UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C.DC 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One) 
☒QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended June 30, 20202021
or
☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from________________to________________
Commission File Number: 001-34272


ZOVIO INC
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

____________________________________________________________________________
Delaware59-3551629
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
(I.R.S.IRS Employer
Identification No.)

1811 E. Northrop Blvd, Chandler, AZ 85286
(Address, including zip code, of principal executive offices)

(858) 668-2586
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)


None
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒    No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒    No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer☐Accelerated filer☒☐
Non-accelerated filer☐☒Smaller reporting company☒
Emerging growth company☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐    No ☒

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading Symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per shareZVOThe Nasdaq Stock Market LLC
The total number of shares of common stock outstanding as of July 24, 2020,21, 2021, was 32,138,856.

33,417,762.



ZOVIO INC
FORM 10-Q
INDEX
4
4
4
5
6
7
98
3126
4334
4435
4536
4536
4536
4836
4836
4836
4836
4937
5038

2

PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.  Financial Statements.Statements
ZOVIO INC
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
(Unaudited)
(In thousands, except par value)
As of
June 30, 2020		As of
December 31, 2019
ASSETS  
Current assets:  
Cash and cash equivalents$75,073  $69,280  
Restricted cash25,904  23,257  
Investments1,251  2,502  
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for credit losses of $11.8 million and $13.7 million at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively42,237  34,951  
Prepaid expenses and other current assets20,063  20,524  
Total current assets164,528  150,514  
Property and equipment, net32,449  34,294  
Operating lease assets22,965  18,615  
Goodwill and intangibles, net41,887  44,419  
Other long-term assets2,291  2,296  
Total assets$264,120  $250,138  
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY  
Current liabilities:  
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities$58,558  $68,160  
Deferred revenue and student deposits62,065  55,284  
Total current liabilities120,623  123,444  
Rent liability26,871  22,409  
Other long-term liabilities4,621  5,347  
Total liabilities152,115  151,200  
Commitments and contingencies (see Note 15)
Stockholders' equity:  
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value:  
20,000 shares authorized; 0 shares issued and outstanding at both June 30, 2020, and December 31, 2019—  —  
Common stock, $0.01 par value:  
300,000 shares authorized; 66,326 and 65,695 issued, and 32,139 and 30,327 outstanding, at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively666  660  
Additional paid-in capital176,160  192,413  
Retained earnings382,438  375,180  
Treasury stock, 34,187 and 35,368 shares at cost at June 30, 2020, and December 31, 2019, respectively(447,259) (469,315) 
Total stockholders' equity112,005  98,938  
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity$264,120  $250,138  
As of
June 30, 2021		As of
December 31, 2020
ASSETS  
Current assets:  
Cash and cash equivalents$23,981 $35,462 
Restricted cash13,283 20,035 
Investments1,476 1,515 
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for credit losses of $1.8 million and $1.2 million at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively7,922 7,204 
Prepaid expenses and other current assets13,231 12,617 
Total current assets59,893 76,833 
Property and equipment, net28,615 30,575 
Operating lease assets31,388 20,114 
Goodwill and intangibles, net30,433 31,785 
Other long-term assets3,566 1,999 
Total assets$153,895 $161,306 
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY  
Current liabilities:  
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities$51,439 $62,693 
Deferred revenue and student deposits10,582 8,090 
Total current liabilities62,021 70,783 
Rent liability36,523 24,125 
Other long-term liabilities8,243 7,181 
Total liabilities106,787 102,089 
Commitments and contingencies (see Note 15)00
Stockholders' equity:  
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value:  
20,000 shares authorized; 0 shares issued and outstanding at both June 30, 2021, and December 31, 20200 0 
Common stock, $0.01 par value:  
300,000 shares authorized; 67,127 and 66,454 issued, and 33,418 and 32,267 outstanding, at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively674 668 
Additional paid-in capital170,341 179,489 
Retained earnings312,793 326,319 
Treasury stock, 33,709 and 34,187 shares at cost at June 30, 2021, and December 31, 2020, respectively(436,700)(447,259)
Total stockholders' equity47,108 59,217 
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity$153,895 $161,306 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
3

ZOVIO INC
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss)
(Unaudited)
(In thousands, except per share amounts)
 Three Months Ended
June 30,		Six Months Ended
June 30,
 2020201920202019
Revenue$103,940  $107,495  $201,812  $217,259  
Costs and expenses: 
Instructional costs and services44,874  55,088  91,255  107,026  
Admissions advisory and marketing38,802  44,810  80,535  93,882  
General and administrative14,496  22,532  31,986  38,452  
Restructuring and impairment expense483  5,394  3,246  5,423  
Total costs and expenses98,655  127,824  207,022  244,783  
Operating income (loss)5,285  (20,329) (5,210) (27,524) 
Other income (expense), net161  297  (101) 896  
Income (loss) before income taxes5,446  (20,032) (5,311) (26,628) 
Income tax expense (benefit)299  (2,435) (12,478) (2,389) 
Net income (loss)$5,147  $(17,597) $7,167  $(24,239) 
Income (loss) per share:  
Basic$0.16  $(0.58) $0.23  $(0.84) 
Diluted$0.16  $(0.58) $0.23  $(0.84) 
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding used in computing income (loss) per share:  
Basic32,137  30,215  31,238  28,706  
Diluted32,501  30,215  31,495  28,706  
 Three Months Ended
June 30,		Six Months Ended
June 30,
 2021202020212020
Revenue$66,670 $5,054 $140,777 $9,127 
University-related revenue0 98,886 0 192,685 
Other revenue2,516 0 5,268 0 
Revenue and other revenue$69,186 $103,940 $146,045 $201,812 
Costs and expenses: 
Technology and academic services$18,056 $17,209 $37,200 $35,737 
Counseling services and support23,173 23,540 48,498 46,859 
Marketing and communication21,729 21,675 47,560 46,743 
General and administrative8,376 11,581 24,272 24,968 
University-related expenses0 24,167 0 49,469 
Restructuring and impairment expense2,341 483 2,341 3,246 
Total costs and expenses73,675 98,655 159,871 207,022 
Operating income (loss)(4,489)5,285 (13,826)(5,210)
Other income (loss), net232 161 159 (101)
Income (loss) before income taxes(4,257)5,446 (13,667)(5,311)
Income tax expense (benefit)(224)299 (141)(12,478)
Net income (loss)$(4,033)$5,147 $(13,526)$7,167 
Income (loss) per share:  
Basic$(0.12)$0.16 $(0.41)$0.23 
Diluted$(0.12)$0.16 $(0.41)$0.23 
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding used in computing income (loss) per share:  
Basic33,343 32,137 33,058 31,238 
Diluted33,343 32,501 33,058 31,495 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
4

ZOVIO INC
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity
(Unaudited)
(In thousands)

 Common Stock
Additional
Paid-in
Capital
Retained
Earnings
Treasury
Stock
 
 SharesPar ValueTotal
Balance at December 31, 201865,289  $653  $205,157  $429,992  $(508,188) $127,614  
Stock-based compensation—  —  1,706  —  —  1,706  
Exercise of stock options6  1  59  —  —  60  
Stock issued under stock incentive plan, net of shares held for taxes284  2  (757) —  —  (755) 
Net loss—  —  —  (6,642) —  (6,642) 
Balance at March 31, 201965,579  $656  $206,165  $423,350  $(508,188) $121,983  
Stock-based compensation—  —  3,596  —  —  3,596  
Stock issued under employee stock purchase plan29  —  96  —  —  96  
Stock issued under stock incentive plan, net of shares held for taxes20  —  (51) —  —  (51) 
Stock issued under acquisition3  (24,513) 38,873  14,363  
Net loss—  —  —  (17,597) —  (17,597) 
Balance at June 30, 201965,628  $659  $185,293  $405,753  $(469,315) $122,390  
 Common Stock
Additional
Paid-in
Capital
Retained
Earnings
Treasury
Stock
 
 SharesPar ValueTotal
Balance at December 31, 201965,695 $660 $192,413 $375,180 $(469,315)$98,938 
Adoption of accounting standard (ASU 2016-13)— — — 91 — 91 
Stock-based compensation— — 4,138 — — 4,138 
Stock issued under stock incentive plan, net of shares held for taxes338 3 (205)— — (202)
Net income— — — 2,020 — 2,020 
Balance at March 31, 202066,033 $663 $196,346 $377,291 $(469,315)$104,985 
Stock-based compensation— — 802 — — 802 
Stock issued under employee stock purchase plan57 1 111 — — 112 
Stock issued under stock incentive plan, net of shares held for taxes236 2 (182)— — (180)
Contingent consideration— — 1,245 — — 1,245 
Stock issued for acquisition— 0 (22,162)— 22,162 0 
Repurchase of common stock— — — — (106)(106)
Net income— — — 5,147 — 5,147 
Balance at June 30, 202066,326 $666 $176,160 $382,438 $(447,259)$112,005 

 Common Stock
Additional
Paid-in
Capital
Retained
Earnings
Treasury
Stock
 
 SharesPar ValueTotal
Balance at December 31, 201965,695  $660  $192,413  $375,180  $(469,315) $98,938  
Adoption of accounting standards (Note 2)—  —  —  91  —  91  
Stock-based compensation—  —  4,138  —  —  4,138  
Stock issued under stock incentive plan, net of shares held for taxes338  3  (205) —  —  (202) 
Net income—  —  —  2,020  —  2,020  
Balance at March 31, 202066,033  $663  $196,346  $377,291  $(469,315) $104,985  
Stock-based compensation—  —  802  —  —  802  
Stock issued under employee stock purchase plan57  1  111  —  —  112  
Stock issued under stock incentive plan, net of shares held for taxes236  2  (182) —  —  (180) 
Contingent consideration—  —  1,245  —  —  1,245  
Stock issued for acquisition—  —  (22,162) —  22,162  —  
Repurchase of common stock—  —  —  —  (106) (106) 
Net income—  —  —  5,147  —  5,147  
Balance at June 30, 202066,326  $666  $176,160  $382,438  $(447,259) $112,005  
 Common Stock
Additional
Paid-in
Capital
Retained
Earnings
Treasury
Stock
 
 SharesPar ValueTotal
Balance at December 31, 202066,454 $668 $179,489 $326,319 $(447,259)$59,217 
Stock-based compensation— — 2,382 — — 2,382 
Stock issued under stock incentive plan, net of shares held for taxes563 5 (1,083)— — (1,078)
Contingent consideration— — (122)— — (122)
Issuance of shares for acquisition— — (10,559)— 10,559 — 
Net loss— — — (9,493)— (9,493)
Balance at March 31, 202167,017 $673 $170,107 $316,826 $(436,700)$50,906 
Stock-based compensation— — 247 — — 247 
Stock issued under employee stock purchase plan31 0 76 — — 76 
Stock issued under stock incentive plan, net of shares held for taxes79 1 (89)— — (88)
Net loss— — — (4,033)— (4,033)
Balance at June 30, 202167,127 $674 $170,341 $312,793 $(436,700)$47,108 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
5

ZOVIO INC
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(Unaudited)
(In thousands)
Six Months Ended
June 30,
 20212020
Cash flows from operating activities:  
Net income (loss)$(13,526)$7,167 
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:  
Provision for bad debts911 6,402 
Depreciation and amortization4,262 5,883 
Deferred income taxes0 (4)
Stock-based compensation2,629 4,940 
Noncash lease expense4,367 6,427 
Net loss (gain) on marketable securities(144)117 
Loss (gain) on disposal or impairment of fixed assets61 0 
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:  
Accounts receivable(1,628)(13,598)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets(614)301 
Other long-term assets(1,568)6 
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities(9,198)(9,139)
Deferred revenue and student deposits2,491 6,781 
Operating lease liabilities(5,243)(6,409)
Other liabilities940 (2,158)
   Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities(16,260)6,716 
Cash flows from investing activities:  
Capital expenditures(733)(1,570)
Purchases of investments(64)(684)
Capitalized costs for intangible assets(333)(146)
Sale of investments247 1,818 
   Net cash used in investing activities(883)(582)
Cash flows from financing activities:  
Proceeds from the issuance of stock under employee stock purchase plan76 112 
Borrowings from long-term liabilities0 2,682 
Tax withholdings on issuance of stock awards(1,166)(382)
Repurchase of common stock0 (106)
   Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities(1,090)2,306 
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash(18,233)8,440 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period55,497 92,537 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period$37,264 $100,977 
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash:
Cash and cash equivalents$23,981 $75,073 
Restricted cash13,283 25,904 
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash$37,264 $100,977 
Six Months Ended
June 30,
 20202019
Cash flows from operating activities:  
Net income (loss)$7,167  $(24,239) 
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:  
Provision for bad debts6,402  7,525  
Depreciation and amortization5,883  4,198  
Deferred income taxes(4) 75  
Stock-based compensation4,940  5,302  
Noncash lease expense6,427  9,345  
Net loss (gain) on marketable securities117  (203) 
Reassessment of lease charges—  558  
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:  
Accounts receivable(13,598) (8,579) 
Prepaid expenses and other current assets301  (1,355) 
Other long-term assets6  (684) 
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities(9,139) 7,086  
Deferred revenue and student deposits6,781  (7,000) 
Operating lease liabilities(6,409) (11,517) 
Other liabilities(2,158) (2,630) 
   Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities6,716  (22,118) 
Cash flows from investing activities:  
Capital expenditures(1,570) (17,767) 
Purchases of investments(684) (74) 
Capitalized costs for intangible assets(146) (293) 
Cash paid in acquisition, net of cash acquired—  (19,286) 
Sale of investments1,818  —  
   Net cash used in investing activities(582) (37,420) 
Cash flows from financing activities:  
Proceeds from exercise of stock options—  60  
Proceeds from the issuance of stock under employee stock purchase plan112  96  
Borrowings from long-term liabilities2,682  —  
Tax withholdings on issuance of stock awards(382) (806) 
Repurchase of common stock(106) —  
   Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities2,306  (650) 
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash8,440  (60,188) 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period92,537  190,584  
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period$100,977  $130,396  
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash:
Cash and cash equivalents$75,073  $104,617  
Restricted cash25,904  20,049  
Long-term restricted cash—  5,730  
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash$100,977  $130,396  
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

6

ZOVIO INC
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Continued)
(Unaudited)
(In thousands)
Six Months Ended
June 30,
20202019
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash transactions:Supplemental disclosure of non-cash transactions:Supplemental disclosure of non-cash transactions:
Purchase of equipment included in accounts payable and accrued liabilitiesPurchase of equipment included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities$513  $4,637  Purchase of equipment included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities$14 $513 
Issuance of common stock for vested restricted stock unitsIssuance of common stock for vested restricted stock units$1,270  $2,628  Issuance of common stock for vested restricted stock units$3,774 $1,270 
Consideration for acquisition in accounts payable and accrued liabilities$—  $483  
Issuance of common stock for acquisitions$—  $14,363  
Debt extinguishmentDebt extinguishment$3,095 $0 
Issuance of notes payableIssuance of notes payable$2,809 $0 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
76


ZOVIO INC
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

1. Nature of Business
Zovio Inc (the “Company”), is a Delaware corporation, and is an education technology services company that partners with higher education institutions and employers to deliver innovative, personalized solutions to help learners and leaders achieve their aspirations. One of its wholly owned subsidiaries, Ashford University® (“Ashford”), is a regionally accredited academic institution, which delivers programs online. Ashford offers associate’s, bachelor’s, master’s and doctoral programs.
InAdditionally, in April 2019, the Company acquired both Fullstack Academy, Inc, (“Fullstack”) and TutorMe.com, Inc. (“TutorMe”), botheach of which became wholly-owned subsidiaries of the Company.Company at that time.
On December 1, 2020, the Company and AU LLC finalized a definitive Asset Purchase and Sale Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”), by and among the Company, AU LLC, the Arizona Board of Regents, a body corporate, for and on behalf of the University of Arizona (the “University of Arizona”), and the University of Arizona Global Campus, a newly formed Arizona nonprofit corporation (“Global Campus”). Upon the closing of the Purchase Agreement (the “Sale Transaction”), the Company and Ashford University (the “University”) transferred to Global Campus the tangible and intangible academic and related operations and assets comprising the University to Global Campus.
Following the closing of the transaction of the Purchase Agreement (the “Sale Transaction”), Global Campus owns and operates the University in affiliation with the University of Arizona and with a focus on expanding access to education for non-traditional adult learners, and the Company provides services to Global Campus under a long-term Strategic Services Agreement (the “Services Agreement”). The operating resultsservices that the Company provides to Global Campus under the Services Agreement include recruiting, admissions, marketing, student finance, financial aid processing, and financial aid advising, program advising, student retention advising, support services for academics, information technology and institutional support.
The majority of Fullstack and TutorMe subsequent to the acquisition dates have been includedCompany's cash comes from the Services Agreement with Global Campus. The service fees in the Company's condensed consolidated results of operations. For further information regarding these acquisitions, referServices Agreement are subject to Note 3, “Business Combinations” tocertain minimum residual liability adjustments, including performance-based adjustments, minimum profit level adjustments, and excess direct cost adjustments. These adjustments are all variable in nature in that they depend upon the condensed consolidated financial statements.Company’s performance during each service period.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Principles of Consolidation
The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries. Intercompany transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Unaudited Interim Financial Information
The condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, these financial statements do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete annual financial statements and should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019,2020, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on February 20, 2020.24, 2021. In the opinion of management, the condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, considered necessary to present a fair statement of the Company’s condensed consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows as of and for the periods presented.
Operating results for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the full year. The year-end condensed consolidated balance sheet data was derived from audited consolidated financial statements but does not include all disclosures required by GAAP for complete annual consolidated financial statements.
7


ZOVIO INC
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Use of Estimates
The preparation of the condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts in the condensed consolidated financial statements. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Comprehensive Income (Loss)
The Company has no components of other comprehensive income (loss), and therefore, comprehensive income (loss) equals net income (loss).
Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses
Accounts receivable represent the Company’s unconditional right to consideration arising from the transfer of tuition, digital materials, and technology and other fees under contracts with customers. Students generally fund their education costs through grants and/or loans under various Title IV programs, tuition assistance from military and corporate employers, and/or personal funds. With the exception of students enrolled under the Full Tuition Grant (“FTG”) program, payments are due on the respective course start date and are generally considered delinquent 120 days after that date.
8


ZOVIO INC
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Accounts receivable are initially recorded at the amount management expects to collect under each customer contract and are adjusted for an allowance for credit losses at each reporting period. The Company determines its allowance for credit losses using a loss-rate method combined with an aging schedule approach, which is appropriate given the short-term nature of a substantial majority of the Company’s receivables and as collections vary significantly based upon a receivable’s aging bucket. Also, historical loss information is a reasonable basis on which to determine current expected credit losses for accounts receivable held at the reporting date because the risk characteristics of the Company’s customers and its credit practices have not changed significantly over time. The Company calculates separate historical loss rates for receivables under the FTG program and receivables from all other customers, on the basis of the different risk profiles and historical loss-rate experience with each type of customer. Additionally, the Company continuously monitors macroeconomic activity as well as other current conditions (e.g., internal Title IV processing times, economic downturns, cohort default rates, etc.) and their potential impact on collections to ensure the historical experience remains in line with current conditions and future short-term expectations.
The allowance for credit losses is recorded within instructional costs and services in the consolidated statements of income (loss). The Company writes off accounts receivable when the student account is deemed uncollectible, which typically occurs when the Company has exhausted all collection efforts.
Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets
The Company tests goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment annually, or more frequently if events and circumstances warrant. Historically, this testing has been performed as of October 1st of each fiscal year, however the Company determined that the testing date should be moved up to August 31st of each fiscal year. The Company does not consider this change to be material. The Company believes the timing of assessment is preferable as it better aligns with the Company’s planning and forecasting process and also provides additional time to complete the annual assessment in advance of quarterly reporting deadlines. The change in assessment date did not delay, accelerate, or avoid a potential impairment charge.
The Company has three distinct reporting units including (i) Zovio (which includes Ashford), (ii) Fullstack and (iii) TutorMe. To evaluate the impairment of goodwill, the Company first assesses qualitative factors, such as deterioration in general economic conditions or negative company financial performance, to determine whether it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. To evaluate the impairment of the indefinite-lived intangible assets, the Company assesses the fair value of the assets to determine whether they are greater or less than the carrying values. Determining the fair value of indefinite-lived intangible assets is judgmental in nature and involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions are inherently uncertain and may include such items as growth rates used to calculate projected future cash flows, risk-adjusted discount rates, future economic and market conditions, and a determination of appropriate market comparables.
The Company's assessment through the second quarter of 2020 has not resulted in any impairment of its goodwill or indefinite-lived intangibles.
Notes Payable
The fair value of the Company’s outstanding notes payable iswas estimated using the net present value of the payments, discounted at an interest rate that is consistent with market interest rates. The Company, through Fullstack, had previously entered into a contract whereby its counterparty advanced funds to the Company for certain program development costs, which the Company is obligated to repay out of future revenues from the developed program. The Company recognized these advances as a debt obligation, and expects to begin repayments from future program revenues fivefour years from the contract start datedate.
During the second quarter of June 1, 2019.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In June 2016,2021, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”). The new standard is intended to improve financial reporting by requiring timelier recording of credit losses on loansnotes payable contract was amended and other financial instruments held by financial institutions and other organizations. ASU 2016-13 requires the measurement of all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The new standard also requires enhanced disclosures to help investors and other financial statement users better understand significant estimates and judgments used in estimating credit losses, as well as the credit quality and underwriting standards of an organization’s portfolio. These
9


ZOVIO INC
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
disclosures include qualitative and quantitative requirements that provide additional information about the amounts recorded in the financial statements. ASU 2016-03 is effective for SEC filers for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company applied the new standard, including all applicable updates, effective January 1, 2020, using a loss-rate method combined with an aging schedule approach. The adoption of ASU 2016-13 did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement (“ASU 2018-13”). This ASU modifies the disclosure requirements on fair value measurements in Topic 820 and removed, updated and added certain disclosure requirements. Some of these changes include, removing the amount and reason for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 ofwas revalued. As such, included within the fair value hierarchy, clarification of measurement uncertainty disclosure, and changes in realized gains and losses for the period included in other comprehensive income for recurring level 3 fair value measurements held as the end of the reporting period, among others. The amendments in this ASU are effective for all entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. The amendments on changes in unrealized gains and losses, the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements, and the narrative description of measurement uncertainty should be applied prospectively for only the most recent interim or annual period presented in the initial fiscal year of adoption. The adoption of ASU 2018-13 did not have a material impact(loss), net, on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
3. Business Combinations
Acquisition of Fullstack Academy, Inc.
On April 1, 2019, the Company acquired Fullstack, a coding academy headquartered in New York, by acquiring all of its outstanding shares, pursuant to an Agreement and Plan of Reorganization (the “Fullstack Merger Agreement”). As of March 31, 2019, Fullstack had a carrying value of approximately $7.1 million of assets, excluding goodwill. At the closing of the Fullstack acquisition, the equityholders of Fullstack received consideration consisting of $17.7 million in cash (less purchase price adjustments of $1.8 million, plus third-party expenses of $2.0 million), and an aggregate of 2,443,260 shares of the Company’s common stock, subject to escrow adjustments. Additionally, under the Fullstack Merger Agreement, the equityholders of Fullstack will be entitled to receive up to 2,250,000 contingent shares of the Company’s common stock (the “Fullstack Contingent Consideration”). The Fullstack Merger Agreement contains an employee incentive retention pool of up to $5.0 million in cash, payable at specified times over a two-year period.
The assets and liabilities of Fullstack were recorded on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets at their estimated fair values as of April 1, 2019, the acquisition date. Fullstack’s results of operations are included in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of income (loss) from that date. Fullstack recognized revenue of $9.2 million, had an operating loss of $10.6 million, and net loss of $10.6 million for the period from acquisition through December 31, 2019. See additional supplemental pro forma financial information below. For the twelvethree and six months ended December 31, 2019,June 30, 2021, is an offset of interest expense in the Company recorded acquisition-related expensesamount of $4.7$3.1 million, in general and administrative on the consolidated statements of income (loss), associated with the Fullstack acquisition. The Company accounts for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting.
The following table summarizes the purchase price, as well as the final allocationa loss on extinguishment of the purchase price relating to the assets and liabilities purchased (in thousands):
Cash consideration for acquired assets$17,743 
Fair value of equity12,336 
Fair value of contingent consideration payable3,250 
Total purchase price$33,329 

10


ZOVIO INC
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Purchase Price Allocation:
Cash and cash equivalents$585 
Accounts receivable5,604 
Prepaid and other assets665 
Property and equipment167 
Operating lease assets1,297 
Intangible assets11,605 
Other long-term assets20 
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities(496)
Deferred revenue(2,350)
Long-term liabilities(1,297)
Total identifiable net assets acquired$15,800 
Deferred tax liability(2,166)
Goodwill19,695 
Total purchase consideration$33,329 
The fair values assigned to assets acquired and liabilities assumed for Fullstack were based on management's best estimates and assumptions asdebt of the reporting date. The fair value of the consideration to be paid exceeded the fair value of$2.8 million, the net assets acquired and liabilities assumed, resulting in goodwill being recorded. Goodwill arising from the acquisition consists largely of future performance expected to be generated from new university and student relationships. None of the goodwill recognized is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes. The acquired intangible assets primarily relate to developed curriculum and trademarks, as well as university and student relationships, and have useful lives that range from 2 to 10 years.
The fair value of the common shares issued as part of the consideration paid was determined on the basis of the closing market price of the Company’s shares on the acquisition date, and also incorporated a discount for lack of marketability rates for various holding periods.
The Fullstack Contingent Consideration are issuable, subject to the terms and conditions of the Fullstack Merger Agreement. Of the total contingent 2,250,000 shares, (i) 1,250,000 were based upon final determination of the achievement of certain employee retention requirements and was expensed over the retention period, (ii) 500,000 shares are based upon 2020 revenue performance, earned on a sliding scale, in the event that revenues for Fullstack are between $25.0 million and $35.0 million, and (iii) 500,000 shares are based on contract performance milestones in 2019 and 2020, earned on a sliding scale, in the event Fullstack obtains between 4 and 8 new university contracts. The retention-based shares were achieved and paid out as of April 1, 2020. The fair value of the remaining performance-based Fullstack Contingent Consideration arrangements was estimated by applying a Monte Carlo simulation, based on the result of forecast information. These measures are based on significant inputs that are not observable by the market, and are therefore deemed to be Level 3 inputs. At each subsequent reporting date, the Company will remeasure the contingent consideration and recognize any changes in value, if necessary. If the probability of achieving the performance target significantly changes from what was initially anticipated, the change could have a significant impact on the Company’s financial statements in the period recognized. Fullstack obtained 8 new university contracts by June 30, 2020. As such, the valuation of the related 500,000 shares related to contract performance milestones was reclassified to equity as of that date. For further information regarding fair valuation, refer to Note 6, “Fair Value Measurements” to the condensed consolidated financial statements.
Acquisition of TutorMe.com, Inc.
On April 3, 2019, the Company acquired TutorMe, a provider of on-demand tutoring and online courses, headquartered in California, by acquiring all of its outstanding shares, pursuant to an Agreement and Plan of Reorganization (the “TutorMe Merger Agreement”). As of March 31, 2019, TutorMe had a carrying value of $0.6 million of assets, excluding goodwill. At the closing of the TutorMe acquisition, in exchange for all outstanding shares of TutorMe capital stock and other rights to acquire or receive capital stock of TutorMe, the Company (i) paid a total of $3.0 million in cash, subject to certain purchase price
11


ZOVIO INC
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
adjustments, (ii) issued a total of 309,852 shares of the Company’s common stock, and (iii) assumed all issued and outstanding options of TutorMe (the “Assumed Options”), of which a total of 231,406 shares of the Company’s common stock are underlying the Assumed Options that are subject to certain time-based vesting requirementsis immaterial.
Revenue and a total of 79,199 shares of the Company’s common stock are underlying the Assumed Options that are subject to certain performance-based vesting requirements.
Separately, the Company (x) paid a total of approximately $1.2 million in cash to certain service providers of TutorMe as a transaction bonus and (y) issued a total of 293,621 Performance Stock Units (“PSUs”) to certain continuing service providers of TutorMe pursuant to the Company’s 2009 Stock Incentive Plan (as amended) and a restricted stock unit agreement.
The assets and liabilities of TutorMe were recorded on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets at their estimated fair values as of April 3, 2019, the acquisition date. TutorMe’s results of operations are included in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of income (loss) from that date. TutorMe recognized revenue of $0.9 million, had an operating loss of $3.2 million, and net loss of $3.2 million for the period from acquisition through December 31, 2019. See additional supplemental pro forma financial information below. For the twelve months ended December 31, 2019, the Company recorded acquisition-related expenses of $1.9 million, in general and administrative on the consolidated statements of income (loss), associated with the TutorMe acquisition. The Company accounts for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting.
The following table summarizes the purchase price, as well as the final allocation of the purchase price relating to the assets and liabilities purchased (in thousands):
Cash consideration for acquired assets$3,028 
Fair value of equity2,026 
Total purchase price$5,054 

Purchase Price Allocation:
Cash and cash equivalents$214 
Accounts receivable46 
Intangible assets1,730 
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities(35)
Deferred revenue(200)
Long-term liabilities(3)
Total identifiable net assets acquired$1,752 
Deferred tax liability(260)
Goodwill3,562 
Total purchase consideration$5,054 
The fair value assigned to assets acquired and liabilities assumed for TutorMe are based on management's best estimates and assumptions as of the reporting date. The fair value of the consideration to be paid exceeded the fair value of the net assets acquired and liabilities assumed, resulting in goodwill being recorded. Goodwill arising from the acquisition consists largely of future performance expected to be generated from new university and student relationships, as well as the developed technology. None of the goodwill recognized is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes. The acquired intangible assets primarily relate to developed technology, as well as university and student relationships, and have useful lives that range from 2 to 10 years.
The fair value of equity includes the common shares issued as part of the consideration paid was determined on the basis of the closing market price of the Company’s shares on the acquisition date, which also incorporated a discount for lack of marketability rates for various holding periods.
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ZOVIO INC
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Supplemental Pro Forma Information (Unaudited)
The following table presents unaudited pro forma financial information, as if all acquisitions had been included in the company’s results as of January 1, 2018 (in thousands, except per share amounts):
Year Ended December 31,
20192018
Revenue$421,390  $457,208  
Net income (loss)$(56,661) $4,311  
Basic income (loss) per share$(1.92) $0.16  
Diluted income (loss) per share$(1.92) $0.16  
The unaudited supplemental pro forma financial data has been calculated after applying our accounting policies and adjusting the historical results of Fullstack and TutorMe with pro forma adjustments, net of tax, that assume the acquisition occurred on January 1, 2018.
The unaudited supplemental pro forma financial data does not reflect the potential realization of revenue synergies or cost savings, nor does it reflect other costs relating to the integration of the acquired companies. This pro forma financial information should not be considered indicative of the results that would have actually occurred if the acquisition had been consummated on January 1, 2018, nor are they indicative of future results.
4.Other Revenue Recognition
Revenues are recognized when control of the promised goods or services are transferred, to the Company’s customers in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Determining whether a valid customer contract exists includes an assessment of whether amounts due under the contract are collectible. The Company performs this assessment at the beginning of every contract and subsequently thereafter if new information indicates there has been a significant change in facts and circumstances.
On December 1, 2020, the Company entered into the Services Agreement with Global Campus whereby the Company will provide certain educational technology and support services, which has an initial term of just over fifteen years, subject to renewal options and certain early termination provisions. The amounts earned from the Services Agreement are within the scope of ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), and are denoted as revenue on the condensed consolidated statements of income (loss). On December 1, 2020, the Company also entered into a transition services agreement with Global Campus whereby the Company will provide certain temporary transition services (the “Transition Services Agreement”), which has a term of three years. The amounts earned from the Transition Services Agreement are denoted as other revenue on the condensed consolidated statements of income (loss).
The Services Agreement has a single performance obligation, as the promises to provide the identified services are not distinct within the context of these agreements. The single performance obligation constitutes a series of distinct services as the customer benefits as services are provided. Service revenue is recognized over time using the input method cost. The input method provides a faithful depiction of the performance toward complete satisfaction of the performance obligation and can be tied to the direct cost incurred. The service fees received over the term of the agreement are variable in nature in that they are dependent upon the number of students attending the university and revenues generated from those students during the service period. The service fees are subject to certain adjustments, including performance-based adjustments, minimum profit level adjustments, and excess direct cost adjustments. These adjustments are all variable in nature in that they depend upon the Company’s contracts with customers generally include multiple performance obligations,during each service period. Such adjustments are presented as minimum residual liability within Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities. For additional information, see Note 8, “Other Significant Balance Sheet Accounts - Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities.” The Company allocates variable consideration to the distinct increments of service to which it identifies by assessing whether each good andrelates, as the variability is directly related to the Company’s effort to satisfy the distinct increments of service promisedprovided. This is consistent with the allocation objective in ASC 606. The Company meets the criteria in the contract is distinct. For each performance obligation,standard and exercises the Company allocatespractical expedient to not disclose the aggregate amount of the transaction price including fixed andallocated to the single performance obligation that is unsatisfied as of the end of the reporting period. The Company does not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations because the variable consideration is allocated entirely to a wholly unsatisfied promise to transfer a service that forms part of a single performance obligation.
8


ZOVIO INC
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Technology and Academic Services
Technology and academic services costs consist primarily of costs related to ongoing maintenance of educational infrastructure, including online course delivery and management, student records, assessment, customer relations management and other internal administrative systems. These costs were previously components of instructional costs and services, as well as general and administrative. This also includes costs to provide support for curriculum and new program development, support for faculty training and development and technical support. This expense category includes salaries, benefits and share-based compensation, information technology costs, curriculum and new program development costs (which are expensed as incurred) and other costs associated with these support services. This category also includes an allocation of depreciation, amortization, human resources, rent, and occupancy costs attributable to the provision of these services.
Counseling Services and Support
Counseling services and support costs consist primarily of costs including team-based counseling and other support to prospective and current students as well as financial aid processing. These costs were previously components of instructional costs and services, admissions advisory and marketing, as well as general and administrative. This expense category includes salaries, benefits and share-based compensation, and other costs such as dues, fees and subscriptions and travel costs. This category also includes an allocation of depreciation, amortization, human resources, rent, and occupancy costs attributable to the provision of these services.
Marketing and Communication
Marketing and communication costs consist primarily of lead acquisition, digital communication strategies, brand identity advertising, media planning and strategy, video, data science and analysis, marketing to potential students and other promotional and communication services. These costs were previously components of admissions advisory and marketing, as well as some general and administrative. This expense category includes salaries, benefits and share-based compensation for marketing and communication personnel, brand advertising, marketing leads and other promotional and communication expenses. This category also includes an allocation of depreciation, amortization, human resources, rent, and occupancy costs attributable to the provision of these services. Advertising costs are expensed as incurred.
General and Administrative
General and administrative costs consist primarily of compensation and benefit costs (including related stock-based compensation) for employees engaged in corporate management, finance, compliance, and other corporate functions. This category also includes an allocation of depreciation, amortization, human resources, rent, and occupancy costs attributable to the provision of these services.
University-Related Expenses
University-related expenses represent those costs that were transferred to Global Campus in the Sale Transaction and that are no longer incurred by the Company. These costs were previously primarily components of instructional costs and services, with some costs from admissions advisory and marketing and some general and administrative, including instructor fees and other employee costs, student related bad debt expense, license fees for licenses transferred to Global Campus and other costs.
Comprehensive Income (Loss)
The Company has no components of other comprehensive income (loss), and therefore, comprehensive income (loss) equals net income (loss).
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In December 2019, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740) Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes (“ASU 2019-12”), which removes certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740. The amendments in this update also improve consistent application of and simplify GAAP for other areas of Topic 740 by clarifying and amending existing guidance. For public business entities, the amendments in this standard are effective
9


ZOVIO INC
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2020. The Company applied the new standard, including all applicable updates, effective January 1, 2021. The adoption of ASU 2019-12 did not have a material impact on the basisCompany’s condensed consolidated financial statements.

3. Financial Statement Reclassification
On December 1, 2020, the Company consummated the Sale Transaction. For additional information on the Sale Transaction, see Note 1, “Nature of Business” above. The Company now provides services to Global Campus, which include recruiting, financial aid, counseling, institutional support, information technology, and academic support services. The Company made changes in its presentation of revenue line items and operating expenses and reclassified prior periods to conform to the current presentation. The Company determined that these changes would provide more meaningful information as this new presentation provides transparency for costs that will be incurred as a service provider and costs that will not reoccur in the future as they are related to university costs that were transferred to Global Campus in the Sale Transaction.
We have reclassified our operating expenses for prior period to conform to the above disaggregation and revisions to our presentation. There were no changes to total operating expenses or operating income as a result of these reclassifications.
The following table presents our operating expenses as previously reported and as reclassified on our condensed consolidated statements of income (loss) for each of the relative standalone selling prices of each goodthree and service in the contract, which is determined using observable prices.six-months period ended June 30, 2020 (in thousands):
Three Months Ended
June 30, 2020		Six Months Ended
June 30, 2020
Costs and expenses:As ReportedAs ReclassifiedAs ReportedAs Reclassified
Technology and academic services$0 $17,209 $0 $35,737 
Counseling services and support0 23,540 0 46,859 
Marketing and communication0 21,675 0 46,743 
Instructional costs and services44,874 0 91,255 0 
Admissions advisory and marketing38,802 0 80,535 0 
General and administrative14,496 11,581 31,986 24,968 
University-related expenses0 24,167 0 49,469 
Restructuring and impairment expense483 483 3,246 3,246 
Total costs and expenses$98,655 $98,655 $207,022 $207,022 

4. Revenue, Other Revenue and Deferred Revenue
The following table presents the Company’s net revenue disaggregated based on the revenue source (in thousands):
 Three Months Ended
June 30,		Six Months Ended
June 30,
 2020201920202019
Tuition revenue, net$95,316  $97,729  $184,350  $196,686  
Digital materials revenue, net5,634  6,201  11,606  13,058  
Technology fee revenue, net2,514  3,094  5,000  6,525  
Other revenue, net (1)
476  471  856  990  
Total revenue, net$103,940  $107,495  $201,812  $217,259  
 Three Months Ended
June 30,		Six Months Ended
June 30,
 2021202020212020
Strategic services revenue$59,688 $0 $126,614 $0 
Transition services income2,516 0 5,268 0 
Tuition revenue, net6,866 95,316 13,956 184,350 
Digital materials revenue, net0 5,634 0 11,606 
Technology fee revenue, net0 2,514 0 5,000 
Other revenue, net (1)
116 476 207 856 
Total revenue, net$69,186 $103,940 $146,045 $201,812 
(1) Primarily consists of revenues generated from services such as graduation fees, transcript fees,various service and other miscellaneous services.fees.
1310


ZOVIO INC
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

The following table presents the Company’s net revenue disaggregated based on the timing of revenue recognition (in thousands):
 Three Months Ended
June 30,		Six Months Ended
June 30,
 2020201920202019
Over time, over period of instruction$84,083  $88,732  $162,213  $179,446  
Over time, full tuition grant (1)
14,642  12,888  28,843  25,310  
Point in time (2)
5,215  5,875  10,756  12,503  
Total revenue, net$103,940  $107,495  $201,812  $217,259  
 Three Months Ended
June 30,		Six Months Ended
June 30,
 2021202020212020
Over time, over period of instruction$69,135 $84,083 $145,903 $162,213 
Over time, full tuition grant (1)
0 14,642 0 28,843 
Point in time (2)
51 5,215 142 10,756 
Total revenue, net$69,186 $103,940 $146,045 $201,812 
(1)Represents revenue generated from the FTG program.
(2)Represents revenue generated from digital textbooks and other miscellaneous fees.

The Company operates under one2 reportable segmentsegments and generates the majority of its revenue from tuition, technology fees, and digital materials related to students whose primary funding source is governmental funding. Tuition represents amounts charged for course instruction, and technology fees represent amounts charged for the students’ usehas no foreign operations or assets located outside of the technology platformUnited States. For additional information on which course instruction is delivered. Digital materials fees represent amounts charged for digital textbooks that accompany segmentation, see Note 16, “Segment Information.”
Deferred Revenue and Student Deposits
Deferredrevenueand studentdeposits consisted ofthe majority of courses taught at Ashford. With the exception of students attending courses within the three-week conditional admission, the majority of tuition and technology fees are recognized as revenue as control of the services is transferred to the student, which occurs over the applicable period of instruction. Similarly, the majority of digital materials fees are recognized as revenue when control of the product has been transferred to the student, which occurs when the student is granted unrestricted access to the digital textbook, generally, on the first day of the course. Revenue generated from students within the conditional admission period is deferred and recognized when the student matriculates into Ashford, which occurs following(in the fourth week of the course.
Ashford’s online students generally enroll in a program that encompasses a series of five to six-week courses that are taken consecutively over the length of the program. With the exception of those students under conditional admission and students enrolled under the FTG program, online students are billed on a payment period basis on the first day of a course. Students under conditional admission are billed for the payment period upon matriculation.
If a student's attendance in a class precedes the receipt of cash from the student's source of funding, the Company establishes an account receivable and corresponding deferred revenue in the amount of the tuition due for that payment period. Cash received either directly from the student or from the student's source of funding reduces the balance of accounts receivable due from the student. Financial aid from sources such as the federal government's Title IV programs pertains to the online student's award year and is generally divided into two disbursement periods. As such, each disbursement period may contain funding for up to four courses. Financial aid disbursements are typically received during the online student's attendance in the first or second course. Since the majority of disbursements cover more courses than for which a student is currently enrolled, the amount received in excess effectively represents a prepayment from the online student for up to four courses. At the end of each accounting period, the deferred revenue and related account receivable balances are reduced to present amounts attributable to the current course.
In certain cases, Ashford provides scholarships to students who qualify under various programs. These scholarships are recognized as direct reductions of revenue consistent with the timing of recognition associated with the related performance obligations. Also, for some customers, the Company does not expect to collect 100% of the consideration to which we are contractually entitled and, as a result, those customers may receive discounts or price adjustments that, based on historical Company practice, represent implied price concessions and are accounted for as variable consideration. The majority of these price concessions relate to amounts charged to students for goods and services, which management has determined will not be covered by the student’s primary funding source (generally, government aid) and, as a result, the student will become directly financially responsible for them. The reduction in the transaction price that results from this estimate of variable consideration reflects the amount the Company does not expect to be entitled to in exchange for the goods and services it will transfer to the students, as determined using historical experience and current factors, and includes performing a constraint analysis. These
14

thousands):
As of
June 30, 2021		As of
December 31, 2020
Deferred revenue$9,981 $7,477 
Student deposits601 613 
Total deferred revenue and student deposits$10,582 $8,090 

ZOVIO INC
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
estimates of variable consideration are recorded as direct reductions of revenue consistent with the timing of recognition associated with the related performance obligation.
A portion of tuition revenue, technology fee revenue, and digital materials revenue is generated from contracts with students enrolled under the FTG program, which is a 12-month grant that, when combined with a corporate partner’s annual tuition assistance program, enables eligible students to earn their degree without incurring student loan debt. Students enrolled under this program are eligible to take up to ten undergraduate or eight graduate courses per 12-month grant period and must first utilize 100% of the funds awarded under their employer’s annual tuition assistance program before they can be awarded the FTG grant. The grants awarded by Ashford under the FTG program are considered a material right, and, as such, the Company records a contract liability for a portion of the consideration received or due under these contracts. The contract liability is recorded in deferred revenue and student deposits on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets, and further discussed in the deferred revenue section below. The standalone selling price of the material right is determined based on the observable standalone selling price of the courses. The transaction price in each FTG contract is allocated to this material right on a relative standalone selling price basis. The contract liability is recognized as revenue at the earlier of satisfaction of the future obligation or its expiration. Billing of products and services transferred under an FTG student contract generally occurs after the conclusion of a course. There are no material differences between the timing of the products and services transferred and the payment terms.
Deferred Revenue
Deferred revenue consists of cash payments that are received or due in advance of the Company’s performance as well as deferrals associated with certain contracts that include a material right.performance.
Below are the opening and closing balances of deferred revenue from the Company’s contracts with customers (in thousands):
20202019
Deferred revenue opening balance, January 1$23,356  $21,768  
Deferred revenue closing balance, June 3032,101  24,009  
Increase$8,745  $2,241  
20212020
Deferred revenue opening balance, January 1$7,477 $23,356 
Deferred revenue closing balance, June 309,981 32,101 
Increase (decrease)$2,504 $8,745 
For further information on deferred revenue and student deposits, refer to Note 8, “Other Significant Balance Sheet Accounts - Deferred Revenue and Student Deposits” and for further information on receivables, refer to Note 7, “Accounts Receivable, Net” within the condensed consolidated financial statements.
For the majority of the Company’s customers, payment for products and services is due at the beginning of each course.prior to services being provided. Under special circumstances, some customers may be offered non-interest bearing payment plan arrangements that can extend for up to three years. These payment plan arrangements give rise to significant financing components. However, since the Company historically collects substantially all of the consideration to which it expects to be entitled under such payment plans within one year or less, the impact of these significant financing components is not material to any period presented.
The difference between the opening and closing balances of deferred revenue primarily results from the timing difference between the Company’s performance and the customer’s payment. For the six months ended June 30, 2021, the Company recognized $6.1 million of revenue that was included in the deferred revenue balance as of January 1, 2021. For the six months ended June 30, 2020, the Company recognized $22.6 million of revenue that was included in the deferred revenue balance as of
11


ZOVIO INC
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
January 1, 2020. For the six months ended June 30, 2019, the Company recognized $21.3 million of revenue that was included in the deferred revenue balance as of January 1, 2019. Amounts reported in the closing balance of deferred revenue are expected to be recognized as revenue within the next 12 months.
5. Restructuring and Impairment Expense
During the three months ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019,2020, the Company recognized $0.5$2.3 million and $5.4$0.5 million, respectively, of restructuring and impairment expense. During the six months ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019,2020, the Company recognized $3.2$2.3 million and $5.4$3.2 million, respectively, of restructuring and impairment expense. TheseThe components of these expenses were comprised of the componentsare further described below.
15


ZOVIO INC
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
The Company hadpreviously relocated its headquarters from California to Arizona. In addition, the Company previously vacated or consolidated properties in San Diego and Denver, and subsequently reassessed its obligations on non-cancelable leases. In addition, the Company relocated its headquarters from San Diego, California to Chandler, Arizona. As a result, during the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, the Company recognized relocation and lease reassessment expenses of these lease reassessments$0.2 million and relocation,$0.3 million, respectively. NaN such expense was recorded for either the three or six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively.
In May 2021, the Company's implemented a restructuring plan to reduce operating expenses, implement cost reductions and conserve cash resources. The restructuring plan was substantially completed by June 30, 2021. The Company recorded a charge during the second quarter of 2021 as a result of the restructuring, consisting of one-time termination benefits for employee severance, benefits and related costs, all of which are expected to result in cash expenditures and substantially all of which will be paid out over the next 12 months. During the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019,2021, the Company recognized expenseseverance costs of $0.2$2.3 million, and $0.5 million, respectively, and duringall of which related to the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, the Company recognized $0.3 million and $0.6 million, respectively.
University Partners segment. For the three months ended June 30, 2020, and 2019, the Company recognized $0.3 million and $5.0 million, respectfully, of restructuring and impairment expense relating to severance costs for wages and benefits. Forbenefits for a prior restructuring plan. During the six months ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019,2020, the Company recognized severance costs of $2.3 million and $3.0 million, and $5.0 million, respectively. The reorganization was part of the Company’s overall reassessment of resources.
For the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, the Company recognized a credit of $0.1 million, respectively, as a reversal to restructuring and impairment, relating to the closure of a component of the Company's business. No such credit or expense was recorded for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020.
The following table summarizes the amounts recorded in the restructuring and impairment expense line item on the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of income (loss) for each of the periods presented (in thousands):
 Three Months Ended
June 30,		Six Months Ended
June 30,
 2021202020212020
Severance costs$2,341 $250 $2,341 $2,972 
Lease exit and other costs0 233 0 274 
Total restructuring and impairment expense$2,341 $483 $2,341 $3,246 
 Three Months Ended
June 30,		Six Months Ended
June 30,
 2020201920202019
Student transfer agreement costs (credit)$—  $(139) $—  $(139) 
Severance costs250  5,011  2,972  5,011  
Lease exit and other costs233  522  274  551  
Total restructuring and impairment expense$483  $5,394  $3,246  $5,423  
The following table summarizes the changes in the Company's restructuring and impairment liability by type during the six months ended June 30, 20202021 (in thousands):
Student Transfer Agreement CostsSeverance CostsLease Exit and Other CostsTotal
Balance at December 31, 2019$1,296  $8,001  $976  $10,273  
Restructuring and impairment expense—  2,972  274  3,246  
Payments and adjustments(14) (9,789) (328) (10,131) 
Balance at June 30, 2020$1,282  $1,184  $922  $3,388  
Student Transfer CostsSeverance CostsLease Exit and Other CostsTotal
Balance at December 31, 2020$1,282 $742 $1,974 $3,998 
Restructuring and impairment expense0 2,341 0 2,341 
Payments and adjustments0 (1,369)(1,008)(2,377)
Balance at June 30, 2021$1,282 $1,714 $966 $3,962 
The restructuring liability amounts are recorded within either the (i) accounts payable and accrued liabilities account or (ii) lease liability account or (iii) other long-term liabilities account on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
12
6. Fair Value Measurements
The following tables summarize the fair value information as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively (in thousands):
As of June 30, 2020
Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
Mutual funds$1,251  $—  $—  $1,251  

16


ZOVIO INC
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
As of December 31, 2019
Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
Mutual funds$2,502  $—  $—  $2,502  
Contingent consideration$—  $—  $3,150  $3,150  
6. Fair Value Measurements
The following tables summarize the fair value information as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively (in thousands):
As of June 30, 2021
Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
Mutual funds$1,476 $0 $0 $1,476 
As of December 31, 2020
Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
Mutual funds$1,515 $0 $0 $1,515 
The mutual funds in the tables above, represent the deferred compensation asset balances, which are considered to be trading securities. The Company’s deferred compensation asset balances are recorded in the investments line item on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets, and are classified as Level 1 securities. There were no transfers between any level categories for investments during the periods presented.
There were no differences between amortized cost and fair value of investments as of June 30, 20202021 or December 31, 2019,2020, and 0 reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income during either the six months ended June 30, 20202021 or 2019.
The contingent consideration represents the fair value of shares to be issued as part of the Fullstack acquisition. As of December 31, 2019, the contingent consideration is classified as Level 3 and was determined by use of a Monte Carlo simulation, which models 100,000 scenarios of the future revenue and university contracts over the measurement period, which were then present-valued using a risk-free rate. As of December 31, 2019, the contingent consideration is recorded in the other long-term liabilities line item on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. The fair value of the accrued contingent consideration is remeasured each reporting period and may result in a higher or lower fair value measurement. The fair value increases or decreases relative to the changes in stock price, as well as due to the probabilities of achieving the forecast results. Changes in fair value resulting from changes in the likelihood of contingent payments are included in the general and administrative expenses in the condensed consolidated statements of income (loss). During the six months ended June 30, 2020, there was a decrease in fair value, and therefore a reversal of expense of $1.6 million. However, as of June 30, 2020, the new university contract contingency was met, and therefore the valuation of the related 500,000 shares related to contract performance milestones was reclassified to equity as of that date. For further information regarding acquisitions, refer to Note 3, “Business Combinations” to the condensed consolidated financial statements.2020.
7. Accounts Receivable, Net
Accounts receivable, net, consisted of the following (in thousands):
As of
June 30, 2020		As of
December 31, 2019
Accounts receivable$54,002  $48,663  
Less allowance for credit losses11,765  13,712  
Accounts receivable, net$42,237  $34,951  
As of
June 30, 2021		As of
December 31, 2020
Accounts receivable$9,750 $8,420 
Less allowance for credit losses1,828 1,216 
Accounts receivable, net$7,922 $7,204 

The following table presents the changes in the allowance for credit losses for the six months ended June 30, 2021 (in thousands):
Beginning
Balance
Charged to
Expense
Write-offsRecoveries of amounts
Ending
Balance
Non-FTG related allowance$1,216 $911 $(299)$0 $1,828 
  Total allowance for credit losses$1,216 $911 $(299)$0 $1,828 

The following table presents the changes in the allowance for credit losses for the six months ended June 30, 2020 (in thousands):
Beginning
Balance
Charged to
Expense
Write-offsRecoveries of amounts
Ending
Balance
FTG-related allowance$1,749 $1,193 $(983)$234 $2,193 
Non-FTG related allowance11,963 5,209 (10,833)3,233 9,572 
   Total allowance for credit losses$13,712 $6,402 $(11,816)$3,467 $11,765 

1713


ZOVIO INC
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
The following table presents the changes in the allowance for credit losses for the six months ended June 30, 2019 (in thousands):
Beginning
Balance
Charged to
Expense
Write-offsRecoveries of amounts
Ending
Balance
FTG-related allowance$1,505  $974  $(1,158) $247  $1,568  
Non-FTG related allowance10,675  6,551  (12,140) 3,189  8,275  
   Total allowance for credit losses$12,180  $7,525  $(13,298) $3,436  $9,843  

8. Other Significant Balance Sheet Accounts
Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets
Prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following (in thousands):
As of
June 30, 2021		As of
December 31, 2020
Prepaid expenses$3,268 $3,027 
Prepaid licenses3,036 1,371 
Prepaid income taxes33 48 
Income tax receivable0 1,644 
Prepaid insurance1,707 1,127 
Insurance recoverable360 404 
Other current assets (1)
4,827 4,996 
Total prepaid expenses and other current assets$13,231 $12,617 
As of
June 30, 2020		As of
December 31, 2019
Prepaid expenses$4,917  $4,593  
Prepaid licenses4,805  2,794  
Prepaid income taxes21  18  
Income tax receivable (1)
8,246  1,695  
Prepaid insurance493  995  
Insurance recoverable370  670  
Other current assets1,211  9,759  
Total prepaid expenses and other current assets$20,063  $20,524  
(1) For the six months ended June 30, 2020, the increase in income tax receivable was primarily attributable Other current assets includes payment of net asset adjustment due from Global Campus related to the changes in tax law as a result of the CARES Act. For further information regarding the CARES Act, refer to Note 13, “Income Taxes” to the condensed consolidated financial statements.Sale Transaction.
Property and Equipment, Net
Property and equipment, net, consisted of the following (in thousands):
As of
June 30, 2020		As of
December 31, 2019
Furniture and office equipment$44,140  $43,579  
Software7,416  7,381  
Leasehold improvements18,031  19,973  
Vehicles22  22  
Total property and equipment69,609  70,955  
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization(37,160) (36,661) 
Total property and equipment, net$32,449  $34,294  
As of
June 30, 2021		As of
December 31, 2020
Furniture and office equipment$23,511 $36,146 
Software5,509 7,512 
Leasehold improvements16,772 16,325 
Vehicles22 22 
Total property and equipment45,814 60,005 
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization(17,199)(29,430)
Total property and equipment, net$28,615 $30,575 
For the three months ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019,2020, depreciation and amortization expense related to property and equipment was $1.6$1.3 million and $1.3$1.6 million, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019,2020, depreciation and amortization expense related to property and equipment was $3.2$2.6 million and $2.3$3.2 million, respectively.
1814


ZOVIO INC
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Goodwill and Intangibles, Net
Goodwill and intangibles, net, consisted of the following (in thousands):
June 30, 2020
Definite-lived intangible assets:Gross Carrying AmountAccumulated AmortizationNet Carrying Amount
Capitalized curriculum costs$13,733  $(12,378) $1,355  
Purchased intangible assets29,185  (13,231) 15,954  
   Total definite-lived intangible assets$42,918  $(25,609) $17,309  
Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangibles24,578  
Total goodwill and intangibles, net$41,887  
December 31, 2019
Definite-lived intangible assets:Gross Carrying AmountAccumulated AmortizationNet Carrying Amount
Capitalized curriculum costs$21,273  $(19,667) $1,606  
Purchased intangible assets29,185  (10,950) 18,235  
   Total definite-lived intangible assets$50,458  $(30,617) $19,841  
Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangibles24,578  
Total goodwill and intangibles, net$44,419  
June 30, 2021
Definite-lived intangible assets:Gross Carrying AmountAccumulated AmortizationNet Carrying Amount
Capitalized curriculum costs$13,858 $(12,764)$1,094 
Purchased intangible assets14,185 (8,022)6,163 
   Total definite-lived intangible assets$28,043 $(20,786)$7,257 
Goodwill23,176 
Total goodwill and intangibles, net$30,433 
December 31, 2020
Definite-lived intangible assets:Gross Carrying AmountAccumulated AmortizationNet Carrying Amount
Capitalized curriculum costs$13,745 $(12,644)$1,101 
Purchased intangible assets14,185 (6,677)7,508 
   Total definite-lived intangible assets$27,930 $(19,321)$8,609 
Goodwill23,176 
Total goodwill and intangibles, net$31,785 
For the three months ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019,2020, amortization expense was $1.3$0.7 million and $1.4$1.3 million, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019,2020, amortization expense was $2.7$1.7 million and $1.9$2.7 million, respectively.
The following table summarizes the estimated remaining amortization expense as of each fiscal year ended below (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
Remainder of 2020$2,658  
20214,172  
20223,547  
20233,384  
20241,863  
2025 and thereafter1,685  
Total future amortization expense$17,309  
Year Ended December 31,
Remainder of 2021$1,319 
20222,459 
20232,303 
2024721 
2025117 
Thereafter338 
Total future amortization expense$7,257 
1915


ZOVIO INC
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):
As of
June 30, 2020		As of
December 31, 2019
Accounts payable$8,587  $6,603  
Accrued salaries and wages4,846  11,872  
Accrued bonus6,805  6,560  
Accrued vacation4,814  5,123  
Accrued litigation and fees8,041  8,041  
Accrued expenses16,368  20,140  
Current leases payable7,576  7,875  
Accrued insurance liability1,521  1,946  
Total accounts payable and accrued liabilities$58,558  $68,160  
Deferred Revenue and Student Deposits
Deferredrevenueand studentdeposits consisted ofthe following(inthousands):
As of
June 30, 2020		As of
December 31, 2019
Deferred revenue$32,101  $23,356  
Student deposits29,964  31,928  
Total deferred revenue and student deposits$62,065  $55,284  
As of
June 30, 2021		As of
December 31, 2020
Accounts payable$10,583 $11,246 
Accrued salaries and wages7,098 6,149 
Accrued bonus1,661 11,428 
Accrued vacation3,600 3,369 
Accrued litigation and fees8,341 8,341 
Minimum residual liability608 1,216 
Accrued expenses13,395 12,473 
Current leases payable4,847 6,934 
Accrued insurance liability1,297 1,537 
Accrued income taxes payable9 0 
Total accounts payable and accrued liabilities$51,439 $62,693 
Other Long-Term Liabilities
Other long-term liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):
As of
June 30, 2020		As of
December 31, 2019		As of
June 30, 2021		As of
December 31, 2020
Uncertain tax positionsUncertain tax positions$104  $102  Uncertain tax positions$28 $28 
Notes payableNotes payable2,763  —  Notes payable2,847 2,981 
Contingent consideration—  3,150  
Other long-term liabilitiesOther long-term liabilities1,754  2,095  Other long-term liabilities5,368 4,172 
Total other long-term liabilitiesTotal other long-term liabilities$4,621  $5,347  Total other long-term liabilities$8,243 $7,181 

9. Credit Facilities
The Company has issued letters of credit that are collateralized with cash, (held in restricted cash) in the aggregate amount of $18.1$13.2 million as of June 30, 2020.2021. The letters of credit relate primarily to the Company's leased facilities and insurance requirements. The collateralized cash is held in restricted cash on the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheets.
As part of its normal business operations, theThe Company is required to provide surety bonds in certain states in which it does business. As a result, the Company does business. The Company hashad previously entered into a surety bond facility with an insurance company to provide such bonds when required. As of June 30, 2020, the surety had issued $8.6 million inAlthough there are 0 remaining bonds on the Company’s behalf under this facility.facility as of June 30, 2021, the Company still holds certain liability associated with any required collateral.
20


ZOVIO INC
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
10. Lease Obligations
Operating Leases
The Company leases various office and classroom facilities with terms that expire at various dates through 2023.2033. These facilities are used for academic operations, corporate functions, enrollment services and student support services. The Company does not have any leases other than its office facilities.facilities and classrooms. All of the leases were classified as operating leases for the period ended June 30, 2020,2021, and the Company does not have any finance leases. All of the leases, other than those that may qualify for the short-term scope exception of 12 months or less, are recorded on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets.
16


ZOVIO INC
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
The Company obtained additional right-of-use assets of $14.6 million in exchange for lease obligations related to new classroom and office leases during the period ended June 30, 2021.
The Company has agreements to sublease certain portions of its office facilities, with 23 active subleases as of June 30, 2020.2021. The Company’s subleases do not include any options to extend or for early termination and do not contain any residual value guarantees or restrictive covenants. All of the subleases were classified as operating leases for the period ended June 30, 2020.2021. The Company is subleasing approximately 37,000 square feet of office space in Denver, Colorado with a remaining commitment to lease of 142 months and net lease payments of $1.1$0.2 million. The Company is subleasing additional office space of approximately 21,000 square feet in Denver, Colorado with a remaining commitment to lease of 3220 months and net lease payments of $1.6$1.0 million. The Company is also subleasing approximately 24,000 square feet of office space in San Diego, California with a remaining commitment to lease of 6 months and net lease payments of $0.5 million. Sublease income for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 and 2019 was $1.0$1.3 million and $1.6$1.0 million, respectively.
11. Income (Loss) Per Share
Basic income (loss) per share is calculated by dividing net income (loss) available to common stockholders for the period by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period.
Diluted income (loss) per share is calculated by dividing net income (loss) available to common stockholders for the period by the sum of (i) the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period, plus (ii) potentially dilutive securities outstanding during the period, if the effect is dilutive. Potentially dilutive securities for the periods presented include stock options, unvested restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and unvested performance stock units (“PSUs”).
The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted income (loss) per share for the periods indicated (in thousands, except per share data):
 Three Months Ended
June 30,		Six Months Ended
June 30,
 2020201920202019
Numerator:  
Net income (loss)$5,147  $(17,597) $7,167  $(24,239) 
Denominator:  
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding32,137  30,215  31,238  28,706  
Effect of dilutive options and stock units364  —  257  —  
Diluted weighted average number of common shares outstanding32,501  30,215  31,495  28,706  
Income (loss) per share:  
Basic$0.16  $(0.58) $0.23  $(0.84) 
Diluted$0.16  $(0.58) $0.23  $(0.84) 
21

 Three Months Ended
June 30,		Six Months Ended
June 30,
 2021202020212020
Numerator:  
Net income (loss)$(4,033)$5,147 $(13,526)$7,167 
Denominator:  
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding33,343 32,137 33,058 31,238 
Effect of dilutive options and stock units0 364 0 257 
Diluted weighted average number of common shares outstanding33,343 32,501 33,058 31,495 
Income (loss) per share:  
Basic$(0.12)$0.16 $(0.41)$0.23 
Diluted$(0.12)$0.16 $(0.41)$0.23 

ZOVIO INC
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
The following table sets forth the number of stock options and stock units excluded from the computation of diluted income (loss) per share for the periods indicated below because their effect was anti-dilutive (in thousands):
 Three Months Ended
June 30,		Six Months Ended
June 30,
2020201920202019
Stock options1,675  1,973  1,720  1,987  
Stock units718  2,990  1,603  1,336  
 Three Months Ended
June 30,		Six Months Ended
June 30,
2021202020212020
Stock options1,308 1,675 1,445 1,720 
Stock units1,269 718 1,094 1,603 

17


ZOVIO INC
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
12. Stock-Based Compensation
The Company recorded $0.8$0.2 million and $3.6$0.8 million of stock-based compensation expense for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The related income tax benefit was $0.1 million and 2019, respectively,$0.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
The Company recorded $2.6 million and $4.9 million of stock-based compensation expense for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and $5.32020, respectively. The related income tax benefit was $0.7 million and $1.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, and 2019, respectively. The related income tax benefit was $0.2 million and $0.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $1.2 million and $1.3 million for
During the six months ended June 30, 20202021, the Company granted 1.0 million RSUs at a weighted average grant date fair value of $3.39 and 2019, respectively.
0.9 million RSUs vested. During the six months ended June 30, 2020, the Company granted 1.4 million RSUs at a weighted average grant date fair value of $2.15, and 0.8 million RSUs vested. During the six months ended June 30, 2019, the Company granted 1.2 million RSUs at a grant date fair value of $6.03, and 0.4 million RSUs vested.
During the six months ended June 30, 2020,2021, the Company granted 1.10.8 million performance-based or market-based PSUs at a weighted average grant date fair value of $2.18,2.73, and 0 performance-based or market-based PSUs vested. During the six months ended June 30, 2019, 0.82020, 1.1 million market-based PSUs were granted at a weighted average grant date fair value of $7.17,2.18 and 0 performance-based or market-based PSUs vested.
During both the six months ended June 30, 2021, and the six months ended June 30, 2020, 0the Company did 0t grant any stock options were granted and 0 stock options were exercised. During the six months ended June 30, 2019, the Company granted 0.2 million stock options at a grant date fair value of $4.28 and 6,274 stock options were exercised.
As of June 30, 2020, there was2021, unrecognized compensation cost of $7.5was $6.5 million related to unvested stock options, RSUs and PSUs.
13. Income Taxes
The Company uses the asset-liability method to account for taxes. Under this method, deferred income tax assets and liabilities result from temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the condensed consolidated financial statements that will result in income and deductions in future years.
The Company recognizes deferred tax assets if realization of such assets is more-likely-than-not. In order to make this determination, the Company evaluates a number of factors including the ability to generate future taxable income from reversing taxable temporary differences, forecasts of financial and taxable income or loss, and the ability to carryback certain operating losses to refund taxes paid in prior years. The cumulative loss incurred over the three-year period ended June 30, 20202021 constituted significant negative objective evidence against the Company’s ability to realize a benefit from its federal deferred tax assets. Such objective evidence limited the ability of the Company to consider in its evaluation certain subjective evidence such as the Company’s projections for future growth. On the basis of its evaluation, the Company determined that its deferred tax assets were not more-likely-than-not to be realized and that a valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets should continue to be maintained as of June 30, 2020.2021.
The Company’s current effective income tax rate that has been applied to normal, recurring operations for the six months ended June 30, 20202021 was (2.7)(1.0)%. The Company’s actual effective income tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2020,2021, after discrete items, was 234.9%1.0%. The income tax benefit for the six months ended June 30, 2020 was attributable to certain changes in income tax law related to net operating loss carryback as a result of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act
22


ZOVIO INC
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
(“CARES Act”). The Company has filed for total refund claims of $12.7 million under the CARES Act and has received $6.2 million of the total refund claims as of June 30, 2020.
As of both June 30, 2020,2021, and December 31, 2019,2020, the Company had $0.5 million and $2.1 million$19 thousand, respectively, of gross unrecognized tax benefits, of which $0.5 million and $2.0 million$15 thousand, respectively, would impact the effective income tax rate if recognized, respectively. The Company believes it is reasonably possible that the total of the unrecognized tax benefits of $0.5 million related to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) audit examination at June 30, 2020 could be released in the third quarter ending September 30, 2020.recognized. Although the Company believes the tax accruals provided are reasonable, the final determination of tax returns under review or returns that may be reviewed in the future and any related litigation could result in tax liabilities that materially differ from the Company’s historical income tax provisions and accruals.
The Company has analyzed filing positions in all of the federal and state jurisdictions where it is required to file income tax returns, as well as all open tax years in these jurisdictions. The tax years 2001 through 2019 are open to examination by major taxing jurisdictions to which the Company is subject.
The IRS audit examinations of the Company’s income tax returns for the years 2013 through 2016 has been completed and the Joint Committee on Taxation has taken no exception
18


ZOVIO INC
Notes to the conclusions reached by the IRS. The final notice of proposed adjustments from the IRS examination had no adverse material impact on the Company’s overall financial results as at June 30, 2020.Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
The Company’s income tax returns for the tax years ended December 31, 2013 through 2015 are under examination by the California Franchise Tax Board.
14. Regulatory
The Company is subject to extensive regulation by federal and state governmental agencies and accrediting bodies. In particular, the Higher Education Act of 1965, as amended (“Higher Education Act”), and the regulations promulgated thereunder by the U.S. Department of Education (“Department”) subject the Company and its university partners to significant regulatory scrutiny on the basis of numerous standards that institutions of higher education must satisfy in order to participate in the various federal student financial aid programs under Title IV of the Higher Education Act (“Title IV programs”). Ashford is regionally accredited by Western Association of Schools and Colleges Senior College and University Commission (“WSCUC”).
Department of Education OpenOn-Site Program Review of former Ashford University
In July 2016, Ashford was notified by the Department that an off-site program review had been scheduled to assess Ashford’s administration of the Title IV programs in which it participates. The off-site program review commenced in July 2016 and covered students identified in the 2009-2012 calendar year data previously provided by Ashford to the Department in response to a request for information received from the Multi-Regional and Foreign School Participation Division of the Department’s Office of Federal Student Aid (“FSA”) in December 2015 but may be expanded if the Department deems such expansion appropriate.
In December 2016, the Department informed Ashfordthe University that it intended to continue the program review on-site at Ashford. The on-site program review, which commenced in January 2017 and initially covered the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 award years, but may be expanded if the Department deems such expansion appropriate. To date, the Company has not received a draft report from the Department.
Department of Education Program Participation Agreement for Ashford University
On April 23, 2018, Ashford received an updated Program Participation Agreement from the Department. Based on the updated Program Participation Agreement, Ashford is provisionally certified to participate in Federal Student Financial Aid Programs until March 31, 2021. Ashford is required to submit its reapplication for continued certification by December 31, 2020.
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ZOVIO INC
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Department of Education Close Out Audit of University of the Rockies
The Company previously recorded an expense of $1.5 million forduring the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, in relation to the close out audit of University of the Rockies resulting from its merger with Ashfordthe University in October 2018. The expense was recorded in relation to borrower defense to repayment regulations. On September 26, 2019, the Department of Education sent Ashfordthe University a Final Audit Determination letter for the University of the Rockies. This letter confirmed that with the exception of the borrower defense to repayment regulations, none of the other audit findings resulted in financial liability. The Department also stated that additional liabilities could accrue in the future. On December 19, 2019, the Company filed an administrative appeal with the Department appealing the alleged liability on the basis that the University of Rockies did not close but rather merged with Ashford.the University. The briefing on the appeal is complete and the Company is awaiting a decision by the administrative law judge.
WSCUC Accreditation of former Ashford University
Global Campus is regionally accredited by WASC Senior College and University Commission (“WSCUC”). In July 2013, WSCUC granted Initial Accreditation to Ashfordthe University for five years, until July 15, 2018. In December 2013, Ashfordthe University effected its transition to WSCUC accreditation and designated its San Diego, California facilities as its main campus and its Clinton, Iowa campus as an additional location. As part of its institutional review process, WSCUC commenced its comprehensive review of Ashfordthe University with an off-site review in March 2018. As part of the WSCUC Institutional Review Process a Reaffirmation of Accreditation Visit was conducted by an evaluation team in April 3-5, 2019. At its meeting in June 26-28, 2019, the Commission acted to reaffirm Ashford’s accreditation through Spring 2025.
WSCUC also visited Ashford on May 1, 2019 to conduct its federally mandated, six-month post-implementation review, due to the merger of University of the Rockies and into Ashford which was finalized on October 31, 2018. WSCUC has verified that Ashford has met all post-implementation requirements related to the merger of the two entities.
Ashford submitted a change of control and legal status application (the “Change of Control Application”) to convert to a nonprofit California public benefit corporation, and separate from the Company (the “Conversion Transaction”). On July 12, 2019, WSCUC notified Ashford that it had approved the Change of Control Application for the Conversion Transaction. The approval is subject to certain conditions which must be met prior to the close of the Conversion Transaction, including divestiture of financial and ownership interest in the Company by all Ashford officers and related parties and submission of a revised services agreement with respect to the Conversion Transaction, including the incorporation of key performance indicators into that agreement. WSCUC is also requiring a post-implementation site visit of Ashford within six months of the close of the Conversion Transaction.
On July 1, 2020, and inIn connection with the transaction recently announced, AshfordPurchase Agreement by and among the Company and the University of Arizona, the Company submitted to WSCUC, on July 1, 2020, a substantive change application for a change in ownership from the University to Global Campus which requiresrequired review and approval by the Substantive Change Committee and the Structural Change Committee of the Commission. The name
On November 12, 2020, WSCUC notified the Company that it had approved the change of control application filed to complete the Sale Transaction, subject to certain conditions. These conditions included (i) ensuring that Global Campus is differentiated effectively from Ashford University tothe University of Arizona and its affiliates in marketing materials; (ii) providing a report to WSCUC within 90 days of the close of the transaction outlining the actionable steps it will take to address student success including in the form of retention and graduation; (iii) those officers, administrators and related parties who become Global Campus will not occur untilofficers or administrators divest themselves of their financial and ownership interest in the changeCompany; and (iv) Global Campus and the Company submit a revised strategic services agreement which incorporates any applicable key performance indicators into that agreement. Additionally, WSCUC notified Global Campus that the provisions of ownership receives approval from WSCUC. For further information regarding subsequent events, referthe Notice of Concern issued as part of the reaffirmation of the University in July 2019 remain in effect.
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ZOVIO INC
Notes to Note 16, “Subsequent Events” to the condensed consolidated financial statements.Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Department of Education Abbreviated Preacquisition Review LetterRegulation
On October 7, 2019,December 1, 2020, the Company announced that in connection with the Conversion Transaction, the Department has provided a response (the “Abbreviated Preacquisition Review Letter”)parties to the request for review made on July 15, 2019. The request for an abbreviated preacquisition review was made in accordance with Department proceduresPurchase Agreement entered into Amendment No. 1 to the Purchase Agreement (“Amendment”) pursuant to which, among other things, the University of Arizona and Global Campus waived the closing condition regarding issuance of a pre-acquisition review notice by the Department provides information about conditions it intends to impose in connection withof Education. Under the continued participation in federal Title IV student financial aid programs by the applicant following a change in ownership.
In the Abbreviated Preacquisition Review Letter, along with other conditions, the Department indicated that it would require the posting of an irrevocable letter of credit with the Department within ten daysterms of the Conversion TransactionPurchase Agreement, as amended, the Closing was subject to customary closing conditions for approximately $103 million letter of credit (“LOC”), representing the Department’s determination of 25% of the Title IV fundingtransactions in fiscal year 2018 (the “25% LOC”).this sector. The Department is expected to conduct a post-closing review of AshfordGlobal Campus following the change of control resulting from the ConversionSale Transaction consistent with the Department’s procedures during which the Department makes a determination on the institution’s request for recertification from the Department following the
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ZOVIO INC
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
change of control, including whether to impose an increase in the letter of credit requirement or place other conditions or restrictionsrestrictions.
To be eligible to participate in Title IV programs, an institution must comply with the Higher Education Act and the regulations thereunder that are administered by the Department. The provisions of the Higher Education Act also include being in compliance with the following:
•The 90/10 Rule - A proprietary institution loses eligibility to participate in Title IV programs if the institution derives more than 90% of its revenues from Title IV program funds for two consecutive fiscal years, as calculated in accordance with Department regulations. Any institution that violates the 90/10 rule for two consecutive fiscal years becomes ineligible to participate in Title IV programs for at least two fiscal years. In addition, an institution whose rate exceeds 90% for any single fiscal year is placed on Ashford.provisional certification and may be subject to other enforcement measures.
On July 7, 2020,•Cohort Default Rate -For each federal fiscal year, the Department indicated it would no longer requirecalculates a rate of student defaults over a three-year measuring period for each educational institution, which is known as a “cohort default rate.” An institution may lose eligibility to participate in the 25% LOC dueFederal Direct Loan Program and the Federal Pell Grant Program if, for each of the three most recent federal fiscal years, 30% or more of its students who became subject to a proposed new transaction structure. Pursuant torepayment obligation in that federal fiscal year defaulted on such obligation by the new structure, Ashford University LLC,end of the current owner and operator of Ashford, will become the sole member of, and will transfer the assets of Ashford to, AU NFP. Following this transfer, Ashford University, LLC will take certain steps necessary to become a nonprofit corporation and terminate the Company’s ownership interest in it. Because the legal entity that currently owns and operates Ashford will continue as the sole member of AU NFP, the Department has concluded that the historical financial statements of Ashford University, LLC will satisfy the new owner’s financial statement requirements and, accordingly, that a 25% LOC would no longer be necessary. As a result, the Company will no longer be pursuing a LOC through a senior secured term loan facility.following federal fiscal year.
•Financial Responsibility
- The Department calculates an institution'sinstitution’s composite score for financial responsibility based on its (i) equity ratio, which measures the institution'sinstitution’s capital resources, ability to borrow and financial viability; (ii) primary reserve ratio, which measures the institution'sinstitution’s ability to support current operations from expendable resources; and (iii) net income ratio, which measures the institution'sinstitution’s ability to operate at a profit. An institution that does not meet the Department'sDepartment’s minimum composite score of 1.5 may demonstrate its financial responsibility by posting a letter of credit in favor of the Department and possibly accepting other conditions on its participation in the Title IV programs.
For Following the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018,Sale Transaction, the consolidated composite score calculated was 2.2, satisfying the composite score requirement of the Department's financial responsibility test, which institutions must satisfy to participate in Title IV programs. The Company expects the consolidated composite score for the year ended December 31, 2019 to be 0.7 and below the composite score requirement as a result of non-recurring restructuring and acquisition related charges. The Department has historically calculated Ashford’s composite score based on Zovio’s consolidated audited financial statements rather than Ashford’s stand alone audited financial statements. The deadline to submit audited financial statements was postponedUniversity is no longer owned by the Department from June 30, 2020 until up through December 31, 2020.
If the Conversion Transaction takes place, Ashford will no longer be owned by Zovio,Company, and therefore AshfordGlobal Campus will submit its stand-alone audited financial statements to the Department for the purpose of calculating the institution’s composite score. The Company expects Ashford’s composite score, based on its standalone audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2019, to be at least 1.6 and above the Department’s requirement for a composite score of 1.5 or greater.
On August 3, 2020, the Company announced the signing of a definitive agreement with the Arizona Board of Regents, a body corporate, for and on behalf of the University of Arizona and the University of Arizona Global Campus to acquire the assets of Ashford University. For further information regarding subsequent events, refer to Note 16, “Subsequent Events” to the condensed consolidated financial statements.
If the Department calculates Ashford’s composite score based on Zovio’s consolidated financial statements, the institution’s composite score for the period ended December 31, 2019 would be below the required composite score of at least 1.5. In such event, to continue participation in Title IV programs, Ashford would either need to: (1) submit a letter of credit equal to at least 50% or more of the Title IV Program funds received by the institution during its most recently completed fiscal year; or (2) at the discretion of the Department, submit a letter of credit equal to at least 10% or more of the Title IV Program funds received by the institution during its most recently completed fiscal year and accept additional conditions (including, but not limited to, a provisional certification, compliance with monitoring requirements, remain current on debt payments, meet certain financial obligations, agree to receive Title IV Program funds under an arrangement other than the Department’s standard advance funding arrangement, and agree to pay Title IV credit balances due to students before submitting a request for funds to the Department).
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ZOVIO INC
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
GI Bill Benefits
On September 6, 2019, the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (“VA”) announced that effective October 1, 2019, the VA would be assuming the functions of the State Approving Agency (“SAA”) for California (“CSAAVE”), based on its negative assessment of CSAAVE’s performance during the preceding three years. On October 14, 2019, Ashford submitted the application for approval in California with the VA. On February 14, 2020, Ashford received notice from the VA, serving as the SAA for the State of California, that Ashford meets the criteria for approval for veterans education under the provisions of Title 38, United States Code, Section 3675, and that the VA, acting as the California SAA, had approved substantially all of Ashford’s programs that students and potential students could pursue using their GI Bill benefits, retroactive to July 1, 2019. This notice substantially resolved the GI Bill Benefits issue that emerged in May 2016, when the Iowa Department of Education (“Iowa DOE”), which is the Iowa SAA, informed the Company that, as a result of the planned closure of the Clinton Campus, the Iowa DOE would no longer continue to approve Ashford’s programs for GI Bill benefits after June 30, 2016, and recommended Ashford seek approval through the SAA for any location that met what the Iowa DOE determined to be the definition of a “main campus” or “branch campus.”
On June 25, 2020, the California Department of Veterans Affairs signed an agreement with the US Department of Veterans Affairs that returned the CSAAVE to its role as the SAA for the State of California. CSAAVE’s transition back into their role as the SAA became effective on July 1, 2020.
Defense to Repayment
On October 28, 2016, the Department published borrower defense to repayment regulations to change processes that assist students in gaining relief under certain provisions of the Direct Loan Program regulations.
On June 14, 2017, the Department announced a postponement of the 2016 defense to repayment regulations and its intention to resubmit the regulations through the negotiated rulemaking process. The Department announced an additional postponement on October 24, 2017. On February 14, 2018, the Department announced that it was postponing the effective date of this rule until July 1, 2019, so that it could complete the negotiated rulemaking process and develop the new regulations. Because the negotiated rulemaking committee did not reach consensus, the Department published a proposed regulation through a notice of proposed rulemaking (“NPRM”), took public comment, and planned to issue final regulations by November 1, 2018, effective July 1, 2019. This did not occur.
In September and October of 2018, the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia issued a series of orders and opinions holding these procedural delays by the Department to be improper. The Court reinstated the 2016 repayment regulations as of October 16, 2018.
The 2016 These defense to repayment regulations allow a borrower to assert a defense to repayment on the basis of a substantial misrepresentation, any other misrepresentation in cases where certain other factors are present, a breach of contract or a favorable nondefault contested judgment against a school for its act or omission relating to the making of the borrower’s loan or the provision of educational services for which the loan was provided. In addition, the financial responsibility standards contained in the new regulations establish the conditions or events that trigger the requirement for an institution to provide the Department with financial protection in the form of a letter of credit or other security against potential institutional liabilities. Triggering conditions or events include, among others, certain state, federal or accrediting agency actions or investigations, and in the case of publicly traded companies, receipt of certain warnings from the SEC or the applicable stock exchange, or the failure to timely file a required annual or quarterly report with the SEC. The new regulations also prohibit schools from requiring that students agree to settle future disputes through arbitration.
On March 15, 2019, the Department issued guidance for the implementation of parts of the regulations. The guidance covers an institution'sinstitution’s responsibility in regard to reporting mandatory and discretionary triggers as part of the financial
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ZOVIO INC
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
responsibility standards, class action bans and pre-dispute arbitration agreements, submission of arbitral and judicial records, and repayment rates.
On August 30, 2019, the Department finalized the regulations derived from the 2017-2018 negotiated rulemaking process and subsequent public comments. This version of the borrower defense regulations applies to all federal student loans made on
26


ZOVIO INC
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
or after July 1, 2020, and, among other things: grants borrowers the right to assert borrower defense to repayment claims against institutions, regardless of whether the loan is in default or in collection proceedings; allows borrowers to file defense to repayment claims three years from either the student'sstudent’s date of graduation or withdrawal from the institution; and gives students the ability to allege a specific amount of financial harm and to obtain relief in an amount determined by the Department, which may be greater or lesser than their original claim amount. It also includes financial triggers and other factors for recalculating an institution'sinstitution’s financial responsibility composite score that differ from those in the 2016 regulations.
On June 8, 2020, President Trump vetoed House Joint Resolution 56, a Congressional Review Act resolution that would block the Trump administration’s rewrite of the Obama administrationadministration’s borrower defense to repayment rule. On June 26, 2020, the House of Representatives failed to override President Trump’s veto of a bill that would have undone the Trump administration’s borrower-defense rule.veto. The rewritten borrower defense to repayment rule went into effect on July 1, 2020 and will apply to any federal student loans made on that date or after.
On March 18, 2021 the Department announced it would adopt a streamlined approach for granting full debt relief to borrowers reversing the methodology first announced in December 2019 that allowed for partial student loan cancellation for borrowers. The Department recentlydetermined that the previous methodology did not result in an appropriate relief determination.
In July 2020, the Department notified Ashfordthe Company that they would be initiating a preliminary review of borrower defense applications from borrowers who made claims regarding Ashford.the University. As part of the initial fact-finding process, the Department will send individual student claims to the University and allow the institution the opportunity to submit a response to the borrower’s allegations. The University has begunCompany received and timely responded to receive thesethe submitted claims and is reviewingcannot predict the outcome of the Department's review. The Company has responded to everything received and compilingcannot predict the individual factsoutcome of each case to submit to the Department for their review.this review at this time.
15. Commitments and Contingencies
Litigation
From time to time, the Company is a party to various lawsuits, claims and other legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business. When the Company becomes aware of a claim or potential claim, it assesses the likelihood of any loss or exposure. In accordance with GAAP, the Company records loss contingencies in its financial statements only for matters in which losses are probable and can be reasonably estimated. Where a range of loss can be reasonably estimated, the best estimate within that range should be accrued. If no estimate is better than another, the Company records the minimum estimated liability in the range. If the loss is not probable or the amount of the loss cannot be reasonably estimated, the Company discloses the nature of the specific claim if the likelihood of a potential loss is reasonably possible and the amount involved could be material. The Company continuously assesses the potential liability related to the Company’s pending litigation and revises its estimates when additional information becomes available. Other than the specific liabilities assumed by Global Campus, the Company and AU LLC will generally remain responsible for liabilities of the University relating to periods prior to the closing of the Sale Transaction. Below is a list of material legal proceedings to which the Company or its subsidiaries is a party.
California Attorney General Investigation of For-Profit Educational Institutions
In January 2013, the Company received from the Attorney General of the State of California (“CA Attorney General”) an Investigative Subpoena relating to the CA Attorney General’s investigation of for-profit educational institutions. Pursuant to the Investigative Subpoena, the CA Attorney General requested documents and detailed information for the time period March 1, 2009 to the date of the Investigative Subpoena. On July 24, 2013, the CA Attorney General filed a petition to enforce certain categories of the Investigative Subpoena related to recorded calls and electronic marketing data. On September 25, 2013, the Company reached an agreement with the CA Attorney General to produce certain categories of the documents requested in the petition and stipulated to continue the hearing on the petition to enforce from October 3, 2013 to January 9, 2014. On January
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ZOVIO INC
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
13, 2014 and June 19, 2014, the Company received additional Investigative Subpoenas from the CA Attorney General, each requesting additional documents and information for the time period March 1, 2009 through each such date.
Representatives from the Company met with representatives from the CA Attorney General’s office on several occasions to discuss the status of the investigation, additional information requests, and specific concerns related to possible unfair business practices in connection with the Company’s recruitment of students and debt collection practices.
The parties also discussed a potential resolution involving injunctive relief, other non-monetary remedies and a payment to the CA Attorney General and in the third quarter of 2016, the Company recorded an expense of $8.0 million related to the cost of resolving this matter.
The parties did not reach a resolution and on November 29, 2017, the CA Attorney General filed suit against Ashford and the Company. The Company intends to vigorously defend this case and emphatically denies the allegations made by the CA
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ZOVIO INC
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Attorney General that it ever deliberately misled its students, falsely advertised its programs, or in any way was not fully accurate in its statements to investors. However,A trial is scheduled for October 2021. We cannot predict the outcome of this legal proceeding is uncertain at this point because of the many questions of fact and law that may arise. At present, thetime. The Company cannot reasonably estimate any updated range of loss for this action based on currently available information and as such, the prior accrual of $8.0 million remains and is recorded on the accounts payable and accrued liabilities line item on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
Massachusetts Attorney General Investigation of Bridgepoint Education, Inc. and Ashford University
On July 21, 2014, the Company and Ashford received from the Attorney General of the State of Massachusetts (“MA Attorney General”) a Civil Investigative Demand (“MA CID”) relating to the MA Attorney General’s investigation of for-profit educational institutions and whether the university’sUniversity’s business practices complied with Massachusetts consumer protection laws. Pursuant to the MA CID, the MA Attorney General has requested from the Company and AshfordGlobal Campus documents and information for the time period January 1, 2006 to present.
While the Company denies the allegations made by the MA Attorney General, the parties have reached a resolution. The resolution does not include an admission or finding of wrongdoing by the Company or any non-compliance with any state or federal law, rule or regulation. The Company is cooperating withwill pay $0.3 million to the investigationMA Attorney General and cannot predictwill also cease to collect previously written off balances owed to Ashford University by students who enrolled in Ashford and were Massachusetts residents between 2011 to 2014.

16. Segment Information
Prior to December 1, 2020, the eventual scope, duration or outcomeCompany operated in one segment for reporting purposes. Following the Sale Transaction, the Company now operates in 2 reportable segments: The University Partners Segment and the Zovio Growth Segment. These segments were recast based upon the Company’s respective offerings.
On December 1, 2020, the Company consummated the Sale Transaction. For additional information see Note 1, “Nature of the investigation at this time.Business.” The Company has not accrued any liability associated with this action.
Shareholder Derivative Actions
In re Bridgepoint, Inc. Shareholder Derivative Action
On July 24, 2012, a shareholder derivative complaint was filed in California Superior Court by Alonzo Martinez. Inreports segment information based upon the complaint, the plaintiff asserts a derivative claim on the Company’s behalf against certain of its current and former officers and directors. The complaint is captioned Martinez v. Clark, et al. and generally alleges that the individual defendants breached their fiduciary duties of candor, good faith and loyalty, wasted corporate assets and were unjustly enriched. The lawsuit seeks unspecified monetary relief and disgorgement on behalf of the Company, as well as other equitable relief and attorneys’ fees.On September 28, 2012, a substantially similar shareholder derivative complaint was filed in California Superior Court by David Adolph-Laroche. In the complaint, the plaintiff asserts a derivative claim on the Company’s behalf against certain of its current and former officers and directors. The complaint is captioned Adolph-Laroche v. Clark, et al. and generally alleges that the individual defendants breached their fiduciary duties of candor, good faith and loyalty, wasted corporate assets and were unjustly enriched.
On October 11, 2012, the Adolph-Laroche action was consolidated with the Martinez action and captioned In re Bridgepoint, Inc. Shareholder Derivative Action. A consolidated complaint was filed on December 18, 2012management approach, and the defendants filedSale Transaction resulted in a motion to staychange in how the case whilechief operating decision maker viewed the underlying securities class action is pending. The motion was granted byoperations moving forward. This change included the Court on April 11, 2013. The stay was lifted following the settlementcreation of the underlying securities class actionthree operating segments: Fullstack, TutorMe, and all defendants filed demurrers on October 3, 2016, which were granted with leave to amend on October 6, 2017. On October 17, 2017, the plaintiff submitted a litigation demand to the Company's Board of Directors, which appointed a working group to evaluate the demand. The board refused the demandZovio, and the Plaintiff filed a Second Amended Complaint on October 3, 2018. The Defendants filed demurrers on December 21, 2018, which were granted by the Court on June 14, 2019. As a result, the Court entered a final order dismissing the case on July 8, 2019. Plaintiff filed a notice of appeal, but the parties subsequently filed a joint stipulation to dismiss the appeal with prejudice, which was granted by the Court. As a result, this matter is now concluded.
Obrochta v. Clark, et al.
On February 13, 2020, a shareholder derivative complaint was filed in the Superior Court of the State of California in San Diego. The complaint asserts derivative claims on the Company's behalf against certain of its currenttwo reportable segments: University Partners and former officers and directors. The complaint is captioned Obrochta v. Clark, et al. and generally alleges that the individual defendants breached their fiduciary duties of candor, good faith and loyalty, wasted corporate assets and were unjustly enriched. The lawsuit seeks unspecified monetary relief and disgorgement, as well as other equitable relief and attorneys’ fees. The parties have not yet responded to the complaint, but will most likely seek to have the case dismissed or stayed during discovery in the underlying Stein securities class action.Zovio Growth.
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ZOVIO INC
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Stein Securities Class ActionThe Company’s operating segments are determined based on (i) financial information reviewed by the chief operating decision maker, (ii) internal management and related reporting structure, and (iii) the basis upon which the chief operating decision maker makes resource allocation decisions. During the quarter ended March 31, 2021, in conjunction with the departure of the Company's chief executive officer, the chief operating decision maker transitioned to the Office of the CEO, which is comprised of three executives. The Fullstack and TutorMe operating segments are aggregated into a single reportable segment, the Zovio Growth Segment. The aggregation of the Fullstack and TutorMe operating segments is based on their uniform customer bases and methods of services provided, as well as evaluation of quantitative thresholds as required by ASC 280-10-50-12. Based on these same quantitative tests, the Zovio operating segment is a separate reportable segment, the University Partners Segment. This change in segment reporting did not have any impact on the determination of reporting units used to assess impairment under ASC 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other.
On March 8, 2019, a securities class action complaint (the “Stein Complaint”) was filed inThe Company’s University Partners Segment includes the U.S. District Courttechnology and services provided to colleges and universities to enable the online delivery of degree programs and related goods and services. The Company’s University Partners Segment also includes the tuition revenue related to the University prior to the Sale Transaction on December 1, 2020.
Segment Performance
The following table summarizes financial information regarding each reportable segment’s results of operations for the Southern District of California by Shiva Stein namingperiods presented (in thousands):
 Three Months Ended
June 30,		Six Months Ended
June 30,
 2021202020212020
Revenue by segment
University Partners$62,254$98,962$131,933$192,828
Zovio Growth6,9324,97814,1128,984
Total revenue and other revenue$69,186$103,940$146,045$201,812
Segment profitability
University Partners$(654)$8,655$(6,091)$5,073
Zovio Growth(1,858)(465)(3,473)(4,400)
Total segment profitability(1)$(2,512)$8,190$(9,564)$673
(1) Segment profitability represents EBITDA.
The following table reconciles total loss before income taxes to total segment profitability (in thousands):
 Three Months Ended
June 30,		Six Months Ended
June 30,
 2021202020212020
Income (loss) before income taxes$(4,257)$5,446 $(13,667)$(5,311)
Adjustments:
Other expense, net(232)(161)(159)101 
Depreciation and amortization expense1,977 2,905 4,262 5,883 
Total segment profitability$(2,512)$8,190 $(9,564)$673 
During both the Company, Andrew Clark, Kevin Royal,six months ended June 30, 2021 and Joseph D’Amico as defendants (the “Defendants”). The Stein Complaint alleges that Defendants made false and materially misleading statements and failed to disclose material adverse facts regardingJune 30, 2020, Global Campus accounted for the Company's business, operations and prospects, specifically that the Company had applied an improper revenue recognition methodology to students enrolled in the FTG program. The Stein Complaint asserts a putative class period stemming from March 8, 2016 to March 7, 2019. The Stein Complaint alleges violations of Sections 10(b) and 20(a)entire amount of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder.University Partners segment revenue, respectively.
On October 1, 2019,During both the plaintiff filed a substantially similar amended complaint. On November 27, 2019, all defendants filed a motion to dismiss,six months ended June 30, 2021 or 2020, there were no customers or individual university clients which was granted by the Court on June 15, 2020. The outcome of this legal proceeding is uncertain at this point becauseaccounted for 10% or more of the many questions of fact and law that may arise. The Company has not accrued any liability associated with this action.Zovio Growth segment revenue.
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ZOVIO INC
16. Subsequent EventsNotes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Zovio Inc, a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), through its wholly owned subsidiary, Ashford University, LLC, a California limited liability company (“AU LLC”), ownsThe Company’s total assets by segment are as follows (in thousands):
As of
June 30, 2021		As of
December 31, 2020
University Partners$91,587 $111,830 
Zovio Growth62,308 49,476 
Total assets$153,895 $161,306 

The Company’s accounts receivable and operates Ashford University, a regionally-accredited, online university (the “University”). On August 1,deferred revenue in each segment are as follows (in thousands):
As of
June 30, 2021		As of
December 31, 2020
University Partners accounts receivable$2 $45 
Zovio Growth accounts receivable7,920 7,159 
Total accounts receivable$7,922 $7,204 
University Partners deferred revenue$0 $10 
Zovio Growth deferred revenue10,582 8,080 
Total deferred revenue$10,582 $8,090 
As of each June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the Company and AU LLC entered into a definitive Asset Purchase and Sale Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”), by and among the Company, AU LLC, the Arizona Board of Regents, a body corporate,there were no individual partners or customers which accounted for and on behalf10% or more of the University Partners segment net accounts receivable balance. Additionally, as of Arizona (the “University of Arizona”),each June 30, 2021 and the University of Arizona Global Campus, a newly formed Arizona nonprofit corporation (“University of Arizona Global Campus”). Upon the closingDecember 31, 2020, there were no individual partners or customers which accounted for 10% or more of the transaction contemplated by the Purchase Agreement (the “Sale”), UniversityZovio Growth segment net accounts receivable balance, as customers are individual students or third parties paying on their behalf, rather than university clients.
The Company’s goodwill amounts as of Arizona Global Campus will ownJune 30, 2021 and operate the University in affiliation with the University of Arizona and with a focus on expanding access to education for non-traditional adult learners. The board of directors of the Company, on behalf of the Company and AU LLC and with the support of the University’s board of trustees, has approved the Purchase Agreement and the consummation of the Sale in accordance with its terms. University of Arizona and University of Arizona Global Campus have also received all authorizations necessary to enter into the Purchase Agreement and consummate the Sale in accordance with its terms and subjectDecember 31, 2020, respectively, are fully attributable to the conditions set forth therein.Zovio Growth Segment. For additional information on goodwill, see Note 8, “Other Significant Balance Sheet Accounts - Goodwill and intangibles, net.”
Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, at the closing of the Sale, the Company and AU LLC have agreed to transfer to University of Arizona Global Campus the tangible and intangible academic and related operations and assets comprising the University to University of Arizona Global Campus for consideration of $1.00 and University of Arizona Global Campus’s agreement to assume certain related liabilities. The transferred assets will include the University’s academic curriculum and content (subject to a license of that content back to the Company for use in its continuing business) and $16.5 million in cash working capital and, at closing, the Company will make an additional cash payment to University of Arizona Global Campus of $37.5 million. In addition, at the closing of the Sale, the University’s faculty, academic leadership and related staff will transfer their employment from AU LLC to University of Arizona Global Campus.
At this time, we are projecting cash and net assets transferred of $54.0 million and $49.0 million, respectively. The Company is still evaluating the amount, however, given the sales price of $1.00, the Company expects to incur a loss in the transaction that could be material to its consolidated financial statements.
On July 1, 2020, and in connection with the transaction recently announced, Ashford submitted to WSCUC a substantive change application for a change in ownership which requires review and approval by the Substantive Change Committee and the Structural Change Committee of the Commission. The University’s name change from Ashford University to University of Arizona Global Campus will not occur until the change of ownership receives approval from WSCUC.
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Item 2.  Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.Operations
The following Management’s Discussions and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto included in Part I, Item 1 of this report. For additional information regarding our financial condition and results of operations, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 20192020 (“Form 10-K”), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on February 20, 2020,24, 2021, as well as our consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto included in Part II, Item 8 of the Form 10-K.
Unless the context indicates otherwise, in this report the terms “Zovio,” “the Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Zovio Inc, a Delaware corporation, and its wholly owned and indirect subsidiaries.
Forward-Looking Statements
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (the “Form(“Form 10-Q”) contains “forward-looking statements”forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”). All statements other than statements of historical fact may be forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements may include, among others, statements regarding future events, future financial and operating results, strategies, expectations, the competitive environment, regulation and the availability of financial resources, including, without limitation, statements regarding:
•our ability to either (i) successfully convert Ashford University® (“Ashford”) to a nonprofit California public benefit corporation and for Ashford to separate from the Company, including meeting all required conditions and obtaining all required approvals, or (ii) consummate another strategic opportunity regarding Ashford;
•our ability to meet other conditions of the Department with respect to the potential conversion and separation of Ashford;
•our ability to successfully close on the asset purchase agreement with the Arizona Board of Regents, for and on behalf of the University of Arizona and the Universityability of Arizona Global Campusregarding Ashford University;
•our abilitycurrent or any future university partners to comply with the extensive and continually evolving regulatory framework, applicable to us and Ashford,such partners, including but not limited to Title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965, as amended (“Higher Education Act”), and its implementing regulations, the gainful employment regulations, defense to repayment regulations, state authorization regulations, state laws and regulatory requirements, and accrediting agency requirements;
•our ability to meet any conditions of the U.S. Department of Education (the “Department”) with respect to the Asset Purchase and Sale Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with the Arizona Board of Regents, for and on behalf of the University of Arizona (“University of Arizona”) and the University of Arizona Global Campus, a newly formed Arizona nonprofit corporation (“Global Campus”);
•projections, predictions and expectations regarding our business, financial position, results of operations, liquidity and capital resources and enrollment trends at Ashford;
•our anticipated seasonal fluctuations in enrollment and operating results;
•our ability to obtain continued approval of Ashford’s programs for GI Bill benefits through the Iowa State Approving Agency (“ISAA”) or the California State Approving Agency for Veteran's Education (“CSAAVE”), and to prevent any disruption of educational benefits to Ashford’s veteran students;trends;
•the ability of Ashfordour current or any future university partners to continue participating in the U.S. Departmentobtain continued approval of Defense Tuition Assistance Programprograms for educational benefits to active duty military personnel andstudents or to prevent any disruption of educational benefits to Ashford’s active duty militaryveteran students;
•the outcome of various lawsuits, claims and legal proceedings;
•the impact of COVID-19 on the timing of the Ashford transactions, on the economy, and the demand for our services and the collectibility of our receivables;
•initiatives focused on student success, retention and academic quality;
•expectations regarding the adequacy of our cash and cash equivalents and other sources of liquidity for ongoing operations, planned capital expenditures and working capital requirements;
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•expectations regarding capital expenditures;
•the impact of accounting standards on our financial statements;
•the reasonableness and acceptance of our tax accruals;
•management'smanagement’s goals and objectives; and
•other similar matters that are not historical facts.
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Forward-looking statements may generally be identified by the use of words such as “may,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “predicts,” “potential,” “continue,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “future,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “estimates” and similar expressions, as well as statements in the future tense.
Forward-looking statements should not be interpreted as a guarantee of future performance or results and will not necessarily be accurate indications of the times at or by which such performance or results will be achieved. Forward-looking statements are based on information available at the time such statements are made and the current good faith beliefs, expectations and assumptions of management regarding future events. Such statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual performance or results to differ materially from those expressed in or suggested by the forward-looking statements. For a discussion of some of these risks and uncertainties, see Part II, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” as well as the discussion of such risks and uncertainties contained in our other filings with the SEC, including the Form 10-K.
All forward-looking statements in this report are qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements included herein, and you should not place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report. We assume no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements contained herein to reflect actual results or any changes in our assumptions or expectations or any other factors affecting such forward-looking statements, except to the extent required by applicable securities laws. If we do update or revise one or more forward-looking statements, no inference should be drawn that we will make additional updates with respect to those or other forward-looking statements.
Overview
Zovio Inc is an education technology services company that partners with higher education institutions and employers to deliver a suite of innovative, personalized solutions and learning experiences to help learners and leaders achieve their aspirations. Our wholly-owned subsidiary, Ashford isaspirations and help institutions grow. Zovio’s expertise across academic disciplines, credential levels, learning experiences, and modalities has powered student and partner success through a regionally accredited academic institution, which delivers programs primarily online. Ashford offers associate’s, bachelor’s, master’stailored, customer-focused approach bolstered by data analytics. The Company provides student recruitment and doctoral programs primarily online. As of June 30, 2020, Ashford offered approximately 1,100 coursesenrollment systems, retention strategies, educational tools and approximately 65 degree programs.curriculums.
In April 2019, the Company acquired both Fullstack Academy, Inc (“Fullstack”) and TutorMe.com, Inc. (“TutorMe”), each of which each became wholly-owned subsidiaries of the Company. Fullstack is an innovative web development school offering immersive technology bootcamps, and TutorMe is an online education platform that provides 24/7 on-demand tutoring and online courses. Fullstack and TutorMe are both contributors to theZovio's strategy of Zovio becoming a best-in-class education technology services company.
31Key Financial Metrics

Key operating data
In evaluating our operating performance, our management focuses in large part on our (i) revenue (ii)and operating income (loss) and (iii) period-end enrollment at Ashford.. The following table, which should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in Part I, Item 1 of this report, presents our key operating data for each of the periods presented (in thousands, except for enrollment data)thousands):
Three Months Ended
June 30,		Six Months Ended
June 30,
Consolidated Statement of Income Data:2021202020212020
Revenue and other revenue$69,186 $103,940 $146,045 $201,812 
Operating income (loss)$(4,489)$5,285 $(13,826)$(5,210)
Three Months Ended
June 30,		Six Months Ended
June 30,
2020201920202019
Consolidated Statement of Income Data:
Revenue$103,940  $107,495  $201,812  $217,259  
Operating income (loss)$5,285  $(20,329) $(5,210) $(27,524) 
Consolidated Other Data:
Period-end enrollment (1)
34,395  37,910  34,395  37,910  
Revenue and other revenue
(1) We define period-end enrollment as the number of active students on the last day of the financial reporting period. A student is considered active if the student has attended a class within the prior 15 days or is on an institutionally-approved break not to exceed 45 days, unless the student has graduated or provided notice of withdrawal, or for new students who have completed their third week of attendance, and posted attendance in the fourth week.
Key enrollment trends
Enrollment at Ashford decreased 9.3% to 34,395 students at June 30, 2020 as compared to 37,910 students at June 30, 2019. Enrollment decreased by 0.9% since the end of the preceding fiscal year, from 34,722 students atOn December 31, 2019 to 34,395 students at June 30, 2020.
We believe the decline in enrollment is partially attributable to a general weakening in the overall education industry due in large part to increased regulatory scrutiny.
We continue to make investments in the workflow along the student lifecycle to better support our incoming and current students. One area in which we continue to experience positive enrollment trends is within the Education Partnerships programs with various employers. Some of these programs provide companies with the opportunity to offer their employees a way to pursue and complete a college degree without incurring any student debt. Enrollments in the Education Partnerships programs account for approximately 35% of our total enrollment as of June 30, 2020. Revenue derived from Education Partnerships is cash pay and is therefore not considered federal student aid for purposes of calculations under the 90/10 rule.
While early in the second quarter we had witnessed certain corporate partners suspending their tuition reimbursement programs in-line with large scale cost cutting programs as a result of the uncertainty surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic, this trend has stabilized in recent weeks, with some partners even re-instating their programs. While this remains an important aspect of our new enrollment growth, after many quarters of substantial growth, we do anticipate the velocity of new enrollments from this contingent to moderate in coming quarters.
Trends and uncertainties regarding revenue and continuing operations
Proposed sale transaction
Zovio Inc, a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), through its wholly owned subsidiary, Ashford University, LLC, a California limited liability company (“AU LLC”), owns and operates Ashford University, a regionally-accredited, online university (the “University”). On August 1, 2020, the Company and AU LLC entered into a definitive Asset Purchase and Salethe Services Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”), by and among the Company, AU LLC, the Arizona Board of Regents, a body corporate, for and on behalf of the University of Arizona (the “University of Arizona”), and the University of Arizonawith Global Campus a newly formed Arizona nonprofit corporation (“University of Arizona Global Campus”). Upon the closing of the transaction contemplated by the Purchase Agreement (the “Sale”), University of Arizona Global Campus will own and operate the University in affiliation with the University of Arizona and with a focus on expanding access to education for non-traditional adult learners. The board of directors of the Company, on behalf of the Company and AU LLC and with the support of the University’s board of trustees, has approved the Purchase Agreement and the consummation of the Sale in accordance
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with its terms. University of Arizona and University of Arizona Global Campus have also received all authorizations necessary to enter into the Purchase Agreement and consummate the Sale in accordance with its terms and subject to the conditions set forth therein.
Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, at the closing of the Sale, the Company and AU LLC have agreed to transfer to University of Arizona Global Campus the tangible and intangible academic and related operations and assets comprising the University to University of Arizona Global Campus for consideration of $1.00 and University of Arizona Global Campus’s agreement to assume certain related liabilities. The transferred assets will include the University’s academic curriculum and content (subject to a license of that content back to the Company for use in its continuing business) and $16.5 million in cash working capital and, at closing, the Company will make an additional cash payment to University of Arizona Global Campus of $37.5 million. In addition, at the closing of the Sale, the University’s faculty, academic leadership and related staff will transfer their employment from AU LLC to University of Arizona Global Campus.
The Purchase Agreement includes customary representations, warranties, covenants, and indemnities by the parties, including (a) covenants generally requiring the Company and AU LLC to operate the University in the ordinary course prior to the closing, and (b) covenants generally requiring the respective parties to use commercially reasonable efforts to cause the transaction to be consummated. Other than the specific liabilities assumed by University of Arizona Global Campus, the Company and AU LLC will generally remain responsible for liabilities of the University relating to periods prior to the closing.
The closing of Sale is subject to customary closing conditions for transactions in this sector, including (a) the approval of the change in ownership of the University by the WASC Senior College and University Commission, the University’s institutional accrediting body, (b) the issuance by the U.S. Department of Education (“ED”) of a pre-acquisition review notice that does not require the University or University of Arizona Global Campus to post a letter of credit in order to obtain from ED a Temporary Provisional Program Participation Agreement (“TPPPA”) or a Provisional Program Participation Agreement (“PPPA”) or require the University of Arizona to co-sign the TPPPA or PPPA (either separately or as a condition of not receiving a letter of credit in order to obtain a TPPPA or PPPA); provided, however, that this condition generally will expire and be of no force and effect and University of Arizona Global Campus and University of Arizona shall be deemed to have waived this condition for all purposes, if ED does not issue such notice prior to December 1, 2020, and (c) the expiration or early termination of the waiting period under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976, as amended. The Company expects the transaction to close during the fourth quarter of 2020.
In connection with the closing of the Sale, the Company and University of Arizona Global Campus will enter into a long-term strategic services agreement (the “Strategic Services Agreement”) pursuant to whichwhereby the Company will provide recruiting, financial aid, counseling, institutional support, informationcertain educational technology and academic support services, to University of Arizona Global Campus. The Strategic Services Agreementwhich has an initial term of fifteen (15) years, subject to renewal options although University of Arizona Global Campus hasand certain early termination provisions. The amounts earned from the right to terminate the agreement after seven (7) years subject to the payment of a termination fee equal to one-hundred (100%) of the services fees paid to the Company in the trailing twelve (12) month period (payable half in cash and half in an unsecured note).
In return for providing services under the Strategic Services Agreement University of Arizona Global Campus, after covering its direct costs of operations (which may not be increased by more than 2% per year), will pay toare denoted as revenue on the Company services fees equal to the Company’s direct costs to provide the services plus an additional amount equal to 19.5% of University of Arizona Global Campus’s tuition and fees revenue. If, in year seven or later, University of Arizona Global Campus’s tuition and fees revenue is $440.0 million or less, then the Company’s revenue share percentage is subject to decrease on a sliding scale to between 18.1% and 15.5%, subject to increase back up to 19.5% if, in any subsequent year, University of Arizona Global Campus’s tuition and fee revenue again exceeds $440.0 million. In addition, the parties have agreed on certain minimum profit levels to be achieved by University of Arizona Global Campus after payment of the Company’s services fees of $12.5 million in the second year of the agreement, $25.0 million in years 3-5, and $10.0 million in years 6-15; subject to certain limitations, the Company is required to adjust its fees in any year to the extent necessary for University of Arizona Global Campus to achieve such minimum levels.
After the seventh year of the Strategic Services Agreement, either party may terminate the agreement if University of Arizona Global Campus achieves tuition and fees revenue of $400.0 million or less. Each party also has certain termination rights in connection with a material breach of the agreement by the other party and upon certain other defined events.
At the closing of the Sale, the Company and University of Arizona Global Campus will also enter into a transition services agreement (the “Transition Services Agreement”) pursuant to which the Company will provide certain services to
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University of Arizona Global Campus on a transition basis in return for fees equal to the Company’s direct costs to provide such services. University of Arizona Global Campus may transition any of these services at any time on six months’ advance notice, and all such services will be transitioned to University of Arizona Global Campus within three years.
On July 1, 2020, and in connection with the transaction recently announced, Ashford submitted to WSCUC a substantive change application for a change in ownership which requires review and approval by the Substantive Change Committee and the Structural Change Committee of the Commission. The university’s name change from Ashford University to University of Arizona Global Campus will not occur until the change of ownership receives approval from WSCUC.
Conversion transaction
Ashford submitted a change of control and legal status application (the “Change of Control Application”) to WSCUC seeking approval to convert to a nonprofit California public benefit corporation and separate from the Company (the “Conversion Transaction”).
On October 7, 2019, the Company announced that in connection with the Conversion Transaction, the Department has provided a response (the “Abbreviated Preacquisition Review Letter”) to the request for review made on July 15, 2019. The request for an abbreviated preacquisition review was made in accordance with Department procedures pursuant to which the Department provides information about conditions it intends to impose in connection with the continued participation in federal Title IV student financial aid programs by the applicant following a change in ownership.
In the Abbreviated Preacquisition Review Letter, along with other conditions, the Department indicated that it would require the posting of an irrevocable letter of credit with the Department within ten days of the Conversion Transaction for approximately $103 million, representing the Department’s determination of 25% of the Title IV funding in fiscal year 2018 (the “25% LOC”).
On July 7, 2020, the Department indicated it would no longer require the 25% LOC due to a proposed new transaction structure. Pursuant to the new structure, Ashford University LLC, the current owner and operator of Ashford, will become the sole member of, and will transfer the assets of Ashford to, AU NFP. Following this transfer, Ashford University, LLC will take certain steps necessary to become a nonprofit corporation and terminate the Company’s ownership interest in it. Because the legal entity that currently owns and operates Ashford will continue as the sole member of AU NFP, the Department has concluded that the historical financial statements of Ashford University, LLC will satisfy the new owner’s financial statement requirements and, accordingly, that a 25% LOC would no longer be necessary. As a result, the Company will no longer be pursuing a LOC through a senior secured term loan facility.
The Company and the trustees of Ashford and AU NFP have taken steps, including Ashford’s formation of a special independent negotiating committee, to protect Ashford’s and AU NFP’s independence in considering the Conversion Transaction in order to enable Ashford and AU NFP to act in the best interests of Ashford and its students. However, in light of the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic and uncertain economic outlook, and other recent developments impacting our industry and business our timing for the closing of the conversion could be delayed.
On December 30, 2019, the Company and AU NFP entered into the LOI contemplating that the Company, Ashford and AU NFP would enter into an agreement and plan of conversion pursuant to which the Company, in exchange for $1.00 and entry into a Services Agreement, would cause Ashford to separate from the Company through a series of conversion and merger transactions ultimately resulting in Ashford (inclusive of all of the operations and assets constituting Ashford) being independently owned and operated by AU NFP. The Company would retain the assets and contracts related to, and continue to operate, its educational technology and services business, including all employees and assets necessary to perform the services contemplated by the Services Agreement. The parties also contemplate entering into a transition services agreement, pursuant to which the Company would provide identified services to AU NFP for a period of up to five years in exchange for which AU NFP would pay to the Company its direct cost charges incurred in providing such services.
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Restructuring and impairment expense
We implemented various restructuring plans to better align our resources with our business strategy and the related charges are recorded in the restructuring and impairment expense line item on our condensed consolidated statements of income (loss). ChangesOn December 1, 2020, the Company also entered into a transition services agreement with Global Campus whereby the Company will provide certain temporary transition services (the “Transition Services Agreement”), which has a term of three years. The amounts earned from the Transition Services Agreement are denoted as other revenue on the condensed consolidated statements of income (loss). Subsequent to December 1, 2020, revenue is primarily derived from service revenue from our university partners.
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Prior to December 1, 2020, the majority of the amounts earned by the Company were from tuition, technology fees, and digital materials related to students whose primary funding source is governmental funding. The amounts earned from these estimates couldstreams is denoted as university-related revenue on the condensed consolidated statements of income (loss). Factors affecting this revenue include (i) the number of students who enroll and remain enrolled in courses, (ii) degree and program mix, (iii) changes in tuition rates and (iv) the amount of scholarships offered. Enrollments are a function of the number of continuing students at the beginning of each period and new enrollments during the period, offset by students who either graduated or withdrew during the period.
Costs and expenses
Technology and academic services costs consist primarily of costs related to ongoing maintenance of educational infrastructure, including online course delivery and management, student records, assessment, customer relations management and other internal administrative systems. This also includes costs to provide support for curriculum and new program development, support for faculty training and development and technical support. This expense category includes salaries, benefits and share-based compensation, information technology costs, curriculum and new program development costs (which are expensed as incurred) and other costs associated with these support services. This category also includes an allocation of depreciation, amortization, rent, and occupancy costs attributable to the provision of these services.
Counseling services and support costs consist primarily of costs including team-based counseling and other support to prospective and current students as well as financial aid processing. This expense category includes salaries, benefits and share-based compensation, and other costs such as dues, fees and subscriptions and travel costs. This category also includes an allocation of depreciation, amortization, rent, and occupancy costs attributable to the provision of these services.
Marketing and communication costs consist primarily of lead acquisition, digital communication strategies, brand identity advertising, media planning and strategy, video, data science and analysis, marketing to potential students and other promotional and communication services. This category was primarily from our historical captions of advertising and marketing and promotional. This expense category includes salaries, benefits and share-based compensation for marketing and communication personnel, brand advertising, marketing leads and other promotional and communication expenses. This category also includes an allocation of depreciation, amortization, rent, and occupancy costs attributable to the provision of these services. Advertising costs are expensed as incurred.
General and administrative costs consist primarily of compensation and benefit costs (including related stock-based compensation) for employees engaged in corporate management, finance, human resources, compliance, and other corporate functions. This category also includes an allocation of depreciation, amortization, rent, and occupancy costs attributable to the provision of these services.
University-related expenses represent those costs that were transferred to Global Campus in the Sale Transaction and that are no longer incurred by the Company. These costs were previously primarily components of instructional costs and services, with some costs from admissions advisory and marketing and some general and administrative.
Restructuring and impairment expenses have historically been primarily comprised of (i) charges related to the write off and impairment of certain assets, (ii) severance costs related to headcount reductions made in connection with restructuring plans and (iii) estimated lease losses related to facilities vacated or consolidated under restructuring plans.
Factors Affecting Comparability
We believe the following factors have had, or can be expected to have, a material impactsignificant effect on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements. For informationcomparability of recent or future results of operations:
Sale transaction
The results of operations prior to December 1, 2020 are not comparable to those following that date. On December 1, 2020, the Company entered into the Services Agreement with Global Campus whereby the Company will provide certain educational technology and support services. On December 1, 2020, the Company also entered into the Transition Services Agreement with Global Campus whereby the Company will provide certain temporary transition services. Subsequent to December 1, 2020, revenue is primarily derived from service revenue from our university partners.
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Cost reductions
We recently took actions to reduce our cost structure to more appropriately align it with both our revenue expectations and the nature of our business following the Sale Transaction. As we moved through the second quarter of 2021, our enrollment began to stabilize at levels slightly lower than anticipated, causing us to further reduce our planned spending. Our total year-to-date cost reduction efforts will yield approximately $40.0 million of savings in calendar 2021, and approximately $60 million in annualized savings going forward, compared to planned spending levels.
Seasonality
Our operations are generally subject to seasonal trends. Our university partners generally experience a seasonal increase in new enrollments during the first quarter of each year, subsequent to holiday break, as well as during the third quarter each year, when most other colleges and universities begin their fall semesters. While our university partners enroll students throughout the year, fourth quarter revenue is generally lower than other quarters due to the holiday break in December, with an increase in the first quarter of each year.
Trends and uncertainties regarding the restructuring and impairment expense recorded, refer to Note 5, “Restructuring and Impairment Expense” to our condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q.continuing operations
Valuation allowance
We recognize deferred tax assets if realization of such assets is more-likely-than-not. In order to make this determination, we evaluate factors including the ability to generate future taxable income from reversing taxable temporary differences, forecasts of financial and taxable income or loss. The cumulative loss incurred over the three-year period ended June 30, 20202021 constituted significant negative objective evidence against our ability to realize a benefit from our federal deferred tax assets. Such objective evidence limited our ability to consider in our evaluation other subjective evidence such as our projections for future growth. On the basis of our evaluation, we determined that our deferred tax assets were not more-likely-than-not to be realized and that a valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets should continue to be maintained as of June 30, 2020.
On March 27, 2020, the US government enacted the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”). The CARES Act is an emergency economic stimulus package passed in response to the coronavirus outbreak. The CARES Act, among other things, includes provisions relating to refundable payroll tax credits, deferment of employer side social security payments, net operating loss (“NOL”) carryback periods, alternative minimum tax credit refunds, modifications to the net interest deduction limitations and technical corrections to tax depreciation methods for qualified improvement property. As of June 30, 2020, the Company has recorded an income tax benefit of $12.7 million directly related to the net operating loss carryback provisions under the CARES Act and could also benefit from the deferral of certain payroll taxes through the end of calendar year 2020.
Recent Regulatory Developments
Negotiated Rulemaking
On July 31, 2018, the Department published a notice in the Federal Register announcing its intention to establish a negotiated rulemaking committee (the “Rulemaking Committee”) to prepare proposed regulations for the Federal Student Aid programs authorized under Title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965, as amended. In September 2018, interested parties commented at three public hearings on the topics suggested by the Department in the notice, and suggested additional topics for consideration for action by the Rulemaking Committee.
The Rulemaking Committee met from January through March of 2019 on topics related to accreditation, competency-based education, state approval of online programs, and distance learning. The Rulemaking Committee reached consensus on all topics and the Department issued proposed regulations based on that consensus on June 12, 2019. On October 31, 2019, the Department issued final regulations on accreditation and state authorization to be effective on July 1, 2020.
The new regulations, among other things to: (1) define the roles and responsibilities of accrediting agencies, States, and the Department in oversight of institutions participating in the Federal Student Aid programs authorized under Title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965, as amended (Title IV, Higher Education Act programs); (2) establish “substantial compliance” as the standard for agency recognition; (3) modify “substantive change” requirements to provide greater flexibility to institutions to innovate and respond to the needs of students and employers, while maintaining strict agency oversight in instances of more complicated or higher risk changes in institutional mission, program mix, or level of credential offered; (4) clarify the Department’s accrediting agency recognition process, including accurate recognition of the geographic area within which an agency conducts business; and (5) modify the requirements for state authorization.
The new regulations provide for early implementation of select pieces of the state authorization component. Ashford has chosen to early implement and did so on March 20, 2020.
State Authorization for Distance Education Rules
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To be eligible to participate in Title IV programs, an institution must be legally authorized to offer its educational programs by the states in which it is physically located. An institution is legally authorized by a state if, among other things, it meets one of the following sets of requirements:
• the state establishes the institution by name as an educational institution through a charter, statute, constitutional provision or other action issued by an appropriate state agency or state entity and is authorized to operate educational programs beyond secondary education, including programs leading to a degree or certificate; the institution complies with any applicable state approval or licensure requirements, except that the state may exempt the institution from any state approval or licensure requirement based on the institution's accreditation by one or more accrediting agencies recognized by the Department or based upon the institution being in operation for at least 20 years; and the state has a process to review and appropriately act on complaints concerning the institution including the enforcement of state laws;
• the institution is established by the state on the basis of an authorization to conduct business in the state or to operate as a nonprofit charitable organization; the institution, by name, is approved or licensed by the state to offer programs beyond secondary education, including programs leading to a degree or certificate; and the institution is not exempt from the state's approval or licensure requirements based on accreditation, years in operation, or other comparable exemption; and the state has a process to review and appropriately act on complaints concerning the institution including the enforcement of state laws; or
• the institution is exempt from state authorization as a religious institution under the state constitution or by state law, and the state has a process to review and appropriately act on complaints concerning the institution and to enforce applicable state laws.
The Department has stated that it will not publish a list of states that meet, or fail to meet, the above requirements, and it is unclear how the Department will interpret these requirements in each state.
The regulations also provide that if an institution is offering postsecondary education through distance or correspondence education to students in a state in which it is not physically located or in which it is otherwise subject to state jurisdiction as determined by the state, the institution must meet any state requirements to legally offer postsecondary distance or correspondence education to students in that state. Additionally, upon request by the Department, an institution must be able to document that it has the applicable state approval.
Additional Proposed Rules on Distance Education and Innovation
On April 2, 2020, the Department released proposed rules covering Distance Education and other topics which were not covered in the Departments two prior rule making packages. The proposed changes include amending definitions of “distance education” and “correspondence courses” as well as other key terminology like “clock” and “credit hour.” The proposed rule also addresses competency based education, regular and substantive interaction, incarcerated students, and foreign schools. The Department allowed for a short comment period which ended on May 4, 2020.
Gainful Employment
In October 2014, the Department published gainful employment regulations impacting programs required to prepare graduates for gainful employment in a recognized occupation. The gainful employment regulations became effective July 1, 2015, with certain institutional disclosure requirements which became effective early 2017.
On July 1, 2019, the Department of Education published a final rule rescinding the Department’s 2014 gainful employment regulations. The Higher Education Act requires that regulations affecting programs under Title IV be published in final form by November 1, prior to the start of the award year (July 1) to which they become effective. This section also permits the Secretary to designate any regulation as one that an entity subject to the regulations may choose to implement earlier, as well as conditions for early implementation. The Department designated the regulatory changes for early implementation, and an institution that early implements the rescission must document its early implementation internally. Ashford has chosen and documented early implementation.
Institutions that have early implemented the rescission of the gainful employment rule are not required to report gainful employment data to the National Student Loan Data System. Additionally, those institutions that have early implemented are not required to include the disclosure template, or a link thereto, in their gainful employment program promotional materials and directly distribute the disclosure template to prospective students. Institutions that have early implemented are no longer
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required to post the gainful employment disclosure template and may remove the template and any other gainful employment disclosures from their web pages.
Cohort Default Rate
For each federal fiscal year, the Department calculates a rate of student defaults over a three-year measuring period for each educational institution, which is known as a “cohort default rate.” An institution may lose its eligibility to participate in the Direct Loan Program and the Federal Pell Grant Program if, for any federal fiscal years, 40% or more of its students who became subject to a repayment obligation in that federal fiscal year defaulted on such obligation by the end of the following federal fiscal year.
The most recent official three-year cohort default rates for Ashford for the 2016, 2015 and 2014 federal fiscal years were 13.7%, 13.5% and 14.9%, respectively. The draft three-year cohort default rate for Ashford University for the 2017 federal fiscal year is 14.7%.
For additional information regarding the regulatory environment and related risks, see Part I, Item 1, “Business” and Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” of the Form 10-K.
Seasonality
Our operations are generally subject to seasonal trends. We generally experience a seasonal increase in new enrollments during the first quarter of each year, subsequent to holiday break, as well as during the third quarter each year, when most other colleges and universities begin their fall semesters. While we enroll students throughout the year, our fourth quarter revenue generally is lower than other quarters due to the holiday break in December, with an increase in the first quarter of each year.2021.
Critical Accounting Policies and Use of Estimates
The critical accounting policies and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements are described in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Critical Accounting Policies and Use of Estimates” included in Part II, Item 7 of the Form 10-K.
On January 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, using the modified retrospective method. For information regarding the impact of this recent accounting pronouncements, refer to Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Recent Accounting Pronouncements” as well as Note 7, “Accounts Receivable” to our condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.
There were no other material changes to these critical accounting policies and estimates during the six months ended June 30, 2020.2021.
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Results of Operations
The following table sets forth our condensed consolidated statements of income (loss) data as a percentage of revenue for each of the periods indicated:
 Three Months Ended
June 30,		Six Months Ended
June 30,
 2020201920202019
Revenue100.0 %100.0 %100.0 %100.0 %
Costs and expenses:  
Instructional costs and services43.2  51.3  45.2  49.3  
Admissions advisory and marketing37.3  41.7  39.9  43.2  
General and administrative13.9  21.0  15.8  17.7  
Restructuring and impairment expense0.5  5.0  1.6  2.5  
Total costs and expenses94.9  119.0  102.5  112.7  
Operating income (loss)5.1  (19.0) (2.5) (12.7) 
Other income (expense), net0.2  0.3  (0.1) 0.4  
Income (loss) before income taxes5.3  (18.7) (2.6) (12.3) 
Income tax expense (benefit)0.3  (2.3) (6.2) (1.1) 
Net income (loss)5.0 %(16.4)%3.6 %(11.2)%
 Three Months Ended
June 30,		Six Months Ended
June 30,
 2021202020212020
Revenue and other revenue100.0 %100.0 %100.0 %100.0 %
Costs and expenses:  
Technology and academic services26.1 16.6 25.5 17.7 
Counseling services and support33.5 22.6 33.2 23.2 
Marketing and communication31.4 20.9 32.6 23.2 
General and administrative12.2 11.1 16.6 12.4 
University-related expenses— 23.2 — 24.4 
Restructuring and impairment expense3.4 0.5 1.6 1.6 
Total costs and expenses106.6 94.9 109.5 102.5 
Operating income (loss)(6.6)5.1 (9.5)(2.5)
Other income (loss), net0.3 0.2 0.1 (0.1)
Income (loss) before income taxes(6.3)5.3 (9.4)(2.6)
Income tax expense (benefit)(0.3)0.3 (0.1)(6.2)
Net income (loss)(5.8)%5.0 %(9.3)%3.6 %
Three Months Ended June 30, 20202021 Compared to Three Months Ended June 30, 20192020
Revenue.Total revenue and other revenue. OurTotal revenue and other revenue for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, and 2019, was $103.9$69.2 million and $107.5$103.9 million, respectively, a decrease of $3.6$34.7 million, or 3.3%33.4%. For the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, University Partners segment revenue was $62.3 million and $99.0 million, respectively, representing a decrease of 37.1%, and the Zovio Growth segment revenue was $6.9 million and $5.0 million, respectively, representing an increase of 39.3%.
The decrease in revenue in the University Partners segment of $36.7 million between periods was primarily due to the change in business model in December 2020, and the related decrease in university-related revenue as compared to the prior year. This decrease was also due to a decrease of 8.8% in average weekly enrollment from 38,304 students for the three month period ended June 30, 20192021, as compared to 34,952 students for the three month period ended June 30, 2020. As a result ofPartially offsetting the decrease in enrollments, tuitionthe University Partners segment was the new service revenue decreased by $3.4 million, netfrom the Services Agreement entered into in December 2020, as well as other revenue generated from course digital materials decreased by $0.5 million, and technology feethe Transition Services Agreement of approximately $2.5 million.
The increase in revenue decreased by $0.4 million. The decrease in revenuethe Zovio Growth segment between periods was alsoprimarily due to higher scholarships for the period, an increase of $1.4 million. The overall revenue decrease was partially offset by net revenue fromgrowth in new customer contracts within the related subsidiaries, of $4.9 million, as well as a tuitionFullstack Academy and fees increase, effective January 2020.TutorMe.com.
Instructional costsTechnology and academic services. Our instructional costsTechnology and academic services for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, and 2019, were $44.9$18.1 million and $55.1$17.2 million, respectively, a decreasean increase of $10.2$0.9 million, or 18.5%4.9%. Specific decreasesincreases between periods primarily include direct compensation of $4.1 million, corporate supportother technology and academic services of $1.3$2.3 million other subsidiary costs of $1.3 million, facilities costs of $1.0 million, bad debt expense of $0.9 million, professionaland license fees of $0.6$0.7 million, business related travelpartially offset by decreases in consulting and outside services of $1.2 million, employee costs of $0.5 million, and instructor feesamortization of $0.4$0.3 million. Instructional costsTechnology and academic services, as a percentage of revenue, for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, were 26.1% and 2019, were 43.2% and 51.3%16.6%, respectively, a decreasean increase of 8.1%9.5%. This decreaseincrease primarily included decreasesincreases in direct compensationemployee costs of 3.3%3.6%, other subsidiary costs of 1.2%, corporate supporttechnology and academic services of 1.0%3.4%, facilities costslicense fees of 0.9%1.8%, bad debt expenseand instructional supplies of 0.7%, professional feespartially offset by a decrease in consulting and other outside services of 0.5%0.4%.
Counseling services and business related travel of 0.5%. As a percentage of revenue, bad debt expense was 2.9%support. Counseling services and support for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, compared to 3.6% for three months ended June 30, 2019.
Admissions advisory and marketing. Our admissions advisory and marketing expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, were $38.8$23.2 million and $44.8$23.5 million, respectively, a decrease of $6.0$0.3 million, or 13.4%1.6%. Specific factors contributing to the overall decrease between periods were decreasesa decrease in advertising costsother counseling services and support expenses of $2.0 million, compensation of $1.8 million, professional fees of $0.8 million, facilities costs of $0.8 million,$0.2 million. Counseling services and other subsidiary costs of $0.5 million. Admissions advisory and marketing,support, as a percentage of revenue, for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, were 33.5% and 2019, were 37.3% and 41.7%22.6%,
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respectively, a decreasean increase of 4.4%10.9%. This decreaseincrease primarily included decreasesincreases in advertisingemployee costs of 1.4%9.2%, compensationdepreciation of 1.2%0.6%, professional fees of 0.7%,and facilities costs of 0.7%0.5%.
Marketing and other subsidiarycommunication. Marketing and communication for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, were both $21.7 million, respectively. Specific factors contributing to the overall increase between periods were increases in employee costs of 0.5%$0.5 million, partially offset by a decrease in advertising of $0.4 million. Marketing and communication, as a percentage of revenue, for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, were 31.4% and 20.9%, respectively, an increase of 10.5%. This increase primarily included increases in advertising of 7.6%, employee costs of 2.1%, and consulting and outside services of 0.7%.
General and administrative. Our generalGeneral and administrative expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, and 2019, were $14.5$8.4 million and $22.5$11.6 million, respectively, a decrease of $8.0$3.2 million, or 35.7%27.7%. The decrease between periods was
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primarily due to decreases in acquisitionemployee costs of $7.3$1.7 million, professional fees of $1.2 million and other general and administrative compensationexpenses of $3.4$0.9 million, partially offset by an increaseincreases in other subsidiaryhuman resources costs of $1.9$0.5 million and transaction costsinsurance of $0.8$0.3 million. General and administrative expenses, as a percentage of revenue, for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, were 12.2% and 2019, were 13.9% and 21.0%11.1%, respectively, a decreasean increase of 7.1%1.1%. This decreaseincrease was primarily due to decreasesincreases in acquisitioninsurance of 0.7%, consulting and outside services of 0.5%, legal fees of 0.4%, and employee costs of 6.8% and administrative compensation of 2.9%0.3%, partially offset by increasesdecreases in professional fees of 0.8% and other subsidiary costsgeneral and administrative expenses of 1.7% and transaction costs of 0.9%0.5%.
University-related expenses. We did not record any charges to university-related expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2021. Charges incurred for the three months ended June 30, 2020 related to the legacy University.
Restructuring and impairment expense. WeFor the three months ended June 30, 2021, we recorded $2.3 million of restructuring and impairment expense. For the three months ended June 30, 2020, we recorded a charge of approximately $0.5 million to restructuring and impairment expense for the three months ended June 30, 2020, primarily from severance costs resulting from a reduction in force and revised estimates of lease charges. For the three months ended June 30, 2019, we recorded a charge of approximately $5.4 million to restructuring and impairment expense,expense. These charges were comprised primarily of a reduction in force and revised estimates of lease charges.
Other (expense) income,expense, net. Our otherOther expense, net, was $0.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and $0.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020, respectively. The amounts recognized during the three months ended June 30, 2021 relate primarily to interest expense.
Income tax expense (benefit). We recognized an income tax benefit of $0.2 million and otheran income net, wastax expense of $0.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019.2021 and June 30, 2020, respectively, at effective tax rates of 5.3% and 5.5%, respectively. The decrease between periods was primarily due to a loss on deferred compensation investmentsincome tax benefit for the three months ended June 30, 2020.2021 was mainly attributable to the tax refunds received from the federal and FTB audit examinations.
Income tax expense (benefit)Net income (loss). We recognized income tax expense of $0.3 million, and an income tax benefit of $2.4Net loss was $4.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and June 30, 2019, respectively, at effective tax rates of 5.5% and 12.2%, respectively. The income tax expense for the three months ended June 30, 2020 was mainly attributable2021, compared to tax refund true-ups related to the CARES Act and IRS audit examination.
Net income (loss). Our net income wasof $5.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020, compared to net loss of $17.6a $9.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019, a $22.7 million increase in net incomedecrease as a result of the factors discussed above.
Six Months Ended June 30, 20202021 Compared to Six Months Ended June 30, 20192020
Revenue.Total revenue and other revenue. OurTotal revenue and other revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, and 2019, was $201.8$146.0 million and $217.3$201.8 million, respectively, a decrease of $15.5$55.8 million, or 7.1%27.6%. For the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, University Partners segment revenue was $131.9 million and $192.8 million, respectively, representing a decrease of 31.6%, and the Zovio Growth segment revenue was $14.1 million and $9.0 million, respectively, representing an increase of 57.1%.
The decrease in revenue in the University Partners segment of $60.9 million between periods was primarily due to the decrease in university-related revenue as compared to the prior year. The decrease between periods was primarily due to a decrease of 8.5% in average weekly enrollment from 38,396 students for the six month period ended June 30, 20192020 to 35,126 students for the six month period ended June 30, 2020. As a result of2021. Partially offsetting the decrease in enrollments, tuitionthe University Partners segment was an increase of service revenue decreased by $13.5 million, technology fee revenue decreased by $1.2 million and netdue to the Services Agreement entered into in December 2020, as well as an increase in other revenue generated from course digital materials decreased by $1.0the Transition Services Agreement of approximately $5.3 million.
The decreaseincrease in revenue in the Zovio Growth segment between periods was alsoprimarily due to higher scholarships for the period, an increase of $5.4 million. The overall revenue decrease was partially offset by net revenue fromgrowth in customer contracts experienced this year within the related subsidiaries, of $8.9 million, as well as a tuitionFullstack Academy and fees increase, effective January 2020.TutorMe.com.
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Instructional costsTechnology and academic services. Our instructional costsTechnology and academic services for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, and 2019, were $91.3$37.2 million and $107.0$35.7 million, respectively, a decreasean increase of $15.7$1.5 million, or 14.7%4.1%. In addition to the decline in enrollment, specific decreasesSpecific increases between periods include direct compensation costsother technology and academic services expenses of $7.6$2.8 million, corporate support serviceslicense fees of $4.6$1.4 million, bad debt expense of $1.1 million, business related travel of $0.7 million, license fees of $0.7$0.6 million, and information technologyinstructional supplies of $0.5 million, partially offset by decreases in consulting and outside services of $2.1 million, employee costs of $0.6 million, facilities costs of $0.6 million, and professional fees of $0.4 million. Instructional costsTechnology and academic services, as a percentage of revenue, for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, were 25.5% and 2019, were 45.2% and 49.3%17.7%, respectively, a decreasean increase of 4.1%7.8%. This decreaseincrease primarily included decreasesincreases in direct compensationemployee costs of 2.4%3.0%, corporate supportother technology and academic services expenses of 1.7%2.2%, license fees of 1.6%, instructional supplies of 0.8%, and bad debt expense of 0.3% and license fees of 0.3%0.5%, partially offset by an increasea decrease in instructor feesconsulting and outside services of 0.5%0.4%. As a percentage of revenue, bad debt expense was 3.2%
Counseling services and support. Counseling services and support for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, compared to 3.5% for the six months ended June 30, 2019.
Admissions advisory and marketing. Our admissions advisory and marketing expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, were $80.5$48.5 million and $93.9$46.9 million, respectively, a decreasean increase of $13.4$1.6 million, or 14.2%3.5%. As a result of our change in marketing strategy and the shift in advertising mix, specificSpecific factors contributing to the overall decreaseincrease between periods include increases in employee costs of $3.6 million and human resources costs of $0.3 million, partially offset by decreases in advertisingfacilities costs of $6.1 million, compensation of $6.0 million, professional fees of $0.9$1.6 million and business related travelother counseling services and support expenses of $0.8 million. Our admissions advisoryCounseling services and marketing expenses,support, as a percentage of revenue, for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, were 33.2% and 2019, were 39.9% and 43.2%23.2%, respectively, a decreasean increase of 3.3%10.0%. This decreaseincrease primarily included decreasesincreases in compensation of 1.8%, advertisingemployee costs of 1.5%, professional fees9.5% and human resources costs of 0.3% and business related travel of 0.3%0.5%, partially offset by a decrease in facilities costs of 0.3%.
Marketing and communication. Marketing and communication for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, were $47.6 million and $46.7 million, respectively, an increase of $0.9 million, or 1.7%. Specific factors contributing to the overall increase between periods were increases in other subsidiaryemployee costs of 0.6%$1.3 million and consulting and outside services of $0.6 million, partially offset by decreases in license fees of $0.7 million and other marketing and communication expenses of $0.5 million. Marketing and communication, as a percentage of revenue, for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, were 32.6% and 23.2%, respectively, an increase of 9.4%. This increase primarily included increases in advertising of 7.0%, employee costs of 1.9%, and consulting and outside services of 0.8%.
General and administrative. Our generalGeneral and administrative expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, and 2019, were $32.0$24.3 million and $38.5$25.0 million, respectively, a decrease of $6.5$0.7 million, or 16.8%2.8%. The decrease between periods was
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primarily due to decreases in acquisitionemployee costs of $8.2$1.6 million, non-recurring stock compensation of $1.5 million, professional fees of $1.2$1.4 million and other subsidiary costslegal fees of $0.9$0.7 million, partially offset by increases in corporate support servicesexecutive severance of $2.4 million, amortization of intangible assets of $0.8$3.6 million and transaction costsinsurance of $0.5 million. Our general and administrative expenses, as a percentage of revenue, for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, were 16.6% and 2019, were 15.8% and 17.7%12.4%, respectively, a decreasean increase of 1.9%4.2%. This decreaseincrease was primarily due to decreasesincreases in acquisitionexecutive severance of 2.5%, employee costs of 3.8%1.2%, and other subsidiary costsinsurance of 0.5%0.6%, partially offset by increasesdecreases in corporate support services of 0.7%, administrativenon-recurring stock compensation of 0.7%, other administrative costs of 0.5%,0.6% and transaction costsprofessional fees of 0.4%.
Restructuring and impairment expense.University-related expenses. We recognized $3.2 million of restructuring and impairment expensedid not record any charges to university-related expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2021. Charges incurred for the six months ended June 30, 2020 comprised primarily of revised estimates of lease charges, as well as severance costs resulting from a reduction in force.related to the legacy University.
Restructuring and impairment expense. For the six months ended June 30, 2019,2021, we recorded $2.3 million of restructuring and impairment expense. For the six months ended June 30, 2020, there were $5.4$3.2 million of similar restructuring and impairment expenses.
Other (expense) income, net. Our otherOther expense, net was $0.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021, as compared to other income, net of $0.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020, as compared to other income, netan increase of $0.9 million for$0.3 million. The amounts recognized during the six months ended June 30, 2019, a decrease of $1.0 million. The decrease between periods was2021 relate primarily due to decreased interest income on average cash balances and a loss on deferred compensation investments.expense.
Income tax benefit. We recognized an income tax benefit of $12.5$0.1 million and $2.4$12.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019,2020, respectively, at effective tax rates of 234.9%1.0% and 9.0%234.9%, respectively. The income tax benefit for the six months ended June 30, 20202021 was mainly attributable to the $12.7 million refund claimstax refunds received from the net operating loss carryback provisions of the CARES Act.federal and FTB audit examinations.
Net income (loss). Our net loss was $13.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021 compared to net income wasof $7.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020, compared to net loss of $24.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019, a $31.4$20.7 million increase in net incomeloss as a result of the factors discussed above.
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
We finance our operating activities and capital expenditures primarily through cash on hand. At June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019,2020, our cash and cash equivalents were $75.1$24.0 million and $69.3 million, total restricted cash was $25.9 million and $23.3 million, and we had investments of $1.3 million and $2.5$35.5 million, respectively. At June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, total restricted cash was $13.3 million and $20.0 million, respectively, and investments were $1.5 million and $1.5 million, respectively. At June 30, 2021, we had $2.8 million of long-term notes payable.
There was a slight decrease in the fair value of our investments at June 30, 20202021 as compared to December 31, 2019.2020. We believe that any fluctuations we have experienced are temporary in nature and, while some of our securities are classified as available-for-sale, we have the ability and intent to hold them until maturity, if necessary, to recover their full value.
Our Additionally, our income tax receivable increaseddecreased from December 31, 20192020 to June 30, 20202021 primarily due to $1.9 million tax refunds received from the changes in income tax law related to net operating loss utilization as a result of the CARES Act. The Company recorded tax refund in a total of $12.7 millionfederal and received $6.2 million in June 2020. We anticipate receiving the remaining refund by the end of the third quarter ending September 30, 2020.FTB audit examinations.
We manage our excess cash pursuant to the quantitative and qualitative operational guidelines of our cash investment policy. Our cash investment policy, which is managed by our Chief Financial Officer, has the following primary objectives: (i) preserving principal, (ii) meeting our liquidity needs, (iii) minimizing market and credit risk, and (iv) providing after-tax returns. Under the policy’s guidelines, we invest our excess cash exclusively in high-quality, U.S. dollar-denominated financial instruments. For a discussion of the measures we use to mitigate the exposure of our cash investments to market risk, credit risk and interest rate risk, see Part I, Item 3, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” in this Form 10-Q.
Title IVOperating activities
Net cash used in operating activities was $16.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared to net cash provided by operating activities of $6.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020, an overall decrease between periods in net cash provided by operating activities of $23.0 million. The decrease in cash provided by operating activities is primarily attributable to the increase in net loss of $20.7 million between periods, including the minimum residual payment of $12.2 million to Global Campus during the period, as well as the decreases in non-cash expenses, partially offset by the net increases in the working capital accounts due to changes in the business model since the prior year.
Investing activities
Net cash used in investing activities was $0.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared to net cash used in investing activities of $0.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020. Capital expenditures for the six months ended June 30, 2021 were $0.7 million, compared to $1.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020. During the six months ended June 30, 2021 and other governmental funding2020, we capitalized costs for intangibles of $0.3 million and $0.1 million, respectively. We expect our capital expenditures to be approximately $3.0 million for the year ending December 31, 2021.
AshfordFinancing activities
Net cash used in financing activities was $1.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared to net cash provided by financing activities of $2.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020. During each of the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, net cash used included tax withholdings related to the issuance of restricted stock units vesting. For the six months ended June 30, 2020, we received $2.7 million of cash which was for long-term debt to be repaid as a function of generating future revenue.
Agreements with Global Campus
Our largest university partner, Global Campus, derives the majority of its respective cash revenues from students who enroll and are eligible for various federal student financial assistance programs authorized under Title IV of the Higher Education Act. AshfordAn institution is subject to significant regulatory scrutiny as a result of numerous standards that must be satisfied in order to participate in Title IV programs. For additional information regarding Title IV programs and the regulation thereof, see “Business—Regulation” included in Part I, Item 1 of the Form 10-K. The balance of revenues derived by AshfordGlobal Campus is from government tuition assistance programs for
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military personnel, including veterans, payments made in cash by individuals, reimbursement from corporate affiliatespartnerships and private loans.loans from third parties.
If we wereThe majority of our cash comes from our Services Agreement with Global Campus. The service fees in the Services Agreement are subject to become ineligiblecertain minimum residual liability adjustments, including performance-based adjustments, minimum profit level adjustments, and excess direct cost adjustments. These adjustments are all variable in nature in that they depend
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upon the Company’s performance during each service period. In June 2021, the Company made a minimum residual payment of $12.2 million to receive Title IV funding or other governmental funding, our liquidity would be significantly impacted. The timing of disbursements under Title IV programs is based on federal regulations and our ability to successfully and timely arrange financial aid for Ashford’s students. Title IV funds are generally provided in multiple disbursements before we earn a significant portion of tuition and fees and incur related expenses over the period of instruction. Students must apply for new loans and grants each academic year. These factors, togetherGlobal Campus. In connection with the timing at which Ashford’s students begin their programs, affect our revenues and operating cash flow.
Stock repurchase programs
The Company's board of directors may authorize us to repurchase outstanding shares of its common stock from time to time inServices Agreement, the open market through block trades or otherwise depending on market conditions and other considerations, pursuant to the applicable rules of the SEC. The Company's policy is to retain these repurchased shares as treasury shares and not to retire them. The amount and timing of future share repurchases, if any,minimum residual payment will be madepaid annually in June. If the Company's restructuring efforts and enrollment initiatives do not occur as market and business conditions warrant. The timing and extent of any repurchasesplanned, then the Company will depend upon market conditions, the trading price of our shares and other factors, and subjectneed to the restrictions relatingfind alternative sources to volume, price and timing under applicable law. We may commence or suspend share repurchases at any time or from time to time.
Operating activities
Net cash provided by operating activities was $6.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020, compared to net cash used in operating activities of $22.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019, an overall increase between periods in net cash provided by operating activities of $28.8 million. The increase in cash provided by operating activities is primarily attributable to the $31.4 million increase in net income between periods, partially offset by a decrease in lease expense of $2.9 million, provision of bad debt of $1.1 million and changes in working capital.
Investing activities
Net cash used in investing activities was $0.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020, compared to net cash used in investing activities of $37.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019. Capital expenditures for the six months ended June 30, 2020 were $1.6 million, compared to $17.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019. During the six months ended June 30, 2019, we used $19.3 million of cash paid for acquisition. During the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, we capitalized costs for intangibles of $0.1 million and $0.3 million, respectively. We expect our capital expenditures to be approximately $4.6 million for the year ending December 31, 2020.
Financing activities
Net cash provided by financing activities was $2.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020, compared to net cash used in financing activities of $0.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019. For the six months ended June 30, 2020, $2.7 million of cash provided by financing activities was cash received in the current period for which it will be repaid as a function of generating future revenue. During each of the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, net cash used included tax withholdings related to the issuance of restricted stock units vesting.fund operations.
Based on our current level of operations, and based upon recent cost reductions throughout the organization, we believe that our future cash flows from operating activities and our existing cash and cash equivalents will provide adequate funds for ongoing operations, minimum residual payments, planned capital expenditures and working capital requirements for at least the next 12 months. However, changes could occur that would consume our available capital resources before that time. Our capital requirements depend on numerous factors, including our ability to continue to generate revenue. There can be no assurance that additional funding, if necessary, will be available to us on favorable terms, if at all.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
As part of our normal business operations, we are required to provide surety bonds in certain states where we do business. In May 2009, we entered into a surety bond facility with an insurance company to provide such bonds when required. As of June 30, 2020, the surety had issued $8.6 million of bonds on our behalf under this facility.
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Significant Contractual Obligations
The following table sets forth, as of June 30, 2020,2021, certain significant cash and contractual obligations that willmay affect our future liquidity:
Payments Due by Period
(In thousands)Total20202021202220232024Thereafter
Operating lease obligations$45,771  $4,147  $8,914  $5,299  $3,805  $3,538  $20,068  
Other contractual obligations51,663  10,502  13,530  10,470  8,132  4,925  4,104  
Uncertain tax positions104  —  —  104  —  —  —  
Total$97,538  $14,649  $22,444  $15,873  $11,937  $8,463  $24,172  
Payments Due by Period
(In thousands)Total20212022202320242025Thereafter
Operating lease obligations$57,643 $4,039 $7,009 $5,316 $5,022 $4,759 $31,498 
Other contractual obligations15,393 4,735 6,314 4,322 22 — — 
Uncertain tax positions28 — 28 — — — — 
Total$73,064 $8,774 $13,351 $9,638 $5,044 $4,759 $31,498 
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
For information regarding recent accounting pronouncements, refer to Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to our condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q.

Item 3.  Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.Risk
Market and Credit Risk
Pursuant to our cash investment policy, we attempt to mitigate the exposure of our cash and investments to market and credit risk by (i) diversifying concentration to ensure we are not overly concentrated in a limited number of financial institutions, (ii) monitoring and managing the risks associated with the national banking and credit markets, (iii) investing in U.S. dollar-denominated assets and instruments only, (iv) diversifying account structures so that we maintain a decentralized account portfolio with numerous stable, highly rated and liquid financial institutions and (v) ensuring that our investment procedures maintain a defined and specific scope such that we will not invest in higher-risk investment accounts, including financial swaps or derivative and corporate equities. Accordingly, pursuant to the guidelines established by our cash investment policy, we invest our excess cash exclusively in high-quality, U.S. dollar-denominated financial instruments.
Despite the investment risk mitigation strategies we employ, we may incur investment losses as a result of unusual and unpredictable market developments, and we may experience reduced investment earnings if the yields on investments that are deemed to be low risk remain low or decline further in this time of economic uncertainty. Unusual and unpredictable market developments may also create liquidity challenges for certain of the assets in our investment portfolio.
We have no derivative financial instruments or derivative commodity instruments.
Interest Rate Risk
To the extent we borrow funds, we would be subject to fluctuations in interest rates. As of June 30, 2020,2021, we had approximately $2.8 million in long-term notes payable.
Our future investment income may fall short of expectations due to changes in interest rates. At June 30, 2020,2021, a hypothetical 10% increase or decrease in interest rates would not have a material impact on our future earnings, fair value or cash flows related to interest earned on our cash, cash equivalents or investments.
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Item 4.  Controls and Procedures.Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act, that are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officerPrincipal Executive Officer and principal financial officerPrincipal Financial Officer or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Principal Financial Officer, we carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rule 13a-15(b) and Rule 15d-15(b) of the Exchange Act. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Principal Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of June 30, 2020.2021.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There have been no changes in internal control over financial reporting, during the three months ended June 30, 20202021 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II—OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.  Legal Proceedings.Proceedings
For information regarding our legal proceedings, refer to Note 15, “Commitments and Contingencies” to our condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this report, which note is incorporated by reference into this Part II, Item 1.

Item 1A.  Risk Factors.Factors
Investing in our common stock involves risk. Before making an investment in our common stock, you should carefully consider the risk factors discussed in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” of the Form 10-K. The risks described in the Form 10-K are those which we believe are the material risks we face, and such risks could materially adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may impact us. Except as set forth below, there have been no material changes in our risk factors from those previously disclosed in the Form 10-K.
Risks RelatedChanges to the Proposed Ashford Transactions and Proposed Change90/10 rule or related Title IV regulation could adversely impact our university partners, which in turn could adversely affect our revenues or our ability to grow.
In March 2021, President Biden signed the American Rescue Plan Act (“ARPA”) of 2021. The ARPA includes a major change in the Structure of Our Operations
Failure90/10 revenue test that provides for-profit institutions and their students access to complete the asset purchase agreement withFSA programs. Under the Arizona Board of Regents, for andARPA, the Higher Education Act would be modified to change the formula from counting only Title IV program funds on the '90 side' to instead include all “federal funds that are disbursed or delivered to or on behalf of the University of Arizona and the University of Arizona Global Campus, which is subjecta student to conditions and also may not close duebe used to uncertainties, may prevent us from executing on our strategic plans, and could materially and adversely impact us.
attend such institution” or collectively “federal education assistance funds.” The asset purchase agreement with the Arizona Board of Regents, a body corporate, for and on behalf of the University of Arizona and the University of Arizona Global Campus is subject to certain conditions, some of which are out of our control. There can be no assurance when or whether these conditions will be satisfied or, to the extent waivable, waived or the occurrence of any effect, event, development or change will not transpire. If these conditions are not satisfied or waived, if permitted, the asset purchase agreement may be terminated and would not be completed.
There can be no assurance with respect to the timing of the completion of the asset purchase agreement or whether it will be completed on its current terms, or at all. If it is not completed for any reason, we may not be able to fully implement our strategic plans, or such plans would be delayed, which could have a material adverse impact on our future expected financial performance.
The Conversion Transaction is subject to the receipt of regulatory approvals that if not obtained, could delay or prevent its consummation, and an excessive delay in finalizing the Conversion Transaction could disrupt our business during its pendency.
The Conversion Transaction remains subject to various regulatory approvals following the conversion. There can be no assurances that these regulatory approvals will be obtained on the currently contemplated timeline or at all. In addition, as a condition to granting these regulatory approvals, a regulatory authority may require changes to the structure of the Conversion Transaction, and these changes may negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations. A material delay in obtaining such approvals may create uncertainty or otherwise have negative consequences, including adverse changes in our relationships with Ashford’s students, vendors and faculty; adverse impacts on employee recruiting and retention efforts; and diversion of management’s attention and internal resources from ongoing business, any of which may materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. We cannot predict with certainty whether and when any of the required regulatory approvals will be granted. Whether or not the Conversion Transaction is consummated, while it is pending, we will continue to incur costs, fees, expenses and charges related to the Conversion Transaction.
If the Conversion Transaction is consummated, we90/10 provision will be subject to various risksnegotiated rulemaking after October 2021, with an earliest effective date on or after January 1, 2023. Additionally, in June 2021, the Department held virtual public hearings to receive stakeholder feedback on potential issues for the upcoming negotiated rulemaking sessions. These issues include borrower defense to repayment for students, gainful employment requirements, and uncertainties arising out of the changes in the structure of our operations, any of which could materially and adversely affect our business and operations, and our stock price.
Having obtained most regulatory approvals and agreed upon the general structure and major terms and conditions regarding the Conversion Transaction, if it is ultimately consummated, then various aspects of our operations would change in important ways. These changes include, but are not limited to, the following:
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•Following the Conversion Transaction, we would no longer ownownership and operate a regulated institution of higher education, but we would instead be an education technology service provider to AU NFP and possibly other third-party education providers. While the services we would provide are services that we provide as part of our business today, we have no experience operating solely as an education technology service provider to third parties.
•Initially, all of our revenue would be derived pursuant to the services agreement with AU NFP. Accordingly, AU NFP’s ability to increase its enrollment and tuition and fee revenue, and our ability to continue to perform the services necessary to enable AU NFP to achieve such goals, would be critical to the success of our services business.
If the Conversion Transaction is consummated, but we are unable to successfully re-focus our business to providing education technology services to third-party education providers, or if the contemplated services agreement with AU NFP fails to achieve the anticipated levels of performance, then our business, financial condition and results of operations, as well as our stock price, could be materially and adversely affected.
If the Department does not approve the change of control related to the Conversion Transaction and recertify Ashford to continue participating in the Title IV programs, its students would lose their access to Title IV program funds, or there are significant limitations as a condition of Ashford’s continued participation in the Title IV programs, as a service provider to Ashford, our business, financial condition and results of operations, as well as our stock price, could be materially and adversely affected.
Institutions are required to seek recertification from the Department on a regular basis in order to continue their participation in Title IV programs. An institution must also apply for recertification by the Department if it undergoes a change in control, as defined by the Department regulations, and may be subject to similar review if it expands its operations or educational programs in certain ways. Ashford’s conversion to nonprofit status as a part of the Conversion Transaction, if consummated, would constitute a change in control of Ashford. The Department conducted an abbreviated preacquisition reviewinstitutions of the change of control and is expectedhigher education among other topics. If these changes were to conduct a post-closing review of Ashford following the change of control resulting from the Conversion Transaction, if consummated. See “Regulation – U.S. Department of Education Abbreviated Preacquisition Review Letter” in Item 1, “Business.” There can be no assurance that the Department will recertify Ashford or that the Department will not impose conditions or other restrictions on Ashford as a condition of granting Ashford a provisional certification following the proposed change in control. If the Department does not renew, or withdraws, the certification of Ashford to participate in the Title IV programs at any time, Ashford’s students would no longer be able to receive Title IV program funds. Similarly, the Departmentgo into effect, it could renew Ashford’s certification, but restrict or delay Ashford’s students’ receipt of Title IV funds, limit the students to whom Ashford could disburse funds, decline to approve Ashford as a nonprofit institution for Title IV purposes, or place other restrictions on Ashford.
Any of these outcomes would have a material adverse effect on us. If the Conversion Transaction is consummated, we would no longer own or operate Ashford, and we would no longer participate in the Title IV programs as an institution. However, we would face the risks discussed above in connection with providing services to Ashford as a third-party education technology services provider, including adverse effects on our business and operations from a reduction or loss in our revenues under the contemplated services agreement if Ashford loses or has limits placed on its Title IV eligibility.
The separation of Ashford via the Conversion Transaction, may not be completed on the terms or timeline currently contemplated and failure to complete, or any delay of, the separation of Ashford from Zovio Inc may negativelyadversely impact our planned business, financial condition or results of operations.
The Conversion Transaction,university partners, which may be subject to a number of conditions including, among other things, regulatory approval. There can be no assurance that the conditions to the completion of the Conversion Transaction will be satisfied, or that the separation will be completed on the terms or timeline currently contemplated, if at all. Other unanticipated developments could further delay, prevent or otherwise adversely affect the separation of the university, including disruptions in the capital and other financial markets, among other things. If the separation of the university is not completed or is delayed, we will be subject to several risks, including but not limited to:
•a failure to complete the separation and transition or a delay in such events could result in a negative perception by the market of the Company generally and a resulting decline in the market price of our common stock;
•the Company and Ashford may experience negative reactions from its employees and business partners; and
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•there may be substantial disruption to our business and a distraction of our management team and employees from day-to-day operations, because matters related to the separation and transition have required substantial commitments of time and financial and other resources, which could otherwise have been devoted to other opportunities that might have been beneficial.
Risks Related to the Extensive Regulation of Our Business
The failure of Ashford to demonstrate financial responsibility may result in a loss of eligibility to participate in Title IV programs or require the posting of a letter of credit in order to maintain eligibility to participate in Title IV programs.
To participate in Title IV programs, an eligible institution must satisfy specific measures of financial responsibility prescribed by the Department. For additional information, see “Regulation — Department Regulation of Title IV Programs — Financial responsibility” in Item 1, “Business.” One measure of financial responsibility is an institution's composite score, a number between negative 1.0 and positive 3.0. An institution's composite score must be at least 1.5 for the institution to be deemed financially responsible without the need for further Department oversight. If Ashford is found not to have satisfied the Department's financial responsibility requirements, they could be limited in their access to or lose Title IV program funding, or they may be required to post a letter of credit in favor of the Department and possibly accept other conditions to their participation in Title IV programs, which would have a material adverse effect on enrollments and our revenues, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.
The Department historically has calculated Ashford’s composite score based on our consolidated audited financial statements, rather than the institution’s stand-alone audited financial statements. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, our consolidated composite score calculated was 2.2, satisfying the composite score requirement of the Department's financial responsibility test. We expect our consolidated composite score for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 to be 0.7 and below the composite score requirement as a result of non-recurring restructuring and acquisition related charges unrelated to Ashford. To continue participation in Title IV programs, Ashford could be required to submit a letter of credit and agree to other conditions or restrictions on its Title IV participation. We also are subject to additional financial responsibility standards contained in the 2016 defense to repayment regulations and in the amended regulations that take effect on July 1, 2020. See “Regulation – Defense to repayment.”
If the institution is unable to submit a required letter of credit or to comply with any other applicable conditions or restrictions on its Title IV, the institution could lose its eligibility for Title IV program funding and be subject to other sanctions. The requirement that the institution submit a letter of credit and be subject to other conditions or restrictions on the institution’s Title IV participation, or any limitation or loss of the institution’s Title IV eligibility, would have a material adverse effect on enrollments and our revenues, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.
Risks Related to Our Business
We may require additional financing in the future and if such financing is not available on terms acceptable to us, itturn could adversely affect our revenues or our ability to grow.
We believe that cash flow from operations will be adequate to fund our current operating plans for the foreseeable future. However, we may need additional financing to finance our plans, particularly if we pursue any acquisitions. The amount, timing and terms of such additional financing will vary principally depending on the timing and size of new program offerings, the timing and size of acquisitions we may seek to consummate and the amount of cash flows from our operations. To the extent that we require additional financing in the future, such financing may not be available on terms acceptable to us or at all and, consequently, we may not be able to fully implement our plans.
We may be susceptible to a number of political, economic, and geographic risks that could harm our business. Significant disruptions in the global economic environment, as a result of a pandemic such as COVID-19, may cause a decrease in our enrollment and adversely affect our business and financial results.
The occurrence of certain political, economic or geographic events (for example, natural disasters or a pandemic, such as the recent outbreak of Coronavirus (“COVID-19”) could result in a significant decline in our revenue. We are dependent on students and other customers that are geographically diverse and could be negatively impacted if economic conditions in the US and globally were negatively impacted. Such an occurrence could cause a decrease in enrollment, including a decrease in
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student enrollment in our Corporate Partnership programs, through a slowing down of FTG, a decrease in military student enrollment, or including a decline in student retention.
The recent coronavirus outbreak has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization, has spread to the United States and many other parts of the world and will adversely affect our business operations, financial results, and employee availability, and may cause a decrease in our enrollment and a drop in student retention.
The outbreak of the COVID-19 continues to grow both in the United States and globally, and related government and private sector responsive actions have and will continue to adversely affect our business operations. The extent to which COVID-19 impacts our results will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including new information that may emerge concerning the COVID-19 and the actions taken to contain it or treat its impact. We have asked our corporate employees whose jobs allow them to work remotely to do so for the foreseeable future. Such precautionary measures could create operational challenges as we adjust to a remote workforce, which could adversely impact our business. We are also dependent on customers that are geographically diverse and would be negatively impacted if economic conditions in the US and globally continue to be negatively impacted and cause a decrease in our enrollment.
Item 2.  Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.Proceeds
The following table sets forth information regarding repurchases of our common stock on a monthly basis for the three months ended June 30, 2020:
ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
PeriodTotal Number of Shares Purchased (1)Average Price Paid per Share
Total Number of Shares Purchased
as Part of Publicly Announced
Plans or Programs
Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that may yet be Purchased
Under the Plans or Programs
April 1, 2020 through April 30, 202068,825  $1.56  —  $—  
May 1, 2020 through May 31, 2020—  $—  —  $—  
June 1, 2020 through June 30, 2020—  $—  —  $—  
Total68,825  $1.56  —  $—  
(1)On April 15, 2020, the Company repurchased shares in relation to the retention payout in connection with the Fullstack acquisition from April 1, 2019.None.
Item 3.  Defaults Upon Senior Securities.Securities
None.
Item 4.  Mine Safety Disclosures.Disclosures
None.
Item 5.  Other Information.Information
None.

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Item 6.  Exhibits.
Exhibits
ExhibitDescription
10.1 
31.1 
31.2 
32.1 
101 
The following financial information from the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2020,2021, filed with the SEC on August 3, 2020,July 28, 2021, formatted in Extensible Business Reporting Language (“XBRL”): (i) the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets; (ii) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss); (iii) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity; (iv) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows; and (v) the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
 ZOVIO INC
August 3, 2020July 28, 2021/s/ KEVIN ROYAL
Kevin Royal
Chief Financial Officer
(Principal financial officer and duly authorized to
sign on behalf of the registrant)

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