UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 10-Q

R☑ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE

ACT OF 1934

For the Quarterly Period Ended March 31, ~~2019~~2020

☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE

ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ____ to ____

Commission file number: 001-33245

EMPLOYERS HOLDINGS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)



Nevada		04-3850065
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		~~04-3850065~~ (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

10375 Professional Circle
Reno,	Nevada	89521
(Address of principal executive offices and zip code)

~~(888)~~ (888) 682-6671

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:



Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share	EIG	New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes R☑ No o☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically ~~and posted on its corporate Web site, if any,~~ every Interactive Data File required to be submitted ~~and posted~~ pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit ~~and post~~ such files). Yes R☑ No o☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” ~~“non-accelerated filer,”~~ “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. ~~(Check one):~~



Large accelerated filerR	☑	Accelerated filero	☐	Non-accelerated filero	☐	Smaller reporting companyo	☐
						Emerging growth companyo	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o☐ No R☑



~~Class~~		~~April 18, 2019~~
~~Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share~~		~~32,052,420 shares outstanding~~

As of April 16, 2020, there were 30,373,572 shares of the registrant's common stock outstanding.

TABLE OF CONTENTS



		Page No.
PART 1 – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1	Consolidated Financial Statements
	Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, ~~2019~~2020 (Unaudited) and December 31, ~~2018~~2019	3
	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income for the Three Months Ended March 31, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018~~2019 (Unaudited)	5
	Consolidated Statements of ~~Stockholders'~~Stockholders’ Equity for the Three Months Ended March 31, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018~~2019 (Unaudited)	6
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Three Months Ended March 31, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018~~2019 (Unaudited)	7
	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)	9
Item 2	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Consolidated Financial Condition and Results of Operations	2123
Item 3	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	3136
Item 4	Controls and Procedures	3137

	PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1	Legal Proceedings	3238
Item 1A	Risk Factors	3238
Item 2	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	3242
Item 3	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	3242
Item 4	Mine Safety Disclosures	3242
Item 5	Other Information	3242
Item 6	Exhibits	3343

Signatures		3444

PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Consolidated Financial Statements

									Employers Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries	Consolidated Balance Sheets	(in millions, except share data)
	As of		As of		As of		As of
	March 31, 2019		December 31, 2018		March 31, 2020		December 31, 2019
Assets	(unaudited)				(unaudited)
Investments:
Fixed maturity securities at fair value (amortized cost $2,491.1 at March 31, 2019 and $2,513.7 at December 31, 2018)	$	2,521.0	$	2,496.4
Equity securities at fair value (cost $140.8 at March 31, 2019 and $131.9 at December 31, 2018)	230.0		199.9
Fixed maturity securities at fair value (amortized cost $2,314.7 at March 31, 2020 and $2,403.3 at December 31, 2019, net of CECL allowance of $10.7 million at March 31, 2020)					$	2,367.4	$	2,485.9
Equity securities at fair value (cost $173.8 at March 31, 2020 and $155.6 at December 31, 2019)					205.7		256.7
Equity securities at cost	6.4		6.4		6.7		6.7
Short-term investments at fair value (amortized cost $25.0 at December 31, 2018)	—		25.0
Other invested assets (cost $31.1 at March 31, 2020 and $28.4 at December 31, 2019)					31.4		29.1
Short-term investments at fair value (amortized cost $9.3 at March 31, 2020)					9.3		—
Total investments	2,757.4		2,727.7		2,620.5		2,778.4
Cash and cash equivalents	92.3		101.4		174.1		154.9
Restricted cash and cash equivalents	2.5		0.6		0.3		0.3
Accrued investment income	18.2		18.0		16.8		16.4
Premiums receivable (less bad debt allowance of $5.7 at March 31, 2019 and $6.7 at December 31, 2018)	352.7		333.1
Premiums receivable (less CECL allowance of $3.9 at March 31, 2020 and less bad debt allowance of $4.6 at December 31, 2019)					292.2		285.7
Reinsurance recoverable for:
Paid losses	6.7		6.7		7.5		7.2
Unpaid losses	498.7		504.4
Unpaid losses (less CECL allowance of $0.4 at March 31, 2020)					526.6		532.5
Deferred policy acquisition costs	52.5		48.2		51.6		47.9
Deferred income taxes, net	12.9		26.9		19.8		—
Property and equipment, net	21.8		18.2		21.6		21.9
Operating lease right-of-use assets	16.8		—		14.9		15.9
Intangible assets, net	7.7		7.7		13.6		13.6
Goodwill	36.2		36.2		36.2		36.2
Contingent commission receivable—LPT Agreement	32.0		32.0		13.2		13.2
Cloud computing arrangements	25.1		26.0		36.5		33.6
Other assets	39.6		32.1		66.8		46.4
Total assets	$	3,973.1	$	3,919.2	$	3,912.2	$	4,004.1
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	$	2,189.3	$	2,207.9	$	2,191.7	$	2,192.8
Unearned premiums	368.9		336.3		353.8		337.1
Commissions and premium taxes payable	53.8		57.3		47.6		48.6
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	24.6		37.1		27.1		29.8
Deferred reinsurance gain—LPT Agreement	147.1		149.6		134.7		137.1
Notes payable	20.0		20.0
Operating lease liability	19.0		—		16.8		17.8
Non-cancellable obligations	17.4		18.8		21.3		23.0
Other liabilities	61.3		74.0		61.9		52.1
Total liabilities	$	2,901.4	$	2,901.0	$	2,854.9	$	2,838.3
Commitments and contingencies

													Employers Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries	Consolidated Balance Sheets	(in millions, except share data)
	As of			As of			As of			As of
	March 31, 2019			December 31, 2018			March 31, 2020			December 31, 2019
Stockholders’ equity:	(unaudited)						(unaudited)
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 150,000,000 shares authorized; 57,144,530 and 56,975,675 shares issued and 32,263,810 and 32,765,792 shares outstanding at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively	$	0.6		$	0.6
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 150,000,000 shares authorized; 57,375,585 and 57,184,370 shares issued and 30,403,012 and 31,355,378 shares outstanding at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively							$	0.6		$	0.6
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value; 25,000,000 shares authorized; none issued	—			—			—			—
Additional paid-in capital	388.1			388.8			397.0			396.4
Retained earnings	1,075.1			1,030.7			1,115.9			1,158.8
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	23.6			(13.7		)
Treasury stock, at cost (24,880,720 shares at March 31, 2019 and 24,209,883 shares at December 31, 2018)	(415.7		)	(388.2		)
Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax							41.6			65.3
Treasury stock, at cost (26,972,573 shares at March 31, 2020 and 25,828,992 shares at December 31, 2019)							(497.8		)	(455.3		)
Total stockholders’ equity	1,071.7			1,018.2			1,057.3			1,165.8
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	3,973.1		$	3,919.2		$	3,912.2		$	4,004.1

See accompanying unaudited notes to the consolidated financial statements.

														Employers Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income							Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income
(in millions, except per share data)
	Three Months Ended							Three Months Ended
	March 31,							March 31,
	2019			2018				2020			2019
Revenues	(unaudited)							(unaudited)
Net premiums earned	$	174.8		$	176.6			$	167.9		$	174.8
Net investment income	21.8			19.4				19.9			21.8
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments	23.3			(8.0		)
Net realized and unrealized (losses) gains on investments								(61.1		)	23.3
Other income	0.4			—				0.3			0.4
Total revenues	220.3			188.0				127.0			220.3
Expenses
Losses and loss adjustment expenses	88.6			95.4				104.3			88.6
Commission expense	22.0			23.7				21.3			22.0
Underwriting and other operating expenses	47.5			39.2
Underwriting and general and administrative expenses								46.7			47.5
Interest and financing expenses	0.4			0.3				—			0.4
Total expenses	158.5			158.6				172.3			158.5
Net income before income taxes	61.8			29.4
Income tax expense	10.0			3.8
Net income	$	51.8		$	25.6
Net (loss) income before income taxes								(45.3		)	61.8
Income tax (benefit) expense								(10.4		)	10.0
Net (loss) income								$	(34.9	)	$	51.8

Comprehensive income (loss)
Unrealized AFS investment gains (losses) arising during the period (net of tax (expense) benefit of $(10.0) and $9.6 for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively)	$	37.8		$	(35.8	)
Reclassification adjustment for realized AFS investment (gains) losses in net income (net of tax (expense) benefit of $0.1 and $(0.1) for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively)	(0.5		)	0.4
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	37.3			(35.4		)
Total comprehensive income (loss)	$	89.1		$	(9.8	)
Comprehensive (loss) income
Unrealized AFS investment (losses) gains arising during the period (net of tax benefit (expense) of $7.6 and $(10.0) for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively)								$	(29.2	)	$	37.8
Reclassification adjustment for realized AFS investment losses (gains) in net income (net of tax benefit (expense) of $1.4 and $(0.1) for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively)								5.5			(0.5		)
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax								(23.7		)	37.3
Total comprehensive (loss) income								$	(58.6	)	$	89.1

Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments before impairments	$	23.3		$	(6.0	)
Net realized and unrealized (losses) gains on investments
Net realized and unrealized (losses) gains on investments before impairments								$	(61.1	)	$	23.3
Other than temporary impairment recognized in earnings	—			(2.0		)		—			—
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments	$	23.3		$	(8.0	)
Net realized and unrealized (losses) gains on investments								$	(61.1	)	$	23.3

Earnings per common share (Note 12):
Earnings (loss) per common share (Note 13):
Basic	$	1.60		$	0.78			$	(1.14	)	$	1.60
Diluted	$	1.57		$	0.77			$	(1.14	)	$	1.57
Cash dividends declared per common share and eligible RSUs and PSUs	$	0.22		$	0.20			$	0.25		$	0.22

See accompanying unaudited notes to the consolidated financial statements.

																																																		Employers Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity
For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 and 2018
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity																						Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity
For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2020 and 2019																						For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2020 and 2019
(Unaudited)

	Common Stock			Additional Paid-In Capital				Retained Earnings				Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net			Treasury Stock at Cost				Total Stockholders' Equity			Common Stock					Additional Paid-In Capital				Retained Earnings				Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net				Treasury Stock at Cost				Total Stockholders’ Equity
	Shares Issued	Amount						Retained Earnings			Shares Issued				Treasury Stock at Cost			Amount									Additional Paid-In Capital				Retained Earnings				Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net				Treasury Stock at Cost				Total Stockholders’ Equity
																						(in millions, except share data)
Balance, January 1, 2020																						57,184,370		$	0.6		$	396.4			$	1,158.8			$	65.3			$	(455.3	)		$	1,165.8
Stock-based obligations																						—		—			2.5				—				—				—				2.5
Stock options exercised																						36,500		—			0.8				—				—				—				0.8
Vesting of RSUs and PSUs, net of shares withheld to satisfy tax withholdings																						154,715		—			(2.7		)		—				—				—				(2.7		)
Acquisition of common stock																						—		—			—				—				—				(42.5		)		(42.5		)
Dividends declared																						—		—			—				(8.0		)		—				—				(8.0		)
Net (loss) income for the period																						—		—			—				(34.9		)		—				—				(34.9		)
Change in net unrealized losses on investments, net of taxes of $6.2																						—		—			—				—				(23.7		)		—				(23.7		)
Balance, March 31, 2020																						57,375,585		$	0.6		$	397.0			$	1,115.9			$	41.6			$	(497.8	)		$	1,057.3
	(in millions, except share data)
Balance, January 1, 2019	56,975,675	$	0.6	Additional Paid-In Capital			$	388.8			$	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net	1,030.7		$	(13.7	)		Total Stockholders' Equity		$	(388.2	)	$	1,018.2	56,975,675			$	0.6			$	388.8			$	1,030.7			$	(13.7	)		$	(388.2	)	$	1,018.2
Stock-based obligations	—	—		2.4				—				—			—				2.4			—		—			2.4				—				—				—				2.4
Stock options exercised	1,300	—		0.1				—				—			—				0.1			1,300		—			0.1				—				—				—				0.1
Vesting of RSUs and PSUs, net of shares withheld to satisfy tax withholdings	167,555	—		(3.2		)		—				—			—				(3.2		)	167,555		—			(3.2		)		—				—				—				(3.2		)
Acquisition of common stock	—	—		—				—				—			(27.5		)		(27.5		)	—		—			—				—				—				(27.5		)		(27.5		)
Dividends declared	—	—		—				(7.4		)		—			—				(7.4		)	—		—			—				(7.4		)		—				—				(7.4		)
Net income for the period	—	—		—				51.8				—			—				51.8			—		—			—				51.8				—				—				51.8
Change in net unrealized gains on investments, net of taxes of $(9.9)	—	—		—				—				37.3			—				37.3			—		—			—				—				37.3				—				37.3
Balance, March 31, 2019	57,144,530	$	0.6	$	388.1			$	1,075.1			$	23.6		$	(415.7	)		$	1,071.7		57,144,530		$	0.6		$	388.1			$	1,075.1			$	23.6			$	(415.7	)		$	1,071.7

Balance, January 1, 2018	56,695,174	$	0.6	$	381.2			$	842.2			$	107.4		$	(383.7	)		$	947.7
Stock-based obligations	—	—		2.1				—				—			—				2.1
Stock options exercised	275	—		—				—				—			—				—
Vesting of RSUs and PSUs, net of shares withheld to satisfy tax withholdings	154,045	—		(2.9		)		—				—			—				(2.9		)
Dividends declared	—	—		—				(6.6		)		—			—				(6.6		)
Net income for the period	—	—		—				25.6				—			—				25.6
Reclassification adjustment for adoption of ASU No. 2016-01	—	—		—				74.0				(74.0		)	—				—
Change in net unrealized losses on investments, net of taxes of $9.5	—	—		—				—				(35.4		)	—				(35.4		)
Balance, March 31, 2018	56,849,494	$	0.6	$	380.4			$	935.0			$	(2.0	)	$	(383.7	)		$	930.3

See accompanying unaudited notes to the consolidated financial statements.

													Employers Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	(in millions)
	Three Months Ended						Three Months Ended
	March 31,						March 31,
	2019			2018			2020			2019
Operating activities	(unaudited)						(unaudited)
Net income	$	51.8		$	25.6
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Net (loss) income							$	(34.9	)	$	51.8
Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	1.2			2.0			2.1			1.2
Stock-based compensation	2.4			2.1			2.4			2.4
Amortization of cloud computing arrangements	1.0			—			1.6			1.0
Amortization of premium on investments, net	1.9			2.4			3.2			1.9
Allowance for doubtful accounts	(1.0		)	—
Allowance for expected credit losses							(0.3		)	(1.0		)
Deferred income tax expense	4.0			11.7			(13.6		)	4.0
Net realized and unrealized (gains) losses on investments	(23.3		)	8.0
Net realized and unrealized losses (gains) on investments							61.1			(23.3		)
Change in operating assets and liabilities:
Premiums receivable	(18.6		)	(23.3		)	(5.8		)	(18.6		)
Reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid losses	5.7			6.2			5.2			5.7
Cloud computing arrangements	(0.1		)	—			(4.5		)	(0.1		)
Operating lease right-of-use-assets	(16.8		)	—			1.0			(16.8		)
Current federal income taxes	6.4			(8.0		)	3.0			6.4
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	(18.6		)	(8.0		)	(1.1		)	(18.6		)
Unearned premiums	32.6			33.6			16.7			32.6
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities	(10.7		)	0.7			(1.9		)	(10.7		)
Deferred reinsurance gain—LPT Agreement	(2.5		)	(2.6		)	(2.4		)	(2.5		)
Operating lease liabilities	19.0			—			(1.0		)	19.0
Non-cancellable obligations	(1.4		)	—			(1.7		)	(1.4		)
Other	(12.9		)	(4.2		)	(13.6		)	(12.9		)
Net cash provided by operating activities	20.1			46.2			15.5			20.1
Investing activities
Purchases of fixed maturity securities	(95.4		)	(231.9		)	(228.3		)	(95.4		)
Purchases of equity securities	(16.1		)	(6.8		)	(89.3		)	(16.1		)
Purchases of short-term investments	(0.1		)	(34.9		)	(76.2		)	(0.1		)
Purchases of other invested assets							(2.7		)	—
Proceeds from sale of fixed maturity securities	51.2			133.7			220.2			51.2
Proceeds from sale of equity securities	8.7			10.9			86.5			8.7
Proceeds from maturities and redemptions of fixed maturity securities	65.6			78.9			86.6			65.6
Proceeds from maturities of short-term investments	25.0			4.0			66.9			25.0
Net change in unsettled investment purchases and sales	(24.2		)	(4.7		)	(5.6		)	(24.2		)
Capital expenditures and other	(4.8		)	(2.9		)	(1.9		)	(4.8		)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	9.9			(53.7		)
Net cash provided by investing activities							56.2			9.9
Financing activities
Acquisition of common stock	(26.6		)	—			(42.5		)	(26.6		)
Cash transactions related to stock-based compensation	(3.2		)	(2.9		)	(1.9		)	(3.2		)
Dividends paid to stockholders	(7.3		)	(6.6		)	(8.0		)	(7.3		)
Payments on capital leases	(0.1		)	(0.1		)	(0.1		)	(0.1		)
Net cash used in financing activities	(37.2		)	(9.6		)	(52.5		)	(37.2		)
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(7.2		)	(17.1		)
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash							19.2			(7.2		)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the beginning of the period	102.0			74.3			155.2			102.0
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the end of the period	$	94.8		$	57.2		$	174.4		$	94.8

The following table presents our cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash by category within the Consolidated Balance Sheets:


	As of		As of		As of		As of
	March 31, 2019		December 31, 2018		March 31, 2020		December 31, 2019
	(in millions)				(in millions)
Cash and cash equivalents	$	92.3	$	101.4	$	174.1	$	154.9
Restricted cash and cash equivalents supporting reinsurance obligations	2.5		0.6		0.3		0.3
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	94.8	$	102.0	$	174.4	$	155.2

See accompanying unaudited notes to the consolidated financial statements.

Employers Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

1. Basis of Presentation and Summary of Operations

Employers Holdings, Inc. (EHI) is a Nevada holding company. Through its wholly owned insurance subsidiaries, Employers Insurance Company of Nevada (EICN), Employers Compensation Insurance Company (ECIC), Employers Preferred Insurance Company (EPIC), ~~and~~ Employers Assurance Company (EAC), and Cerity Insurance Company (CIC), EHI is engaged in the commercial property and casualty insurance industry, specializing in ~~workers'~~workers’ compensation products and services. Unless otherwise indicated, all references to the “Company” refer to EHI, together with its subsidiaries.

In 1999, the Nevada State Industrial Insurance System (the Fund) entered into a retroactive 100% quota share reinsurance agreement (the LPT Agreement) through a loss portfolio transfer transaction with third party reinsurers. The LPT Agreement commenced on June 30, 1999 and will remain in effect until all claims under the covered policies have closed, the LPT Agreement is commuted or terminated, upon the mutual agreement of the parties, or the ~~reinsurers'~~reinsurers’ aggregate maximum limit of liability is exhausted, whichever occurs first. The LPT Agreement does not provide for any additional termination terms. On January 1, 2000, EICN assumed all of the assets, liabilities and operations of the Fund, including the ~~Fund's~~Fund’s rights and obligations associated with the LPT Agreement (See Note 8)9).

The Company accounts for the LPT Agreement as retroactive reinsurance. Upon entry into the LPT Agreement, an initial deferred reinsurance gain (the Deferred Gain) was recorded as a liability on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company is entitled to receive a contingent profit commission under the LPT Agreement. The contingent profit commission is estimated based on both actual paid results to date and projections of expected paid losses under the LPT Agreement and is recorded as an asset on the ~~Company's~~Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with ~~U.S.~~United States (U.S.) generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal, recurring adjustments) necessary for a fair presentation of the Company’s consolidated financial position and results of operations for the periods presented have been included. The results of operations for an interim period are not necessarily indicative of the results for an entire year. These financial statements have been prepared consistent with the accounting policies described in the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2018~~2019 (Annual Report).

The Company operates through 2 reportable segments: Employers and Cerity. Each of the segments represents a separate and distinct underwriting platform through which the Company conducts insurance business. This presentation allows the reader, as a single operating segment, workers' compensation insurance, through its wholly owned subsidiaries. The Company considers an operating segment to be any component of its business whose operating results are regularly reviewed bywell as the ~~Company’s~~Company's chief operating decision ~~maker~~makers, to ~~make decisions about resources~~objectively analyze the business originated through each of the Company's underwriting platforms. Prior to ~~be allocated~~December 31, 2019, the Company operated under a single reportable segment. All periods prior to December 31, 2019 have been conformed to the ~~segment and assess its performance based on discrete~~current presentation. Detailed financial ~~information.~~information about the Company's operating segments is presented in Note 14.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. As a result, actual results could differ from these estimates. The most significant areas that require management judgment are the estimate of unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses (LAE), evaluation of reinsurance recoverables, recognition of premium revenue, recoverability of deferred income taxes, and valuation of investments.

~~Pending Acquisition~~Reclassifications

~~On August 11, 2017, the Company entered into a stock purchase agreement (Purchase Agreement), as amended on October 25, 2018, with Partner Reinsurance Company of the U.S. (PRUS) with respect~~Certain prior period information has been reclassified to conform to the acquisition (Acquisition) of all of the outstanding shares of capital stock of PartnerRe Insurance Company of New York (PRNY). The purchase price is equal to the sum of: (i) the amount of statutory capital and surplus of PRNY at closing (which is currently estimated to be approximately $40.0 million); and (ii) $5.8 million. The Company expects to fund the Acquisition with cash on hand.

Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, all liabilities and obligations of PRNY existing as of the closing date, whether known or unknown, will be indemnified by PRUS. In addition, PartnerRe Ltd., the parent company of PRUS, has provided the Company with a Guaranty that unconditionally, absolutely and irrevocably guarantees the full and prompt payment and performance by PRUS of all of its obligations, liabilities, and indemnities under the Purchase Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby.

The Company will not be acquiring any employees or ongoing business operations pursuant to the Acquisition. The Acquisition is subject to certain closing conditions, including, among other things, approval from the Department of Financial Services of the State of New York.current period presentation.

2. New Accounting Standards

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In March ~~2019,~~2020, the ~~FASB~~Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (~~ASU Number 2019-01, Leases Topics (842) Codification Improvements.~~ASU) 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848). ~~The amendments in this update increase transparency and comparability for the recognition of leases and disclosures about leasing transactions.~~ This update provides ~~additional clarity on determining~~optional transition guidance to ease the ~~value of~~potential accounting burden associated with transitioning away from the ~~underlying asset by lessors that are not manufacturers or dealers. This update further clarifies the presentation of the statement of cash flows~~London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR), with optional expedients and exceptions related to ~~lessors that are depository~~the application of US GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships and ~~lending institutions within the scope of Topic 942. Additionally,~~other transactions affected by reference rate reform. Companies can apply this ~~update provides guidance on transition disclosures related to leases. This update becomes effective for fiscal years beginning after~~ASU immediately, but early adoption is only available through December ~~15, 2019 for determining the value of the underlying asset and statement of cash flows presentation; however, the transition disclosure requirement became effective with the adoption of~~ ~~ASU Number 2016-02, Leases~~ ~~(Topic 842).~~31, 2022. The Company is evaluating

the impact of LIBOR on its existing contracts and investments, but does not expect that this update will have a material impact on its consolidated financial condition or results of operations.

In December 2019, FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740). This update simplifies the accounting for income taxes within Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) topic 740 by removing certain exceptions and clarifying existing guidance. This update becomes effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020. The Company has determined that the impact of this new standard will not be material to its consolidated financial condition and results of operations.

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

In April 2019, FASB issued ASU 2019-04, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses, Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and Topic 825, Financial Instruments. The amendments in this update represent changes to clarify, correct errors in, or improve the codification within various ASC topics. The Company adopted the updates related to Topic 815 when it adopted ASU 2016-13. The Company determined that the impact of these improvements was not material to its consolidated financial condition and results of operations.

In August 2018, ~~the~~ FASB issued ASU ~~Number~~ 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement. This update removes the disclosure requirements for the amounts of and the reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 and disclosure of the policy for timing of transfers between levels. This update also removes disclosure requirements for the valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements. Additionally, this update adds disclosure requirements for the changes in unrealized gains and losses for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements and quantitative information for certain unobservable inputs in Level 3 fair value measurements. Additionally, in March 2020, FASB issued ASU 2020-03, Codification Improvements to Financial Instruments. This update ~~becomes effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods~~provided clarification and eliminated inconsistencies on a variety of topics within ~~those fiscal years.~~the codification. The Company ~~does not expect that this update will have a material~~adopted applicable standards and there was no impact on its consolidated financial condition and results of operations.

In January 2017, ~~the~~ FASB issued ASU ~~Number~~ 2017-04, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (Topic 350). This update simplifies the measurement of goodwill by eliminating the performance of Step 2 in the goodwill impairment testing. This update allows the testing to be performed by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount and recognizing an impairment charge when the carrying amount exceeds fair value. Additionally, this update eliminates the requirements of any reporting unit with a zero or negative carrying value to perform Step 2, but requires disclosure of the amount of goodwill allocated to a reporting unit with zero or negative carrying amount of net assets. ~~This update becomes effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019.~~ The Company ~~does not expect that~~adopted this ~~update will have a material~~standard and there was no impact on its consolidated financial condition and results of operations.

In June 2016, ~~the~~ FASB issued ASU ~~Number~~ 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326). This update replaces the incurred loss impairment methodology for recognizing credit losses on financial instruments with a methodology that reflects an entity's current estimate of all expected credit losses. This update requires financial assets (including receivables and reinsurance recoverables) measured at amortized cost to be presented net of an allowance for credit losses. Additionally, this update requires credit losses on available-for-sale fixed maturity securities to be presented as an allowance rather than as a write-down, allowing an entity to also record reversals of credit losses in current period net income. This update ~~becomes~~is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. ~~Early adoption is permitted for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years.~~ Additionally, in December 2018, ~~the~~ FASB issued ASU 2018-19, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses. This update provides clarification on the effective and transition dates and the exclusion of operating lease receivables from Topic 326. In May 2019, FASB issued ASU 2019-05, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Targeted Transition Relief. This update adds optional transition relief for entities to elect the fair value option for certain financial assets previously measured at amortized cost basis to increase comparability of similar financial assets. In December 2019, FASB issued ASU 2019-11, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses which provides clarification on certain aspects of the guidance in ASC 326 including purchased credit-deteriorated financial assets, transition relief for troubled debt restructurings, disclosure relief for accrued interest receivables and allows a practical expedient for financial assets secured by collateral maintenance provisions. The Company ~~is currently evaluating~~adopted these standards on January 1, 2020 and did not make any opening balance sheet adjustments due to the immaterial amounts. See Note 5 regarding the impact ~~that~~of this adoption on the ~~adoption of these updates will have on its~~Company's consolidated financial condition and results of operations.

~~Recently Adopted Accounting Standards~~

~~In July 2018, the FASB issued~~ ~~ASU Number 2018-09, Codification Improvements~~. This update provides clarification, corrects errors in and makes minor improvements to the Codification within various ASC topics. Many of the amendments in this update have transition guidance with effective dates for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018 and some amendments in this update do not require transition guidance and became effective upon issuance of this update. The Company has adopted these amendments and has determined that there was no impact to its consolidated financial condition and results of operations.

~~In July 2018, the FASB issued~~ ~~ASU Number 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements. This update provides entities with an additional and optional transition method to adopt~~ ~~ASU Number 2016-02~~ with a cumulative-effect adjustment in the period of adoption. This update also provides guidance for a practical expedient that permits lessors to not separate non-lease components from the associated lease components. Additionally, in July 2018, the FASB issued ~~ASU Number 2018-10, Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases~~. This update provides additional guidance on the new lease model with improvements in numerous aspects of the guidance in ASC 842 including, but not limited to, implicit rates, reassessment of lease classification, terms and purchase options, investment tax credits, and various other transition guidance. In December 2018, the FASB issued

~~ASU 2018-20, Leases (Topic 842): Narrow-Scope Improvements for Lessors~~. This update provides amendments to various lease topics including sales taxes collected from lessees, certain lessor costs paid to third parties, and variable payments for contracts with lease and non-lease components. The Company adopted these updates concurrently with ~~ASU Number 2016-02. See Note 5 regarding the impact of adopting this standard on the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements.~~

~~In February 2016, the FASB issued~~ ~~ASU Number 2016-02, Leases~~ (Topic 842). This update provides guidance on a new lease model that includes the recognition of assets and liabilities arising from lease transactions on the balance sheet. Additionally, the update provides clarity on the definition of a lease and the distinction between finance and operating leases. Furthermore, the update requires certain qualitative and quantitative disclosures pertaining to the amounts recorded in the financial statements. This update became effective for annual reporting periods, including interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2018 and early adoption is permitted. As a result of the implementation of this standard the Company recognized an Operating lease right-of-use asset of $16.8 million and $19.0 million of Lease liabilities on its Consolidated Balance Sheet at March 31, 2019. See Note 5 for additional detail regarding the adoption of this standard.

3. ~~Fair Value~~Valuation of Financial Instruments

Financial Instruments Carried at Fair Value

The carrying value and the estimated fair value of the Company’s financial instruments at fair value were as follows:


	March 31, 2019				December 31, 2018				March 31, 2020				December 31, 2019
	Carrying Value		Estimated Fair Value		Carrying Value		Estimated Fair Value		Carrying Value		Estimated Fair Value		Carrying Value		Estimated Fair Value
	(in millions)								(in millions)
Financial assets
Total investments at fair value	$	2,751.0	$	2,751.0	$	2,721.3	$	2,721.3	$	2,582.4	$	2,582.4	$	2,742.6	$	2,742.6
Cash and cash equivalents	92.3		92.3		101.4		101.4		174.1		174.1		154.9		154.9
Restricted cash and cash equivalents	2.5		2.5		0.6		0.6		0.3		0.3		0.3		0.3
Financial liabilities
Notes payable	$	20.0	$	25.6	$	20.0	$	23.5

Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on the ~~Company's~~Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets are categorized based upon the levels of judgment associated with the inputs used to measure their fair value. Level inputs are defined as follows:

Level 1 - Inputs are unadjusted quoted market prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets at the measurement date.

Level 2 - Inputs other than Level 1 prices that are observable for similar assets or liabilities through corroboration with market data at the measurement date.

Level 3 - Inputs that are unobservable that reflect ~~management's~~management’s best estimate of what willing market participants would use in pricing the assets or liabilities at the measurement date.

The Company uses third party pricing services to assist it with its investment accounting function. The ultimate pricing source varies depending on the investment security and pricing service used, but investment securities valued on the basis of observable inputs (Levels 1 and 2) are generally assigned values on the basis of actual transactions. Securities valued on the basis of pricing models with significant unobservable inputs or non-binding broker quotes are classified as Level 3. The Company performs quarterly analyses on the prices it receives from third parties to determine whether the prices are reasonable estimates of fair value, including confirming the fair values of these securities through observable market prices using an alternative pricing source, as it is ultimately management’s responsibility to ensure that the fair values reflected in the Company’s consolidated financial statements are appropriate. If differences are noted in these analyses, the Company may obtain additional information from other pricing services to validate the quoted price.

The Company bases all of its estimates of fair value for assets on the bid prices, when available, as they represent what a third-party market participant would be willing to pay in an ~~arm's~~arm’s length transaction.

For securities not actively traded, third party pricing services may use quoted market prices of similar instruments or discounted cash flow analyses, incorporating inputs that are currently observable in the markets for similar securities. Inputs that are often used in the valuation methodologies include, but are not limited to, broker quotes, benchmark yields, credit spreads, default rates, and prepayment speed assumptions. There were no material adjustments made to the prices obtained from third party pricing services as of March 31, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018.~~2019.

These methods of valuation only produce an estimate of fair value if there is objectively verifiable information to produce a valuation. When objectively verifiable information is not available, the Company produces an estimate of fair value using some of the same methodologies, making assumptions for market-based inputs that are unavailable.

The ~~Company's estimates of~~following table presents the Company’s investments at fair value ~~for its notes payable~~and the corresponding fair value measurements.



	March 31, 2020						December 31, 2019
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
	(in millions)
Fixed maturity securities:
U.S. Treasuries	$	—	$	91.1	$	—	$	—	$	85.6	$	—
U.S. Agencies	—		3.1		—		—		2.9		—
States and municipalities	—		422.4		—		—		484.5		—
Corporate securities	—		971.9		—		—		1,079.0		—
Residential mortgage-backed securities	—		497.6		—		—		480.4		—
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	—		105.0		—		—		110.6		—
Asset-backed securities	—		49.9		—		—		61.2		—
Collateralized loan obligations	—		74.3		—		—		—		—
Other securities	—		152.1		—		—		181.7		—
Total fixed maturity securities	$	—	$	2,367.4	$	—	$	—	$	2,485.9	$	—
Equity securities at fair value:
Industrial and miscellaneous	$	172.3	$	—	$	—	$	216.4	$	—	$	—
Other	33.4		—		—		40.3		—		—
Total equity securities at fair value	$	205.7	$	—	$	—	$	256.7	$	—	$	—
Short-term investments	$	9.3	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Total investments at fair value	$	215.0	$	2,367.4	$	—	$	256.7	$	2,485.9	$	—

Financial Instruments Carried at Cost

EICN, ECIC, EPIC, and EAC are ~~based on a combination~~members of the variable interest rates for notes with similar durations to discount the projection of future payments on notes payable. The fair value measurements for notes payable have been determined to be Level 2 at each of the periods presented.

~~Each of the Company's insurance operating subsidiaries is a member of the FHLB~~Federal Home Loan Bank of San ~~Francisco.~~Francisco (FHLB). Members are required to purchase stock in the FHLB in addition to maintaining collateral deposits that back any funds advanced. The ~~Company's~~Company’s investment in FHLB stock is recorded at cost, which approximates fair value, as purchases and sales of these securities are at par value with the issuer. FHLB stock is considered a restricted security and is periodically evaluated by the Company for impairment based on the ultimate recovery of par value.

The ~~following table presents~~Company also has investments in convertible preferred shares of real estate investment trusts which are carried at cost and approximate fair value.

Financial Instruments Carried at Net Asset Value (NAV)

The Company has investments in private equity limited partnership interests that are included in Other invested assets on the ~~Company's~~Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. These investments do not have readily determinable fair values and are carried at NAV and therefore are excluded from the fair value hierarchy. The Company initially estimates the value of these investments using the transaction price. In subsequent periods, the Company measures these investments using NAV per share provided quarterly by the general partner, based on financial statements that are audited annually. The Company performs certain control procedures to validate the appropriateness of using NAV as a measurement. These investments are generally not redeemable by the investees and cannot be sold without approval of the ~~corresponding fair value measurements.~~general partner. These investments have a fund term of 12 years, subject to three one year extensions at the general partner’s discretion. The Company will receive distributions of proceeds from dividends and interest from fund investments, as well as from the disposition of a fund investment, or portion thereof. The Company expects these distributions from time-to-time during the full course of the fund term. As of March 31, 2020, the Company had unfunded commitments to these private equity limited partnerships totaling $38.9 million.

March 31, 2019 December 31, 2018
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
(in millions)
Fixed maturity securities:
U.S. Treasuries $ —
$ 108.0
$ —
$ —
$ 106.4
$ —
U.S. Agencies —
9.9
—
—
11.4
—
States and municipalities —
519.5
—
—
528.0
—
Corporate securities —
1,086.0
—
—
1,090.4
—
Residential mortgage-backed securities —
461.8
—
—
451.5
—
Commercial mortgage-backed securities —
99.5
—
—
94.3
—
Asset-backed securities —
60.9
—
—
64.5
—
Other securities —
175.4
—
—
149.9
—
Total fixed maturity securities $ —
$ 2,521.0
$ —
$ —
$ 2,496.4
$ —
Equity securities at fair value:
Industrial and miscellaneous $ 151.3
$ —
$ —
$ 174.8
$ —
$ —
Other 78.7
—
—
25.1
—
—
Total equity securities at fair value 230.0
—
—
199.9
—
—
Short-term investments —
—
—
—
25.0
—
Total investments at fair value $ 230.0
$ 2,521.0
$ —
$ 199.9
$ 2,521.4
$ —

~~Certain~~Additionally, certain cash equivalents, principally money market securities, are measured atusing NAV, which approximates fair ~~value using the net asset value (NAV) per share.~~ value.

The following table presents cash ~~equivalents~~and investments carried at NAV ~~and total cash and cash equivalents carried at fair value~~ on the ~~Company's~~Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.

March 31, 2019 December 31, 2018
(in millions)
Cash and cash equivalents at fair value $ 23.5
$ 43.9
Cash equivalents measured at NAV, which approximates fair value 68.8
57.5
Total cash and cash equivalents $ 92.3
$ 101.4



	March 31, 2020		December 31, 2019
	(in millions)
Cash equivalents carried at NAV	$	72.5	$	14.4
Other invested assets carried at NAV	11.4		9.1

The following table provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of investments that are recorded at fair value and are measured using Level 3 inputs for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.

Three Months Ended
March 31, 2019 March 31, 2018
Level 3 Securities: (in millions)
Beginning balance, January 1 $ —
$ 4.7
Transfers out of Level 3 ⁽¹⁾
—
(4.7 )
Purchases and sales, net —
—
Ending balance, March 31 $ —
$ —


~~(1)~~	~~The transfer during the three months ended March 31, 2018 was the result of adoption of ASU 2016-01, which specified that FHLB stock shall be carried at cost and is no longer measured at fair value.~~

4. Investments

The Company's investments in fixed maturity securities and short-term investments are classified as available-for-sale (AFS) and are reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses excluded from earnings and reported as a separate component of stockholders' equity, net of deferred taxes, in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (AOCI) on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. Changes in the fair value of the Company's investments in equity securities are included in Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The Company's investment in FHLB stock is presented within Equity securities at cost on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. Other securities within fixed maturity securities consist of bank loans, which are classified as AFS and are reported at fair value.

~~The cost or~~ amortized cost, gross unrealized gains, gross unrealized losses, and estimated fair value of the Company’s ~~AFS~~available-for-sale (AFS) investments were as follows:


	Cost or Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Estimated Fair Value
	(in millions)									(in millions)
At March 31, 2019
At March 31, 2020
Fixed maturity securities
U.S. Treasuries	$	107.5	$	1.1	$	(0.6	)	$	108.0	$	86.0	$	5.1	$	—		$	91.1
U.S. Agencies	9.8		0.1		—			9.9		2.8		0.3		—			3.1
States and municipalities	497.7		21.9		(0.1		)	519.5		397.2		25.5		(0.3		)	422.4
Corporate securities	1,075.3		14.5		(3.8		)	1,086.0		947.4		31.0		(6.5		)	971.9
Residential mortgage-backed securities	463.8		2.9		(4.9		)	461.8		476.8		22.0		(1.2		)	497.6
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	99.7		0.5		(0.7		)	99.5		104.4		2.9		(2.3		)	105.0
Asset-backed securities	60.7		0.4		(0.2		)	60.9		52.0		0.2		(2.3		)	49.9
Collateralized loan obligations										83.0		—		(8.7		)	74.3
Other securities	176.6		0.4		(1.6		)	175.4		165.1		0.1		(13.1		)	152.1
Total fixed maturity securities	2,491.1		41.8		(11.9		)	2,521.0		$	2,314.7	87.1		(34.4		)	$	2,367.4
Short-term investments										9.3		—		—			9.3
Total AFS investments	$	2,491.1	$	41.8	$	(11.9	)	$	2,521.0	$	2,324.0	$	87.1	$	(34.4	)	$	2,376.7


At December 31, 2018
At December 31, 2019
Fixed maturity securities
U.S. Treasuries	$	106.7	$	0.9	$	(1.2	)	$	106.4	$	83.7	$	1.9	$	—		$	85.6
U.S. Agencies	11.3		0.1		—			11.4		2.8		0.1		—			2.9
States and municipalities	513.4		15.3		(0.7		)	528.0		458.2		26.3		—			484.5
Corporate securities	1,106.2		5.8		(21.6		)	1,090.4		1,038.6		40.4		—			1,079.0
Residential mortgage-backed securities	459.1		2.2		(9.8		)	451.5		471.7		9.4		(0.7		)	480.4
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	96.7		0.1		(2.5		)	94.3		107.4		3.2		—			110.6
Asset-backed securities	64.7		0.2		(0.4		)	64.5		60.4		0.9		(0.1		)	61.2
Other securities	155.6		—		(5.7		)	149.9		180.5		1.6		(0.4		)	181.7
Total fixed maturity securities	2,513.7		24.6		(41.9		)	2,496.4
Short-term investments	25.0		—		—			25.0
Total AFS investments	$	2,538.7	$	24.6	$	(41.9	)	$	2,521.4	$	2,403.3	83.8		(1.2		)	$	2,485.9

The cost and estimated fair value of the Company’s equity securities recorded at fair value at March 31, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018~~2019 were as follows:


	Cost		Estimated Fair Value		Cost		Estimated Fair Value
	(in millions)				(in millions)
At March 31, 2019
At March 31, 2020
Equity securities at fair value
Industrial and miscellaneous	$	123.5	$	202.6	$	139.1	$	172.3
Other	17.3		27.4		34.7		33.4
Total equity securities at fair value	$	140.8	$	230.0	$	173.8	$	205.7



At December 31, 2019
Equity securities at fair value
Industrial and miscellaneous	$	129.1	$	216.4
Other	26.5		40.3
Total equity securities at fair value	$	155.6	$	256.7

Cost Estimated Fair Value
(in millions)
At December 31, 2018
Equity securities at fair value
Industrial and miscellaneous $ 114.6
$ 174.8
Other 17.3
25.1
Total equity securities at fair value $ 131.9
$ 199.9
The Company had Other invested assets totaling $31.4 million and $29.1 million at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. These investments consisted of: (i) private equity limited partnerships that totaled $11.4 million and $9.1 million (initial cost of $11.1 million and $8.4 million) at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, which are carried at NAV based on information provided by the general partner; and (ii) convertible preferred shares of real estate investment trusts that totaled $20.0 million at each of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, which are carried at cost and approximate fair value. These investments are non-redeemable until conversion and are periodically evaluated by the Company for impairment based on the ultimate recovery of the investment. Changes in the value of these investments are recorded through net realized and unrealized gains and losses on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of the ~~Company's~~Company’s fixed maturity securities at March 31, ~~2019,~~2020, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Expected maturities differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.


	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
	(in millions)				(in millions)
Due in one year or less	$	142.3	$	142.7	$	88.5	$	88.1
Due after one year through five years	850.4		861.0		655.8		668.8
Due after five years through ten years	779.3		794.9		786.8		813.1
Due after ten years	94.9		100.2		67.4		70.6
Mortgage and asset-backed securities	624.2		622.2		716.2		726.8
Total	$	2,491.1	$	2,521.0	$	2,314.7	$	2,367.4

The following is a summary of AFS investments that have been in a continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months and those that have been in a continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or greater as of March 31, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018.~~2019.


	March 31, 2019						December 31, 2018						March 31, 2020						December 31, 2019
	Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses			Number of Issues	Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses			Number of Issues	Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses			Number of Issues	Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses			Number of Issues
	(in millions, except number of issues data)												(in millions, except number of issues data)
Less than 12 months:
Fixed maturity securities
U.S. Treasuries	$	—	$	—		—	$	12.2	$	(0.1	)	7
States and municipalities	9.9		(0.1		)	3	70.1		(0.7		)	21	$	17.5	$	(0.3	)	4	$	—	$	—		—
Corporate securities	70.9		(0.1		)	26	624.4		(13.4		)	205	166.2		(6.5		)	67	—		—			—
Residential mortgage-backed securities	19.9		(0.1		)	6	156.9		(2.5		)	59	15.2		(1.2		)	6	56.9		(0.2		)	29
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	18.8		(0.1		)	5	30.9		(0.5		)	13	25.6		(2.3		)	19	—		—			—
Asset-backed securities	9.6		(0.1		)	5	25.1		(0.2		)	18	39.2		(2.3		)	31	10.1		(0.1		)	6
Collateralized loan obligations													71.8		(8.7		)	19	—		—			—
Other securities	133.9		(1.6		)	228	137.1		(5.7		)	215	144.1		(12.9		)	297	15.2		(0.3		)	64
Total less than 12 months	$	263.0	$	(2.1	)	273	$	1,056.7	$	(23.1	)	538	$	479.6	$	(34.2	)	443	$	82.2	$	(0.6	)	99

12 months or greater:
Fixed maturity securities
U.S. Treasuries	$	67.1	$	(0.6	)	23	$	72.7	$	(1.1	)	25
Corporate securities	317.9		(3.7		)	95	193.7		(8.2		)	69
Residential mortgage-backed securities	257.2		(4.8		)	89	199.8		(7.3		)	72	$	—	$	—		—	$	40.0	$	(0.5	)	19
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	44.0		(0.6		)	19	55.0		(2.0		)	22
Asset-backed securities	16.3		(0.1		)	16	16.5		(0.2		)	17
Other securities													2.4		(0.2		)	13	5.9		(0.1		)	19
Total 12 months or greater	$	702.5	$	(9.8	)	242	$	537.7	$	(18.8	)	205	$	2.4	$	(0.2	)	13	$	45.9	$	(0.6	)	38

The Company recorded $10.7 million of allowance for expected credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities during the three months ended March 31, 2020. See Note 5. There were no0 other-than-temporary impairments on fixed maturity securities recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2019. The Company recognized impairments on fixed maturity securities of $2.0 million (consisting of fifty-seven securities) during the three months ended March 31, 2018 as a result of the Company's intent to sell these securities. The Company determined that the remaining unrealized losses on fixed maturity securities for the three months ended March 31, 2018 were primarily the result of changes in prevailing interest rates and not the credit quality of the issuers. TheThose fixed maturity securities whose total fair value was less than amortized cost at March 31, 2020, were not determined to be other-than-temporarily impaired given the lack of severity and duration of the impairment, the credit quality of the issuers, the Company’s intent to not sell the securities, and a determination

~~that it is not more likely than not that~~those in which the Company ~~will be required~~had no intent, need or requirement to sell ~~the securities~~ at an amount less than their amortized cost.

Realized gains and losses on investments include the gain or loss on a security at the time of sale compared to its original or adjusted cost (equity securities) or amortized cost (fixed maturity securities). Realized losses on fixed maturity securities are also recognized when securities are written down as a result of an other-than-temporary ~~impairment.~~impairment or for changes in the expected credit loss allowance.

Net realized gains (losses) on investments and the change in unrealized gains on the ~~Company's~~Company’s investments recorded at fair value are determined on a specific-identification basis and were as follows:


	Gross Realized Gains		Gross Realized Losses			Change in Net Unrealized Gains (Losses)		Changes in Fair Value Reflected in Earnings		Changes in Fair Value Reflected in AOCI, before tax		Gross Realized Gains		Gross Realized Losses			Change in Net Unrealized Gains (Losses)			Changes in Fair Value Reflected in Earnings			Changes in Fair Value Reflected in AOCI, before tax
			(in millions)									(in millions)
Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
Fixed maturity securities	$	1.0	$	(0.4	)	$	47.2	$	0.6	$	47.2	$	4.1	$	(11.0	)	$	(29.9	)	$	(6.9	)	$	(29.9	)
Equity securities	1.6		(0.1		)	21.2		22.7		—		22.7		(7.3		)	(69.2		)	(53.8		)	—
Other invested assets												—		—			(0.4		)	(0.4		)	—
Total investments	$	2.6	$	(0.5	)	$	68.4	$	23.3	$	47.2	$	26.8	$	(18.3	)	$	(99.5	)	$	(61.1	)	$	(29.9	)


Three Months Ended March 31, 2018
Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
Fixed maturity securities	$	1.8	$	(2.3	)	$	(44.9	)	$	(0.5	)	$	(44.9	)	$	1.0	$	(0.4	)	$	47.2	$	0.6	$	47.2
Equity securities	5.6		(0.2		)	(12.9		)	(7.5		)	—			1.6		(0.1		)	21.2		22.7		—
Total investments	$	7.4	$	(2.5	)	$	(57.8	)	$	(8.0	)	$	(44.9	)	$	2.6	$	(0.5	)	$	68.4	$	23.3	$	47.2

Proceeds from the sales of fixed maturity securities were $220.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to $51.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019.

Net investment income was as follows:


	Three Months Ended						Three Months Ended
	March 31,						March 31,
	2019			2018			2020			2019
	(in millions)						(in millions)
Fixed maturity securities	$	20.4		$	18.5		$	19.3		$	20.4
Equity securities	1.9			1.6			1.3			1.9
Other invested assets							0.6			—
Short term investments							0.1			—
Cash equivalents and restricted cash	0.5			0.2			0.2			0.5
Gross investment income	22.8			20.3			21.5			22.8
Investment expenses	(1.0		)	(0.9		)	(1.6		)	(1.0		)
Net investment income	$	21.8		$	19.4		$	19.9		$	21.8

The Company is required by various state laws and regulations to hold securities or letters of credit in depository accounts with certain states in which it does business. These laws and regulations govern not only the amount but also the types of securities that are eligible for deposit. As of March 31, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, securities having a fair value of ~~$925.5~~$837.2 million and ~~$867.7~~$844.9 million, respectively, were on deposit. Additionally, standby letters of credit from the FHLB were in place in lieu of $295.0 million and $260.0 million of securities on deposit as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively (See Note 9)10).

Certain reinsurance contracts require the ~~Company's~~Company’s funds to be held in trust for the benefit of the ceding reinsurer to secure the outstanding liabilities assumed by the Company. The fair value of fixed maturity securities and restricted cash and cash equivalents held in trust for the benefit of ceding reinsurers at March 31, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018~~2019 was ~~$13.7~~$3.3 million and ~~$23.2~~$2.9 million, respectively.

5. Current Expected Credit Losses

The Company adopted ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326) in the first quarter of 2020, which replaced the incurred loss methodology with an expected loss methodology known as the current expected loss methodology (CECL). The measurement of CECL is applicable to financial assets measured at amortized cost, which includes held-to-maturity securities, trade receivables, lease receivables, reinsurance recoverables, financial guarantee contracts, loan commitments, and financial assets with evidence of credit deterioration. Additionally, Topic 326 made changes to the accounting for AFS debt securities. This change requires credit losses to be presented as an allowance rather than as a write-down on AFS debt securities that the Company does not intend to sell or believes that it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell.

5.Premiums Receivable

Premiums receivable balances are all due within one year or less. The Company currently determines the allowance for premiums receivable based on an internal aging schedule using collectability and historical payment patterns, as well as current and expected future market conditions to determine the appropriateness of the allowance. Historical payment patterns provide the basis for the estimation along with similar risk characteristics and the Company's business strategy, which have not changed significantly over time. However, current and future market conditions have deteriorated as compared with the economic conditions included in the historical information. Specifically, unemployment and the temporary closures of small businesses have increased rapidly as of March 31, 2020, and the Company expects this will continue in the near future. Based on our past experience with generally similar conditions, the Company adjusted the historical payment patterns and aging schedule to reflect the differences in our current conditions and future forecasted changes. Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded through general and administrative expenses.

The table below shows the changes in the allowance for expected credit losses on premiums receivable.



	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020
	(in millions)
Beginning balance of the allowance for expected credit losses on premiums receivable	$	4.6
Current period provision for expected credit losses	4.1
Write-offs charged against the allowance	(4.8		)
Ending balance of the allowance for expected credit losses on premiums receivable	$	3.9

Reinsurance Recoverable

In assessing an allowance for reinsurance assets, which includes reinsurance recoverables and contingent commission receivables, the Company considers historical information, financial strength of reinsurers, collateralization amounts and ratings to determine the appropriateness of the allowance. Historically, the Company has not experienced a credit loss from reinsurance transactions. In assessing future default, the Company evaluated the CECL allowance under the ratings based method using the A.M. Best Average Cumulative Net Impairment Rates. Reinsurer ratings are also assessed through this process. Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded through general and administrative expenses.

The table below shows the changes in the allowance for expected credit losses on reinsurance recoverables.



	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020
	(in millions)
Beginning balance of the allowance for expected credit losses on reinsurance recoverables	$	—
Current period provision for expected credit losses	0.4
Ending balance of the allowance for expected credit losses on reinsurance recoverables	$	0.4

Investments

The Company assesses all AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position for expected credit losses. The Company first assesses whether it intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell, the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria is met, the security's amortized cost basis is written down to its fair value. For AFS debt securities that do not meet either criteria, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, management considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive income on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded through realized capital losses.

As of March 31, 2020, the Company established an aggregate allowance for credit losses in the amount of $10.7 million. For the Company’s investments in fixed-rate debt securities, the allowance for credit losses was determined by: (i) observing the credit characteristics of those debt securities that may have demonstrated a credit loss as of that date and by comparing the present value of cash flows expected to be collected to its amortized cost basis; and (ii) observing the credit characteristics of those debt securities that are expected to demonstrate a credit loss in the future by comparing the expected present value of cash flows expected to be

collected to its amortized cost basis. For the Company’s investments in Bank Loans and Collateralized Loan Obligations, which are not generally subject to interest rate risk, the allowance for credit losses was determined by observing the amount by which the investment’s amortized cost exceeded its fair value and adjusting that amount by the observed impact of the liquidity risk associated with the investment.

As of March 31, 2020, the Company did not intend to sell any of its AFS debt securities in which its amortized cost exceeded its fair value.

Accrued interest receivable on AFS debt securities totaled $16.8 million at March 31, 2020 and is excluded from the estimate of credit losses based on historically timely payments.

The table below shows the changes in the allowance for expected credit losses on available-for-sale securities.



	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020
	(in millions)
Beginning balance of the allowance for expected credit losses on AFS securities	$	—
Current period provision for expected credit losses	10.7
Ending balance of the allowance for expected credit losses on AFS securities	$	10.7

6. Property and Equipment

Property and equipment consists of the following:


	As of March 31,			As of December 31,			As of March 31,			As of December 31,
	2019			2018			2020			2019
	(in millions)						(in millions)
Furniture and equipment	$	2.3		$	3.3		$	2.6		$	2.5
Leasehold improvements	4.7			3.2			6.1			6.0
Computers and software	65.0			61.9			61.6			60.3
Automobiles	1.1			1.1			1.1			1.1
Property and equipment, gross	73.1			69.5			71.4			69.9
Accumulated depreciation	(51.3		)	(51.3		)	(49.8		)	(48.0		)
Property and equipment, net	$	21.8		$	18.2		$	21.6		$	21.9

Depreciation expenses related to property and equipment for the three months ended March 31, ~~2019 was $1.1~~2020 were $2.1 million, and $9.0 million for the year ended December 31, ~~2018 was $6.1 million.~~2019. Internally developed software costs of $0.8 ~~million and $2.9~~ million were capitalized during the three months ended March 31, ~~2019~~2020, and $3.2 million in internally developed software costs were capitalized during the year ended December 31, ~~2018, respectively.~~2019.

Cloud Computing Arrangements

The ~~Company's~~Company’s capitalized costs associated with cloud computing arrangements totaled ~~$25.1~~$36.5 million and ~~$26.0~~$33.6 million, which ~~was~~were comprised of service contract fees and implementation costs associated with hosting arrangements on the ~~Company's~~Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, respectively. Total amortization for hosting arrangements was $1.6 million and $5.3 million for the three months ended March 31, ~~2019~~2020 and the year ended December 31, ~~2018 was $1.0 million and $0.8 million,~~2019, respectively.

Leases

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at the inception of the transaction. Operating leases for offices are presented as a right-of-use asset (ROU asset) and lease liability on the ~~Company's~~Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. Financing leases for automobiles are included in property and equipment and other liabilities on the ~~Company's~~Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. ~~The Company elected the practical expedients provided in~~ ~~ASU Number 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements~~ ~~and~~ ~~ASU Number 2016-02, Leases~~ ~~(Topic 842), allowing the Company to apply provisions of the new guidance at the date of adoption without adjusting comparative periods presented.~~

ROU assets represent the right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and the lease liability represents the obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease transaction. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of the lease payments over the lease term. The Company uses collateralized incremental borrowing rates to determine the present value of lease payments. The ROU assets also include lease payments less any lease incentives within a lease agreement. The ~~Company's~~Company’s lease terms may include options to extend or terminate a lease. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The ~~Company's~~Company’s operating leases have remaining terms of 1

year to 87 years, ~~which have~~with options to extend up to 10 years with no termination provision. The ~~Company's~~Company’s finance leases have an option to terminate after 1 year.

Components of lease expense were as follows:


			Three Months Ended
	Three Months Ended		March 31,
	March 31, 2019		2020		2019
	(in millions)		(in millions)
Operating lease expense	$	1.3	$	1.3	$	1.3
Finance lease expense	0.1		0.1		0.1
Total lease expense	$	1.4	$	1.4	$	1.4

As of March 31, ~~2019~~2020, the weighted average remaining lease term for operating leases was ~~6.3~~5.7 years and for finance leases was~~3.1~~ 3.0 years. The weighted average discount rate was ~~3.3%~~3.2% and 3.7% for operating and finance leases, respectively.

Maturities of lease liabilities were as follows:


	As of March 31, 2019					As of March 31, 2020
	Operating Leases			Finance Leases		Operating Leases			Finance Leases
	(in millions)					(in millions)
2019	$	3.9		$	0.2
2020	4.4			0.3		$	3.6		$	0.2
2021	2.9			0.2		3.4			0.2
2022	1.9			—		2.3			0.1
2023	1.8			—		2.3			0.1
2024						2.2			—
Thereafter	6.2			—		4.6			—
Total lease payments	21.1			0.7		18.4			0.6
Less: inputed interest	(2.1		)	—
Less: imputed interest						(1.6		)	—
Total	$	19.0		$	0.7	$	16.8		$	0.6

Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases was as follows:


				As of March 31,			As of December 31,
	As of March 31, 2019			2020			2019
	(in millions)			(in millions)
Operating leases:
Operating lease right-of-use asset	$	16.8		$	14.9		$	15.9
Operating lease liability	19.0			16.8			17.8
Finance leases:
Property and equipment, gross	1.1			1.1			1.1
Accumulated depreciation	(0.4		)	(0.6		)	(0.5		)
Property and equipment, net	0.7			0.5			0.6
Other liabilities	$	0.7		$	0.6		$	0.6

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:

Three Months Ended
March 31, 2019
(in millions)
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases $ 1.3
Financing cash flows from finance leases 0.1



	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020		2019
	(in millions)
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows used for operating leases	$	1.3	$	1.3
Financing cash flows used for finance leases	0.1		0.1

7. Income Taxes

~~Income tax expense for interim periods is measured using an estimated~~The Company’s effective tax ~~rate for the annual period. The Company's effective tax rate was~~rates were 23.0% and 16.2% ~~and 12.9%~~ for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, ~~and 2018,~~ respectively. ~~Tax-advantaged investment~~The increase in the effective rate was due primarily to having a higher proportion of fully deductible losses in the current period versus the proportion of fully taxable income ~~Deferred Gain amortization, and certain other adjustments reduced~~a year ago, as well as the ~~Company's effective~~impact of state income ~~tax rate below the U.S. statutory rate of 21%.~~taxes.

7.8. Liability for Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses

The following table represents a reconciliation of changes in the liability for unpaid losses and LAE.


	Three Months Ended						Three Months Ended
	March 31,						March 31,
	2019			2018			2020			2019
	(in millions)						(in millions)
Unpaid losses and LAE at beginning of period	$	2,207.9		$	2,266.1		$	2,192.8		$	2,207.9
Less reinsurance recoverable, excluding bad debt allowance, on unpaid losses and LAE	504.4			537.0
Less reinsurance recoverable, excluding CECL allowance, on unpaid losses and LAE							532.5			504.4
Net unpaid losses and LAE at beginning of period	1,703.5			1,729.1			1,660.3			1,703.5
Losses and LAE, net of reinsurance, incurred during the period related to:
Current period	113.3			110.4			110.2			113.3
Prior periods	(22.2		)	(12.4		)	(3.5		)	(22.2		)
Total net losses and LAE incurred during the period	91.1			98.0			106.7			91.1
Paid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance, related to:
Current period	7.4			5.9			6.9			7.4
Prior periods	96.6			94.2			95.4			96.6
Total net paid losses and LAE during the period	104.0			100.1			102.3			104.0
Ending unpaid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance	1,690.6			1,727.0			1,664.7			1,690.6
Reinsurance recoverable, excluding bad debt allowance, on unpaid losses and LAE	498.7			531.1
Reinsurance recoverable, excluding CECL allowance, on unpaid losses and LAE							527.0			498.7
Unpaid losses and LAE at end of period	$	2,189.3		$	2,258.1		$	2,191.7		$	2,189.3

Total net losses and LAE included in the above table exclude amortization of the deferred reinsurance gain—LPT Agreement, LPT Reserve Adjustments, and LPT Contingent Commission Adjustments, which totaled ~~$2.5~~$2.4 million and ~~$2.6~~$2.5 million for the three months ended March 31, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018,~~2019, respectively (See Note 8)9).

The change in incurred losses and LAE attributable to prior periods for the three months ended March 31, 2020 included $3.0 million of favorable development on the Company’s voluntary risk business and $0.5 million of favorable development on the Company’s assigned risk business. The change in incurred losses and LAE attributable to prior periods for the three months ended March 31, 2019 included $22.0 million of favorable development on the ~~Company's~~Company’s voluntary risk business and $0.2 million of favorable development on the Company's assigned risk business. The change in incurred losses and LAE attributable to prior periods for the three months ended March 31, 2018 included $12.0 million of favorable development on the Company's voluntary risk business and $0.4 million of favorable development on the Company'sCompany’s assigned risk business. The favorable prior accident year loss development on voluntary business during the three months ended March 31, ~~2019 and 2018~~2020 was the result of ~~the Company's determination that adjustments were necessary to reflect~~ observed favorable ~~paid~~ loss cost trends, primarily for accident years 2010 and prior. The favorable prior accident year loss development on voluntary business during the three months ended March 31, 2019 was the result of observed favorable loss cost trends, primarily for the 2014 through 2017 accident years, which have been impacted by ~~cost savings associated with~~the Company's internal initiatives to reduce loss costs, including the accelerated claims settlement activity that began in 2014 and that has continued ~~in 2019.~~into 2020.

89. LPT Agreement

The Company is party to the LPT Agreement under which $1.5 billion in liabilities for losses and LAE related to claims incurred by the Fund prior to July 1, 1995 were reinsured for consideration of $775.0 million. The LPT Agreement provides coverage up to $2.0 billion. The Company records its estimate of contingent profit commission in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets as Contingent commission receivable–LPT Agreement and a corresponding liability is recorded in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets in Deferred reinsurance gain–LPT Agreement. The Deferred Gain is being amortized using the recovery method. Amortization is determined by the proportion of actual reinsurance recoveries to total estimated recoveries over the life of the LPT Agreement, except for the contingent profit commission, which is amortized through June 30, 2024, the date through which the Company is entitled to receive a contingent profit commission under the LPT Agreement. The amortization is recorded in losses and LAE incurred in the accompanying consolidated statements of comprehensive income. Any adjustments to the Deferred Gain are recorded in losses and LAE incurred in the accompanying consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

The Company amortized $2.4 million and $2.5 million ~~and $2.6 million~~of the Deferred Gain for the three months ended March 31, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018,~~2019, respectively. The remaining Deferred Gain was ~~$147.1~~$134.7 million and ~~$149.6~~$137.1 million as of March 31, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, respectively. The estimated remaining liabilities subject to the LPT Agreement were ~~$402.3~~$374.6 million and ~~$408.2~~$380.4 million as of March 31, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, respectively. Losses and LAE paid with respect to the LPT Agreement totaled ~~$779.6~~$801.9 million and ~~$773.7~~$796.2 million from inception through March 31, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, respectively.

~~9. Notes Payable and Other~~10. Financing Arrangements

~~Notes payable is comprised of the following:~~

March 31, 2019 December 31, 2018
(in millions)
Dekania Surplus Note, due April 29, 2034 $ 10.0
$ 10.0
Alesco Surplus Note, due December 15, 2034 10.0
10.0
Total $ 20.0
$ 20.0

EICN, ECIC, EPIC, ~~has a $10.0 million surplus note to Dekania CDO II, Ltd. (Dekania) issued as part of a pooled transaction. The note matures in 2034~~ and became callable at par by the Company in 2009. The terms of the note provide for quarterly interest payments at a rate 425 basis points in excess of the 90-day LIBOR. Both the payment of interest and repayment of the principal under this note and the surplus note described in the following paragraphEAC are ~~subject to the prior approval of the Florida Department of Financial Services.~~

EPIC has a $10.0 million surplus note to Alesco Preferred Funding V, LTD issued as part of a pooled transaction. The note matures in 2034 and became callable at par by the Company in 2009. The terms of the note provide for quarterly interest payments at a rate 405 basis points in excess of the 90-day LIBOR.

~~Other financing arrangements is comprised of the following:~~

~~Each of the Company's insurance subsidiaries is a member~~members of the FHLB. Membership allows the insurance subsidiaries access to collateralized advances, which may be used to support and enhance liquidity management. The amount of advances that may be taken is dependent on statutory admitted assets on a per company basis. Currently, none of the ~~Company's~~Company’s insurance subsidiaries has advances outstanding under the FHLB facility.

FHLB membership also allows the ~~Company's~~Company’s insurance subsidiaries access to standby letters of credit. On March 9, 2018, ECIC, EPIC, and EAC entered into standby Letter of Credit Reimbursement Agreements (Letter of Credit Agreements) with the FHLB. On March 1, 2019, FHLB and ECIC ~~EPIC,~~amended its Letter of Credit Agreement to increase its credit amount and on March 2, 2020, FHLB and EAC and EPIC each amended their Letter of Credit Agreements to increase their respective credit amounts. The Letter of Credit Agreements are between the FHLB and each of EAC, in the amount of ~~$60.0~~$80.0 million, ECIC, in the amount of $90.0 million, and EPIC, in the amount of ~~$110.0~~$125.0 million. The amended Letter of Credit Agreements will expire on March 31, ~~2020; however, the Letter of Credit Agreements~~2021, and will remain evergreen with automatic one-year extensions unless the FHLB notifies the beneficiary at least 60 days prior to the then applicable expiration date of its election not to renew. The Letter of Credit Agreements may only be used to satisfy, in whole or in part, insurance deposit requirements with the State of California and are fully secured with eligible collateral at all times. The Letter of Credit Agreements are subject to annual maintenance charges and a fee of 15 basis points on issued amounts. As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, letters of credit totaling $295.0 million and $260.0 million, respectively, were issued in lieu of securities on deposit with the State of California under these Letter of Credit Agreements.

As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, investment securities having a fair value of ~~$353.9~~$402.2 million and $326.8 million, respectively, were pledged to the FHLB by the ~~Company's~~Company’s insurance subsidiaries in support of the collateralized advance facility and the Letter of Credit Agreements.

~~10.~~11. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

Accumulated other comprehensive income is comprised of unrealized gains ~~(losses)~~ on investments classified as AFS, net of deferred tax expense. Beginning in 2018, with the adoption of ASU No. 2016-01, the Company's investments in equity securities at fair value are no longer considered to be AFS and are reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Prior to 2018, investments in equity securities at fair value were classified as AFS and changes in fair value were excluded from earnings and reported in accumulated other comprehensive income. The following table summarizes the components of accumulated other comprehensive ~~income (loss):~~income:

March 31, 2019 December 31, 2018
(in millions)
Net unrealized gains (losses) on investments, before taxes $ 29.9
$ (17.3 )
Deferred tax (expense) benefit on net unrealized gains (losses) (6.3 ) 3.6
Total accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) $ 23.6
$ (13.7 )



	March 31, 2020			December 31, 2019
	(in millions)
Net unrealized gains on investments, before taxes	$	52.7		$	82.6
Deferred tax expense on net unrealized gains	(11.1		)	(17.3		)
Total accumulated other comprehensive income	$	41.6		$	65.3

~~11.~~12. Stock-Based Compensation

The Company awarded restricted stock units (RSUs) and performance share units (PSUs) to certain employees and non-employee Directors of the Company as follows:


	Number Awarded	Weighted Average Fair Value on Date of Grant		Aggregate Fair Value on Date of Grant		Number Awarded	Weighted Average Fair Value on Date of Grant		Aggregate Fair Value on Date of Grant
				(in millions)					(in millions)
March 2019
March 2020
RSUs⁽¹⁾	72,060	$	40.54	$	2.9	77,560	$	37.81	$	2.9
PSUs⁽²⁾	95,940	40.54		3.9		105,180	37.81		4.0


(1)	The RSUs awarded in March ~~2019~~2020 were awarded to certain employees of the Company and vest 25% on March 15, ~~2020,~~2021, and each of the subsequent three anniversaries of that date. The RSUs are subject to accelerated vesting in certain circumstances, including but not limited to: death, disability, retirement, or in connection with a change of control of the Company.


(2)	The PSUs awarded in March ~~2019~~2020 were awarded to certain employees of the Company and have a performance period of two years followed by an additional one year vesting period. The PSU awards are subject to certain performance goals with payouts that range from 0% to 200% of the target awards. The value shown in the table represents the aggregate number of PSUs awarded at the target level.

Employees who were awarded RSUs and PSUs are entitled to receive dividend equivalents, ~~for eligible awards,~~ payable in cash, when the underlying award vests and becomes payable. If the underlying award does not vest or is forfeited, any dividend equivalents with respect to the underlying award will also fail to become payable and will be forfeited.

Stock options exercised totaled ~~1,300~~36,500 for the three months ended March 31, ~~2019, 275~~2020, 1,300 for the three months ended March 31, ~~2018,~~2019, and ~~57,091~~31,630 for the year ended December 31, ~~2018~~2019.

As of March 31, ~~2019,~~2020, the Company had ~~186,208~~117,516 options, ~~246,683~~259,485 RSUs, and ~~273,948~~280,893 PSUs (based on target number awarded) outstanding.

~~12.~~13. Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of shares outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings per share reflects the potential dilutive impact of all common stock equivalents on earnings per share. Diluted earnings per share includes shares that are assumed to be issued under the “treasury stock method,” which reflects the potential dilution that would occur if outstanding RSUs and PSUs had vested and options were to be exercised.

~~Commencing in 2017, certain~~Certain stock-based compensation awards are eligible to receive dividend equivalents on awards that fully vest or become payable. The dividend equivalents are reflected in the ~~Company's~~Company’s net income; therefore, these awards are not considered participating securities for the purposes of determining earnings per share.

The following table presents the net income and the weighted average number of shares outstanding used in the earnings per common share calculations.


	Three Months Ended				Three Months Ended
	March 31,				March 31,
	2019		2018		2020			2019
	(in millions, except share data)				(in millions, except share data)
Net income—basic and diluted	$	51.8	$	25.6
Net (loss) income—basic and diluted					$	(34.9	)	$	51.8
Weighted average number of shares outstanding—basic	32,442,287		32,830,481		30,697,496			32,442,287
Effect of dilutive securities:
PSUs	346,624		304,047		331,806			346,624
Stock options	80,138		100,914		64,539			80,138
RSUs	85,030		84,978		62,308			85,030
Dilutive potential shares	511,792		489,939		458,653			511,792
Weighted average number of shares outstanding—diluted	32,954,079		33,320,420		31,156,149			32,954,079

~~13. Subsequent Events~~14. Segment Reporting

~~On April 12,~~The Company has recently made changes to its corporate structure, mainly involving the launch and further development of a new digital insurance platform offered under the Cerity brand name (Cerity). As of December 31, 2019, the ~~Florida Office~~Company has determined that it has 2 reportable segments: Employers and Cerity. Each of ~~Insurance Regulation approved EPIC's request~~these segments represents a separate and distinct underwriting platform through which the Company conducts insurance business. The nature and composition of each reportable segment and its Corporate and Other activities are as follows:

The Employers segment is defined as traditional business offered through the EMPLOYERS brand name (Employers) through its agents, including business originated from the Company's strategic partnerships and alliances.

The Ceritysegment is defined as business offered under the Cerity brand name, which includes the Company's direct-to-customer business.

Corporate and Other activities consist of those holding company expenses that are not considered to ~~pay off~~be underwriting in nature, the ~~Dekania surplus note (See Note 9). Subsequently, on April 15,~~financial impact of the LPT agreement, and legacy business assumed and ceded by CIC. These expenses are not considered to be part of a reportable segment and are not otherwise allocated to a reportable segment.

The Company has determined that it is not practicable to report identifiable assets by segment since certain assets are used interchangeably among the segments.

Prior to December 31, 2019, ~~EPIC formally called this note~~the Company operated under a single reportable segment. All periods prior to December 31, 2019 presented herein have been conformed to the current presentation.

The following table summarizes the Company's written premium and ~~notified~~components of net income before income taxes by reportable segment.



	Employers			Cerity			Corporate and Other			Total
	(in millions)
Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
Gross premiums written	$	184.7		$	—		$	—		$	184.7
Net premiums written	183.4			—			—			183.4

Net premiums earned	167.9			—			—			167.9
Net investment income	18.6			0.8			0.5			19.9
Net realized and unrealized losses on investments	(57.3		)	(1.7		)	(2.1		)	(61.1		)
Other income	0.3			—			—			0.3
Total revenues	129.5			(0.9		)	(1.6		)	127.0

Losses and loss adjustment expenses	106.7			—			(2.4		)	104.3
Commission expense	21.3			—			—			21.3
Underwriting and general and administrative expenses	39.2			3.8			3.7			46.7
Total expenses	167.2			3.8			1.3			172.3

Net loss before income taxes	$	(37.7	)	$	(4.7	)	$	(2.9	)	$	(45.3	)



	Employers		Cerity			Corporate and Other			Total
	(in millions)
Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
Gross premiums written	$	210.0	$	—		$	—		$	210.0
Net premiums written	208.7		—			—			208.7

Net premiums earned	174.8		—			—			174.8
Net investment income	20.6		—			1.2			21.8
Net realized and unrealized gains on investments	20.8		—			2.5			23.3
Other income	0.4		—			—			0.4
Total revenues	216.6		—			3.7			220.3

Losses and loss adjustment expenses	91.1		—			(2.5		)	88.6
Commission expense	22.0		—			—			22.0
Underwriting and general and administrative expenses	39.3		3.5			4.7			47.5
Interest and financing expenses	0.4		—			—			0.4
Total expenses	152.8		3.5			2.2			158.5

Net income (loss) before income taxes	$	63.8	$	(3.5	)	$	1.5		$	61.8

Entity-Wide Disclosures

The Company operates solely within the ~~trustee~~U.S. and does not have revenue from transactions with a single customer accounting for 10% or more of its ~~intent to pay off~~revenues. The following table shows the ~~outstanding principal, plus accrued~~Company's in-force premiums and ~~unpaid interest, in~~number of policies in-force for each state with approximately five percent or more of our in-force premiums and all other states combined for the ~~amount of $10.2 million, effective May 15, 2019.~~periods presented:



	March 31, 2020			December 31, 2019			March 31, 2019			December 31, 2018
State	In-force Premiums		Policies In-force	In-force Premiums		Policies In-force	In-force Premiums		Policies In-force	In-force Premiums		Policies In-force
	(dollars in millions)
California	$	309.5	42,794	$	329.8	43,079	$	353.9	42,973	$	357.1	41,988
Florida	37.3		6,110	36.3		5,822	40.8		5,753	41.0		5,833
New York	31.3		6,302	31.7		5,679	26.2		4,185	23.9		3,663
Other (43 states and D.C.)	264.5		46,223	266.8		44,104	253.6		40,953	244.2		40,014
Total	$	642.6	101,429	$	664.6	98,684	$	674.5	93,864	$	666.2	91,498

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Consolidated Financial Condition and Results of Operations

You should read the following discussion and analysis in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included in Item 1 of Part I. Unless otherwise indicated, all references to ~~“we,” “us,” “our,” “the~~"we," "us," "our," "the Company,”" or similar terms refer to EHI, together with its subsidiaries. ~~The~~In this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the Company and its management discuss and make statements based on currently available information ~~contained~~regarding their intentions, beliefs, current expectations, and projections of, among other things, the Company's future performance, business growth, retention rates, loss costs, claim trends and the impact of key business initiatives, future technologies and planned investments. Certain of these statements may constitute "forward-looking" statements as that term is defined in ~~this quarterly report is not a complete description of our business or~~ the risks associated with an investment in our common stock. We urge you to carefully review and consider the various disclosures made by us in this quarterly report and in our other reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), including our Annual Report.

~~The~~ Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of ~~1995 provides a safe harbor for~~1995. Forward-looking statements can be identified by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts and are often identified by words such as "may," "will," "could," "would," "should," "expect," "plan," "anticipate," "target," "project," "intend," "believe," "estimate," "predict," "potential," "pro forma," "seek," "likely," or "continue," or other comparable terminology and their negatives. The Company and its management caution investors that such forward-looking statements ~~if accompanied by meaningful cautionary statements identifying important factors~~are not guarantees of future performance. Risks and uncertainties are inherent in the Company’s future performance. Factors that could cause the Company's actual results to differ materially from those ~~discussed. You should not place undue reliance~~indicated by such forward-looking statements include, among other things, those discussed or identified from time to time in the Company’s public filings with the SEC, including the risks detailed in the Company's Annual Reports on ~~these statements, which speak only as of the date~~Form 10-K and in Part II, Item 1A of this report. Forward-looking statements include those related to our expected financial position, business, financing plans, litigation, future premiums, revenues, earnings, pricing, investments, business relationships, strategic initiatives, expected losses, accident year loss estimates, loss experience, loss reserves, acquisitions, competition,Except as required by applicable securities laws, the impact of changes in interest rates, rate increases with respect to our business, and the insurance industry in general. Statements including words such as “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “estimate,” “may,” “anticipate,” “will,” or similar statements of a future or forward-looking nature identify forward-looking statements.

~~We undertake~~Company undertakes no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise, except as required by law. All forward-looking statements address matters that involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from historical or anticipated results, depending on a number of factors. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, those described in our Annual Report and other documents that we have filed with the SEC.otherwise.

Overview

We are a Nevada holding company. Through our insurance subsidiaries, we provide workers’ compensation insurance coverage to select, small businesses in low to medium hazard industries. Workers’ compensation insurance is provided under a statutory system wherein most employers are required to provide coverage for their employees’ medical, disability, vocational rehabilitation, and/or death benefit costs for work-related injuries or illnesses. We provide workers’ compensation insurance in 45 ~~states and~~throughout the ~~District of Columbia,~~U.S., with a concentration in California, where ~~over~~nearly one-half of our business is generated. Our revenues are primarily comprised of net premiums earned, net investment income, and net realized and unrealized gains on investments.

We target small businesses, as we believe that this market is traditionally characterized by fewer competitors, more attractive pricing, and stronger persistency when compared to the U.S. workers’ compensation insurance industry in general. We believe we are able to price our policies at levels that are competitive and profitable over the long-term given our expertise in underwriting and claims handling in this market segment. Our underwriting approach is to consistently underwrite small business accounts at appropriate and competitive prices without sacrificing long-term profitability and stability for short-term top-line revenue growth.

Our strategy is to pursue profitable growth opportunities across market cycles and maximize total investment returns within the constraints of prudent portfolio management. We pursue profitable growth opportunities by focusing on disciplined underwriting and claims management, utilizing medical provider networks designed to produce superior medical and indemnity outcomes, establishing and maintaining strong, long-term relationships with independent insurance agencies, ~~development~~developing and ~~implementation of~~implementing new technologies designed to transform the way small businesses and insurance agents utilize digital capabilities, and developing important alternative distribution channels. We continue to execute a number of ongoing business initiatives, including: ~~focusing on~~achieving internal and customer-facing business process excellence; ~~accelerating the settlement of open claims;~~ diversifying our risk exposure across geographic markets; and utilizing a multi-company pricing ~~platform;~~platform and ~~utilizing~~ territory-specific pricing. Additionally, we continue to execute our plan of aggressive development and implementation of new technologies and capabilities that we believe will fundamentally transform and enhance the digital experience of our customers, including: (i) continued investments in new technology, data analytics, and process

improvement capabilities focused on improving the agent experience and enhancing agent efficiency; and (ii) the launch and further development of ~~Cerity, a subsidiary separate from our other~~digital insurance ~~businesses, which offers digital,~~solutions, including direct-to-customer workers’ compensation ~~insurance solutions.~~coverage.

The insurance industry is highly competitive, and there is significant competition in the national ~~workers'~~workers’ compensation industry that is based on price and quality of services. We compete with other specialty ~~workers'~~workers’ compensation carriers, state agencies, multi-line insurance companies, professional employer organizations, self-insurance funds, and state insurance pools.

~~Pricing~~ As a result of these competitive conditions pricing on our renewals showed an overall price decrease of ~~11.6%~~5.9% for the three months ended March 31, ~~2019,~~2020, versus the rate level in effect on such business a year earlier.

Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Considerations

On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization formally declared the COVID-19 outbreak to be a pandemic. The spread of COVID-19 has caused illness, quarantines, cancellation of events and travel, business and school shutdowns, reduction in business activity, widespread unemployment, supply chain interruptions, and overall economic and financial market instability. All states, including California, where we generated nearly one-half of our in-force premiums as of March 31, 2020, have declared states of emergency.

In recent months we were experiencing strong new business opportunities, as evidenced by record levels of submissions, quotes, and binds, as well as strong renewal business. More recently, given the abrupt and severe economic impacts attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic, our levels of submissions, quotes, and binds have decreased significantly. We ~~believe~~currently expect that our new business writings will continue to decrease in future periods until such time as our insureds and targeted businesses can reopen and resume their operations. The amount of the decrease in business that we will ultimately experience remains uncertain. This is largely due to: (i) existing concerns that many non-essential small business owners face permanent closure or heavy reliance on newly-established federal government programs, such as the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act of 2020 (CARES Act), in order to retain their businesses and the ultimate success of these programs remains unknown; and (ii) uncertainty as to when our insureds and targeted businesses will be permitted to reopen and resume their operations.

We continually review and adjust to changes in our policyholders' payrolls, economic conditions, and seasonality, as experience develops or new information becomes known. Any such adjustments are included in our current operations. Approximately 25% of our current payroll exposure, including payroll exposure associated with policies generated by our largest payroll partners, is considered to be “pay as you go,” where the associated premium charged to the underlying policyholder is adjusted in real-time based on changes in the underlying payroll. For all other policyholders, payroll adjustments are made periodically through mid-term endorsements and/or premium audits. In light of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, we have experienced a significant increase in mid-term endorsement requests. Endorsements processed in the month of March 2020 served to reduce policyholder premiums by $5.3 million and endorsements processed in April (through April 17) served to reduce policyholder premiums by an additional $6.0 million.

We have been fully functional since we closed our buildings to employees and the general public on March 20, 2020, and it is expected that our business can remain fully functional while our employees work-from-home for an indefinite period of time. In addition, we currently plan to continue to ~~write attractive~~execute on our strategic business ~~due~~plan despite being in a work-from-home status.

We are taking precautions to ~~favorable loss costs~~protect the safety and ~~frequency trends and the success~~well-being of our ~~accelerated claims initiatives, despite~~employees while providing uninterrupted service to our policyholders and claimants. However, no assurance can be given that these actions will be sufficient, nor can we predict the ~~competitive market conditions we currently face. Given~~level of disruption that will occur should the ~~strength~~COVID-19 pandemic and its related macro-economic risks continue for an extended period of time. Additional information regarding risks and uncertainties to our ~~balance sheet~~business and ~~the execution~~results of ~~our underwriting, claims, and investment strategies, we believe that we are well positioned for the current market cycle.~~

~~On August 11, 2017, we entered into a Purchase Agreement, as amended on October 25, 2018, with PRUS with respect~~operations related to the ~~Acquisition~~COVID-19 pandemic are set forth in Part II, Item 1A of all of the outstanding shares of capital stock of PRNY. The purchase price is equal to the sum of: (i) the amount of statutory capital and surplus of PRNY at closing (which is currently estimated to be approximately $40.0 million); and (ii) $5.8 million. We expect to fund the Acquisition with cash on hand.

Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, all liabilities and obligations of PRNY existing as of the closing date, whether known or unknown, will be indemnified by PRUS. In addition, PartnerRe Ltd., the parent company of PRUS, has provided us with a Guaranty that unconditionally, absolutely, and irrevocably guarantees the full and prompt payment and performance by PRUS of all of its obligations, liabilities, and indemnities under the Purchase Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby.

We will not be acquiring any employees or ongoing business operations pursuant to the Acquisition. The Acquisition is subject to certain closing conditions, including, among other things, approval from the Department of Financial Services of the State of New York.this report.

Results of Operations

~~A primary measure~~Our results of our performance is our ability to increase Adjusted stockholders' equity over the long-term. We believe that this measure is important to our investors, analysts, and other interested parties who benefit from having an objective and consistent basis for comparison with other companies within our industry. The following table shows a reconciliation of our Stockholders' equity on a GAAP basis to our Adjusted stockholders' equity.operations are as follows:

March 31, 2019 December 31, 2018
(in millions)
GAAP stockholders' equity $ 1,071.7
$ 1,018.2
Deferred reinsurance gain–LPT Agreement 147.1
149.6
Less: Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net 23.6
(13.7 )
Adjusted stockholders' equity⁽¹⁾
$ 1,195.2
$ 1,181.5



	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020			2019
	(in millions)
Gross premiums written	$	184.7		$	210.0
Net premiums written	$	183.4		$	208.7

Net premiums earned	$	167.9		$	174.8
Net investment income	19.9			21.8
Net realized and unrealized (losses) gains on investments	(61.1		)	23.3
Other income	0.3			0.4
Total revenues	127.0			220.3

Losses and LAE	104.3			88.6
Commission expense	21.3			22.0
Underwriting and general and administrative expenses	46.7			47.5
Interest and financing expenses	—			0.4
Total expenses	172.3			158.5
Income tax (benefit) expense	(10.4		)	10.0
Net (loss) income	$	(34.9	)	$	51.8


~~(1)~~	~~Adjusted stockholders' equity is a non-GAAP measure consisting of total GAAP stockholders' equity plus the Deferred Gain, less Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net.~~

Overview

Our net (loss) income was ~~$51.8~~$(34.9) million and ~~$25.6~~$51.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, ~~and 2018, respectively, and~~respectively. The key factors that affected our underwriting income was $16.7 million and $18.3 million for the for the same periods, respectively. Underwriting income or loss is determined by deducting losses and LAE, commission expense, and underwriting and other operating expenses from net premiums earned.

~~Our results of operations~~financial performance during the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to the same period of 2019 ~~were impacted by: (i) favorable prior accident year loss development of $22.2 million, which~~included:

Net premiums earned decreased ~~our losses~~3.9%;

Losses and LAE ~~by the same amount;~~increased 17.7%;

Underwriting and ~~(ii) $21.2 million in net~~general and administrative expenses decreased 1.7%;

Net investment income decreased 8.7%; and

Net realized and unrealized (losses) gains on ~~equity securities during the period. Collectively, these items increased our pre-tax net income~~investments decreased by ~~$43.4 million during the first quarter~~$84.4 million.

Summary of ~~2019.~~

Our results of operations during the three months ended March 31, 2018 were impacted by: (i) favorable prior accident year loss development of $12.4 million, which decreased our losses and LAE by the same amount; and (ii) $12.9 million in net unrealized losses on equity securities during the period. Collectively, these items decreased our net income by $0.5 million during the first quarter of 2018.

~~The components of net income are set forth in the following table:~~

Three Months Ended
March 31,
2019
2018
(in millions)
Gross premiums written $ 210.0
$ 211.6
Net premiums written $ 208.7
$ 210.1

Net premiums earned $ 174.8
$ 176.6
Net investment income 21.8
19.4
Net realized and unrealized gains on investments 23.3
(8.0 )
Other income 0.4
—
Total revenues 220.3
188.0

Losses and LAE 88.6
95.4
Commission expense 22.0
23.7
Underwriting and other operating expenses 47.5
39.2
Interest and financing expenses 0.4
0.3
Total expenses 158.5
158.6
Income tax expense 10.0
3.8
Net income $ 51.8
$ 25.6
Less amortization of the Deferred Gain related to losses $ 2.0
$ 2.1
Less amortization of the Deferred Gain related to contingent commission 0.5
0.5
Net income before impact of the LPT Agreement⁽¹⁾
$ 49.3
$ 23.0

~~(1)~~

We define net income before impact of the LPT Agreement as net income before the impact of: (a) amortization of the Deferred Gain; (b) adjustments to the LPT Agreement ceded reserves; and (c) adjustments to the Contingent commission receivable–LPT Agreement. The Deferred Gain reflects the unamortized gain from the LPT Agreement. Under GAAP, this gain is deferred and is being amortized using the recovery method in which amortization is determined by the proportion of actual reinsurance recoveries to total estimated recoveries over the life of the LPT Agreement, except for the contingent profit commission, which is amortized through June 30, 2024. The amortization is reflected in losses and LAE. We periodically reevaluate the remaining direct reserves subject to the LPT Agreement and the expected losses and LAE subject to the contingent profit commission under the LPT Agreement. Our reevaluation results in corresponding adjustments, if needed, to reserves, ceded reserves, contingent commission receivable, and the Deferred Gain, with the net effect being an increase or decrease to our net income. Net income before impact of the LPT Agreement is not a measurement of financial performance under GAAP, but rather reflects a difference in accounting treatment between statutory and GAAP, and should not be considered in isolation or as an alternative to net income before income taxes or net income, or any other measure of performance derived in accordance with GAAP.

We present net income before impact of the LPT Agreement because we believe that it is an important supplemental measure of our ongoing operating performance to be used by analysts, investors, and other interested parties in evaluating us. The LPT Agreement was a non-recurring transaction under which the Deferred Gain does not affect our ongoing operations, and, consequently, we believe this presentation is useful in providing a meaningful understanding of our operating performance. In addition, we believe this non-GAAP measure, as we have defined it, is helpful to our management in identifying trends in our performance because the LPT Agreement has limited significance on our current and ongoing operations.Consolidated Financial Results

Gross Premiums Written

Gross premiums written were ~~$210.0~~$184.7 million and ~~$211.6~~$210.0 million for the three months ended March 31, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018,~~2019, respectively. The year-over-year decrease was primarily ~~due~~related to ~~a decrease in final audit premiums.~~our Employers segment. See "—Summary of Financial Results by Segment —Employers".

Net Premiums Written

Net premiums written ~~were $208.7 million and $210.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, which included $1.3 million and $1.5 million of~~are gross premiums written less reinsurance premiums ~~ceded for the same periods, respectively.~~ceded.

Net Premiums Earned

~~Net premiums earned were $174.8 million and $176.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.~~ Net premiums earned are primarily a function of the amount and timing of net premiums previously written.

The following table shows the percentage change in our in-force premiums, policy count, average policy size, and payroll exposure (upon which our premiums are based) overall, for California, where 52% of our premiums were generated, and for all other states, excluding California:

As of March 31, 2019
Year-to-Date Change Year-Over-Year Change
Overall California All Other States Overall California All Other States
In-force premiums 1.2 % (0.9 )% 3.7 % 4.7 % (0.2 )% 10.6 %
In-force policy count 2.6
2.3
2.8
8.3
6.3
10.1
Average in-force policy size (1.3 ) (3.2 ) 0.9
(3.4 ) (6.1 ) 0.4
In-force payroll exposure 6.6
5.8
7.2
22.0
24.4
20.6

The following table shows our in-force premiums and number of policies in-force for each state with at least five percent of our in-force premiums and all other states combined for the periods presented:

March 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 March 31, 2018 December 31, 2017
State
In-force
Premiums
Policies
In-force
In-force
Premiums
Policies
In-force
In-force
Premiums
Policies
In-force
In-force
Premiums
Policies
In-force
(dollars in millions)
California $ 353.9
42,973
$ 357.1
41,988
$ 354.6
40,436
$ 349.4
40,573
Florida 40.8
5,753
41.0
5,833
42.0
5,653
41.8
5,625
Other (43 states and D.C.)
279.7
45,138
268.1
43,677
247.9
40,550
235.7
39,296
Total $ 674.4
93,864
$ 666.2
91,498
$ 644.5
86,639
$ 626.9
85,494

~~Our alternative distribution channels that utilize partnerships and alliances generated~~ ~~$160.1 million~~ ~~and $150.8 million, or~~ ~~23.7%~~ ~~and~~ ~~23.4%, of our in-force premiums as of~~ ~~March 31, 2019~~ ~~and~~ ~~2018~~, respectively. We believe that the bundling of products and services through these relationships contributes to higher retention rates than business generated by our independent agents. These relationships also allow us to access new customers that we may not have access to through our independent agent distribution channel. We continue to actively seek new partnerships and alliances.

Net Investment Income and Net Realized and Unrealized Gains and Losses on Investments

We invest in fixed maturity securities, equity securities, other invested assets, short-term investments, and cash equivalents. Net investment income includes interest and dividends earned on our invested assets and amortization of premiums and discounts on our fixed maturity securities, less bank service charges and custodial and portfolio management fees. We have established a high quality/short duration bias in our investment portfolio.

Net investment income ~~increased 12.4%~~decreased 8.7% for the three months ended March 31, ~~2019~~2020, compared to the same period of ~~2018.~~2019. The decrease was primarily due to a sharp increase in the amortization of bond premiums associated with our residential mortgage-backed securities, which was caused by a distortion of near-term mortgage loan prepayment speed assumptions during the current

period. The average pre-tax book yield on invested assets ~~increased~~decreased to 3.2% as of March 31, 2020, down from 3.4% as of March 31, ~~2019, up from 3.1% as of March 31, 2018.~~2019. Average invested assets ~~was up slightly~~decreased year-over-year.

Realized and certain unrealized gains and losses on our investments are reported separately from our net investment income. Realized gains and losses on investments include the gain or loss on a security at the time of sale compared to its original or adjusted cost (equity securities) or amortized cost (fixed maturity securities). Realized losses are also recognized for changes in our expected credit loss allowance or when securities are written down as a result of an other-than-temporary impairment. Changes in fair value of equity securities and other invested assets are also included in Net realized and unrealized gains on investments on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

Net realized and unrealized (losses) gains ~~(losses)~~ on investments were ~~$23.3~~$(61.1) million and ~~$(8.0)~~$23.3 million for the three months ended March 31, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018,~~2019, respectively. The net realized and unrealized (losses) gains on investments for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 included ~~$21.2~~$(53.8) million and $22.7 million of net realized and unrealized (losses) gains on equity securities, respectively, and ~~$2.1~~$(6.9) million and $0.6 million of net realized (losses) gains on ~~investments.~~ fixed maturity securities, respectively.

The net realized and unrealized losses we experienced on ~~investments for~~equity and fixed maturity securities during the three months ended March 31, ~~2018 included $12.9 million~~2020 were primarily the result of ~~unrealized~~significant volatility in financial markets resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. Our net losses on equity securities ~~partially offset by $4.9~~were largely consistent with the performance of U.S. equity markets. Our net losses on fixed maturity securities were largely the result of a widening of credit spreads between the yield on the fixed maturities we held versus that of U.S. Treasuries, despite decreases in market interest rates during the period, as well as a $10.7 million ofincrease to the allowance for expected credit losses.

The net realized ~~gains on investments. The~~and unrealized ~~gains or~~ losses we experienced on equity and fixed maturity securities ~~for~~during the three months ended March 31, 2019 ~~and 2018~~ were primarily the result of ~~volatility in~~generally favorable market conditions, as measured by the performance of U.S. equity markets and decreases in market interest rates during ~~those periods. Realized gains were primarily related to~~ the sale of fixed maturity and equity securities, resulting from a rebalancing of our investment portfolio. Net realized and unrealized gains on investments included $2.0 million of other-than-temporary impairments for the three months ended March 31, 2018. There wereperiod. We recorded no other-than-temporary impairments on investments for the three months ended March 31, 2019.

Additional information regarding our Investments is set forth under “—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Investments.”

Other Income

Other income consists of net gains on fixed assets, non-investment interest, installment fee revenue, and other miscellaneous income.

Losses and LAE ~~Commission Expenses, and Underwriting and Other Operating Expenses~~

The combined ratio, a key measurement of underwriting profitability, is the sum of the loss and LAE ratio, the commission expense ratio, and the underwriting and other operating expenses ratio. A combined ratio below 100% indicates that an insurance company is generating an underwriting profit, and conversely, a combined ratio above 100% indicates that an insurance company is generating an underwriting loss.

~~The following table presents our calendar year combined ratios.~~

Three Months Ended
March 31,
2019
2018
Loss and LAE ratio 50.7 % 54.0 %
Underwriting and other operating expenses ratio 27.1
22.2
Commission expense ratio 12.6
13.4
Combined ratio 90.4 % 89.6 %

We include all of the operating expenses of our holding company in the calculation of our combined ratio, which added approximately two percentage points to that ratio for each of the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

~~Loss and LAE Ratio~~

Losses and LAE represents our largest expense item and includes claim payments made, amortization of the Deferred Gain, estimates for future claim payments and changes in those estimates for current and prior periods, and costs associated with investigating, defending, and adjusting claims. The quality of our financial reporting depends in large part on accurately predicting our losses and LAE, which are inherently uncertain as they are estimates of the ultimate cost of individual claims based on actuarial estimation techniques.

Our indemnity claims frequency (the number of claims expressed as a percentage of payroll) ~~increased year-over-year; however,~~continued to decrease through March 31, ~~2019, we saw a slight downward movement in~~2020, while medical and indemnity costs per claim increased over the same period. However, we recognize that isthe impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, including the potential for the presumed compensability of COVID-19, could result in an increase in claims frequency and severity for the current accident year. These trends and considerations are reflected in our current accident year loss estimate. Total claims costs have also been reduced by cost savings associated with increased claims settlement activity that continued in 2020. We believe our current accident year loss estimate is adequate; however, ultimate losses will not be known with any certainty for many years. We assume that increasing medical and indemnity cost trends will continue to impact our long-term claims costs and current accident year loss estimate, which may be offset by rate increases. See "—Summary of Financial Results by Segment —Employers".

Commission Expenses

Commission expenses include direct commissions to our agents and brokers, including our partnerships and alliances, for the premiums that they produce for us, as well as incentive payments, other marketing costs, and fees. See "—Summary of Financial Results by Segment —Employers".

Underwriting and General and Administrative Expenses

Underwriting expenses represent those costs that we incur to underwrite and maintain the insurance policies we issue, excluding commissions. Direct underwriting expenses, such as premium taxes, policyholder dividends, and those expenses that vary directly with the production of new or renewal business, are recognized as the associated premiums are earned. Indirect underwriting expenses, such as the operating expenses of each of the Company's subsidiaries, do not vary directly with the production of new or renewal business and are recognized as incurred.

General and administrative expenses of the holding company are excluded in determining the underwriting expense ratios of our reportable segments.

Interest and Financing Expenses

Interest and financing expenses include surplus notes interest, letter of credit fees, finance lease interest, and other financing fees.

Income Tax (Benefit) Expense

Income tax (benefit) expense was $(10.4) million and $10.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and March 31, 2019, respectively, representing an effective tax rate of 23.0% and 16.2% for the same periods, respectively. The increase in the effective rate was primarily due to having a higher proportion of fully taxable income (loss) in the current period versus that of a year ago.

Summary of Financial Results by Segment

EMPLOYERS

The components of Employers' net (loss) income before income taxes are set forth in the following table:



	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020				2019
	(dollars in millions)
Gross premiums written	$	184.7			$	210.0
Net premiums written	$	183.4			$	208.7

Net premiums earned	$	167.9			$	174.8
Net investment income	18.6				20.6
Net realized and unrealized (losses) gains on investments	(57.3		)		20.8
Other income	0.3				0.4
Total revenues	129.5				216.6

Losses and LAE	106.7				91.1
Commission expense	21.3				22.0
Underwriting expenses	39.2				39.3
Interest and financing expenses	—				0.4
Total expenses	167.2				152.8

Net (loss) income before income taxes	$	(37.7	)		$	63.8
				��
Underwriting income	$	0.7			$	22.4

Combined ratio	99.5		%		87.2		%

Underwriting Results

Gross Premiums Written

Gross premiums written were $184.7 million and $210.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The year-over-year decrease was primarily driven by the impacts of COVID-19 during the first quarter of 2020, including higher levels of unemployment and declines in payrolls for many of our insureds, upon which our premiums are based, particularly in our restaurant and hospitality classes. This resulted in declines in new business premiums written and decreases in estimated final audit premiums. We also began to experience a reduction in new business submissions, quotes, and bound policies in the second half of March 2020 as certain agents in our distribution channel transitioned to work from home, which impacted their ability to effectively market our insurance products. Year-over-year decreases in average rates in many of the states in which we do business further impacted our gross premiums written during the first quarter of 2020.

Net Premiums Written

Net premiums written were $183.4 million and $208.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, which included $1.3 million of reinsurance premiums ceded for each of the periods.

Net Premiums Earned

Net premiums earned were $167.9 million and $174.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

The following table shows the percentage change in Employers' in-force premiums, policy count, average policy size, and payroll exposure (upon which our premiums are based) overall, for California, where 48% of our premiums were generated, and for all other states, excluding California:



	As of March 31, 2020
	Year-to-Date Change						Year-Over-Year Change
	Overall		California		All Other States		Overall		California		All Other States
In-force premiums	(3.3	)%	(6.2	)%	(0.5	)%	(4.7	)%	(12.6	)%	3.9	%
In-force policy count	2.8		(0.7	)	5.5		8.0		(0.4	)	15.0
Average in-force policy size	(5.9	)	(5.6	)	(5.6	)	(11.8	)	(12.2	)	(9.7	)
In-force payroll exposure	0.4		(4.1	)	3.0		10.7		0.3		17.1

The following table shows Employers' in-force premiums and number of policies in-force for each state with approximately five percent of our in-force premiums and all other states combined for the periods presented:



	March 31, 2020			December 31, 2019			March 31, 2019			December 31, 2018
State	In-force Premiums		Policies In-force	In-force Premiums		Policies In-force	In-force Premiums		Policies In-force	In-force Premiums		Policies In-force
	(dollars in millions)
California	$	309.5	42,794	$	329.8	43,079	$	353.9	42,973	$	357.1	41,988
Florida	37.3		6,110	36.3		5,822	40.8		5,753	41.0		5,833
New York	31.3		6,302	31.7		5,679	26.2		4,185	23.9		3,663
Other (43 states and D.C.)	264.5		46,134	266.7		44,019	253.6		40,953	244.2		40,014
Total	$	642.6	101,340	$	664.5	98,599	$	674.5	93,864	$	666.2	91,498

Our alternative distribution channels that utilize partnerships and alliances generated $161.4 million and $160.1 million, or 25.1% and 23.7%, of our in-force premiums as of March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. We believe that the bundling of payroll-related products and services through these relationships contributes to higher retention rates than business generated by our independent agents. These relationships also allow us to access new customers that we may not have access to through our independent agent distribution channel. We continue to actively seek new partnerships and alliances.

The current COVID-19 pandemic and its impacts on the marketing and distribution of our insurance products, including potential for the further and/or prolonged disruption of business of our independent agents and strategic partnerships and alliances, remains uncertain.

Losses and LAE, Commission Expenses, and Underwriting Expenses

Prior to December 31, 2019, we operated under a single reportable segment and presented our Combined Ratio on that basis, including general and administrative expenses of the holding company expenses and the impact of the LPT. Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2019, we now present the Combined Ratio for each of our reporting segments on a stand-alone basis and have adjusted all prior periods presented herein to conform to this presentation.

The following table presents the components of our calendar year combined ratios for our Employers segment.



	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020		2019
Loss and LAE ratio	63.5	%	52.1	%
Underwriting expense ratio	23.3		22.5
Commission expense ratio	12.7		12.6
Combined Ratio	99.5	%	87.2	%

Loss and LAE Ratio. We analyze our loss and LAE ratios on both a calendar year and accident year basis.

The calendar year loss and LAE ratio ~~decreased 3.3 percentage points,~~is calculated by dividing the losses and LAE recorded during the calendar year, regardless of when the underlying insured event occurred, by the net premiums earned during that calendar year. The calendar year loss and

LAE ratio includes changes made during the calendar year in reserves for losses and LAE established for insured events occurring in the current and prior years. The calendar year loss and LAE ratio for a particular year will not change in future periods.

The accident year loss and LAE ratio is calculated by dividing cumulative losses and LAE for reported events that occurred during a particular year by the net premiums earned for that year. The accident year loss and LAE ratio for a particular year can decrease or ~~6.2%,~~increase when recalculated in subsequent periods as the reserves established for insured events occurring during that year develop favorably or unfavorably. The accident year loss and LAE ratio is based on our statutory financial statements and is not derived from our GAAP financial information.

We analyze our calendar year loss and LAE ratio to measure our profitability in a particular year and to evaluate the adequacy of our premium rates charged in a particular year to cover expected losses and LAE from all periods, including development (whether favorable or unfavorable) of reserves established in prior periods. In contrast, we analyze our current accident year loss and LAE ratios to evaluate our underwriting performance and the adequacy of the premium rates we charged in a particular year in relation to ultimate losses and LAE from insured events occurring during that year. The loss and LAE ratios provided in this report are calendar year basis, except where they are expressly identified as accident year loss and LAE ratios.

The table below reflects prior accident year loss and LAE reserve adjustments and the impact to the loss ratio.



	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020			2019
	(dollars in millions)
Losses and LAE	$	106.7		$	91.1
Prior accident year favorable development, net	3.5			22.2
Current accident year losses and LAE	$	110.2		$	113.3

Current accident year loss ratio	65.6		%	64.8		%

Losses and LAE during the three months ended March 31, 2020 were higher, compared to the same period of 2019, due to higher levels of favorable prior accident year loss development during the first quarter of 2019. Favorable development totaled $3.5 million during the three months ended March 31, 2020, which included $3.0 million favorable development on our voluntary business and an additional $0.5 million favorable development on our assigned risk business. Favorable development for the three months ended March 31, 2019 ~~compared to the same period of 2018. The decrease in our loss and LAE ratio was primarily attributable to increased favorable prior accident year loss development that~~ totaled $22.2 million, ~~during the three months ended March 31, 2019,~~ which included $22.0 favorable development on our voluntary business and $0.2 million favorable development on our assigned risk business. For the three months ended March 31, 2018, we had $12.4 million of favorable development, which included $12.0 million of favorable development on our voluntary business and ~~$0.4~~$0.2 million of favorable development on our assigned risk business. Favorable prior accident year loss development on our voluntary business in ~~both periods~~the first quarter of 2020 was the result of observed favorable loss cost trends, primarily for accident years 2010 and prior. In addition to the observed trends for accident years 2010 and prior, favorable loss cost trends for the more recent prior accident years observed over the past several quarters continued into the first quarter of 2020; however, we believe that the current economic conditions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic have introduced significant risk of a prolonged recession, which could impact future development trends, including the increased risk of cumulative trauma claims and latent claim reporting. As a result, we did not recognize any favorable development for accident years subsequent to 2010, which were not impacted by the last recession. Favorable prior accident year loss development on our voluntary business in the first quarter of 2019 was the result of observed favorable loss cost trends, primarily for the 2014 through 2017 accident years, which have been impacted by our internal initiatives to reduce loss costs, including the accelerated claims settlement activity that began in 2014 and ~~have~~that has continued into ~~2019.~~2020.

~~Our~~The current accident year loss and LAE ratio ~~was 64.8% and 62.5%~~of 65.6% for the three months ended March 31, ~~2019 and 2018, respectively. This change includes an increase of 2.0 percentage points in~~2020 remains consistent with the ~~current accident year loss ratio on our voluntary business, while our assigned risk business added an additional 0.3 percentage points to our current accident year loss~~65.6% ratio for the ~~three months ended March 31,~~full-year ratio 2019. The year-over-year increase ~~on our voluntary business~~for the quarter was primarily due to the impact of increased competitive pressures and price decreases across most of our ~~markets;~~markets, as well as the potential for the presumed compensability of COVID-19, could result in an increase in claims frequency and severity for the current accident year; however, our current accident year loss and LAE ratio continues to reflect the impact of key business initiatives, including: an emphasis on the accelerated settlement of open claims; diversifying our risk exposure across geographic markets; and leveraging data-driven strategies to target, underwrite, and price profitable classes of business across all of our markets.

~~Excluding the impact from the LPT, losses~~Commission Expense Ratio. The commission expense ratio was 12.7% and ~~LAE would have been $91.1 million and $98.0 million, or 52.1% and 55.5% of net premiums earned,~~12.6% for the three months ended March 31, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018~~,2019, respectively, and our commission expenses were $21.3 million and $22.0 million for the same periods, respectively.

~~The table below reflects prior accident year loss and LAE reserve adjustments and the impact of the LPT on net income before income taxes.~~

Three Months Ended
March 31,
2019
2018
(in millions)
Prior accident year favorable loss development, net $ 22.2
$ 12.4
Amortization of the Deferred Gain related to losses $ 2.0
$ 2.1
Amortization of the Deferred Gain related to contingent commission 0.5
0.5
Total impact of the LPT on losses and LAE 2.5
2.6
Total losses and LAE reserve adjustments $ 24.7
$ 15.0

~~Underwriting and Other Operating Expenses Ratio~~

Underwriting and other operating expenses are those costs that we incur to underwrite and maintain the insurance policies we issue, excluding commission. These expenses include premium taxes and certain other general expenses that vary with, and are primarily related to, producing new or renewal business. Other underwriting expenses include policyholder dividends, changes in estimates of future write-offs of premiums receivable, general administrative expenses such as salaries and benefits, rent, office supplies, depreciation, and all other operating expenses not otherwise classified separately. Policy acquisition costs are variable based on premiums earned. Other operating expenses are more fixed in nature and become a smaller percentage of net premiums earned as premiums increase.

Our ~~underwriting and other operating expenses~~commission expense ratio increased ~~4.9~~0.1 percentage ~~points,~~point, or ~~22.3%~~0.8%, for the three months ended March 31, ~~2019,~~2020, compared to the same period of 2018. During the three months ended March 31, 2019, our compensation-related expenses increased $2.3 million, our professional fees increased $1.7 million, and our premium taxes and assessments increased $0.9 million compared to the same period of 2018. These increases were largely the result of our aggressive development and implementation of new digital technologies and capabilities. Additionally, our bad debt expense was up $1.7 million year-over-year, primarily related to higher than anticipated recoveries during the first quarter of 2018.

~~Commission Expense Ratio~~

~~Our commission expense ratio decreased 0.8 percentage points, or 6.2%, for the three months ended March 31, 2019, compared to the same period of 2018.~~2019. The ~~decrease~~increase in the commission expense ratio was primarily the result of an increase in the percentage of business produced by our partnerships and alliances, which are subject to a higher commission rate.

Underwriting Expenses Ratio. The underwriting expense ratio was 23.3% and 22.5% for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and our underwriting expenses were $39.2 million and $39.3 million for the same periods, respectively.

Our underwriting and other operating expenses ratio increased 0.8 percentage points, or 3.6%, for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to the same period of 2019. The year-over year decrease in ~~projected~~underwriting expenses for the first quarter of 2020 was primarily the result of lower premium taxes and assessments of $2.3 million, partially offset by increased IT expenses and bad debt.

Underwriting Income

Underwriting income for our Employers segment was $0.7 million and $22.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, ~~agency incentive commissions.~~respectively. Underwriting income or loss is determined by deducting losses and LAE, commission expense, and underwriting expenses from net premiums earned.

Non-Underwriting Income ~~Tax Expense~~and Expenses

For a further discussion of non-underwriting related income and expenses, including Net Investment Income ~~tax expense was $10.0 million~~ and ~~$3.8~~Net Realized and Unrealized (Losses) Gains on Investments, Other Income, and Interest and Financing Expenses see "—Results of Operations —Summary of Consolidated Financial Results".

CERITY

The components of Cerity's net loss before income taxes are set forth in the following table:



	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020			2019
	(in millions)
Gross premiums written	$	—		$	—
Net premiums written	$	—		$	—

Net premiums earned	$	—		$	—
Net investment income	0.8			—
Net realized and unrealized losses on investments	(1.7		)	—
Total revenues	(0.9		)	—

Underwriting expenses	3.8			3.5
Total expenses	3.8			3.5

Net loss before income taxes	$	(4.7	)	$	(3.5	)

Underwriting loss	$	(3.8	)	$	(3.5	)

Combined ratio	n/m			n/m
n/m - not meaningful

Underwriting Results

Gross Premiums Written and Net Premiums Written

Gross premiums written and net premiums written were less than $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, ~~2019 and 2018, respectively, representing an effective tax rate of 16.2% and 12.9%~~2020.

Net Premiums Earned

Net premiums earned were less than $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020.

Underwriting Expenses

Underwriting expenses for our Cerity segment were $3.8 million and $3.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. During the three months ended March 31, 2020, compensation-related expenses increased $0.3 million, premium taxes and assessments increased $0.2 million, partially offset by a decrease in advertising expenses of $0.3 million, each as compared to the same ~~periods,~~period of 2019.

Underwriting Loss

Underwriting losses for our Cerity segment were $3.8 million and $3.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. ~~Tax-advantaged investment~~Underwriting income ~~Deferred Gain amortization,~~or loss is determined by deducting losses and ~~certain~~LAE, commission expense, and underwriting expenses from net premiums earned.

Non-Underwriting Income

For a further discussion of non-underwriting related income, including Net Investment Income and Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investments, see "–Results of Operations –Summary of Consolidated Financial Results Consolidated."

CORPORATE AND OTHER

The components of Corporate and Other's net income (loss) before income taxes are set forth in the following table:



	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020			2019
	(in millions)
Net investment income	0.5			1.2
Net realized and unrealized (losses) gains on investments	(2.1		)	2.5
Total revenues	(1.6		)	3.7

Losses and LAE - LPT	(2.4		)	(2.5		)
General and administrative expenses	3.7			4.7
Total expenses	1.3			2.2

Net (loss) income before income taxes	$	(2.9	)	$	1.5

Net Investment Income and Net Realized and Unrealized Gains on Investments

See "–Results of Operations –Summary of Consolidated Financial Results."

Losses and LAE - LPT

The table below reflects the impact of the LPT on Losses and LAE, which are recorded as a reduction to Losses and LAE incurred on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.



	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020		2019
	(in millions)
Amortization of the Deferred Gain related to losses	$	2.0	$	2.0
Amortization of the Deferred Gain related to contingent commission	0.4		0.5
Total impact of the LPT	$	2.4	$	2.5

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses primarily consist of compensation related expenses, professional fees, and other ~~adjustments reduced~~corporate expenses at the holding company level. General and administrative expenses were $3.7 million and $4.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. During the three months ended March 31, 2020, our ~~effective income tax rate below~~compensation-related expenses decreased $1.0 million as compared to the ~~U.S. statutory rate~~same period of ~~21%.~~2019.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

COVID-19 Liquidity and Capital Resources Considerations

The various impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the U.S. economy, our operations and our investment portfolio have been significant. Nonetheless we believe that the liquidity available to our holding company and its operating subsidiaries remains adequate and we do not currently foresee a need to: (i) suspend ordinary dividends; (ii) seek a capital infusion; or (iii) seek any material non-investment asset sales. Furthermore, neither the holding company nor its operating subsidiaries have any outstanding debt obligations.

Holding Company Liquidity

We are a holding company and our ability to fund our operations is contingent upon existing capital and the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends up to the holding company. Payment of dividends by our insurance subsidiaries is restricted by state insurance laws and regulations, including laws establishing minimum solvency and liquidity thresholds. We require cash to pay stockholder dividends, repurchase common stock, make interest and principal payments on any outstanding debt obligations, provide additional surplus to our insurance subsidiaries, and fund our operating expenses.

Our insurance ~~subsidiaries'~~subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends to their parent is based on reported capital, surplus, and dividends paid within the prior 12 months. ~~The maximum dividend that may be paid in 2019 by EPIC without prior regulatory approval is $19.0 million.~~ During the first quarter of ~~2019,~~2020, EICN made a ~~$19.7~~$20.0 million cash dividend payment to its parent company. As a result of that payment, ~~EICN's~~EICN’s dividend capacity is limited to ~~$0.1~~$1.1 million without prior regulatory approval for the remainder of ~~2019.~~2020. For 2020, the maximum dividend that may be paid by EPIC without prior regulatory approval is $21.7 million; ECIC cannot pay any dividends through September 23, 2020 without prior regulatory approval, and $32.1 million thereafter; and EAC can pay ~~$8.8~~$1.2 million of dividends through ~~September 5, 2019,~~June 12, 2020, and ~~$57.2~~$20.9 million thereafter, without prior regulatory ~~approval, and EAC can~~approval. CIC cannot pay ~~$0.9 million of~~ dividends ~~through May 18, 2019, and $19.8 million thereafter,~~ without prior regulatory ~~approval.~~

approval until July 31, 2021.

Total cash and investments at the holding company was ~~$124.1~~$34.2 million at March 31, ~~2019,~~2020, consisting of ~~$46.9~~$8.7 million of cash and cash equivalents, ~~$25.9~~$25.2 million of unaffiliated fixed maturity securities, and ~~$51.3~~$0.3 million of equity securities. We do not currently have a revolving credit facility at the holding company because we believe that ~~the holding company's~~its cash needs for the foreseeable future will be met with its cash and investments on hand, as well as dividends available from our insurance subsidiaries.

Operating ~~Subsidiaries'~~Subsidiaries’ Liquidity

The primary sources of cash for our operating subsidiaries, which include our insurance and other operating subsidiaries, are premium collections, investment income, sales and maturities of investments, and reinsurance recoveries. The primary uses of cash by our operating subsidiaries are payments of losses and LAE, commission expenses, underwriting and other operating expenses, ceded reinsurance, investment purchases and dividends paid to their parent.

Total cash and investments held by our operating subsidiaries was ~~$2,728.1~~$2,760.7 million at March 31, ~~2019,~~2020, consisting of ~~$47.9~~$165.7 million of cash and cash equivalents, ~~$2,495.1~~$2,342.2 million of fixed maturity securities, ~~and $185.1~~$212.1 million of equity ~~securities.~~securities, $31.4 million of other invested assets, and $9.3 million of short-term investments. Sources of immediate and unencumbered liquidity at our operating subsidiaries as of March 31, ~~2019~~2020 consisted of ~~$45.7~~$165.4 million of cash and cash equivalents, ~~$178.8~~$205.4 million of publicly traded equity securities whose proceeds are available within three business days, ~~and $1,017.5~~$682.2 million of highly liquid fixed maturity securities, and $9.3 million of short-term investments whose proceeds are available within three business days. We believe that our ~~subsidiaries'~~subsidiaries’ liquidity needs over the next 24 months will be met with cash from operations, investment income, and maturing investments.

~~Each of our insurance subsidiaries is a member~~EICN, ECIC, EPIC, and EAC are members of the FHLB. Membership allows our insurance subsidiaries access to collateralized advances, which may be used to support and enhance liquidity management. The amount of advances that may be taken is dependent on statutory admitted assets on a per company basis. Currently, none of our insurance subsidiaries has advances outstanding under the FHLB facility.

FHLB membership also allows our insurance subsidiaries access to Letter of Credit Agreements and on March 9, 2018, ECIC, EPIC, and EAC entered into Letter of Credit Agreements with the FHLB. On March 1, 2019, FHLB and ECIC ~~EPIC,~~amended its Letter of Credit Agreement to increase its credit amount and on March 2, 2020, FHLB and EAC and EPIC each amended their Letter of Credit Agreements to increase their respective credit amounts. The Letter of Credit Agreements are between the FHLB and each of EAC, in the amount of ~~$60.0~~$80.0 million, ECIC, in the amount of $90.0 million, and EPIC, in the amount of ~~$110.0~~$125.0 million. The amended Letter of Credit Agreements ~~became effective March 1, 2019 and~~will expire March 31, ~~2020.~~2021, and will remain evergreen with automatic one-year extensions unless the FHLB notifies the beneficiary at least 60 days prior to the then applicable expiration date of its election not to renew. The Letter of Credit Agreements may only be used to satisfy, in whole or in part, insurance deposit requirements with the State of California and are fully secured with eligible collateral at all times (See Note 9)10).

We purchase reinsurance to protect us against the costs of severe claims and catastrophic ~~events.~~events, including pandemics. On July 1, ~~2018,~~2019, we entered into a new reinsurance program that is effective through June 30, ~~2019.~~2020 with similar terms and conditions to the expiring program. The reinsurance program consists of one treaty covering excess of loss and catastrophic loss events in four layers of coverage. Our reinsurance coverage is $190.0 million in excess of our $10.0 million retention on a per occurrence basis, subject to certain exclusions. We believe that our reinsurance program meets our needs and that we are sufficiently capitalized. We further believe that we will not trigger a recovery under our current excess of loss reinsurance program in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic.

Various state laws and regulations require us to hold investment securities or letters of credit on deposit with certain states in which we do business. These laws and regulations govern both the amount and types of investment securities that are eligible for deposit. Securities having a fair value of ~~$925.5~~$837.2 million and ~~$867.7~~$844.9 million were on deposit at March 31, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, respectively. Additionally, standby letters of credit from the FHLB have been issued in lieu of $295.0 million and $260.0 million of securities on deposit at March 31, ~~2019.~~2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

Certain reinsurance contracts require company funds to be held in trust for the benefit of the ceding reinsurer to secure the outstanding liabilities we assumed. The fair value of fixed maturity securities held in trust for the benefit of our ceding reinsurers was ~~$13.7~~$3.3 million and $~~23.2~~2.9 million at March 31, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018~~2019, respectively.

Sources of Liquidity

We monitor the cash flows of each of our subsidiaries individually, as well as collectively as a consolidated group. We use trend and variance analyses to project future cash needs, making adjustments to our forecasts as appropriate.

The table below shows our net cash flows for the three months ended:

March 31,
2019 2018
(in millions)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash provided by (used in):
Operating activities $ 20.1
$ 46.2
Investing activities 9.9
(53.7 )
Financing activities (37.2 ) (9.6 )
Decrease in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash $ (7.2 ) $ (17.1 )



	March 31,
	2020			2019
	(in millions)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash provided by (used in):
Operating activities	$	15.5		$	20.1
Investing activities	56.2			9.9
Financing activities	(52.5		)	(37.2		)
Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	19.2		$	(7.2	)

For additional information regarding our cash flows, see Item 1, Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2020 included net premiums received of $178.7 million, and investment income received of $22.7 million. These operating cash inflows were partially offset by net claims payments of $102.6 million, underwriting and other operating expenses paid of $62.6 million, and commissions paid of $23.1 million.

Net cash provided by operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2019 included net premiums received of $188.8 million, and investment income received of $23.5 million. These operating cash inflows were partially offset by net claims payments of $103.9 million, underwriting and other operating expenses paid of $63.9 million, and commissions paid of $24.7 million.

Net cash provided by operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2018 included net premiums received of $186.9 million, and investment income received of $22.5 million. These operating cash inflows were partially offset by net claims payments of $99.8 million, underwriting and other operating expenses paid of $39.4 million, and commissions paid of $23.8 million.

Investing Activities

Net cash provided by investing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and March 31, 2019 was primarily related to sales, maturities, and redemptions of investments whose proceeds were used to fund claims payments, underwriting and other operating expenses, stockholder dividend payments, and share repurchases, partially offset by the investment of premiums received and the reinvestment of funds from sales, maturities, redemptions, and interest income.

Net cash used in investing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2018 was primarily related to the investment of premiums received and the reinvestment of funds from sales, maturities, redemptions, and interest income. These investing cash outflows were partially offset by investment sales whose proceeds were used to fund claims payments, underwriting and other operating expenses, and stockholder dividend payments.

Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and March 31, 2019 was primarily related to share repurchases and stockholder dividend payments.

~~Net cash used in financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2018 was primarily related to stockholder dividend payments.~~

Dividends

Stockholder dividends paid were ~~$7.3~~$8.0 million and ~~$6.6~~$7.3 million for the three months ended March 31, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018,~~2019, respectively. On April ~~24, 2019,~~22, 2020, the Board of Directors declared a ~~$0.22~~$0.25 dividend per share, ~~and eligible RSU and PSU,~~ payable May ~~22, 2019,~~20, 2020, to stockholders of record on May ~~8, 2019.~~6, 2020.

Share Repurchases

On February 21, 2018, the Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program for repurchases of up to $50.0 million of our common stock from February 26, 2018 through February 26, 2020 (the 2018 Program). On April 24, 2019, the Board of Directors authorized a ~~$50~~$50.0 million expansion of the 2018 Program, to ~~$100~~$100.0 million, and extended the repurchase authority pursuant to the 2018 Program through June 30, 2020. On March 11, 2020, the Board of Directors authorized a second $50.0 million expansion of the 2018 Program, to $150.0 million, and extended the repurchase authority pursuant to the 2018 Program through June 30, 2021. The 2018 Program provides that shares may be purchased at prevailing market prices through a variety of methods, including open market or private transactions, in accordance with applicable laws and regulations and as determined by management. The timing and actual number of shares that may be repurchased will depend on a variety of factors, including the share price, corporate and regulatory requirements, and other market and economic conditions. Repurchases under the 2018 Program may be commenced, modified, or suspended from time to time without prior notice, and the program may be suspended or discontinued at any time. Through March 31, ~~2019,~~2020, we repurchased a total of ~~783,365~~2,875,218 shares of common stock under the 2018 Program at an average price of ~~$40.90~~$39.72 per share, including commissions, for a total cost of ~~$32.0~~$114.2 million.

Capital Resources

As of March 31, ~~2019,~~2020, the capital resources available to us consisted ~~of: (i) $1,071.7~~of $1,057.3 million of stockholders’ ~~equity; (ii)~~equity and the ~~$147.1~~$134.7 million Deferred ~~Gain; and (iii) $20.0 million in surplus notes maturing in 2034.~~Gain.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

The following table identifies our long-term debt and contractual obligations as of March 31, ~~2019.~~2020.

Payment Due By Period
Total
Less Than
1-Year
1-3 Years 4-5 Years
More Than
5 Years
(in millions)
Operating leases $ 21.2
$ 5.1
$ 6.7
$ 3.6
$ 5.8
Non-cancellable contracts 17.4
5.3
6.7
5.4
—
Notes payable⁽¹⁾
41.3
1.4
2.7
2.7
34.5
Capital leases 0.8
0.3
0.5
—
—
Unpaid losses and LAE reserves ⁽²⁾⁽³⁾
2,189.3
380.9
476.8
284.9
1,046.7
Unfunded investments 50.0
50.0
—
—
—
Total contractual obligations $ 2,320.0
$ 443.0
$ 493.4
$ 296.6
$ 1,087.0



	Payment Due By Period
	Total		Less Than 1-Year		1-3 Years		4-5 Years		More Than 5 Years
	(in millions)
Operating leases	$	18.4	$	4.6	$	5.3	$	4.4	$	4.1
Non-cancellable contracts	21.4		4.4		10.3		5.9		0.8
Finance leases	0.6		0.2		0.3		0.1		—
Unpaid losses and LAE reserves ⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾	2,191.7		352.4		413.5		272.3		1,153.5
Unfunded investment commitments	38.9		38.9		—		—		—
Total contractual obligations	$	2,271.0	$	400.5	$	429.4	$	282.7	$	1,158.4


(1)	~~Notes payable includes payments for the principal and estimated interest expense on our surplus notes outstanding based on LIBOR plus a margin. The interest rates used ranged from 6.7% to 6.9%.~~

On April 12, 2019, the Florida Office of Insurance Regulation approved EPIC's request to pay off the Dekania surplus note (See Note 9 to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information related to this surplus note). Subsequently, on April 15, 2019, EPIC formally called this note and notified the trustee of its intent to pay off the outstanding principal, plus accrued and unpaid interest, in the amount of $10.2 million, effective May 15, 2019.

~~(2)~~

Estimated losses and LAE reserve payment patterns have been computed based on historical information. Our calculation of loss and LAE reserve payments by period is subject to the same uncertainties associated with determining the level of reserves and to the additional uncertainties arising from the difficulty of predicting when claims (including claims that have not yet been reported to us) will be paid. Actual payments of losses and LAE by period will vary, perhaps materially, from the above table to the extent that current estimates of losses and LAE reserves vary from actual ultimate claims amounts due to variations between expected and actual payout patterns.


~~(3)~~(2)	The unpaid losses and LAE reserves are presented gross of reinsurance recoverables for unpaid losses, which were as follows for each of the periods presented above:

Recoveries Due By Period
Total
Less Than
1-Year
1-3 Years 4-5 Years
More Than
5 Years
(in millions)
Reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses and LAE $ (498.7 ) $ (27.1 ) $ (51.4 ) $ (48.8 ) $ (371.4 )



	Recoveries Due By Period
	Total			Less Than 1-Year			1-3 Years			4-5 Years			More Than 5 Years
	(in millions)
Reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses and LAE	$	(527.0	)	$	(34.6	)	$	(59.2	)	$	(53.1	)	$	(380.1	)

Investments

Our investment portfolio is structured to support our need for: (i) optimizing our risk-adjusted total return; (ii) providing adequate liquidity; (iii) facilitating financial strength and stability; and (iv) ensuring regulatory and legal compliance.

As of March 31, ~~2019,~~2020, the total cost and amortized cost of our investments recorded at fair value was $~~2,631.9~~2,497.8 million and its fair value was $~~2,751.0~~2,582.4 million. These investments provide a steady source of income, which may fluctuate with changes in interest rates and our current investment strategies.

~~We also have a $6.4 million investment in FHLB stock which we record at cost. We receive periodic dividends from the FHLB for this investment, when declared, which can vary from period to period.~~

As of March 31, ~~2019~~2020, our investment portfolio consisted of ~~92%~~91% fixed maturity securities. We strive to limit interest rate risk associated with fixed maturity investments by managing the duration of these securities. Our fixed maturity securities (excluding cash and cash equivalents) had a duration of ~~3.9~~3.1 at March 31, ~~2019.~~2020. To minimize interest rate risk, our portfolio is weighted toward short-term and intermediate-term bonds; however, our investment strategy balances consideration of duration, yield, and credit risk. Our investment guidelines require that the minimum weighted average quality of our fixed maturity securities portfolio be ~~"A+~~“A+,"” using ratings assigned by Standard & ~~Poor's~~Poor’s (S&P). or an equivalent rating assigned by another nationally recognized statistical rating agency. Our fixed maturity securities portfolio had a weighted average quality of ~~"AA-"~~“A+” as of March 31, ~~2019,~~2020, with ~~49.8%~~55.2% of the portfolio rated ~~"AA"~~“AA” or better, based on market value. Other securities within fixed maturity securities consist of bank loans, which are classified as AFS and are reported at fair value.

WeOur investment portfolio also ~~have a portfolio of~~contains equity securities. We strive to limit the exposure to equity price risk associated with our publicly traded equity securities by diversifying our holdings across several industry sectors. ~~Equity~~These equity securities had a fair value of $205.7 million at March 31, 2020, which represented 8% of our investment portfolio at that time. We also have a $6.7 million investment in FHLB stock which we record at cost. We receive periodic dividends from the FHLB for this investment, when declared, which can vary from period to period.

Our Other invested assets made up 1% of our investment portfolio as of March 31, ~~2019~~.2020 and include private equity limited partnerships and convertible preferred shares of real estate investment trusts. Our investments in private equity limited partnerships totaled $11.4 million at March 31, 2020 and are generally not redeemable by the investees and cannot be sold without approval of the general partner. These investments have a fund term of 12 years, subject to three one-year extensions at the general partner’s discretion. We expect to receive distributions of proceeds from dividends and interest from fund investments, as well as from the disposition of a fund investment or portion thereof, from time-to-time during the full course of the fund term. As of March 31, 2020, we had unfunded commitments to these private equity limited partnerships totaling $38.9 million. Our investments in convertible preferred shares of real estate investment trusts totaled $20.0 million at March 31, 2020 and are non-redeemable until conversion and are periodically evaluated for impairment based on the ultimate recovery of the investment.

We believe that our current asset allocation meets our strategy to preserve capital for claims and policy liabilities and to provide sufficient capital resources to support and grow our ongoing insurance operations.

The following table shows the estimated fair value, the percentage of the fair value to total invested assets at fair value, the average book yield, and the average tax equivalent yield (each based on the book value of each category of invested assets) as of March 31, ~~2019~~2020.


Category	Estimated Fair Value		Percentage of Total		Book Yield		Tax Equivalent Yield ⁽¹⁾		Estimated Fair Value		Percentage of Total		Book Yield		Tax Equivalent Yield ⁽¹⁾
	(in millions, except percentages)								(in millions, except percentages)
U.S. Treasuries	$	108.0	3.9	%	2.2	%	2.2	%	$	91.1	3.5	%	2.3	%	2.3	%
U.S. Agencies	9.9		0.4		4.7		4.7		3.1		0.1		3.5		3.5
States and municipalities	519.5		18.9		3.3		3.9		422.4		16.4		3.2		3.7
Corporate securities	1,086.0		39.4		3.3		3.3		971.9		37.5		3.3		3.3
Residential mortgage-backed securities	461.8		16.8		3.2		3.2		497.6		19.3		2.8		2.8
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	99.5		3.6		3.0		3.0		105.0		4.1		3.2		3.2
Asset-backed securities	60.9		2.2		3.4		3.4		49.9		1.9		3.5		3.5
Collateralized loan obligations									74.3		2.9		3.0		3.0
Other securities	175.4		6.4		5.3		5.3		152.1		5.9		3.1		3.1
Equity securities	230.0		8.4		4.8		5.1		205.7		8.0		4.5		4.5
Short-term investments									9.3		0.4		4.6		5.5
Total investments at fair value	$	2,751.0	100.0	%					$	2,582.4	100.0	%
Weighted average yield					3.4	%	3.6	%					3.2	%	3.4	%

(1) Computed using a statutory income tax rate of 21%

The following table shows the percentage of total estimated fair value of our fixed maturity securities as of March 31, ~~2019~~2020 by credit rating category, using the lower of ratings assigned by ~~Moody's~~Moody’s Investors Service or S&P.



Rating	Percentage of Total Estimated Fair Value
“AAA”	~~7.5~~7.6	%
“AA”	~~42.3~~47.6
“A”	~~32.2~~28.6
“BBB”	~~11.2~~9.4
Below investment grade	6.8
Total	100.0	%

Investments that we currently own could be subject to default by the ~~issuer or could suffer declines in fair value that become other-than-temporary.~~issuer. We regularly assess individual securities as part of our ongoing portfolio management, including the identification of ~~other-than-temporary declines in fair value.~~credit related losses. Our ~~other-than-temporary impairment~~ assessment includes reviewing the extent ~~and duration~~ of declines in fair value of investments below amortized cost, historical and projected financial performance and near-term prospects of the issuer, the outlook for industry sectors, credit rating, and macro-economic ~~changes.~~changes, including those caused by the current COVID-19 pandemic. We also make a determination as to whether it is not more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before its fair value recovers to above cost, or maturity.

We believe that we have appropriately identified the declines in the fair values ~~of our unrealized losses~~ for the three months ended March 31, ~~2019.~~2020. We ~~recognized no impairments~~recorded $10.7 million of allowance for expected credit losses on ~~fixed maturity~~AFS debt securities during the three months ended March 31, ~~2019. We determined that~~2020, primarily driven by COVID-19 related disruptions to the ~~unrealized losses on~~economy and financial markets. Those fixed maturity securities ~~were primarily the result of prevailing interest rates and not the credit quality of the issuers. The fixed maturity securities~~ whose total fair value was less than amortized cost at March 31, 2020, were ~~not determined to be other-than-temporarily impaired given~~those in which the ~~severity and duration of the impairment, the credit quality of the issuers, our~~Company had no intent, ~~to not sell the securities, and a determination that it is not more likely than not that we will be required~~need, or requirement to sell ~~the securities~~ at an amount less than ~~its~~their amortized cost.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have no off-balance sheet arrangements.

Critical Accounting Policies

The unaudited interim consolidated financial statements included in this quarterly report include amounts based on the use of estimates and judgments of management for those transactions that are not yet complete. We believe that the estimates and judgments that were most critical to the preparation of the consolidated financial statements involved the following: (a) reserves for losses and LAE; (b) reinsurance recoverables; (c) recognition of premium income; (d) deferred income taxes; and (e) valuation of investments. These estimates and judgments require the use of assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain and therefore

are subject to change as facts and circumstances develop. Our accounting policies are discussed under "Critical Accounting Policies" in ~~Management's~~Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our Annual Report.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Market risk is the risk of potential economic loss principally arising from adverse changes in the fair value of financial instruments. The major components of market risk affecting us are credit risk, interest rate risk, and equity price risk.

Credit Risk

Our fixed maturity securities, equity securities, other invested assets and cash equivalents are exposed to credit risk, which we attempt to manage through issuer and ~~are described in detail in our Annual Report~~industry diversification. Our investment guidelines include limitations on ~~Form 10-K. We have not experienced any material changes in market risk since~~ ~~December 31, 2018~~.

~~The primary market risk exposure to our investment portfolio, which consists primarily~~the minimum rating of fixed maturity securities ~~is interest rate risk.~~ and concentrations of a single issuer for certain investment securities.

We ~~have~~also bear credit risk with respect to the ~~ability~~reinsurers, which can be significant considering that some loss reserves remain outstanding for an extended period of time. We are required to ~~hold fixed maturity securities~~pay losses even if a reinsurer refuses or fails to ~~maturity and we strive~~meet its obligations to ~~limit interest rate risk by managing duration. As of~~ ~~March 31, 2019, our fixed maturity securities portfolio had a duration of~~ ~~3.9~~us under the applicable reinsurance agreement(s). We continually monitor the ~~impact~~financial condition and financial strength ratings of our reinsurers. Additionally, we bear credit risk with respect to premiums receivable, which is generally diversified due to the large number of entities comprising our policyholder base and their dispersion across many different industries and geographies.

The recent economic disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has increased the credit risk associated with certain of our investment holdings, reinsurance recoverables and premiums receivable. As a result, and in accordance with the adoption of ASU 2016-13, we recorded $10.7 million of impairment for expected credit losses during the three-month period ended March 31, 2020. See Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements.

Interest Rate Risk

Fixed Maturity Securities

The fair value of our fixed maturity portfolio is exposed to interest rate risk, which is the risk of a decline in fair value resulting from changes in prevailing interest rates, which we strive to limit by managing duration. Our fixed maturity investments (excluding cash and cash equivalents) had a duration of 3.1 at March 31, 2020. Future market interest rates are particularly uncertain at this time given the abrupt interest rate cuts recently made by the Federal Reserve in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. To minimize interest rate risk, our portfolio is weighted toward short-term and intermediate-term bonds; however, our investment strategy balances consideration of duration, yield and credit risk. We continually monitor the changes in interest rates and the impact on our liquidity and ability to meet our obligations.

Sensitivity Analysis

The fair values or cash flows of market sensitive instruments are subject to potential losses in future earnings resulting from changes in interest rates and other market conditions. Our sensitivity analysis applies a hypothetical parallel shift in market rates and reflects what we believe are reasonably possible near-term changes in those rates (covering a period of time going forward up to one year from the date of the consolidated financial statements). Actual results may differ from the hypothetical change in market rates assumed in this disclosure. This sensitivity analysis does not reflect the results of any action that we may take to mitigate such hypothetical losses in fair value.

We use fair values to measure our potential loss in this model, which includes fixed maturity securities and short-term investments. For invested assets, we use modified duration modeling to calculate changes in fair values. Durations on invested assets are adjusted for call, put, and interest rate reset features. Invested asset portfolio durations are calculated on a market value weighted basis, excluding accrued investment income, using holdings as of March 31, 2020. The estimated changes in fair values on our fixed maturity securities, which had an aggregate value of $2,367.4 million as of March 31, 2020, based on specific changes in interest rates are as follows:



Hypothetical Changes in Interest Rates	Estimated Pre-tax Increase (Decrease) in Fair Value
	(in millions, except percentages)
300 basis point rise	$	(244.9	)	(11.0	)%
200 basis point rise	(159.3		)	(7.2	)
100 basis point rise	(77.0		)	(3.5	)
50 basis point decline	38.4			1.8
100 basis point decline	77.7			3.7

The most significant assessment of the effects of hypothetical changes in interest rates on investment income would be based on GAAP guidance related to "Accounting for Nonrefundable Fees and Costs Associated with Originating or Acquiring Loans and Initial Direct Costs of Leases,"which requires amortization adjustments for mortgage-backed securities. The rates at which the

mortgages underlying mortgage-backed securities are prepaid, and therefore the average life of mortgage-backed securities, can vary depending on changes in interest rates (for example, mortgages are prepaid faster and the average life of mortgage-backed securities falls when interest rates decline). Adjustments for changes in amortization are based on revised average life assumptions and would have an impact on investment income if a significant portion of our commercial and residential mortgage-backed securities were purchased at significant discounts or premiums to par value. As of March 31, 2020, the par value of our commercial and residential mortgage-backed securities holdings was $578.2 million, and the amortized cost was 102.2% of par value. Since a majority of our mortgage-backed securities were purchased at a premium or discount that is significant as a percentage of par, an adjustment could have a significant effect on investment income. The commercial and residential mortgage-backed securities portion of the portfolio totaled 23.4% of total investments as of March 31, 2020. Agency-backed residential mortgage pass-throughs totaled $480.8 million, or 96.6%, of the residential mortgage-backed securities portion of the portfolio as of March 31, 2020.

Equity Price Risk

Equity price risk is the risk that we may incur losses in the fair value of the equity securities we hold in our investment portfolio. Adverse changes in the market prices of the equity securities we hold in our investment portfolio would result in decreases in the fair value of our total assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheets and in net realized and unrealized gains and losses on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Recent economic and market disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have resulted in significant volatility in the fair value of our equity securities. We minimize our exposure to equity price risk by investing primarily in the equity securities of mid-to-large capitalization issuers and by diversifying our equity holdings across several industry sectors.

The table below shows the sensitivity of our equity securities at fair value to price changes as of March 31, 2020:



(in millions)	Cost		Fair Value		20% Fair Value Decrease		Pre-tax Impact on Total Equity Securities			20% Fair Value Increase		Pre-tax Impact on Total Equity Securities
Equity securities	$	173.8	$	205.7	$	164.6	$	(41.1	)	$	246.8	$	41.1

Effects of Inflation

Inflation could impact our financial statements and results of operations. Our estimates for losses and LAE include assumptions about the timing of closure and future payment of claims and claims handling expenses, such as medical treatments and litigation costs. To the extent inflation causes these costs to increase above established reserves, we will be required to increase those reserves for losses and LAE, reducing our earnings in the period in which the deficiency is identified. We consider inflation in the reserving process by reviewing cost trends and our historical reserving results. We also consider an estimate of increased costs in determining the adequacy of our rates, particularly as it relates to medical and hospital rates where historical inflation rates have exceeded general inflation rates.

Fluctuations in rates of inflation also influence interest rates, which in turn impact the market value of our investment portfolio and ~~liquidity obligations. Changes~~yields on new investments. Operating expenses, including payrolls, are also impacted to ~~our market risk, if any, since~~ ~~December 31, 2018~~ ~~are reflected~~a certain degree by inflation.

The COVID-19 pandemic has created great uncertainty about the path of the economy and society in ~~Management’s Discussion~~the years ahead. Recent supply and ~~Analysis~~demand shocks and dramatic changes in fiscal policy may lead to higher levels of ~~Financial Condition and Results of Operations and the financial statements contained~~inflation in ~~this Form 10-Q.~~future periods.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we have evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act)) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.

~~There~~Despite the Company being in work-from-home status, there have not been any changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the period covered by this report that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

From time-to-time, the Company is involved in pending and threatened litigation in the normal course of business in which claims for monetary damages are asserted. In the opinion of management, the ultimate liability, if any, arising from such pending or threatened litigation is not expected to have a material effect on our results of operations, liquidity, or financial position.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

~~We have disclosed in our Annual Report the most significant~~The following risk factors ~~that can impact year-to-year comparisons and that may affect the future performance of the Company’s business. On a quarterly basis, we review these disclosures and~~are in addition to, or serve to update, ~~the risk factors, as appropriate. As of the date of this report, there have been no material changes to~~ the risk factors contained in our Annual Report. Investing in our common stock involves risks. In evaluating our company, you should carefully consider such risks, together with all the information included or incorporated by reference in this report, as well as our Annual Report. Additional risks that we are not presently aware of or that we currently believe are immaterial may also impair our business operations. The occurrence of one or more of these events could significantly and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, and stock price, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic have significantly affected the global and U.S. economies and financial markets, and may further disrupt our operations and the operations of our insureds, agents, and third parties upon which we rely.

The current COVID-19 health emergency has caused significant disruption in the global and U.S. economies and financial markets. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization formally declared the COVID-19 outbreak to be a pandemic. The spread of COVID-19 has caused illness, quarantines, cancellation of events and travel, business and school shutdowns, reduction in business activity, widespread unemployment, supply chain interruptions, and overall economic and financial market instability. The U.S. currently has the most reported COVID-19 cases in the world, and all 50 states and the District of Columbia have reported cases of infected individuals. All U.S. states, including California, where we generated nearly one-half of our in-force premiums as of March 31, 2020, have declared states of emergency. Impacts to our business could be widespread and material impacts may result, including but not limited to, the following:

employees contracting COVID-19;

reductions in our operating effectiveness as our employees work from home;

unavailability of key personnel necessary to conduct our business activities;

reductions in our insureds' payrolls upon which our premiums are based;

unprecedented volatility in financial markets that could materially affect our investment portfolio valuations and returns;

government mandates and/or legislative changes, including premium grace periods and presumed COVID-19 compensability for all or certain occupational groups;

increases in frequency and/or severity of compensable claims;

increased credit risk;

business disruption to independent insurance agents and brokers and/or our partners that market and sell our insurance products; and

business disruptions to third parties that we outsource certain business functions to and whose technology upon which we rely.

We are taking precautions to protect the safety and well-being of our employees while providing uninterrupted service to our policyholders and claimants. However, no assurance can be given that these actions will be sufficient, nor can we predict the level of disruption that will occur to our employees' ability to continue to provide customer support and service as they work from home. Furthermore, should the COVID-19 pandemic and its related macro-economic risks continue for an extended period of time, demand for our insurance products would be negatively impacted and the level and severity of our compensable claims could increase, each of which could result in a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

The insurance business is subject to extensive regulation and legislative changes, which impact the manner in which we operate our business.

Our insurance business is subject to extensive regulation by the applicable state agencies in the jurisdictions in which we operate, most significantly by the insurance regulators in California, Florida, Nevada, and New York, the states in which our insurance subsidiaries are domiciled. Changes in laws and regulations could have a significant negative impact on our business. As of December 31, 2019, nearly one-half of our in-force premiums were generated in California. Accordingly, we are particularly affected by regulation in California.

More generally, insurance regulators have broad regulatory powers designed to protect policyholders and claimants, and not stockholders or other investors. Regulations vary from state to state, but typically address or include:

standards of solvency, including RBC measurements;

restrictions on the nature, quality, and concentration of investments;

restrictions on the types of terms that we can include in the insurance policies we offer;

mandates that may affect wage replacement and medical care benefits paid under the workers' compensation system;

requirements for the handling and reporting of claims and procedures for adjusting claims;

restrictions on the way rates are developed and premiums are determined;

the manner in which agents may be appointed;

establishment of liabilities for unearned premiums, unpaid losses and LAE;

limitations on our ability to transact business with affiliates;

mergers, acquisitions, and divestitures involving our insurance subsidiaries;

licensing requirements and approvals that affect our ability to do business;

compliance with all applicable privacy laws;

compliance with cyber-security laws and regulations;

potential assessments for the settlement of covered claims under insurance policies issued by impaired, insolvent, or failed insurance companies or other assessments imposed by regulatory agencies; and

the amount of dividends that our insurance subsidiaries may pay to EGI and CGI and, in turn, the ability of EGI and CGI to pay dividends to EHI.

Workers' compensation insurance is statutorily provided for in all of the states in which we do business. State laws and regulations specify the form and content of policy coverage and the rights and benefits that are available to injured workers, their representatives, and medical providers. Additionally, any retrospective change in regulatorily required benefits could materially increase the benefits costs that we would be responsible for to the extent of the legislative increase. In "administered pricing" states, insurance rates are set by the state insurance regulators and are adjusted periodically. Rate competition is generally not permitted in these states. Of the states in which we currently operate, Florida, Wisconsin, and Idaho are administered pricing states. Additionally, we are exposed to the risk that other states in which we operate will adopt administered pricing laws.

Legislation and regulation impact our ability to investigate fraud and other abuses of the workers' compensation system in the states in which we do business. Our relationships with medical providers are also impacted by legislation and regulation, including penalties for failure to make timely payments.

Federal legislation typically does not directly impact our workers' compensation business, but our business can be indirectly affected by changes in healthcare, occupational safety and health, and tax and financial regulations. Since healthcare costs are the largest component of our loss costs, we may be impacted by changes in healthcare legislation, which could affect healthcare costs and delivery in the future. There is also the possibility of federal regulation of insurance.

This extensive regulation of our business may affect the cost or demand for our products and may limit our ability to obtain rate increases or to take other actions that we might desire to maintain our profitability. In addition, we may be unable to maintain all required approvals or comply fully with applicable laws and regulations, or the relevant governmental authority's interpretation of such laws and regulations. If that were to occur, we might lose our ability to conduct business in certain jurisdictions. Further, changes in the level of regulation of the insurance industry or changes in laws or regulations or interpretations by regulatory authorities could impact our operations, require us to bear additional costs of compliance, and impact our profitability.

Any government mandates and/or legislative changes related to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, including mandated premium refunds or credits, extended premium grace periods, and presumed COVID-19 compensability for all or certain occupational groups, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Premium grace periods, along prolonged declines in our insureds' payrolls upon which our premiums are based, could significantly increase our expenses and adversely impact our liquidity. Furthermore, the presumption of COVID-19 compensability for all or certain occupational groups could significantly increase the frequency and severity of our compensable claims and increase our losses and LAE.

We focus on small businesses, and those businesses may be severely and disproportionately impacted by the recent downturn in economic conditions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Most states have ordered the closure of non-essential businesses amid the COVID-19 pandemic and it is uncertain how long these closures will remain in effect. Restaurants and Other Eating Places is currently our largest class of business, which at December 31, 2019, represented 24.7% of our in-force premiums. In most states, restaurants have been deemed to be non-essential businesses although most have allowed restaurants to continue to operate as long as they close their dining rooms and limit service to take-out and delivery business.

In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, there are growing concerns that many non-essential small business owners face permanent closure or heavy reliance on newly-established federal government programs (such as the CARES Act) in order to retain their businesses. The ultimate success of these programs is currently unknown. To the extent that such programs prove to be ineffective or are otherwise unattractive, unavailable or overly burdensome, many of our insureds could face permanent closure, which could have a material adverse effect on our future revenues and results of operations.

Our concentration in California ties our performance to the business, economic, demographic, natural perils, competitive, and regulatory conditions in that state.

Our business is concentrated in California, where we generated nearly one-half of our in-force premiums as of March 31, 2020. Accordingly, the loss environment and unfavorable business, economic, demographic, natural perils, competitive, and regulatory conditions in California, including the impacts of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, could negatively impact our business.

Many California businesses are dependent on tourism revenues, which are, in turn, dependent on a robust economy. A downturn in the national economy or the economy of California, or any other event that causes deterioration in tourism, could adversely impact small businesses, such as restaurants, that we have targeted as customers. The departure from California or insolvency of a significant number of small businesses could also have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. California is also exposed to climate and environmental changes, natural perils such as earthquakes, and susceptible to pandemics, or terrorist acts. Additionally, the workers' compensation industry has seen a higher level of claims litigation in California, which could expose us to further liabilities beyond what are currently expected and included on our financial statements. Because of the concentration of our business in California, we may be exposed to losses and business, economic, and regulatory risks or risk from natural perils that are greater than the risks associated with companies with greater geographic diversification.

We rely on independent insurance agents and brokers.

We market and sell the majority of our insurance products through independent, non-exclusive insurance agents and brokers. These agents and brokers are not obligated to promote our products and can and do sell our competitors' products. In addition, these agents and brokers may find it easier to promote the broader range of programs of some of our competitors than to promote our single-line workers' compensation insurance products. Additionally, any disruptions to or changes in the distribution of our insurance products, including Cerity's direct-to-customer workers' compensation insurance offerings or other potential market disruptions, could negatively impact the relationship between us and our independent agents and brokers. The loss or disruption of business of a number of our independent agents and brokers or the failure or inability of these agents and brokers to successfully market our insurance products, including impacts related to the COVID-19 pandemic, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

If we are unable to obtain reinsurance or collect on ceded reinsurance, our ability to write new policies and to renew existing policies could be adversely affected and our financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

At March 31, 2020, we had $534.1 million of reinsurance recoverables for paid and unpaid losses and LAE, of which $7.5 million was due to us on paid claims.

We purchase reinsurance to protect us against the costs of severe claims and catastrophic events, including natural perils and acts of terrorism, excluding nuclear, biological, chemical, and radiological events. On July 1, 2019, we entered into a new reinsurance program that is effective through June 30, 2020. The reinsurance program consists of one treaty covering excess of loss and catastrophic loss events in four layers of coverage. Our reinsurance coverage is $190.0 million in excess of our $10.0 million retention on a per occurrence basis, subject to certain exclusions.

Intense competition and the fact that we write only a single line of insurance could adversely affect our ability to sell policies at rates that we deem adequate.

The market for workers' compensation insurance products is highly competitive. Competition in our business is based on many factors, including premiums charged, services provided, ease of doing business, financial ratings assigned by independent rating agencies, speed of claims payments, reputation, policyholder dividends, perceived financial strength, and general experience. In some cases, our competitors offer lower priced products than we do. If our competitors offer more competitive premiums, policyholder dividends, or payment plans, services or commissions to independent agents, brokers, and other distributors, we could lose market share, have to reduce our premium rates, or increase commission rates, which could adversely affect our profitability. We compete with regional and national insurance companies, professional employer organizations, third-party administrators, self-insured employers, and state insurance funds. Our main competitors vary from state to state, but are usually those companies that offer a full range of services in underwriting, loss control, and claims. We compete on the basis of the services that we offer to our policyholders and on ease of doing business rather than solely on price.

Many of our competitors are significantly larger and possess greater financial, marketing, and management resources than we do. Some of our competitors benefit financially by not being subject to federal income tax. Intense competitive pressure on prices can result from the actions of even a single large competitor. Competitors with more surplus than us have the potential to expand in our markets more quickly than we can and invest more heavily in new technologies. Greater financial resources also permit an insurer to gain market share through more competitive pricing, even if that pricing results in reduced underwriting margins or an underwriting loss.

Many of our competitors are multi-line carriers that can price the workers' compensation insurance they offer at a loss in order to obtain other lines of business at a profit. This creates a competitive disadvantage for us, as we only offer a single line of insurance.

For example, a business may find it more efficient or less expensive to purchase multiple lines of commercial insurance coverage from a single carrier. Additionally, we primarily target small businesses, which may be more significantly and disproportionately impacted by a downturn in economic conditions such as those created by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

The property and casualty insurance industry is cyclical in nature and is characterized by periods of so-called "soft" market conditions, in which premium rates are stable or falling, insurance is readily available, and insurers' profits decline, and by periods of so-called "hard" market conditions, in which rates rise, insurance may be more difficult to find, and insurers' profits increase. According to the Insurance Information Institute, since 1970, the property and casualty insurance industry experienced hard market conditions from 1975 to 1978, 1984 to 1987, and 2001 to 2004. Although the financial performance of an individual insurance company is dependent on its own specific business characteristics, the profitability of most workers' compensation insurance companies generally tends to follow this cyclical market pattern. We believe the workers' compensation industry currently has excess underwriting capacity resulting in lower rate levels and smaller profit margins. We continue to experience price competition in our target markets.

Because of cyclicality in the workers' compensation market, due in large part to competition, capacity, and general economic factors, we cannot predict the timing or duration of changes in the market cycle. This cyclical pattern has in the past and could in the future adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. If we are unable to compete effectively, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

We may be unable to realize our investment objectives, and economic conditions in the financial markets could lead to investment losses.

Investment income is an important component of our revenue and net income. Our investment portfolio is managed by independent asset managers that operate under investment guidelines approved by the Finance Committee of the Board of Directors. Although these guidelines stress diversification and capital preservation, our investments are subject to a variety of risks that are beyond our control, including risks related to general economic conditions, interest rate fluctuations or prolonged periods of low interest rates, and market volatility. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental fiscal and monetary policies and domestic and international economic and political conditions. These and other factors affect the capital markets and, consequently, the value of our investment portfolio.

We are exposed to significant financial risks related to the capital markets, including the risk of potential economic loss principally arising from adverse changes in the fair value of financial instruments. The major components of market risk affecting us are interest rate risk, credit risk, and equity price risk. For more information regarding market risk, see "Part I, Item 3-Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk."

The outlook for our investment income is dependent on the future direction of interest rates, maturity schedules, and cash flow from operations that is available for investment. The fair values of fixed maturity securities that are AFS fluctuate with changes in interest rates and credit risk assumptions, which cause fluctuations in our stockholders' equity, net income and comprehensive income. Future market interest rates are particularly uncertain at this time given the abrupt interest rate cuts recently made by the Federal Reserve in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Any significant decline in our investment income or the value of our investments as a result of changes in interest rates, deterioration in the credit of companies or municipalities in which we have invested, decreased dividend payments, general market conditions, or events that have an adverse impact on any particular industry or geographic region in which we hold significant investments could have an adverse effect on our net income and, as a result, on our stockholders' equity and policyholder surplus.

The valuation of our investments, including the determination of the amount of impairments, includes estimates and assumptions and could result in changes to investment valuations that may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Beginning on January 1, 2018, we are required to measure equity securities at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income, which causes increased volatility in our results of operations. Equity securities represented 8% of our total investment portfolio as of March 31, 2020. The use of internally developed valuation techniques may have a material effect on the estimated fair value amounts of our investments and our financial condition.

We regularly review the valuation of our entire portfolio of fixed maturity investments, including the identification of other-than-temporary declines in fair value and expected credit losses. The determination of the amount of impairments taken on our investments is based on our periodic evaluation and assessment of our investments and known and inherent risks associated with the various asset classes. There can be no assurance that we have accurately determined the level of other-than-temporary impairments reflected on our financial statements and additional impairments may need to be taken in the future. Historical trends may not be indicative of future impairments.

Bank loans represented approximately 5.9% of our investment portfolio as of March 31, 2020. The yield on our bank loans is currently based on the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR). With the likelihood that there will be a cessation of LIBOR by the end of 2021, the yields and associated fair values of our bank loans could be impacted favorably or unfavorably by a transition from LIBOR to another rate.

We may require additional capital in the future, which may not be available to us or may be available only on unfavorable terms.

Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including state regulatory requirements, our ability to write new business successfully, and to establish premium rates and reserves at levels sufficient to cover losses. If we have to raise additional capital, equity or debt financing may not be available on terms that are favorable to us. In the case of equity financings, there could be dilution to our stockholders and the securities may have rights, preferences, and privileges senior to our common stock. In the case of debt financings, we may be subject to covenants that restrict our ability to freely operate our business. If we cannot obtain adequate capital on favorable terms or at all, we may be unable to implement our future growth or operating plans and our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

The capital and credit markets continue to experience volatility and disruption that could negatively affect market liquidity. These conditions have produced downward pressure on stock prices and limit the availability of credit for certain issuers without regard to those issuers' underlying financial strength. In addition, we could be forced to delay raising capital or be unable to raise capital on favorable terms, or at all, which could decrease our profitability, significantly reduce our financial flexibility, and cause rating agencies to reevaluate our financial strength ratings.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

The following table provides information with respect to the ~~Company's~~Company’s repurchases of its common stock during the first quarter of ~~2019:~~2020:

Period Total Number of Shares Purchased
Average
Price Paid
Per Share
Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Program
Approximate
Dollar Value of Shares that
May Yet be Purchased Under the Program
(in millions)
January 1 – January 31, 2019 50,772
$ 41.69
50,772
$ 43.3
February 1 – February 28, 2019 —
—
—
43.3
March 1 – March 31, 2019 620,065
40.83
620,065
18.0
Total 670,837
$ 40.90
670,837



Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased	Average Price Paid Per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Program	Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet be Purchased Under the Program
					(in millions)
January 1 - January 31	—	$	—	—	$	28.3
February 1 - February 29	71,325	40.86		71,325	25.4
March 1 - March 31	1,072,256	36.93		1,072,256	35.8
	1,143,581	$	37.17	1,143,581

On February 21, 2018, the Board of Directors ~~authorized~~announced a share repurchase program for repurchases of up to $50.0 million of our common stock from February 26, 2018 through February 26, 2020 (the 2018 Program). On April 24, 2019, the Board of Directors authorized a ~~$50~~$50.0 million expansion of the 2018 Program, to ~~$100~~$100.0 million, and extended the repurchase authority pursuant to the 2018 Program through June 30, 2020. On March 11, 2020, the Board of Directors authorized a second $50.0 million expansion of the 2018 Program, to $150.0 million, and extended the repurchase authority pursuant to the 2018 Program through June 30, 2021. The 2018 Program provides that shares may be purchased at prevailing market prices through a variety of methods, including open market or private transactions, in accordance with applicable laws and regulations and as determined by management. The timing and actual number of shares that may be repurchased will depend on a variety of factors, including the share price, corporate and regulatory requirements, and other market and economic conditions. Repurchases under the 2018 Program may be commenced, modified, or suspended from time to time without prior notice, and the program may be suspended or discontinued at any time.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information

None.

Item 6. Exhibits

Incorporated by Reference Herein

Exhibit

No.

Description of Exhibit

Included

Herewith

Form

File No.

Exhibit

Filing Date

~~10.1~~

~~Confirmation of Amendment No. 1 To Irrevocable Letter of Credit No. 2018-08 between EAC and FHLB SF, dated March 1, 2019~~

��

~~10.2~~

~~Confirmation of Amendment No. 1 To Irrevocable Letter of Credit No. 2018-09 between ECIC and FHLB SF, dated March 1, 2019~~

~~10.3~~

~~Confirmation of Amendment No. 1 To Irrevocable Letter of Credit No. 2018-10 between EPIC and FHLB SF, dated March 1, 2019~~

31.1

Certification of Douglas D. Dirks Pursuant to Section 302

31.2

Certification of Michael S. Paquette Pursuant to Section 302

32.1

Certification of Douglas D. Dirks Pursuant to Section 906

32.2

Certification of Michael S. Paquette Pursuant to Section 906

101.INS

XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded with the Inline XBRL document.

101.SCH

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

—————

*Represents management contracts and compensatory plans or arrangements.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

EMPLOYERS HOLDINGS, INC.



Date:	April ~~25, 2019~~24, 2020	/s/ Michael S. Paquette
		Michael S. Paquette
		Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
		Employers Holdings, Inc.
		(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

3444



	Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2019		March 31, 2018
Level 3 Securities:	(in millions)
Beginning balance, January 1	$	—	$	4.7
Transfers out of Level 3 ⁽¹⁾	—		(4.7		)
Purchases and sales, net	—		—
Ending balance, March 31	$	—	$	—