UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q


☒			QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 or 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended ~~June~~September 30, 2023


☐			TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 or 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number 1-32375

Comstock Holding Companies, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Delaware			20-1164345
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)			(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

1900 Reston Metro Plaza, 10th Floor

Reston, Virginia 20190

(703) 230-1985

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of principal executive offices)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class

Trading
Symbol(s)

Name of each exchange on which registered

Class A Common Stock, $0.01 par value

CHCI

NASDAQ Capital Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (Section 232.405) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer

☐

Accelerated filer

☐

Non-accelerated filer

☒

Smaller reporting company

☒

Emerging growth company

☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by checkmark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of ~~July~~October 31, 2023, ~~9,425,497~~9,431,508 shares of Class A common stock, par value $0.01 per share, and 220,250 shares of Class B common stock, par value $0.01 per share, of the registrant were outstanding.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COMSTOCK HOLDING COMPANIES, INC.

Form 10-Q

For the Quarter Ended ~~June~~September 30, 2023

TABLE OF CONTENTS


PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION		1

Item 1.	Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)....................................................................................	1

	Consolidated Balance Sheets .............................................................................................................................	1

	Consolidated Statements of Operations..............................................................................................................	2

	Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity...........................................................................	3

	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.............................................................................................................	4

	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements....................................................................................	5

Item 2.	Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition.............................................................................	1617

Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk ...............................................................................	2223

Item 4.	Controls and Procedures .........................................................................................................................................	2223

PART II – OTHER INFORMATION		2324

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings....................................................................................................................................................	2324

Item 6.	Exhibits....................................................................................................................................................................	2425

SIGNATURES..........................................................................................................................................................................		2526

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PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

COMSTOCK HOLDING COMPANIES, INC.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(Unaudited; in thousands, except per share data)


		June 30,		December 31,			September 30,		December 31,
		2023		2022			2023		2022
Assets	Assets					Assets
Current assets:	Current assets:					Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	Cash and cash equivalents	$	9,031	$	11,722	Cash and cash equivalents	$	10,935	$	11,722
Accounts receivable, net	Accounts receivable, net	499		504		Accounts receivable, net	571		504
Accounts receivable - related parties	Accounts receivable - related parties	4,984		3,291		Accounts receivable - related parties	10,381		3,291
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	Prepaid expenses and other current assets	532		264		Prepaid expenses and other current assets	307		264

Total current assets	Total current assets	15,046		15,781		Total current assets	22,194		15,781
Fixed assets, net	Fixed assets, net	471		421		Fixed assets, net	512		421
Intangible assets	Intangible assets	144		144		Intangible assets	144		144
Leasehold improvements, net	Leasehold improvements, net	104		119		Leasehold improvements, net	97		119
Investments in real estate ventures	Investments in real estate ventures	6,234		7,013		Investments in real estate ventures	5,984		7,013
Operating lease assets	Operating lease assets	7,212		7,625		Operating lease assets	7,002		7,625
Deferred income taxes, net	Deferred income taxes, net	11,052		11,355		Deferred income taxes, net	10,720		11,355
Other assets	Other assets	43		15		Other assets	35		15
Total assets	Total assets	$	40,306	$	42,473	Total assets	$	46,688	$	42,473

Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity	Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity					Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity
Current liabilities:	Current liabilities:					Current liabilities:
Accrued personnel costs	Accrued personnel costs	$	1,739	$	4,959	Accrued personnel costs	$	3,226	$	4,959
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	840		742		Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	975		742
Current operating lease liabilities	Current operating lease liabilities	822		791		Current operating lease liabilities	838		791

Total current liabilities	Total current liabilities	3,401		6,492		Total current liabilities	5,039		6,492

Operating lease liabilities	Operating lease liabilities	6,707		7,127		Operating lease liabilities	6,493		7,127
Total liabilities	Total liabilities	10,108		13,619		Total liabilities	11,532		13,619
Commitments and contingencies (Note 8)	Commitments and contingencies (Note 8)					Commitments and contingencies (Note 8)
Stockholders' equity:	Stockholders' equity:					Stockholders' equity:
Class A common stock; $0.01 par value; 59,780 shares authorized; 9,511 issued and 9,425 outstanding as of June 30, 2023; 9,337 issued and 9,252 outstanding as of December 31, 2022		94		93
Class B common stock; $0.01 par value; 220 shares authorized, issued, and outstanding as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022		2		2
Class A common stock; $0.01 par value; 59,780 shares authorized; 9,517 issued and 9,432 outstanding as of September 30, 2023; 9,337 issued and 9,252 outstanding as of December 31, 2022						Class A common stock; $0.01 par value; 59,780 shares authorized; 9,517 issued and 9,432 outstanding as of September 30, 2023; 9,337 issued and 9,252 outstanding as of December 31, 2022	94		93
Class B common stock; $0.01 par value; 220 shares authorized, issued, and outstanding as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022						Class B common stock; $0.01 par value; 220 shares authorized, issued, and outstanding as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022	2		2
Additional paid-in capital	Additional paid-in capital	201,649		201,535		Additional paid-in capital	201,922		201,535
Treasury stock, at cost (86 shares of Class A common stock)	Treasury stock, at cost (86 shares of Class A common stock)	(2,662)		(2,662)		Treasury stock, at cost (86 shares of Class A common stock)	(2,662)		(2,662)
Accumulated deficit	Accumulated deficit	(168,885)		(170,114)		Accumulated deficit	(164,200)		(170,114)
Total stockholders' equity	Total stockholders' equity	30,198		28,854		Total stockholders' equity	35,156		28,854
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	40,306	$	42,473	Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	46,688	$	42,473

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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COMSTOCK HOLDING COMPANIES, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Operations

(Unaudited; in thousands, except per share data)

Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
2023 2022 2023 2022
Revenue $ 8,967 $ 8,467 $ 19,242 $ 17,198
Operating costs and expenses:
Cost of revenue 7,681 6,831 16,004 13,766
Selling, general, and administrative 572 469 1,136 856
Depreciation and amortization 71 50 138 94
Total operating costs and expenses 8,324 7,350 17,278 14,716
Income (loss) from operations 643 1,117 1,964 2,482
Other income (expense):
Interest expense — (69) — (128)
Gain (loss) on real estate ventures (68) 17 (479) 269
Other income (expense), net 47 1 47 1
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income tax 622 1,066 1,532 2,624
Provision for (benefit from) income tax 147 352 303 (104)
Net income (loss) from continuing operations 475 714 1,229 2,728
Net income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax — (10) — (277)
Net income (loss) $ 475 $ 704 $ 1,229 $ 2,451
Impact of Series C preferred stock redemption — 2,046 — 2,046
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders $ 475 $ 2,750 $ 1,229 $ 4,497
Weighted-average common stock outstanding:
Basic 9,632 8,599 9,608 8,470
Diluted 10,052 9,157 10,060 9,033
Net income (loss) per share:
Basic - Continuing operations $ 0.05 $ 0.32 $ 0.13 $ 0.56
Basic - Discontinued operations — — — (0.03)
Basic net income (loss) per share $ 0.05 $ 0.32 $ 0.13 $ 0.53
Diluted - Continuing operations $ 0.05 $ 0.30 $ 0.12 $ 0.53
Diluted - Discontinued operations — — — (0.03)
Diluted net income (loss) per share $ 0.05 $ 0.30 $ 0.12 $ 0.50


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Revenue	$	14,463	$	12,813	$	33,705	$	30,011
Operating costs and expenses:
Cost of revenue	8,557		8,346		24,561		22,112
Selling, general, and administrative	575		537		1,711		1,393
Depreciation and amortization	74		55		212		149
Total operating costs and expenses	9,206		8,938		26,484		23,654
Income (loss) from operations	5,257		3,875		7,221		6,357
Other income (expense):
Interest expense	—		(94)		—		(222)
Gain (loss) on real estate ventures	(241)		(31)		(720)		238
Other income (expense), net	1		1		48		2
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income tax	5,017		3,751		6,549		6,375
Provision for (benefit from) income tax	332		62		635		(42)
Net income (loss) from continuing operations	4,685		3,689		5,914		6,417
Net income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax	—		(99)		—		(376)
Net income (loss)	$	4,685	$	3,590	$	5,914	$	6,041
Impact of Series C preferred stock redemption	—		—		—		2,046
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders	$	4,685	$	3,590	$	5,914	$	8,087

Weighted-average common stock outstanding:
Basic	9,647		9,464		9,621		8,806
Diluted	10,130		10,007		10,082		9,363

Net income (loss) per share:
Basic - Continuing operations	$	0.49	$	0.39	$	0.61	$	0.96
Basic - Discontinued operations	—		(0.01)		—		(0.04)
Basic net income (loss) per share	$	0.49	$	0.38	$	0.61	$	0.92

Diluted - Continuing operations	$	0.46	$	0.37	$	0.59	$	0.90
Diluted - Discontinued operations	—		(0.01)		—		(0.04)
Diluted net income (loss) per share	$	0.46	$	0.36	$	0.59	$	0.86

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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COMSTOCK HOLDING COMPANIES, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity

(Unaudited; in thousands)

Series C Class A Class B
Preferred Stock Common Stock Common Stock Treasury Accumulated
Shares Amount Shares Amount Shares Amount APIC stock deficit Total
Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
Balance as of December 31, 2022 — $ — 9,337 $ 93 220 $ 2 $ 201,535 $ (2,662) $ (170,114) $ 28,854
Issuance of common stock, net of shares withheld for taxes — — 141 1 — — (294) — — (293)
Stock-based compensation — — — — — — 238 — — 238
Net income (loss) — — — — — — — — 754 754
Balance as of March 31, 2023 — $ — 9,478 $ 94 220 $ 2 $ 201,479 $ (2,662) $ (169,360) $ 29,553
Issuance of common stock, net of shares withheld for taxes — — 33 — — — (96) — — (96)
Stock-based compensation — — — — — — 266 — — 266
Net income (loss) — — — — — — — — 475 475
Balance as of June 30, 2023 — $ — 9,511 $ 94 220 $ 2 $ 201,649 $ (2,662) $ (168,885) $ 30,198
Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2022
Balance as of December 31, 2021 3,441 $ 6,765 8,102 $ 81 220 $ 2 $ 200,617 $ (2,662) $ (179,507) $ 25,296
Issuance of common stock, net of shares withheld for taxes — — 130 1 — — (298) — — (297)
Stock-based compensation — — — — — — 142 — — 142
Net income (loss) — — — — — — — — 1,747 1,747
Balance as of March 31, 2022 3,441 $ 6,765 8,232 $ 82 220 $ 2 $ 200,461 $ (2,662) $ (177,760) $ 26,888
Issuance of common stock, net of shares withheld for taxes — — 66 1 — — (191) — — (190)
Redemption of Series C preferred stock (3,441) (6,765) 1,000 10 — — 709 — 2,046 (4,000)
Stock-based compensation — — — — — — 220 — — 220
Net income (loss) — — — — — — — — 704 704
Balance as of June 30, 2022 — $ — 9,298 $ 93 220 $ 2 $ 201,199 $ (2,662) $ (175,010) $ 23,622


	Series C			Class A			Class B
	Preferred Stock			Common Stock			Common Stock					Treasury		Accumulated
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		APIC		stock		deficit		Total
Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Balance as of December 31, 2022	—	$	—	9,337	$	93	220	$	2	$	201,535	$	(2,662)	$	(170,114)	$	28,854
Issuance of common stock, net of shares withheld for taxes	—	—		141	1		—	—		(294)		—		—		(293)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		—	—		—	—		238		—		—		238
Net income (loss)	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		754		754
Balance as of March 31, 2023	—	$	—	9,478	$	94	220	$	2	$	201,479	$	(2,662)	$	(169,360)	$	29,553
Issuance of common stock, net of shares withheld for taxes	—	—		33	—		—	—		(96)		—		—		(96)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		—	—		—	—		266		—		—		266
Net income (loss)	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		475		475
Balance as of June 30, 2023	—	$	—	9,511	$	94	220	$	2	$	201,649	$	(2,662)	$	(168,885)	$	30,198
Issuance of common stock, net of shares withheld for taxes	—	—		6	—		—	—		—		—		—		—
Stock-based compensation	—	—		—	—		—	—		273		—		—		273
Net income (loss)	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		4,685		4,685
Balance as of September 30, 2023	—	$	—	9,517	$	94	220	$	2	$	201,922	$	(2,662)	$	(164,200)	$	35,156









Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
Balance as of December 31, 2021	3,441	$	6,765	8,102	$	81	220	$	2	$	200,617	$	(2,662)	$	(179,507)	$	25,296
Issuance of common stock, net of shares withheld for taxes	—	—		130	1		—	—		(298)		—		—		(297)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		—	—		—	—		142		—		—		142
Net income (loss)	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		1,747		1,747
Balance as of March 31, 2022	3,441	$	6,765	8,232	$	82	220	$	2	$	200,461	$	(2,662)	$	(177,760)	$	26,888
Issuance of common stock, net of shares withheld for taxes	—	—		66	1		—	—		(191)		—		—		(190)
Redemption of Series C preferred stock	(3,441)	(6,765)		1,000	10		—	—		709		—		2,046		(4,000)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		—	—		—	—		220		—		—		220
Net income (loss)	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		704		704
Balance as of June 30, 2022	—	$	—	9,298	$	93	220	$	2	$	201,199	$	(2,662)	$	(175,010)	$	23,622
Issuance of common stock, net of shares withheld for taxes	—	—		37	—		—	—		(81)		—		—		(81)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		—	—		—	—		213		—		—		213
Net income (loss)	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		3,590		3,590
Balance as of September 30, 2022	—	$	—	9,335	$	93	220	$	2	$	201,331	$	(2,662)	$	(171,420)	$	27,344

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

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COMSTOCK HOLDING COMPANIES, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Unaudited; in thousands)

Six Months Ended June 30,
2023 2022
Operating Activities - Continuing Operations
Net income (loss) from continuing operations $ 1,229 $ 2,728
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) from continuing operations to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization 138 94
Stock-based compensation 504 417
(Gain) loss on real estate ventures 479 (269)
Distributions from real estate ventures 27 —
Deferred income taxes 303 (104)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable (1,688) (1,896)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets (268) (295)
Accrued personnel costs (3,220) (1,262)
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities 98 (133)
Other assets and liabilities 25 130
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities (2,373) (590)
Investing Activities - Continuing Operations
Investments in real estate ventures (89) (2,684)
Proceeds from sale of CES — 1,016
Distributions from real estate ventures 334 88
Purchase of fixed assets/leasehold improvements/intangibles (173) (487)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities 72 (2,067)
Financing Activities - Continuing Operations
Redemption of Series C Preferred Stock — (4,000)
Payment of taxes related to the net share settlement of equity awards (390) (488)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities (390) (4,488)
Discontinued Operations
Operating cash flows, net — (224)
Investing cash flows, net — —
Financing cash flows, net — (27)
Net cash provided by (used in) discontinued operations — (251)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents (2,691) (7,396)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period 11,722 15,823
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period $ 9,031 $ 8,427
Supplemental Cash Flow Information
Cash paid for interest $ — $ 128
Cash paid for income tax, net 9 80
Supplemental Disclosure of Non-Cash Investing and Financing Activities
Right of use assets and lease liabilities at commencement — 209


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022
Operating Activities - Continuing Operations
Net income (loss) from continuing operations	$	5,914	$	6,417
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) from continuing operations to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	212		149
Stock-based compensation	777		629
(Gain) loss on real estate ventures	720		(238)
Distributions from real estate ventures	44		—
Deferred income taxes	635		(149)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	(7,157)		(5,814)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	(43)		(143)
Accrued personnel costs	(1,733)		839
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	233		33
Other assets and liabilities	36		145
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	(362)		1,868

Investing Activities - Continuing Operations
Investments in real estate ventures	(89)		(2,694)
Proceeds from sale of CES	—		1,016
Distributions from real estate ventures	335		318
Purchase of fixed assets/leasehold improvements/intangibles	(281)		(559)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	(35)		(1,919)

Financing Activities - Continuing Operations
Payments under credit facility - due to affiliates	—		(5,500)
Redemption of Series C Preferred Stock	—		(4,000)
Payment of taxes related to the net share settlement of equity awards	(390)		(568)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	(390)		(10,068)

Discontinued Operations
Operating cash flows, net	—		(321)
Investing cash flows, net	—		—
Financing cash flows, net	—		(26)
Net cash provided by (used in) discontinued operations	—		(347)

Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	(787)		(10,466)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	11,722		15,823
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	10,935	$	5,357

Supplemental Cash Flow Information
Cash paid for interest	$	—	$	222
Cash paid for income tax, net	9		80

Supplemental Disclosure of Non-Cash Investing and Financing Activities
Issuance of Series A common stock to redeem Series C preferred stock	$	—	$	4,230
Right of use assets and lease liabilities at commencement	—		209

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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COMSTOCK HOLDING COMPANIES, INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited; in thousands except per share data or otherwise indicated)

1. Company Overview

Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. ("Comstock" or the "Company"), founded in 1985 and incorporated in the state of Delaware in 2004, is a leading asset manager, developer, and operator of mixed-use and transit-oriented properties in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area.

On March 31, 2022, the Company completed the sale of Comstock Environmental Services, LLC ("CES"), a wholly owned subsidiary, to August Mack Environmental, Inc. ("August Mack") for approximately $1.4 million of total consideration. (See Note 3 for additional information).

On June 13, 2022, the Company completed two separate significant transactions to further deleverage its balance sheet and enhance its long-term revenue outlook and growth potential. The first one with CP Real Estate Services, LC (“CPRES”), an entity owned by Christopher Clemente, Comstock’s Chief Executive Officer, redeemed all outstanding Series C preferred stock at a significant discount to carrying value. Secondly, the Company executed a new asset management agreement with Comstock Partners, LC ("CP"), an entity controlled by Mr. Clemente and wholly owned by Mr. Clemente and certain family members, which covers its Anchor Portfolio of assets (the "2022 AMA"). (See Notes 10 and 14 for additional information).

The Company operates through four primarily real estate-focused subsidiaries – CHCI Asset Management, LC (“CAM”); CHCI Residential Management, LC; CHCI Commercial Management, LC; and Park X Management, LC.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and the requirements of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). As permitted, certain information and footnote disclosures have been condensed or omitted. Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated and certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to current period presentation.

In management’s opinion, the consolidated financial statements include all normal and recurring adjustments that are considered necessary for the fair presentation of the Company’s financial position and operating results. The results of operations presented in these interim condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited and are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full fiscal year.

These interim condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto contained in the Company’s fiscal year 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (the “2022 Annual Report”) filed with the SEC on March 29, 2023. The consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022 was derived from the audited consolidated financial statements contained in the 2022 Annual Report.

The Company has reflected CES as a discontinued operation in its consolidated statements of operations for all periods presented. Unless otherwise noted, all amounts and disclosures throughout these Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements relate to the Company's continuing operations. (See Note 3 for additional information).

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Significant items subject to such estimates, include, but are not limited to, the valuation of equity method investments and the valuation of deferred tax assets. Assumptions made in the development of these estimates contemplate the macroeconomic landscape and the Company's anticipated results, however actual results may differ materially from these estimates.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements - Adopted

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments—Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.” This guidance is intended to introduce a revised approach to the recognition and measurement of credit

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losses, emphasizing an updated model based on current expected credit losses ("CECL") rather than incurred losses. The Company adopted the standard effective January 1, 2023 and determined that adoption of the standard had no material impact on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements - Not Yet Adopted

~~None.~~In October 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-06, “Disclosure Improvements – Codification Amendments in Response to the SEC’s Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative.” This ASU affects a wide variety of topics in the Codification. The effective date for each amendment will be the date on which the removal of the respective related disclosures from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K becomes effective. Early adoption is prohibited. The Company does not expect the adoption of this standard to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In March 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-01, “Leases (Topic 842) – Common Control Arrangements.” This guidance amends certain provisions of ASC 842, specifically those that apply to leasing arrangements between related parties under common control. The standard will become effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and early adoption is permitted. The Company does not expect the adoption of this standard to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

3. Discontinued Operations

On March 31, 2022, the Company completed the sale of CES to August Mack in accordance with the Asset Purchase Agreement for approximately $1.4 million of total consideration, composed of $1.0 million in cash and $0.4 million of cash held in escrow that is subject to net working capital and other adjustments. The Company executed this divestiture to enhance its focus and pursue continued growth initiatives for its core asset management business.

The following table reconciles major line items constituting pretax income (loss) from discontinued operations to net income (loss) from discontinued operations as presented in the consolidated statements of operations (in thousands):


		Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,					Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
		2023		2022		2023		2022			2023		2022		2023		2022
Revenue	Revenue	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,460	Revenue	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,460
Cost of revenue	Cost of revenue	—		—		—		(1,560)		Cost of revenue	—		—		—		(1,568)
Selling, general, and administrative	Selling, general, and administrative	—		(22)		—		(349)		Selling, general, and administrative	—		(34)		—		(375)

Other income (expense)	Other income (expense)	—		(1)		—		149		Other income (expense)	—		(62)		—		87

Pre-tax income (loss) from discontinued operations	Pre-tax income (loss) from discontinued operations	—		(23)		—		(300)		Pre-tax income (loss) from discontinued operations	—		(96)		—		(396)
Provision for (benefit from) income tax	Provision for (benefit from) income tax	—		(13)		—		(23)		Provision for (benefit from) income tax	—		3		—		(20)
Net income (loss) from discontinued operations	Net income (loss) from discontinued operations	$	—	$	(10)	$	—	$	(277)	Net income (loss) from discontinued operations	$	—	$	(99)	$	—	$	(376)

The Company recognized a net loss of $0.2 million on the divestiture of CES, calculated by comparing the final adjusted purchase price to the carrying value of the net assets sold in the transaction as of March 31, 2022. These amounts reflect the finalized transaction costs and net working capital adjustments.

4. Intangible Assets

On May 6, 2022, the Company purchased the rights to the www.comstock.com domain name for $0.1 million. The Company has recorded the domain name purchase as an indefinite-lived intangible asset on its consolidated balance sheets that will be tested annually for impairment.

5. Investments in Real Estate Ventures

The Company's unconsolidated investments in real estate ventures are recorded on the consolidated balance sheets at fair value. The following table summarizes these investments (in thousands):

June 30, December 31,
Description 2023 2022
Investors X $ 987 $ 1,369
The Hartford 847 953
BLVD Forty Four 1,998 2,135
BLVD Ansel 2,402 2,556
Total $ 6,234 $ 7,013

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	September 30,		December 31,
Description	2023		2022
Investors X	$	980	$	1,369
The Hartford	769		953
BLVD Forty Four	1,941		2,135
BLVD Ansel	2,294		2,556
Total	$	5,984	$	7,013

Investors X

In April 2019, the Company entered into a master transfer agreement with CPRES which entitled the Company to priority distribution of residual cash flow from its Class B membership interest in Comstock Investors X, L.C. ("Investors X"), an unconsolidated variable interest entity that owns the Company's residual homebuilding operations. As of ~~June~~September 30, 2023, the

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residual cash flow primarily relates to anticipated proceeds from the sale of rezoned residential lots. The cash will be released as land development work associated with these projects is completed and lots are sold. (See Note 14 for additional information).

The Hartford

In December 2019, the Company entered into a joint venture with CP to acquire a Class-A office building adjacent to Clarendon Station on Metro’s Orange Line in Arlington County’s premier transit-oriented office market, the Rosslyn-Ballston Corridor. Built in 2003, the 211,000 square foot mixed-use Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (“LEED”) GOLD building is being leased to multiple high-quality tenants. In February 2020, the Company arranged for DivcoWest to purchase a majority ownership stake in the Hartford Building and secured a $87.0 million loan facility from MetLife. As part of the transaction, the Company entered into asset management and property management agreements to manage the property. Fair value is determined using an income approach and sales comparable approach models. As of ~~June~~September 30, 2023, the Company’s ownership interest in the Hartford was 2.5%. (See Note 14 for additional information).

BLVD Forty Four

In October 2021, the Company entered into a joint venture with CP to acquire a stabilized 15-story, luxury high-rise apartment building in Rockville, Maryland that was built in 2015, which we rebranded as BLVD Forty Four. Located one block from the Rockville Station on Metro's Red Line and in the heart of the I-270 Technology and Life Science Corridor, the 263-unit mixed use property includes approximately 16,000 square feet of retail and a commercial parking garage. In connection with the transaction, the Company received an acquisition fee and is entitled to receive investment related income and promote distributions in connection with its equity interest in the asset. The Company also provides asset, residential, retail and parking property management services for the property in exchange for market rate fees. Fair value is determined using an income approach and sales comparable approach models. As of ~~June~~September 30, 2023, the Company’s ownership interest in BLVD Forty Four was 5.0%. (See Note 14 for additional information).

BLVD Ansel

In March 2022, the Company entered into a joint venture with CP to acquire BLVD Ansel, a newly completed 18-story, luxury high-rise apartment building with 250 units located adjacent to the Rockville Metro Station and BLVD Forty Four in Rockville, Maryland. BLVD Ansel features approximately 20,000 square feet of retail space, 611 parking spaces, and expansive amenities including multiple private workspaces designed to meet the needs of remote-working residents. In connection with the transaction, the Company received an acquisition fee and is entitled to receive investment related income and promote distributions in connection with its equity interest in the asset. The Company will also provide asset, residential, retail and parking property management services for the property in exchange for market rate fees. Fair value is determined using an income approach and sales comparable approach models. As of ~~June~~September 30, 2023, the Company’s ownership interest in BLVD Ansel was 5.0%. (See Note 14 for additional information).

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The following table below summarizes the activity of the Company’s unconsolidated investments in real estate ventures that are reported at fair value (in thousands):


Balance as of December 31, 2022	$	7,013
Investments	89
Distributions	~~(361)~~(379)
Change in fair value	~~(507)~~(739)
Balance as of ~~June~~September 30, 2023	$	~~6,234~~5,984

Other Investments

In addition, the Company has a joint venture with Superior Title Services, Inc. ("STS") to provide title insurance to its clients. The Company records this co-investment using the equity method of accounting and adjusts the carrying value of the investment for its proportionate share of net income and distributions. The carrying value of the STS investment is recorded in "other assets" on the Company's consolidated statement of balance sheets. The Company's proportionate share of STS net income and distributions are recorded in gain (loss) on real estate ventures in the consolidated statements of operations. For the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2023 the Company's proportionate gains from STS earnings were immaterial. For the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2022, the Company's proportionate gains from STS earnings were $0.1 million and immaterial, respectively.

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6. Leases

The Company has operating leases for office space leased in various buildings for its own use. The Company's leases typically have terms ranging from 5 to 10 years. The Company's lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. Lease costs related to the Company's operating leases are primarily reflected in "cost of revenue" in the consolidated statements of operations, as they are a reimbursable cost under the Company's respective asset management agreements. (See Note 14 for additional information).

The following table summarizes operating lease costs, by type (in thousands):


		Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,					Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
		2023		2022		2023		2022			2023		2022		2023		2022
Operating lease costs	Operating lease costs									Operating lease costs
Fixed lease costs	Fixed lease costs	$	296	$	254	$	593	$	508	Fixed lease costs	$	297	$	255	$	890	$	763
Variable lease costs	Variable lease costs	$	130	$	98	239		176		Variable lease costs	109		88		348		264
Total operating lease costs	Total operating lease costs	$	426	$	352	$	832	$	684	Total operating lease costs	$	406	$	343	$	1,238	$	1,027

The following table presents supplemental cash flow information related to the Company's operating leases (in thousands):


		Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,					Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
		2023		2022		2023		2022			2023		2022		2023		2022
Cash paid for lease liabilities:	Cash paid for lease liabilities:									Cash paid for lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	411	$	342	$	800	$	653	Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	391	$	317	$	1,191	$	970

As of ~~June~~September 30, 2023, the Company's operating leases had a weighted-average remaining lease term of ~~7.3~~7.0 years and a weighted-average discount rate of 4.25%.

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The following table summarizes future lease payments (in thousands):


Year Ending December 31,	Year Ending December 31,	Operating Leases		Year Ending December 31,	Operating Leases
2023 (6 months)		$	573
2023 (3 months)				2023 (3 months)	$	288
2024	2024	1,167		2024	1,167
2025	2025	1,194		2025	1,194
2026	2026	1,222		2026	1,222
2027	2027	1,204		2027	1,204
Thereafter	Thereafter	3,568		Thereafter	3,568
Total future lease payments	Total future lease payments	8,928		Total future lease payments	8,643
Imputed interest	Imputed interest	(1,399)		Imputed interest	(1,312)
Total lease liabilities	Total lease liabilities	$	7,529	Total lease liabilities	$	7,331

The Company does not have any leases which have not yet commenced as of ~~June~~September 30, 2023.

7. Debt

Credit Facility - Due to Affiliates

On March 19, 2020, the Company entered into a five-year Revolving Capital Line of Credit Agreement with CPRES, pursuant to which the Company secured a $10.0 million capital line of credit (the “Credit Facility”). Upon entering the agreement, the Company made an initial $5.5 million draw. Under the terms, the Credit Facility provides for an initial variable interest rate of the Wall Street Journal Prime Rate plus 1.00% per annum on advances made under the Credit Facility, payable monthly in arrears.

On September 30, 2022, the Company paid down its $5.5 million outstanding principal balance on the Credit Facility in full. As of ~~June~~September 30, 2023, the full balance of the Credit Facility remained available for use up through the March 19, 2025 expiration date, and the Company had no outstanding debt or financing arrangements for which future payments are due.

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8. Commitments and Contingencies

The Company maintains certain non-cancelable operating leases that contain various renewal options. (See Note 6 for additional information)

The Company is subject to litigation from time to time in the ordinary course of business; however, the Company does not expect the results, if any, to have a material adverse impact on its results of operations, financial position, or liquidity. The Company records a contingent liability when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated; however, the Company is not aware of any reasonably possible losses that would have a material impact on its results of operations, financial position, or liquidity. The Company expenses legal defense costs as they are incurred.

9. Fair Value Disclosures

As of ~~June~~September 30, 2023, the carrying amount of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, other current assets, and accounts payable approximated fair value because of the short-term nature of these instruments.

As of ~~June~~September 30, 2023, the Company had certain equity method investments in real estate ventures that it elected to record at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3). (See Note 5 for additional information).

The Company may also value its non-financial assets and liabilities, including items such as long-lived assets, at fair value on a non-recurring basis if it is determined that impairment has occurred. Such fair value measurements typically use significant unobservable inputs (Level 3), unless a quoted market price (Level 1) or quoted prices for similar instruments, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in inactive markets, or amounts derived from valuation models (Level 2) are available.

10. Stockholders' Equity

Common Stock

The Company's certificate of incorporation authorizes the issuance of Class A common stock and Class B common stock, each with a par value of $0.01 per share. Holders of Class A common stock and Class B common stock are entitled to dividends when,

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as and if, declared by the Company's board of directors, subject to the rights of the holders of all classes of stock outstanding having priority rights to dividends. Holders of Class A common stock are entitled to one vote per share and holders of Class B common stock are entitled to fifteen votes per share. Shares of our Class B common stock are convertible into an equivalent number of shares of our Class A common stock upon transfer. As of ~~June~~September 30, 2023, the Company had not declared any dividends.

Preferred Stock

The Company's certificate of incorporation authorizes the issuance of Series C non-convertible preferred stock with a par value of $0.01 per share. Series C Preferred Stock has a discretionary, non-cumulative, dividend feature and is redeemable by holders in the event of liquidation or change in control of the Company.

On June 13, 2022, the Company entered into a Share Exchange and Purchase Agreement ("SEPA") with CPRES, pursuant to which the Company acquired from CPRES all outstanding shares of its non-convertible and non-redeemable Series C preferred stock for (i) 1.0 million shares of the Company’s Class A common stock, valued at the consolidated closing bid price of the Class A shares on Nasdaq on the business day immediately preceding the entry into the SEPA, and (ii) $4.0 million in cash. The SEPA was unanimously approved by the independent directors of the Company. Upon completion of the transaction, all of the shares of Series C preferred stock were immediately cancelled and fully retired.

At the time of the transaction, the total carrying value of the Series C preferred stock (including the related additional paid-in capital) was $10.3 million. The share exchange was accounted for as a redemption; therefore, the $2.0 million difference between the carrying value and the $8.3 million fair value of the consideration paid upon redemption was added to net income to arrive at income attributable to common stockholders and calculate net income (loss) per share for the Company's third and fourth quarters of fiscal year 2022.

Stock-based Compensation

On February 12, 2019, the Company approved the 2019 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2019 Plan”), which replaced the 2004 Long-Term Compensation Plan (the “2004 Plan”). The 2019 Plan provides for the issuance of stock options, stock appreciation rights ("SARs"), restricted stock, restricted stock units, dividend equivalents, performance awards, and stock or other stock-based awards. The 2019 Plan mandates that all lapsed, forfeited, expired, terminated, cancelled and withheld shares, including those

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from the predecessor plan, be returned to the 2019 Plan and made available for issuance. The 2019 Plan originally authorized 2.5 million shares of the Company's Class A common stock for issuance. As of ~~June~~September 30, 2023, there were 1.4 million shares of Class A common stock available for issuance under the 2019 Plan.

During the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2023, the Company recorded stock-based compensation expense of $0.3 million and ~~$0.5~~$0.8 million, respectively. During the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2022, the Company recorded stock-based compensation expense of $0.2 million and ~~$0.4~~$0.6 million, respectively. Stock-based compensation costs are included in selling, general, and administrative expense on the Company's consolidated statements of operations. As of ~~June~~September 30, 2023, there was ~~$1.3~~$1.1 million of total unrecognized stock-based compensation, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of ~~2.0~~1.9 years.

Restricted Stock Units

Restricted stock unit (“RSU”) awards granted to employees are subject to continued employment and generally vest in four annual installments over the four-year period following the grant dates. The Company also grants certain RSU awards to management that contain additional vesting conditions tied directly to a defined performance metric for the Company (“PSUs”). The actual number of PSUs that will vest can range from 60% to 120% of the original grant target amount, depending upon actual Company performance below or above the established performance metric targets. The Company estimates performance in relation to the defined targets when calculating the related stock-based compensation expense.

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The following table summarizes all restricted stock unit activity (in thousands, except per share data):


		RSUs Outstanding	Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value			RSUs Outstanding	Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Balance as of December 31, 2022	Balance as of December 31, 2022	702	$	2.95	Balance as of December 31, 2022	702	$	2.95
Granted	Granted	279	4.03		Granted	279	4.03
Released	Released	(256)	2.71		Released	(256)	2.71
Canceled/Forfeited	Canceled/Forfeited	(16)	3.38		Canceled/Forfeited	(16)	3.38
Balance as of June 30, 2023		709	$	3.46
Vested and expected to vest after June 30, 2023		712	3.46
Balance as of September 30, 2023					Balance as of September 30, 2023	709	$	3.46
Vested and expected to vest after September 30, 2023					Vested and expected to vest after September 30, 2023	713	3.46

The total intrinsic value of RSUs that vested during the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2023 and 2022 was $1.1 million and $1.0 million, respectively.

Stock Options

Non-qualified stock options generally expire 10 years after the grant date and, except under certain conditions, the options are subject to continued employment and vest in four annual installments over the four-year period following the grant dates.

The following table summarizes all stock option activity (in thousands, except per share data and time periods):

Options
Outstanding Weighted-
Average
Exercise
Price Weighted-
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Term (Years) Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
Balance as of December 31, 2022 131 $ 4.08 4.4 $ 172
Granted — —
Exercised — —
Canceled/Forfeited — —
Expired (4) 8.26
Balance as of June 30, 2023 127 $ 3.93 4.1 $ 166
Exercisable as of June 30, 2023 127 $ 3.93 4.1 $ 166

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	Options Outstanding	Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Balance as of December 31, 2022	131	$	4.08	4.4	$	172
Granted	—	—
Exercised	—	—
Canceled/Forfeited	—	—
Expired	(4)	8.26
Balance as of September 30, 2023	127	$	3.93	3.8	$	226
Exercisable as of September 30, 2023	127	$	3.93	3.8	$	226

There were no stock option exercises during the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2023. The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised during the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2022 was ~~$0.4~~$0.6 million.

11. Revenue

All of the Company's revenue for the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2023 and 2022 was generated in the United States.

The following tables summarize the Company’s revenue by line of business, customer type, and contract type (in thousands):

Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
2023 2022 2023 2022
Revenue by Line of Business
Asset management $ 5,367 $ 5,538 $ 11,896 $ 11,535
Property management 2,520 2,192 5,126 4,323
Parking management 1,080 737 2,220 1,340
Total revenue $ 8,967 $ 8,467 $ 19,242 $ 17,198
Revenue by Customer Type
Related party $ 8,730 $ 8,288 $ 18,694 $ 16,928
Commercial 237 179 548 270
Total revenue $ 8,967 $ 8,467 $ 19,242 $ 17,198
Revenue by Contract Type1
Fixed-price $ 1,019 $ 1,652 $ 2,764 $ 3,539
Cost-plus 5,081 4,586 10,595 9,356
Variable 2,867 2,229 5,883 4,303
Total revenue $ 8,967 $ 8,467 $ 19,242 $ 17,198
1 Certain contracts contain multiple revenue streams with characteristics that lend to classification in more than one category

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		Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
		2023		2022		2023		2022
	Revenue by Line of Business
	Asset management	$	10,606	$	9,391	$	22,502	$	20,926
	Property management	2,605		2,508		7,731		6,831
	Parking management	1,252		914		3,472		2,254
	Total revenue	$	14,463	$	12,813	$	33,705	$	30,011

	Revenue by Customer Type
	Related party	$	14,162	$	12,549	$	32,856	$	29,477
	Commercial	301		264		849		534
	Total revenue	$	14,463	$	12,813	$	33,705	$	30,011

	Revenue by Contract Type1
	Fixed-price	$	1,299	$	1,683	$	4,063	$	5,222
	Cost-plus	10,090		8,503		20,685		17,859
	Variable	3,074		2,627		8,957		6,930
	Total revenue	$	14,463	$	12,813	$	33,705	$	30,011

1	Certain contracts contain multiple revenue streams with characteristics that lend to classification in more than one category

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recognized revenue from incentive fees of $4.8 million, stemming from triggering events for three operating assets on October 1, 2023 pursuant to the terms of the 2022 AMA (see Note 14 for additional information). These operating asset triggering events are part of a series of annual operating asset triggering events that began on October 1, 2022 and are scheduled each October 1 through 2024. All incentive fees recognized in the current period are related to services performed in prior periods for which revenue recognition criteria were previously constrained. Incentive fee revenue recognized for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 was $3.9 million.

12. Income Taxes

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. ~~Historically,~~Prior to 2019, the Company had recorded valuation allowances for certain tax attributes and deferred tax assets due to the existence of sufficient uncertainty regarding the future realization of those deferred tax assets through future taxable income. Based on its recent financial performance and current forecasts of future operating results, the Company conducts a quarterly analysis to determine if it is more likely than not that a portion of the deferred tax assets related to its net operating loss carryforwards will be utilized in future periods. The Company's effective tax rate in any given period is directly impacted by the timing and magnitude of any partial valuation allowance releases.

The Company's effective tax rates for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 differ from the U.S. federal statutory tax rate of 21%, primarily due to state income taxes and the impact of valuation allowance releases of $1.4 million and $1.5 million, respectively.

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13. Net Income (Loss) Per Share

The following table sets forth the calculation of basic and diluted net income (loss) per share (in thousands, except per share data):


		Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,					Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
		2023		2022		2023		2022			2023		2022		2023		2022
Numerator:	Numerator:									Numerator:
Net income (loss) from continuing operations - Basic and Diluted	Net income (loss) from continuing operations - Basic and Diluted	$	475	$	714	$	1,229	$	2,728	Net income (loss) from continuing operations - Basic and Diluted	$	4,685	$	3,689	$	5,914	$	6,417
Impact of Series C preferred stock redemption	Impact of Series C preferred stock redemption	—		2,046		—		2,046		Impact of Series C preferred stock redemption	—		—		—		2,046
Net income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to common stockholders - Basic and Diluted	Net income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to common stockholders - Basic and Diluted	475		2,760		1,229		4,774		Net income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to common stockholders - Basic and Diluted	4,685		3,689		5,914		8,463
Net income (loss) from discontinued operations - Basic and Diluted	Net income (loss) from discontinued operations - Basic and Diluted	—		(10)		—		(277)		Net income (loss) from discontinued operations - Basic and Diluted	—		(99)		—		(376)
Net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders - Basic and Diluted	Net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders - Basic and Diluted	$	475	$	2,750	$	1,229	$	4,497	Net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders - Basic and Diluted	$	4,685	$	3,590	$	5,914	$	8,087

Denominator:	Denominator:									Denominator:
Weighted-average common shares outstanding - Basic	Weighted-average common shares outstanding - Basic	9,632		8,599		9,608		8,470		Weighted-average common shares outstanding - Basic	9,647		9,464		9,621		8,806
Effect of common share equivalents	Effect of common share equivalents	420		558		452		563		Effect of common share equivalents	483		543		461		557
Weighted-average common shares outstanding - Diluted	Weighted-average common shares outstanding - Diluted	10,052		9,157		10,060		9,033		Weighted-average common shares outstanding - Diluted	10,130		10,007		10,082		9,363

Net income (loss) per share:	Net income (loss) per share:									Net income (loss) per share:
Basic - Continuing operations	Basic - Continuing operations	$	0.05	$	0.32	$	0.13	$	0.56	Basic - Continuing operations	$	0.49	$	0.39	$	0.61	$	0.96
Basic - Discontinued operations	Basic - Discontinued operations	—		—		—		(0.03)		Basic - Discontinued operations	—		(0.01)		—		(0.04)
Basic net income (loss) per share	Basic net income (loss) per share	$	0.05	$	0.32	$	0.13	$	0.53	Basic net income (loss) per share	$	0.49	$	0.38	$	0.61	$	0.92

Diluted - Continuing operations	Diluted - Continuing operations	$	0.05	$	0.30	$	0.12	$	0.53	Diluted - Continuing operations	$	0.46	$	0.37	$	0.59	$	0.90
Diluted - Discontinued operations	Diluted - Discontinued operations	—		—		—		(0.03)		Diluted - Discontinued operations	—		(0.01)		—		(0.04)
Diluted net income (loss) per share	Diluted net income (loss) per share	$	0.05	$	0.30	$	0.12	$	0.50	Diluted net income (loss) per share	$	0.46	$	0.36	$	0.59	$	0.86

The following common share equivalents have been excluded from the computation of diluted net income (loss) per share because their effect was anti-dilutive (in thousands):


		Three Months Ended June 30,		Six Months Ended June 30,			Three Months Ended September 30,		Nine Months Ended September 30,
		2023	2022	2023	2022		2023	2022	2023	2022
Restricted stock units	Restricted stock units	—	—	2	—	Restricted stock units	—	—	2	—
Stock options	Stock options	32	29	30	28	Stock options	29	33	29	30
Warrants	Warrants	84	82	74	79	Warrants	75	96	74	84

14. Related Party Transactions

Asset Management Agreements

On June 13, 2022, CHCI Asset Management, L.C. (“CAM”), an entity wholly owned by the Company, entered into a new master asset management agreement with CP (the “2022 AMA”) that superseded in its entirety the previous asset management agreement between CAM and CPRES dated April 30, 2019 (the “2019 AMA”). Entry into the 2022 AMA was unanimously approved by the independent directors of the Company.

Consistent with the structure of the 2019 AMA, the 2022 AMA engages CAM to manage and administer CP’s commercial real estate portfolio (the "Anchor Portfolio") and the day to-day operations of CP and each property-owning subsidiary of CP (collectively, the “CP Entities”). CAM will provide investment advisory, development, and asset management services necessary to build out, stabilize and manage the Anchor Portfolio, which currently consists primarily of two of the larger transit-oriented, mixed-use developments located on Washington D.C. Metro’s Silver Line (Reston Station and Loudoun Station) that are owned by CP Entities and ultimately controlled by Mr. Clemente.

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Pursuant to the fee structures set forth in both the 2022 AMA and 2019 AMA, CAM is entitled to receive an annual payment equal to the greater of the "Cost-Plus Fee" or the "Market Rate Fee". The Cost-Plus Fee is equal to the sum of (i) the comprehensive costs incurred by or for providing services to the Anchor Portfolio, (ii) the costs and expenses of the Company

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related to maintaining the listing of its shares on a securities exchange and complying with regulatory and reporting obligations of a public company, and (iii) a fixed annual payment of $1.0 million. The Market Rate Fee calculation is defined in the respective asset management agreements as the sum of the fees detailed in the following table:


Description	2022 AMA	2019 AMA
Asset Management Fee	2.5% of Anchor Portfolio revenue	2.5% of Anchor Portfolio revenue
Entitlement Fee	15% of total re-zoning costs	Encompassed in Development and Construction Fee
Development and Construction Fee	5% of development costs (excluding previously charged Entitlement Fees)	4% of development costs
Property Management Fee	1% of Anchor Portfolio revenue	1% of Anchor Portfolio revenue
Acquisition Fee	1% on first $50 million of purchase price; 0.5% above $50 million	0.5% of purchase price
Disposition Fee	1% on first $50 million of sale price; 0.5% above $50 million	0.5% of sale price

In addition to the annual payment of either the Market Rate Fee or the Cost-Plus Fee, CAM is also entitled on an annual basis to receive certain supplemental fees, as detailed for the respective asset management agreements in the following table:


	Description	2022 AMA	2019 AMA
	Incentive Fee	When receiving Market Rate Fee: On a mark-to-market basis, equal to 20% of the imputed profit of certain real estate assets comprising the Anchor Portfolio for which a Triggering Event1 has occurred, after calculating a compounding preferred return of 8% on CP invested capital (the “Market Incentive Fee”) When receiving the Cost-Plus Fee: On a mark-to-market basis, an incentive fee equal to 10% of the imputed profit of certain real estate assets comprising the Anchor Portfolio for which a Triggering Event1 has occurred, after calculating a compounding preferred return of 8% on CP invested capital (the “Base Incentive Fee”)	10% of the free cash flow of each of the real estate assets comprising the Anchor Portfolio after calculating a compounding preferred return of 8% on CPRES invested capital
	Investment Origination Fee	1% of raised capital	1% of raised capital
	Leasing Fee	$1/per sqft. for new leases and $0.50/per sqft. for lease renewals	$1/per sqft. for new leases and $0.50/ per sqft. for lease renewals
	Loan Origination Fee	1% of any Financing Transaction or other commercially reasonable and mutually agreed upon fee	1% of any Financing Transaction or other commercially reasonable and mutually agreed upon fee

1	Triggering events are differentiated between operating assets (i.e. those already in service) and assets under development. Operating asset triggering events are scheduled for specific dates, whereas triggering events for assets under development are tied to various metrics that indicate stabilization, such as occupancy and leasing rates.

The 2022 AMA will terminate on January 1, 2035 (“Initial Term”), and will automatically renew for successive additional one year terms (each an “Extension Term”) unless CP delivers written notice of non-renewal of the 2022 AMA at least 180 days prior to the termination date of the Initial Term or any Extension Term. Twenty-four months after the effective date of the 2022 AMA, CP is entitled to terminate the 2022 AMA without cause upon 180 days advance written notice to CAM. In the event of such a termination and in addition to the payment of any accrued annual fees due and payable as of the termination date under the 2022 AMA, CP is required to pay a termination fee equal to two times the Cost-Plus Fee or Market Rate Fee paid to CAM for the calendar year immediately preceding the termination.

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Residential, Commercial, and Parking Property Management Agreements

The Company entered into separate residential property management agreements with properties owned by CP Entities under which the Company receives fees to manage and operate the properties, including tenant communications, leasing of apartment

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units, rent collections, building maintenance and day-to-day operations, engagement and supervision of contractors and vendors providing services for the buildings, and budget preparation and oversight.

The Company entered into separate commercial property and parking management agreements with several properties owned by CP Entities under which the Company receives fees to manage and operate the office and retail portions of the properties, including tenant communications, rent collections, building maintenance and day-to-day operations, engagement and supervision of contractors and vendors providing services for the buildings, and budget preparation and oversight. These property management agreements each have initial terms of one year with successive, automatic one-year renewal terms. The Company generally receives base management fees under these agreements based upon a percentage of gross rental revenues for the portions of the buildings being managed in addition to reimbursement of specified expenses, including employment expenses of personnel employed by the Company in the management and operation of each property.

Construction Management Agreements

The Company has construction management agreements with properties owned by CP Entities under which the Company receives fees to provide certain construction management and supervision services, including construction supervision and management of the buildout of certain tenant premises. The Company receives a flat construction management fee for each engagement under a work authorization based upon the construction management or supervision fee set forth in the applicable tenant’s lease, which fee is generally 1% to 4% of the total costs (or total hard costs) of construction of the tenant’s improvements in its premises, or as otherwise agreed to by the parties.

Lease Procurement Agreements

The Company has lease procurement agreements with properties owned by CP Entities under which the Company receives certain finders fees in connection with the procurement of new leases for such properties where an external broker is not engaged on behalf of the CP Entities. Such leasing fees are supplemental to the fees generated from the Company's management agreements referenced above and are generally 1-2% of the future lease payments to be received by the CP Entity from the executed lease.

Business Management Agreements

On April 30, 2019, CAM entered into a Business Management Agreement with Investors X, whereby CAM provides Investors X with asset and professional services related to the wind down of the Company’s divested homebuilding operations and the continuation of services related to the Company’s divested land development activities. The aggregate fee payable to CAM from Investors X under the Business Management Agreement, which ended on December 31, 2022, was $0.9 million payable in 15 quarterly installments of $0.1 million each.

On July 1, 2019, CAM entered into a Business Management Agreement (the “BC Management Agreement”) with CPRES, whereby CAM provides CPRES with professional management and consultation services, including, without limitation, consultation on land development and real estate transactions, for a residential community located in Monteverde, Florida. The BC Management Agreement is structured in successive one year terms. The BC Management Agreement provides that CPRES will pay CAM an annual management fee equal to $0.4 million, payable in equal monthly installments and will reimburse CAM for certain expenses.

The Hartford

In December 2019, the Company made an investment related to the purchase of the Hartford, a stabilized commercial office building located at 3101 Wilson Boulevard in the Clarendon area of Arlington County, Virginia. In conjunction with the investment, the Company entered into an operating agreement with CP to form Comstock 3101 Wilson, LC, to purchase the Hartford. Pursuant to the Operating Agreement, the Company held a minority membership interest of the Hartford and the remaining membership interests of the Hartford are held by CP.

In February 2020, the Company, CP and DWF VI 3101 Wilson Member, LLC (“DWF”), an unaffiliated, third party, equity investor in the Hartford, entered into a limited liability company agreement (the “DWC Operating Agreement”) to form DWC 3101 Wilson Venture, LLC (“DWC”) to, among other things, acquire, own and hold all interests in the Hartford. In furtherance thereof, on February 7, 2020, the Original Operating Agreement was amended and restated (the “A&R Operating Agreement”) to memorialize the Company’s and CP’s assignment of 100% of its membership interests in the Hartford to DWC. As a result

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thereof, DWC is the sole member of the Hartford Owner. The Company and CP, respectively, hold minority membership interests in, and DWF holds the majority membership interest in, DWC. (See Note 5 for additional information).

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BLVD Forty Four/BLVD Ansel

In October 2021 and March 2022, the Company entered into joint ventures with CP to acquire BLVD Forty Four and BLVD Ansel, respectively, two adjacent mixed-use luxury high-rise apartment buildings located near the Rockville Metro Station in Montgomery County, Md. The Company considers BLVD Forty Four and BLVD Ansel to be variable interest entities upon which it exercises significant influence; however, considering key factors such as the Company’s ownership interest and participation in policy-making decisions by majority equity holders, and oversight of management services by majority equity holders, the Company concluded that the power to direct activities that most significantly impact economic performance is shared. Given that the Company is not the entity most closely associated with the properties, it concluded that it is not the primary beneficiary and does not have a controlling financial interest in either property. (See Note 5 for additional information).

Corporate Leases

On November 1, 2020, the Company relocated its corporate headquarters to a new office space pursuant to a ten-year lease agreement with an affiliate controlled and owned by Christopher Clemente, its Chief Executive Officer, and his family as landlord. On November 1, 2022, the Company executed a 3,778 square foot lease expansion agreement with terms that align with the original agreement. (See Note 6 for additional information).

On January 1, 2022, ParkX Management, LC, a subsidiary of the Company, entered into a five-year lease agreement for its parking operations monitoring center with an affiliate controlled and owned by Christopher Clemente, its Chief Executive Officer, and his family as landlord. (See Note 6 for additional information).

Series C Preferred Stock Redemption

On June 13, 2022, the Company entered into the SEPA with CPRES, pursuant to which the Company acquired from CPRES all outstanding shares of its non-convertible and non-redeemable Series C preferred stock at a significant discount to carrying value. (See Note 10 for additional information).

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Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and the notes thereto and Management’s Discussion and Analysis included in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K and our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and the notes thereto included elsewhere in this document. Unless otherwise indicated, references to “2023” refer to the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2023 and references to “2022” refer to the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2022. The following discussion may contain forward-looking statements that reflect our plans and expectations. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated by these forward-looking statements. We do not undertake, and specifically disclaim, any obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect the occurrence of events or circumstances after the date of such statements except as required by law.

Overview

Comstock is a leading real estate asset manager, developer, and operator of mixed-use and transit-oriented properties in the Washington, D.C. region. Since 1985, we have acquired, developed, operated, and sold millions of square feet of residential, commercial, and mixed-use properties. We benefit from our market-leading position in Northern Virginia's Dulles Corridor, one of the nation’s fastest growing real estate markets that is undergoing an urban transformation thanks to the recently completed construction of a Metro commuter rail connecting Dulles International Airport and the surrounding areas to Washington, D.C. and beyond.

Our fee-based, asset-light, and substantially debt-free business model allows us to mitigate many of the risks that are typically associated with real estate development and ownership. We provide a broad suite of asset management, property management, development and construction management, and other real estate services to our asset-owning clients, composed primarily of institutional real estate investors, high net worth family offices, and governmental bodies with surplus real estate holdings. Our primary focus is the continued growth of our managed portfolio and associated fee-based revenue; however, the fundamental strength of our balance sheet permits us to also explore strategic investment opportunities, typically in the form of a minority capital co-investment in select stabilized assets that complement our existing portfolio.

Our asset management services platform is anchored by a long-term full-service asset management agreement with a Comstock affiliate (the "2022 AMA" - see below for additional details) that extends through 2035 and covers most of the properties we currently manage, including two of the largest transit-oriented, mixed-use developments in the Washington, D.C. area: Reston Station and Loudoun Station.

As a vertically integrated real estate services company, we self-perform all property management activity through three wholly owned operational subsidiaries: CHCI Commercial Management, LC (“CHCI Commercial”); CHCI Residential Management, LC (“CHCI Residential”); and ParkX Management, LC (“ParkX”). All properties included in our managed portfolio have entered into property management agreements with our operational subsidiaries that provide for market-rate fees related to our services, including 1011 commercial parking garages owned by unaffiliated parties and managed by ParkX.

The following table summarizes the operating assets that are included in our managed portfolio:

Type

# of Assets

Size/Scale

% Leased

Type

# of Assets

Size/Scale

% Leased

Commercial

2.0 million sqft.

91%

Commercial

2.0 million sqft.

92%

Residential

1.8 million sqft. / ~1,700 units

97%

Residential

1.8 million sqft. / ~1,700 units

97%

Parking

~15,000 spaces

Parking

16,000+ spaces

Total

In addition, in our development pipeline we currently have 1617 assets representing a total of 5.8 million square feet that includes 6 office buildings, approximately 3,100 residential units, 2 hotels with approximately 380 keys, and 2 parking garages with approximately 2,900 spaces. At full build out, our managed portfolio of assets is currently projected to total 6365 assets representing nearly 10 million square feet.

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The following tables provide further details on the assets that comprise our managed portfolio:


Anchor Portfolio
Reston Station			Mixed-use development on Metro's Silver Line; strategically located between Tyson's Corner, Va. and Dulles International Airport
Loudoun Station			Mixed-use development on Metro's Silver Line; first Metro-connected development in Loudoun County, Va.
Herndon Station			Mixed-use development in the historic downtown portion of Herndon, Va.; focus of public-private partnership with Town of Herndon

Investments and Additional Assets Under Management
The Hartford Building			Joint venture; 211,000 square foot mixed-use building on Metro's Orange Line in Arlington, Va.
BLVD Forty Four			Joint venture; 15-story, luxury high-rise apartment building near Rockville Metro Station in Montgomery County, Md.; adjacent to BLVD Ansel
BLVD Ansel			Joint venture; 18-story, luxury high-rise apartment building near Rockville Metro Station in Montgomery County, Md.; adjacent to BLVD Forty Four
Investors X			Investment in company that owns residual homebuilding operations
Parking			Commercial parking garages located both at commercial and residential properties we manage and on a stand-alone basis

~~Recent~~Significant Developments

CES Divestiture

On March 31, 2022, we completed the sale of Comstock Environmental Services, LLC ("CES"), a wholly owned subsidiary, to August Mack Environmental, Inc. ("August Mack"). This strategic divestiture was based on the continued growth and future prospects of our asset management business. Accordingly, we have reflected CES as a discontinued operation in our consolidated financial statements for all periods presented, and unless otherwise noted, all amounts and disclosures relate solely to our continuing operations. (See Note 3 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information).

Series C Preferred Stock Redemption and 2022 Asset Management Agreement

On June 13, 2022, we completed two separate significant transactions to further deleverage our balance sheet and enhance our long-term revenue outlook and growth potential. The first one with CP Real Estate Services, LC (“CPRES”), an entity owned by Christopher Clemente, Comstock’s Chief Executive Officer, redeemed all outstanding Series C preferred stock at a significant discount to carrying value. Secondly, we executed a new asset management agreement with Comstock Partners, LC ("CP"), an entity controlled by Mr. Clemente and wholly owned by Mr. Clemente and certain family members, which covers our Anchor Portfolio of assets (the "2022 AMA"). The 2022 AMA increased the base fees we collect, expanded the services that qualify for additional supplemental fees, extended the term through 2035, and most notably introduced a mark-to-market incentive fee based on the imputed profit of Anchor Portfolio assets, generally as each is stabilized and as further specified in the agreement. (See Notes 10 and 14 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information).

COVID-19 Update

On May 11, 2023 the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services declared an end to the public health emergency for COVID-19. While we never experienced any significant impacts on our business resulting from COVID-19, future regional or global health emergencies may have a negative impact on our results of operations and financial condition. Although the long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the greater Washington, D.C. area real estate market remains uncertain, we believe that our Anchor Portfolio is well positioned to withstand any future potential negative impacts.

Outlook

Our management team is committed to executing our goal to provide exceptional experiences to those we do business with while maximizing shareholder value. We believe that we are properly staffed for current market conditions and the foreseeable future and feel that we will maintain the ability to manage risk and pursue opportunities for additional growth as market conditions warrant. Our real estate development and asset management operations are primarily focused on the greater Washington, D.C. area, where we believe our 35-plus years of experience provides us with the best opportunity to continue developing, managing, and investing in high-quality real estate assets and capitalizing on positive growth trends.

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We aspire to be among the most admired real estate asset managers, operators, and developers by creating extraordinary places, providing exceptional experiences, and generating excellent results for all stakeholders. Our commitment to this mission drives our ability to expand our managed portfolio of assets, grow revenue, and deliver value to our shareholders.

Results of Operations

The following tables set forth consolidated statement of operations data for the periods presented (in thousands):


		Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,					Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
		2023		2022		2023		2022			2023		2022		2023		2022
Revenue	Revenue	$	8,967	$	8,467	$	19,242	$	17,198	Revenue	$	14,463	$	12,813	$	33,705	$	30,011
Operating costs and expenses:	Operating costs and expenses:									Operating costs and expenses:
Cost of revenue	Cost of revenue	7,681		6,831		16,004		13,766		Cost of revenue	8,557		8,346		24,561		22,112
Selling, general, and administrative	Selling, general, and administrative	572		469		1,136		856		Selling, general, and administrative	575		537		1,711		1,393
Depreciation and amortization	Depreciation and amortization	71		50		138		94		Depreciation and amortization	74		55		212		149
Total operating costs and expenses	Total operating costs and expenses	8,324		7,350		17,278		14,716		Total operating costs and expenses	9,206		8,938		26,484		23,654
Income (loss) from operations	Income (loss) from operations	643		1,117		1,964		2,482		Income (loss) from operations	5,257		3,875		7,221		6,357
Other income (expense):	Other income (expense):									Other income (expense):
Interest expense	Interest expense	—		(69)		—		(128)		Interest expense	—		(94)		—		(222)
Gain (loss) on real estate ventures	Gain (loss) on real estate ventures	(68)		17		(479)		269		Gain (loss) on real estate ventures	(241)		(31)		(720)		238
Other income (expense), net	Other income (expense), net	47		1		47		1		Other income (expense), net	1		1		48		2
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income tax	Income (loss) from continuing operations before income tax	622		1,066		1,532		2,624		Income (loss) from continuing operations before income tax	5,017		3,751		6,549		6,375
Provision for (benefit from) income tax	Provision for (benefit from) income tax	147		352		303		(104)		Provision for (benefit from) income tax	332		62		635		(42)
Net income (loss) from continuing operations	Net income (loss) from continuing operations	475		714		1,229		2,728		Net income (loss) from continuing operations	4,685		3,689		5,914		6,417
Net income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax	Net income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax	—		(10)		—		(277)		Net income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax	—		(99)		—		(376)
Net income (loss)	Net income (loss)	475		704		$	1,229	$	2,451	Net income (loss)	$	4,685	$	3,590	$	5,914	$	6,041
Impact of Series C preferred stock redemption	Impact of Series C preferred stock redemption	—		2,046		—		—		Impact of Series C preferred stock redemption	—		—		—		2,046
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders	Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders	$	475	$	2,750	$	1,229	$	2,451	Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders	$	4,685	$	3,590	$	5,914	$	8,087

Comparison of the Three Months Ended ~~June~~September 30, 2023 and ~~June~~September 30, 2022

Revenue

The following table summarizes revenue by line of business (in thousands):


		Three Months Ended June 30,													Three Months Ended September 30,
		2023				2022				Change					2023				2022				Change
		Amount		%		Amount		%		$		%			Amount		%		Amount		%		$		%
Asset management	Asset management	$	5,367	59.9	%	$	5,538	65.4	%	$	(171)	(3.1)	%	Asset management	$	10,606	73.3	%	$	9,391	73.3	%	$	1,215	12.9	%
Property management	Property management	2,520		28.1	%	2,192		25.9	%	328		15.0	%	Property management	2,605		18.0	%	2,508		19.6	%	97		3.9	%
Parking management	Parking management	1,080		12.0	%	737		8.7	%	343		46.5	%	Parking management	1,252		8.7	%	914		7.1	%	338		37.0	%
Total revenue	Total revenue	$	8,967	100.0	%	$	8,467	100.0	%	$	500	5.9	%	Total revenue	$	14,463	100.0	%	$	12,813	100.0	%	$	1,650	12.9	%

Revenue increased ~~5.9%~~12.9% in 2023. The ~~$0.5~~$1.7 million comparative increase was primarily driven by the continued expansion of our managed portfolio, which included 96 additional assets in ~~2023. Property~~2023, and ~~parking management recognized~~ a ~~combined $0.2 million, or 15.3%, increase in fee-based revenue, as well as a $0.5~~$0.9 million increase in incentive fees, which were earned pursuant to the terms of the 2022 AMA. Recurring asset management and property management fee-based revenue increased $0.7 million, or 12.6%, across all lines of business, and reimbursable staffing ~~charges. The $0.2~~charges increased $0.3 million, or 13.8%. Partially offsetting these revenue increases was a combined net $0.4 million decrease in ~~asset management revenue was primarily driven by lower~~ supplemental leasing, acquisition, and development fees due to higher volume of transactional activity in 2022.

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Operating costs and expenses

The following table summarizes operating costs and expenses (in thousands):


		Three Months Ended June 30,				Change					Three Months Ended September 30,				Change
		2023		2022		$		%			2023		2022		$		%
Cost of revenue	Cost of revenue	$	7,681	$	6,831	$	850	12.4	%	Cost of revenue	$	8,557	$	8,346	$	211	2.5	%
Selling, general, and administrative	Selling, general, and administrative	572		469		103		22.0	%	Selling, general, and administrative	575		537		38		7.1	%
Depreciation and amortization	Depreciation and amortization	71		50		21		42.0	%	Depreciation and amortization	74		55		19		34.5	%
Total operating costs and expenses	Total operating costs and expenses	$	8,324	$	7,350	$	974	13.3	%	Total operating costs and expenses	$	9,206	$	8,938	$	268	3.0	%

Operating costs and expenses increased ~~13.3%~~3.0% in 2023. The ~~$1.0~~$0.3 million comparative increase was primarily due to a ~~$0.4~~$0.1 million net increase in recoverable costs stemming from our managed properties and a $0.1 million increase in ~~personnel expenses~~rent expense stemming from ~~increased headcount and employee compensation, as well as individual $0.1 million respective increases~~the corporate headquarters lease expansion that was executed in ~~IT costs, regulatory and compliance costs, and rent expense.~~November 2022.

Other income (expense)

The following table summarizes other income (expense) (in thousands):


		Three Months Ended June 30,				Change					Three Months Ended September 30,				Change
		2023		2022		$		%			2023		2022		$		%
Interest expense	Interest expense	$	—	$	(69)	$	69	(100.0)	%	Interest expense	$	—	$	(94)	$	94	(100.0)	%
Gain (loss) on real estate ventures	Gain (loss) on real estate ventures	(68)		17		(85)		(500.0)	%	Gain (loss) on real estate ventures	(241)		(31)		(210)		677.4	%
Other income	Other income	47		1		46		N/M		Other income	1		1		—		N/M
Total other income (expense)	Total other income (expense)	$	(21)	$	(51)	$	30	(58.8)	%	Total other income (expense)	$	(240)	$	(124)	$	(116)	93.5	%

Other income (expense) was relatively flat in 2023, primarily driven by a ~~nominal $0.1~~$0.2 million net decrease in mark-to-market valuations of equity method investments in real estate ventures, ~~that was~~and partially offset by a $0.1 million decrease in interest expense stemming from the full pay down of our outstanding debt in the third quarter of fiscal year 2022.

Income tax

Provision for income tax was ~~$0.1~~$0.3 million in 2023, compared to ~~$0.4~~$0.1 million in 2022. The ~~$0.3~~$0.2 million ~~decrease~~increase primarily stems from a ~~$0.4~~$0.7 million ~~decrease~~increase in ~~taxable net~~pre-tax income as ~~compared to~~well as a higher annualized estimated tax rate in the ~~prior~~current period.

Comparison of the ~~Six~~Nine Months Ended ~~June~~September 30, 2023 and ~~June~~September 30, 2022

Revenue

The following table summarizes revenue by line of business (in thousands):


		Six Months Ended June 30,													Nine Months Ended September 30,
		2023				2022				Change					2023				2022				Change
		Amount		%		Amount		%		$		%			Amount		%		Amount		%		$		%
Asset management	Asset management	$	11,896	61.8	%	$	11,535	67.1	%	$	361	3.1	%	Asset management	$	22,502	66.8	%	$	20,926	69.7	%	$	1,576	7.5	%
Property management	Property management	5,126		26.6	%	4,323		25.1	%	803		18.6	%	Property management	7,731		22.9	%	6,831		22.8	%	900		13.2	%
Parking management	Parking management	2,220		11.6	%	1,340		7.8	%	880		65.7	%	Parking management	3,472		10.3	%	2,254		7.5	%	1,218		54.0	%
Total revenue	Total revenue	$	19,242	100.0	%	$	17,198	100.0	%	$	2,044	11.9	%	Total revenue	$	33,705	100.0	%	$	30,011	100.0	%	$	3,694	12.3	%

Revenue increased ~~11.9%~~12.3% in 2023. The ~~$2.0~~$3.7 million comparative increase was primarily driven by the continued expansion of our managed portfolio, which included 96 additional assets in ~~2023. Property~~2023, and ~~parking management recognized~~ a ~~combined $0.5 million, or 25.2%, increase in fee-based revenue, as well as a $1.2~~$0.9 million increase in incentive fees, which were earned pursuant to the terms of the 2022 AMA. Recurring asset management and property management fee-based revenue increased $2.2 million, or 12.7%, across all lines of business, and reimbursable staffing ~~charges. The $0.4~~charges increased $1.5 million, ~~increase~~or 26.4%. Partially offsetting these revenue increases was a combined $1.2 million decrease in ~~asset management revenue was primarily driven by increases in reimbursable expenses, partially offset by lower~~ supplemental leasing, acquisition, and ~~leasing~~development fees due to higher volume of transactional activity in 2022.

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Operating costs and expenses

The following table summarizes operating costs and expenses (in thousands):


		Six Months Ended June 30,				Change					Nine Months Ended September 30,				Change
		2023		2022		$		%			2023		2022		$		%
Cost of revenue	Cost of revenue	$	16,004	$	13,766	$	2,238	16.3	%	Cost of revenue	$	24,561	$	22,112	$	2,449	11.1	%
Selling, general, and administrative	Selling, general, and administrative	1,136		856		280		32.7	%	Selling, general, and administrative	1,711		1,393		318		22.8	%
Depreciation and amortization	Depreciation and amortization	138		94		44		46.8	%	Depreciation and amortization	212		149		63		42.3	%
Total operating costs and expenses	Total operating costs and expenses	$	17,278	$	14,716	$	2,562	17.4	%	Total operating costs and expenses	$	26,484	$	23,654	$	2,830	12.0	%

Operating costs and expenses increased ~~17.4%~~12.0% in ~~2022.~~2023. The ~~$2.6~~$2.8 million comparative increase was primarily due to a ~~$1.4~~$1.5 million net increase in personnel expenses stemming from increased headcount and employee compensation, as well as ~~individual~~a $0.3 million increase in rent expense stemming from the corporate headquarters lease expansion that was executed in November 2022 and a $0.2 million ~~respective increases~~increase in ~~IT costs,~~ regulatory and compliance ~~costs, and rent expense.~~costs.

Other income (expense)

The following table summarizes other income (expense) (in thousands):


		Six Months Ended June 30,				Change					Nine Months Ended September 30,				Change
		2023		2022		$		%			2023		2022		$		%
Interest expense	Interest expense	$	—	$	(128)	$	128	(100.0)	%	Interest expense	$	—	$	(222)	$	222	(100.0)	%
Gain (loss) on real estate ventures	Gain (loss) on real estate ventures	(479)		269		(748)		(278.1)	%	Gain (loss) on real estate ventures	(720)		238		(958)		(402.5)	%
Other income	Other income	47		1		46		N/M		Other income	48		2		46		N/M
Total other income (expense)	Total other income (expense)	$	(432)	$	142	$	(574)	(404.2)	%	Total other income (expense)	$	(672)	$	18	$	(690)	N/M

Other income (expense) changed by ~~$0.6~~$0.7 million in ~~2022,~~2023, primarily driven by a ~~$0.7~~$1.0 million net decrease in mark-to-market valuations of equity method investments in real estate ventures, and partially offset by a ~~$0.1~~$0.2 million decrease in interest expense stemming from the full pay down of our outstanding debt in ~~the third quarter of fiscal year~~ 2022.

Income taxes

Provision for income tax was ~~$0.3~~$0.6 million in 2023, compared to ~~a $0.1 million~~an immaterial tax benefit in 2022. The ~~$0.4~~$0.6 million variance was ~~primarily~~ driven by a ~~partial deferred~~higher annualized estimated tax ~~asset~~rate in the current period, primarily due to higher valuation allowance release in ~~the prior period.~~relation to pre-tax income in 2022.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

To provide investors with additional information regarding our financial results, we prepare certain financial measures that are not calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”), specifically Adjusted EBITDA.

We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) from continuing operations, excluding the impact of interest expense (net of interest income), income taxes, depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation, and gain (loss) on equity method investments.

We use Adjusted EBITDA to evaluate financial performance, analyze the underlying trends in our business and establish operational goals and forecasts that are used when allocating resources. We expect to compute Adjusted EBITDA consistently using the same methods each period.

We believe Adjusted EBITDA is a useful measure because it permits investors to better understand changes over comparative periods by providing financial results that are unaffected by certain non-cash items that are not considered by management to be indicative of our operational performance.

While we believe that Adjusted EBITDA is useful to investors when evaluating our business, it is not prepared and presented in accordance with GAAP, and therefore should be considered supplemental in nature. Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered

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in isolation, or as a substitute, for other financial performance measures presented in accordance with GAAP. Adjusted EBITDA may differ from similarly titled measures presented by other companies.

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The following table presents a reconciliation of net income (loss) from continuing operations, the most directly comparable financial measure as measured in accordance with GAAP, to Adjusted EBITDA (in thousands):


		Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,					Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
		2023		2022		2023		2022			2023		2022		2023		2022
Net income (loss) from continuing operations	Net income (loss) from continuing operations	$	475	$	714	$	1,229	$	2,728	Net income (loss) from continuing operations	$	4,685	$	3,689	$	5,914	$	6,417
Interest expense	Interest expense	—		69		—		128		Interest expense	—		94		—		222
Income taxes	Income taxes	147		352		303		(104)		Income taxes	332		62		635		(42)
Depreciation and amortization	Depreciation and amortization	71		50		138		94		Depreciation and amortization	74		55		212		149
Stock-based compensation	Stock-based compensation	266		220		504		417		Stock-based compensation	273		212		777		629
(Gain) loss on real estate ventures	(Gain) loss on real estate ventures	68		(17)		479		(269)		(Gain) loss on real estate ventures	241		31		720		(238)
Adjusted EBITDA	Adjusted EBITDA	$	1,027	$	1,388	$	2,653	$	2,994	Adjusted EBITDA	$	5,605	$	4,143	$	8,258	$	7,137

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity is defined as the current amount of readily available cash and the ability to generate adequate amounts of cash to meet the current needs for cash. We assess our liquidity in terms of our cash and cash equivalents on hand and the ability to generate cash to fund our operating activities.

Our principal sources of liquidity as of ~~June~~September 30, 2023 were our cash and cash equivalents of ~~$9.0~~$10.9 million and our $10.0 million of available borrowings on our credit facility.

Significant factors which could affect future liquidity include the adequacy of available lines of credit, cash flows generated from operating activities, working capital management and investments.

Our primary capital needs are for working capital obligations and other general corporate purposes, including investments and capital expenditures. Our primary sources of working capital are cash from operations and distributions from investments in real estate ventures. We have historically financed our operations with internally generated funds and borrowings from our credit facilities. On September 30, 2022, we paid down the $5.5 million outstanding balance of our credit facility in full, primarily to avoid the rising interest costs that would accompany recent interest rate increases. (See Note 7 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information).

We believe we currently have adequate liquidity and availability of capital to fund our present operations and meet our commitments on our existing debt.

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods indicated (in thousands):


		Six Months Ended June 30,					Nine Months Ended September 30,
		2023		2022			2023		2022
Continuing operations	Continuing operations					Continuing operations
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	$	(2,373)	$	(590)	Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	$	(362)	$	1,868
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	72		(2,067)		Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	(35)		(1,919)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	(390)		(4,488)		Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	(390)		(10,068)
Total net increase (decrease) in cash - continuing operations	Total net increase (decrease) in cash - continuing operations	(2,691)		(7,145)		Total net increase (decrease) in cash - continuing operations	(787)		(10,119)
Discontinued operations, net	Discontinued operations, net	—		(251)		Discontinued operations, net	—		(347)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	$	(2,691)	$	(7,396)	Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	$	(787)	$	(10,466)

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Operating Activities

~~Net~~The $2.2 million variance in net operating cash ~~used in operating~~ activities ~~increased $1.8 million in 2023,~~was primarily driven by a ~~$1.6~~$3.7 million incremental cash outflow stemming from changes to our net working capital, partially offset by a ~~$0.2~~$1.5 million increase in net income from continuing operations after adjustments for non-cash items. The net working capital impact was primarily influenced by higher accrued bonus payouts and increases in related party accounts receivable in the current period.

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Investing Activities

~~Net~~The $1.9 million variance in net cash ~~provided by investing activities was $0.1 million in 2023, compared to $2.1 million~~ used in investing activities ~~in 2022. The $2.1 million variance is~~was primarily driven by a $2.6 million decrease in investments in real estate ventures, partially offset by $1.0 million in proceeds received from the CES divestiture that was finalized in the first quarter of fiscal year 2022.

Financing Activities

~~Net~~The $9.7 million decrease in net cash used in financing activities ~~decreased $4.1 million~~was ~~in 2023,~~ primarily driven by a $4.0 million cash payment made in 2022 related to the early redemption of Series C Preferred ~~Stock.~~Stock and a $5.5 million payment made in 2022 to satisfy the outstanding balance of our credit facility.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Not Applicable.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As of ~~June~~September 30, 2023, management, including the CEO and CFO, performed an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”)).

Based on that evaluation, management, including the CEO and CFO, concluded that as of ~~June~~September 30, 2023, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC rules and forms, and to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our CEO and CFO, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. We maintain a system of internal control over financial reporting that is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have been no material changes to our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the fiscal quarter ended ~~June~~September 30, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Limitations on the Effectiveness of Controls

In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, we recognize that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs. We do not expect that our disclosure controls and internal controls will prevent all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met, therefore internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements.

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PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

Information regarding legal proceedings is incorporated by reference from Note 8 in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

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Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibit
Number

Incorporated by Reference

Description

Form

Exhibit

Filing Date

3.1

Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation

10-Q

3.1

November 16, 2015

3.2

Amended and Restated Bylaws

10-K

3.2

March 31, 2005

3.3

Certificate of Designation of Series C Non-Convertible Preferred Stock of Comstock Holding Companies, Inc., filed with the Secretary of the State of Delaware on March 22, 2017

8-K

3.1

March 28, 2017

3.4

Certificate of Amendment of Certificate of Designation of Series C Non-Convertible Preferred Stock of Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on February 15, 2019

8-K

3.2

February 19, 2019

3.5

Certificate of Amendment of Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Comstock Holding Companies, Inc.

8-K

3.1

February 19, 2019

4.1

Specimen Stock Certificate

S-1

4.1

August 13, 2004

4.2

Description of Capital Stock

10-K

4.2

March 31, 2022

31.1*

Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

31.2*

Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

32.1‡

Certifications of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

101.INS*

Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.

101.SCH*

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL*

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF*

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB*

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE*

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

104*

Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

* Filed herewith

‡ Furnished herewith

Pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T, the following interactive data files formatted in Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language (iXBRL) are attached as Exhibit 101 to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q:


(i)			Consolidated Balance Sheets as of ~~June~~September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022;
(ii)			Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2023 and 2022;
(iii)			Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2023 and 2022;
(iv)			Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2023 and 2022; and
(v)			Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.


	COMSTOCK HOLDING COMPANIES, INC.

Date: ~~August 11,~~November 9, 2023	By:	/s/ CHRISTOPHER CLEMENTE
		Christopher Clemente Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

Date: ~~August 11,~~November 9, 2023	By:	/s/ CHRISTOPHER GUTHRIE
		Christopher Guthrie Chief Financial Officer

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