depreciation and amortization and income taxes.

~~Table of Contents~~

A reconciliation of EBITDA to net income, income from operations and net cash provided by operating activities is included in the "Results of Operations" section below.

~~Recent Developments~~

On October 29, 2019, we, through one of our subsidiaries, Eagle US 2 LLC ("Eagle"), entered into a securities purchase agreement with Lotte Chemical USA Corporation, a subsidiary of Lotte Chemical Corporation ("Lotte"), to purchase at least an additional 34.787% of the membership interests in LACC, LLC ("LACC") from Lotte for approximately $817 million (the "Transaction"), pursuant to Eagle's exercise of a call option. Prior to the Transaction, Eagle owned approximately 12% of the membership interests in LACC.

The closing of the Transaction is subject to the expiration or termination of the waiting period under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976, as amended, and customary closing conditions. In addition, Eagle may receive additional membership interests in LACC subject to potential adjustments based upon the finalization of an audit and further negotiations between the parties concerning the purchase price.

~~On July 17, 2019, we completed the registered public offering of €700 million aggregate principal amount of the 1.625% 2029 Senior Notes. See "Liquidity and Capital Resources~~—~~Debt" below and Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-Q for more information.~~

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Results of Operations


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,						Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018			2020			2019			2020			2019

	(dollars in millions, except per share data)												(dollars in millions, except per share data)
Net external sales
Vinyls
PVC, caustic soda and other													$	1,116		$	1,253		$	3,333		$	3,879
Building products													413			365			1,049			972
Total Vinyls													1,529			1,618			4,382			4,851
Olefins
Polyethylene	$	315		$	396		$	997		$	1,152		302			315			914			997
Styrene, feedstock and other	133			145			387			374			67			133			243			387
Total Olefins	448			541			1,384			1,526			369			448			1,157			1,384
Vinyls
PVC, caustic soda and other	1,253			1,372			3,879			4,126
Building products	365			342			972			988
Total Vinyls	1,618			1,714			4,851			5,114
Total	$	2,066		$	2,255		$	6,235		$	6,640		$	1,898		$	2,066		$	5,539		$	6,235

Income (loss) from operations
Vinyls													$	42		$	153		$	135		$	383
Olefins	$	92		$	162		$	211		$	483		51			92			138			211
Vinyls	153			251			383			788
Corporate and other	(19		)	(17		)	(40		)	(70		)	(14		)	(19		)	(22		)	(40		)
Total income from operations	226			396			554			1,201			79			226			251			554
Interest expense	(31		)	(28		)	(89		)	(96		)	(37		)	(31		)	(108		)	(89		)
Other income, net	21			23			32			53			12			21			32			32
Provision for income taxes	50			73			120			255
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes													(15		)	50			(75		)	120
Net income	166			318			377			903			69			166			250			377
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	8			10			28			30			12			8			33			28
Net income attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation	$	158		$	308		$	349		$	873		$	57		$	158		$	217		$	349
Diluted earnings per share	$	1.22		$	2.35		$	2.69		$	6.67		$	0.45		$	1.22		$	1.69		$	2.69
EBITDA ⁽¹⁾	$	425		$	580		$	1,111		$	1,727		$	287		$	425		$	860		$	1,111

_____________


(1)	See "Reconciliation of EBITDA to Net Income, Income from Operations and Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities" below.

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		Three Months Ended September 30, 2019				Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019					Three Months Ended September 30, 2020				Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020
		Average Sales Price		Volume		Average Sales Price		Volume			Average Sales Price		Volume		Average Sales Price		Volume
Product sales price and volume percentage change from prior-year period
Vinyls											-3.5	%	-1.9	%	-7.9	%	-1.8	%
Olefins		-21.8	%	+4.7	%	-22.0	%	+12.7	%		+0.4	%	-18.2	%	-11.9	%	-4.6	%
Vinyls		-8.9	%	+3.2	%	-6.9	%	+1.7	%
Company		-12.0	%	+3.6	%	-10.4	%	+4.3	%		-2.6	%	-5.4	%	-8.7	%	-2.4	%

Average Industry Prices ⁽¹⁾	Average Industry Prices ⁽¹⁾									Average Industry Prices ⁽¹⁾
		Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,					Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
		2019		2018		2019		2018			2020		2019		2020		2019
Average domestic prices
Ethane (cents/lb) ⁽²⁾		5.8		14.3		7.6		10.8			7.4		5.8		6.2		7.6
Propane (cents/lb) ⁽³⁾		10.3		23.5		13.0		21.5			11.9		10.3		10.1		13.0
Ethylene (cents/lb) ⁽⁴⁾		20.7		17.3		17.1		18.6			19.3		20.7		15.4		17.1
Polyethylene (cents/lb) ⁽⁵⁾		59.0		70.0		60.7		72.4			61.0		59.0		54.1		60.7
Styrene (cents/lb) ⁽⁶⁾		79.9		90.3		79.8		93.8			53.8		79.9		54.8		79.8
Caustic soda ($/short ton) ⁽⁷⁾		692		782		702		775			697		692		681		702
Chlorine ($/short ton) ⁽⁸⁾		175		175		175		170			176		175		176		175
PVC (cents/lb) ⁽⁹⁾		68.8		67.5		68.6		67.4			72.5		68.8		70.3		68.6

Average export prices
Polyethylene (cents/lb) ⁽¹⁰⁾		39.7		53.5		42.2		58.1			45.7		39.7		41.2		42.2
Caustic soda ($/short ton) ⁽¹¹⁾		217		564		314		627			260		275		261		291
PVC (cents/lb) ⁽¹²⁾		35.1		36.5		35.4		37.8			38.5		35.1		34.3		35.4

_____________


(1)	Industry pricing data was obtained through IHS Markit ("IHS"). We have not independently verified the data.


(2)	Average Mont Belvieu spot prices of purity ethane over the period.


(3)	Average Mont Belvieu spot prices of non-TET propane over the period.


(4)	Average North American spot prices of ethylene over the period.


(5)	Average North American Net Transaction prices of polyethylene low density GP-Film grade over the period.


(6)	Average North American contract prices of styrene over the period.

(7)

Average USGC-CSLi index values for caustic soda over the period. As stated by IHS, "the caustic soda price listing represents the USGC-CSLi values. USGC-CSLi does not reflect contract price discounts, implementation lags, caps or other adjustments factors. Additionally, it is not intended to represent a simple arithmetic average of all market transactions occurring during the month. Rather, the USGC-CSLi is most representative of the month-to-month caustic soda price movement for contract volumes of liquid 50% caustic soda rather than the absolute value of contract prices at a particular point in time. It is intended to serve only as a benchmark."


(8)	Average North American contract prices of chlorine over the period. Effective January 1, 2019, IHS made a non-market average downward adjustment of $172.50 per short ton to chlorine prices. For comparability, we adjusted the prior period's chlorine price downward by $172.50 per short ton consistent with the IHS non-market adjustment.


(9)	Average North American contract prices of pipe grade polyvinyl chloride ("PVC") over the period. As stated by IHS, "the contract resin prices posted reflect an "index" or "market" for prices before discounts, rebates, incentives, etc."


(10)	Average North American export price for low density polyethylene GP-Film grade over the period.


(11)	Average North American low spot export prices of caustic soda over the period.


(12)	Average North American spot export prices of PVC over the period.

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Reconciliation of EBITDA to Net Income, Income from Operations and Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities

The following table presents the reconciliation of EBITDA to net income, income from operations and net cash provided by operating activities, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures, for each of the periods indicated.


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,						Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018			2020			2019			2020			2019

	(dollars in millions)												(dollars in millions)
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	501		$	606		$	968		$	1,155		$	357		$	501		$	866		$	968
Changes in operating assets and liabilities and other	(316		)	(259		)	(557		)	(178		)	(230		)	(316		)	(462		)	(557		)
Deferred income taxes	(19		)	(29		)	(34		)	(74		)	(58		)	(19		)	(154		)	(34		)
Net income	166			318			377			903			69			166			250			377
Less:
Other income, net	21			23			32			53			12			21			32			32
Interest expense	(31		)	(28		)	(89		)	(96		)	(37		)	(31		)	(108		)	(89		)
Provision for income taxes	(50		)	(73		)	(120		)	(255		)
Benefit from (provision for) income taxes													15			(50		)	75			(120		)
Income from operations	226			396			554			1,201			79			226			251			554
Add:
Depreciation and amortization	178			161			525			473			196			178			577			525
Other income, net	21			23			32			53			12			21			32			32
EBITDA	$	425		$	580		$	1,111		$	1,727		$	287		$	425		$	860		$	1,111

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Summary

For the quarter ended September 30, 2020, net income attributable to Westlake was $57 million, or $0.45 per diluted share, on net sales of $1,898 million. This represents a decrease in net income attributable to Westlake of $101 million, or $0.77 per diluted share, compared to the quarter ended September 30, 2019 net income attributable to Westlake ~~was~~of $158 million, or $1.22 per diluted share, on net sales of $2,066 million. The decrease in net income was primarily due to the shutdowns of our Lake Charles facilities in late August and September due to Hurricane Laura, which resulted in lower plant operating rates, higher maintenance expense and lower production for many of our major products; lower sales prices for some of our major products; and an expense of $34 million associated with the closure of the non-integrated plant in Germany. These decreases were partially offset by the income tax rate benefit of $27 million, or $0.21 per diluted share, resulting from the carryback of federal net operating losses permitted by the CARES Act, higher sales volumes for downstream vinyl products and lower fuel costs. Income from operations for the quarter ended September 30, 2020 was $79 million, a $147 million decrease from income from operations of $226 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2019. The decrease in income from operations was primarily due to the shutdowns of our Lake Charles facilities in late August and September due to Hurricane Laura, which resulted in lower plant operating rates, higher maintenance expense and lower production for many of our major products; lower sales prices for some of our major products; higher feedstock costs; and an expense of $34 million associated with the closure of the non-integrated plant in Germany. The decreases were partially offset by higher downstream vinyl products sales and lower fuel costs. Net sales for the quarter ended September 30, 2020 decreased by $168 million compared to net sales for the quarter ended September 30, 2019, mainly due to lower sales prices for some of our major products and lower sales volumes for many of our major products, partially offset by higher sales volumes for vinyls downstream products.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, net income attributable to Westlake was $217 million, or $1.69 per diluted share, on net sales of $5,539 million. This represents a decrease in net income attributable to Westlake of ~~$150~~$132 million, or ~~$1.13~~$1.00 per diluted share, compared to the ~~third quarter of 2018~~nine months ended September 30, 2019 net income attributable to Westlake of ~~$308~~$349 million, or ~~$2.35~~$2.69 per diluted share, on net sales of ~~$2,255~~$6,235 million. The decrease in net income was primarily due to lower global sales prices for our major products and lower sales volumes for caustic soda resulting from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and lower crude oil prices. Net income for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 was also impacted by the shutdowns of our Lake Charles facilities in late August and September due to Hurricane Laura, which resulted in lower plant operating rates, higher maintenance expense and lower production for many of our major products. In addition, the nine months ended September 30, 2020 includes an expense of $34 million associated with the closure of the non-integrated plant in Germany and higher interest expense related to additional borrowings. These decreases were partially offset by the income tax rate benefit of $95 million, or $0.74 per diluted share, resulting from the carryback of federal net operating losses permitted by the CARES Act, higher sales volumes for vinyls downstream products and lower ethane feedstock and fuel costs, and selling, general and administrative expenses. Income from operations for the ~~third quarter of 2019~~nine months ended September 30, 2020 was ~~$226~~$251 million, a ~~$170~~$303 million decrease from income from operations of ~~$396~~$554 million for the ~~third quarter of 2018.~~nine months ended September 30, 2019. The ~~decreases~~decrease in ~~net income and~~ income from operations ~~versus the prior-year period were~~was primarily due to lower global sales prices for our major products, ~~resulting from the ongoing international trade uncertainties~~lower sales volume for caustic soda, lower operating rates and ~~slower global economic growth,~~higher maintenance expense due to Hurricane Laura. The decreases were partially offset by higher sales volumes for downstream vinyl products and lower ethane feedstock costs, fuel costs and ~~fuel~~selling, general and administrative costs. Net sales for the ~~third quarter of 2019~~nine months ended September 30, 2020 decreased by ~~$189~~$696 million compared to net sales for the ~~third quarter of 2018,~~nine months ended September 30, 2019, mainly due to lower sales prices for our major products and lower sales volumes for ~~PVC resin,~~caustic soda, partially offset by ~~an increase in~~higher sales volumes for ~~building products and PVC compounds. Restructuring, transaction and integration-related costs in the third quarter of 2019 were $8 million, or $0.03 per diluted share.~~

For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, net income attributable to Westlake was $349 million, or $2.69 per diluted share, on net sales of $6,235 million. This represents a decrease in net income attributable to Westlake of $524 million, or $3.98 per diluted share, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018 net income attributable to Westlake of $873 million, or $6.67 per diluted share, on net sales of $6,640 million. Income from operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was $554 million, a $647 million decrease from income from operations of $1,201 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The decreases in net income and income from operations were primarily due to lower sales prices for our major products, partially offset by lower ethane feedstock, purchased ethylene and fuel costs and higher polyethylene sales volume. Net sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 decreased by $405 million compared to net sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, mainly due to lower sales prices for our major products and lower sales volumes for PVC resins, partially offset by an increase in sales volumes for polyethylene, styrene and PVC compounds. Restructuring, transaction and integration-related costs for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 were $32 million, or $0.20 per diluted share.downstream vinyl products.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Third Quarter ~~2019~~2020 Compared with Third Quarter ~~2018~~2019

Net Sales. Net sales decreased by ~~$189~~$168 million, or 8%, to $1,898 million in the third quarter of 2020 from $2,066 million in the third quarter of 2019, ~~from $2,255 million in the third quarter of 2018,~~ primarily attributable to lower sales prices for our major products and lower sales volumes for ~~PVC resins,~~many of our major products, partially offset by higher sales volumes for ~~building products and PVC compounds.~~downstream vinyl products. Average sales prices for the third quarter of ~~2019~~2020 decreased by ~~12%~~3% as compared to the third quarter of ~~2018.~~2019, primarily due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and lower crude oil prices. Sales ~~volume increased~~volumes decreased by 4%5% for the third quarter of ~~2019~~2020 as compared to the third quarter of ~~2018.~~2019, primarily due to the impact of Hurricane Laura.

Gross Profit. Gross profit margin percentage ~~decreased~~was 13% in the third quarter of 2020 as compared to 18% in the third quarter of ~~2019 from 24%~~2019. The decrease in ~~the third quarter of 2018. The third quarter of 2019~~ gross profit margin ~~decreased~~was primarily due to ~~lower sales~~a decrease in prices for our major products ~~(resulting~~and lower sales volumes for many of our major products, higher maintenance expense and other costs related to lower production, in ~~lower margins),~~each case due to Hurricane Laura. In addition, we experienced higher feedstock costs during the quarter ended September 30, 2020. These decreases were partially offset by higher downstream vinyl products sales volumes and lower ~~ethane feedstock and~~ fuel ~~costs, as compared to the third quarter of 2018.~~costs.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses ~~decreased by $4~~in the third quarter of 2020 were $108 million, which was comparable to $110 million in the third quarter of ~~2019 as compared to $114 million in the third quarter~~2019.

Table of ~~2018. This decrease was mainly due to lower professional consulting fees, partially offset by the selling, general and administrative expenses related to NAKAN, which was acquired in January 2019.~~Contents

Amortization of Intangibles. Amortization expense was $27 million in the third quarter of ~~2019, as compared~~2020, which was comparable to ~~$24 million in~~ the third quarter of ~~2018. The increase in amortization expense was primarily due to intangible assets related to NAKAN.~~2019.

Restructuring, Transaction and Integration-related Costs. Restructuring, transaction and integration-related costs were $34 million in the third quarter of 2020, as compared to $8 million in the third quarter of ~~2019 were higher as compared to $5 million in the~~2019. The third quarter ~~of 2018. The~~2020 restructuring, transaction and integration-related costs ~~for~~primarily related to the closure of the non-integrated PVC plant located in Germany and included the $8 million write-off of certain assets and other expenses associated with the plant closure. For the three months ended September 30, 2019, ~~period~~the restructuring, transaction and integration-related costs of $8 million primarily consisted of restructuring expenses of $3 million related to certain Vinyls segment operations and integration-related consulting fees and costs associated with ~~acquisitions. The restructuring expenses represent charges associated with the write-off of certain assets. For the third quarter of 2019, the restructuring, transaction and integration-related costs~~acquisitions of $5 ~~million primarily consisted of integration-related consulting fees.~~million.

Interest Expense. Interest expense increased by $3$6 million to $37 million in the third quarter of 2020 from $31 million in the third quarter of 2019, ~~from $28 million in the third quarter of 2018,~~ primarily as a result of higher average debt outstanding in the third quarter of ~~2019~~2020 as compared to the third quarter of ~~2018.~~2019. The higher average debt balance in the third quarter of ~~2019~~2020 was primarily due to the issuance of the ~~1.625% 2029~~$300 million aggregate principal amount of 3.375% 2030 Senior Notes in ~~July 2019.~~June 2020 and lower interest capitalization due to lower activity with respect to capital expenditure projects. See "Liquidity and Capital Resources—Debt" below and Note ~~9 to the consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-Q for further discussion of our indebtedness.~~

~~Table of Contents~~

~~Other Income, Net~~. Other income, net decreased by $2 million to $21 million in the third quarter of 2019 from $23 million in the third quarter of 2018. In the third quarter of 2018, we recognized a one-time pension settlement gain of $14 million. In the third quarter of 2019, we recognized insurance proceeds of $5 million. In addition, interest income in the third quarter of 2019 was higher as compared to the third quarter of 2018.

~~Income Taxes.~~ The effective income tax rate was 23.1% for the third quarter of 2019 as compared to 18.7% for the third quarter of 2018. The effective tax rate in the third quarter of 2019 was higher as compared to the third quarter of 2018 primarily due to discrete tax adjustments related to the remeasurement of state deferred tax balances in the third quarter of 2018 and changes in income tax estimates based on the filing of the Company's prior-year U.S. federal tax return in each period.

~~Olefins Segment~~

~~Net Sales~~. Net sales for the Olefins segment decreased by $93 million, or 17%, to $448 million in the third quarter of 2019 from $541 million in the third quarter of 2018. The decrease was mainly due to lower sales prices for our major products. Average sales prices for the Olefins segment decreased by 22% in the third quarter of 2019 as compared to the third quarter of 2018, primarily due to increased olefins production from new industry capacity. Sales volumes for the Olefins segment increased by 5% in the third quarter of 2019 as compared to the third quarter of 2018.

~~Income from Operations~~. Income from operations for the Olefins segment decreased by $70 million to $92 million in the third quarter of 2019 from $162 million in the third quarter of 2018. This decrease in income from operations was primarily due to lower sales prices for our major products as a result of increased olefins production from new industry capacity, partially offset by lower feedstock and fuel costs. Trading activity for the third quarter of 2019 resulted in a loss of approximately $15 million as compared to a gain of $4 million for the third quarter of 2018.

~~Vinyls Segment~~

~~Net Sales~~. Net sales for the Vinyls segment decreased by $96 million, or 6%, in the third quarter of 2019 due to lower sales prices for our major products and lower sales volumes for PVC resins, partially offset by higher sales volumes for building products and PVC compounds, as compared to the prior-year period. Average sales prices for the Vinyls segment decreased by 9% in the third quarter of 2019, as compared to the third quarter of 2018. Sales volumes for the Vinyls segment increased by 3% in the third quarter of 2019 as compared to the third quarter of 2018.

~~Income from Operations.~~ Income from operations for the Vinyls segment decreased by $98 million to $153 million in the third quarter of 2019 from $251 million in the third quarter of 2018. This decrease in income from operations was primarily due to lower sales prices for caustic soda and PVC resins resulting from slower global economic growth and ongoing international trade uncertainties, partially offset by lower ethane feedstock and fuel costs.

~~Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 Compared with Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018~~

~~Net Sales~~. Net sales decreased by $405 million, or 6%, to $6,235 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 from $6,640 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, primarily attributable to lower sales prices for our major products and lower sales volumes for PVC resins, partially offset by higher sales volumes for polyethylene, styrene and PVC compounds. Average sales prices for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 decreased by 10% as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018. Sales volume increased by 4% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018.

~~Gross Profit~~. Gross profit margin percentage decreased to 16% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 from 25% in the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The gross profit margin decreased primarily due to lower sales prices for our major products (resulting in lower margins), partially offset by lower ethane feedstock, purchased ethylene and fuel costs, as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018.

~~Selling, General and Administrative Expenses~~. Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $6 million to $343 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, as compared to $337 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2018. This increase was mainly due to selling, general and administrative expenses related to NAKAN, partially offset by lower employee compensation and lower professional consulting fees.

~~Amortization of Intangibles.~~ Amortization expense was $81 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, as compared to $75 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The increase in amortization expense was primarily due to intangible assets related to NAKAN.

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~~Restructuring, Transaction and Integration-related Costs~~. Restructuring, transaction and integration-related costs of $32 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 were higher as compared to $20 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The restructuring, transaction and integration-related costs for the 2019 period primarily consisted of restructuring expenses of $22 million and acquisition costs. The restructuring expenses represent charges associated with the write-off of certain assets. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the restructuring, transaction and integration-related costs of $20 million primarily consisted of integration-related consulting fees and acquisition costs.

~~Interest Expense~~. Interest expense decreased by $7 million to $89 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 from $96 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, primarily as a result of lower average debt outstanding for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The lower average debt balance for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was mainly due to the redemption of senior notes in May 2018 and in February 2018, partially offset by the issuance of the 1.625% 2029 Senior Notes in July 2019. See "Liquidity and Capital Resources—Debt" below and Note 97 to the consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-Q for further discussion of our indebtedness.

Other Income, Net. Other income, net decreased by $9 million to $12 million in the third quarter of 2020, as compared to $21 million ~~to $32 million for~~in the ~~nine months ended September 30,~~third quarter of 2019, ~~from $53 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The decrease was~~ primarily due to lower interest income ~~from unconsolidated subsidiaries. Additionally, a one-time pension settlement gain~~and foreign exchange fluctuations. Prior-year period other income, net was also higher because we recognized insurance proceeds of ~~$14~~$5 million ~~was recognized~~ in the ~~nine months ended September 30, 2018.~~third quarter of 2019.

Income Taxes. The effective income tax rate was ~~24.1%~~a benefit of 27.8% for the ~~nine months ended September 30, 2019~~third quarter of 2020 as compared to ~~22.0%~~an expense of 23.1% for the ~~nine months ended September 30, 2018.~~third quarter of 2019. The change in effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was higher as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018 primarily due to discrete tax adjustments related to the remeasurement of state deferred tax balances in the third quarter of ~~2018~~2020 as compared to the third quarter of 2019 was primarily due to the income tax rate benefit resulting from the carryback of federal net operating loss as permitted under the CARES Act, partially offset by the reduction in the Section 199 domestic manufacturing deduction as a result of the net operating loss carryback.

Vinyls Segment

Net Sales. Net sales for the Vinyls segment decreased by $89 million, or 6%, to $1,529 million in the third quarter of 2020 from $1,618 million in the third quarter of 2019. The decrease was primarily due to lower sales prices for our major products and ~~changes~~lower sales volumes for many of our major products due to Hurricane Laura, partially offset by an increase in sales volumes for downstream vinyl products, as compared to the prior-year period. Average sales prices for the Vinyls segment decreased by 4% in the third quarter of 2020 as compared to the third quarter of 2019. Sales volumes for the Vinyls segment decreased by 2% in the third quarter of 2020 as compared to the third quarter of 2019.

Income from Operations. Income from operations for the Vinyls segment decreased by $111 million to $42 million in the third quarter of 2020 from $153 million in the third quarter of 2019. This decrease in income ~~tax estimates based on~~from operations versus the ~~filing~~prior-year period was primarily due to a decrease in prices for our major products and lower sales volumes for many of ~~the Company's prior-year U.S. federal tax return~~our major products, higher maintenance expense and other costs related to lower production, in each ~~period.~~case due to Hurricane Laura, and by an expense of $34 million related to the plant closure in Germany. These decreases were partially offset by higher sales volumes for downstream vinyl products and lower fuel costs.

Olefins Segment

Net Sales. Net sales for the Olefins segment decreased by ~~$142~~$79 million, or 9%18%, to ~~$1,384~~$369 million ~~for~~in the ~~nine months ended September 30, 2019~~third quarter of 2020 from ~~$1,526~~$448 million ~~for~~in the ~~nine months ended September 30, 2018.~~third quarter of 2019. The decrease was mainly due to lower sales ~~prices~~volumes for our major products ~~partially offset by higher polyethylene and styrene sales volumes.~~as a result of the impact of Hurricane Laura on production at our Lake Charles facilities in the third quarter of 2020. Average sales prices for the Olefins segment ~~decreased by 22% for~~in the ~~nine months ended September 30, 2019 as compared~~third quarter of 2020 were comparable to the ~~nine months ended September 30, 2018 primarily due to increased olefins production from new industry capacity and the sharp drop in global crude oil prices in late 2018.~~third quarter of 2019. Sales volumes for the Olefins segment ~~increased~~decreased by ~~13%~~18% in the ~~nine months ended September 30, 2019~~third quarter of 2020 as compared to the ~~nine months ended September 30, 2018.~~third quarter of 2019.

Income from Operations. Income from operations for the Olefins segment decreased by ~~$272~~$41 million to ~~$211~~$51 million ~~for~~in the ~~nine months ended September 30, 2019~~third quarter of 2020 from ~~$483~~$92 million ~~for~~in the ~~nine months ended September 30, 2018.~~third quarter of 2019. This decrease in income from operations was primarily due to lower sales volumes for our major products, higher maintenance expense and other costs related to lower production, in each case due to Hurricane Laura. In addition, we experienced higher feedstock costs during the quarter ended September 30, 2020. Trading activity for the third quarter of 2020 did not result in a net gain or loss as compared to a loss of $15 million for the third quarter of 2019.

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Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020 Compared with Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019

Net Sales. Net sales decreased by $696 million, or 11%, to $5,539 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 from $6,235 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019, primarily attributable to lower sales prices for our major products and lower sales volumes for caustic soda, partially offset by higher ~~polyethylene~~ sales volumes ~~and lower feedstock and fuel costs. Trading activity~~for downstream vinyl products. Average sales prices for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2019 resulted in a loss of approximately $26 million~~2020 decreased by 9% as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019 due to slower global economic activity as a ~~gain~~result of ~~$6 million~~the COVID-19 pandemic and lower crude oil prices. Sales volumes decreased by 2% for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2018.~~2020 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019.

Gross Profit. Gross profit margin percentage was 13% in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 as compared to 16% in the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease in gross profit margin was primarily due to lower global sales prices for our major products and lower sales volumes for caustic soda resulting from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and lower crude oil prices. Gross profit margin for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 was also impacted by the shutdown of our Lake Charles facilities in late August and September due to Hurricane Laura, which resulted in lower plant operating rates, higher maintenance expense and lower production for many of our major products. In addition, the nine months ended September 30, 2020 included an expense of $34 million associated with the closure of the non-integrated plant in Germany. These decreases were partially offset by the higher sales volumes for vinyls downstream products and lower ethane feedstock and fuel costs.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased by $11 million to $332 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 as compared to $343 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019. This decrease was mainly due to lower employee compensation and selling expenses.

Amortization of Intangibles. Amortization expense was $81 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2020, which was comparable to the nine months ended September 30, 2019.

Restructuring, Transaction and Integration-related Costs. Restructuring, transaction and integration-related costs in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 were $36 million as compared to $32 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The nine months ended September 30, 2020 restructuring, transaction and integration-related costs included $34 million of costs related to the closure of the non-integrated PVC plant located in Germany, which included the $8 million write-off of certain assets and other expenses associated with the plant closure. The restructuring, transaction and integration-related costs for the 2019 period primarily consisted of restructuring expenses of $22 million related to the write-off of certain assets and integration-related consulting fees and costs associated with acquisitions of $10 million.

Interest Expense. Interest expense increased by $19 million to $108 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 from $89 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019, primarily as a result of higher average debt outstanding in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The higher average debt balance in the 2020 period was primarily due to the borrowings of $1 billion under our revolving credit facility in March 2020 (which were fully repaid in June 2020), the issuance of the $300 million aggregate principal amount of 3.375% 2030 Senior Notes in June 2020, the issuance of the €700 million aggregate principal amount of 1.625% 2029 Senior Notes in July 2019 and lower interest capitalization due to lower activity with respect to capital expenditure projects during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 as compared to the prior-year period. See "Liquidity and Capital Resources—Debt" below and Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-Q for further discussion of our indebtedness.

Other Income, Net. Other income, net of $32 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 was comparable to the other income, net in the nine months ended September 30, 2019.

Income Taxes. The effective income tax rate was a benefit of 42.9% for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 as compared to an expense of 24.1% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The change in effective tax rate in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 as compared to the prior-year period was primarily due to the income tax rate benefit resulting from the carryback of federal net operating loss as permitted under the CARES Act, partially offset by the reduction in the Section 199 domestic manufacturing deduction as a result of the net operating loss carryback, the depletion deduction, the foreign earnings rate differential and the state income tax benefit.

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Vinyls Segment

Net Sales. Net sales for the Vinyls segment decreased by ~~$263~~$469 million, or 5%10%, to $4,382 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 from $4,851 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease was mainly due to lower sales prices for our major products and lower sales volumes for caustic soda, partially offset by higher sales volumes for downstream vinyl products, as compared to the prior-year period. Average sales prices for the Vinyls segment decreased by 7%8% in the nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the nine months ended September 30, ~~2018, mainly~~2019, primarily due to lower ~~sales prices for caustic soda~~global economic activity as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and lower ~~sales prices and volumes for PVC resins, partially offset by higher PVC compounds sales volumes.~~crude oil prices. Sales volumes for the Vinyls segment ~~increased~~decreased by 2% in the nine months ended September 30, ~~2019~~2020 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, ~~2018.~~2019.

Income from Operations. Income from operations for the Vinyls segment decreased by ~~$405~~$248 million to $135 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 from $383 million in the nine months ended September 30, ~~2019~~2019. This decrease in income from ~~$788~~operations was due to lower sales prices for our major products and lower sales volumes for caustic soda, mainly resulting from lower crude oil prices and slower global economic activity due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The decrease in income from operations versus the prior-year period was also due to lower sales volumes for many of our major products, higher maintenance expense and other costs related to lower production, in each case due to Hurricane Laura, and by an expense of $34 million related to the plant closure in Germany. These decreases were partially offset by higher sales volumes for downstream vinyl products and lower ethane feedstock costs, fuel and operating costs.

Olefins Segment

Net Sales. Net sales for the Olefins segment decreased by $227 million, or 16%, to $1,157 million in the nine months ended September 30, ~~2018.~~2020 from $1,384 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease was mainly due to lower sales prices for our major products. Our sales volumes in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 were also impacted by the lower production due to Hurricane Laura. Sales volumes for the Olefins segment decreased by 5% in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019. Average sales prices for the Olefins segment decreased by 12% in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019 due to lower global economic activity as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and lower crude oil prices.

Income from Operations. Income from operations for the Olefins segment decreased by $73 million to $138 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 from $211 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019. This decrease in income from operations was ~~primarily~~ due to lower ~~caustic soda~~sales prices for our major products, mainly resulting from lower crude oil prices and ~~PVC resin~~slower global economic activity due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The decrease in income from operations versus the prior-year period was also due to lower sales ~~prices,~~volumes for many of our major products, higher maintenance expense and other costs related to lower production, in each case due to Hurricane Laura. These decreases were partially offset by lower ~~purchased ethylene,~~ ethane feedstock ~~and fuel~~ costs.

~~Table~~ Trading activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 resulted in a gain of ~~Contents~~approximately $1 million as compared to a loss of $26 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019.

CASH FLOW DISCUSSION FOR THE NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, ~~2019~~2020 AND ~~2018~~2019

Cash Flows

Operating Activities

Operating activities provided cash of $866 million in the first nine months of 2020 compared to cash provided by operating activities of $968 million in the first nine months of ~~2019 compared to cash provided by operating activities of $1,155 million in the first nine months of 2018.~~2019. The ~~$187~~$102 million decrease in cash flows from operating activities was mainly due to ~~the~~a decrease in income from operations ~~during the first nine months of 2019 as compared~~due to the ~~first nine months of 2018, partially offset by a decrease~~factors discussed in "Summary" above and other working capital ~~requirements. The decrease in income from operations was primarily due to lower sales prices for our major products and other factors as discussed in the "Summary" above.~~changes. Changes in components of working capital, which we define for purposes of this cash flow discussion as accounts receivable, ~~net,~~ inventories, prepaid expenses and other current assets, less accounts ~~and notes~~ payable and accrued and other liabilities, ~~provided~~used cash of ~~$41~~$120 million in the first nine months of ~~2019,~~2020, compared to ~~$252~~$41 million of cash used in the first nine months of 2018, a favorable change of $293 million. The favorable changes were primarily due to changes in accounts receivable and inventories. The changes in accounts receivable and inventories were primarily the result of lower sales prices and lower inventory costsprovided in the first nine months of 2019, ~~as compared~~an unfavorable change of $161 million. The majority of the unfavorable changes were due to the ~~first nine months~~change in accounts receivable which was driven by the expected income tax refund resulting from the CARES Act, as discussed previously. Other changes in working capital were due to lower inventories and higher accounts payable and accrued liabilities, primarily driven by the changes in inventory levels and operating activities.

Table of ~~2018.~~Contents

Investing Activities

Net cash used for investing activities ~~during~~in the first nine months of ~~2019~~2020 was ~~$948~~$366 million as compared to net cash used for investing activities of ~~$561~~$948 million in the first nine months of ~~2018. Higher investing activities were primarily due to acquisitions for $314 million, net of cash acquired.~~2019. Capital expenditures were $403 million in the first nine months of 2020, which was lower by $201 million as compared to $604 million in the first nine months of ~~2019 compared~~2019. The decrease in capital expenditures was primarily due to ~~$507 million~~lower expenses for expansion projects in the first nine months of ~~2018.~~2020, as compared to the first nine months of 2019. Capital expenditures in the first nine months of 2020 and 2019 were related to our ongoing PVC and VCM expansions at the plants in Burghausen and Gendorf, Germany and at the plant located in Geismar, Louisiana. The remaining capital expenditures in the first nine months of 2019 and 2018 primarily related to projects to improve production capacity or reduce costs, maintenance and safety projects and environmental projects at our various facilities. ~~We spent $45~~In the first nine months of 2020, we received $44 million ~~and $53 million~~from our joint venture, LACC, representing a return of investment. The other investing activities in the first nine months of 2019 ~~and 2018, respectively, to fund the construction costs of the ethylene plant of our joint venture LACC, LLC. Additionally, we invested $10~~were acquisitions for $314 million, in ~~other unconsolidated subsidiaries in~~ the ~~first nine months~~aggregate, net of ~~2018.~~

~~Table~~acquired cash balances, and funding of ~~Contents~~

$45 million for LACC.

Financing Activities

Net cash ~~provided~~used for financing activities during the first nine months of ~~2019~~2020 was ~~$669~~$14 million as compared to net cash ~~used~~provided by financing activities of ~~$1,331~~$669 million in the first nine months of ~~2018.~~2019. In March 2020, out of an abundance of caution due to the COVID-19 pandemic, we borrowed $1,000 million under our revolving credit facility, which was fully repaid in June 2020. In June 2020, we also completed the registered public offering of $300 million aggregate principal amount of the 3.375% 2030 Senior Notes and, in August 2020, we redeemed the $100 million 6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Senior Notes. See "Liquidity and Capital Resources—Debt" below for more information. The remaining activities during the first nine months of 2020 were primarily related to the $102 million payment of cash dividends, the $39 million payment of cash distributions to noncontrolling interests, repurchases of our common stock of $54 million and the $17 million repayment of short-term notes payable. In the first nine months of 2019, we received net proceeds of $784 million from the issuance of the 1.625% 2029 Senior Notes and $63 million from the issuance of ~~WLKP~~Westlake Chemical Partners LP ("WLKP") common units. The remaining activities during the first nine months of 2019 were primarily related to the $98 million payment of cash dividends, the $40 million payment of cash distributions to noncontrolling interests and $30 million of repurchases of our common stock (under the 2014 Program) of $30 million, proceeds of $13 million from the issuance of short-term notes payable and $19 million for the repayment of short-term notes payable. The financing activities during the first nine months of 2018 were mainly related to the repayment of notes payable of $1,177 million, of which $704 million was used for the redemption of the 2021 Notes in February 2018, $461 million was used for the redemption of the 2023 Notes in May 2018 and the remaining balance was used for the repayment of short-term notes payable. The remaining activities during the first nine months of 2018 were primarily related to the $87 million payment of cash dividends, the $37 million payment of cash distributions to noncontrolling interests and proceeds from issuance of short-term notes payable to banks.stock.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Liquidity and Financing Arrangements

Our principal sources of liquidity are from cash and cash equivalents, cash from operations, short-term borrowings under the Credit Agreement and our long-term financing.

In November 2014, our Board of Directors authorized a $250 million stock repurchase program (the "2014 Program"). In November 2015, our Board of Directors approved the expansion of the 2014 Program by an additional $150 million. In August 2018, our Board of Directors approved the further expansion of the existing 2014 Program by an additional $150 million. As of September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, we had repurchased ~~6,080,191~~7,075,720 shares of our common stock for an aggregate purchase price of approximately ~~$365~~$419 million under the 2014 Program. During the nine months ended September 30, ~~2019, 517,712~~2020, we repurchased 995,529 shares of our common stock ~~were repurchased~~ under the 2014 Program. Purchases under the 2014 Program may be made either through the open market or in privately negotiated transactions. Decisions regarding the amount and the timing of purchases under the 2014 Program will be influenced by our cash on hand, our cash flow from operations, general market conditions and other factors. The 2014 Program may be discontinued by our Board of Directors at any time.

InOn October 4, 2018, WLKP and Westlake Partners GP, the general partner of WLKP, entered into an Equity Distribution Agreement with UBS Securities LLC, Barclays Capital Inc., Citigroup Global Markets Inc., Deutsche Bank Securities Inc., RBC Capital Markets, LLC, Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC to offer and sell WLKP's common units, from time to time, up to an aggregate offering amount of $50 million. This Equity Distribution Agreement was amended on February 28, 2020 to reference a new shelf registration for utilization under this agreement. No common units have been issued under this program in 2018, 2019 or in the nine months ended September 30, 2020.

On March 20, 2020, out of an abundance of caution, we borrowed $1 billion under our $1 billion revolving credit facility that is scheduled to mature on July ~~2019,~~24, 2023 (the "Credit Agreement") to maintain financial flexibility in light of uncertainty in the global markets caused by COVID-19. On June 4, 2020, we fully repaid the $1 billion of borrowings under the Credit Agreement and, as a result, have no current borrowings outstanding under our revolving credit facility.

On June 12, 2020, we completed the registered public offering of ~~€700~~$300 million aggregate principal amount of the ~~1.625% 2029~~3.375% 2030 Senior Notes. ~~We intend~~See "Liquidity and Capital Resources—Debt" below for more information.

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During June 2020, the Company directed the Authority to ~~use~~optionally redeem in full $100 million aggregate principal amount of the 2029 GO Zone Bonds on August 1, 2020 at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2029 GO Zone Bonds plus accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date. The 2029 GO Zone Bonds were offered by the Authority in July 2010 under the GO Zone Act for the benefit of the Company and bore interest at a rate of 6.50% per annum. In connection with the offering of the 2029 GO Zone Bonds in July 2010, the Company issued $100 million aggregate principal amount of the 6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Senior Notes to evidence and secure the Company's obligations under the Amended and Restated Loan Agreement relating to the 2029 GO Zone Bonds. On August 1, 2020, the Company purchased the 2029 GO Zone Bonds in lieu of optional redemption. In connection therewith, the 2029 GO Zone Bonds trustee surrendered the 6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Senior Notes for cancellation. A portion of the net proceeds from ~~this offering~~the issuance of the 3.375% 2030 Senior Notes was used to fund the purchase in lieu of optional redemption of the 2029 GO Zone Bonds.

During September 2020, the Company directed the Authority to optionally redeem in full (1) $89 million aggregate principal amount of the 2035 GO Zone Bonds and (2) $65 million aggregate principal amount of the 2035 IKE Zone Bonds (together with the 2035 GO Zone Bonds, the “2035 Revenue Bonds”), in each case, on November 1, 2020 at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2035 Revenue Bonds plus accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date. The 2035 GO Zone Bonds were issued by the Authority in December 2010 under the GO Zone Act for ~~general corporate purposes.~~

~~In 2015, Eagle, a wholly-owned subsidiary~~the benefit of the Company and ~~Lotte formed~~bore interest at a ~~joint venture, LACC, to design, build and operate an ethylene facility with 2.2 billion pounds~~rate of 6.50% per ~~year of ethylene production capacity. Pursuant to a contribution and subscription agreement between Eagle and LACC, Eagle contributed $225 million to LACC to fund construction costs~~annum. The 2035 IKE Zone Bonds were issued by the Authority in December 2010 under Section 704 of the ~~ethylene plant, representing approximately 12%~~Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 for the benefit of the ~~membership interests in LACC. As discussed above under "Recent Developments," Eagle recently entered into~~Company and bore interest at a ~~securities purchase agreement~~rate of 6.50% per annum. In connection with ~~Lotte to purchase at least an additional 34.787%~~the offering of the ~~membership interests~~2035 Revenue Bonds in ~~LACC~~December 2010, the Company issued $89 million aggregate principal amount of the 6 ½% 2035 GO Zone Senior Notes and $65 million aggregate principal amount of the 6 ½% 2035 IKE Zone Senior Notes to evidence and secure the Company's obligations under the Loan Agreements relating to the 2035 Revenue Bonds. On November 1, 2020, the Company purchased the 2035 Revenue Bonds in lieu of optional redemption. In connection with the purchase of the 2035 Revenue Bonds by the Company in lieu of optional redemption, the Authority is required to cause the 2035 Revenue Bonds trustee to surrender the 6 ½% 2035 GO Zone Senior Notes and the 6 ½% 2035 IKE Zone Senior Notes to the Senior Notes trustee for cancellation. A portion of the net proceeds from ~~Lotte for approximately $817 million. We currently expect~~the issuance of the 3.375% 2030 Senior Notes was used to fund the purchase ~~price for~~in lieu of optional redemption of the ~~transaction with cash on hand.~~2035 Revenue Bonds.

We believe that our sources of liquidity as described above are adequate to fund our normal operations and ongoing capital expenditures. Funding of any potential large expansions or ~~any other~~ potential acquisitions would likely necessitate, and therefore depend on, our ability to obtain additional financing in the future. We may not be able to access additional liquidity at cost effective interest rates due to the volatility of the commercial credit markets.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

As of September 30, ~~2019~~2020, our cash and cash equivalents totaled ~~$1,437~~$1,217 million. ~~In addition, we have the Credit Agreement available to supplement cash if needed, as described under "Debt" below.~~

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Debt

As of September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, our indebtedness totaled ~~$3.4~~$3.7 billion. See Note 97 to the consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-Q for a discussion of our long-term indebtedness. Defined terms used in this section have the definitions assigned to such terms in Note 97 to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 1 of this Form 10-Q.

Our ability to make payments on our indebtedness and to fund planned capital expenditures will depend on our ability to generate cash in the future, which is subject to general economic, financial, competitive, legislative, regulatory and other factors that are beyond our control. Based on our current level of operations and unless we were to undertake a new expansion or large acquisition, we believe our cash flows from operations, available cash and available borrowings under the Credit Agreement will be adequate to meet our normal operating needs for the foreseeable future.

Credit Agreement

On July 24, 2018, we entered into a new $1 billion ~~revolving credit facility that is scheduled to mature on July 24, 2023 (the "Credit Agreement")~~Credit Agreement and, in connection therewith, terminated the existing $1 billion revolving credit facility that was scheduled to mature on August 23, ~~2021 (the "Prior Credit Agreement").~~2021. The Credit Agreement bears interest at either (a) LIBOR plus a spread ranging from 1.00% to 1.75% or (b) Alternate Base Rate plus a spread ranging from 0.00% to 0.75% in each case depending on the credit rating of the Company. At September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, we had no borrowings outstanding under the Credit Agreement. As of September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, we had no outstanding letters of credit and had $1 billion of borrowing availability (absent an exercise of ~~$1 billion~~the accordion feature) under the Credit Agreement. The Credit Agreement contains certain affirmative and negative covenants, including a quarterly total leverage ratio financial maintenance covenant. As of September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, we were in compliance with the total leverage ratio financial maintenance covenant.

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The Credit Agreement also contains certain events of default and if and for so long as certain events of default have occurred and are continuing, any overdue amounts outstanding under the Credit Agreement will accrue interest at an increased rate, the lenders can terminate their commitments thereunder and payments of any outstanding amounts could be accelerated by the lenders. None of our subsidiaries are required to guarantee our obligations under the Credit Agreement.

The Credit Agreement includes a $150 million sub-limit for letters of credit, and any outstanding letters of credit will be deducted from availability under the facility. The Credit Agreement also provides for a discretionary $50 million commitment for swingline loans to be provided on a same-day basis. We may also increase the size of the facility, in increments of at least $25 million, up to a maximum of $500 million, subject to certain conditions and if certain lenders agree to commit to such an increase.

In connection with our entry into the Credit Agreement and termination of the Prior Credit Agreement on July 24, 2018, all guarantees by our subsidiaries of our payment obligations under the 4.375% 2047 Senior Notes, the 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes, the 3.60% 2026 Senior Notes and the 5.0% 2046 Senior Notes were released.

GO Zone Bonds and IKE Zone Bonds

In November 2017, the ~~Louisiana Local Government Environmental Facility and Development~~ Authority ~~(the "Authority")~~ completed the offering of $250 million aggregate principal amount of 3.50% tax-exempt revenue refunding bonds due November 1, 2032 (the "Refunding Bonds"), the net proceeds of which were used to redeem $250 million aggregate principal amount of the Authority's 6 ¾% tax-exempt revenue bonds due November 1, 2032 issued by the Authority under the ~~Gulf Opportunity~~GO Zone Act ~~of 2005 (the "GO Zone Act")~~ in December 2007. In connection with the issuance of the Refunding Bonds, we issued $250 million of the 3.5% 2032 GO Zone Refunding Senior Notes. The Refunding Bonds are subject to optional redemption by the Authority upon the direction of the Company at any time on or after November 1, 2027, for 100% of the principal plus accrued interest.

In July 2010, the Authority completed the reoffering of $100 million of the ~~6 ½%~~ 2029 GO Zone Bonds. In connection with the reoffering of the ~~6 ½%~~ 2029 GO Zone Bonds, we issued $100 million of the 6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Senior Notes. In December 2010, the Authority issued $89 million of the 6 ½% 2035 GO Zone Bonds. In connection with the issuance of the 6 ½% 2035 GO Zone Bonds, we issued $89 million of the 6 ½% 2035 GO Zone Senior Notes. In December 2010, the Authority completed the offering of $65 million of the 6 ½% 2035 IKE Zone Bonds under Section 704 of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of ~~2008 (the "IKE Zone Act").~~2008. In connection with the issuance of the 6 ½% 2035 IKE Zone Bonds, we issued $65 million of the 6 ½% 2035 IKE Zone Senior Notes.

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The 6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Bonds are subject to optional redemption by the Authority upon the direction of the Company at any time prior to August 1, 2020 for 100% of the principal plus accrued interest and a discounted "make whole" payment. On or after August 1, 2020, the 6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Bonds are subject to optional redemption by the Authority upon the direction of the Company for 100% of the principal plus accrued interest. The 6 ½% 2035 GO Zone Bonds and the 6 ½% 2035 IKE Zone Bonds are subject to optional redemption by the Authority upon the direction of the Company at any time prior to November 1, 2020 for 100% of the principal plus accrued interest and a discounted "make whole" payment. On or after November 1, 2020, the 6 ½% 2035 GO Zone Bonds and the 6 ½% 2035 IKE Zone Bonds are subject to optional redemption by the Authority upon the direction of the Company for 100% of the principal plus accrued interest.

In June 2020, we directed the Authority to optionally redeem in full $100 million aggregate principal amount of the outstanding 2029 GO Zone Bonds on August 1, 2020 at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2029 GO Zone Bonds plus accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date. On August 1, 2020, the Company purchased the 2029 GO Zone Bonds in lieu of optional redemption. In connection therewith, the GO Zone Bonds trustee surrendered the 6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Senior Notes for cancellation.

In September 2020, we directed the Authority to optionally redeem in full $89 million aggregate principal amount of the 2035 GO Zone Bonds and $65 million aggregate principal amount of the 2035 IKE Zone Bonds on November 1, 2020 at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2035 Revenue Bonds plus accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date. On November 1, 2020, the Company purchased the 2035 Revenue Bonds in lieu of optional redemption. In connection with the purchase of the 2035 Revenue Bonds by the Company in lieu of optional redemption, the Authority is required to cause the 2035 Revenue Bonds trustee to surrender the 6 ½% 2035 GO Zone Senior Notes and the 6 ½% 2035 IKE Zone Senior Notes to the Senior Notes trustee for cancellation.

3.60% Senior Notes due 2022

In July 2012, we issued $250 million aggregate principal amount of the 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes. We may optionally redeem the 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes at any time and from time to time prior to April 15, 2022 (three months prior to the maturity date) for 100% of the principal plus accrued interest and a discounted "make whole" payment. On or after April 15, 2022, we may optionally redeem the 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes for 100% of the principal plus accrued interest. The holders of the 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes may require us to repurchase the 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes at a price of 101% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to the date of repurchase, upon the occurrence of both a "change of control" and, within 60 days of such change of control, a "below investment grade rating event" (as such terms are defined in the indenture and supplemental indenture governing the 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes).

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Revenue Bonds

In December 1997, we entered into a loan agreement with a public trust established for public purposes for the benefit of the Parish of Calcasieu, Louisiana. The public trust issued $11 million principal amount of tax-exempt waste disposal revenue bonds in order to finance our construction of waste disposal facilities for an ethylene plant. The waste disposal revenue bonds expire in December 2027 and are subject to redemption and mandatory tender for purchase prior to maturity under certain conditions. Interest on the waste disposal revenue bonds accrues at a rate determined by a remarketing agent and is payable quarterly. The interest rate on the waste disposal revenue bonds at September 30, 2020 was 0.18% and at December 31, 2019 was 1.78%.

1.625% Senior Notes due 2029

In July 2019, we completed the registered public offering of €700 million aggregate principal amount of the 1.625% Senior Notes due July 17, 2029. The Company received approximately $779 million of net proceeds from the offering. We may optionally redeem the 1.625% 2029 Senior Notes at any time and from time to time prior to April 17, 2029 (three months prior to the maturity date) for 100% of the principal plus accrued interest and a discounted "make whole" payment. On or after April 17, 2029, we may optionally redeem the 1.625% 2029 Senior Notes for 100% of the principal amount plus accrued interest. The holders of the 1.625% 2029 Senior Notes may require us to repurchase the 1.625% 2029 Senior Notes at a price of 101% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to the date of repurchase, upon the occurrence of both a "change of control" and, within 60 days of such change of control, a "below investment grade rating event" (as such terms are defined in the indenture and supplemental indenture governing the 1.625% 2029 Senior Notes).

3.375% Senior Notes due 2030

On June 12, 2020, we completed the registered public offering of $300 million aggregate principal amount of the 3.375% 2030 Senior Notes. We may optionally redeem the 3.375% 2030 Senior Notes at any time and from time to time prior to March 15, 2030 (three months prior to the maturity date) for 100% of the principal plus accrued interest and a discount "make whole" payment. On or after March 15, 2030, we may optionally redeem the 3.375% 2030 Senior Notes for 100% of the principal amount plus accrued interest. The holders of the 3.375% 2030 Senior Notes may require us to repurchase the 3.375% 2030 Senior Notes at a price of 101% of the principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the date of repurchase, upon the occurrence of both a "change of control" and, within 60 days of such change of control, a "below investment grade rating event" (as such terms are defined in the indenture and supplemental indenture governing the 3.375% 2030 Senior Notes).

3.60% Senior Notes due 2026 and 5.0% Senior Notes due 2046

In August 2016, we completed the private offering of $750 million aggregate principal amount of our 3.60% 2026 Senior Notes and $700 million aggregate principal amount of our 5.0% 2046 Senior Notes. In March 2017, the Company commenced registered exchange offers to exchange the 3.60% 2026 Senior Notes and the 5.0% 2046 Senior Notes for new notes that are identical in all material respects to the 3.60% 2026 Senior Notes and the 5.0% 2046 Senior Notes, except that the offer and issuance of the new Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC")-registered notes have been registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"). The exchange offers expired on April 24, 2017, and approximately 99.97% of the 3.60% 2026 Senior Notes and 100% of the 5.0% 2046 Senior Notes were exchanged. The notes that were not exchanged in the exchange offers have not been registered under the Securities Act or any state securities laws and may not be offered or sold in the U.S. absent registration or an applicable exemption from registration requirements or a transaction not subject to the registration requirements of the Securities Act or any state securities law.

~~3.60% Senior Notes due 2022~~

4.375% Senior Notes due 2047

In November 2017, we completed the registered public offering of $500 million aggregate principal amount of 4.375% Senior Notes due November 15, 2047. We may optionally redeem the 4.375% 2047 Senior Notes at any time and from time to time prior to May 15, 2047 (six months prior to the maturity date) for 100% of the principal plus accrued interest and a discounted "make whole" payment. On or after May 15, 2047, we may optionally redeem the 4.375% 2047 Senior Notes for 100% of the principal amount plus accrued interest. The holders of the 4.375% 2047 Senior Notes may require us to repurchase the 4.375% 2047 Senior Notes at a price of 101% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the date of repurchase, upon the occurrence of both a "change of control" and, within 60 days of such change of control, a "below investment grade rating event" (as such terms are defined in the indenture and supplemental indenture governing the 4.375% 2047 Senior Notes).

~~Revenue Bonds~~

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~~1.625%~~The indenture and supplemental indentures governing the 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes, ~~due 2029~~

~~In July 2019, we completed~~ the ~~registered public offering of €700 million aggregate principal amount of the 1.625%~~3.60% 2026 Senior Notes, ~~due July 17, 2029. The Company received approximately $779 million of net proceeds from the offering. We may optionally redeem~~ the 1.625% 2029 Senior Notes, ~~at any time and from time to time prior to April 17, 2029 (three months prior to~~ the maturity date) for 100% of the principal plus accrued interest and a discounted "make whole" payment. On or after April 17, 2029, we may optionally redeem the 1.625% 2029 Senior Notes for 100% of the principal amount plus accrued interest. The holders of the 1.625% 2029 Senior Notes may require us to repurchase the 2029 Senior Notes at a price of 101% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to the date of repurchase, upon the occurrence of both a "change of control" and, within 60 days of such change of control, a "below investment grade rating event" (as such terms are defined in the indenture and supplemental indenture governing the 1.625% 2029 Senior Notes).

~~The indenture and supplemental indebtedness governing the 3.60% 2026~~3.375% 2030 Senior Notes, the 5.0% 2046 Senior Notes, ~~the 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes,~~and the 4.375% 2047 ~~Senior Notes and the 1.625% 2029~~ Senior Notes, contain customary events of default and covenants that, ~~will~~among other things and subject to certain exceptions, restrict us and certain of our subsidiaries' ability to (1) incur certain secured indebtedness, (2) engage in certain ~~sale-leaseback~~sale and leaseback transactions and (3) consolidate, merge or transfer all or substantially all of its assets.

As of September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, we were in compliance with all of our long-term debt covenants.

Westlake Chemical Partners LP Credit Arrangements

Our subsidiary, Westlake Chemical Finance Corporation, is the lender party to a $600 million revolving credit facility with WLKP, originally entered into on April 29, 2015. ~~The~~On March 19, 2020, the revolving credit facility was amended to extend the maturity to March 2023 and add a phase-out provision for LIBOR, which is ~~scheduled~~ to ~~mature on April 29, 2021.~~be replaced by an alternate benchmark rate. Borrowings under the revolver bear interest, payable quarterly, at a variable rate of either (a) LIBOR plus ~~a spread ranging from~~ 2.0% ~~to 3.0% (depending on WLKP's consolidated leverage ratio), payable quarterly.~~or (b) Alternate Base Rate plus 1.0%. WLKP may pay all or a portion of the interest on any borrowings in kind, in which case any such amounts would be added to the principal amount of the loan. As of September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, outstanding borrowings under the credit facility totaled $377 million and bore interest at the LIBOR rate plus 2.0%.

Our subsidiary, Westlake Polymers LLC, is the administrative agent to a $600 million revolving credit facility with ~~OpCo.~~Westlake Chemical OpCo LP ("OpCo"). The revolving credit facility is scheduled to mature in September 2023. As of September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, outstanding borrowings under the credit facility totaled $23 million and bore interest at the LIBOR rate plus 2.0%, which is accrued in arrears quarterly.

We consolidate WLKP and OpCo for financial reporting purposes as we have a controlling financial interest. As such, the revolving credit facilities described above between our subsidiaries and WLKP and OpCo are eliminated upon consolidation.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

None.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides safe harbor provisions for forward-looking information. Certain of the statements contained in this report are forward-looking statements. All statements, other than statements of historical facts, included in this report that address activities, events or developments that we expect, project, believe or anticipate will or may occur in the future are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of words such as "believes," "intends," "may," "should," "could," "anticipates," "expected" or comparable terminology, or by discussions of strategies or trends. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot give any assurances that these expectations will prove to be correct. Forward-looking statements relate to matters such as:

future operating rates, margins, cash flows and demand for our ~~products;~~products (including product pricing);

industry market outlook, including the price of crude ~~oil;~~oil and addition of new industry capacity;

widespread outbreak of an illness or any other communicable disease, or any other public health crisis, including the COVID-19 pandemic;

our plans to respond to the challenges presented by the COVID-19 pandemic, including planned reductions of costs, increases of operating efficiencies and lowering of our capital spending, as well as the timing and deferral of the planned turnaround at our Petro 2 ethylene unit;

production capacities;

currency devaluation;

our ability to borrow additional funds under our credit agreement;

our ability to meet our liquidity needs;

our ability to meet debt obligations under our debt instruments;

our intended quarterly dividends;

future capacity additions and expansions in the industries in which we compete;

results of acquisitions;

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~~results of acquisitions, including our acquisition of NAKAN;~~

timing, funding and results of capital ~~projects, such as the construction of the LACC plant and associated facilities;~~projects;

pension plan obligations, funding requirements and investment policies;

compliance with present and future environmental regulations and costs associated with environmentally related penalties, capital expenditures, remedial actions and proceedings, including any new laws, regulations or treaties that may come into force to limit or control carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions or to address other issues of climate change;

effects of pending legal proceedings; and

timing of and amount of capital expenditures.

We have based these statements on assumptions and analyses in light of our experience and perception of historical trends, current conditions, expected future developments and other factors we believe were appropriate in the circumstances when the statements were made. Forward-looking statements by their nature involve substantial risks and uncertainties that could significantly impact expected results, and actual future results could differ materially from those described in such statements. While it is not possible to identify all factors, we continue to face many risks and uncertainties. Among the factors that could cause actual future results to differ materially are the risks and uncertainties discussed under "Risk Factors" in the ~~2018~~2019 Form 10-K and those described from time to time in our other filings with the SEC including, but not limited to, the following:

general economic and business conditions;

the cyclical nature of the chemical and building products industries;

the availability, cost and volatility of raw materials and energy;

uncertainties associated with the United States, European and worldwide economies, including those due to political tensions and unrest in the Middle East and elsewhere;

uncertainties associated with pandemic infectious diseases, particularly COVID-19;

current and potential governmental regulatory actions in the United States and other ~~countries and political unrest in other areas;~~countries;

industry production capacity and operating rates;

the supply/demand balance for our products;

competitive products and pricing pressures;

instability in the credit and financial markets;

access to capital markets;

terrorist acts;

operating interruptions (including leaks, explosions, fires, weather-related incidents, mechanical failure, unscheduled downtime, labor difficulties, transportation interruptions, spills and releases and other environmental risks);

changes in laws or regulations, including trade policies;

technological developments;

foreign currency exchange risks;

our ability to implement our business strategies; and

creditworthiness of our customers.

Many of such factors are beyond our ability to control or predict. Any of the factors, or a combination of these factors, could materially affect our future results of operations and the ultimate accuracy of the forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are not guarantees of our future performance, and our actual results and future developments may differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Management cautions against putting undue reliance on forward-looking statements or projecting any future results based on such statements or present or prior earnings levels. Every forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date of the particular statement, and we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements.

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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Commodity Price Risk

A substantial portion of our products and raw materials (such as ethane, natural gas and propane) are commodities whose prices fluctuate as market supply and demand fundamentals change. Accordingly, product margins and the level of our profitability tend to fluctuate with changes in the business cycle. We try to protect against such instability through various business strategies. Our strategies include ethylene product feedstock flexibility and moving downstream into the olefins and vinyls products where pricing is more stable. We use derivative instruments in certain instances to reduce price volatility risk on feedstocks and products. Based on our open derivative positions on ethane at September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, a hypothetical $0.10 increase in the price of a gallon of ethane would have increased our income before income taxes by ~~$16~~$36 million and a hypothetical $0.10 increase in the price of a MMBtu of natural gas would have decreased our income before income taxes by $2 million. Based on our open derivative positions at September 30, ~~2019,~~2020 on ethylene (which are related to OpCo's third party sales), a hypothetical $0.10 decrease in the price of a pound of ethylene would have increased our income before income taxes by ~~$12~~$2 million.

Interest Rate Risk

We are exposed to interest rate risk with respect to fixed and variable rate debt. At September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, we had ~~$3,468~~$3,725 million aggregate principal amount of fixed rate debt. We are subject to the risk of higher interest cost if and when this debt is refinanced. If interest rates were 1.0% higher at the time of refinancing, our annual interest expense would increase by approximately ~~$35~~$37 million. Also, at September 30, ~~2019~~2020, we had $11 million principal amount of variable rate debt outstanding, which represents the tax-exempt waste disposal revenue bonds. We do not currently hedge our variable interest rate debt, but we may do so in the future. The average variable interest rate for our variable rate debt of $11 million as of September 30, ~~2019~~2020 was ~~1.70%~~0.18%. A hypothetical 100 basis point increase in the average interest rate on our variable rate debt would not result in a material change in ~~the~~our annual interest expense.

LIBOR is used as a reference rate for borrowings under our revolving line of ~~credit, which is currently undrawn.~~credit. LIBOR is set to be phased out at the end of ~~2021.~~2021 and replaced by an alternate benchmark rate. We ~~are currently reviewing how the LIBOR phase-out will affect the Company, but we~~ do not expect the impact of the LIBOR phase out to be material.

Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk

We are exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk associated with our international operations. However, the effect of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates caused by our international operations has not had a material impact on our overall operating results. We may engage in activities to mitigate our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk in certain instances through the use of currency exchange derivative instruments, including forward exchange contracts, cross-currency swaps or spot purchases. A forward exchange contract obligates us to exchange predetermined amounts of specified currencies at a stated exchange rate on a stated date. A cross-currency swap obligates us to make periodic payments in the local currency and receive periodic payments in our functional currency based on the notional amount of the instrument. In January 2018, we entered into foreign exchange hedging contracts designated as net investment hedges ~~with an aggregate notional value of €220 million designed~~ to reduce the volatility in stockholders' equity from changes in currency exchange rates associated with our net investments in foreign operations. ~~In July 2019, we terminated a portion of the foreign exchange hedging contract amounting to a notional value of €70 million.~~ The notional value of the net investment hedges was €150 million at September 30, ~~2019.~~2020. The arrangement is scheduled to mature in 2026.

In July 2019, we completed the registered public offering of €700 million aggregate principal amount of the 1.625% Senior Notes due ~~July 17,~~ 2029. We designated this euro-denominated debt as a non-derivative net investment hedge of a portion of our net investments in euro functional-currency denominated subsidiaries to offset foreign currency fluctuations.

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Item 4. Controls and Procedures

We carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our President and Chief Executive Officer and our Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rules 13a-15 or 15d-15 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based upon that evaluation, our President and Chief Executive Officer and our Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective with respect to (i) the accumulation and communication to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, of information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we submit under the Exchange Act, and (ii) the recording, processing, summarizing and reporting of such information within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms.

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There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the three months ended September 30, ~~2019~~2020 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

The ~~2018~~2019 Form 10-K, filed on February ~~20, 2019,~~19, 2020, contained a description of various legal proceedings in which we are involved. See below and Note 1613 to the unaudited consolidated financial statements within this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for description of certain of those proceedings, which information is incorporated by reference herein.

We and other caustic soda producers were named as defendants in multiple purported class action civil lawsuits filed since March 2019 in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of New York. The lawsuits allege the defendants conspired to fix, raise, maintain and stabilize the price of caustic soda, restrict domestic (U.S.) supply of caustic soda and allocate caustic soda customers. The other defendants named in the lawsuits are Olin Corporation, K.A. Steel Chemicals (a wholly owned subsidiary of Olin), Occidental Petroleum Corporation, Occidental Chemical Corporation d/b/a OxyChem, Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd., Shintech Incorporated, Formosa Plastics Corporation, and Formosa Plastics Corporation, U.S.A. Each of the lawsuits is filed on behalf of the respective named plaintiff or plaintiffs and a putative class comprised of either direct purchasers or indirect purchasers of caustic soda in the U.S. ~~Plaintiffs~~The plaintiffs seek an unspecified amount of damages and injunctive relief. ~~We have already moved~~The defendant's joint motion to dismiss the ~~majority~~direct purchaser lawsuits was denied, so those cases will proceed with discovery. In October 2020, a similar class action proceeding was filed in Canada before the Superior Court of Quebec. This case seeks authorization of a class action on behalf of all residents of Canada who purchased caustic soda or products containing caustic soda from October 1, 2015 through the date of the ~~lawsuits filed and plan to file similar motions with respect to~~authorization of such class action or such other date deemed appropriate by the ~~remaining lawsuits.~~court. At this time, we are not able to estimate the impact, if any, that these lawsuits could have on our consolidated financial statements either in the current period or in future periods.

From time to time, we receive notices or inquiries from government entities regarding alleged violations of environmental laws and regulations pertaining to, among other things, the disposal, emission and storage of chemical substances, including hazardous wastes. Item 103 of the SEC's Regulation S-K requires disclosure of certain environmental matters when a governmental authority is a party to the proceedings and the proceedings involve potential monetary sanctions, unless we reasonably believe such sanctions would not exceed $100,000.

In May 2013, an amendment to an existing consent order agreed to by the West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection and a predecessor of Axiall required that it, among other things, pay a penalty in the amount of $449,000 and continue certain corrective actions associated with discharges of hexachlorocyclohexane (commonly referred to as BHC) from the Natrium facility's effluent discharge outfalls. The penalty was paid and corrective actions required are on-going per a December 2018 agreement to extend the compliance date under the amended consent order. The amended consent order also imposes stipulated penalties for exceedances of the facility's interim effluent discharge limits, which penalties we believe may, in the aggregate, reach or exceed $100,000.

~~During September 2010, our vinyls facilities in Lake Charles and Plaquemine each received a Consolidated Compliance Order and Notice~~

Table of Potential Penalty, alleging violations of various requirements of those facilities' air permits, based largely on self-reported permit deviations related to record-keeping violations. We have been negotiating a possible global settlement of these and several other matters with the Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality ("LDEQ"). In May 2018, we reached an agreement in principal with the LDEQ to resolve these consolidated enforcement matters for a penalty of $162,500. The settlement agreement is being prepared and when finalized will be subject to public comment and approval by the Louisiana Attorney General.Contents

For several years, the Environmental Protection Agency (the "EPA") has been conducting an enforcement initiative against petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants with respect to emissions from flares. On April 21, 2014, we received a Clean Air Act Section 114 Information Request from the EPA which sought information regarding flares at the Calvert City facility and certain Lake Charles facilities. The EPA has informed us that the information provided leads the EPA to believe that some of the flares are out of compliance with applicable standards. The EPA has indicated that it is seeking a consent decree that would obligate us to take corrective actions relating to the alleged noncompliance. We believe the resolution of these matters may require the payment of a monetary sanction in excess of $100,000.

Region Six of the EPA has investigated and inspected our compliance with Risk Management Program requirements under the Clean Air Act at our Geismar ~~Louisiana~~ facility. We ~~believe resolution~~entered into a consent agreement and final order with the EPA in February 2020 to resolve this matter. Under that consent agreement and final order, we paid a penalty in the amount of $132,000 in March 2020. In addition, the ~~matter may require the payment~~consent agreement and final order requires us to complete a supplemental environmental project with a cost of ~~a monetary sanction in excess of $100,000.~~

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$116,200.

On November 24, 2014, we entered into an agreed order with the Kentucky Energy and Environmental Cabinet ("KEEC") regarding our Kentucky Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit limits for hexachlorobenzene and mercury at our Calvert City, Kentucky facility. We and the KEEC entered into a new agreed order under which we will be subject to new interim discharge limits for hexachlorobenzene in addition to accompanying stipulated penalties for exceedances of those interim discharge limits, which penalties we believe may, in the aggregate, reach or exceed $100,000.

In August 2019, the Ohio Valley Environmental Coalition and the Sierra Club filed suit against the Company in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of West Virginia alleging violations since May 2014 of discharge limits under a state-issued permit at our Natrium, West Virginia facility and seeking damages and injunctive relief. The Natrium facility's National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System ("NPDES") permit is subject to a consent order entered into with the West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection ("WVDEP"). Under the consent order and NPDES permit, the Natrium facility is subject to interim discharge limits for hexachlorocyclohexane (commonly referred to as "BHC") and mercury, any exceedances of which are subject to stipulated penalties outlined in the consent order. In March 2020, the court granted the Company's motion for summary judgment as to the plaintiffs' claims related to discharges of BHC, but denied summary judgment on plaintiffs' mercury claims. After exchange of expert reports in the matter and the issuance of a new NPDES permit by WVDEP, the parties initiated settlement discussions. On September 1, 2020, the court granted a joint motion to stay the proceedings while a settlement agreement is finalized. If a settlement is finalized, we do not believe this lawsuit will have any material impact on our consolidated financial statements either in the current period or in future periods, but the resolution of these matters may require a payment in excess of $100,000.

We do not believe that the resolution of any or all of these matters will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

For a discussion of risk factors, please read Item 1A, "Risk Factors" in the ~~2018~~2019 Form 10-K. The information below includes additional risk relating to COVID-19. The risks described below and in other documents that we file from time to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, cash flow, liquidity or financial condition.

The ongoing coronavirus ("COVID-19") pandemic could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The ongoing COVID-19 outbreak, which the World Health Organization declared as a pandemic on March 11, 2020, has continued to be a rapidly evolving situation. It has resulted in authorities implementing numerous measures to try to contain the disease, such as travel bans and restrictions, quarantines, shelter-in-place orders and shutdowns, among others. There have been widespread adverse impacts on the global economy, many of our facilities and on our employees, customers and suppliers.

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We have modified certain business practices (including those related to employee travel, employee work locations and employee work practices) to conform to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the World Health Organization and other government restrictions and best practices encouraged by governmental and health authorities. However, the quarantine of personnel or the inability to access our facilities could adversely affect our operations. We may take further actions as required by government authorities from time to time or that we determine are in the best interests of our employees, customers, partners and suppliers. There is no certainty that such measures will be sufficient to mitigate the risks posed by the disease, and our ability to perform certain functions could be harmed.

In addition, while the potential impact and duration of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global economy and our business in particular may be difficult to assess or predict, the pandemic resulted in significant disruptions of global financial markets in the first half of 2020 and may continue to result in significant disruption of global financial markets if the pandemic continues, which may reduce our ability to access capital or our customers' ability to pay us for past or future purchases, which could negatively affect our liquidity. We may need to consider alternative sources of funding for some of our operations and for working capital, which may increase our cost of capital. The COVID-19 pandemic could also reduce the demand for our products, and we may have to temporarily idle plants or reduce operating rates. These impacts could adversely affect our results in the near future. In addition, a recession or a financial market correction resulting from the spread of COVID-19 could adversely affect demand for our products.

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to persist, and we continue to monitor the COVID-19 situation closely. The ultimate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic or a similar health epidemic is considerably uncertain and subject to change. The extent of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our operational and financial performance will depend on future developments, including, but not limited to, the duration and spread of the outbreak, its severity, the actions to contain the disease or treat its impact, related governmental restrictions and the duration, timing and severity of the impact on customer spending, including any recession resulting from the pandemic, all of which are uncertain and cannot be predicted. An extended period of global supply chain and economic disruption as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic could have a material ~~changes from those~~negative impact on our business, results of operations, access to sources of liquidity and financial condition, though the full extent and duration is uncertain. To the extent that the COVID-19 pandemic adversely impacts our business, results of operations, liquidity or financial condition, it may also have the effect of increasing many of the other risk ~~factors.~~factors described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

The following table provides information on our purchase of equity securities during the quarter ended September 30, ~~2019~~2020.

Period
Total Number
of Shares
Purchased ⁽¹⁾

Average Price
Paid Per
Share

Total Number
of Shares
Purchased as Part
of Publicly
Announced Plans
or Programs ⁽²⁾

Maximum Number
(or Approximate
Dollar Value) of
Shares that
May Yet Be
Purchased Under the
Plans or Programs ⁽²⁾
July 2019 —
$ —
—
$ 194,872,000
August 2019 177,323
$ 57.23
174,972
$ 184,872,000
September 2019 2,855
$ 63.22
—
$ 184,872,000
180,178
$ 57.33
174,972



Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased ⁽¹⁾	Average Price Paid Per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs ⁽²⁾	Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs ⁽²⁾
July 2020	201	$	55.61	—	$	131,155,000
August 2020	96	57.31		—	131,155,000
September 2020	645	62.52		—	131,155,000
	942	$	60.52	—

_____________


(1)	~~Includes 2,351~~Represents 201, 96 and ~~2,855~~645 shares withheld in July 2020, August ~~2019~~2020 and September ~~2019,~~2020, respectively, in satisfaction of withholding taxes due upon the vesting of restricted stock units granted to our employees under the 2013 Plan.

(2)

In November 2014, our Board of Directors authorized a $250 million stock repurchase program (the "2014 Program"). In November 2015, our Board of Directors approved the expansion of the 2014 Program by an additional $150 million. In August 2018, our Board of Directors approved the further expansion of the existing 2014 Program by an additional $150 million. As of September 30, ~~2019, 6,080,191~~2020, 7,075,720 shares of our common stock had been acquired at an aggregate purchase price of approximately ~~$365~~$419 million under the 2014 Program. Transaction fees and commissions are not reported in the average price paid per share in the table above. Decisions regarding the amount and the timing of purchases under the 2014 Program will be influenced by our cash on hand, our cash flows from operations, general market conditions and other factors. The 2014 Program may be discontinued by our Board of Directors at any time.

4142

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Item 6. Exhibits



Exhibit No.		Exhibit Index

~~4.1~~		Twelfth Supplemental Indenture (including the form of the Notes), dated as of July 17, 2019, between Westlake Chemical Corporation and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Westlake's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 17, 2019, File No. 1-32260).

~~4.2~~		Paying Agency Agreement dated as of July 17, 2019, between Westlake Chemical Corporation and The Bank of New York Mellon, London Branch, as paying agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to Westlake's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on July 17, 2019, File No. 1-32260).

31.1†		Rule 13a – 14(a) / 15d – 14(a) Certification (Principal Executive Officer)

31.2†		Rule 13a – 14(a) / 15d – 14(a) Certification (Principal Financial Officer)

32.1#		Section 1350 Certification (Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer)

101.INS†		XBRL Instance Document - The instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document

101.SCH†		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL†		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF†		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB†		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE†		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

104		Cover Page Interactive Data File - The cover page interactive data file does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL ~~document.~~document and contained in Exhibit 101


†	Filed herewith.


#	Furnished herewith.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.



		WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION

Date:	November ~~6, 2019~~4, 2020	By:	/S/ ALBERT CHAO
			Albert Chao
			President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)

Date:	November ~~6, 2019~~4, 2020	By:	/S/ M. STEVEN BENDER
			M. Steven Bender
			Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

4344



Operating Lease Assets and Liabilities	Balance Sheet Location	Amounts Recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheet January 1, 2019
Right-of-use assets	Operating lease right-of-use assets	$	421
Current lease liabilities	Accrued and other liabilities	(94		)
Non-current lease liabilities	Operating lease liabilities	(331		)
Deferred rent	Other liabilities	4



	September 30, 2019
Operating Leases
Right-of-use assets	$	417

Accrued and other liabilities	$	92
Operating lease liabilities	330
Total operating lease liabilities	$	422

Weighted Average Remaining Term (in years)	7
Weighted Average Lease Discount Rate	3.6		%



	Three Months Ended September 30, 2019		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
Operating lease cost ⁽¹⁾	$	29	$	85
Short-term lease cost	15		43
Total operating lease cost	$	44	$	128



	Operating Leases
2019 (excluding the nine months ended September 30, 2019)	$	28
2020	100
2021	78
2022	64
2023	50
Thereafter	189
Total lease payments	509
Less: imputed interest	(87		)
Present value of lease liabilities	$	422



	Investment in LACC
Balance at December 31, 2018	$	183
Cash contributions	45
Depreciation and amortization	(1		)
Balance at September 30, 2019	$	227



	Benefits Liability, Net of Tax			Cumulative Foreign Currency Exchange, Net of Tax			Total
Balances at December 31, 2017	$	43		$	(36	)	$	7
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	20			(40		)	(20		)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(11		)	—			(11		)
Net other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation	9			(40		)	(31		)
Balances at September 30, 2018	$	52		$	(76	)	$	(24	)

Balances at December 31, 2018	$	27		$	(89	)	$	(62	)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	—			(4		)	(4		)
Net other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation	—			(4		)	(4		)
Balances at September 30, 2019	$	27		$	(93	)	$	(66	)



	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
Operating cash flows from operating leases ⁽¹⁾	$	83
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations	70



Cash	$	10
Accounts receivable	53
Inventories	40
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	7
Property, plant and equipment	75
Operating lease right-of-use assets	3
Intangible assets:
Customer relationships (weighted average lives of 17 years)	65
Technology (weighted average lives of 14 years)	40
Trade name (life of 15 years)	25
Other assets	12
Total assets acquired	330
Accounts and notes payable	57
Accrued and other liabilities	18
Deferred income taxes	31
Pension and other post-retirement benefits	4
Operating lease liabilities	3
Other long-term liabilities	8
Total liabilities assumed	121
Total identifiable net assets acquired	209
Goodwill	40
Total purchase consideration	$	249

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Emerging growth company