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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington,WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)
☒QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
(Mark One)
xQUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2017March 31, 2023
Or
☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from            to         
OR
¨TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission file number: 001-36080
Ophthotech CorporationIVERIC bio, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware20-8185347
Delaware20-8185347
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)No.)
One Penn Plaza, 19th Floor
New York, NY
8 Sylvan Way		1011907054
Parsippany,NJ(Zip Code)
(Address of principal executive offices)(Zip Code)

(212) 845-8200(609) 474-6755
(Registrant’sRegistrant's telephone number, including area code)


Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading Symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.001 par value per shareISEEThe Nasdaq Global Select Market
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒Yes    x☐ No¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). ☒Yes    x☐ No¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging“emerging growth company"company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filerx
 ☒
Accelerated filer¨
☐
Non-accelerated filer¨
☐
Smaller reporting company¨
☐
Emerging growth company¨
(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨
☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐Yes    ¨☒Nox
As of November 6, 2017May 1, 2023 there were 36,038,683137,782,748 shares of Common Stock, $0.001 par value per share, outstanding.



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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.
Financial Statements
3
4
Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets
4
Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss
5
Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity
6
Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
7
Notes to Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
8
24
4339
4339
PART II—OTHER INFORMATION
4540
4540
8242
8342
8343
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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. All statements, other than statements of historical facts, contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including statements regarding our strategy, future operations, future financial position, future revenues, projected costs, prospects, plans and objectives of management, are forward-looking statements. The words “anticipate,” “believe,” “goals,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “might,” “plan,” “predict,” “project,” “target,” “potential,” “will,” “would,” “could,” “should,” “continue” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words.
The forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q include, among other things, statements about:
•statements related to the transactions contemplated by the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of April 28, 2023, or the Merger Agreement, among us, Astellas US Holding, Inc., a Delaware corporation, or Astellas, Berry Merger Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation and a wholly owned subsidiary of Astellas, or Merger Sub, and solely as provided by Section 8.10(b) of the Merger Agreement, Astellas Pharma Inc., a company organized under the laws of Japan, pursuant to which, among other matters, and subject to the satisfaction or waiver of the conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement, Merger Sub will merge with and into our company, or the Merger, with our company surviving the Merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of Astellas, including our expectations regarding the consummation of the Merger within the timeframe anticipated, or at all;
•the potential benefits of our updated business plan and strategy, including our goal to continue deliver treatment options for various stages of age-related macular degeneration (AMD);
•our Zimura® (avacincaptad pegol) age-related development programs, initiateexpectations regarding the impact of results from GATHER1, our completed Phase 3 clinical trial evaluating avacincaptad pegol (ACP) for the treatment of Geographic Atrophy (GA) secondary to AMD, and from GATHER2, our ongoing Phase 3 clinical trial evaluating ACP for the treatment of GA secondary to AMD, on our business and regulatory strategy, including, the timing and response to our new development programsdrug application (NDA) submitted to the U.S. Food and potentially expandDrug Administration (FDA), our product pipeline;plans to submit marketing authorization applications to the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), and our expectations for using ACP for the treatment of intermediate AMD;

our ability to in-license or acquire additional products, product candidates or technologies to treat ophthalmic diseases and •the timing, costs, conduct and outcome of preclinical development orGATHER2, including expectations regarding patient retention and the safety profile of ACP, including from our open-label extension study for patients who completed the GATHER2 trial, and expectations regarding the potential for ACP to receive regulatory approval for the treatment of GA based on the clinical trialstrial results we undertakehave received to date;
•our plans and strategy for these newly acquired assets;
the potential commercialization of ACP, including hiring of medical affairs and commercialization personnel, building a commercialization infrastructure, including sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, and our expectations relatedregarding the market dynamics for treatments for GA and other commercial matters;
•our ability to establish and maintain capabilities and capacity for the manufacture of ACP and our useother product candidates, including scale up and validation of available cash;the manufacturing process for ACP drug substance and drug product, and securing the supply of the polyethylene glycol (PEG) starting material and other materials for our expected manufacturing needs and securing the supply of ACP drug substance, drug product and finished goods for our expected needs;
•our plans for evaluating, obtaining rights to, developing and potentially commercializing new formulations of ACP with the silica-based sustained release technology we in-licensed from DelSiTech Ltd. (DelSiTech) and other sustained release delivery technologies for ACP;
•the timing, costs, conduct and outcome of STAR, our ongoing Phase 2b screening trial evaluating ACP for the treatment of autosomal recessive Stargardt disease, including expectations regarding the recruitment of additional patients for this trial;
•our estimates regarding expenses, future revenues and debt service obligations, the sufficiency of our cash resources and our capital requirements and needsneed for, and ability to obtain, additional financing;
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•the timing, costs, conduct and outcome of our ongoing clinical trial of Zimura as a monotherapy for the treatment of geographic atrophy, or GA, secondary to dry AMD, our clinical trial of Zimura in combination with an anti-VEGF drug for the treatment of wet AMD, our planned clinical trial of Zimura as a monotherapy for autosomal recessive Stargardt disease, which we refer to as STGD1, our planned clinical trial of Zimura in combination with an anti-VEGF drug for the treatment of idiopathic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, and our planned clinical trial of Zimura as a monotherapy for non-infectious intermediate and posterior uveitis,trials, including statements regarding the timing of the initiation of and completion of, enrollment inand the receipt of results from, such clinical trials, the costs to conduct such clinical trials, and the impact of the results of such clinical trials on our business strategy;
•the timing, costs, conduct and outcome of our ongoing and planned research and preclinical development activities, including statements regarding the timing of the initiation and completion of, and the receipt of results from, such activities, the costs to obtain and timing of receipt of initial results from,conduct such activities, and the completionimpact of the results of such trials;activities on our business strategy;
•the timing of and our ability to submit investigational new drug applications for, and to submit new drug applications or marketing authorization applications for and to obtain marketing approval of our product candidates, and the ability of our product candidates to meet existing or future regulatory standards;
•the potential advantages of our product candidates;candidates and other technologies that we are pursuing, including our hypotheses regarding complement factor C5 inhibition and HtrA1 inhibition as potentially relevant mechanisms of action to treat GA and other stages of AMD, and of gene therapy, including the use of minigenes;
•our estimates regarding the number of patients affected by the diseases our product candidates and development programs are intended to treat;
•our estimates regarding the potential market opportunity for our product candidates, including our ability to obtain coverage and reimbursement for those product candidates, if approved;
•the rate and degree of potential market acceptance and clinical utility of our product candidates, if approved;
our estimates regarding the potential market opportunity for our product candidates;
•the potential receipt of revenues from future sales of our product candidates, if approved;
•our sales, marketingpersonnel and distribution capabilitieshuman capital resources;
•our plans and strategy;
our ability to establish and maintain arrangementsacquire rights to additional product candidates or technologies to treat retinal diseases, including additional sustained release delivery technologies for the manufacture of our product candidates;ACP;
•our intellectual property position;
•the impact of existing and new governmental laws and regulations; and
•our competitive position.
We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements, and our stockholders should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Actual results or events could differ materially from the plans, intentions and expectations disclosed in the forward-looking statements we make. We have included important factors in the cautionary statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, on March 1, 2023, and in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, particularly in the “Risk Factors” section,sections that we believe could cause actual results or events to differ materially from the forward-looking statements that we make. Our forward-
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lookingforward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, licenses, dispositions, joint ventures or investments we may make.
In particular, except as otherwise indicated, our forward-looking statements do not assume the consummation of the proposed acquisition of our company by Astellas. If the Merger is consummated, many of the forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q would no longer be applicable.
You should read this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the documents that we have filed as exhibits to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and our other periodic reports, completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. The forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are made as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and we do not assume any obligation to update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by applicable law.

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q includes statistical and other industry and market data that we obtained from industry publications and research, surveys and studies conducted by third parties. Industry publications and third-party research, surveys and studies generally indicate that their information has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, although they do not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of such information.
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In connection with the proposed acquisition by Astellas, we will be filing documents with the SEC, including preliminary and definitive proxy statements relating to the proposed acquisition. This document is not a substitute for the proxy statement or any other document which we may file with the SEC. The definitive proxy statement will be mailed to our stockholders in connection with the proposed acquisition. This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q is not a substitute for the proxy statement or any other document that may be filed by us with the SEC. BEFORE MAKING ANY VOTING DECISION, OUR INVESTORS AND SECURITY HOLDERS ARE URGED TO READ THE PRELIMINARY AND DEFINITIVE PROXY STATEMENTS AND ANY OTHER DOCUMENTS TO BE FILED WITH THE SEC IN CONNECTION WITH THE PROPOSED ACQUISITION OR INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE IN THE PROXY STATEMENT WHEN THEY BECOME AVAILABLE BECAUSE THEY WILL CONTAIN IMPORTANT INFORMATION ABOUT THE PROPOSED ACQUISITION. Any vote in respect of resolutions to be proposed at our stockholder meeting to approve the proposed acquisition or other responses in relation to the proposed acquisition should be made only on the basis of the information contained in our proxy statement relating to the proposed acquisition. Investors and security holders may obtain free copies of these documents (when they are available) and other related documents filed with the SEC at the SEC’s web site at www.sec.gov, and all documents filed by us with the SEC are available to all of our stockholders free of charge at https://investors.ivericbio.com/financial-information/sec-filings or by contacting our investor relations department at the following:

IVERIC bio, Inc.
Kathy Galante
Senior Vice President, Investor Relations
kathy.galante@ivericbio.com

We, and our directors, executive officers and other members of management and certain other people may be deemed to be participants in the solicitation of proxies in connection with the proposed acquisition by Astellas. Information about our directors and executive officers is included in the proxy statement for our 2023 annual meeting of stockholders, filed with the SEC on April 5, 2023. Additional information regarding these persons and their interests in the proposed acquisition will be included in the proxy statement relating to the proposed acquisition when it is filed with the SEC. These documents, when available, can be obtained free of charge from the sources indicated above.

USE OF TRADEMARKS
The trademarks, trade names and service marks appearing in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are the property of their respective owners. We have omitted the ® and ™ designations, as applicable, for the trademarks named in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q after their first reference in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
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PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements
OPHTHOTECH CORPORATIONIVERIC bio, Inc.
Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
September 30,
2017		 December 31,
2016
    March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Assets 
  
Assets  
Current assets 
  
Current assets  
Cash and cash equivalents$180,217
 $133,930
Cash and cash equivalents$467,572 $476,304 
Available for sale securities—
 155,348
Available for sale securities132,349 170,531 
Due from Novartis Pharma AG—
 3,531
Prepaid expenses and other current assets1,436
 3,078
Prepaid expenses and other current assets11,622 15,991 
Total current assets181,653
 295,887
Total current assets611,543 662,826 
Property and equipment, net1,302
 3,281
Property and equipment, net1,109 946 
Right-of-use asset, netRight-of-use asset, net755 1,182 
Other assets27
 462
Other assets— 1,869 
Total assets$182,982
 $299,630
Total assets$613,407 $666,823 
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) 
  
Liabilities and Stockholders' EquityLiabilities and Stockholders' Equity  
Current liabilities 
  
Current liabilities  
Accrued research and development expenses$6,212
 $47,240
Accrued research and development expenses$20,574 $11,555 
Accounts payable and accrued expenses7,895
 12,032
Accounts payable and accrued expenses18,026 22,843 
Deferred revenue—
 6,646
Lease liabilityLease liability774 1,189 
Total current liabilities14,107
 65,918
Total current liabilities39,374 35,587 
Deferred revenue, long-term—
 203,330
Royalty purchase liability125,000
 125,000
Lease liability, non-currentLease liability, non-current— 11 
Debt, non-currentDebt, non-current96,987 96,568 
Total liabilities139,107
 394,248
Total liabilities136,361 132,166 
Stockholders’ equity (deficit) 
  
Preferred stock - $0.001 par value, 5,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued or outstanding$—
 $—
Common stock - $0.001 par value, 200,000,000 shares authorized, 36,032,883 and 35,733,276 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively36
 36
Stockholders' equityStockholders' equity  
Preferred stock—$0.001 par value, 5,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued or outstandingPreferred stock—$0.001 par value, 5,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued or outstanding— — 
Common stock—$0.001 par value, 200,000,000 shares authorized, 137,249,579 and 136,639,687 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectivelyCommon stock—$0.001 par value, 200,000,000 shares authorized, 137,249,579 and 136,639,687 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively137 137 
Additional paid-in capital519,051
 504,517
Additional paid-in capital1,414,043 1,399,555 
Accumulated deficit(475,212) (598,959)Accumulated deficit(937,035)(864,806)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss—
 (212)
Total stockholders’ equity (deficit)43,875
 (94,618)
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity (deficit)$182,982
 $299,630
Accumulated other comprehensive incomeAccumulated other comprehensive income(99)(229)
Total stockholders' equityTotal stockholders' equity477,046 534,657 
Total liabilities and stockholders' equityTotal liabilities and stockholders' equity$613,407 $666,823 
   
The accompanying unaudited notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

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IVERIC bio, Inc.
OPHTHOTECH CORPORATION
Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss
(in thousands, except per share data)
 Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
 2017 2016 2017 2016
        
Collaboration revenue$206,654
 $1,668
 $209,977
 $45,587
Operating expenses: 
  
  
  
Research and development10,707
 50,854
 58,343
 136,886
General and administrative7,059
 12,024
 28,770
 37,209
Total operating expenses17,766
 62,878
 87,113
 174,095
Income (loss) from operations188,888
 (61,210) 122,864
 (128,508)
Interest income391
 409
 1,113
 1,301
Other loss(12) (20) (34) (88)
Income (loss) before income tax provision (benefit)189,267
 (60,821) 123,943
 (127,295)
Income tax provision (benefit)194
 70
 196
 (158)
Net income (loss)$189,073
 $(60,891) $123,747
 $(127,137)
Net income (loss) per common share: 
  
  
  
Basic$5.26
 $(1.71) $3.45
 $(3.59)
Diluted$5.25
 $(1.71) $3.44
 $(3.59)
Weighted average common shares outstanding: 
  
  
  
Basic35,971
 35,594
 35,878
 35,415
Diluted36,047
 35,594
 35,984
 35,415
 Three Months Ended March 31,
 20232022
Operating expenses:  
Research and development$42,083 $22,557 
General and administrative31,758 12,113 
Total operating expenses73,841 34,670 
Loss from operations(73,841)(34,670)
Interest income, net3,461 133 
Other (expense) income, net(1,849)1 
Loss before income tax benefit(72,229)(34,536)
Income tax benefit— — 
Net loss$(72,229)$(34,536)
Comprehensive loss$(72,099)$(34,840)
Net loss per common share:  
Basic and diluted$(0.53)$(0.29)
Weighted average common shares outstanding:
Basic and diluted137,087 118,755 
   
The accompanying unaudited notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

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IVERIC bio, Inc.
OPHTHOTECH CORPORATION
Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)Stockholders' Equity
(in thousands)
 Preferred StockCommon StockAdditional
paid-in
capital		Accumulated
Deficit		Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)		Total
 SharesAmountSharesAmount
Balance at December 31, 2022— $— 136,640 $137 $1,399,555 $(864,806)$(229)$534,657 
Issuance of common stock under employee stock compensation plans— — 610 — 2,589 — — 2,589 
Share-based compensation— — — — 11,899 — — 11,899 
Net loss— — — — — (72,229)— (72,229)
Unrealized loss on available for sale securities, net of tax— — — — — — 130 130 
Balance at March 31, 2023— $— 137,250 $137 $1,414,043 $(937,035)$(99)$477,046 
 Preferred StockCommon StockAdditional
paid-in
capital		Accumulated
Deficit		Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)		Total
 SharesAmountSharesAmount
Balance at December 31, 2021— $— 115,277 $115 $1,040,098 $(679,595)$(90)$360,528 
Issuance of common stock under employee stock compensation plans— — 697 1 2,079 — — 2,080 
Share-based compensation— — — — 5,386 — — 5,386 
Net loss— — — — — (34,536)— (34,536)
Unrealized loss on available for sale securities, net of tax— — — — — — (304)(304)
Balance at March 31, 2022— $— 115,974 $116 $1,047,563 $(714,131)$(394)$333,154 

 Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
 2017 2016 2017 2016
        
Net income (loss)$189,073
 $(60,891) $123,747
 $(127,137)
Other comprehensive income (loss): 
  
  
  
Unrealized gain (loss) on available for sale securities, net of tax186
 (41) 212
 314
Other comprehensive income (loss)186
 (41) 212
 314
Comprehensive income (loss)$189,259
 $(60,932) $123,959
 $(126,823)

The accompanying unaudited notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
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IVERIC bio, Inc.
OPHTHOTECH CORPORATION
Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(in thousands)
 Three Months Ended March 31,
 20232022
Operating Activities  
Net loss$(72,229)$(34,536)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities  
Depreciation and other expense70 21 
   Amortization and accretion of term loan related costs419 — 
Amortization of premium and discounts on investment securities(1,289)300 
Share-based compensation11,899 5,386 
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:  
Prepaid expense and other assets6,238 435 
Accrued interest receivable96 (66)
Accrued research and development expenses9,019 (1,486)
Accounts payable and accrued expenses(4,817)(7,562)
Change in working capital1 (4)
Net cash used in operating activities(50,593)(37,512)
Investing Activities  
Purchase of marketable securities— (48,897)
Purchase of property and equipment(233)(116)
Maturities of marketable securities39,505 14,865 
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities39,272 (34,148)
Financing Activities  
Proceeds from employee stock plan purchases2,589 2,080 
Net cash provided by financing activities2,589 2,080 
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents(8,732)(69,580)
Cash and cash equivalents  
Beginning of period476,304 261,447 
End of period$467,572 $191,867 
Supplemental disclosure of cash paid
Interest expense paid in cash$2,406 $— 
 Nine Months Ended September 30,
 2017 2016
    
Operating Activities 
  
Net income (loss)$123,747
 $(127,137)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash used in operating activities 
  
Depreciation1,979
 539
Amortization of premium and discounts on investment securities140
 454
Deferred income taxes163
 22,916
Share-based compensation14,463
 24,889
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: 
  
Due from Novartis Pharma AG3,531
 4,383
Income tax receivable(52) (20,844)
Prepaid expense and other current assets1,694
 569
Accrued interest receivable465
 157
Other assets435
 19
Accrued research and development expenses(41,028) 21,197
Accounts payable and accrued expenses(4,137) (1,629)
Deferred revenue(209,976) (1,298)
Net cash used in operating activities(108,576) (75,785)
Investing Activities 
  
Purchase of marketable securities(12,014) (48,123)
Maturities of marketable securities166,806
 62,500
Purchase of property and equipment—
 (247)
Net cash provided by investing activities154,792
 14,130
Financing Activities 
  
Proceeds from stock option/employee stock purchase plan exercises71
 5,398
Net cash provided by financing activities71
 5,398
Net change in cash and cash equivalents46,287
 (56,257)
Cash and cash equivalents 
  
Beginning of period133,930
 221,861
End of period$180,217
 $165,604
Supplemental disclosures of non-cash information related to investing activities 
  
Change in unrealized gain (loss) on available for sale securities, net of tax$212
 $314

   
The accompanying unaudited notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
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OPHTHOTECH CORPORATIONIVERIC bio, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
(tabular dollars and shares in thousands, except per share data)
1. Business
Description of Business and Organization
Ophthotech CorporationIVERIC bio, Inc. (the “Company” or “Ophthotech”) was incorporatedis a science-driven biopharmaceutical company focused on January 5, 2007, in Delaware.the discovery and development of novel treatments for retinal diseases with significant unmet medical needs. The Company is committed to having a biopharmaceutical company specializing in the development of novel therapeuticspositive impact on patients’ lives by delivering high-quality, safe and effective treatments designed to treat ophthalmicaddress debilitating retinal diseases, with a focus on age-related and orphan retinal diseases. The Company currently has two product candidates in development, Zimura® (avacincaptad pegol), an anti-complement factor C5 aptamer, and Fovista® (pegpleranib), an anti-platelet derived growth factor, or PDGF, aptamer. Prior to 2017, the Company's primary focus was on developing Fovista and Zimura for various typesincluding earlier stages of age-related macular degeneration (“AMD”).
On April 28, 2023, the Company, Astellas US Holding, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Astellas”), Berry Merger Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation and a wholly owned subsidiary of Astellas (“Merger Sub”), and solely as provided by Section 8.10(b) of the Merger Agreement, Astellas Pharma Inc., a company organized under the laws of Japan (“Guarantor”), entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”), discussed further in Note 11, pursuant to which, among other matters, and subject to the satisfaction or waiver of the conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement, Merger Sub will merge with and into the Company (the “Merger”), with the Company surviving the Merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of Astellas. Consummation of the Merger is subject to customary closing conditions, including, without limitation, obtaining the required regulatory approvals and approval by the Company’s stockholders.

The Company’s lead asset is its clinical stage product candidate avacincaptad pegol (also referred to as ACP), a complement C5 inhibitor. It is currently targeting the following diseases with avacincaptad pegol:

•Geographic Atrophy (“GA”), which is the advanced stage of AMD, and is characterized by marked thinning or atrophy of retinal tissue, leading to irreversible loss of vision;

•intermediate AMD, which is a disorderan earlier stage of AMD; and

•autosomal recessive Stargardt disease (“STGD1”), which is an orphan inherited condition characterized by progressive damage to the central portion of the retina known as the macula, that may result in blindness. (the “macula”) and other retinal tissue, leading to loss of vision.

In December 2016,October 2019, the Company announced that two ofpositive 12-month data for GATHER1, its three pivotalfirst Phase 3 clinical trials for Fovista in combination with the anti-vascular endothelial growth factor, or anti-VEGF, drug Lucentis® (ranibizumab)trial evaluating avacincaptad pegol for the treatment of wet AMD failedGA secondary to meet theirAMD. In GATHER1, 286 patients were randomized to receive various doses of avacincaptad pegol, including avacincaptad pegol 2 mg, or sham control. The Company observed a 27.7% (p-value = 0.0063) reduction in the mean rate of growth (slope) estimated based on GA area between the avacincaptad pegol 2 mg group and the corresponding sham control group over 12 months, when performing the primary endpoint.  In August 2017,analysis, and a 35.4% (p-value = 0.0050) reduction in the mean rate of growth (slope) estimated based on GA area between the two groups over 12 months, when performing the supportive analysis. These results are based on a post-hoc analysis of the GATHER1 data using the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) preferred primary efficacy endpoint analysis from the Company’s Special Protocol Assessment (“SPA”), which is described further below. The Company analyzed the endpoint by using the square root transformation of the GA area, which it refers to as the primary analysis, and the Company announced thatanalyzed the third pivotalendpoint by using the observed GA area (without square root transformation), which it refers to as the supportive analysis. In GATHER1, through month 12, the Company did not observe any events of endophthalmitis or ischemic optic neuropathy events, and only one case of intraocular inflammation, which was mild and transient and reported as related to the injection procedure. The incidence of choroidal neovascularization (“CNV”) in the study eye through month 12 was 6 patients (9.0%) in the avacincaptad pegol 2 mg group and 3 patients (2.7%) in the corresponding sham control group.

In June 2020, the Company started enrolling patients in GATHER2, its second Phase 3 clinical trial for Fovista in combination with the anti-VEGF drugs Eylea® (aflibercept) or Avastin® (bevacizumab)evaluating avacincaptad pegol for the treatment of wet AMD, referredGA secondary to as the OPH1004 trial, failed to meet its primary endpoint. The Company is in the process of winding down the OPH1004 Fovista trial and has no future plans to develop Fovista in wet AMD and only very limited Fovista development activity outside of wet AMD. In early 2017,July 2021, the Company received a written agreement from the FDA under the SPA for the overall design of GATHER2. The SPA is a procedure by which the FDA provides a clinical trial sponsor with an official evaluation and written guidance on the design of a proposed protocol intended to form the basis for a new drug application (“NDA”). In connection with our SPA, the FDA recommended, and the Company accepted, modifying the primary efficacy endpoint for the GATHER2 trial from the mean rate of change in GA area over 12 months measured by fundus autofluorescence (“FAF”) at three timepoints: baseline, month 6 and month 12, to the mean rate of growth (slope) estimated based on GA area measured by FAF in at least three timepoints: baseline, month 6 and month 12.

In September 2022, the Company announced that it had engagedpositive 12-month top-line data for GATHER2. In GATHER2, 448 patients were randomized on a financial advisor1:1 basis to assist it in reviewingreceive avacincaptad pegol 2 mg or sham control over the Company’s strategic alternatives, including identifying potential business development opportunities. Also beginning in early 2017,first 12 months of the trial. At 12
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months, the Company undertookmeasured the primary efficacy endpoint in accordance with the SPA. In GATHER2, the Company observed a reassessment14.3% (p-value = 0.0064) reduction in the mean rate of its development plans for Zimuragrowth (slope) in GA area between the two groups at 12 months with the primary analysis, and Fovista, which included an evaluationa 17.7% (p-value = 0.0039) reduction in the mean rate of growth (slope) in GA area between the scientific rationale for potentially developing these product candidatestwo groups at 12 months with the supportive analysis. The Company did not observe any events of endophthalmitis, intraocular inflammation events, events of vasculitis or ischemic optic neuropathy events through month 12, and the incidence of choroidal neovascularization (“CNV”) in one or more other ophthalmic indications for which there is a high unmet need. the study eye through month 12 was 15 patients (6.7%) in the avacincaptad pegol 2 mg group and 9 patients (4.1%) in the sham control group.

In July 2017,March 2023, the Company announced that it is pursuingresults from an exploratory time-to-event analysis from the GATHER1 and GATHER2 clinical trials evaluating reduction in vision loss with avacincaptad pegol 2 mg versus sham treatment. The GATHER1 and GATHER2 clinical trials were designed to evaluate the rate of GA lesion growth in patients with GA secondary to AMD. The post-hoc analysis for vision loss from these pivotal trials signals up to a strategy59% reduction in rate of vision loss with avacincaptad pegol 2 mg compared to leverage itssham treatment at 12 months. The results were consistent in the GATHER1 and GATHER2 clinical experiencetrials independently, signaling a 44% reduction (Hazard Ratio 0.56 with 95% CI, 0.15-2.06) and retina expertisea 59% percent reduction (Hazard Ratio 0.41 with 95% CI, 0.17-1.00) respectively in the rate of vision loss with avacincaptad pegol 2 mg compared to identifysham over the first 12 months of treatment. In a combined analysis of GATHER1 and develop therapiesGATHER2, patients treated with avacincaptad pegol 2 mg experienced a 56% reduction (Hazard Ratio 0.44, with 95% CI, 0.21-0.92) in the rate of vision loss compared to treat multiple ophthalmic orphan diseases for which there are limited or no treatment options available. Tosham over the first 12 months of treatment. Vision loss in this end, the Company is preparing to initiate a randomized, controlled Phase 2b clinical trial of Zimuraanalysis was defined as a monotherapyloss of ≥15 letters (EDTRS) in best corrected visual acuity (“BCVA”) from baseline measured at any two consecutive visits up to month 12.

The Company believes that with the statistically significant results from its GATHER1 and GATHER2 trials and the safety profile of avacincaptad pegol to date, it has sufficient data from two independent, adequate and well-controlled pivotal clinical trials of avacincaptad pegol in GA secondary to AMD to support an application for marketing approval. In November 2022, the FDA granted breakthrough therapy designation to ACP for the treatment of autosomal recessive Stargardt disease ("STGD1"), an inherited retinal orphan disease causing vision loss during childhood or adolescence, beforeGA secondary to AMD. In December 2022, the endCompany completed the rolling submission of 2017.its NDA to the FDA for marketing approval of avacincaptad pegol for the treatment of GA secondary to AMD. In parallel,February 2023, the FDA accepted its NDA for filing and granted priority review with a Prescription Drug User Fee Act (“PDUFA”) target action date of August 19, 2023.

In addition to avacincaptad pegol, the Company is continuingdeveloping its on-going Zimura programs inpreclinical product candidate IC-500, a High temperature requirement A serine peptidase 1 protein (“HtrA1”) inhibitor, for GA secondary to AMD and potentially other age-related retinal diseases.

The CompanyCompany’s portfolio also includes several ongoing gene therapy research programs, each of which uses adeno-associated virus (“AAV”) for gene delivery. These AAV mediated gene therapy programs are targeting the following orphan inherited retinal diseases (“IRDs”):

•Leber Congenital Amaurosis type 10 (“LCA10”), which is also continuing its business development efforts to identifycharacterized by severe bilateral loss of vision at or soon after birth;

•STGD1; and potentially obtain rights to additional products, product candidates

•IRDs associated with mutations in the USH2A gene, which include Usher syndrome type 2A, and technologies that would complement its strategic goals as well as other compelling ophthalmology opportunities.USH2A-associated non-syndromic autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa.


2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

The Company’s significant accounting policies are described in Note 2, “Significant“Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” in the notes to the audited consolidated financial statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (“Annual Report”) for the year ended December 31, 2016.
2022 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March 1, 2023.
Basis of Presentation and Consolidation
The accompanying unauditedIn the opinion of management, the Company’s condensed consolidated financial information asstatements include all adjustments, consisting of September 30, 2017 andnormal recurring accruals, necessary for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 has been prepared by the Company pursuant to the rules and regulationsa fair statement of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included inCompany’s financial statements preparedfor interim periods in accordance with U.S.accounting principles generally accepted accounting principlesin the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been
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eliminated in consolidation. The information included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes included in the Annual Report.
The year-end condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. The December 31, 2016 Balance Sheetconsolidated balance sheet data presented for comparative purposes was derived from the Company’s audited financial statements. These interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with the notes to the financial statements contained in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (“Annual Report”) for 2016, as filed with the SEC on February 28, 2017.
In the opinion of management, the unaudited financial information as of September 30, 2017 and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, reflectsbut does not include all adjustments, which are normal recurring adjustments, necessary to present a fair statement of the financial position, results of operations and cash flows of the Company.disclosures required by U.S. GAAP. The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016March 31, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the operating results for the full fiscal year or for any futureother subsequent interim period.
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Segment and geographic informationGeographic Information
Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision maker, or decision making group, in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company views its operations and manages its business in one operating and reporting segment.

Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. The Company bases its estimates and judgments on historical experience and on various other assumptions that it believes are reasonable under the circumstances. The amounts of assets and liabilities reported in the Company’sCompany's Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets and the amount of expenses reported for each of the periods presented are affected by estimates and assumptions, which are used for, but not limited to, accounting for research and development costs, revenue recognition, accounting for share-based compensation and accounting for income taxes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of 90 days or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. The carrying amounts reported in the Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets for cash and cash equivalents are valued at cost, which approximates their fair value.
As of September 30, 2017, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $180.2 million. The Company believes that its existing cash and cash equivalents as of September 30, 2017 will be sufficient to fund its operations and capital expenditure requirements as currently planned for at least the next 12 months.
Available for Sale Securities
The Company considers debt securities with original maturities of greater than 90 days when purchased to be available for saleavailable-for-sale securities. Available for saleAvailable-for-sale securities with original maturities of greater than one year are recorded as non-current assets. Available for saleAvailable-for -sale securities are recorded at fair value and unrealized gains and losses are recorded within accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).income.
On a quarterly basis, the Company reviews the status of each security in an unrealized loss position, to evaluate the existence of potential credit losses. The estimatedCompany first considers whether it intends to sell, or if it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For securities that do not meet this criteria, the Company considers a number of factors to determine if the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors, including but not limited to: (1) the extent of the decline; (2) changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency; (3) any adverse conditions specific to the security; and (4) other market conditions that may affect the fair value of the availablesecurity. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists and the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, an allowance for sale securitiescredit losses is determined based on quoted market prices or ratesrequired for similar instruments. In addition, the cost of debt securities in this category is adjusted for amortization of premium and accretion of discount to maturity. The Company evaluates securities with unrealized losses to determine whether such losses, if any, are other than temporary.
Revenue Recognition
Collaboration Revenue
In May 2014, the Company received an upfront payment of $200.0 million in connection with its licensing and commercialization agreement (the “Novartis Agreement”) with Novartis Pharma AG ("Novartis"). Prior to the third quarter of 2017, this payment hadcredit loss. Any impairment that has not been recorded as revenue due to the existence of a contingency with respect to the Company's right to terminate the agreementthrough an allowance for credit losses is recognized in certain circumstances and the associated termination fee equivalent to the entire $200.0 million upfront payment, which the Company would have been required to pay if it had elected to exercise this termination option. The Company and Novartis entered into a letter agreement in July 2017 (the "Letter Agreement") that waived the Company's termination right, thereby resolving the contingency and allowing the Company to immediately recognize as revenue the portion of the upfront payment allocated using the relative selling price method to deliverables completed during prior periods. See "Note 5-Licensing and Commercialization Agreement with Novartis Pharma AG" below for a further description of the Letter Agreement. During the third quarter of 2017, the Company completed the remaining deliverables under the Novartis Agreement and the Letter Agreement and recognized as revenue the balance of all of the payments previously received from Novartis related to licensing, research and development, manufacturing and joint operating committee activities that had been previously deferred using the relative selling price method. In total, during the third quarter of 2017, the Company recognized $206.7 million in previously deferred collaboration revenue in connection with the Novartis Agreement. The recognition of this revenue during the period did not impact the Company's cash balance. On October 23, 2017, following the failure of the Phase 3 Fovista program and pursuant to the terms of the Letter Agreement, Novartis elected to terminate the Novartis Agreement with immediate effect.

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Below is a summary of the components of the Company’s collaboration revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016:
 Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30,
 2017 2016 2017 2016
        
License revenue$152,912
 $—
 $152,912
 $22,937
Research and development activity revenue52,864
 1,664
 56,180
 8,089
API transfer revenue754
 —
 754
 14,545
Joint operating committee revenue124
 4
 131
 16
Total collaboration revenue$206,654
 $1,668
 $209,977
 $45,587
Concentration of Credit Risk
The Company’s financial instruments that are exposed to concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and available for sale securities. The Company maintains its cash in bank accounts, which generally exceed federally insured limits. The Company maintains its cash equivalents in investments in money market funds and, at times, in U.S. Treasury securities and investment-grade corporate debt securities with original maturities of 90 days or less.
The Company’s available for sale securities are also invested in U.S. Treasury securities and investment-grade corporate debt securities. The Company believes it is not exposed to significant credit risk on its cash, cash equivalents and available for sale securities. As of September 30, 2017, the Company did not hold any available for sale securities.
other comprehensive income.
Concentration of Suppliers
The Company currently relies exclusivelyhistorically relied upon a single third-party manufacturer to provide supplies of the active pharmaceutical ingredient, or API,drug substance for Zimuraavacincaptad pegol on a purchase order basis. The Company also engageshistorically relied upon a single third-party manufacturer to provide fill/finish services for clinical supplies of Zimura.avacincaptad pegol drug product. The Company has engaged one additional third-party manufacturer to provide drug substance for avacincaptad pegol. The Company has also engaged a single third-party manufacturer to provide packaging services and the finished goods for avacincaptad pegol. In addition, the Company currently relies upon a single third-party supplier to supply it with the proprietary polyethylene glycol, or PEG, reagent used to manufacture Zimura on a purchase order basis.basis the polyethylene glycol starting material used to manufacture avacincaptad pegol. Furthermore, the Company and its contract manufacturers currently rely upon sole-source suppliers of certain raw materials and other specialized components of production used in the manufacture and fill/finish of Zimura.avacincaptad pegol. The Company currently relies upon a single third-party contract manufacturer to conduct process development, scale-up and current Good Manufacturing Practices (“cGMP”) manufacture of the drug substance for IC-500 for preclinical toxicology studies and early-stage clinical trials and a single third-party contract manufacturer to conduct fill/finish services for IC-500. If the Company’s third-party manufacturers or fill/finish service providers should become unavailable to the Company for any reason, including as a result of capacity constraints, different business objectives, financial difficulties, insolvency or insolvency,the COVID-19
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pandemic, the Company believes that there are a limited number of potential replacement manufacturers, and the Company likely would incur added costs and delays in identifying or qualifying such replacements.
Income Taxes
Foreign Currency Translation
The Company considersutilizes the U.S. dollar to be its functional currency. Expenses denominatedliability method of accounting for deferred income taxes, as set forth in foreign currencies are translated at the exchange rate on the date the expense is incurred. The effect of exchange rate fluctuations on translating foreign currencyASC 740, Income Taxes.  Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities into U.S. dollarsare recognized for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amounts and the tax basis of assets and liabilities. A valuation allowance is includedestablished against deferred tax assets when, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company's policy is to record interest and penalties on uncertain tax positions as income tax expense.
Equity Investments

The Company holds investments in the Statements of Operations. Foreign exchange transaction gains and lossesequity securities without a readily determinable fair value.Equity investments without a readily determinable fair value are included in the results of operationsrecognized at fair value and are not materialadjusted for observable price changes, or when qualitative assessments indicate that impairment exists, which is recorded in the Company’s financial statements.
other income (loss).
Financial Instruments
Cash equivalents and available for sale securities are reflected in the accompanying financial statements at fair value. The carrying amount of accounts payable and accrued expenses, including accrued research and development expenses, approximates fair value due to the short-term nature of those instruments.
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment, which consists mainly of manufacturing and clinical equipment, furniture and fixtures, computers, software, and other office equipment, and leasehold improvements, are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed over the estimated useful lives The carrying amount of the respective assets, generally threeCompany’s term loan approximates fair value due to ten years, using the straight-line method. Amortization of leasehold improvements is recorded over the shortervariable interest rate nature of the lease term or estimated useful life of the related asset.debt.
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Research and Development
Research and development expenses primarily consist of costs associated with the manufacturing, development and clinical testing of Zimura and Fovista as well as costs associated with the preclinical development of other product candidates and formulations. Research and development expenses consist of:
external research and development expenses incurred under arrangements with third parties, such as contract research organizations (“CROs”) and other vendors and contract manufacturing organizations (“CMOs”) for the production of drug substance and drug product; and
employee-related expenses, including salaries, benefits and share-based compensation expense.
Research and development expenses also include costs of acquired product licenses and related technology rights where there is no alternative future use, costs of prototypes used in research and development, consultant fees and amounts paid to collaborative partners.
All research and development expenses are charged to operations as incurred in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification Topic, or ASC, 730, Research and Development. The Company accounts for non-refundable advance payments for goods and services that will be used in future research and development activities as expenses when the service has been performed or when the goods have been received, rather than when the payment is made.
Income Taxes
The Company utilizes the liability method of accounting for deferred income taxes, as set forth in ASC 740, Income Taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amounts and the tax basis of assets and liabilities.

Share-Based Compensation
The Company follows the provisions of ASC 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation, which requires the measurement and recognition of compensation expense for all share-based payment awards made to employees and non-employee directors, including employee stock options, restricted stock units (“RSUs”ASC”) and the option granted to employees to purchase shares under the 2016 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”). Share-based compensation expense is based on the grant date fair value estimated in accordance with the provisions of ASC 718 and is generally recognized as an expense over the requisite service period, net of estimated forfeitures. For grants containing performance-based vesting provisions, expense is recognized over the estimated achievement period.
Stock Options
The Company estimates the fair value of stock options granted to employees and non-employee directors on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Due to the lack of trading history, the Company’s computation of stock-price volatility is based on the volatility rates of comparable publicly held companies over a period equal to the expected term of the options granted by the Company. The Company’s computation of expected term is determined using the “simplified” method, which is the midpoint between the vesting date and the end of the contractual term. The Company believes that it does not have sufficient reliable exercise data in order to justify the use of a method other than the “simplified” method of estimating the expected exercise term of employee stock option grants. The Company utilizes a dividend yield of zero based on the fact that the Company has never paid cash dividends to stockholders and has no current intentions to pay cash dividends. The risk-free interest rate is based on the zero-coupon U.S. Treasury yield at the date of grant for a term equivalent to the expected term of the option.

For stock options granted as consideration for services rendered by consultants, the Company recognizes expense in accordance with the requirements of ASC 505-50, Equity Based Payments to Non-Employees. Consultant stock option grants are recorded as an expense over the vesting period of the underlying stock options. At the end of each financial reporting period prior to vesting, the value of these options, as calculated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, will be re-measured using the fair value of the Company’s common stock and the non-cash expense recognized during the period will be adjusted accordingly. Since the fair value of options granted to consultants is subject to change in the future, the amount of the future expense will include fair value re-measurements until the stock options are fully vested.
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The weighted-average assumptions used to estimate grant date fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes option pricing model were as follows for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016:
 Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30,
 2017 2016 2017 2016
Expected common stock price volatility82% 71% 81% 71%
Risk-free interest rate1.95%-2.06% 1.14% -1.32% 1.82%-2.38% 1.14%-1.92%
Expected term of options (years)6.1 6.0 6.1 6.1
Expected dividend yield— — — —
RSUs
The Company estimates the fair value of RSUs granted to employees using the closing market price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant.

ESPP

In April 2016, the board of directors adopted the ESPP pursuant to which the Company may sell up to an aggregate of 1,000,000 shares of common stock. The ESPP was approved by the Company’s stockholders in June 2016. The ESPP is considered compensatory and the fair value of the discount and look back provision are estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and recognized over the six month withholding period prior to purchase.
Share-based compensation expense includes expenses related to stock options and RSUs granted to employees, non-employee directors and consultants, as well as the option granted to employees to purchase shares under the ESPP, all of which have been reported in the Company’s Statements of Operations as follows:
 Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30,
 2017 2016 2017 2016
        
Research and development$1,840
 $5,664
 $8,887
 $16,732
General and administrative1,571
 2,584
 5,576
 8,157
Total$3,411
 $8,248
 $14,463
 $24,889
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, issued Accounting Standards Update, or ASU, No. 2014-9, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASU 2014-9”). ASU 2014-9 outlines a new, single comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers and supersedes most current revenue recognition guidance, including industry-specific guidance. This new revenue recognition model provides a five-step analysis in determining when and how revenue is recognized. The new model will require revenue recognition to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration a company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. The FASB subsequently issued additional clarifying standards to address issues arising from implementation of the new revenue standard, including a one-year deferral of the effective date for the new revenue standard. Public companies should now apply the guidance in ASU 2014-9 to annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and interim periods within those annual periods. Earlier application is permitted only as of annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within that annual period. Companies may use either a full retrospective or a modified retrospective approach to adopt ASU 2014-9. Due to the recent development and termination of the Company's collaboration contracts with Novartis, the Company does not expect the standard to have a material impact upon adoption.
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-2, Leases (Topic 842). Under the new guidance, lessees will be required to recognize the following for all leases (with the exception of short-term leases) at the commencement date: (1) a lease liability, which is a lessee’s obligation to make lease payments arising from a lease, measured on a discounted basis; and (2) a right-of-use asset, which is an asset that represents the lessee’s right to use, or control the use of, a specified asset for the
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lease term. Under the new guidance, lessor accounting is largely unchanged. Certain targeted improvements were made to align, where necessary, lessor accounting with the lessee accounting model and Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The new lease guidance simplified the accounting for sale and leaseback transactions primarily because lessees must recognize lease assets and lease liabilities. Lessees will no longer be provided with a source of off-balance sheet financing. Publicly-traded business entities should apply the amendments in ASU 2016-2 for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years (i.e., January 1, 2019, for a calendar year entity). Early application is permitted for all publicly-traded business entities and all nonpublicly-traded business entities upon issuance. Lessees (for capital and operating leases) and lessors (for sales-type, direct financing, and operating leases) must apply a modified retrospective transition approach for leases existing at, or entered into after, the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements. The modified retrospective approach would not require any transition accounting for leases that expired before the earliest comparative period presented. Lessees and lessors may not apply a full retrospective transition approach. The Company is currently assessing the impact that adopting this new accounting guidance will have on its financial statements and footnote disclosures.
In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments, which clarifies the presentation of certain specific cash flow issues in the Statement of Cash Flows. For public companies, the amendments are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those annual periods and early adoption is permitted. This new guidance is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business, in an effort to clarify the definition of a business with the objective of adding guidance to assist entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. The amendments of this ASU are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. This new guidance will be applicable for the Company’s acquisitions on or after January 1, 2018.

3. Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share
Basic and diluted net income (loss) per common share is determined by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average common shares outstanding during the period. For the periods where there is a net loss, stock options and RSUs have been excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per common share because their effect would be anti-dilutive. Therefore, the weighted average common shares used to calculate both basic and diluted net loss per common share would be the same. The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net income (loss) per common share for the periods indicated:
 Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30,
 2017 2016 2017 2016
        
Basic and diluted net income (loss) per common share calculation: 
  
  
  
Net income (loss)$189,073
 $(60,891) $123,747
 $(127,137)
Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic35,971
 35,594
 35,878
 35,415
Plus: net effect of dilutive stock options and unvested restricted stock units76
 —
 106
 —
Weighted average common shares outstanding - dilutive36,047
 35,594
 35,984
 35,415
Net income (loss) per share of common stock - basic$5.26
 $(1.71) $3.45
 $(3.59)
Net income (loss) per share of common stock - diluted$5.25
 $(1.71) $3.44
 $(3.59)
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The following potentially dilutive securities have been excluded from the computations of diluted weighted average common shares outstanding for the periods presented, as they would be anti-dilutive:
 Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30,
 2017 2016 2017 2016
        
Stock options outstanding3,640
 3,423
 3,813
 3,423
Restricted stock units269
 721
 332
 721
Total3,909
 4,144
 4,145
 4,144
4. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Available for Sale Securities
The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with original maturities of 90 days or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents included cash of $13.2 million and $25.8 million at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. Cash and cash equivalents at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 also included $167.1 million and $108.1 million, respectively, of investments in money market funds, U.S. Treasury securities and certain short-term investment-grade corporate debt securities with original maturities of 90 days or less.
The Company considers securities with original maturities of greater than 90 days at the date of purchase to be available for sale securities. The Company held no available for sale securities at September 30, 2017. The Company held available for sale securities with a fair value totaling $155.3 million at December 31, 2016. These available for sale securities consisted of U.S. Treasury securities and investment-grade corporate debt securities. During the quarter ended September 30, 2017, the Company's investments matured and were reinvested in money market funds.
Available for sale securities, including carrying value and estimated fair values as of December 31, 2016, are summarized as follows:
 As of December 31, 2016
 Cost Unrealized Gains Unrealized Losses Fair Value
        
U.S. Treasury securities$120,288
 $6
 $(33) $120,261
Corporate debt securities35,114
 —
 (27) 35,087
Total$155,402
 $6
 $(60) $155,348
The Company’s available for sale securities are reported at fair value on the Company’s Balance Sheets. Unrealized gains (losses) are reported within accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the statements of comprehensive income (loss). The cost of securities sold and any realized gains/losses from the sale of available for sale securities are based on the specific identification method. The changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) associated with the unrealized gain (loss) on available for sale securities during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and September 30, 2016 were as follows:
 Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30,
 2017 2016 2017 2016
        
Beginning balance$(186) $(118) $(212) $(473)
Current period changes in fair value before reclassifications, net of tax186
 (41) 212
 314
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax—
 —
 —
 —
Total other comprehensive income (loss)186
 (41) 212
 314
Ending balance$—
 $(159) $—
 $(159)

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5. Licensing and Commercialization Agreement with Novartis Pharma AG
In May 2014, the Company entered into the Novartis Agreement. Under the Novartis Agreement, the Company granted Novartis exclusive rights under specified patent rights, know-how and trademarks controlled by the Company to manufacture, from bulk API supplied by the Company, standalone Fovista products and products combining Fovista with an anti-VEGF drug to which Novartis has rights in a co-formulated product, for the treatment, prevention, cure or control of any human disease, disorder or condition of the eye, and to develop and commercialize those licensed products in all countries outside of the United States (the “Novartis Territory”). The Company agreed to use commercially reasonable efforts to complete its ongoing pivotal Phase 3 clinical program for Fovista and Novartis agreed to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop a standalone Fovista product and a co-formulated product containing Fovista and an anti-VEGF drug to which Novartis has rights, as well as a pre-filled syringe presentation of such products and to use commercially reasonable efforts, subject to obtaining marketing approval, to commercialize licensed products in the Novartis Territory in accordance with agreed development and marketing plans.

In July 2017, the Company and Novartis entered into the Letter Agreement to streamline the process and timeline for evaluating data from the OPH1004 trial once it became available. On October 23, 2017, following the failure of the Phase 3 Fovista program and pursuant to the terms of the Letter Agreement, Novartis elected to terminate the Novartis Agreement with immediate effect. See "—Note 13—Subsequent Events" for a description of the termination notice.

In May 2014, Novartis paid the Company a $200.0 million upfront payment. In each of September 2014 and March 2015, the Company achieved a $50.0 million enrollment-based milestone, and in June 2016, the Company achieved a $30.0 million enrollment-based milestone, for an aggregate total of $130.0 million in enrollment-based milestones under the Novartis Agreement. The Company used the relative selling price method to allocate these payments to contract deliverables based on its performance obligations under the Novartis Agreement.
Activities under the Novartis Agreement were evaluated under ASC 605-25, Revenue Recognition—Multiple Element Arrangements (“ASC 605-25”) (as amended by ASU 2009-13, Revenue Recognition (“ASU 2009-13”)) to determine if they represented a multiple element revenue arrangement. The Novartis Agreement included the following deliverables: (1) an exclusive license to commercialize Fovista outside the United States (the “License Deliverable”); (2) the performance obligation to conduct research and development activities related to the Phase 3 Fovista clinical trials and certain Phase 2 trials for Fovista (the “R&D Activity Deliverable”); (3) the performance obligation to supply API to Novartis for development and manufacturing purposes (the “Manufacturing Deliverable”) and (4) the Company’s obligation to participate on the joint operating committee established under the terms of the Novartis Agreement and related subcommittees (the “Joint Operating Committee Deliverable”). The Company’s obligation to provide access to clinical and regulatory information as part of the License Deliverable included the obligation to provide access to all clinical data, regulatory filings, safety data and manufacturing data to Novartis which was necessary for the commercialization of Fovista in the Novartis Territory. The R&D Activity Deliverable included the right and responsibility for the Company to conduct the Phase 3 Fovista clinical program and other Phase 2 studies of Fovista which were necessary or desirable for regulatory approval or commercialization of Fovista. The Manufacturing Deliverable included the obligation for the Company to supply API to Novartis for clinical purposes, for which Novartis agreed to pay the Company’s manufacturing costs. The Joint Operating Committee Deliverable included the obligation to participate in the Joint Operating Committee and related subcommittees at least through the first anniversary of regulatory approval in the European Union. All of these deliverables were deemed to have stand-alone value and to meet the criteria to be accounted for as separate units of accounting under ASC 605-25. Factors considered in this determination included, among other things, the subject of the licenses and the research and development and commercial capabilities of Novartis. Accordingly, each unit was accounted for separately.

The Novartis Agreement included a termination right for the Company in the event that specified governmental actions prevented the parties from materially progressing the development or commercialization of licensed products. If the Company elected to exercise this termination option, it would have been required to pay a substantial termination fee equivalent to the entire upfront payment amount. The Company concluded that this termination provision constituted a contingent event that was unknown at the inception of the agreement. As such, the Company recorded the $200.0 million upfront payment in deferred revenue, long-term until such time that the contingency related to this termination provision was resolved. In July 2017, the contingency was resolved when the Company permanently waived this termination right as part of the Letter Agreement.

The Letter Agreement also provided Novartis with a shorter notice period in the event Novartis determined to terminate the Novartis Agreement in certain circumstances. In addition, the Letter Agreement provided Novartis with a fully paid-up, royalty free license to use data from the Lucentis monotherapy arms of the Company's Phase 2b OPH1001 trial and Phase 3 OPH1002 and OPH1003 trials in the Novartis Territory in connection with the development, manufacturing and
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commercialization of Novartis-controlled anti-VEGF products. The Lucentis study data license continues until the fifth anniversary of the Letter Agreement.

The Company evaluated the Letter Agreement under ASC 605-25 and determined that the Letter Agreement does not create any new deliverables. The Company is treating the Fovista license granted at the inception of the Novartis Agreement and the Lucentis study data license granted under the Letter Agreement as one collective technology license (the "Licenses") delivered at the inception of the Novartis Agreement. In addition, as the waiver of its right to terminate the Novartis Agreement as a result of specified governmental actions resolved the Company’s contingency with respect to such termination right and the associated termination fee, the Company allocated the entire previously deferred amount, $200.0 million, to the deliverables that were determined based on the relative selling price at contract inception. Upon entry into the Letter Agreement in July 2017, the Company immediately recognized as revenue $189.8 million of the upfront payment allocated to contract deliverables completed during prior periods. Upon termination of the OPH1004 trial in August 2017, the Company recognized the remaining $16.9 million of collaboration revenue, attributable to the R&D Deliverable, previously deferred under the Novartis Agreement. In total, during the third quarter of 2017, the Company recognized $206.7 million in previously deferred collaboration revenue in connection with the Novartis Agreement. The recognition of this revenue during the period did not impact the Company's cash balance.

Below is a summary of the components of the Company’s collaboration revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and September 30, 2016:
 Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30,
 2017 2016 2017 2016
        
License revenue$152,912
 $—
 $152,912
 $22,937
Research and development activity revenue52,864
 1,664
 56,180
 8,089
API transfer revenue754
 —
 754
 14,545
Joint operating committee revenue124
 4
 131
 16
Total collaboration revenue$206,654
 $1,668
 $209,977
 $45,587

6. Financing Agreement with Novo A/S
In May 2013, the Company entered into a Purchase and Sale Agreement with Novo A/S, which is referred to as the Novo Agreement, pursuant to which the Company had the ability to obtain financing in three tranches in an amount of up to $125.0 million in return for the sale to Novo A/S of aggregate royalties of worldwide sales of (a) Fovista, (b) Fovista-Related Products, and (c) Other Products (each as defined in the Novo Agreement), calculated as mid-single digit percentages of net sales.
The Novo Agreement provided for up to three separate purchases for a purchase price of $41.7 million each, at a first, second and third closing, for an aggregate purchase price of $125.0 million. In each purchase, Novo A/S would acquire rights to a low single digit percentage of net sales. In each of May 2013, January 2014 and November 2014, the Company received cash payments of $41.7 million, or $125.0 million in the aggregate, and Novo A/S received, in the aggregate, a right to receive royalties on net sales of Fovista at a mid-single digit percentage.
The royalty payment period covered by the Novo Agreement begins on commercial launch and ends, on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis, on the latest to occur of (i) the 12th anniversary of the commercial launch, (ii) the expiration of certain patent rights and (iii) the expiration of the regulatory exclusivity for each product in each country. The Company's obligations under the Novo agreement are secured by a lien on certain of the Company's intellectual property and other rights related to Fovista and other anti-PDGF products the Company may develop.
Under the terms of the Novo Agreement, the Company is not required to reimburse or otherwise compensate Novo A/S through any means other than the agreed royalty entitlement. In addition, the Company does not, under the terms of the Novo Agreement, have the right or obligation to prepay Novo A/S in connection with a change of control of the Company or otherwise.

The $125.0 million in aggregate proceeds from the three financing tranches under the Novo Agreement represents the full funding available under the Novo Agreement, and has been recorded as a liability on the Company’s Balance Sheet as of
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September 30, 2017, in accordance with ASC 730, Research and Development. Because there is a significant related party relationship between the Company and Novo A/S, the Company is treating its obligation to make royalty payments under the Novo Agreement as an implicit obligation to repay the funds advanced by Novo A/S. As the Company makes royalty payments in accordance with the Novo Agreement, it will reduce the liability balance. At the time that such royalty payments become probable and estimable, and if such amounts exceed the liability balance, the Company will impute interest accordingly on a prospective basis based on such estimates.
The Novo Agreement requires the establishment of a Joint Oversight Committee in the event that Novo A/S does not continue to have a representative on the Company’s board of directors. The Joint Oversight Committee would have responsibilities that include “discussion and review” of all matters related to Fovista research, development, regulatory approval and commercialization, but there is no provision either implicit or explicit that gives the Joint Oversight Committee or its members decision-making authority.

7. Income Taxes
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company recorded a provision for income taxes of $0.2 million primarily due to discrete income tax items associated with changes in the fair value of the Company's available for sale marketable securities which are reflected in other comprehensive income (loss). Although the Company had $189.3 million and $123.9 million of net income before income taxes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 as a result of the recognition of deferred revenue under the Novartis Agreement, the Company expects a net loss for tax purposes for 2017 with minimal taxes due. For tax purposes, the Company treated payments received under the Novartis Agreement as revenue at the time the payments were received. The Company recorded a provision for income taxes of $0.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016, and a benefit from income taxes of $0.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 primarily due to discrete income tax items in each period associated with changes in the fair value of the Company's available for sale marketable securities which are reflected in other comprehensive income (loss).

In the second quarter of 2017, the IRS concluded an audit of the Company’s U.S. federal income tax returns for the years 2013, 2014 and 2015, resulting in an immaterial amount of additional tax due. Federal net operating losses for 2016 and general business credits generated between 2007 and 2016 remain subject to audit.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company amended certain state and local income tax returns to claim a refund for taxes previously paid.  These claims may result in refunds to the Company of up to approximately $7.9 million. As the Company believes that the likelihood of its position in claiming the refunds does not rise to the level of more likely than not at this time, the Company has not recorded a current tax receivable for the refund claims as of September 30, 2017.
The Company considers all available evidence, both positive and negative, to determine whether, based on the weight of that evidence, a valuation allowance is needed to reduce its deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. The Company placed significant weight on the fact that the Company expects to be in a cumulative net book loss position for the three-year period ending December 31, 2017 in recording valuation allowances on its deferred tax assets as of September 30, 2017.

Pursuant to ASC 740, Income Taxes, the Company routinely evaluates the likelihood of success if challenged on income tax positions claimed on its income tax returns.  During the three months ended September 30, 2017, the Company reduced certain deferred tax assets by $5.9 million and reduced the corresponding valuation allowance by an equivalent amount.  During the three months ended September 30, 2016, the Company reduced certain deferred tax assets by $3.8 million and reduced the corresponding valuation allowance by an equivalent amount.  These items have not been recognized in the financial statements and if disallowed by the tax authorities, would not result in an adjustment to the Company’s effective tax rate, its balance sheet or its cash flow statements for the current year.

The Company will continue to evaluate its ability to realize its deferred tax assets on a periodic basis and will adjust such amounts in light of changing facts and circumstances including, but not limited to, future projections of taxable income, tax legislation, rulings by relevant tax authorities, the progress of ongoing tax audits and the regulatory approval of products currently under development. Any additional changes to the valuation allowance recorded on deferred tax assets in the future would impact the Company’s income taxes.

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8. Fair Value Measurements
ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, (“ASC 820”), defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset, or paid to transfer a liability, in the principal or most advantageous market in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The fair value standard also establishes a three-level hierarchy, which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value.
The Company reviews investments on a periodic basis for other than temporary impairments. This review is subjective as it requires management to evaluate whether an event or change in circumstances has occurred in the period that may have a significant adverse effect on the fair value of the investment. The Company uses the market approach to measure fair value for its financial assets. The market approach uses prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets. The Company classifies its corporate debt securities within the fair value hierarchy as Level 2 assets, as it primarily utilizes quoted market prices or rates for similar instruments to value these securities.
The valuation hierarchy is based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability on the measurement date. The three levels are defined as follows:
•Level 1—inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for an identical asset or liability in an active market. The Company’sCompany's Level 1 assets consist of investments in money market funds and U.S. Treasury securities.

•Level 2—inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for a similar asset or liability in an active market or model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs are observable for substantially the full term of the asset or liability. The Company’sCompany's Level 2 assets consist of investments in investment-grade corporate debt securities.

•Level 3—inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement of the asset or liability. The Company does not hold any assets that are measured using Level 3 inputs.
Concentration of Credit Risk
The following table presents, for each
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of the fair value hierarchy levels required under ASC 820, the Company’s assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis ascredit risk primarily consist of September 30, 2017:
 Fair Value Measurement Using
 
Quoted prices in
active markets for
identical assets
(Level 1)
 
Significant other
observable inputs
(Level 2)
 
Significant
unobservable
inputs
(Level 3)
      
Assets 
  
  
Investments in money market funds*$167,052
 $—
 $—

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The following table presents, for each of the fair value hierarchy levels required under ASC 820, the Company’s assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2016:
 Fair Value Measurement Using
 
Quoted prices in
active markets for
identical assets
(Level 1)
 
Significant other
observable inputs
(Level 2)
 
Significant
unobservable
inputs
(Level 3)
      
Assets 
  
  
Investments in money market funds*$108,096
 $—
 $—
Investments in U.S. Treasury securities$120,261
 $—
 $—
Investments in Corporate debt securities$—
 $35,087
 $—
*    Investments in money market funds, U.S. Treasury securities and corporate debt securities with maturities less than 90 days are reflected in cash, and cash equivalents in the accompanying Balance Sheets.and available for sale securities.
No transfer of assets between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy occurred during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017.
9. Stock Option and Compensation Plans

The Company adoptedmaintains its 2007 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2007 Plan”) for employees, non-employee directorscash in bank accounts, the balances of which generally exceed federally insured limits. We monitor the credit ratings and consultants for the purposeour concentration of advancing the interests of the Company’s stockholders by enhancing its abilityrisk with these financial institutions on a continuing basis to attract, retain and motivate persons who are expected to make important contributions to the Company. The 2007 Plan provided for the granting of stock option awards, RSUs, and other stock-based and cash-based awards. Following the effectiveness of the 2013 Stock Incentive Plansafeguard our cash deposits. As more fully described below in connection with the closing of the Company’s initial public offering, the Company is no longer granting additional awards under the 2007 Plan.
In August 2013, the Company’s board of directors adopted and the Company’s stockholders approved the 2013 stock incentive plan (the “2013 Plan”), which became effective immediately prior to the closing of the Company’s initial public offering. In June 2015, the Company’s board of directors adopted a first amendment to the 2013 Plan. The 2013 Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, nonstatutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, RSUs, restricted stock awards and other stock-based awards. Upon the effectiveness of the 2013 Plan, the number of shares of the Company’s common stock that were reserved for issuance under the 2013 Plan was the sum of (1) such number of shares (up to approximately 3,359,641 shares) as is equal to the sum of 739,317 shares (the number of shares of the common stock then available for issuance under the 2007 Plan), and such number of shares of the Company’s common stock that are subject to outstanding awards under the 2007 Plan that expire, terminate or are otherwise surrendered, canceled, forfeited or repurchased by the Company at their original issuance price pursuant to a contractual repurchase right plus (2) an annual increase, to be added the first business day of each fiscal year, beginning with the fiscal year ending December 31, 2014 and continuing until, and including, the fiscal year ending December 31, 2023, equal to the lowest of 2,542,372 shares of the Company’s common stock, 4% of the number of shares of the Company’s common stock outstanding on the first day of the fiscal year and an amount determined by its board of directors. The Company’s employees, officers, directors, consultants and advisors are eligible to receive awards under the 2013 Plan. However, incentive stock options may only be granted to employees of the Company.
Annual increases under the evergreen provisions of the 2013 Plan have resulted in the addition of an aggregate of approximately 5,454,000 additional shares to the 2013 Plan, including for 2017, an increase of approximately 1,429,000 shares, or 4% of the total number of shares of the Company's common stock outstanding as of January 1, 2017. As of September 30, 2017, the Company had approximately 2,124,000 shares available for grant under the 2013 Plan.

In April 2016, the board of directors adopted the ESPP pursuant to which the Company may sell up to an aggregate of 1,000,000 shares of common stock. The ESPP was approved by the Company’s stockholders in June 2016. The ESPP allows eligible employees to purchase common stock at a price per share equal to 85% of the lower of the fair market value of the common stock at the beginning or end of each six month offering period during the term of the ESPP. The first offering period began in September 2016.
A summary of the stock option activity, weighted average exercise prices, options outstanding and exercisable as of September 30, 2017 is as follows:
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Common
Stock
Options
 
Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price
    
Outstanding, December 31, 20163,359
 $39.92
Granted1,294
 $4.25
Exercised(20) $1.64
Expired or forfeited(995) $38.79
Outstanding, September 30, 20173,638
 $27.74
    
Options exercisable at September 30, 2017 
 1,839
Weighted average grant date fair value (per share) of options granted during the period 
 $2.95

As of September 30, 2017, there were approximately 3,354,000 options outstanding, net of estimated forfeitures that had vested or are expected to vest. The weighted average exercise price of these options was $28.48 per option; the weighted average remaining contractual life of these options was 7.5 years; and the aggregate intrinsic value of these options was approximately $0.1 million. 
A summary of the stock options outstanding and exercisable as of September 30, 2017 is as follows:
    As of September 30, 2017
    Options Outstanding Options Exercisable
Range of Exercise Prices 
Total
Options
Outstanding
 
Weighted
Average
Remaining
Life (Years)
 
Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price
 
Number
Exercisable
 
Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price
           
$0.12-$10.03 1,364
 8.8 $4.63
 194
 $6.93
$10.04-$20.00 204
 5.7 $13.52
 147
 $13.63
$20.01-$30.00 127
 6.1 $25.13
 122
 $25.14
$30.01-$40.00 836
 5.8 $32.81
 759
 $32.89
$40.01-$55.00 727
 7.8 $46.47
 431
 $46.11
$55.01-$73.22 380
 8.3 $72.18
 186
 $71.13
  3,638
 7.6 $27.74
 1,839
 $35.07
           
Aggregate Intrinsic Value $114
    
 $95
  
Cash proceeds from, and the aggregate intrinsic value of, stock options exercised during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, were as follows:
 Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30,
 2017 2016 2017 2016
        
Cash proceeds from options exercised$—
 $1,591
 $33
 $5,398
Aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised$—
 $5,185
 $43
 $12,607
In connection with stock option awards granted to employees, the Company recognized approximately $2.3 million and $5.6 million in share-based compensation expense during the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, net of expected forfeitures. In connection with stock option awards granted to employees, the Company recognized approximately $10.3 million and $17.3 million in share-based compensation expense during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, net of expected forfeitures. As of September 30, 2017, there were approximately $15.0 million of unrecognized compensation costs, net of estimated forfeitures, related to stock option awards granted to employees, which are expected to be recognized over a remaining weighted average period of 2.2 years.
In connection with stock option awards granted to consultants, the Company recognized approximately $0.1 million and $0.6 million in share-based compensation expense during the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, net of expected forfeitures. In connection with stock option awards granted to consultants, the Company
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recognized approximately $0.3 million and $1.5 million in share-based compensation expense during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, net of expected forfeitures. As of September 30, 2017, there were approximately $0.2 million of unrecognized compensation costs, net of estimated forfeitures, related to stock option awards granted to consultants, which are expected to be recognized over a remaining weighted average period of 1.9 years.
The following table presents a summary of the Company’s outstanding RSU awards granted as of September 30, 2017:
 
Restricted
Stock
Units
 
Weighted
Average
Grant-Date
Fair Value
    
Outstanding, December 31, 2016721
 $55.33
Awarded248
 $4.42
Vested(263) $24.24
Forfeited(288) $50.17
Outstanding, September 30, 2017418
 $42.85

As of September 30, 2017, there were approximately 262,000 RSUs outstanding, net of estimated forfeitures that are expected to vest. The weighted average fair value of these RSUs was $36.82 per share and the aggregate fair value of these RSUs was approximately $0.7 million.
In connection with RSUs granted to employees, the Company recognized approximately $0.9 million and $2.0 million in share-based compensation expense during the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, net of expected forfeitures.  In connection with RSUs granted to employees, the Company recognized approximately $3.4 million and $6.1 million in share-based compensation expense during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, net of expected forfeitures. As of September 30, 2017, there were approximately $6.8 million of unrecognized compensation costs, net of estimated forfeitures, related to RSUs granted to employees, which are expected to be recognized over a remaining weighted average period of 2.2 years.

In connection with RSUs granted to consultants, the Company recognized approximately $0.1 million in share-based compensation expense during the three months ended September 30, 2017, net of expected forfeitures.  In connection with RSUs granted to consultants, the Company recognized $0.3 million of share-based compensation expense during the nine months ended September 30, 2017, net of expected forfeitures. There were no RSUs granted to consultants during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016. As of September 30, 2017, there were approximately $0.1 million of unrecognized compensation costs, net of estimated forfeitures, related to RSUs granted to consultants, which are expected to be recognized over a remaining weighted average period of 1.9 years.
In connection with the ESPP made available to employees, the Company recognized a de minimis amount of share-based compensation expense during the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, net of expected forfeitures. In connection with the ESPP made available to employees, the Company recognized $0.1 million and a de minimis amount of share-based compensation expense during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, net of expected forfeitures. As of September 30, 2017, there was a de minimis amount of unrecognized compensation costs, net of estimated forfeitures, related to the ESPP, which are expected to be recognized over 0.5 years. There were 11,612 and 16,358 shares of common stock issued under the ESPP during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017. Cash proceeds from ESPP purchases were $25 thousand and $38 thousand during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017. There were no shares of common stock issued under the ESPP plan during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, as the first offering period under the ESPP commenced in September 2016. As of September 30, 2017, 983,642 shares were available for future purchases under the ESPP.

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10. Property and Equipment
Property and equipment as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 were as follows:
 
Useful Life
(Years)
 September 30,
2017		 December 31, 2016
      
Manufacturing and clinical equipment 7 - 10 $412
 $617
Computer, software and other office equipment5 1,711
 1,711
Furniture and fixtures 1 - 7 774
 774
Leasehold improvements1 - 5 1,835
 1,835
   4,732
 4,937
Accumulated depreciation  (3,430) (1,656)
Property and equipment, net  $1,302
 $3,281
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, depreciation expense was $0.6 million and $2.0 million, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, depreciation expense was $0.2 million and $0.5 million, respectively.
11. Commitments and Contingencies
Under various agreements, the Company may be required to pay royalties and make milestone payments. These agreements include the following:
Under a license agreement with Archemix with respect to pharmaceutical products comprised of or derived from anti-C5 aptamers, for each anti-C5 aptamer product that the Company may develop under the agreement, including Zimura, the Company is obligated to make future payments to Archemix of up to an aggregate of $57.5 million if the Company achieves specified development, clinical and regulatory milestones and up to an aggregate of $22.5 million if the Company achieves specified commercial milestones. The Company is also obligated to pay Archemix a double-digit percentage of specified non-royalty payments the Company may receive from any sublicensee of the Company’s rights under this license agreement. No royalties are payable to Archemix under this license agreement.

Under the Company’s divestiture agreement with OSI (Eyetech), Inc., which agreement is now held by OSI Pharmaceuticals, LLC., or OSI Pharmaceuticals, a subsidiary of Astellas US, LLC, for rights to particular anti-PDGF aptamers, including Fovista, the Company is obligated to pay to OSI Pharmaceuticals future one-time payments of $12.0 million in the aggregate upon marketing approval in the United States and the European Union of a covered anti-PDGF product. The Company is also obligated to pay to OSI Pharmaceuticals a royalty at a low single-digit percentage of net sales of any covered anti-PDGF product the Company successfully commercializes.

Under a license agreement with Archemix Corp., or Archemix, with respect to pharmaceutical products comprised of or derived from any anti-PDGF aptamer, the Company is obligated to make future payments to Archemix of up to an aggregate of $14.0 million if the Company achieves specified clinical and regulatory milestones with respect to Fovista, up to an aggregate of $3.0 million if the Company achieves specified commercial milestones with respect to Fovista and, for each other anti-PDGF aptamer product that it may develop under the agreement, up to an aggregate of approximately $18.8 million if the Company achieves specified clinical and regulatory milestones and up to an aggregate of $3.0 million if the Company achieves specified commercial milestones. No royalties are payable to Archemix under this license agreement.

Under a license, manufacturing and supply agreement with Nektar for specified pegylation reagents used to manufacture Fovista, the Company was obligated to make future payments to Nektar of up to an aggregate of $6.5 million if the Company achieved specified clinical and regulatory milestones, and an additional payment of $3.0 million if the Company achieved a specified commercial milestone with respect to Fovista. The Company was obligated to pay Nektar tiered royalties at low to mid-single-digit percentages of net sales of any licensed product the Company successfully commercializes, with the royalty percentage determined by the Company’s level of licensed product sales, the extent of patent coverage for the licensed product and whether the Company has granted a third-party commercialization rights to the licensed product. In June 2014, the Company paid Nektar
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$19.8 million in connection with its entry into the Novartis Agreement. On October 27, 2017, Nektar and the Company agreed to terminate the license, manufacturing and supply agreement effective immediately. Neither party incurred any additional costs in connection with the termination of the license, manufacturing and supply agreement.

Under the Novo Agreement, with respect to Fovista, the Company will be obligated to pay Novo A/S a mid-single-digit percentage royalty based on worldwide sales of Fovista. See "Note 6—Financing Agreement with Novo A/S" above for further information about Novo Agreement.
The Company also has letter agreements with certain employees that require the funding of a specific level of payments, if certain events, such as a termination of employment in connection with a change in control or termination of employment by the employee for good reason or by the Company without cause, occur.
In addition, in the course of normal business operations, the Company has agreements with contract service providers to assist in the performance of the Company’s research and development and manufacturing activities. Expenditures to CROs and CMOs represent significant costs in clinical development. Subject to required notice periods and the Company’s obligations under binding purchase orders, the Company can elect to discontinue the work under these agreements at any time. 

Legal Proceedings

On January 11, 2017, a putative class action lawsuit was filed against the Company and certain of its current and former executive officers in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, captioned Frank Micholle v. Ophthotech Corporation, et al., No. 1:17-cv-00210. The complaint purports to be brought on behalf of shareholders who purchased the Company's common stock between May 11, 2015 and December 12, 2016. The complaint generally alleges that the Company and certain of its officers violated Sections 10(b) and/or 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder by making allegedly false and/or misleading statements concerning the prospects of the Company's Phase 3 trials for Fovista in combination with anti-VEGF drugs for the treatment of wet AMD. The complaint seeks equitable and/or injunctive relief, unspecified damages, attorneys’ fees, and other costs.

On March 9, 2017, a second putative class action lawsuit was filed against the Company and the same group of its current and former executive officers in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, captioned Wasson v. Ophthotech Corporation, et al., No. 1:17-cv-01758. The complaint purports to be brought on behalf of shareholders who purchased the Company’s common stock between May 11, 2015 and December 9, 2016. The allegations made in the complaint are similar to those made in the Micholle complaint. Putative lead plaintiffs in the Micholle action have moved to consolidate the Micholle and Wasson actions.

The Company denies any allegations of wrongdoing and intends to vigorously defend against these lawsuits. The Company is unable, however, to predict the outcome of these matters at this time. Moreover, any conclusion of these matters in a manner adverse to the Company and for which it incurs substantial costs or damages not covered by the Company's directors’ and officers’ liability insurance would have a material adverse effect on its financial condition and business. In addition, the litigation could adversely impact the Company's reputation and divert management’s attention and resources from other priorities, including the execution of business plans and strategies that are important to the Company's ability to grow its business, any of which could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business.

On May 30, 2017, a shareholder derivative action was filed against the members of the Company’s Board of Directors in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, captioned Etelmendorf v. Bolte, et al., No. 1:17-cv-04042. The complaint alleges that defendants breached their fiduciary duties to the Company by causing or permitting the Company to make allegedly false and/or misleading statements concerning the prospects of the Company’s Phase 3 trials for Fovista in combination with anti-VEGF drugs for the treatment of wet AMD, and by approving certain executive compensation. The complaint also alleges that defendants were unjustly enriched as a result of the alleged conduct. The complaint purports to seek unspecified damages on behalf of the Company, as well as an order directing the Company to reform and comply with its governance obligations, attorneys’ fees, and other costs. On October 17, 2017, the plaintiff filed a notice of voluntary dismissal without prejudice for this action.

12. Restructuring Activities

In December 2016, the Company announced its intention to implement a reduction in personnel to focus on an updated business plan. In January 2017, the Board of Directors approved a plan to implement a reduction in personnel involving
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approximately 80% of the Company’s workforce based on the number of employees at the time the plan was approved. During the first nine months of 2017, the Company's workforce has been reduced by 112 employees in connection with the reduction in personnel and through natural attrition. The Company expects to complete the reduction in personnel during the fourth quarter of 2017. In connection with such reduction in personnel, the Company estimates that it will incur approximately $13.3 million of pre-tax charges through the third quarter of 2017, of which approximately $12.4 million in the aggregate is expected to result in cash expenditures.  These pre-tax charges relate to (a) expected severance, stock compensation and other employee costs of approximately $11.2 million and (b) expected lease termination costs of approximately $2.1 million.  As of September 30, 2017, the Company's cash expenditures related to such reduction in personnel totaled $8.7 million.

In connection with the reduction in personnel, the Company recognized approximately $1.4 million and $11.9 million of severance, stock compensation and other employee costs for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, of which $0.9 million and $6.8 million were recorded in "Research and development" expense and $0.5 million and $5.1 million were recorded in "General and administrative" expense in the Company's Statements of Operations.
As of September 30, 2017, the Company's accrual balance for severance and benefit costs was $2.3 million which was recorded in "Accounts payable and accrued expenses" in the Company's Balance Sheet. The severance and other employee cost accruals as of September 30, 2017 are expected to be paid through to the first half of 2018.

The following is a reconciliation of the severance-related accrual activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2017:
 Accrued Severance and Other Employee Costs
Beginning Balance$—
Accrued restructuring expenses11,076
Payments(8,727)
Ending Balance$2,349

In January 2017, the Company issued a notice of termination under the Lease Agreement, dated as of September 30, 2007, between the Company and One Penn Plaza LLC, as previously supplemented and amended (as so supplemented and amended, the “Lease”) for office space at One Penn Plaza in New York, New York.  The termination of the Lease triggered an early termination payment by the Company of approximately $0.9 million and will be effective in January 2018, through which time the Company will be responsible for paying continuing rental fees, as well as taxes, operating expenses and utility and other charges related to the leased premises. On November 1, 2017, the Company and One Penn Plaza LLC executed a further amendment to the Lease. See "—Note 13—Subsequent Events" for a description of the further lease amendment. Payments under the further lease amendment will not constitute restructuring charges.
On January 26, 2017, the Company issued a notice of termination under the Sublease Agreement between the Company and Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc. (the “Sublease”) for office space at One University Square, Princeton, New Jersey.  The termination of the Sublease triggered an early termination payment by the Company of approximately $1.2 million and will be effective in February 2018, through which time the Company will be responsible for paying continuing rental fees, as well as taxes, operating expenses and utility and other charges related to the subleased premises. 
On January 26, 2017, the Company issued a notice of termination under its Office Lease Agreement between the Company and PSN Partners, L.P. (the “Office Lease”) for office space in Palmer Square in Princeton, New Jersey.  The termination of the Office Lease did not trigger any early termination payment and is effective October 2017.
During January 2017, the Company made the early termination payments as described above and recognized $2.1 million of additional facilities costs which were recorded in "General and administrative" expense in the Company's Statements of Operations.

13. Subsequent Events

On October 24, 2017, Novartis delivered to the Company a notice of termination of the Novartis Agreement dated October 23, 2017. The termination notice was effective immediately.

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On October 27, 2017, Nektar and the Company agreed to terminate the License, Manufacturing and Supply Agreement with respect to PEG reagent used to manufacture Fovista. The termination was effective immediately.

On November 1, 2017, the Company entered into a fifth amendment of lease (the “Fifth Lease Amendment”) with One Penn Plaza LLC, as landlord, amending, effective as of October 1, 2017, the Lease Agreement, dated as of September 30, 2007, between the Company and One Penn Plaza LLC, as previously supplemented and amended (as so supplemented and amended, the “Lease”).  The Fifth Lease Amendment provides for a different, smaller premises to be made available to the Company under the Lease at One Penn Plaza, New York, NY, resulting in total office space available under the Lease of approximately 13,500 square feet.  The Company intends to use the office space for corporate and clinical operations. The new office space will be available to the Company following the completion of construction being performed by the landlord, which is expected to be completed prior to the end of January 2018.  Notwithstanding the Company's prior termination notice under the Lease, the Lease is now scheduled to expire at the end of 2018. The incremental rental fees, which includes utilities costs, over the extended term of the Lease from January through December 2018 are expected to be approximately $650 thousand.  The Company is also liable for taxes, and other charges related to the leased premises.  The Company previously provided the landlord with a letter of credit in an amount of approximately $138 thousand to secure the Company’s obligations under the Lease.

Item 2.  Management’s“Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussionOperations—Contractual Obligations and analysisCommitments”, on July 26, 2022 (the “Closing Date”), the Company and certain of our financial conditionits subsidiaries (the “Subsidiary Borrowers”) entered into a Loan and results of operations should be read in conjunctionSecurity Agreement (the “Loan Agreement”) with our financial statements and the notes to those financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto and management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2016 included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2017. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve significant risks and uncertainties. As a result of many factors, such as those set forth in Part II, Item 1A. (Risk Factors) of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements.
Overview

Updated Business Plan
We are a biopharmaceutical company specializing in the development of novel therapeutics to treat ophthalmic diseases, with a focus on age-related and orphan retinal diseases. We currently have two product candidates in development, Zimura® (avacincaptad pegol), an anti-complement factor C5 aptamer, and Fovista® (pegpleranib), an anti-platelet derived growth factor, or PDGF, aptamer. Prior to 2017, our primary focus was on developing Fovista and Zimura for various types of age-related macular degeneration, or AMD, which is a disorder of the central portion of the retina, known as the macula, that may result in blindness. In December 2016, we announced that two of our three pivotal Phase 3 clinical trials for Fovista in combination with the anti-vascular endothelial growth factor, or anti-VEGF, drug Lucentis® (ranibizumab) for the treatment of wet AMD, which we refer to as the OPH1002 and OPH1003 trials, failed to meet their primary endpoint.  In August 2017, we announced that the third pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial for Fovista in combination with the anti-VEGF drugs Eylea® (aflibercept) or Avastin® (bevacizumab) for the treatment of wet AMD, which we refer to as the OPH1004 trial, failed to meet its primary endpoint. We are in the process of winding down the OPH1004 Fovista trial and have no future plans to develop Fovista in wet AMD and only very limited Fovista development activity outside of wet AMD. In early 2017 we announced that we had engaged a financial advisor to assist us in reviewing our strategic alternatives, including identifying potential business development opportunities. Also beginning in early 2017, we undertook a reassessment of our development plans for Zimura and Fovista, which included an evaluation of the scientific rationale for potentially developing these product candidates in one or more other ophthalmic indications for which there is a high unmet need. In July 2017, we announced that we are pursuing a strategy to leverage our clinical experience and retina expertise to identify and develop therapies to treat multiple ophthalmic orphan diseases for which there are limited or no treatment options available. We believe that there are advantages of orphan drug development, including regulatory exclusivity, the potential for smaller clinical trials and the potential for an accelerated development timeline for orphan retinal indications. In parallel, we are continuing our on-going Zimura programs in age-related retinal diseases. We believe that by leveraging our ophthalmic expertise and by focusing on orphan eye diseases together with our on-going Zimura programs in age-related retinal diseases, we will have multiple potential opportunities to bring ophthalmic therapeutics to market. We also are continuing our business development efforts to identify and potentially obtain rights to additional products, product candidates and technologies that would complement our strategic goals as well as other compelling ophthalmology opportunities.

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Zimura
As partHercules Capital, Inc. (“Hercules”), in its capacity as administrative agent and collateral agent (in such capacity, the “Agent”) and as a lender, Silicon Valley Bank (“SVB”) and certain other financial institutions that from time to time become parties to the Loan Agreement as lenders (collectively, the “Lenders”). The Loan Agreement contains a financial covenant requiring the Company and certain of our strategic review process during 2017, we reassessed our development plans for our product candidate Zimura. We applied the same rigor in reassessing our development plans for Zimura as we used in performing diligenceSubsidiary Borrowers, starting on third party opportunities considered as partthe one (1) year anniversary of our strategic review process. Our Zimura reassessment included an extensive review of scientific literature regarding the role of complement in ophthalmic diseases. Upon the conclusion of this reassessment, we determinedClosing Date (July 26, 2023), to accelerate our development of Zimura in additional ophthalmic indications and to make certain modifications to our existing programs in age-related retinal diseases. Our ongoing and planned clinical studies for Zimura,(i) maintain all of which are designed to obtain data to guide potential future development efforts, are as follows:
OPH2003 (GA): an ongoing randomized, double‑masked, sham controlled, multi-center Phase 2b clinical trial to evaluate the safetytheir respective operating accounts, depository accounts and efficacy of Zimura monotherapy in patients with geographic atrophy, or GA, secondary to dry AMD. Geographic atrophy, the end stage of dry AMD, is a disease signified by retinal cell death and degeneration of retinal tissue. Following the recent announcements of competitors' conflicting top-line results from two clinical trials assessing the role of two different types of complement inhibitors for the treatment of GA, we modified our ongoing Phase 2/3 clinical trial of Zimura monotherapy in GA. One competitor, developing an inhibitor directed towards the alternative complement pathway, is in Phase 3 trials, the first of which did not meet its primary efficacy endpoint and the second of which is expected to have initial top-line data available before the end of 2017. The other competitor, developing an inhibitor blocking all three complement pathways, has provided data from an ongoing Phase 2b trial that met its primary efficacy endpoint. Zimura inhibits complement factor C5, which is further downstream following convergence of all three complement pathways. We had originally planned to enroll 300 patients in an initial stage of the OPH2003 trial, with an interim analysis scheduled at 18 months, and to potentially enroll up to an additional 600 patients thereafter. We have modified the trial to accelerate the timeline to obtain top-line data by reducing the number of patients we plan to enroll to approximately 200 patients and by shortening the time point for evaluating the primary efficacy endpoint to 12 months, with a treatment duration of 18 months. We have also expanded the number of sitesexcess cash in the United States with SVB or an SVB affiliate and outside(ii) obtain any business card, letter of credit and other material cash management services in the United States exclusively from SVB or an SVB affiliate.

The Company maintains its cash equivalents and available for sale securities in investments in money market funds, in U.S. Treasury securities, asset-backed securities and investment-grade corporate debt securities with original maturities of 90 days or less.

The Company believes it is not exposed to expedite enrollment. significant credit risk on its cash, cash equivalents and available for sale securities.
Leases
The primary efficacy endpointCompany determines if an arrangement contains a lease at inception. For arrangements where the Company is an anatomic endpoint, the mean change in rate of GA at 12 months, as measured by fundus autofluorescence. The modified trial design incorporates patients that were already enrolled inlessee, it recognizes a right-of-use (“ROU”) asset and operating lease liability on the trial priorCompany's Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheet. ROU lease assets represent the Company's right to use the modifications and includes Zimura dosing regimens not previously studied. We submitted the amended clinical trial protocol to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, early in the fourth quarter of 2017. Based on our anticipated enrollment rate, we expect initial top-line data from this trial to be available during the second half of 2019;

OPH2007 (wet AMD): an ongoing dose-ranging, open-label, multi-center Phase 2a clinical trial of Zimura in combination with Lucentisunderlying asset for the treatment of wet AMD in patients who have not previously been treated with anti-VEGF drugs, referredlease term and the lease obligation represents the Company's commitment to as treatment-naïve patients. We initiated this trial duringmake the third quarter of 2017. We plan to enroll approximately 60 patients in this triallease payments arising from the lease. ROU lease assets and to evaluate patient dataobligations are recognized at the 6-month time point. As this is a Phase 2a trial, we plan to evaluate all available safety measures including vision outcomes. The design for the trial includes Zimura dosing regimens not previously studied. Based on our anticipated enrollment rate, we expect initial top-line data from this trial to be available by the end of 2018. Prior to commencing this trial, we ceased enrolling patients in OPH2004, a prior open-label Phase 2a clinical trial of Zimura in wet AMD patients who had been previously treated with anti-VEGF drugs, referred to as treatment-experienced patients;

OPH2005 (autosomal recessive Stargardt disease (STGD1)): a planned randomized, double-masked, sham controlled, multi-center Phase 2b clinical trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of Zimura monotherapy for the treatment of autosomal recessive Stargardt disease, referred to as STGD1. STGD1 is an inherited orphan retinal disease causing vision loss during childhood or adolescence for which currently no FDA or EMA approved treatment are available and it remains a major unmet medical need. We plan to enroll approximately 120 patients in this trial and to evaluate the primary efficacy endpoint at 18-months. The primary efficacy endpoint is an anatomic endpoint, mean rate of change in the area of ellipsoid zone defect, as measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography, or SD-OCT. Scientific literature correlates ellipsoid zone defect with visual dysfunction. The design of the trial, which is scheduled to initiate before the end of 2017, includes Zimura dosing regimens that have not been studied prior to the modified OPH2003 and OPH2007 trials. We previously engaged the Foundation Fighting Blindness to provide us with data from the Foundation's publicly available ProgStar study, the largest natural history study on STGD1 disease to date. We have used this natural history data as a resource to assist in the design of the OPH2005 trial. Based on our anticipated enrollment rate, we expect initial top-line data from this trial to be available during 2020;

OPH2006 (IPCV): a planned open-label Phase 2a clinical trial of Zimura in combination with Eylea for the treatment of idiopathic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, or IPCV, an age-related retinal disease involving the choroidal vasculature characterized by the presence of polypoidal lesions, which leads to vision loss. We expect to enroll
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approximately 20 patients and plan to evaluate patient data at the 9-month time point. As this is a Phase 2a trial, we plan to evaluate all available safety measures including vision outcomes. This trial is scheduled to initiate by the end of 2017. Based on our anticipated enrollment rate, we expect initial, top-line data to be available from this trial during the second half of 2019; and

a planned open-label Phase 2a clinical trial of Zimura monotherapy for the treatment of non-infections intermediate and posterior uveitis, a rare inflammatory disease of the back of the eye, is scheduled to be initiated during 2018.

Given that we have limited data regarding the effect of Zimura in GA, we determined the size of the OPH2003 trial based on our best estimates of the size of trial required to demonstrate a potential clinical benefit for Zimura.  This estimate is based on our assumptions regarding the potential performance of Zimura in this indication based in part on available third-party clinical data.  In addition, given that we have no clinical data regarding the effect of Zimura in STGD1, we determined the size of the OPH2005 trialcommencement date based on the numberpresent value of patients with STGD1 that we believe could potentially be enrolled within a reasonable period of time. Based onremaining lease payments over the actual enrollmentlease term. As the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit discount rate, during the trial, this number may be increased or decreased.  As STGD1 isCompany has used an orphan indication, to our knowledge there is no natural history data currently available regarding the variability of the planned primary efficacy endpoint in the STGD1 patient population we plan to enroll in this trial.  Basedestimated incremental borrowing rate based on the information above, these trials could be underpoweredavailable at the commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. ROU lease assets include any lease payments made prior to demonstratecommencement and excludes any lease incentives. The lease term may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. Operating lease expense is recognized on a potentialstraight-line basis over the lease term, subject to any changes in the lease or expectations regarding the terms. Variable lease costs such as common area costs and property taxes are expensed as incurred. For all office lease agreements the Company combines lease and nonlease components. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the Company's Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheet.
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment, which consists mainly of clinical benefit for Zimura in these indications.

On-going business development activities
In early 2017, we engaged Leerink Partners, a financial advisor, and initiated a plan to review our strategic alternatives in order to maximize shareholder value followinglaboratory equipment, computers, software, other office equipment, and leasehold improvements, are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed over the failure of two of our three pivotal Fovista trials. Without limiting any option, the principal focus of this plan, based on our deep expertise and experience in ophthalmology, has been to actively explore obtaining rights to additional products, product candidates and technologies to treat ophthalmic diseases, particularly thoseestimated useful lives of the backrespective assets, generally three to ten years, using the straight-line method. Amortization of leasehold improvements is recorded over the shorter of the eye. We reviewed a large number of assets and technology platforms during the first three quarters of 2017 and are actively continuing to review assetslease term or technology platforms that would complement our strategic goals in addition to other compelling ophthalmology opportunities.

Leerink Partners continues to assist our management and our board of directors in evaluating our strategic alternatives. We, with Leerink’s assistance, have considered multiple opportunities over the last several months, including in-licensing, obtaining rights to products, product candidates or technologies, acquisitions, mergers and reverse mergers. We are committed to being opportunistic and will reconsider new compelling opportunities if and as they emerge.

Other updates

Fovista

In December 2016, we announced initial, top-line data from two pivotal clinical trials, OPH1002 and OPH1003, which evaluated the safety and efficacy of 1.5mg of Fovista administered in combination with monthly 0.5mg Lucentis® (ranibizumab) anti-VEGF therapy compared to monthly 0.5mg Lucentis monotherapy for the treatment of wet AMD. In August 2017, we announced initial, top-line data from the third pivotal Fovista Phase 3 trial, OPH1004, which evaluated the safety and efficacy of 1.5 mg of Fovista administered in combination with 2.0mg Eylea® (aflibercept) or 1.25mg Avastin® (bevacizumab) anti-VEGF therapy compared to 2.0mg Eylea or 1.25mg Avastin monotherapy for the treatment of wet AMD. The pre-specified primary endpoint of mean change in visual acuity at 12 months was not achieved in anyestimated useful life of the OPH1002, OPH1003 or OPH1004 trials. Following the December 2016 data announcement, we subsequently stopped treating patients in, and terminated, both the OPH1002 and OPH1003 trials as well as our additional Phase 2 clinical trials that were evaluating the potential additional benefits of Fovista administered in combination with anti-VEGF drugs in wet AMD patients, which we have referred to collectively as the Fovista Expansion Studies. Following the August 2017 data announcement, we subsequently stopped treating patients in, and terminated, the OPH1004 trial. We are in the process of winding down the OPH1004 Fovista trial and have no future plans to develop Fovista in wet AMD.

As part of our strategic review process during 2017, we also reassessed our Fovista program and explored the scientific rationale for Fovista as a potential treatment in orphan indications. During 2016, the National Eye Institute commenced a Phase 1/2 clinical trial studying the potential role of Fovista in combination with Lucentis for the treatment of retinal capillary hemangiomas associated with the orphan disease Von-Hippel-Lindau Syndrome. This trial remains ongoing with initial data expected to be available during 2018. We are also planning to supply Fovista for a pre-clinical program evaluating Fovista in retinoblastoma, a rare cancer of the eye in children. Pre-clinical research has shown that the PDGF
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signaling pathway may play a role in retinoblastoma. Our commitments for these two programs primarily involve providing Fovista drug product and drug substance, which has already been manufactured, for use in these studies.

Novartis Agreement

In May 2014, we entered into a licensing and commercialization agreement with Novartis Pharma AG, or Novartis, which we refer to as the Novartis Agreement. Under the Novartis Agreement, we granted Novartis exclusive rights under specified patent rights, know-how and trademarks controlled by us to manufacture, from bulk active pharmaceutical ingredient, or API, supplied by us, standalone Fovista products and products combining Fovista with an anti-VEGF drug to which Novartis has rights in a co-formulated product, for the treatment, prevention, cure or control of any human disease, disorder or condition of the eye, and to develop and commercialize those licensed products in all countries outside of the United States, which we refer to as the Novartis Territory. We agreed to use commercially reasonable efforts to complete our pivotal Phase 3 clinical program for Fovista and Novartis agreed to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop a standalone Fovista product and a co-formulated product containing Fovista and an anti-VEGF drug to which Novartis has rights, as well as a pre-filled syringe presentation of such products and to use commercially reasonable efforts, subject to obtaining marketing approval, to commercialize licensed products in the Novartis Territory in accordance with agreed development and marketing plans. Novartis paid us a $200.0 million upfront fee upon execution of the Novartis Agreement, as well as $50.0 million upon the achievement of each of two patient enrollment-based milestones, and $30.0 million upon the achievement of a third, and final, enrollment-based milestone, for an aggregate of $330.0 million. In July 2017, we and Novartis entered into a letter agreement to streamline the process and timeline for evaluating data from the OPH1004 trial once it became available. On October 23, 2017, following the failure of the Phase 3 Fovista program and pursuant to the terms of the July 2017 letter agreement, Novartis elected to terminate the Novartis Agreement with immediate effect.

Financial matters
As of September 30, 2017, we had $180.2 million in cash and cash equivalents of which approximately $5.0 million to $7.0 million is committed to the wind-down of the OPH1004 trial and completing a previously announced reduction in personnel and related costs.
As a result of our ongoing reassessment of our development programs and potential business development opportunities, we may modify, expand or terminate some or all of our development programs or clinical trials at any time. The outcome of these reassessments, as well as the progress of our plans to potentially acquire additional products, product candidates or technologies will determine whether and to what extent we will continue to incur research and development costs for each of our development programs going forward.
Our ability to become and remain profitable depends on our ability to generate revenue in excess of our expenses. We do not expect to generate significant product revenue unless, and until, we obtain marketing approval for, and commercialize, any of our product candidates, which, if we are successful, will likely take at least several years. We may be unsuccessful in our efforts to develop and commercialize these product candidates. Even if we succeed in developing and commercializing one or more of our product candidates, we may never achieve sufficient sales revenue to achieve or maintain profitability. Our capital requirements will also depend on many other factors, including whether we are successful in our pursuit to acquire or in-license and subsequently develop additional product candidates or technologies. We may need to obtain substantial additional funding in connection with our continuing operations. If we are unable to raise capital when needed or on attractive terms, we could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our research and development programs or any future commercialization efforts.

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Financial Operations Overview
Revenue
In May 2014, we entered into the Novartis Agreement. We used the relative selling price method to allocate arrangement consideration to our performance obligations under the Novartis Agreement. Upon entry into the Novartis Agreement, we received an upfront payment of $200.0 million, which was not previously recorded as revenue due to our right to terminate the agreement in the event that the parties were prevented from materially progressing the development or commercialization of Fovista products for a specified period as a result of specified governmental actions and the associated termination fee equivalent to the entire $200.0 million upfront payment, which we would have been required to pay if we elected to exercise this termination option. In each of September 2014 and March 2015, we achieved a $50.0 million enrollment-based milestone, and in June 2016, we achieved a $30.0 million enrollment-based milestone, for an aggregate total of $130.0 million, under the Novartis Agreement. In July 2017, we entered into a letter agreement with Novartis, which resulted in the recognition of the remaining deferred revenue under the Novartis Agreement during the third quarter of 2017, as described below under "Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates—Revenue Recognition—Collaboration Revenue". The recognition of this revenue during the period did not impact our cash balance. Below is a summary of the components of our collaboration revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016:
 Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30,
 2017 2016 2017 2016
 (in thousands)
License revenue$152,912
 $—
 $152,912
 $22,937
Research and development activity revenue52,864
 1,664
 56,180
 8,089
API transfer revenue754
 —
 754
 14,545
Joint operating committee revenue124
 4
 131
 16
Total collaboration revenue$206,654
 $1,668
 $209,977
 $45,587

asset.
Research and Development Expenses
ResearchThe Company's research and development expenses primarily consist of costs associated with the manufacturing, development and preclinical and clinical testing and manufacturing of Zimurathe Company’s product candidates and Fovista, as well as costs associated with the preclinical development of other product candidates and formulations. Ourits gene therapy research programs. The Company's research and development expenses consist of:
•external research and development expenses incurred under arrangements with third parties, such as contract research organizations or CROs,(“CROs”) and contract development and manufacturing organizations (“CDMOs”) and other vendors and contract manufacturing organizations, or CMOs, for the production and analysis of APIdrug substance and drug product; and
•employee-related expenses for employees dedicated to research and development activities, including salaries, benefits and share-based compensation expense.
Research and development expenses also include costs of acquired product licenses, in-process research and development, and related technology rights where there is no alternative future use, costs of prototypes used in research and development, consultant fees and amounts paid to collaborative partners.collaborators.
All research and development expenses are charged to operations as incurred in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification Topic, or ASC 730, Research and Development. We accountThe Company accounts for non-refundable advance payments for goods and services that will be used in future research and development activities as expenses when the service has been performed or when the goods have been received, rather than when the payment is made. To date, the large majority of our research and development activity has been related to Fovista and Zimura. We do not currently utilize a formal time allocation system to capture expenses on a project-by-project basis because we record expenses by functional department. Accordingly, we do not allocate expenses to individual projects or product candidates, although we do allocate some portion of our research and development expenses by functional area and by compound, as shown below.
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Income Taxes
The following table summarizes our research and development expensesCompany utilizes the liability method of accounting for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016:
 Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30,
 2017 2016 2017 2016
 (in thousands)
Fovista$4,337
 $33,160
 $21,159
 $87,696
Zimura1,278
 2,096
 9,554
 4,410
Personnel-related2,761
 6,612
 17,061
 19,829
Share-based compensation1,840
 5,664
 8,887
 16,732
Other491
 3,322
 1,682
 8,219
 $10,707
 $50,854
 $58,343
 $136,886
We expect to continue to incur research and development expensesdeferred income taxes, as we continue our Zimura development programs, including as we initiate new clinical trials, and as we wind down the OPH1004 trial. Due to the terminations of the Fovista Phase 3 program and the Fovista Expansion Studies, our overall research and development expenses have decreased significantly compared to prior years. We expect very limited research and development expenses related to Fovistaset forth in the future. However, as we continue our Zimura development programs in age-related retinal diseases and commence new Zimura clinical trials in orphan retinal indications or as we commence any new development efforts in relation to additional product candidates we may in-license or acquire as we pursue our updated business plan, we expect that our overall research and development expenses will begin to increase from the current level of expenditure.

Our expenses may exceed our expectations if we experience delays in enrollment or with the availability of drug supply for our clinical trials, if we experience any unforeseen issue in our ongoing clinical trials or if we further expand the scope of our clinical trials and programs. Our costs may also exceed our expectations for other reasons, for example, if we experience issues with process development, the scale-up of manufacturing activities or activities to enable and qualify second source suppliers or if we decide to increase licensing or preclinical research and development activities.
The future development of our product candidates is highly uncertain. We expect the clinical development for Zimura will continue for at least the next several years. AtASC 740, Income Taxes.  Under this time, we cannot reasonably estimate the remaining costs necessary to complete clinical development, to complete process development and manufacturing scale‑up and validation activities or to potentially seek marketing approval with respect to our product candidates.

The successful development of our product candidates is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties associated with developing drugs, including the uncertainty of:
the scope, rate of progress and expense of our research and development activities;
the potential benefits of our product candidates over other therapies;
clinical trial results;
the terms and timing of regulatory approvals;
our ability to market, commercialize and achieve market acceptance for any of our product candidates; and

our ability to successfully file, prosecute, defend and enforce patent claims and other intellectual property rights, together with associated expenses.

A change in the outcome of any of these variables with respect to the development of our product candidates could mean a significant change in the costs and timing associated with the development of that product candidate. For example, if regulatory authorities were to require us to conduct clinical trials beyond those that we currently anticipate will be required for the completion of clinical development of a product candidate or if we experience significant delays in enrollment in any clinical trials, we could be required to expend significant additional financial resources and time on the completion of clinical development.
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See the “Liquidity and Capital Resources” section on page 36 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for more information regarding our current and future financial resources and our expectations regarding our research and development expenses and funding requirements.
General and Administrative Expenses
General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and related costs for personnel, including share-based compensation expense, in our executive, legal, finance, commercial and business development functions. Other general and administrative expenses include facility costs and professional fees for legal, patent, pre-launch commercialization activities, travel expenses, consulting and accounting services.
We anticipate that our general and administrative expenses will decrease in future periods as a result of a reduction in personnel to focus on an updated business plan involving a total expected workforce of approximately 36 employees.   We substantially completed the reduction in personnel during the first and second quarters of 2017 as part of implementing our updated business plan.
Interest Income
Our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities are invested primarily in money market funds, U.S. Treasury securities and investment-grade corporate debt securities, which generate a nominal amount of interest income.

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates
Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our financial statements, which we have prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and expenses and the disclosure of contingentmethod, deferred tax assets and liabilities in our financial statements. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments, including those related to accrued research and development expenses, revenue recognition, share-based compensation and income taxes described in greater detail below. We base our estimates on our limited historical experience, known trends and events and various other factors that we believe are reasonable underrecognized for the circumstances, the resultsexpected future tax consequences of which form the basis for making judgments abouttemporary differences between the carrying valuesamounts and the tax basis of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
Our significant accounting policies are described in more detail in the notes to our financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Of those policies, we believe that the following accounting policies are the most critical to aid our stockholders in fully understanding and evaluating our financial condition and results of operations.
Accrued Research and Development Expenses
As part of the process of preparing our financial statements, we are required to estimate our accrued expenses. This process involves reviewing quotations and contracts, identifying services that have been performed on our behalf and estimating the level of service performed and the associated cost incurred for the serviceliabilities. A valuation allowance is established against deferred tax assets when, we have not yet been invoiced or otherwise notified of the actual cost. The majority of our service providers invoice us monthly in arrears for services performed or when contractual milestones are met. We make estimates of our accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date in our financial statements based on facts and circumstances known to us atthe weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that time. We periodically confirm the accuracy of our estimates with the service providers and make adjustments if necessary. The significant estimates in our accrued research and development expenses are related to expenses incurred with respect to CROs, CMOs and other vendors in connection with research and development and manufacturing activities.
We base our expenses related to CROs and CMOs on our estimates of the services received and efforts expended pursuant to quotations and contracts with such vendors that conduct research and development and manufacturing activities on our behalf. The financial terms of these agreements are subject to negotiation, vary from contract to contract and may result in uneven payment flows. There may be instances in which payments made to our vendors will exceed the level of services provided and result in a prepayment of the applicable research and developmentsome or manufacturing expense. In accruing service fees, we estimate the time period over which services will be performed and the level of effort to be expended in each period. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from our estimate, we adjust the accrual or prepaid expense accordingly. Although we do not expect our estimates to be materially different from amounts actually incurred, our understanding of the status and timing of services performed relative to the actual status and timing of services performed may
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vary and could result in us reporting amounts that are too high or too low in any particular period. There have been no material changes in estimates for the periods presented.
Revenue Recognition—Collaboration Revenue
In May 2014, we received an upfront payment of $200.0 million in connection with our entry into the Novartis Agreement, which was not recorded as revenue due to the existence of a contingency with respect to our right to terminate the agreement in certain circumstances and the associated termination fee equivalent to the entire $200.0 million upfront payment, which we would have been required to pay if we elected to exercise this termination option. In each of September 2014 and March 2015, we achieved a $50.0 million enrollment-based milestone, and in June 2016, we achieved a $30.0 million enrollment-based milestone, for an aggregate total of $130.0 million in milestones, under the Novartis Agreement.  We used the relative selling price method to allocate these payments to contract deliverables based on our performance obligations under the Novartis Agreement.

The July 2017 letter agreement with Novartis resolved the contingency with respect to our termination right, allowing us to immediately recognize as revenue the portion of the upfront payment allocated using the relative selling price method to deliverables completed during prior periods. During the third quarter of 2017, we completed the remaining deliverables under the Novartis Agreement and the July 2017 letter agreement and recognized as revenue the balance of all of the payments previously received from Novartis relateddeferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company's policy is to licensing, researchrecord interest and development, manufacturing and joint operating committee activities that had been previously deferred using the relative selling price method. In total, during the third quarter of 2017, we recognized $206.7 million in previously deferred collaboration revenue in connection with the Novartis Agreement. The recognition of this revenue during the period did not impact our cash balance. On October 23, 2017, following the failure of the Fovista Phase 3 program and pursuant to the terms of the July 2017 letter agreement, Novartis elected to terminate the Novartis Agreement with immediate effect.

Below is a summary of the components of our collaboration revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016:
 Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30,
 2017 2016 2017 2016
 (in thousands)
License revenue$152,912
 $—
 $152,912
 $22,937
Research and development activity revenue52,864
 1,664
 56,180
 8,089
API transfer revenue754
 —
 754
 14,545
Joint operating committee revenue124
 4
 131
 16
Total collaboration revenue$206,654
 $1,668
 $209,977
 $45,587
Royalty Purchase Liability
The proceeds from the financing we received under our royalty financing agreement with Novo A/S, or the Novo Agreement, have been recordedpenalties on uncertain tax positions as a liability on our Balance Sheet in accordance with ASC 730, Research and Development. Although there is no explicit repayment obligation contained in the Novo Agreement, because there was a significant related party relationship between us and Novo A/S at the time the Novo Agreement was entered into, we are treating our obligation to make royalty payments under the Novo Agreement as an implicit obligation to repay the funds advanced by Novo A/S, and thus have recorded the proceeds as a liability on our Balance Sheet. In the event that we make royalty payments to Novo A/S, we will reduce the liability balance. At the time that such royalty payments become probable and estimable, and if such amounts exceed the liability balance, we will impute interest accordingly on a prospective basis based on such estimates, which would result in a corresponding increase in the liability balance.income tax expense.
Share-Based Compensation
We account for all share-based compensation payments issued to employees, non-employee directors, and consultants by estimatingThe Company follows the fair value of each equity award. Accordingly, share-based compensation expense is measured based on the estimated fair value of the awards on the date of grant, net of forfeitures. We recognize compensation expense for the portion of the award that is ultimately expected to vest over the period during which the recipient renders the required services to us on a straight-line basis. In accordance with authoritative guidance, we re-measure the fair value of consultant share-based awards as the awards vest, and recognize the resulting value, if any, as expense during the period the related services are rendered.
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We apply the fair value recognition provisions of ASC 718,Compensation—Stock Compensation, which requires the measurement and recognition of compensation expense for all share-based payment awards made to employees, consultants and non-employee directors, including employee stock options, restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and options granted to employees to purchase shares under the 2016 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”). DeterminingShare-based compensation expense is based on the amount of share-based compensation to be recorded requires us to develop estimates of thegrant date fair value estimated in accordance with the provisions of stock optionsASC 718 and is generally recognized as of their grant date. We recognize share-based compensationan expense ratably over the requisite service period, which in most cases is the vesting periodnet of the award.estimated forfeitures. For grants containing performance-based vesting provisions, expense is recognized over the estimated achievement period. Calculatingperiod only when the fair valueperformance-based milestone is deemed probable of share-based awards requires that we make highly subjective assumptions.achievement. If performance-based milestones are later determined not to be probable of achievement, then all previously recorded stock-based compensation expense associated with such options will be reversed during the period in which the Company makes this determination.
We use the Black-Scholes option pricing model to value our stock option awards and the options to purchase shares under our ESPP. Use of this valuation methodology requires that we make assumptions as to the volatility of our common stock, the expected term of our stock options, and the risk-free interest rate for a period that approximates the expected term of our stock options and the expected dividend yield of our common stock. As a recent public company, we do not have sufficient history to estimate the volatility of our common stock price or the expected life of the options. We calculate expected volatility based on reported data for similar publicly traded companies for which historical information is available and will continue to do so until the historical volatility of our common stock is sufficient to measure expected volatility for future option grants.
We use the simplified method as prescribed by the Securities and Exchange Commission Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 107, Share-Based Payment, to calculate the expected term of stock option grants to employees as we do not have sufficient historical exercise data to provide a reasonable basis upon which to estimate the expected term of stock options granted to employees. The risk-free interest rate used for each grant is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant for instruments with a similar expected life. We utilize a dividend yield of zero based on the fact that we have never paid cash dividends and have no current intention to pay cash dividends. The weighted-average assumptions used to estimate grant date fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes option pricing model were as follows for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016:
 Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30,
 2017 2016 2017 2016
Expected common stock price volatility82% 71% 81% 71%
Risk-free interest rate1.95%-2.06% 1.14% -1.32% 1.82%-2.38% 1.14%-1.92%
Expected term of options (years)6.1 6.0 6.1 6.1
Expected dividend yield— — — —
We estimate the fair value of restricted stock units, or RSUs, granted to employees using the closing market price of our common stock on the date of grant.
We are also required to estimateCompany estimates forfeitures at the time of grant and reviserevises those estimates in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from ourits estimates. We useThe Company uses historical data to estimate pre-vesting forfeitures and record share-based compensation expense only for those awards that are expected to vest. To the extent that actual forfeitures differ from ourthe Company's estimates, the difference is recorded as a cumulative adjustment in the period the estimates were revised.
Stock Options
The Company estimates the fair value of stock options granted to employees, consultants, and non-employee directors on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Company's computation of stock-price volatility is based on daily historical volatility during the time period that corresponds to the expected option term. The Company's computation of expected term is determined using the expected term of stock option grants to employees based on an analysis of actual option exercises. The Company utilizes a dividend yield of zero based on the fact that the Company has never paid cash dividends to stockholders and has no current intentions to pay cash dividends. The risk-free interest rate is based on the zero-coupon U.S. Treasury yield at the date of grant for a term equivalent to the expected term of the option.
The weighted-average assumptions used to estimate grant date fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes option pricing model were as follows for the three month periods ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:
 Three Months Ended March 31,
 20232022
Expected common stock price volatility81%101%
Risk-free interest rate3.45%-4.22%1.38%-1.63%
Expected term of options (years)5.05.2
Expected dividend yield——
RSUs
The Company estimates the fair value of RSUs granted to employees using the closing market price of the Company's common stock on the date of grant.
ESPP
In April 2016, the Company's board of directors adopted the ESPP pursuant to which the Company may sell up to an aggregate of 1,000,000 shares of its common stock. The ESPP was approved by the Company’s stockholders in June 2016. The ESPP is considered compensatory and the fair value of the discount and look back provision are estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and recognized over the six month withholding period prior to purchase.
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Recent Accounting Pronouncements
The Company has evaluated recent accounting pronouncements through the date the financial statements were issued and filed with the SEC and believes that there are none that will have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements.
3. Net Loss Per Common Share
Basic and diluted net loss per common share is determined by dividing net loss by the weighted average common shares and pre-funded warrants outstanding during the period. Basic and diluted shares outstanding includes the weighted average effect of the Company's outstanding pre-funded warrants as the exercise of such pre-funded warrants requires nominal consideration to be given for the delivery of the corresponding shares of common stock. As of March 31, 2023, the Company had no pre-funded warrants outstanding. For the periods when there is a net loss, shares underlying stock options and RSUs have been excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per common share because the effect of including such shares would be anti-dilutive. Therefore, the weighted average common shares used to calculate both basic and diluted net loss per common share would be the same.
The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per common share for the periods indicated:
 Three Months Ended March 31,
 20232022
Basic and diluted net loss per common share calculation:  
Net loss$(72,229)$(34,536)
Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic and dilutive137,087 118,755 
Net loss per share of common stock - basic and diluted$(0.53)$(0.29)
The following potentially dilutive securities have been excluded from the computations of diluted weighted average common shares outstanding for the periods presented, as the effect of including such shares would be anti-dilutive:
 Three Months Ended March 31,
 20232022
Stock options outstanding12,896,479 10,469,980 
Restricted stock units2,816,817 2,200,043 
Total15,713,296 12,670,023 
4. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Available-for-Sale Securities
The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with original maturities of 90 days or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $467.6 million and $476.3 million, respectively. Cash and cash equivalents included cash of $6.0 million at March 31, 2023 and $0.6 million at December 31, 2022. Cash and cash equivalents at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 included $461.6 million and $475.7 million, respectively, of investments in money market funds.
The Company considers debt securities with original maturities of greater than 90 days at the date of purchase to be available for sale securities. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company held available for sale securities of $132.3 million and $170.5 million, respectively, all of which have maturities of less than one year.
The Company evaluates securities with unrealized losses, if any, to determine whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit loss or other factors. The Company has determined that there were no credit losses in fair value of its investments as of March 31, 2023. Factors considered in determining whether a loss resulted from a credit loss or other factors included the length of time and extent to which the investment’s fair value has been less than the cost basis, the financial condition and near-term prospects of the investee, the extent of the loss related to credit of the issuer, the expected cash flows from the security, the Company’s intent to sell the security, and whether or not the Company will be required to sell the security before the recovery of its amortized cost.
The Company classifies these securities as available-for-sale. However, the Company has not sold and does not currently intend to sell its investments and the Company believes it is more likely than not that the Company will recover the carrying value of these investments.
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The Company believes that its existing cash, cash equivalents and available-for-sale securities as of March 31, 2023 will be sufficient to fund its currently planned capital expenditure requirements and operating expenses for at least the next 12 months from the filing of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Available for sale securities, including carrying value and estimated fair values, are summarized as follows:
 As of March 31, 2023
 Amortized CostGross Unrealized GainsGross Unrealized LossesFair Value
U.S. Treasury securities$21,674 $1 $(29)$21,646 
Corporate debt securities86,102 — (35)86,067 
U.S. government agency securities9,761 7 — 9,768 
Asset-backed securities9,903 — (33)9,870 
Supranational securities5,008 — (10)4,998 
Total$132,448 $8 $(107)$132,349 

 As of December 31, 2022
 Amortized CostGross Unrealized GainsGross Unrealized LossesFair Value
U.S. Treasury securities$27,481 $3 $(61)$27,423 
Corporate debt securities109,248 — (119)109,129 
U.S. government agency securities9,644 25 — 9,669 
Asset-backed securities19,360 — (63)19,297 
Supranational securities5,027 — (14)5,013 
Total$170,760 $28 $(257)$170,531 
The Company’s available for sale securities are reported at fair value on the Company’s balance sheet. Unrealized gains (losses) are reported within other comprehensive income in the statements of comprehensive loss. The cost of securities sold and any realized gains/losses from the sale of available for sale securities are based on the specific identification method. The changes in accumulated other comprehensive income associated with the unrealized gain on available for sale securities during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, were as follows:
 Three months ended March 31,
 20232022
Beginning balance$(229)$(90)
Current period changes in fair value before reclassifications, net of tax130 (304)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax— — 
Total other comprehensive loss$130 $(304)
Ending balance$(99)$(394)
5. Fair Value Measurements
ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset, or paid to transfer a liability, in the principal or most advantageous market in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The fair value standard also establishes a three-level hierarchy, which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value.
The following table presents, for each of the fair value hierarchy levels required under ASC 820, the Company's assets
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and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2023:
Fair Value Measurement Using
Quoted prices in
active markets for
identical assets
(Level 1)		Significant other
observable inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
unobservable
inputs
(Level 3)
Assets
Investments in money market funds*$461,564 $— $— 
Investments in U.S. Treasury securities$21,646 $— $— 
Investments in corporate debt securities$— $86,067 $— 
Investments in U.S. government agency securities9,768 
Investments in asset-backed securities$— 9,870 $— 
Investments in supranational securities$— 4,998 $— 
*Investments in money market funds are reflected in cash and cash equivalents in the accompanying Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The following table presents, for each of the fair value hierarchy levels required under ASC 820, the Company's assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2022:
Fair Value Measurement Using
Quoted prices in
active markets for
identical assets
(Level 1)		Significant other
observable inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
unobservable
inputs
(Level 3)
Assets
Investments in money market funds*$475,689 $— $— 
Investments in U.S. Treasury securities$27,423 $— $— 
Investments in corporate debt securities$— $109,129 $— 
Investments in U.S. government agency securities— 9,669 — 
Investments in asset-backed securities$— $19,297 $— 
Investments in supranational securities$— $5,013 $— 
*Investments in money market funds are reflected in cash and cash equivalents in the accompanying Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets.
No transfer of assets between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value measurement hierarchy occurred during the three months ended March 31, 2023.
6. Share-Based Compensation
Pursuant to the evergreen provisions of the Company's 2013 stock incentive plan (the “2013 Plan”), annual increases have resulted in the addition of an aggregate of approximately 18,166,000 additional shares to the 2013 Plan, including for 2023, an increase of approximately 2,542,000 shares. As of March 31, 2023, the Company had approximately 2,646,000 shares available for grant under the 2013 Plan.
In October 2019, the Company's board of directors adopted its 2019 Inducement Stock Incentive Plan (the “2019 Inducement Plan”) to reserve initially 1,000,000 shares of its common stock to be used exclusively for grants of awards to individuals who were not previously employees or directors of the Company as a material inducement to such individuals’ entry into employment with the Company within Rule 5635(c)(4) of the Nasdaq Listing Rules. The terms and conditions of the 2019 Inducement Plan are substantially similar to those of the 2013 Plan. In March 2020, February 2021, September 2021, December 2021, May 2022 and February 2023, the Company's board of directors amended the 2019 Inducement Plan to reserve an additional 1,000,000 shares, an additional 600,000 shares, an additional 1,000,000 shares, an additional 1,000,000 shares, an additional 1,000,000 shares and an additional 2,000,000 shares, respectively, of its common stock for issuance under the plan. As of March 31, 2023, the Company had approximately 1,995,000 shares available for grant under the 2019 Inducement Plan.
Share-based compensation expense, for equity grantsnet of estimated forfeitures, includes expenses related to stock options and RSUs granted to employees, non-employee directors and consultants, was $3.4 million and $8.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, net of expected forfeitures. Share-based compensation expense for equity grantsas well as options granted to employees non-employee directors and consultants was $14.4 million and $24.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, net of expected forfeitures. As of September 30, 2017, we had $22.1 million of total unrecognized share-based compensation expense, which we expect to recognize over a weighted-average remaining vesting period of approximately 2.2 years. We expect our share-based compensation expense for our equity awards to employees, non-employee directors and consultants to decrease as a result of our reduction in force.
purchase shares
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Forunder the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, we allocated share-basedESPP. Stock-based compensation by award type was as follows:
 Three Months Ended March 31,
 20232022
Stock options$6,894 $3,323 
Restricted stock units4,838 2,005 
Employee stock purchase plan167 58 
Total$11,899 $5,386 
 Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30,
 2017 2016 2017 2016
 (in thousands)
Research and development$1,840
 $5,664
 $8,887
 $16,732
General and administrative1,571
 2,584
 5,576
 8,157
Total$3,411
 $8,248
 $14,463
 $24,889
The Company allocated stock-based compensation expense in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss as follows:
 Three Months Ended March 31,
 20232022
Research and development$5,541 $2,661 
General and administrative6,358 2,725 
Total$11,899 $5,386 
Income TaxesStock Options
In 2014, we received $83.3 million from Novo A/S under the Novo Agreement, which was reported as revenue for income tax purposes. Also in 2014, we received $200.0 million from Novartis upon executionA summary of the Novartis Agreement, a portionstock option activity, weighted average exercise prices, options outstanding, exercisable and expected to vest as of which was reportedMarch 31, 2023 is as revenue for income tax purposes. In addition, we received a milestone payment of $50.0 million in 2014 from Novartis which was reported as revenue for income tax purposes. As a result of these payments, and after taking into account the utilization of our federal and state net operating loss carry-forwards and utilization of our research and development tax credits, we reported taxable income for tax purposes in 2014. We made income tax payments of $40.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2014.follows (in thousands except weighted average exercise price):
 Number of Shares Underlying OptionsWeighted
Average
Exercise
Price
Outstanding, December 31, 202212,403 $14.70 
Granted784 $22.43 
Exercised(289)$7.26 
Forfeited(1)$8.64 
Outstanding, March 31, 202312,897 $15.34 
Vested and exercisable, March 31, 20235,668 $13.66 
Vested and expected to vest, March 31, 202312,390 $15.28 
In 2015, we incurred losses for tax purposes. As of DecemberMarch 31, 2015, we had recorded2023, there were approximately $72.5 million of unrecognized compensation costs, net deferred tax assets of $23.1 million. We realized theseestimated forfeitures, related to stock option awards grants, which are expected to be recognized over a remaining weighted average period of 3.1 years.
RSUs
The following table presents a summary of the Company's outstanding RSU awards granted as of March 31, 2023 (in thousands except weighted average grant-date fair value):
Restricted
Stock
Units		Weighted Average
Grant-Date
Fair Value
Outstanding, December 31, 20223,026 $15.12 
Awarded76 $22.71 
Vested(285)$14.11 
Forfeited— $— 
Outstanding, March 31, 20232,817 $15.43 
Outstanding, expected to vest2,624 $15.43 
As of March 31, 2023, there were approximately $33.9 million of unrecognized compensation costs, net deferred tax assets in 2016 dueof estimated forfeitures, related to our abilityRSUs grants, which are expected to carry back our 2015 federal tax loss to 2014. We expect to carry forwardbe recognized over a portionremaining weighted average period of our 2015 and 2016 state tax losses due to various state restrictions on the use of carryback claims. We are projecting tax losses for 2017. The deferred tax assets associated with these losses incurred to date in 2017 have a full valuation allowance recorded against them, however, due to our history of losses and the lack of other positive evidence to support a likelihood of future taxable income against which these losses could be applied. See Note 7 to our financial statements in Part I-Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on form 10-Q for further information regarding our expectations with respect to our income tax provision.
Results of Operations

Comparison of Three Month Periods Ended September 30, 2017 and 20163.1 years.
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 Three months ended September 30,  
 2017 2016 Increase (Decrease)
 (in thousands)  
Statement of Operations Data: 
  
  
Collaboration revenue$206,654
 $1,668
 $204,986
Operating expenses: 
  
  
Research and development10,707
 50,854
 (40,147)
General and administrative7,059
 12,024
 (4,965)
Total operating expenses17,766
 62,878
 (45,112)
Income (loss) from operations188,888
 (61,210) (250,098)
Interest income391
 409
 (18)
Other loss(12) (20) (8)
Income (loss) before income tax provision189,267
 (60,821) (250,088)
Income tax provision194
 70
 124
Net income (loss)$189,073
 $(60,891) $(249,964)
Collaboration Revenue
Collaboration revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2017 was $206.7 million, an increase of $205.0 million as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2016. Collaboration revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2017 increased as we completed all deliverables required under the Novartis Agreement during the period.  The July 2017 letter agreement with Novartis resolved the contingency with respect to our right to terminate the agreement in the event that the parties were prevented from materially progressing the development or commercialization of Fovista products for
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ESPP
a specified period as a resultAs of specified governmental actions and the associated termination fee equivalent to the entire $200.0 million upfront payment, which we would have been required to pay if we elected to exercise this termination option. We had previously deferred the entire $200.0 million upfront payment based on this contingency. As a result of our entry into the July 2017 letter agreement and resolution of the contingency, we immediately recognized the revenue attributable to deliverables completed during prior periods.  Further, as our remaining deliverablesMarch 31, 2023, there were 676,853 shares available for future purchases under the Novartis AgreementESPP. There were 35,541 and the July 2017 letter agreement were completed during the third quarter of 2017, we recognized all of the remaining collaboration revenue previously deferred15,095 shares issued under the Novartis Agreement.  Using the relative selling price method, we recognized $152.9 million related to the license we delivered to Novartis under the Novartis Agreement, $52.9 million related to the research and development activities that we performed under the Novartis Agreement, $0.8 million related to Fovista API we previously transferred to Novartis, and $0.1 million related to our joint operating committee participation obligations.
Collaboration revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2016 was $1.7 million. Using the relative selling price method, the revenue we recognized during the third quarter of 2016 primarily related to the research and development activities performed under the Novartis Agreement during the same period.
Research and Development Expenses
Our research and development expenses were $10.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, a decrease of $40.1 million compared to $50.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016. Research and development expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2017 include approximately $0.9 million in costs related to our previously announced reduction in personnel. The decrease in research and development expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2017 was primarily due to a $28.8 million decrease in costs associated with our Fovista program, including our Fovista Phase 3 clinical program and our Fovista Expansion Studies, a $3.9 million decrease in personnel expenses, a $3.8 million decrease in share-based compensation costs, a $2.0 million decrease in professional services and consulting fees and a $0.8 million decrease associated with our Zimura program, primarily related to the timing of manufacturing activities and expenses. The decreased costs for our Fovista program included lower costs related to Fovista manufacturing activities and lower clinical trial costs as a result of the wind-down of OPH1002 and OPH1003 and the Fovista Expansion Studies.

General and Administrative Expenses
Our general and administrative expenses were $7.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, a decrease of $5.0 million compared to $12.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016. General and administrative expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2017 include approximately $0.5 million in costs related to our previously announced reduction in personnel and the termination of facilities leases. The decrease in general and administrative expenses was primarily due to a decrease in costs to support our operations and infrastructure offset by the additional severance costs.
Interest Income
Interest income for the three months ended September 30, 2017 was $0.4 million compared to $0.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016. The interest income earnedESPP during the three months ended September 30, 2017 was the result of an increase of our investment portfolio yields offset by a decrease in our cashMarch 31, 2023 and cash equivalent balances available for investment.
Income Tax Provision
We recorded a provision for income taxes of $0.2 million2022, respectively. Cash proceeds from ESPP purchases were $532 thousand and $0.1 million for$184 thousand during the three months ended September 30, 2017March 31, 2023 and 2016, respectively, 2022, respectively.
7. Commitments and Contingencies
Avacincaptad Pegol - Archemix Corp.
The Company is party to an agreement with Archemix Corp. (“Archemix”) under which primarilythe Company in-licensed rights in certain patents, patent applications and other intellectual property related to discrete income tax items in each period associated with changes inavacincaptad pegol and pursuant to which the fair value of our available for sale marketable securities which are reflected in other comprehensive income (loss). Although we had $189.3 million of net income before income taxes for the third quarter of 2017 as a result of the recognition of deferred revenue under the Novartis Agreement, we expect a net loss for tax purposes for 2017 with minimal taxes due. For tax purposes, we treated payments received under the Novartis Agreement as revenue at the time the payments were received.

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Comparison of Nine Month Periods Ended September 30, 2017 and 2016
 Nine months ended September 30,  
 2017 2016 Increase (Decrease)
 (in thousands)  
Statement of Operations Data: 
  
  
Collaboration revenue$209,977
 $45,587
 $164,390
Operating expenses: 
  
  
Research and development58,343
 136,886
 (78,543)
General and administrative28,770
 37,209
 (8,439)
Total operating expenses87,113
 174,095
 (86,982)
Income (loss) from operations122,864
 (128,508) (251,372)
Interest income1,113
 1,301
 (188)
Other loss(34) (88) (54)
Income (loss) before income tax provision (benefit)123,943
 (127,295) (251,238)
Income tax provision (benefit)196
 (158) (354)
Net income (loss)$123,747
 $(127,137) $(250,884)
Collaboration Revenue
Collaboration revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 was $210.0 million, an increase of $164.4 million as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2016. Collaboration revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 increased as we completed all deliverables required under the Novartis Agreement during the period.  The July 2017 letter agreement with Novartis resolved the contingency with respect to our right to terminate the agreement in the event that the parties were prevented from materially progressing the development or commercialization of Fovista products for a specified period as a result of specified governmental actions and the associated termination fee equivalent to the entire $200.0 million upfront payment, which we would have beenCompany may be required to pay if we elected to exercise this termination option.  We had previously deferredsublicense fees and make milestone payments (the “C5 License Agreement”). Under the entire $200.0 million upfront payment based on this contingency. As a result of our entry intoC5 License Agreement, for each anti-C5 aptamer product that the letter agreement and resolution of the contingency, we immediately recognized the revenue attributable to deliverables completed during prior periods.  Further, as our remaining deliverablesCompany may develop under the Novartis Agreement andagreement, including avacincaptad pegol, the letter agreement were completed during the third quarterCompany is obligated to make additional payments to Archemix of 2017, we recognized all of the remaining collaboration revenue previously deferred under the Novartis Agreement.  Using the relative selling price method, we recognized $152.9 million relatedup to the license we delivered to Novartis under the Novartis Agreement, $56.2 million related to the research and development activities we performed under the Novartis Agreement, $0.8 million related to Fovista API we previously transferred to Novartis, and $0.1 million related to our joint operating committee participation obligations.

Collaboration revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was $45.6 million. Using the relative selling price method, we recognized $22.9 million related to the license we delivered to Novartis under the Novartis Agreement, $8.1 million related to research and development activities performed under the Novartis Agreement, $14.5 million related to Fovista API we transferred to Novartis, and a de minimis amount of revenue related to our joint operating committee participation obligation during the same period.
Research and Development Expenses
Our research and development expenses were $58.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, a decrease of $78.5 million compared to $136.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. Research and development expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 include approximately $6.8 million in costs related to our previously announced reduction in personnel. The decrease in research and development expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 was primarily due to a $66.5 million decrease in costs associated with our Fovista program, including our Fovista Phase 3 clinical program and our Fovista Expansion Studies, a $5.1 million decrease in professional services and consulting fees, and a $7.8 million decrease in share-based compensation costs. The decreased costs for our Fovista program included lower costs related to Fovista manufacturing activities and lower clinical trial costs as a result of the wind-down of OPH1002 and OPH1003 and the Fovista Expansion Studies. This overall decrease was offset by a $5.1 million increase associated with our Zimura program, primarily related to manufacturing expenses, and a $2.8 million decrease to personnel expenses associated with additional severance costs.

General and Administrative Expenses
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Our general and administrative expenses were $28.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, a decrease of $8.4 million compared to $37.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. General and administrative expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 include approximately $5.1 million in costs related to our previously announced reduction in force and the termination of facilities leases. The decrease in general and administrative expenses was primarily due to a decrease in costs to support our operations and infrastructure offset by the additional severance and lease termination costs.
Interest Income
Interest income for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 was $1.1 million compared to $1.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. The interest income earned during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 was the result of an increase of our investment portfolio yields offset by a decrease in our cash and cash equivalent balances available for investment.
Income Tax Provision (Benefit)

We recorded a provision for income taxes of $0.2 million and a benefit from income taxes of $0.2 million, respectively, for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, which primarily related to discrete income tax items in each period associated with changes in the fair value of our available for sale marketable securities which are reflected in other comprehensive income (loss). Although we had $123.9 million of net income before income taxes for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 as a result of the recognition of deferred revenue under the Novartis Agreement, we expect a net loss for tax purposes for 2017 with minimal taxes due. For tax purposes, we treated payments received under the Novartis Agreement as revenue at the time the payments were received.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Sources of Liquidity
Since inception, we have financed our operations primarily through private placements of our preferred stock, venture debt borrowings, funding we received under the Novo Agreement, our initial public offering of common stock, which we closed in September 2013, our follow-on public offering of common stock, which we closed in February 2014, and funds we received under the Novartis Agreement. In September 2013, we issued and sold an aggregate of 8,740,000 shares$50.5 million if the Company achieves specified development, clinical and regulatory milestones, with $24.5 million of common stock in our initial public offering atsuch payments relating to a public offering pricefirst indication, $23.5 million of $22.00 per share. We received net proceeds fromsuch payments relating to second and third indications and $2.5 million of such payments relating to sustained delivery applications. Under the initial public offering of $175.6 million. In February 2014, we issued and sold 1,900,000 shares of common stock and selling shareholders sold 728,571 shares of common stock in a follow-on public offering at a public offering price of $31.50 per share. We received net proceeds of $55.4 million fromC5 License Agreement, the follow-on offering. The Novo Agreement, whichCompany is described in more detail below, provided for financingalso obligated to make additional payments to Archemix of up to $125.0 million in the aggregate in return for the sale to Novo A/S of royalty interests in worldwide sales of Fovista. We received an aggregate of $125.0$22.5 million from this financing in separate tranches in May 2013, January 2014 and November 2014, which constitutesif the full amountCompany achieves specified commercial milestones based on net product sales of fundingall anti-C5 products licensed under the Novoagreement. The Company is also obligated to pay Archemix a double-digit percentage of specified non-royalty payments the Company may receive from any sublicensee of its rights under the C5 License Agreement. In May 2013, we issued and sold an aggregate of 6,666,667 shares of our series C preferred stock atThe Company is not obligated to pay Archemix a price per share of $2.50, for an aggregate purchase price of $16.7 million. In August 2013, we issued and sold an aggregate of 13,333,333 additional shares of our series C preferred stock to the same purchasers at a price per share of $2.50, for an aggregate purchase price of $33.3 million.
In May 2014, we received an upfront payment of $200.0 million upon execution of the Novartis Agreementrunning royalty based on net product sales in connection with the grant of a license for the rights to commercialize Fovista outside the United States. In each of November 2014 and April 2015 we received payments of $50.0 million upon the achievement of two patient enrollment-based milestones, and in August 2016, $30.0 million upon the achievement of a third, and final, enrollment-based milestone, for an aggregate total of $130.0 million. In connection with the receipt of the upfront payment from Novartis, we made a milestone payment in June 2014 of approximately $19.8 million to Nektar Therapeutics, or Nektar.C5 License Agreement.
Cash Flows
As of September 30, 2017, we had cash, and cash equivalents totaling $180.2 million and no debt. We primarily invest our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities in U.S. Treasury securities, money market funds and certain investment-grade corporate debt securities.

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The following table shows a summary of our cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016:
 Nine months ended September 30,
 2017 2016
 (in thousands)
Net cash (used in) provided by: 
  
Operating Activities$(108,576) $(75,785)
Investing Activities154,792
 14,130
Financing Activities71
 5,398
Net change in cash and cash equivalents$46,287
 $(56,257)
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Net cash used in operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 was $108.6 million and relates primarily to net cash used for the wind-down of OPH1002 and OPH1003 and the Fovista Expansion Studies, implementation of a previously announced reduction in personnel and related costs, and cancellation fees related to manufacturing commitments, as well as continuation of our OPH1004 trial through initial, top-line data in August 2017 and general and administrative and corporate infrastructure expense.
Net cash used in operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was $75.8 million and related primarily to net cash used to fund our Fovista Phase 3 program, our Fovista Expansion Studies, Fovista manufacturing activities, manufacturing and clinical trial costs for our Zimura program and expenditures related to general and administrative expenses, as well as changes in the components of working capital.

See "—Funding Requirements" below for a description of how we expect to use our cash for operating activities in future periods.
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Net cash provided by investing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 was $154.8 million and relates primarily to proceeds from the maturities of marketable securities totaling $166.8 million offset by purchases of marketable securities totaling $12.0 million. Net cash provided by investing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was $14.1 million, which related primarily to proceeds from the maturities of marketable securities totaling $62.5 million offset by purchases of marketable securities totaling $48.1 million.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Net cash provided by financing activities was $0.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and $5.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and related to the proceeds from stock option plan exercises and purchases made under our employee stock purchase plan in each respective period.

Funding Requirements
We currently have two product candidates, Zimura and Fovista, which are in clinical development. Following the failure of our Phase 3 Fovista program, we currently have no future plans to develop Fovista in wet AMD and very limited development activity for Fovista outside of wet AMD. We, however, expect to continue to incur significant research and development expenses as we pursue the development of Zimura as currently planned and wind down the Fovista OPH1004 trial. We expect very limited research and development expenses related to Fovista in the future. We could, however, incur additional research and development expenses if we conclude that there is a scientific rationale for potentially developing, or if we undertake the development of, Zimura or Fovista in additional indications, and as we evaluate and potentially in-license or acquire, and undertake development of, additional product candidates. Furthermore, if we successfully develop and obtain marketing approval for any of our product candidates, we expect to incur significant commercialization expenses related to product sales, marketing, distribution and manufacturing. We are party to agreements that impose significant milestone payment obligations on us in connection with our achievement of specific clinical, regulatory and commercial milestones with respect to Zimura and Fovista. It is likely that any future in-licensing or acquisition agreements that we enter into with respect to additional products, product candidates or technologies would include similar obligations.


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We expect that we will continue to incur significant expenses as we:
continue the clinical development of Zimura as currently planned or potentially in other indications if we believe there is a sufficient scientific rationale to pursue such development;
in‑license or acquire the rights to, and pursue the development of, other products, product candidates or technologies;
wind down the OPH1004 trial;
complete our previously announced reduction in personnel;
maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio;
hire additional clinical, manufacturing, quality control, quality assurance and scientific personnel if we are successful in progressing the clinical development of any of our product candidates;
seek marketing approval for any product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials;
expand our outsourced manufacturing activities, expand our commercial operations and establish sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, if we receive, or expect to receive, marketing approval for any of our product candidates; and
expand our general and administrative functions to support future growth of the company.
As of September 30, 2017, we had cash and cash equivalents of $180.2 million, of which approximately $5.0 million to $7.0 million is committed to the wind-down of the OPH1004 trial and completing a previously announced reduction in personnel and related costs. We estimate that our 2017 year-end cash balance will range between $155.0 million to $165.0 million, excluding any potential business development activities or any changes to our current or planned clinical development programs. We also had $139.1 million in total liabilities as of September 30, 2017, of which $125.0 million related to the Novo Agreement, which we are required to show as a liability on our balance sheets under generally accepted accounting principles but which do not correspond to any contractual repayment obligation.
 We believe that our cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to fund our operations and capital expenditure requirements as currently planned for at least the next 12 months. This estimate does not reflect any additional expenditures resulting from the in-licensing or acquisition of additional product candidates or technologies or associated development that we may pursue following any such transactions. We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could use our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect. Our capital requirements will depend on several factors, including the success of our pursuit, by acquisition, in-licensing or otherwise, and subsequent development of additional product candidates or technologies, and the success of our ongoing development programs. We believe that we may need additional funding in the event that we acquire or in-license one or more additional product candidates and undertake development. In addition, our expenses may exceed our expectations if we experience delays in enrollment or with the availability of drug supply for our clinical trials, if we experience any unforeseen issues in our ongoing clinical trials or if we further expand the scope of our clinical trials and programs. Our costs may also exceed our expectations for other reasons, for example, if we experience issues with manufacturing, process development, or if we are required by the FDA, the European Medicines Agency, or EMA, or regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions to perform clinical or nonclinical trials or other studies in addition to those we currently expect to conduct. As a result, we may need or may seek to obtain additional funding in connection with our continuing operations sooner than expected.
The future development of our product candidates is highly uncertain. We expect the clinical development for Zimura will continue for at least the next several years. At this time, we cannot reasonably estimate the remaining costs necessary to complete the clinical development, complete process development and manufacturing scale‑up and validation activities or potentially seek marketing approval with respect to our product candidates.

Our future capital requirements, therefore, will depend on many factors, including:
the scope, costs and results of our Zimura clinical programs, including our Phase 2b clinical trial in GA, our Phase 2a clinical trial in wet AMD, our planned Phase 2b clinical trial in STGD1, our planned Phase 2a clinical trial in ICPV, and our planned Phase 2a clinical trial in non-infectious intermediate and posterior uveitis, as well
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as any additional clinical trials we undertake to obtain data sufficient to seek marketing approval for Zimura in any indication;
the extent to which we in‑license or acquire rights to, and undertake development of products, product candidates or technologies;
the amount of any upfront, milestone payments and other financial obligations associated with the in-license or acquisition of other product candidates;
the scope, progress, results and costs of preclinical development and/or clinical trials for any other product candidates that we may develop;
the costs and timing of process development and manufacturing scale‑up and validation activities associated with Zimura or any other product candidates that we may develop;
our ability to establish collaborations on favorable terms, if at all;
the costs, timing and outcome of regulatory reviews of our product candidates;
the costs of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent applications, maintaining and protecting our intellectual property rights and defending intellectual property‑related claims;
the timing, scope and cost of commercialization activities for any of our product candidates if we receive, or expect to receive, marketing approval for a product candidate; and
subject to receipt of marketing approval, net revenue received from commercial sales of any of our product candidates, after milestone payments and royalty payments that we would be obligated to make.
Furthermore, following our receipt and announcement of initial, top-line results from our pivotal OPH1002 and OPH1003 Fovista trials for the treatment of wet AMD in December 2016, we implemented a restructuring plan that included a reduction in personnel. This reduction in personnel involves approximately 80% of our pre-announcement workforce and includes employees from nearly every department. We expect to realize estimated annualized cost savings from the reduction in personnel in the range of $25.0 million to $30.0 million starting in the third quarter of 2017. We may not realize the planned or expected cost savings benefits from this restructuring, which could adversely affect our estimate of the period for which our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities will be sufficient to fund our operations and capital expenditure requirements as currently planned. During the first nine months of 2017, our workforce has been reduced by 112 employees in connection with the reduction in personnel and natural attrition. We expect to complete the reduction in personnel during the fourth quarter of 2017. In connection with such reduction in personnel, we estimate that we will incur approximately $13.3 million of aggregate pre-tax charges through the end of 2017, of which approximately $12.4 million in the aggregate is expected to result in cash expenditures.  These pre-tax charges relate to (a) expected severance, stock compensation and other employee costs of approximately $11.2 million and (b) lease termination costs of approximately $2.1 million.  As of September 30, 2017, our cash expenditures related to such reduction in personnel totaled $8.7 million.
We do not have any committed external source of funds. Our future commercial revenues, if any, will be derived from sales of any of our product candidates that we are able to successfully develop, which, depending on the product, may not be available for at least several years, if at all. In addition, if approved, our product candidates may not achieve commercial success. If that is the case, we will need to obtain substantial additional financing to achieve our business objectives. Even if we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis.
Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial product revenues, we may need or may seek to finance our operations through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations, strategic alliances and marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements.
Adequate additional financing may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are unable to raise additional funds when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts.
In addition, we may seek additional capital due to favorable market conditions or strategic considerations, even if we believe that we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans.
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To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, our existing stockholders' ownership interests would be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect their rights as a common stockholder. Debt financing and preferred equity financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. Our pledge of assets, including intellectual property rights, as collateral to secure our obligations under the Novo Agreement may limit our ability to obtain debt financing. If we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic alliances or marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, products or product candidates or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings when needed, we may be required to grant rights to develop and market products or product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.
Licensing and Commercialization Agreement with Novartis Pharma AG
In May 2014, we entered into a licensing and commercialization agreement with Novartis Pharma AG, which we refer to as the Novartis Agreement. Under the Novartis Agreement, we granted Novartis exclusive rights under specified patent rights, know-how and trademarks controlled by us to manufacture, from bulk API supplied by us, standalone Fovista products and products combining Fovista with an anti-VEGF drug to which Novartis has rights in a co-formulated product, for the treatment, prevention, cure or control of any human disease, disorder or condition of the eye, and to develop and commercialize those licensed products in all countries outside of the United States, which we refer to as the Novartis Territory.

In July 2017, we and Novartis entered into a letter agreement to streamline the process and timeline for evaluating data from the OPH1004 trial once it became available. The letter agreement provides Novartis with a fully paid-up, royalty-free license to use data from the Lucentis monotherapy arms of our Phase 2b OPH1001 trial and Phase 3 OPH1002 and OPH1003 trials in the Novartis Territory in connection with the development, manufacturing and commercialization of Novartis-controlled anti-VEGF products. The Lucentis study data license shall continue until the fifth anniversary of the letter agreement or the date the Novartis Agreement expires or terminates, whichever is later. On October 23, 2017, following the failure of the Phase 3 Fovista program and pursuant to the terms of the Letter Agreement, Novartis elected to terminate the Novartis Agreement with immediate effect.

Novartis paid us a $200.0 million upfront fee upon execution of the Novartis Agreement. Novartis also paid us $50.0 million upon the achievement of each of two patient enrollment-based milestones, and $30.0 million upon the achievement of a third, and final, enrollment-based milestone, for an aggregate of $130.0 million.
Fovista Commercial API Supply Agreement withAvacincaptad Pegol Drug Substance - Agilent Technologies, Inc.

In September 2015, weMarch 2023, the Company entered into a Commercial Manufacturing and Supply Agreement with Agilent pursuantTechnologies, Inc. ("Agilent"), relating to whichthe commercial manufacturing and supply of avacincaptad pegol drug substance (the "Agilent Agreement"). Pursuant to the Agilent Agreement, Agilent has agreed to manufacture and supply to us,the Company, and we havethe Company has agreed to purchase from Agilent, a specified percentage of ourits commercial requirements in all jurisdictionsthe United States of Fovista API.the active pharmaceutical ingredient ("API") used in avacincaptad pegol. The commercial supply agreementAgilent Agreement has an initial term that runs forof seven years from the date of our first commercial saleregulatory approval in the United States of Fovista, and which is subject to onethe Company's NDA for avacincaptad pegol, followed by successive two-year automatic renewal period,periods, absent non-renewal or termination by either party in accordance with the terms of the commercial supply agreement.Agilent Agreement. The commercial supply agreementAgilent Agreement provides for pricing for Fovistathe API structuredbased on a tieredper batch or per gram basis, withdepending on the price reduced asscale for which the volume of Fovista API ordered increases. WeCompany orders the API.
The Company may cancel any purchase order under the commercial supply agreementAgilent Agreement at any time, subject to the payment of specified cancellation fees. WeThe Company may terminate the commercial supply agreement with no financial penaltyAgilent Agreement in the event that weit cannot commercialize Fovistaavacincaptad pegol due to regulatory or other medical, scientific or legal reasons. Agilent may terminate the commercial supply agreementAgilent Agreement in the event that we dothe Company does not, over a specified period, purchase and take delivery from Agilent of a specifiedthe agreed upon minimum quantityrequirements of Fovista API. Each party also has the right to terminate the commercial supply agreement for other customary reasons such as material breach and bankruptcy. The commercial supply agreement contains provisions relating to compliance by Agilent with current Good Manufacturing Practices, cooperation by Agilent in connection with marketing applications for Fovista, indemnification, confidentiality, dispute resolution and other customary matters for an agreement of this kind.

In December 2016, following receipt of initial, top-line data from our pivotal OPH1002 and OPH1003 Fovista trials for the treatment of wet AMD, we canceled all of our outstanding purchase orders with Agilent for the manufacture of Fovista API for commercial drug product. In April 2017, we agreed to pay Agilent $12.7 million to satisfy our outstanding obligations for cancellation fees with respect to such canceled purchase orders, payment of which was made in April 2017. 

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Clinical and Commercial Services Agreement with Ajinomoto Althea, Inc.
In October 2016, we and Ajinomoto Althea, Inc., or Althea, entered into a Clinical and Commercial Services Agreement, which we refer to as the Fill/Finish Services Agreement.Pursuant to the Fill/Finish Services Agreement, Althea has agreed to provide clinical and commercial fill/finish services for Zimura and Fovista, as well as any future product candidates that we and Althea may mutually agree. The Fill/Finish Services Agreement has an initial term that will expire at the end of 2027, absent termination by either party in accordance with the terms of the Fill/Finish Services Agreement. The initial term of the Fill/Finish Services Agreement may be extended by mutual agreement of the parties. The amount payable by us to Althea under the Fill/Finish Services Agreement is based on the volume of finished drug product that we order, subject to periodic adjustments over the term of the Fill/Finish Services Agreement. In addition, in the event that we order a specified volume of product, Althea has agreed to supply biological or pharmaceutical drug products meeting certain parameters exclusively to us.We may cancel any purchase order under the Fill/Finish Services Agreement at any time, subject to the payment of specified cancellation fees. We may terminate the Fill/Finish Services Agreement, without cause, as of any date following the third anniversary of the effective date upon six months’ prior notice to Althea. Each party also has the right to terminate the Services Agreement for other customary reasons such as material breach and bankruptcy.The Fill/Finish Services Agreement contains provisions relating to compliance by Althea with current Good Manufacturing Practices, cooperation by Althea in connection with marketing applications for our product candidates, indemnification, confidentiality, dispute resolution and other customary matters for an agreement of this kind.
In December 2016, following receipt of initial, top-line data from our pivotal OPH1002 and OPH1003 Fovista trials forAvacincaptad Pegol Sustained Release Delivery Technology - DelSiTech
Under the treatment of wet AMD, we canceled all of our outstanding purchase orders with Althea for the fill and finish of Fovista commercial drug product. We incurred approximately $0.6 million in connection with such cancellations in relation to non-returnable materials procured by Althea in anticipation of fulfilling such purchase orders, payment of which was made in the second quarter of 2017.

Royalty FinancingDelSiTech License Agreement with Novo A/S
In May 2013, we entered intoDelSiTech, the Novo Agreement, pursuant to which we had the ability to obtain financing in three tranches in an amount of up to $125.0 million in return for the sale to Novo A/S of aggregate royalties of a mid-single-digit percentage on worldwide sales of Fovista, with the royalty percentage determined by the amount of funding provided by Novo A/S. The three tranches of financing, in which Novo A/S purchased three low single-digit royalty interests and paid us $125.0 million in the aggregate, closed in May 2013, January 2014 and November 2014.
The royalty payment period begins on the commercial launch of Fovista and ends, on a country-by-country basis, on the latest to occur of the twelfth anniversary of the commercial launch of Fovista, the expiration of certain patent rights covering Fovista, and the expiration of regulatory exclusivity for Fovista, in each applicable country. Royalty payments will be payable quarterly in arrears during the royalty period. Our obligations under the Novo Agreement may also apply to certain other anti-PDGF, products we may develop.
We used a portion of the proceeds that we initially received under the Novo Agreement to repay in full an aggregate of $14.4 million of outstanding principal, interest and fees under our venture debt facility and used the remaining proceeds to support clinical development and regulatory activities for Fovista and for general corporate expenses.
The Novo Agreement requires the establishment by Novo A/S and us of a joint oversight committee in relation to the development of Fovista in the event that Novo A/S does not continue to have a representative on our board of directors. The Novo Agreement also contains customary representations and warranties, as well as certain covenants relating to the operation of our business, including covenants requiring us to use commercially reasonable efforts to continue our development of Fovista, to file, prosecute and maintain certain patent rights and, in our reasonable judgment, to pursue claims of infringement of our intellectual property rights. The Novo Agreement also places certain restrictions on our business, including restrictions on our ability to grant security interests in our intellectual property to third parties, to sell, transfer or out-license intellectual property, or to grant others rights to receive royalties on sales of Fovista and certain other products. We reimbursed Novo A/S for specified legal and other expenses and are required to provide Novo A/S with certain continuing information rights. We have agreed to indemnify Novo A/S and its representatives with respect to certain matters, including with respect to any third-party infringement or product liability claims relating to our products. Our obligations under the Novo agreement are secured by a lien on certain of our intellectual property and other rights related to Fovista and other anti-PDGF products we may develop.
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Contractual Obligations and Commitments
The following table summarizes our contractual obligations as of September 30, 2017:
 Payments Due by Period
 Total Less than 1 year 1-3 years 3-5 years More than 5 years
 (in thousands)
Operating Leases (1)$814
 $814
 $—
 $—
 $—
Severance and Other Employee Benefits (2)3,679
 3,679
 —
 —
 —
Total (3)$4,493
 $4,493
 $—
 $—
 $—

(1)The table above includes our continuing rent obligations through February 2018. On November 1, 2017, we and One Penn Plaza LLC entered into an amendment to the lease for office space at One Penn Plaza in New York, New York extending the term of our lease, which was scheduled to expire in January 2018, through the end of December 2018. The incremental rental fees over the extended term of the lease are expected to be approximately $650 thousand. This additional rentCompany is not reflected in the table above, as this commitment was entered into following September 30, 2017.

(2)Severance and Other Employee Benefits represents our commitments under the Board of Directors' approved plan to implement a reduction in personnel that involves approximately 80% of our workforce based on the number of employees at the time the plan was approved.

(3)This table does not include (a) any milestone payments which may become payable to third parties under license agreements as the timing and likelihood of such payments are not known with certainty, (b) any royalty payments to third parties as the amounts, timing and likelihood of such payments are not known, (c) anticipated expenditures under supply agreements for periods for which we are not yet bound under binding purchase orders, (d) contracts that are entered into in the ordinary course of business that are not material in the aggregate in any period presented above, (e) agreements with certain employees that require the funding of a specific level of payments, if certain events, such as a termination of employment in connection with a change in control or termination of employment by the employee for good reason or by us without cause, occur and (f) our royalty purchase liability of $125.0 million as of September 30, 2017, due to the fact that the royalty payment period, if any, is not known.
In addition to the amounts set forth in the table above, we may be required, under various agreements, to pay royalties and make milestone payments. In addition to the Novo Agreement, these agreements include the following:
Under a license agreement with Archemix with respect to pharmaceutical products comprised of or derived from anti-C5 aptamers, for each anti-C5 aptamer product that we may develop under the agreement, including Zimura, we are obligated to make future payments to Archemix of up to an aggregate of $57.5€35.0 million, if we achievethe Company achieves specified development, clinical and regulatorydevelopment milestones andwith respect to a Licensed Product. In addition, the Company is also obligated to pay DelSiTech up to an aggregate of $22.5€60.0 million if we achievethe Company achieves specified commercial milestones. We aresales milestones with respect to worldwide net sales of the Licensed Product. The Company is also obligated to pay Archemix a double-digit percentage of specified non-royalty payments we may receive from any sublicensee of our rights under this license agreement. NoDelSiTech royalties are payable to Archemix under this license agreement.

Under our divestiture agreement with OSI (Eyetech), Inc., or Eyetech, which agreement is now held by OSI Pharmaceuticals, LLC, or OSI Pharmaceuticals, a subsidiary of Astellas US, LLC, for rights to particular anti-PDGF aptamers, including Fovista, we are obligated to pay to OSI Pharmaceuticals future one-time payments of $12.0 million in the aggregate upon marketing approval in the United States and the European Union of a covered anti-PDGF product. We also are obligated to pay to OSI Pharmaceuticals a royalty at a low single-digit percentage of net sales of any covered anti-PDGF product we successfully commercialize.the Licensed Product. The royalties payable by the Company are subject to reduction under specified circumstances.
miniCEP290 Program - University of Massachusetts
Under aits exclusive license agreement with Archemix Corp., or Archemix,the University of Massachusetts (“UMass”) for its miniCEP290 program, which targets LCA10, which is associated with respect to pharmaceutical products comprised of or derived from any anti-PDGF aptamer, we aremutations in the CEP290 gene, the Company is obligated to make future payments to Archemix ofpay UMass up to an aggregate of $14.0$14.75 million in cash and issue up to 75,000 shares of common stock of the Company if we achievethe Company achieves specified clinical and regulatory milestones with respect to Fovista,a licensed product. In addition, the Company is obligated to pay UMass up to an aggregate of $3.0$48.0 million if we achievethe Company achieves specified commercial sales milestones with respect to Fovista and, for each other anti-PDGF aptamer product that we may develop undera licensed product. The Company is also obligated to pay UMass royalties at a low single-digit percentage of net sales of licensed products. If the agreement, upCompany or any of its affiliates sublicenses any of the licensed patent rights or know-how to an aggregate of approximately $18.8 million if we achieve specified clinical and regulatory milestones and up to an aggregate of $3.0 million if we achieve specified commercial milestones. No royalties are payable to Archemix under this license agreement.a third
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party, the Company will be obligated to pay UMass a high single-digit to a mid-tens percentage of the consideration received in exchange for such sublicense, with the applicable percentage based upon the stage of development of the licensed products at the time the Company or the applicable affiliate enters into the sublicense. If the Company receives a priority review voucher from the FDA in connection with obtaining marketing approval for a licensed product, and the Company subsequently uses such priority review voucher in connection with a different product candidate outside the scope of the agreement, the Company will be obligated to pay UMass a low-tens percentage of the fair market value of the priority review voucher at the time of approval of such product candidate and a low-twenties percentage of the fair market value of the priority review voucher at the time of achievement of a specified commercial sales milestone for such product candidate. In addition, if the Company sells such a priority review voucher to a third party, the Company will be obligated to pay UMass a low-thirties percentage of any consideration received from such third party in connection with such sale.

IC-500 - Former Equityholders of Inception 4
Under a license, manufacturingthe agreement and supply agreement with Nektar Therapeutics, or Nektar, for specified pegylation reagents usedplan of merger between the Company and Inception 4, Inc. (“Inception 4”), pursuant to manufacture Fovista, we werewhich the Company acquired IC-500 and its other HtrA1 inhibitors (the “Inception 4 Merger Agreement”), the Company is obligated to make future payments to Nektarthe former equityholders of Inception 4 of up to an aggregate of $6.5$105 million, subject to the terms and conditions of the Inception 4 Merger Agreement, if we achievedthe Company achieves certain specified clinical and regulatory milestones and an additional payment of $3.0 million if we achieved a specified commercial milestone with respect to Fovista. We were obligatedIC-500 or any other product candidate from its HtrA1 inhibitor program, with $45 million of such potential payments relating to pay Nektar tieredGA and $60 million of such potential payments relating to wet AMD. Under the Inception 4 Merger Agreement, the Company does not owe any commercial milestones or royalties at low to mid-single-digit percentagesbased on net sales. The future milestone payments will be payable in the form of net salesshares of any licensed product we successfully commercialize,the Company's common stock, calculated based on the price of its common stock over a five-trading day period preceding the achievement of the relevant milestone, unless and until the issuance of such shares would, together with the royalty percentage determined by our level of licensed product sales, the extent of patent coverage for the licensed product and whether we have granted a third-party commercialization rights to the licensed product. In June 2014, we paid Nektar $19.8 millionall other shares issued in connection with our entry into the Novartisacquisition, exceed an overall maximum limit of approximately 7.2 million shares, which is equal to 19.9% of the number of issued and outstanding shares of the Company's common stock as of the close of business on the business day prior to the closing date of the Inception 4 acquisition, and will be payable in cash thereafter. The Inception 4 Merger Agreement also includes customary indemnification obligations to the former equityholders of Inception 4, including for breaches of the representations and warranties, covenants and agreements of the Company and its subsidiaries (other than Inception 4) in the Inception 4 Merger Agreement. On October 27, 2017, we agreed with Nektar to terminate the license, manufacturing and supply agreement effective immediately.
Employment Contracts
WeThe Company also havehas letter agreements with certain employees that require the funding of a specific level of payments if certain events, such as a termination of employment in connection with a change in control or termination of employment by the employee for good reason or by usthe Company without cause, occur. For a description of these obligations, see our definitive proxy statement on Schedule 14A for our 2017 annual meeting of stockholders, as filed with the SEC on April 24, 2017.

In December 2016, we announced that we had determined to implement a reduction in personnel to focus on an updated business plan. In January 2017, our Board of Directors approved a plan to implement a reduction in personnel that involves approximately 80% of our workforce based on the number of employees at the time the plan was approved. We expect to realize estimated annualized cost savings from the reduction in personnel in the range of $25.0 million to $30.0 million starting in the third quarter of 2017. During the first nine months of 2017, our workforce has been reduced by 112 employeeseach case in connection with the reduction in personnel and natural attrition. We expect to complete the reduction in personnel during the fourth quartera change of 2017. In connection with such reduction in personnel, we estimate that we will make cash expenditures totaling approximately $12.4 million in the aggregate, which relate to expected severance and other employee costs. As of September 30, 2017, our cash expenditures related to such reduction in personnel totaled $8.7 million.control, occur.

 Contract Service Providers
In addition, in the course of normal business operations, we havethe Company has agreements with contract service providers to assist in the performance of ourthe Company’s research and development, manufacturing and manufacturingcommercial planning activities. Expenditures to CROs, CDMOs and CMOsother service providers represent significant costs in preclinical and clinical development.development and commercial planning. Subject to required notice periods and ourthe Company’s obligations under binding purchase orders weand any cancellation fees that the Company may be obligated to pay, the Company can elect to discontinue the work under these agreements at any time. We could
8. Operating Leases
The Company leases office space located in Cranbury, New Jersey and Parsippany, New Jersey under non-cancelable operating lease arrangements. During May 2022, the Company amended its Cranbury office space lease to extend the lease period by one year through the end of February 2024. During June 2022, the Company amended its Parsippany office lease to include an additional portion of the premises consisting of approximately 34,836 square feet of the third floor of the building. The Parsippany lease expires at the end of August 2023.
As of June 30, 2022, the Company recognized additional right-of-use assets and lease liabilities of approximately $1.0 million, which represents the present value of its remaining lease payments using a weighted average estimated incremental borrowing rate of 8%.
For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, lease expense was $0.4 million and $0.3 million, respectively. Cash paid from operating cash flows for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities was $0.4 million and $0.3 million, for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. At March 31, 2023, the Company's operating leases had a weighted average remaining lease term of 0.5 years and a weighted average estimated incremental borrowing rate of 5.6%.
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The following presents the maturity of the Company’s operating lease liabilities as of March 31, 2023:
Remainder of 2023775 
202411 
     Total remaining obligation786 
Less imputed interest(12)
     Present value of lease liabilities774 
9. Loan and Security Agreement
On July 26, 2022 (the “Closing Date”), the Company and the Subsidiary Borrowers entered into the Loan Agreement with Hercules, in its capacity as Agent and as a lender, SVB and certain other financial institutions that from time to time become parties to the Loan Agreement as lenders. The Loan Agreement provides for term loans in an aggregate principal amount of up to $250.0 million under multiple tranches (the “2022 Term Loan Facility”), available as follows: (i) a term loan advance in the amount of $50.0 million, which was drawn on the Closing Date; (ii) subject to the Company’s announcement that the GATHER2 trial evaluating avacincaptad pegol in GA has achieved its protocol-specified primary endpoint and the Company has a sufficient clinical data package to support the submission of an NDA to the FDA for avacincaptad pegol in GA (“Milestone 1”), a second tranche consisting of term loan advances in the aggregate principal amount of $50.0 million available at the Company’s option beginning on the date that Milestone 1 is achieved through December 15, 2022, which was drawn in December 2022; (iii) subject to the Company’s submission of an NDA to the FDA for avacincaptad pegol in GA and the FDA accepting such NDA for review (“Milestone 2”), a third tranche consisting of term loan advances in the aggregate principal amount of $25.0 million, available at the Company’s option beginning on the date that Milestone 2 is achieved through September 30, 2023; (iv) subject to FDA approval of avacincaptad pegol in GA with a label generally consistent with that sought in the Company’s NDA (“Milestone 3”), a fourth tranche consisting of term loan advances in the aggregate principal amount of $75.0 million, available at the Company’s option beginning on the date that Milestone 3 is achieved and continuing through the earlier of (x) September 30, 2024 and (y) the date that is 90 days after the date that Milestone 3 is achieved; and (v) subject to approval by the Lenders’ investment committee in its discretion, a fifth tranche of additional term loans in an aggregate principal amount of up to $50.0 million, available on or before the Amortization Date (as defined below). The Company believes it has achieved Milestone 2 and plans to borrow the full $25.0 million tranche that is available during 2023. With the exception of the first and second $50.0 million tranches drawn on the Closing Date and in December 2022, respectively, each of the tranches may be drawn down in $5.0 million increments at the Company's election upon achievement of the relevant milestones specified in the Loan Agreement. The Company has agreed to use the proceeds of the 2022 Term Loan Facility for working capital and general corporate purposes.
Notwithstanding limitations and restrictions imposed by covenants in the Loan Agreement, the Company is permitted to engage in certain specified transactions. For example, the terms of the Loan Agreement provide that the Company may issue convertible notes in an aggregate principal amount of not more than $400.0 million, provided that such notes are unsecured, have a maturity date no earlier than six months following the Maturity Date (as defined below), and meet certain other conditions. The Loan Agreement also provides that the Company may enter into royalty interest financing transactions that are subordinated to the 2022 Term Loan Facility, have a maturity date no earlier than six months following the Maturity Date, and meet certain other conditions. Following the achievement of Milestone 3, the Loan Agreement also provides for a possible additional revolving credit facility of up to $50.0 million, which will be formula-based and backed by the Company’s accounts receivables. This potential revolving credit facility is not an existing facility under the Loan Agreement, is not committed, and is subject to agreement among the Company and the Lenders. The Company may enter into non-exclusive and certain specified exclusive licensing arrangements with respect to core intellectual property and non-exclusive and exclusive licensing arrangements or otherwise transfer non-core intellectual property without the consent of the Lenders. The Company may also enter into additional collaborative research, contract research, manufacturing,certain permitted acquisitions, subject to a limit on total cash consideration for acquisitions consummated during specified periods. Additionally, the Company must provide the Lenders the opportunity to invest up to $10.0 million in any equity financing, subject to certain exclusions, that is broadly marketed to multiple investors and supplier agreementsin which the Company receives net cash proceeds of $75.0 million or more in any one or series of related financings (or in the future,case of any such equity financing that is a registered offering, use its commercially reasonable efforts to provide such opportunity to the Lenders).
The 2022 Term Loan Facility will mature on August 1, 2027 (the “Maturity Date”). The outstanding principal balance of the 2022 Term Loan Facility bears interest at a floating interest rate per annum equal to the greater of either (i) (x) the lesser of the Wall Street Journal prime rate and 6.25% plus (y) 4.00% or (ii) 8.75%. The per annum interest rate is capped at 10.25%. Accrued interest is payable monthly following the funding of each term loan. The Company may make payments of interest only, without any loan amortization payments, for a period of 42 months following the Closing Date, which period may require upfront paymentsbe
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extended to the Maturity Date if (i) Milestone 3 has been achieved and even long-term commitments(ii) no default or event of cash.default exists under the Loan Agreement. At the end of the interest only period (the “Amortization Date”), the Company is required to begin repayment of the outstanding principal of the 2022 Term Loan Facility in equal monthly installments.
As collateral for the obligations under the 2022 Term Loan Facility, the Company has granted to the Agent for the benefit of the Lenders a senior security interest in substantially all of its and each Subsidiary Borrower’s property, inclusive of intellectual property, with certain limited exceptions set forth in the Loan Agreement.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We did not haveThe Loan Agreement contains customary closing and commitment fees, prepayment fees and provisions, events of default and representations, warranties and affirmative and negative covenants, including a financial covenant requiring the Company to maintain certain levels of cash in accounts subject to a control agreement in favor of the Agent (the “Qualified Cash”) during the periods presented, and we do not currently have, any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined under Securities and Exchange Commission rules.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
We are exposed to market risk related to changes in interest rates. We had cash and cash equivalents of $180.2 millionperiod commencing on May 15, 2023 through August 14, 2024. Effective as of September 30, 2017, consistingJuly 26, 2023, the Company and certain of cashthe Subsidiary Borrowers will be required to (i) maintain all of their respective operating accounts, depository accounts and investments in money market funds. Our primary exposure to market risk is interest rate sensitivity, which is affected by changesexcess cash in the general levelUnited States with SVB or an SVB affiliate and (ii) obtain any business card, letter of U.S. interest rates, particularly becausecredit and other material cash management services in the United States exclusively from SVB or an SVB affiliate. Commencing on August 15, 2024, the Company will also be required to maintain a significant portioncertain minimum amount of our investments aretrailing six-month net product revenue from the sale of avacincaptad pegol, tested on a quarterly basis. The revenue covenant will be waived at any time at which the Company (x) (i) maintains a market capitalization in short-term securities. Dueexcess of $600.0 million and (ii) maintains Qualified Cash in an amount greater than or equal to 50% of the outstanding 2022 Term Loan Facility at such time or (y) maintains Qualified Cash in an amount greater than or equal to 90% of the outstanding 2022 Term Loan Facility at such time. Upon the occurrence of an event of default, including a material adverse effect, subject to certain exceptions, on the business, operations, properties, assets or financial condition of the Company and the Subsidiary Borrowers taken as a whole, and subject to any specified cure periods, all amounts owed by the Company may be declared immediately due and payable by the Lenders. As of March 31, 2023, the Company was in compliance with all applicable covenants under the Loan Agreement.
In addition, the Company is required to make a final payment fee (the “End of Term Charge”) upon the earlier of (i) the Maturity Date or (ii) the date the Company prepays, in full or in part, the outstanding principal balance of the 2022 Term Loan Facility. The End of Term Charge is 4.25% of the aggregate original principal amount of the term loans repaid or prepaid under the Loan Agreement.
The Company may, at its option, prepay the term loans in full or in part, subject to a prepayment penalty equal to (i) 2.0% of the principal amount prepaid if the prepayment occurs prior to the low risk profilefirst anniversary of our investments, an immediate 100 basis point changethe Closing Date, (ii) 1.5% of the principal amount prepaid if the prepayment occurs on or after the first anniversary and prior to the second anniversary of the Closing Date, and (iii) 0.75% of the principal amount prepaid if the prepayment occurs on or after the second anniversary and prior to the third anniversary of the Closing Date.
During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company recognized interest expense on its Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss in interest rates would not haveconnection with the 2022 Term Loan Facility as follows:
Three months ended March 31, 2023
Interest expense for 2022 Term Loan Facility$2,563 
Accretion of end of term charge220 
Amortization of debt issuance costs199 
Total interest expense related to 2022 Term Loan Facility$2,982 
The principal balance of the 2022 Term Loan Facility and related accretion and amortization as of March 31, 2023, were as follows:
March 31, 2023
2022 Term Loan Facility, gross (amount drawn)$100,000 
Debt issuance costs (legal and other administrative fees)(3,898)
Accretion of end of term charge435 
Accumulated amortization of debt issuance costs450 
2022 Term Loan Facility, net$96,987 
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10. Subsequent Events
Sale of New Jersey Net Operating Losses
During April 2023, through the State of New Jersey's Technology Business Tax Certificate Transfer Program (the "Program"), the Company received $11.8 million as it completed the sale of approximately $139.3 million of its New Jersey State net operating losses (“NOLs”). The Program allows qualified technology and biotechnology businesses in New Jersey to sell unused amounts of NOLs and defined research and development tax credits, subject to a material effect onmaximum lifetime benefit of $20.0 million. Under the fair market valueProgram, if the Company fails to use the net proceeds received from the Program for allowable expenditures or fails to maintain a headquarters or a base of our portfolio.
We contract with CROs and CMOs globally. Weoperations in New Jersey during the five years following the closing date, the Company may be subject to fluctuationsthe recapture of up to the face value of the tax benefits.
Merger Agreement
On April 28, 2023, the Company and Astellas entered into the Merger Agreement, pursuant to which, among other things, and subject to the satisfaction or waiver of the conditions set forth in foreign currency ratesthe Merger Agreement, Merger Sub will merge with and into the Company, with the Company surviving the Merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of Astellas.
At the effective time of the Merger (the “Effective Time”), each share of common stock, par value $0.001 per share, of the Company issued and outstanding as of immediately prior to the Effective Time (other than Excluded Shares (as defined in the Merger Agreement) and Dissenting Shares (as defined in the Merger Agreement)) will be cancelled and automatically converted into the right to receive cash in an amount equal to $40.00, without interest (the “Merger Consideration”) and subject to any withholding of taxes. The Merger Agreement requires Guarantor to guarantee the covenants, obligations (including payment obligations) and liabilities applicable to Astellas, Merger Sub or the surviving corporation, as applicable, under the Merger Agreement.
Consummation of the Merger is subject to customary closing conditions, including, without limitation, the absence of certain legal impediments, no material adverse effect having occurred since the signing of the Merger Agreement, the expiration or termination of the required waiting periods under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976, as amended, and any other antitrust authority specified in the Merger Agreement, solely to the extent the approval of any such authority is required in connection with the Merger, and approval by the Company’s stockholders. The Company expects the Merger and the other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement to close in the third calendar quarter of 2023.
The Company has made customary representations and warranties in the Merger Agreement and has agreed to customary covenants regarding the operation of the business of the Company and its subsidiaries prior to the Effective Time. The Company is also subject to customary restrictions on its ability to solicit alternative acquisition proposals from third parties and to provide non-public information to, and participate in discussions and engage in negotiations with, third parties regarding alternative acquisition proposals, with customary exceptions to allow the board of directors of the Company to exercise its fiduciary duties.
The Merger Agreement contains certain of these agreements. Transactions denominatedtermination rights for the Company and Astellas. Subject to certain limitations, the Company or Astellas may terminate the Merger Agreement if the Merger is not consummated by midnight Eastern Time, on October 27, 2023, subject to an automatic 90-day extension in currenciesthe event that all conditions other than the U.S. dollar are recorded based on exchange rates at the time such transactions arise. As of September 30, 2017, substantially all of our total liabilities were denominated in the U.S. dollar.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures.
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2017. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a
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company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it filesantitrust approvals have been obtained or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.
Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2017, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that,waived as of such date our disclosure controls and procedures were effective ata second automatic 90-day extension thereafter in the reasonable assurance level.event that all conditions other than the required antitrust approvals have been obtained or waived as of such extended date (the “End Date”).
ChangesUpon termination of the Merger Agreement, under specified circumstances, the Company will be required to pay Astellas a termination fee of approximately $222.4 million. Such circumstances include where the Merger Agreement is terminated (i) in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
No changes in our internal control over financial reportingconnection with the Company accepting a Superior Offer (as defined in Rules 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d)the Merger Agreement) approved by the Company’s board of directors, (ii) due to the Company’s board of directors’ change or withdrawal of, or failure to reaffirm, its recommendation of the Merger, or (iii) because the Company’s board of directors or the Company intentionally breach their non-solicit obligations under the Exchange Act) occurred duringMerger Agreement in any material respects. This termination fee will also be payable if the quarter ended September 30, 2017Merger Agreement is terminated because the Company’s stockholders did not vote to adopt the Merger Agreement, the Merger is not consummated before the End Date, or the Company breaches its representations, warranties or covenants in a manner that have materially affected,would cause the related closing conditions to not be met, and prior to any such termination, a proposal to acquire at least 50% of the Company’s stock or are reasonably likelyassets is communicated to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.the Company’s board of directors or publicly disclosed and within one year after the termination of the Merger Agreement the Company enters into an agreement for, or consummates, such a transaction, whether or not the consummated transaction was the one contemplated by such proposal.

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At the Effective Time, each option to purchase shares of the Company (each, a “Company Option”) that is then outstanding and unexercised, whether or not vested and which has a per share exercise price that is less than the Merger Consideration (each, an “In the Money Option”), will be cancelled and converted into the right to receive a cash payment equal to (A) the excess of (x) the Merger Consideration over (y) the exercise price payable per share under such In the Money Option, multiplied by (B) the total number of shares subject to such In the Money Option immediately prior to the Effective Time (without regard to vesting). In addition, at the Effective Time, each Company Option other than an In the Money Option that is then outstanding and unexercised, whether or not vested, will be cancelled with no consideration payable in respect thereof. At the Effective Time, each then outstanding restricted stock unit with respect to shares of the Company (each, a “Company RSU”) will be canceled and the holder thereof will be entitled to receive a cash payment equal to the product of (x) the Merger Consideration and (y) the number of shares subject to such Company RSU. At the Effective Time, each then outstanding performance vesting restricted stock unit with respect to shares of the Company (each, a “Company PSU”) will be canceled and converted into a cash-based award, which will entitle the holder thereof to receive a cash payment equal to the product of (x) the Merger Consideration, and (y) the number of shares subject to such Company PSU, subject to the same terms and conditions (including vesting, forfeiture and acceleration provisions) that were applicable to the corresponding Company PSU immediately prior to the Effective Time.
PART II—OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings.
On January 11, 2017, a putative class action lawsuit was filed against usThe representations, warranties and certaincovenants of our current and former executive officersthe Company contained in the United States District CourtMerger Agreement have been made solely for the Southern Districtbenefit of New York, captioned Frank Micholle v. Ophthotech Corporation, et al., No. 1:17-cv-00210. The complaint purportsAstellas and Merger Sub. In addition, such representations, warranties and covenants (i) have been made only for purposes of the Merger Agreement, (ii) have been qualified by (a) subject to certain terms and conditions, matters specifically disclosed in the Company’s filings with the SEC prior to the date of the Merger Agreement and (b) confidential disclosures made to Astellas and Merger Sub in the disclosure letter delivered in connection with the Merger Agreement, (iii) are subject to materiality qualifications contained in the Merger Agreement which may differ from what may be brought on behalfviewed as material by investors, and (iv) have been included in the Merger Agreement for the purpose of shareholders who purchased ourallocating risk between the contracting parties rather than establishing matters as fact.
If the Merger is completed, the Company expects that its common stock between May 11, 2015will thereafter be removed from listing on the Nasdaq Global Select Market and December 12, 2016. The complaint generally alleges that we and certain of our officers violated Sections 10(b) and/or 20(a)from registration under Section 12(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder by making allegedly false and/or misleading statements concerning the prospects of our Phase 3 trials for Fovista in combination with anti-VEGF drugs for the treatment of wet AMD. The complaint seeks equitable and/or injunctive relief, unspecified damages, attorneys’ fees, and other costs.Company will cease to be a publicly traded company.

Bylaws Amendment
On MarchApril 28, 2023, the board of directors of the Company approved an amendment to the Company’s existing Amended and Restated Bylaws (the “Bylaws”) to add a new Article V, Section 9 2017, a second putative classforum selection provision (the “Forum Selection Amendment”).
The Forum Selection Amendment provides that, unless the Company consents in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action lawsuit was filed against us and the same group of our current and former executive officers in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, captioned Wasson v. Ophthotech Corporation, et al., No. 1:17-cv-01758. The complaint purports to beor proceeding brought on behalf of shareholders who purchased our common stock between May 11, 2015 and December 9, 2016. The allegations madethe Company; (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a duty (including any fiduciary duty) owed by any current or former director, officer, stockholder, employee or agent of the Company to the Company or the Company’s stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim against the Company or any current or former director, officer, stockholder, employee or agent of the Company arising out of or relating to any provision of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, the Certificate of Incorporation of the Company or the Bylaws (each, as in effect from time to time), or (iv) any action asserting a claim against the Company or any current or former director, officer, stockholder, employee or agent of the Company governed by the internal affairs doctrine of the State of Delaware; provided, however, that, in the complaint are similarevent that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware lacks subject matter jurisdiction over any such action or proceeding, the sole and exclusive forum for such action or proceeding will be another state or federal court located within the State of Delaware, in each such case, unless the Court of Chancery (or such other state or federal court located within the State of Delaware, as applicable) has dismissed a prior action by the same plaintiff asserting the same claims because such court lacked personal jurisdiction over an indispensable party named as a defendant therein.
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Item 2.    Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion and analysis is meant to those made inprovide material information relevant to an assessment of the Micholle complaint. Putative lead plaintiffs in the Micholle action have moved to consolidate the Micholle and Wasson actions.

We deny any allegations of wrongdoing and intend to vigorously defend against these lawsuits. We are unable, however, to predict the outcome of these matters at this time. Moreover, any conclusion of these matters in a manner adverse to us and for which we incur substantial costs or damages not covered by our directors’ and officers’ liability insurance would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and business. In addition, the litigation could adversely impact our reputation and divert management’s attention and resources from other priorities, including the executionresults of business plans and strategies that are important to our ability to grow our business, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

On May 30, 2017, a shareholder derivative action was filed against the membersoperations of our Boardcompany, including an evaluation of Directors in the United States District Court for the Southern Districtamounts and certainty of New York, captioned Etelmendorf v. Bolte, et al., No. 1:17-cv-04042. The complaint alleges that defendants breached their fiduciary dutiescash flows from operations and from outside sources, so as to allow investors to better view our company by causing or permitting the company to make allegedly false and/or misleadingfrom management’s perspective. This discussion and analysis should be read together with our financial statements concerning the prospects of our Phase 3 trials for Fovista in combination with anti-VEGF drugs for the treatment of wet AMD, and by approving certain executive compensation. The complaint also alleges that defendants were unjustly enriched as a result of the alleged conduct. The complaint purports to seek unspecified damages on our behalf, as well as an order directing us to reform and comply with its governance obligations, attorneys’ fees, and other costs. On October 17, 2017, the plaintiff filed a notice of voluntary dismissal without prejudice for this action.

Item 1A.  Risk Factors.
The following risk factors and other information includedrelated notes appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q should be carefully considered. Theand the audited financial statements and related notes and management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022 included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 1, 2023. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business and related financing, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties and should be read together with the “Risk Factors” section of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed on March 1, 2023, and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described below arein or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis.
Merger Agreement
On April 28, 2023, we entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger, or the Merger Agreement, with Astellas US Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation, or Astellas, Berry Merger Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation and a wholly owned subsidiary of Astellas, or Merger Sub, and solely as provided by Section 8.10(b) of the Merger Agreement, Astellas Pharma Inc., a company organized under the laws of Japan, or the Guarantor, pursuant to which, among other things, and subject to the satisfaction or waiver of the conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement, Merger Sub will merge with and into our company, or the Merger, with our company surviving the Merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of Astellas.On the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement, at the effective time of the Merger, each share of our common stock, par value $0.001 per share, that is issued and outstanding as of immediately prior to the effective time of the Merger (other than Excluded Shares (as defined in the Merger Agreement) and Dissenting Shares (as defined in the Merger Agreement)) will be cancelled and automatically converted into the right to receive cash in an amount equal to $40.00, without interest, and subject to any withholding of taxes. The Merger Agreement requires Guarantor to guarantee the covenants, obligations (including payment obligations) and liabilities applicable to Astellas, Merger Sub or the surviving corporation, as applicable, under the Merger Agreement.
The Merger Agreement contains certain termination rights for us and Astellas. If the Merger Agreement is terminated under specified circumstances, we will be required to pay Astellas a termination fee of approximately $222.4 million.
Although we anticipate closing the Merger in the third calendar quarter of 2023, the closing of the Merger is subject to customary closing conditions, and we may not complete the only riskspending Merger with Astellas within the timeframe we anticipate, or at all. If the Merger is completed, we expect that our common stock will thereafter be removed from listing on the Nasdaq Global Select Market and uncertaintiesfrom registration under Section 12(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and we face. Additional riskswill cease to be a publicly traded company. However, except as otherwise indicated, we have prepared this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and uncertainties not presently knownthe forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report as if we were going to us or that we presently deem less significant may also impairremain an independent, standalone company. If the Merger is consummated, many of the forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q would no longer be applicable.
For further discussion, refer to “Note 10-Subsequent Events”, in the notes to the financial statements filed with this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. In addition, please refer to “Item 1A. Risk Factors – Risks Related to our business operations. Please see page 1Pending Merger with Astellas” in Part II, Item 1A. of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for a discussion of some of the forward-looking statements that are qualified by these risk factors. If any ofrelevant risks regarding the following risks occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations and future growth prospects could be materially and adversely affected.pending Merger with Astellas.
Risks Related to Our Updated Business Plan, Financial Position and Need for Additional CapitalOverview
We are ina science-driven biopharmaceutical company focused on the process of implementing a new, updated business plan that will continue to evolve as we await relevant clinical datadiscovery and evaluate new opportunities. Our updated business plan may lead to the initiation of one or more development programs or the execution of one or more transactions that you do not agree with or that you do not perceive as favorable to your investment.
For the last several years we invested a significant portion of our efforts and financial resources in the development of Fovista, administered in combinationnovel treatments for retinal diseases with anti‑VEGF drugs, for the treatmentsignificant unmet medical needs. We are committed to having a positive impact on patients’ lives by delivering high-quality, safe and effective treatments designed to address debilitating retinal diseases, including earlier stages of wet AMD, as well as the potential commercial launch of Fovista. In December 2016, we announced the failure ofage-related macular degeneration, or AMD.
Our lead asset is our two pivotal Phase 3 clinical trials,stage product candidate avacincaptad pegol, which we referis also referred to as OPH1002ACP, a complement C5 inhibitor. We are currently targeting the following diseases with ACP:
•Geographic Atrophy, or GA, which is the advanced stage of AMD and OPH1003, which evaluated the safety and efficacyis characterized by marked thinning or atrophy of 1.5mgretinal tissue, leading to irreversible loss of Fovista administered in combination with monthly 0.5mg Lucentis® (ranibizumab) anti-VEGF therapy compared to monthly 0.5mg Lucentis monotherapy for the treatment of wet AMD, to meet their pre-specified primary endpoints. In August 2017, we announced the failure of our thirdvision;
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•intermediate AMD, which is an earlier stage of AMD; and
pivotal Fovista•autosomal recessive Stargardt disease, or STGD1, which is an orphan inherited condition characterized by progressive damage to the central portion of the retina, or the macula, and other retinal tissue, leading to loss of vision.
In October 2019, we announced positive 12-month data for GATHER1, our first Phase 3 clinical trial OPH1004, which evaluated the safety and efficacy of 1.5 mg of Fovista administered in combination with 2.0mg Eylea® (aflibercept) or 1.25mg Avastin® (bevacizumab) anti-VEGF therapy compared to 2.0mg Eylea or 1.25mg Avastin monotherapy for the treatment of wet AMD, to meet its pre-specified primary endpoints. As a result of these failures, we currently have no future plans to develop Fovista in wet AMD and very limited development activity outside of wet AMD. 
We announced in early 2017 that we had engaged a financial advisor to assist us in reviewing our strategic alternatives, including identifying potential business development opportunities. Also beginning in early 2017, we undertook a reassessment of our development plans for Zimura and Fovista, which included an evaluation of the scientific rationale for potentially developing these product candidates in one or more other ophthalmic indications for which there is a high unmet need.

In July 2017, we announced that we are pursuing a strategy to leverage our clinical experience and retina expertise to identify and develop therapies to treat multiple ophthalmic orphan diseases for which there are limited or no treatment options available. In parallel, we are continuing our on-going programs in age-related retinal diseases. We also are continuing our business development efforts to identify and potentially obtain rights to additional products, product candidates and technologies that would complement our strategic goals as well as other compelling ophthalmology opportunities.
This updated business plan requires us to be successful in a number of challenging, uncertain and risky activities, including pursuing development of Zimura in indications for which we have no human clinical data, identifying promising new assets for development that are available for acquisition or in-license and that fit our strategic focus and, if so identified, negotiating and executing an acquisition or in-license agreement for one or more of those programs on favorable terms and designing and executing a clinical program for any newly acquired product candidates. We may not be successful at one or more of the activities required for us to execute this new updated business plan. We are also continuing to consider other alternatives, including the acquisition of products, product candidates or technologies or other assets outside of ophthalmology, mergers or other transactions involving our company as a whole or other collaboration transactions. We cannot be sure when or if this review process will result in any type of transaction. Even if we pursue a transaction, such transaction may not be consistent with our stockholders’ expectations or may not ultimately be favorable for our stockholders, either in the shorter or longer term.

Our growth prospects and the future value of our company are dependent on the progress of our ongoing and planned clinical development programs for Zimura, together with the amount of our remaining available cash. The development of Zimura is highly uncertain. We have only very limited data from small, uncontrolled clinical trials regarding the safety and efficacy of Zimura as a monotherapyevaluating ACP for the treatment of GA secondary to AMD. In GATHER1, 286 patients were randomized to receive various doses of ACP, including ACP 2 mg, or sham control. We observed a 27.7% (p-value = 0.0063) reduction in combination with anti-VEGF drugs for the treatmentmean rate of wet AMD or IPCV,growth (slope) estimated based on GA area between the ACP 2 mg group and we have no human clinical data regarding the safetycorresponding sham control group over 12 months, when performing the primary analysis, and efficacya 35.4% (p-value = 0.0050) reduction in the mean rate of Zimura as a treatment for autosomal recessive Stargardt disease, referred to as STGD1, or non-infectious intermediate and posterior uveitis. Our prior Zimura trials were not powered to demonstrategrowth (slope) estimated based on GA area between the efficacy of Zimura therapy with any statistical significance. We determinedtwo groups over 12 months, when performing the sizesupportive analysis. These results are based on an analysis of the OPH2003 trial in GA based on our best estimates of the size of trial required to demonstrate a potential clinical benefit for Zimura. This estimate is based on our assumptions regarding the potential performance of Zimura in this indication based in part on available third-party clinical data.  In addition, we determined the size of the OPH2005 trial in STDG1 based on the number of patients with STGD1 that we believe could potentially be enrolled within a reasonable period of time. Based on the actual enrollment rate during the trial, this number may be increased or decreased.  As STGD1 is an orphan indication, to our knowledge there is no natural history data currently available regarding the variability for our planned primary efficacy endpoint in the STGD1 patient population we plan to enroll in this trial.  Based on the information above, these trials could be underpowered to demonstrate a potential clinical benefit for Zimura in these indications.

We may continue to reassess and make changes to our existing development programs. Our future plans for our Zimura development program may be affectedrequired by the results of competitors’ clinical trials of complement inhibitors.U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, in accordance with our Special Protocol Assessment, or the SPA, which we describe further below. We may modify, expand or terminate some or all of our development programs or clinical trials at any time as a result of new competitive information or asanalyzed the result of changes to our product pipeline as a result of business development activity.

We expect that our remaining cash balances will continue to decline as we pursue these development programs, pursue our updated business plan and until such time, if any, as we receive additional funding, andendpoint by using the value of our stockholders’ investment may decline as a result.
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Our strategy of obtaining rights to products, product candidates or technologies for the treatment of ophthalmic diseases through in‑licenses and acquisitions may not be successful. Our failure to successfully acquire or in-license and develop additional product candidates would likely impair our ability to grow.
An element of our strategy has been and continues to be to expand our product pipeline through potentially in‑licensing or acquiring the rights to products, product candidates or technologies that would complement our strategic goals as well as other compelling ophthalmology opportunities. Because we expect generally that we will not engage directly in early stage research and drug discovery, the future growth of our business beyond our current product portfolio will depend significantly on our ability to in‑license or acquire the rights to approved products, additional product candidates or technologies. We may be unable, however, to in‑license or acquire the rights to any such products, product candidates or technologies from third parties for several reasons. The success of this strategy depends partly upon our ability to identify, select and acquire or in-license promising product candidates and technologies. We may be unable to identify suitable products, product candidates or technologies within our area of focus. The process of proposing, negotiating and implementing a license or acquisition of a product candidate is lengthy and complex. The in‑licensing and acquisition of pharmaceutical products is an area characterized by intense competition, and a number of companies (both more established and early stage biotechnology companies) are also pursuing strategies to in‑license or acquire products, product candidates or technologies that we may consider attractive. More established companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to their size, cash resources and greater clinical development and commercialization capabilities, while earlier stage companies may be more aggressive or have a higher risk tolerance. In addition, companies that perceive us to be a competitor may be unwilling to assign or license rights to us. We also may be unable to in‑license or acquire the rights to the relevant product, product candidate or technology on terms that would allow us to make an appropriate return on our investment. Moreover, we may devote resources to potential acquisitions or in-licensing opportunities that are never completed, or we may fail to realize the anticipated benefits of such efforts or we may incorrectly judge the value or worth of an acquired or in-licensed product candidate or technology.
Further, any product candidate that we acquire would most likely require additional development efforts prior to commercial sale, including extensive clinical testing and approval by the FDA and applicable foreign regulatory authorities. All product candidates are prone to risks of failure typical of pharmaceutical product development, including the possibility that a product candidate would not be shown to be sufficiently safe and effective for approval by regulatory authorities.
If we are unable to successfully obtain rights to suitable products, product candidates or technologies, our business, financial condition and prospects for growth could suffer. In addition, acquisitions and in-licensing arrangements for product candidates and technologies are inherently risky, and ultimately, if we do not complete an announced acquisition or license transaction or integrate an acquired or licensed product or technology successfully and in a timely manner, we may not realize the benefitssquare root transformation of the acquisition or license to the extent anticipated and the perception of the effectiveness of our management team and our company may suffer in the marketplace. In addition, even if we are able to successfully identify, negotiate and execute one or more transactions to acquire or in-license new products, product candidates or technologies, our expenses and short-term costs may increase materially and adversely affect our liquidity.
In addition, future acquisitions and in-licenses may entail numerous operational, financial and legal risks, including:
exposure to known and unknown liabilities, including possible intellectual property infringement claims, violations of laws, tax liabilities and commercial disputes;
incurrence of substantial debt, dilutive issuances of securities or depletion of cash to pay for acquisitions;
higher than expected acquisition and integration costs;
difficulty in combining the operations and personnel of any acquired businesses with our operations and personnel;
inability to maintain uniform standards, controls, procedures and policies;
restructuring charges related to eliminating redundancies or disposing of assets as part of any such combination;
large write-offs and difficulties in assessing the relative percentages of in-process research and development expense that can be immediately written off as compare to the amount that must be amortized over the appropriate life of the asset;
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increased amortization expenses or, in the event that we write-down the value of acquired assets, impairment losses;
impairment of relationships with key suppliers or customers of any acquired businesses due to changes in management and ownership;
inability to retain personnel, key customers, distributors, vendors and other business partners integral to an in-licensed or acquired product candidate or technology;
potential failure of the due diligence processes to identify significant problems, liabilities or other shortcomings or challenges of an acquired or licensed product candidate or technology, including, without limitation, problems, liabilities or other shortcomings or challenges with respect to intellectual property, product quality, revenue recognition or other accounting practices, partner disputes or issues and other legal and financial contingencies and known and unknown liabilities; and
entry into indications or markets in which we have no or limited direct prior development or commercial experience and where competitors in such markets have stronger market positions.
If we are unable to successfully manage our acquisitions or other in-license transactions, our ability to develop new products and continue to expand and diversify our product pipeline may be limited.
We may not use our available cash and other sources of funding effectively as we pursue our updated business plan.
Our revised business plan may not be successful, or we may be unsuccessful in effectively executing our revised business plan, which, in either case, could result in the expenditure of our available cash and other sources of funding in ways that do not improve our results of operations or enhance the value of our common stock. The failure by our management to apply these funds effectively could result in financial losses that could have a material adverse effect on our business, cause the price of our common stock to decline and delay the development of our product candidates. Pending their use, we may invest our available cash in a manner that does not produce adequate income, if any, or that loses value. For example, as we implement our revised business plan, we could allocate our available capital resources to pursue the development or acquisition of a particular product candidate or technology that proves to be ineffective, or we could fail to allocate sufficient resources to strategic opportunities or product candidates or technologies that may be more profitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of success. If we fail to effectively allocate our available capital resources, we may not be able to achieve our goals, and our financial condition and prospects for growth could suffer.
Our limited operating history may make it difficult for our stockholders to evaluate the success of our business to date and to assess our future viability.
We were incorporated and commenced active operations in 2007. Our operations to date have been focused on organizing and staffing our company, acquiring rights to product candidates, business planning, raising capital and developing Fovista, Zimura and other product candidates. We have not yet demonstrated our ability to successfully complete a large‑scale, pivotal clinical trial with safety and efficacy data sufficient to obtain marketing approval, apply for and obtain marketing approval, qualify a commercial manufacturer through a pre-approval inspection with respect to any of our products, or conduct sales, marketing and distribution activities necessary for successful product commercialization. Consequently, any predictions about our future success or viability may not be as accurate as they could be if we had a longer operating history.
In addition, we may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other known and unknown factors. The failure of our pivotal Phase 3 program for Fovista for the treatment of wet AMD has required us to reevaluate our future development plans for our product candidates, as well as our business plan more broadly, and has significantly decreased the likelihood that we will have a commercial product in the near term. We may never be successful in developing or commercializing any of our product candidates. If successful in developing and obtaining marketing approval of one of our product candidates, we would need to transition from a company with a product development focus to a company capable of supporting commercial activities. We may not be successful in such a transition.
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We have a history of significant operating losses. We expect to continue to incur losses until such time, if ever, that we successfully commercialize our product candidates and may never achieve or maintain profitability.
Since inception, we have experienced significant cash outflows in funding our operations. To date, we have not generated any revenues from product sales and have financed our operations primarily through private placements of our preferred stock, venture debt borrowings, funds received under our royalty purchase and sale agreement with Novo A/S,GA area, which we refer to as the Novo Agreement,primary analysis, and we analyzed the endpoint by using the observed GA area (without square root transformation), which we refer to as the supportive analysis. In GATHER1, through month 12, we did not observe any events of endophthalmitis or ischemic optic neuropathy events, and only one case of intraocular inflammation, which was mild and transient and reported as related to the injection procedure. The incidence of choroidal neovascularization, or CNV, in the study eye through month 12 was 6 patients (9.0%) in the ACP 2 mg group and 3 patients (2.7%) in the corresponding sham control group.
In June 2020, we started enrolling patients in GATHER2, our second Phase 3 clinical trial evaluating ACP for the treatment of GA secondary to AMD. In July 2021, we received a written agreement from the FDA under the SPA for the overall design of GATHER2. The SPA is a procedure by which the FDA provides a clinical trial sponsor with an official evaluation and written guidance on the design of a proposed protocol intended to form the basis for a new drug application, or NDA. In connection with our SPA, the FDA recommended, and we accepted, modifying the primary efficacy endpoint for the GATHER2 trial from the mean rate of change in GA area over 12 months measured by fundus autofluorescence, or FAF, at three timepoints: baseline, month 6 and month 12, to the mean rate of growth (slope) estimated based on GA area measured by FAF in at least three timepoints: baseline, month 6 and month 12.
In September 2022, we announced positive 12-month top-line data for GATHER2. In GATHER2, 448 patients were randomized on a 1:1 basis to receive ACP 2 mg or sham control over the first 12 months of the trial. At 12 months, we measured the primary efficacy endpoint in accordance with the SPA. In GATHER2, we observed a 14.3% (p-value = 0.0064) reduction in the mean rate of growth (slope) in GA area between the two groups at 12 months with the primary analysis, and a 17.7% (p-value = 0.0039) reduction in the mean rate of growth (slope) in GA area between the two groups at 12 months with the supportive analysis. We did not observe any events of endophthalmitis, intraocular inflammation events, events of vasculitis or ischemic optic neuropathy events through month 12, and the incidence of CNV in the study eye through month 12 was 15 patients (6.7%) in the ACP 2 mg group and 9 patients (4.1%) in the sham control group.
In March 2023, we announced results from an exploratory time-to-event analysis from the GATHER1 and GATHER2 clinical trials evaluating reduction in vision loss with ACP 2 mg versus sham treatment. The GATHER1 and GATHER2 clinical trials were designed to evaluate the rate of GA lesion growth in patients with GA secondary to AMD. The post-hoc analysis for vision loss from these pivotal trials signals up to a 59% reduction in rate of vision loss with ACP 2 mg compared to sham treatment at 12 months. The results were consistent in the GATHER1 and GATHER2 clinical trials independently, signaling a 44% reduction (Hazard Ratio 0.56 with 95% CI, 0.15-2.06) and a 59% percent reduction (Hazard Ratio 0.41 with 95% CI, 0.17-1.00) respectively in the rate of vision loss with ACP 2 mg compared to sham over the first 12 months of treatment. In a combined analysis of GATHER1 and GATHER2, patients treated with ACP 2 mg experienced a 56% reduction (Hazard Ratio 0.44, with 95% CI, 0.21-0.92) in the rate of vision loss compared to sham over the first 12 months of treatment. Vision loss in this analysis was defined as a loss of ≥15 letters (EDTRS) in best corrected visual acuity, or BCVA, from baseline measured at any two consecutive visits up to month 12.
We believe that with the statistically significant results from our GATHER1 and GATHER2 trials and the safety profile of ACP to date, we have sufficient data from two independent, adequate and well-controlled pivotal clinical trials of ACP in GA secondary to AMD to support an application for marketing approval. In November 2022, the FDA granted breakthrough therapy designation to ACP for the treatment of GA secondary to AMD. In December 2022, we completed the rolling submission of our NDA to the FDA for marketing approval of ACP for the treatment of GA secondary to AMD. In February 2023, the FDA accepted our NDA for filing and granted priority review with a Prescription Drug User Fee Act, or PDUFA, target action date of August 19, 2023.
In addition to ACP, we are developing our preclinical product candidate IC-500, a High temperature requirement A serine peptidase 1 protein, or HtrA1, inhibitor, for GA secondary to AMD and potentially other age-related retinal diseases.
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Our portfolio also includes several ongoing gene therapy research programs, each of which uses adeno-associated virus, or AAV, for gene delivery. These AAV mediated gene therapy programs are targeting the following orphan inherited retinal diseases, or IRDs:
•Leber Congenital Amaurosis type 10, or LCA10, which is characterized by severe bilateral loss of vision at or soon after birth;
•STGD1; and
•IRDs associated with mutations in the USH2A gene, which include Usher syndrome type 2A, or Usher 2A, and USH2A-associated non-syndromic autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa.
Research and Development Pipeline
We have summarized the current status of our ongoing research and development programs in the table below.
pipeline May 2023.jpg
Therapeutic Development Programs
Avacincaptad Pegol
Avacincaptad pegol, our complement C5 inhibitor, is a chemically-synthesized, pegylated RNA aptamer. Aptamers are short molecules made up of a single stranded nucleic acid sequence or amino acid sequence that binds molecular targets with high selectivity and specificity. The following are brief descriptions of the regulatory status, commercial planning, manufacturing activities, clinical trials and lifecycle management activities for ACP.
Avacincaptad pegol Regulatory Status
Our NDA for marketing approval of ACP for the treatment of GA secondary to AMD is currently under review by the FDA, with a PDUFA target action date of August 19, 2023. In April 2023, we had a mid-review cycle meeting with the FDA, during which the FDA communicated that no significant issues had been identified in our NDA at that time.
In April 2023, we had a joint rapporteur and co-rapporteur pre-submission meeting to discuss and obtain feedback on the overall content and format of our planned marketing authorization application, or MAA, to the European Medicines Agency, or EMA. We believe the discussions at this meeting support our regulatory strategy for seeking marketing approval from the EMA for ACP for the treatment of GA secondary to AMD. We are also planning for a similar interaction with the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, or MHRA, in the United Kingdom. We are planning to submit MAAs to the EMA and the MHRA during the third quarter of 2023.
Commercial Preparation Activities
We are continuing to build our commercial capabilities and infrastructure in anticipation of a potential launch of ACP in the United States for GA, if approved. In April 2023, we completed the hiring of a majority of our field based sales force, and we expect to complete the hiring of the remainder of our sales force before potential launch. In addition, we are continuing to hire additional personnel across core areas such as marketing, patient access and reimbursement, analytics and operations, and
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product distribution. We are continuing to build internal and external infrastructure to support our planned commercialization efforts.
Avacincaptad Pegol Manufacturing
We are working with our historical contract manufacturer for avacincaptad pegol drug substance, Agilent Technologies, Inc., or Agilent, to scale up and potentially validate the manufacturing process for avacincaptad pegol drug substance. In 2022, Agilent completed the manufacture of multiple batches of avacincaptad pegol drug substance at a larger scale, a scale which we believe can support commercial launch, if approved. In March 2023, we entered into an agreement with Agilent for long-term commercial manufacture and supply of ACP drug substance. We are continuing to work with Agilent on additional scale up and validation activities.
In parallel, we are working with a new contract manufacturer with the goal of assessing whether this manufacturer can produce ACP drug substance at an adequate scale for potential commercial use. Subject to successful completion of scale up and validation activities, we currently plan to use Agilent as the primary source of supply of ACP drug substance upon launch, if approved, and the new manufacturer as a second source of supply of ACP drug substance.
We are working with our historical fill/finish manufacturer, Ajinomoto Bio-Pharma Services, or Ajinomoto, on fill/finish of avacincaptad pegol drug product. We believe Ajinomoto has the capacity to supply us with avacincaptad pegol drug product for our expected commercial supply needs upon launch, if approved. We are continuing discussions with Ajinomoto for long-term supply of ACP drug product and are assessing additional suppliers of ACP drug product.
We order the polyethylene glycol, or PEG, starting material used to make avacincaptad pegol drug substance from a sole source third-party manufacturer outside the United States. We currently procure the supply on a purchase order basis and are continuing discussions regarding a long-term supply agreement with this manufacturer for the PEG starting material. We believe this supplier has the capacity to supply us with the PEG at the scale that we will need for commercial manufacturing.
We have also engaged a third-party manufacturer to package ACP drug product to produce finished goods for potential commercial distribution.
ACP Clinical Trials
The following are brief summaries of the status of our ongoing clinical trials for ACP.
GATHER2 (GA secondary to AMD)
GATHER2 is an international, randomized, double-masked, sham controlled, multi-center Phase 3 clinical trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of avacincaptad pegol for the treatment of GA secondary to AMD. 448 patients were enrolled in May 2013, our initial public offering,this trial. In September 2022, we announced 12-month top-line data from this trial. We plan to treat and follow patients for 24 months in total.
ISEE2009 Open-Label Extension Study
We initiated an open-label extension study, or the OLE study, which is an international, open-label, multi-center clinical trial assessing the safety of intravitreal administration of avacincaptad pegol in patients who completed their month 24 visits in the GATHER2 trial. All patients participating in the OLE study will receive monthly doses of avacincaptad pegol 2 mg, regardless of the treatment arm (avacincaptad pegol or sham procedure) that they were randomized to in GATHER2. We are continuing to enroll patients and plan to treat and follow patients for up to 18 months or until marketing approval of avacincaptad pegol in the applicable region, whichever is sooner.
STAR (STGD1)
STAR is an international, randomized, double-masked, sham controlled, multi-center clinical trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of avacincaptad pegol for the treatment of STGD1. We initially enrolled 95 patients in the STAR trial, none of whom have any remaining study visits. We continue to enroll new patients in the United States and plan to enroll approximately 25 additional patients, with the goal of enrolling a total of approximately 120 patients. Newly enrolled patients are randomized on a 1:1 basis to be treated with either avacincaptad pegol 4 mg or sham for 18 months. We have been and plan to remain masked to the treatment group of all patients in the trial. In addition, we have not reviewed and do not plan to review or analyze efficacy data for any patients in the trial, until the 18-month data has been collected and analyzed for all patients enrolled in the trial.


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Avacincaptad Pegol Lifecycle Initiatives
We continue to pursue multiple sustained release delivery technologies for avacincaptad pegol, including conducting feasibility studies of avacincaptad pegol with those technologies and analyzing and evaluating the resulting formulations. One of the technologies is DelSiTech’s proprietary silica-based sustained release technology, with which we closedare continuing formulation and other studies. In addition to DelSiTech’s technology, we continue to evaluate other sustained release delivery technologies for avacincaptad pegol. If any of the other resulting formulations are promising, we may pursue long-term development collaborations with those technologies.
Gene Therapy Research and Development Programs
Minigene Programs
The following is a summary of our minigene programs and their status:
•miniCEP290 (LCA10): This program, which we refer to as the miniCEP290 program, is targeting LCA10, which is associated with mutations in September 2013,the CEP290 gene. In July 2019, we entered into a license agreement with the University of Massachusetts, or UMass, for exclusive development and commercialization rights to this program. We have identified a lead construct from this program and are considering preclinical development options.
•miniABCA4 (STGD1): This program, which we refer to as the miniABCA4 program, is targeting STGD1, which is associated with mutations in the ABCA4 gene. We have identified a lead construct from this program and are considering preclinical development options. We are discussing with UMass our plans for this program.
•miniUSH2A (USH2A-related IRDs): This program, which we refer to as the miniUSH2A program, is targeting IRDs associated with mutations in the USH2A gene, including Usher 2A and USH2A-associated non-syndromic autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa. UMMS generated and evaluated several USH2A minigene constructs in in vitro experiments and we are planning to evaluate their efficacy in animals. The animal experiments were delayed as a result of transitioning the work from UMMS to us. We are discussing with UMass our plans for this program.
IC-500: HtrA1 Inhibitor
IC-500 is our preclinical product candidate for the treatment of GA secondary to AMD and potentially other age-related retinal diseases.
We are currently evaluating this program in light of available scientific and clinical information about this mechanism of action and our strategic goals. We do not currently expect to submit an investigational new drug application, or IND, to the FDA for IC-500 during the first half of 2024, as previously planned.
Business Development and Financing Activities
As we prepare for the potential marketing approval and potential commercial launch of ACP, progress our research and development programs and evaluate our overall strategic priorities, we continue to pursue selective business development and financing opportunities that advance us toward our strategic goals. We plan to continue to evaluate, on a selective and targeted basis, opportunities to obtain rights to additional product candidates and technologies for retinal diseases, with a focus on additional sustained release delivery technologies for ACP.
Please see our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 for information about our exclusive license agreement with DelSiTech for its sustained release delivery technology for ACP and our asset purchase agreement with Opus Genetics Inc., or Opus, for our former preclinical stage gene therapy product candidates, IC-100 and IC-200.
For information about our $250.0 million term loan facility, or the 2022 Term Loan Facility, with Hercules Capital, Inc., or Hercules, and Silicon Valley Bank, or SVB, and our follow-on public offering whichcompleted in December 2022, please see the Liquidity and Capital Resources section of this Management' s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. We believe we closedhave sufficient financial resources to launch ACP for GA in February 2014,the United States, if approved based on our current expectations.
Financial Matters
As of March 31, 2023, we had approximately $599.9 million in cash, cash equivalents and funds we receivedavailable-for-sale securities. We estimate that our cash, cash equivalents, available for sale securities and committed loan facilities will be sufficient to fund our planned capital expenditure requirements, debt service obligations and operating expenses through at least the next twelve
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months. These estimates do not include any potential new borrowings under the Novartis Agreement, which2022 Term Loan Facility with Hercules and SVB beyond the $25.0 million that we entered into in May 2014. As of September 30, 2017, we had an accumulated deficit of $475.2 million. Although we had net income of $123.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, allplan to borrow during 2023 based on our achievement of the revenue associated with such net income was on account of the recognition during the period of revenue under the relative selling price method thatperformance milestone related to the consideration that we had received in prior periods under the Novartis Agreement, which we had previously deferred. Although it is possible that we may have net incomeFDA's acceptance of our NDA for marketing approval of avacincaptad pegol for the full year ending December 31, 2017 on accounttreatment of GA secondary to AMD. In the event that SVB or any successor is unable to fund its portion of the deferredcommitments for the $25 million tranche that the we plan to borrow as a result of recent events, including the FDIC takeover of SVB and the subsequent sale of SVB’s successor, Silicon Valley Bridge Bank, to First-Citizens Bank & Trust Company in March 2023, we do not believe such failure to fund would have a material effect on our cash balances or financial condition.
Financial Operations Overview
Revenue
As we have no products approved for sale, we do not expect to receive any revenue recognized this year exceedingrelated to our overall expenses,product candidates until we obtain regulatory approval for and commercialize such products, or until we potentially enter into agreements with third parties for the development and commercialization of our product candidates. For example, if the FDA approves our NDA for marketing approval of avacincaptad pegol for the treatment of GA secondary to AMD and we successfully launch ACP in the United States, we expect to incur an operating loss for the fourth quarter of 2017 and to continue to incur significant operating losses for the foreseeable future.
We have devoted substantially all of our financial resources and efforts to the research and development of Fovista and Zimura and preparations for the potential commercial launch of Fovista, including manufacturing scale‑up activities. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses over the next few years as we implement our updated business plan and continue to implement and reassess our development plans for our existinggenerate revenues from product candidates. Our net losses may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year.
We currently have two product candidates, Zimura and Fovista, which are in clinical development. Following the failure of our Phase 3 Fovista program, we currently have no future plans to develop Fovista in wet AMD and very limited development activity for Fovista outside of wet AMD. We, however, expect to continue to incur significant research and development expenses as we pursue the development of Zimura as currently planned and wind down the Fovista OPH1004 trial. We expect very limited research and development expenses related to Fovista in the future. We could, however, incur additional research and development expenses if we conclude that there is a scientific rationale for potentially developing, or if we undertake the development of, Zimura or Fovista in additional indications, and as we evaluate and potentially in-license or acquire, and undertake development of, additional product candidates. Furthermore, if we successfully develop and obtain marketing approval for any of our product candidates, we expect to incur significant commercialization expenses related to product sales, marketing, distribution and manufacturing. We are party to agreements that impose significant milestone payment obligations on us in connection with our achievement of specific clinical, regulatory and commercial milestones with respect to Zimura and Fovista. It is likely that any future in-licensing or acquisition agreements that we enter into with respect to additional products, product candidates or technologies would include similar obligations.

We expect that we will continue to incur significant expenses as we:
continue the clinical development of Zimura as currently planned or potentially in other indications if we believe there is a sufficient scientific rationale to pursue such development;
in‑license or acquire the rights to, and pursue the development of, other products, product candidates or technologies;
wind down the OPH1004 trial;
complete our previously announced reduction in personnel;
maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio;
hire additional clinical, manufacturing, quality control, quality assurance and scientific personnel if we are successful in progressing the clinical development of any of our product candidates;
seek marketing approval for any product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials;
expand our outsourced manufacturing activities, expand our commercial operations and establish sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, if we receive, or expect to receive, marketing approval for any of our product candidates; and
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expand our general and administrative functions to support future growth of the company.sales.
Our ability to become and remain profitable depends on our ability to generate revenuerevenues in excess of our expenses. Our ability to generate revenues from product sales is dependent on our obtaining marketing approval for and commercializing our product candidates or any product candidates we may in-license or acquire. We may be unsuccessful in our efforts to develop and commercialize product candidates or in our efforts to in-license or acquire additional product candidates. Even if we succeed in developing and commercializing one or more of our product candidates, we may never achieve sufficient sales revenue to achieve or maintain profitability. See “-Risks Related to Product
Research and Development Expenses
Our research and Commercialization” for a further discussiondevelopment expenses primarily consist of costs associated with the risks we face in successfully developingmanufacturing, development, and commercializingpreclinical and clinical testing of our product candidates and achieving profitability.costs associated with our gene therapy research programs. Our research and development expenses consist of:
•external research and development expenses incurred under arrangements with third parties, such as contract research organizations, or CROs, contract development and manufacturing organizations, or CDMOs, and other vendors for the production and analysis of drug substance, drug product and finished goods; and
•employee-related expenses for employees dedicated to research and development activities, including salaries, benefits and share-based compensation expense.
Research and development expenses also include costs of acquired product licenses, in-process research and development, and related technology rights where there is no alternative future use, costs of prototypes used in research and development, consultant fees and amounts paid to collaborative partners.
All research and development expenses are charged to operations as incurred in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board, Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, 730, Research and Development.We may require substantial, additional fundingaccount for non-refundable advance payments for goods and services that will be used in orderfuture research and development activities as expenses when the service has been performed or when the goods have been received, rather than when the payment is made. We do not currently utilize a formal time allocation system to complete the activities necessarycapture expenses on a project-by-project basis because we record expenses by functional department. Accordingly, we do not allocate expenses to commercialize oneindividual projects or moreproduct candidates, although we do allocate some portion of our research and development expenses by project area or product candidates. If we are unable to raise capital when needed, we could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminatecandidate, as shown below.
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The following table summarizes our productresearch and development programs or commercialization efforts.expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022:
 Three Months Ended March 31,
 20232022
 (in thousands)
Avacincaptad Pegol$27,328 $14,169 
IC-500: HtrA1316 695 
Other gene therapy51 40 
Prior product candidate IC-100— (320)
Prior product candidate IC-200— (298)
Personnel-related8,726 5,512 
Share-based compensation5,541 2,661 
Other121 98 
Total$42,083 $22,557 
As of September 30, 2017, we had cashcontinue our ongoing clinical trials and cash equivalents of $180.2 million, of which approximately $5 millionthe OLE study and continue our ongoing and planned manufacturing and lifecycle management activities for avacincaptad pegol, we expect our research and development expenses for avacincaptad pegol to $7 million is committedincrease. We expect our research and development expenses for our minigene research programs to the wind-down of the OPH1004 trial, completing a previously announced reduction in personnelincrease as we plan for and related costs.initiate additional preclinical development and manufacturing activities. We estimate thatexpect our 2017 year-end cash balance will range between $155 millionresearch and development expenses for IC-500 to $165 million, excludingdecrease. Our research and development expenses may increase if we in-license or acquire any potential business development activities or any changes to our current or planned clinical development programs. We also had $139.1 million in total liabilities as of September 30, 2017, of which $125.0 million related to the Novo Agreement, which we are required to show as liabilities on our balance sheets under generally accepted accounting principles but which do not correspond to any contractual repayment obligation.
We believe that our cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to fund our operations and capital expenditure requirements as currently planned for at least the next 12 months. This estimate does not reflect any additional expenditures resulting from the in-licensing or acquisition of additionalnew product candidates or technologies or associatedif we commence any new development programs.
See the “Liquidity and Capital Resources” section of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for more information regarding our current and future financial resources and our expectations regarding our research and development expenses and funding requirements.
General and Administrative Expenses
General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and related costs for personnel, including share-based compensation expense, in our executive, legal, finance, business development, commercial operations, human resources, investor relations and information technology functions. Other general and administrative expenses include facility costs and professional fees for legal, including patent-related, services and expenses, consulting and accounting services, and travel expenses.
We expect our general and administrative expenses to increase as we continue to hire personnel for our commercial organization, including sales, marketing, access and reimbursement and operations personnel, and as we continue to build our capabilities for the commercial launch of ACP, if approved. Our general and administrative expenses may further increase if the market opportunity for avacincaptad pegol exceeds our current expectations and we need to hire additional commercialization personnel and/or incur additional outside service fees in order to commercialize ACP, if approved. Our general and administrative expenses may also increase if we choose to hire additional personnel and incur additional fees and expenses for our general and administrative function areas. In light of the pending acquisition of our company by Astellas, we anticipate incurring additional legal, accounting and other advisory fees in relation to the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement and the consummation thereof.
Interest Income, Net
Interest income, net, consists of interest income earned on our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities offset by interest expense recognized on our debt.
We currently have invested our cash, cash equivalents and available for sale securities in money market funds, U.S. Treasury securities, investment-grade corporate debt securities, asset-backed securities, and debt instruments issued by foreign governments. Interest income earned is offset by amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts to maturity on our marketable securities.
Interest expense consists of the accretion of debt discount, contractual interest costs and the amortization of debt issuance costs related to our debt. Debt discount is accreted, and debt issuance costs are amortized, to interest expense using the effective interest rate method over the term of the debt. Our consolidated balance sheets reflect debt, net of the debt discount, debt issuance costs paid to the lender and other third-party costs.
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Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates
Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our financial statements, which we have prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in our financial statements. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments, including those related to accrued research and development expenses and share-based compensation described in greater detail below. We base our estimates on our limited historical experience, known trends and events and various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may pursuediffer from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
Our significant accounting policies are described in more detail in the notes to our financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Of those policies, we believe that the following anyaccounting policies are the most critical to aid our stockholders in fully understanding and evaluating our financial condition and results of operations.
Accrued Research and Development Expenses
As part of the process of preparing our financial statements, we are required to estimate our accrued expenses. This process involves reviewing quotations and contracts, identifying services that have been performed on our behalf and estimating the level of service performed and the associated cost incurred for the service when we have not yet been invoiced or otherwise notified of the actual cost. The majority of our service providers invoice us monthly in arrears for services performed or when contractual milestones are met. We make estimates of our accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date in our financial statements based on facts and circumstances known to us at that time. We periodically confirm the accuracy of our estimates with the service providers and make adjustments if necessary. The significant estimates in our accrued research and development expenses are related to expenses related to our CROs, CDMOs and other vendors in connection with research and development and manufacturing activities.
We base our expenses related to CROs and CDMOs on our estimates of the services received and efforts expended pursuant to quotations and contracts with such transactions. We have based thisvendors that conduct research and development and manufacturing activities on our behalf. The financial terms of these agreements are subject to negotiation, vary from contract to contract and may result in uneven payment flows. There may be instances in which payments made to our vendors will exceed the level of services provided and result in a prepayment of the applicable research and development or manufacturing expense. In accruing service fees, we estimate on assumptions that may provethe time period over which services will be performed and the level of effort to be wrong,expended in each period. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from our estimate, we adjust the accrual or prepaid expense accordingly. Although we do not expect our estimates to be materially different from amounts actually incurred, our understanding of the status and wetiming of services performed relative to the actual status and timing of services performed may vary and could use our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect. result in us reporting amounts that are too high or too low in any particular period. There have been no material changes in estimates for the periods presented in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
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Results of Operations
Comparison of Three Month Periods Ended March 31, 2023 and 2022
 Three months ended March 31,
 20232022Increase
(Decrease)
 (in thousands)
Statements of Operations Data:   
Operating expenses:   
Research and development$42,083 $22,557 $19,526 
General and administrative31,758 12,113 19,645 
Total operating expenses73,841 34,670 39,171 
Loss from operations(73,841)(34,670)39,171 
Interest income, net3,461 133 3,328 
Other (expense) income, net(1,849)1 (1,850)
Loss before income tax benefit(72,229)(34,536)37,693 
Income tax benefit— — — 
Net loss$(72,229)$(34,536)$37,693 
Research and Development Expenses
Our capital requirements will depend on several factors,research and development expenses were $42.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, an increase of $19.5 million compared to $22.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022. The increase in research and development expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was primarily due to a $13.2 million increase in costs associated with avacincaptad pegol, including the successongoing GATHER2 trial, increased manufacturing activities and the initiation of the OLE study. In addition, the increase in research and development expenses was due to a $6.1 million increase in personnel costs, including share-based compensation associated with additional research and development staffing. The increase in research and development expenses was partially offset by a $0.4 million decrease in costs associated with IC-500. The decreased costs for IC-500 primarily reflect decreased manufacturing and preclinical development activities.
General and Administrative Expenses
Our general and administrative expenses were $31.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, an increase of $19.6 million compared to $12.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022. The increase in general and administrative expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was primarily due to increases in personnel costs, including share-based compensation associated with staffing for commercial preparation.
Interest Income, net
Interest income, net for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was $3.5 million compared to interest income of $133 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2022. Interest income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was partially offset by $3.0 million of interest expense which was due to our borrowings under the 2022 Term Loan Facility. There was no interest expense for the three months ended March 31, 2022. The increase in interest income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was primarily due to rising interest rates and an increase in our cash equivalents and marketable securities average balances.
Other (Expense) Income, net
Other expense for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was $1.8 million compared to other income of $1 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2022. During the quarter ended March 31, 2023, we recognized a $1.9 million expense associated with the impairment of our pursuit,investment in Opus Genetics Inc. This expense was partially offset by acquisition, in-licensing or otherwise,income primarily related to exchange rate fluctuations associated with foreign currency transactions.
Liquidity and subsequent developmentCapital Resources
Sources of additional product candidates or technologies, and the successLiquidity
Since inception, we have financed our operations primarily through private placements of our ongoingcommon stock and preferred stock, venture debt borrowings, funds received under our prior Fovista royalty purchase and sale agreement with
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Novo Holdings A/S, our initial public offering, which we closed in September 2013, funds we received under a prior agreement with Novartis Pharma AG related to the licensing and commercialization of Fovista, funds we received in connection with our acquisition of Inception 4, Inc., or Inception 4, in October 2018, our follow-on public offerings, which we closed in February 2014, December 2019, June 2020, July 2021, October 2021 and December 2022 and borrowings under the 2022 Term Loan Facility with Hercules and SVB.
In July 2022 we entered into a Loan and Security Agreement, or the Loan Agreement, with Hercules and SVB for the 2022 Term Loan Facility, which consists of several tranches of potential financing in an aggregate principal amount of up to $250.0 million. The first tranche consisted of a term loan advance in the amount of $50.0 million funded upon execution of the Loan Agreement on July 26, 2022. An aggregate of $150.0 million may be drawn at our option, in three separate tranches, subject to our achievement of specified performance milestones relating to development programs.and regulatory events for avacincaptad pegol, as described below in “—Contractual Obligations and Commitments”. We met the first milestone under the Loan Agreement and in December 2022 drew the second tranche consisting of a term loan advance in the amount of $50.0 million. We believe that we may need additional fundinghave met the second milestone under the Loan Agreement and can draw the third tranche consisting of a term loan in the event thatamount of $25.0 million, which we acquireplan to draw in 2023. An additional $50.0 million is available subject to the approval of the lenders’ investment committee in its discretion. Loans outstanding under facility bear interest at a floating interest rate per annum equal to the greater of either (i) (x) the lesser of the Wall Street Journal prime rate and 6.25% plus (y) 4.00% or in-license(ii) 8.75%, capped at 10.25%. The facility matures in August 2027 and has an initial interest-only payment period of 42 months, which may be extended to up to 60 months upon the satisfaction of certain conditions.
We currently have an effective universal shelf registration statement on Form S-3, or the March 2021 Shelf Registration, on file with the SEC registering for sale from time to time up to $300.0 million of common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, depositary shares, subscription rights, warrants and/or units in one or more registered offerings, of which $100.0 million may be offered, issued and sold under an “at-the-market” Sales Agreement, or the ATM Agreement, with Cowen and Company, LLC. We also have an automatically effective shelf registration statement on Form S-3, or the October 2021 Shelf Registration, pursuant to which we may offer and sell an indeterminate amount of shares of common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, depositary shares, subscription rights, warrants and/or units in one or more registered offerings.
In July 2021, we closed an underwritten public offering in which we sold 13,397,500 shares of our common stock under the March 2021 Shelf Registration, which included the exercise in full of the underwriters’ option to purchase an additional product candidates1,747,500 shares of our common stock, at a price to the public of $8.60 per share and undertake development. at a price to the underwriters of $8.084 per share. The net proceeds from the public offering, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses payable by us totaling approximately $7.4 million, were approximately $107.8 million.
In addition,October 2021, we closed an underwritten public offering in which we sold 10,350,000 shares of our common stock, under the October 2021 Shelf Registration, which included the exercise in full of the underwriters’ option to purchase an additional 1,350,000 shares of our common stock, at a price to the public of $16.750 per share and at a price to the underwriters of $15.745 per share. The net proceeds from the public offering, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses may exceedpayable by us totaling approximately $10.8 million, were approximately $162.6 million.
In December 2022, we completed an underwritten public offering in which we sold 15,352,500 shares of our expectationscommon stock under the October 2021 Shelf Registration, which included the exercise in full of the underwriters’ option to purchase 2,002,500 shares of our common stock, at a price to the public of $22.50 per share and at a price to the underwriters of $21.150 per share. The net proceeds from the December 2022 public offering, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other expenses payable by us totaling approximately $21.1 million, were approximately $324.3 million.
We have not yet issued and sold any shares of our common stock under the ATM Agreement.
Cash Flows
As of March 31, 2023, we had cash, cash equivalents and available-for-sale securities totaling $599.9 million. We currently have invested our cash, cash equivalents and available for sale securities in money market funds, U.S. Treasury securities, certain asset-backed securities and certain investment-grade corporate debt securities.
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The following table shows a summary of our cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:
 Three months ended March 31,
 20232022
 (in thousands)
Net cash (used in) provided by:
Operating Activities$(50,593)$(37,512)
Investing Activities39,272 (34,148)
Financing Activities2,589 2,080 
Net change in cash and cash equivalents$(8,732)$(69,580)
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Net cash used in operating activities was $50.6 million and $37.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which primarily related to net cash used to fund our avacincaptad pegol clinical trials and manufacturing activities and commercial planning for potential launch of avacincaptad pegol, if approved, our preclinical development of IC-500, our gene therapy research programs and to support our general and administrative operations.
See “—Funding Requirements” below for a description of how we expect to use our cash for operating activities in future periods.
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Net cash provided by investing activities was $39.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, which primarily related to the maturity of marketable securities. Net cash used in investing activities was $34.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022, which primarily related to the purchases of marketable securities.
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Net cash provided by financing activities was $2.6 million and $2.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which primarily consisted of proceeds related to stock option exercises and purchases made under our employee stock purchase plan.
Funding Requirements
ACP is in clinical development, IC-500 is in preclinical development, and we are exploring multiple sustained release delivery technologies for ACP and advancing multiple gene therapy research programs. We expect our research and development expenses to increase as we pursue these programs as currently planned. We could incur additional research and development expenses if we experience delays in enrollmentmodify or with the availability of drug supply for our clinical trials, if we experience any unforeseen issues in our ongoing clinical trials or if we further expand the scope of our clinical trials, such as our initiation of the OLE study for ACP in GA secondary to AMD, our preclinical development programs or our gene therapy research programs, or if we in-license or acquire, and undertake development of, additional product candidates and technologies, including additional sustained release delivery technologies for ACP and any promising product candidates that emerge from our gene therapy research programs. Our costs mayWe could also exceed our expectations for other reasons,incur additional research and development expenses if, for example, if we experience issues with manufacturing, process development, or if we are required by the FDA, the EMA or regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions, or if we otherwise decide, to perform clinical trials and/or nonclinical trials or other studies in addition to those we currently expect to conduct. AsIf we experience delays or disruptions to our research and development programs, including delays in patient enrollment or issues with patient retention or patients missing scheduled visits and treatments, if we experience issues with our preclinical development programs, such as unfavorable toxicology or other preclinical data, if we experience issues with the manufacture and supply of product candidates, including issues with process development or manufacturing scale-up activities, whether such delays or disruptions are due to the COVID-19 pandemic or other reasons, we could incur additional and unexpected expenses as a result of such delays or disruptions and our business and financial results may be materially impacted. Furthermore, if we may need or may seeksuccessfully develop and expect to obtain additional funding in connection with our continuing operations sooner than expected.
The future developmentmarketing approval for any of our product candidates, we expect to incur significant commercialization expenses related to product sales, marketing, distribution and manufacturing. We have started incurring these expenses as we prepare for the potential commercialization of ACP. We are party to agreements with Archemix with respect to ACP, DelSiTech with respect to formulations of ACP with DelSiTech’s silica-based sustained release delivery technology, the former equityholders of Inception 4 with respect to IC-500, and UMass with respect to any potential product candidates from our miniCEP290 program, in each case, that impose significant milestone payment obligations on us if we or a potential collaborator achieves specified clinical, regulatory and commercial milestones with respect to these product candidates, as well as certain royalties on net sales with respect to formulations of ACP with DelSiTech’s silica-based sustained release delivery technology and any product candidates we choose to develop from our miniCEP290 program. It is highly uncertain. likely that any future in-
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licensing or acquisition agreements that we enter into with respect to additional product candidates or technologies would include similar obligations. 
We expect the clinical development for Zimurathat we will continue to incur significant expenses as we:
•build our commercial operations and sales, marketing and distribution capabilities for ACP;
•expand our outsourced manufacturing capabilities for ACP;
•continue the development of ACP in GA, STGD1 and potentially other indications;
•seek marketing approval for ACP and any other product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials;
•in-license or acquire the rights to, and pursue the development of, other product candidates or technologies for retinal diseases, such as sustained release delivery technologies for ACP;
•continue the development of IC-500 and pursue our gene therapy research programs;
•maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio;
•hire additional commercial, medical affairs, clinical, regulatory, pharmacovigilance, manufacturing, quality control, quality assurance and scientific personnel; and
•expand our general and administrative functions to support our future growth.   
As of March 31, 2023, we had approximately $599.9 million in cash, cash equivalents and available-for-sale securities. We estimate that our cash, cash equivalents, available for sale securities and committed loan facilities will be sufficient to fund our planned capital expenditure requirements, debt service obligations and operating expenses through at least the next several years.twelve months. These estimates do not include any potential new borrowings under the 2022 Term Loan Facility with Hercules and SVB beyond the $25.0 million that we plan to borrow during 2023 based on our achievement of the performance milestone related to the FDA's acceptance of our NDA for marketing approval of avacincaptad pegol for the treatment of GA secondary to AMD. In the event that SVB or any successor is unable to fund its portion of the commitments for the $25 million tranche that the we plan to borrow as a result of recent events, including the FDIC takeover of SVB and the subsequent sale of SVB’s successor, Silicon Valley Bridge Bank, to First-Citizens Bank & Trust Company in March 2023, we do not believe such failure to fund would have a material effect on our cash balances or financial condition.
Although we believe we have sufficient financial resources to launch ACP for GA secondary to AMD in the United States, if approved with labeling consistent with our expectations, we may need additional funding to continue to commercialize ACP for GA, if approved. We expect we will require substantial, additional funding in order to complete the activities necessary to develop and commercialize ACP for other indications, a sustained release delivery technology for ACP or any of our other product candidates. At this time, we cannot reasonably estimate the total remaining costs necessary to complete clinical development, to complete process development and manufacturing scale‑upscale-up and validation activities orand to potentially seek marketing approval with respect tofor ACP for any other indication, a sustained release delivery technology for ACP or for any of our other product candidates.

Our future capital requirements therefore, will depend on many factors, including:
the scope, costs and results of our Zimura clinical programs, including our Phase 2b clinical trial in GA, our Phase 2a clinical trial in wet AMD, our planned Phase 2b clinical trial in STGD1, our planned Phase 2a clinical trial in ICPV and our planned Phase 2a clinical trial in non-infectious intermediate and posterior uveitis, as well as any additional clinical trials we undertake to obtain data sufficient to seek marketing approval for Zimura in any indication;
the extent to which we in‑license or acquire rights to, and undertake development of products, product candidates or technologies;
the amount of any upfront, milestone payments and other financial obligations associated with the in-license or acquisition of other product candidates;
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the scope, progress, results and costs of preclinical development and/or clinical trials for any other product candidates that we may develop;
the costs and timing of process development and manufacturing scale‑up and validation activities associated with Zimura or any other product candidates that we may develop;
our ability to establish collaborations on favorable terms, if at all;
•the costs, timing and outcome of regulatory filings and reviews of our product candidates;candidates, including regulatory review of our filed NDA and the planned submission of MAAs for ACP in GA secondary to AMD;
•the timing, scope and costs of establishing a commercial infrastructure for potential commercialization of ACP, including the hiring and deployment of a sales force and the establishment of sales, marketing and distribution capabilities;
• the scope, progress, costs and results of process development, manufacturing scale-up and validation activities, analytical method development and qualification, and stability studies associated with ACP and our other product candidates;
•the scope, progress, costs and results of our current and future ACP clinical programs and any further development we may undertake;
•the extent to which we in-license or acquire rights to, and undertake research or development of, additional product candidates or technologies, including sustained release delivery technologies for ACP;
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•the extent of our debt service obligations and our ability, if desired, to refinance any of our existing debt on terms that are more favorable to us;
•the scope, progress, costs and results of our efforts to develop IC-500, including activities to establish manufacturing capabilities and complete other preclinical development activities;
•the scope, progress, costs and results from our gene therapy research programs, including costs related to the in-license and future development of any promising product candidates and technologies that emerge from these programs;
•the timing and extent of delays or disruptions to our research and development programs as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and other macro-economic events;
•the costs of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent applications, maintaining and protecting our intellectual property rights and defending intellectual property‑relatedproperty-related claims; and
the timing, scope and cost of commercialization activities for any of our product candidates if we receive, or expect to receive, marketing approval for a product candidate; and
•subject to receipt of marketing approval, net revenue received from commercial sales of any of our product candidates, after milestone payments and royalty payments that we would be obligated to make.
Furthermore, followingOur ability to raise adequate additional financing when needed, and on terms acceptable to us, will depend on many factors. These factors include investors' perceptions of the potential success of our receiptongoing business, including the development of our product candidates and announcementother programs, and the potential future growth of initial, top-line results from our pivotal OPH1002business. Additionally, these factors include general market conditions that also affect other companies. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic and OPH1003 Fovista trials forother macro-economic events, such as the treatmentcurrent high levels of wet AMDinflation, and governmental responses to those events have caused volatility and uncertainty in the financial markets as well as additional volatility in the price of our stock, which may result in prospective investors being less likely to invest new capital. These factors may make raising capital difficult, and may result in us accepting terms that are unfavorable to us, especially if we are in need of financing at the particular time. Although we were successful in raising approximately $324.3 million in net proceeds in an underwritten public offering of our common stock in December 2016,2022, we implemented a restructuring plan that included a reductionmay not be able to successfully raise additional capital in personnel. This reduction in personnel involves approximately 80%the future. The size of our pre-announcement workforcecompany and includes employees from nearly every department. We expectour status as a company listed on The Nasdaq Global Select Market, or Nasdaq, may also limit our ability to realize estimated annualized cost savings fromraise financing. For example, Nasdaq listing rules generally limit the reductionnumber of shares we may issue in personnel ina private placement to a number less than 20% of the rangenumber of $25 millionshares of our common stock outstanding immediately prior to $30 million starting in the third quarter of 2017. During the first nine months of 2017,transaction, unless we issue such shares at a premium, which investors may be unwilling to accept, or unless we obtain shareholder approval, which can be expensive and time-consuming and can add risk to our workforce has been reduced by 112 employees in connection with the reduction in personnel and natural attrition. We expectability to complete the reductionfinancing transaction. If we are unable to raise additional funds when needed, we may be required to delay or reduce our future commercialization efforts, or delay, reduce or terminate the development of one or more of our product candidates. 
We may require additional funding beyond what we currently expect due to unforeseen or other reasons. Our costs may exceed our expectations if the timeline for potential commercial launch of ACP is accelerated, if we need to establish commercial infrastructure or capabilities, including hiring additional personnel or conducting additional disease-state awareness activities, to a greater extent than we have planned. Our costs may also exceed our expectations if we experience an issue with manufacturing, such as issues with process development, scale-up and validation, or establishing and qualifying second source suppliers and ensuring adequate inventory for our expected needs, including potential launch of ACP; if we experience an issue in personnel duringour clinical trials, such as issues with patient enrollment, the fourth quarterretention of 2017. In connectionenrolled patients, enrolled patients maintaining scheduled visits and receiving scheduled treatments, or the availability of drug supply; if we experience an issue in our preclinical development programs, such as unfavorable toxicology or other preclinical data; or if we modify or further expand the scope of our clinical trials, preclinical development programs or gene therapy research programs. Our costs may also exceed our expectations for other reasons, for example, if we are required by the FDA, the EMA, or regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions to perform clinical trials or nonclinical or other studies in addition to those we currently expect to conduct. For example, we believe that the data from the GATHER2 trial, together with such reduction in personnel, we estimate that we will incur approximately $13.3 million of aggregate pre-tax charges through the third quarter of 2017, of which approximately $12.4 millionother available data, are sufficient to support applications for marketing approval in the aggregate is expectedUnited States, the European Union and the United Kingdom. We may subsequently decide to, or be required by regulatory authorities to, conduct additional clinical trials or nonclinical studies of ACP in order to seek or maintain marketing approval or qualify for reimbursement approval. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic and other macroeconomic events may result in cash expenditures. Asdisruptions to the progress of September 30, 2017,the GATHER2 or STAR trials or the OLE study, including slowing patient enrollment in STAR or causing enrolled patients in either trial to miss their scheduled visits or drop out in greater numbers than we expect, or disruptions to our other research and development programs, which could cause us to continue to expend our cash expenditures related to such reduction in personnel totaled $8.7 million. We mayresources while not realizeprogressing our research and development programs as expeditiously as we would have had the plannedpandemic not occurred or expected cost savings benefits from this restructuring, which could adversely affect our estimatepersisted. As a result of any of the periodabove, we may need or may seek to obtain additional funding for which our cash, cash equivalentscontinuing operations sooner or in greater amounts than expected. 
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Our need for additional financing may continue even if we are able to successfully obtain regulatory approval and marketable securities will be sufficientlaunch ACP in GA secondary to fund our operations and capital expenditure requirements as currently planned.
We do not have any committed external source of funds.AMD. Our future commercial revenues, if any, will be derived from product sales, of any of our product candidates that we are able to successfully develop, which depending on the product, may not be available or become substantial for at least several years, if at all.a period of time following launch. In addition, if approved, our product candidatesproducts may not achieve commercial success. If that is the case, we will need to obtain substantial additional financing to achieve our business objectives. Even if those products are successful and we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis.
Adequate Under most, if not all, of the foregoing circumstances, we may need to obtain substantial additional financing may not be available to achieve our business objectives.
Contractual Obligations and Commitments
As disclosed in “Note 8 — Commitments and Contingencies”in the notes to the financial statements filed with this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, we have exposure for certain commitments and contingencies.
We also have letter agreements with certain employees that require the funding of a specific level of payments if certain events, such as a termination of employment by the employee for good reason or by us without cause, in each case in connection with a change of control, occur. For a description of these obligations, see our definitive proxy statement on acceptable terms, or at all. IfSchedule 14A for our 2023 annual meeting of stockholders, as filed with the SEC on April 5, 2023.
In addition, in the course of normal business operations, we are unablehave agreements with contract service providers to raise additional funds when needed,assist in the performance of our research and development, manufacturing and commercial planning activities. Expenditures to CROs, CDMOs and other service providers represent significant costs in preclinical and clinical development and commercial planning. Subject to required notice periods and our obligations under binding purchase orders and any cancellation fees that we may be requiredobligated to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts.
Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our stockholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights to our technologies or product candidates.
Until such time, if ever, aspay, we can generate substantial product revenues,elect to discontinue the work under these agreements at any time. In addition to the commercial manufacturing and supply agreement we entered into with Agilent for ACP drug substance (see Note 7 - Commitments and Contingencies), we may needalso enter into additional collaborative research and development, contract research, manufacturing, and supplier agreements in the future, which may require upfront payments and long-term commitments of cash.
Merger Agreement
On April 28, 2023, we and Astellas entered into the Merger Agreement pursuant to which, subject to the satisfaction or may seekwaiver of the conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement, Merger Sub will merge with and into our company, with our company surviving the Merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of Astellas. Consummation of the Merger is subject to financecustomary closing conditions, including, without limitation, obtaining the required regulatory approvals and approval by our operations through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations, strategic alliancesstockholders. The Merger Agreement contains certain termination rights for us and marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements. In addition,Astellas. If the Merger Agreement is terminated under specified circumstances, we may seek additional capital due to favorable market conditions or strategic considerations, even if we believe that we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, our existing stockholders’ ownership interests would be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect our existing stockholders’ rights as holders of our common stock. Debt financing and preferred equity financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends.
If we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic alliances or marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, products
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or product candidates or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings when needed, we maywill be required to grant rights to develop and market productspay Astellas a termination fee of approximately $222.4 million.
2022 Term Loan Facility
On July 26, 2022, or product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.
We and certain of our current and former executive officers have been named as defendants in lawsuits that could result in substantial costs and divert management’s attention.
We and certain of our current and former executive officers have been named as defendants in two purported class action lawsuits initiated earlier this year that generally allege thatthe Closing Date, we and certain of our officers violated Sections 10(b) and/subsidiaries, or 20(a)the Subsidiary Borrowers, entered into the Loan Agreement with Hercules in its capacity as administrative agent and collateral agent, or the Agent, and as a lender, SVB and certain other financial institutions that from time to time become parties to the Loan Agreement as lenders, which we refer to collectively as the Lenders. The Loan Agreement provides for term loans in an aggregate principal amount of up to $250.0 million under multiple tranches, or the 2022 Term Loan Facility, available as follows: (i) a term loan advance in the amount of $50.0 million, which was drawn on the Closing Date; (ii) subject to our announcement that the GATHER2 trial evaluating avacincaptad pegol in GA has achieved its protocol-specified primary endpoint and that we have a sufficient clinical data package to support the submission of an NDA to the FDA for avacincaptad pegol in GA, or Milestone 1, a second tranche consisting of term loan advances in the aggregate principal amount of $50.0 million available at our option beginning on the date that Milestone 1 is achieved through December 15, 2022, which we drew in December 2022; (iii) subject to our submission of an NDA to the FDA for avacincaptad pegol in GA and the FDA accepting such NDA for review, or Milestone 2, a third tranche consisting of term loan advances in the aggregate principal amount of $25.0 million, available at our option beginning on the date that Milestone 2 is achieved through September 30, 2023; (iv) subject to FDA approval of avacincaptad pegol in GA with a label generally consistent with that sought in our NDA, or Milestone 3, a fourth tranche consisting of term loan advances in the aggregate principal amount of $75.0 million, available at our option beginning on the date that Milestone 3 is achieved and continuing through the earlier of (x) September 30, 2024 and (y) the date that is 90 days after the date that Milestone 3 is achieved; and (v) subject to approval by the Lenders’ investment committee in its discretion, a fifth tranche of additional term loans in an aggregate principal amount of up to $50.0 million, available on or before the Amortization Date (as defined below). We believe we have achieved Milestone 2 and plan to borrow the full $25.0 million tranche that is available during 2023. With the exception of the first and second $50.0 million tranches available on the Closing Date and in December 2022, each of the tranches may be drawn down in $5.0 million increments at our election, upon achievement of the relevant milestones specified in the Loan Agreement. We have agreed to use the proceeds of the 2022 Term Loan Facility for working capital and general corporate purposes.
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Notwithstanding limitations and restrictions imposed by covenants in the Loan Agreement, we are permitted to engage in certain specified transactions.For example, the terms of the Loan Agreement provide that we may issue convertible notes in an aggregate principal amount of not more than $400.0 million, provided that such notes are unsecured, have a maturity date no earlier than six months following the Maturity Date, and meet certain other conditions.The Loan Agreement also provides that we may enter into royalty interest financing transactions that are subordinated to the 2022 Term Loan Facility, have a maturity date no earlier than six months following the Maturity Date, and meet certain other conditions.Following the achievement of Milestone 3, the Loan Agreement also provides for a possible additional revolving credit facility of up to $50.0 million, which will be formula-based and backed by our accounts receivables. This potential revolving credit facility is not an existing facility under the Loan Agreement, is not committed, and issubject to agreement among us and the Lenders. We also may enter into non-exclusive and exclusive licensing arrangements or otherwise transfer non-core intellectual property without the consent of the Lenders, and can enter into non-exclusive and certain specified exclusive licensing arrangements with respect to core intellectual property.We may also enter into certain permitted acquisitions, subject to a limit on total cash consideration for acquisitions consummated during specified periods.Additionally, we must provide the Lenders the opportunity to invest up to $10.0 million in any equity financing, subject to certain exclusions, that is broadly marketed to multiple investors and in which we receive net cash proceeds of $75.0 million or more in any one or series of related financings (or in the case of such equity financing that is a registered offering, use its commercially reasonable efforts to provide such opportunity to the Lenders).
The 2022 Term Loan Facility will mature on August 1, 2027, or the Maturity Date.The outstanding principal balance of the 2022 Term Loan Facility bears interest at a floating interest rate per annum equal to the greater of either (i) (x) the lesser of the Wall Street Journal prime rate and 6.25% plus (y) 4.00% or (ii) 8.75%. The per annum interest rate is capped at 10.25%.Accrued interest is payable monthly following the funding of each term loan.We may make payments of interest only, without any loan amortization payments, for a period of forty-two (42) months following the Closing Date, which period may be extended to the Maturity Date if (i) Milestone 3 has been achieved and (ii) no default or event of default exists under the Loan Agreement. At the end of this interest only period, or the Amortization Date, we are required to begin repayment of the outstanding principal of the 2022 Term Loan Facility in equal monthly installments.
As collateral for the obligations under the 2022 Term Loan Facility, we have granted to the Agent for the benefit of the Lenders a senior security interest in substantially all of our and each Subsidiary Borrower’s property, inclusive of intellectual property, with certain limited exceptions set forth in the Loan Agreement.
The Loan Agreement contains customary closing and commitment fees, prepayment fees and provisions, events of default and representations, warranties and affirmative and negative covenants, including a financial covenant requiring us to maintain certain levels of cash in accounts subject to a control agreement in favor of the Agent, or the Qualified Cash, during the period commencing on May 15, 2023 through August 14, 2024.Effective as of July 26, 2023, we and certain of the Subsidiary Borrowers will be required to (i) maintain all of their respective operating accounts, depository accounts and excess cash in the United States with SVB or an SVB affiliate and (ii) obtain any business card, letter of credit and other material cash management services in the United States exclusively from SVB or an SVB affiliate. Commencing on August 15, 2024, we will also be required to maintain a certain minimum amount of trailing six-month net product revenue from the sale of avacincaptad pegol, tested on a quarterly basis. The revenue covenant will be waived at any time at which we (x) (i) maintain a market capitalization in excess of $600.0 million and (ii) maintain Qualified Cash in an amount greater than or equal to 50% of the outstanding 2022 Term Loan Facility at such time or (y) maintain Qualified Cash in an amount greater than or equal to 90% of the outstanding 2022 Term Loan Facility at such time.Upon the occurrence of an event of default, including a material adverse change, subject to certain exceptions, on our business, operations, properties, assets or financial condition, and of the Subsidiary Borrowers taken as a whole, and subject to any specified cure periods, all amounts owed by us may be declared immediately due and payable by the Lenders. As of March 31, 2023, we were in compliance with all applicable covenants under the Loan Agreement.
In addition, we are required to make a final payment fee, or the End of Term Charge, upon the earlier of (i) the Maturity Date or (ii) the date we prepay, in full or in part, the outstanding principal balance of the 2022 Term Loan Facility. The End of Term Charge is 4.25% of the aggregate original principal amount of the term loans repaid or repaid under the Loan Agreement.
We may, at our option, prepay the term loans in full or in part, subject to a prepayment penalty equal to (i) 2.0% of the principal amount prepaid if the prepayment occurs prior to the first anniversary of the Closing Date, (ii) 1.5% of the principal amount prepaid if the prepayment occurs on or after the first anniversary and prior to the second anniversary of the Closing Date, and (iii) 0.75% of the principal amount prepaid if the prepayment occurs on or after the second anniversary and prior to the third anniversary of the Closing Date. Upon closing of the Merger Agreement, we expect to prepay in full all outstanding obligations under the Loan Agreement.
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The 2022 Term Loan Facility is expected to be paid off in connection with the closing of the Merger. We are restricted between signing and closing of the Merger in our ability to make additional drawdowns under the 2022 Term Loan Facility, but may draw an amount of $25.0 million in connection with Milestone 2, which milestone we believe was achieved in February 2023, and an amount of $75.0 million in connection with Milestone 3, if achieved by us, if the Merger has not been consummated by specific dates set forth in the Merger Agreement.
Item 3.    Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
We are exposed to market risk related to changes in interest rates. We had cash, cash equivalents and available for sale securities of $599.9 million as of March 31, 2023, consisting of cash and investments in money market funds, U. S. Treasury securities, corporate debt securities and asset-backed securities. Our primary exposure to market risk is interest rate sensitivity, which is affected by changes in the general level of U.S. interest rates, particularly because a significant portion of our investments are in short-term securities. Due to the low risk profile of our investments, an immediate 100 basis point change in interest rates would not have a material effect on the fair market value of our portfolio.
We regularly maintain domestic cash deposits in FDIC insured banks that exceed the FDIC insurance limits. Bank failures, events involving limited liquidity, default, non-performance or other adverse developments that affect financial institutions, or concerns or rumors about such events, may lead to liquidity constraints. The failure of a bank, or other adverse conditions in the financial or credit markets impacting financial institutions at which we maintain balances, could adversely impact our liquidity and financial performance. There can be no assurance that our deposits in excess of the FDIC or other comparable insurance limits will be backstopped by the United States government, or that any bank or financial institution with which we do business will be able to obtain needed liquidity from other banks, government institutions or by acquisition in the event of a failure or liquidity crisis.
We contract with CDMOs, CROs and certain other vendors to perform services outside of the United States. We may be subject to fluctuations in foreign currency rates in connection with certain of these agreements. Transactions denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar are recorded based on exchange rates at the time such transactions arise. As of March 31, 2023, substantially all of our total liabilities were denominated in the U.S. dollar.
Item 4.    Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, with the participation of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2023. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, means controls and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunderother procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by making allegedly false and/a company in the reports that it files or misleading statements concerningsubmits under the prospectsExchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission's rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the Company's management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.
Based on the evaluation of our Phase 3 trials for Fovistadisclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2023, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.
Changes in combination with anti-VEGF drugs for the treatment of wet AMD. These complaints seek equitable and/or injunctive relief, unspecified damages, attorneys’ fees, and other costs. We deny any allegations of wrongdoing and intend to vigorously defend against these lawsuits. We are unable, however, to predict the outcome of these matters at this time. Moreover, any conclusion of these matters in a manner adverse to us and for which we incur substantial costs or damages not covered by our directors’ and officers’ liability insurance would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and business. In addition, the litigation could adversely impact our reputation and divert management’s attention and resources from other priorities, including the execution of business plans and strategies that are important to our ability to grow our business, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business. Additional similar lawsuits might be filed.Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Risks Related to Product Development and Commercialization
CompaniesNo changes in our industry face a wide range of challenging activities, each of which entails separate,internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(d) and in many cases substantial, risk.
The long-term success of15d-15(d) under the Exchange Act) occurred during the quarter ended March 31, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our company, and our ability to become profitable as a biopharmaceutical company will require us to be successful in a range of challenging activities, including:
designing, conducting and completing clinical trials for our product candidates;
obtaining favorable results from required clinical trials, including for each ophthalmic product candidate, favorable results from two adequate and well controlled pivotal clinical trials in the relevant indication;
applying for and receiving marketing approvals from applicable regulatory authorities for the use of our product candidates;
making arrangements with third‑party manufacturers, receiving regulatory approval of our manufacturing processes and our third‑party manufacturers’ facilities from applicable regulatory authorities and ensuring adequate supply of drug product;
establishing sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, either internally or through collaborations or other arrangements, to effectively market and sell our product candidates;
achieving acceptance of the product candidate, if and when approved, by patients, the medical community and third‑party payors;
if our product candidates are approved, obtaining from governmental and third‑party payors adequate coverage and reimbursement for our product candidates and, to the extent applicable, associated injection procedures conducted by treating physicians;
effectively competing with other therapies, including the existing standard of care, and other forms of drug delivery;
maintaining a continued acceptable safety profile of the product candidate during development and following approval;internal control over financial reporting.
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obtaining
PART II
Item 1.    Legal Proceedings
None.
Item 1A.    Risk Factors
You should carefully consider the following risks and maintaining patentuncertainties, and trade secret protectionthose risks and regulatory exclusivity,uncertainties discussed in “Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors,” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 filed with the SEC on March 1, 2023 together with all of the other information contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including under the Orphan Drug Act of 1983, or the Orphan Drug Act,our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, or the Hatch-Waxman Act, if we choose to seek such protections for any of our product candidates;
protecting and enforcing our rightsrelated notes appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. The risk factor disclosure in our intellectual property portfolio;Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 is qualified by the information that is described in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. The risks and
complying with all applicable regulatory requirements, including FDA Good Clinical Practices, uncertainties described below are not the only risks and uncertainties we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or GCP, Good Manufacturing Practices, or GMP, and standards, rules and regulations governing promotional and other marketing activities.
Each of these activities has associated risks, many of which are detailed below and throughout this “Risk Factors” section. Wethat we presently deem less significant may never succeed in these activities and, even if we do, may never generate revenues from product sales that are significant enough to achieve commercial success and profitability. Our failure to be commercially successful and profitable would decrease the value of our company and couldalso impair our ability to raise capital, expand our business maintain our research and development efforts, diversify our product offerings or continue our operations. A decrease in the value of our company would also cause our stockholders to lose all or part of their investment.
Drug development is a highly uncertain undertaking. Our development efforts may be delayed for any number of reasons, in which case potential marketing approval or commercialization of our product candidates could be delayed or prevented.
Before obtaining approval from regulatory authorities for the sale of any product candidate, we must conduct extensive clinical trials to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of our product candidates in humans. Clinical testing is expensive, difficult to design and implement, can take many years to complete and is uncertain as to outcome. A failure of one or more clinical trials can occur at any stage of testing. The outcome of preclinical testing and early clinical trials may not be predictive of the success of later clinical trials, and interim results of a clinical trial do not necessarily predict final results. Moreover, preclinical and clinical data are often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses, and many companies that have believed their product candidates performed satisfactorily in preclinical studies and clinical trials have nonetheless failed to obtain marketing approval of their products.
We may experience numerous unforeseen events during drug development that could delay or prevent our ability to receive marketing approval or commercialize our product candidates. In particular, clinical trials of our product candidates may produce inconclusive or negative results, such as the results we observed in our pivotal Phase 3 Fovista program for the treatment of wet AMD. We have limited data regarding the safety, tolerability and efficacy of Zimura administered for the treatment of GA or administered in combination with anti‑VEGF drugs for the treatment of wet AMD or IPCV and no data regarding the safety, tolerability and efficacy of Zimura administered for the treatment of STGD1 or non-infectious intermediate and posterior uveitis. Given that we have limited data regarding the effect of Zimura in GA, we determined the size of the OPH2003 trial based on our best estimates of the size of trial required to demonstrate a potential clinical benefit for Zimura.  This estimate is based on our assumptions regarding the potential performance of Zimura in this indication based in part on available third-party clinical data.  In addition, given that we have no clinical data regarding the effect of Zimura in STGD1, we determined the size of the OPH2005 trial based on the number of patients with STGD1 that we believe could potentially be enrolled within a reasonable period of time. Based on the actual enrollment rate during the trial, this number may be increased or decreased.  As STGD1 is an orphan indication, to our knowledge there is no natural history data currently available regarding the variability for our planned primary efficacy endpoint in the STGD1 patient population we plan to enroll in this trial.  Based on the information above, these trials could be underpowered to demonstrate a potential clinical benefit for Zimura in these indications. In addition, some of our current and planned Zimura clinical trials, including our Phase 2b trial in GA, our Phase 2a trial in wet AMD and our planned Phase 2b trial in STGD1, are evaluating or will evaluate Zimura dosing regimens that we have not studied before, which may increase the risk that patients in these trials experience adverse events and/or serious adverse events (either ocular, systemic or both) that we have not observed or at rates that we have not observed in prior trials. For a further discussion of the safety risks in our trials, see the risk factor herein entitled "If serious adverse or unacceptable side effects are identified during the development of our product candidate, we may need to abandon or limit our development of such product candidate." Moreover, the failure of prior clinical trials evaluating complement inhibition in GA, including a competitor's Phase 3 clinical trial evaluating an investigational anti-complement factor D antibody administered via intravitreal injections, a second competitor's Phase 2 clinical trial evaluating an investigational anti-C5 antibody administered via intravitreal injections and a third competitor's Phase 2 clinical trial evaluating an anti-C5 antibody administered systemically, may call into question the hypothesis underlying the use of a complement inhibitor as a method for treating GA. In addition, the anti-C5 antibody administered via intravitreal injections that was studied for the treatment of GA did not show any benefit when studied in a cohort of anti-VEGF treatment-experienced wet AMD patients. Our clinical development
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programs may fail to produce positive safety or efficacy data that support the use of these product candidates in the indications we are pursuing.
Additional development risks include the following:
we may not be able to generate sufficient preclinical, toxicology, or other in vivo or in vitro data to support the initiation of clinical studies for any preclinical product candidates that we in-license or acquire; 
regulators or institutional review boards may not agree with our study design, including our selection of endpoints, or may not authorize us or our investigators to commence a clinical trial or conduct a clinical trial at a prospective trial site;
we may experience delays in reaching, or fail to reach, agreement on acceptable clinical trial contracts or clinical trial protocols with prospective clinical research organizations or clinical trial sites;
our contract research organizations or clinical trial sites may fail to comply with regulatory requirements or meet their contractual obligations to us in a timely manner, or at all;
we, through our clinical trial sites, may not be able to locate and enroll a sufficient number of eligible patients to participate in our clinical trials as required by the FDA or similar regulatory authorities outside the United States, especially in our clinical trials for orphan or other rare diseases;
we may decide, or regulators or institutional review boards may require us, to suspend or terminate clinical research for various reasons, including noncompliance with regulatory requirements, including GCPs, or a finding that the participants are being exposed to unacceptable health risks;
as there are no therapies approved for either GA or Stargardt disease in either the United States or the European Union, the regulatory pathway for product candidates in these indications, including the selection of the primary efficacy endpoint for a pivotal clinical trial, is highly uncertain;
there may be changes in regulatory requirements and guidance or we may have changes in trial design that require amending or submitting new clinical protocols;
there may be changes in the standard of care on which a clinical development plan was based, which may require new or additional trials;
we may decide, or regulators may require us, to conduct additional clinical trials beyond those we currently contemplate or to abandon product development programs;
the number of patients required for clinical trials of our product candidates to demonstrate statistically significant results may be larger than we anticipate, enrollment in these clinical trials may be slower than we anticipate or participants may drop out of these clinical trials at a higher rate than we anticipate. These risks may be heightened for clinical trials in orphan diseases, for which the natural history of the disease is less understood, making it more difficult to predict the drug effect required to adequately demonstrate efficacy, and because there are fewer affected patients available to participate in clinical trials;
the cost of clinical trials of our product candidates may be greater than we anticipate; and
the supply or quality of our product candidates or other materials necessary to conduct clinical trials of our product candidates, such as the anti‑VEGF drugs we need to use in combination with Zimura in our wet AMD and IPCV trials, may become insufficient or inadequate or we may face delays in the manufacture and supply of our product candidates as a result our decision to transfer manufacturing between contract manufacturers or on account of interruptions in our supply chain, including in relation to the packaging and distribution or import / export of clinical materials.

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If we are required to conduct additional clinical trials or other testing of our product candidates beyond those that we contemplate, if we are unable to successfully complete clinical trials or of our product candidates or other testing, if the results of these trials or tests are not positive or are only modestly positive or if there are safety concerns, we may:
be delayed in obtaining marketing approval for our product candidates;
not obtain marketing approval at all;
obtain approval for indications or patient populations that are not as broad as intended or desired;
obtain approval with labeling that includes significant use limitations, distribution restrictions or safety warnings, including boxed warnings;
be subject to additional post-marketing testing requirements; or
have the product removed from the market after obtaining marketing approval.
Despite our current development plans and ongoing efforts, we may not complete any of our ongoing or planned clinical trials or other clinical trials for our product candidates. Moreover, the timing of the completion of, and the availability of results from, clinical trials is difficult to predict. Furthermore, our development plans may change based on feedback we may receive from regulatory authorities throughout the development process. If we experience delays in testing or marketing approvals, our product development costs would increase. We do not know whether clinical trials will begin as planned, will need to be restructured or will be completed on schedule, or at all. Significant clinical trial delays also could shorten any periods during which we may have the exclusive right to commercialize our product candidates or allow our competitors to bring products to market before we do and impair our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates and may harm our business and results of operations.

If serious adverse or unacceptable side effects are identified during the development of our product candidate, we may need to abandon or limit our development of such product candidate.
If any of the risks described in our product candidates are associated with serious adverse events or undesirable side effects in clinical trials or have characteristics that are unexpected, we may need to abandon their development or limit development to certain uses or subpopulations in which the undesirable side effects or other characteristics are less prevalent, less severe or more acceptable from a risk‑benefit perspective. Many compounds that initially showed promise in clinical or earlier stage testing have later been found to cause side effects that prevented further development of the compound.
We have limited data regarding the safety, tolerability and efficacy of Zimura administeredAnnual Report on Form 10-K for the treatment of GA or administered in combination with anti‑VEGF drugs for the treatment of wet AMD or IPCV and no data regarding the safety, tolerability and efficacy of Zimura administered for the treatment of STGD1 or non-infectious intermediate and posterior uveitis. Our clinical trials for Zimura involve dosing regimens that we have not studied before, which may increase the risk that patients in these trials experience adverse events and/or serious adverse events (either ocular, systemic or both) that we have not observed or at rates that we have not observed in prior trials. In addition, our clinical trials for Zimura will involve multiple intravitreal injections over an extended period of time and, as such, may involve risks regarding multiple and chronic intravitreal injections. For these reasons, there may be, among others, an increase in the rates of intraocular infections, or endophthalmitis, intraocular pressure, glaucoma, retinal tears, cataracts, retinal detachment, intraocular inflammation, retinal and/or choroidal circulation compromise, cardiovascular disease such as myocardial infarctions, stroke, blood clots or emboli, or hospitalizations in patients who receive Zimura monotherapy or Zimura in combination with anti-VEGF therapy.
Our experience manufacturing our product candidates is limited. Manufacturing issues may arise that could cause delays in our development programs or increase costs. In addition, we may experience delays in regulatory approval of our product candidates if we do not satisfy applicable manufacturing regulatory requirements.
Our current product candidates, Zimura and Fovista, are each chemically-synthesized aptamers. In pursuing our business development activities, we could acquire or in-license a variety of types of product candidates, including small molecule drugs, protein drugs or biologics.  Small molecule drugs are organic compounds of low molecular weight that are generally associated with ready availability of starting materials and ease of synthesis. In contrast, manufacturing for proteins and biologics is more complex, especially in large quantities. For example, biologic products must be made consistently and in substantial compliance with a clearly defined manufacturing process, and often must be manufactured under aseptic conditions.
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We do not have any internal manufacturing capabilities and are dependent on outside contract manufacturers to manufacture any of the product candidates that we would acquire or in-license as part of pursuing our updated business plan. Manufacturing for these product candidates could be complicated or present novel technical challenges. Problems with the manufacturing process, even minor deviations from the normal process, could result in product defects or manufacturing failures that result in lot failures, product recalls, product liability claims or insufficient inventory. We may encounter problems achieving adequate quantities and quality of clinical-grade materials that meet FDA, EMA or other applicable standards or specifications with consistent and acceptable production yields and costs.
We currently rely upon a single third‑party manufacturer, Agilent Technologies, to supply us with the chemically synthesized aptamers comprising the API for both Zimura and Fovista and a different, single third‑party manufacturer, Ajinomoto Althea, to provide fill/finish services for both Zimura and Fovista. In order to obtain and maintain regulatory approval for Zimura or Fovista, our third‑party manufacturers will be required to consistently produce the API used in Zimura or Fovista in commercial quantities and of specified quality and to execute fill/finish services on a repeated basis and document their ability to do so. If the third‑party manufacturers are unable to satisfy this requirement, our business would be materially and adversely affected. To date, we have not yet scaled up the manufacturing process for Zimura beyond the scale used for developmental clinical batches, nor have we validated the manufacturing process.
These manufacturing processes and the facilities of our third‑party manufacturers, including our third‑party API manufacturer and our third‑party fill/finish service provider, are subject to inspection and approval by the FDA, referred to as a pre-approval inspection, before we can commence the commercial sale of any approved product candidate, and thereafter on an ongoing basis. Our third‑party API manufacturer has undergone only one pre-approval inspection by the FDA, and has not yet gone through a pre-approval inspection for Zimura or Fovista. Our third‑party fill/finish service provider is subject to FDA inspection from time to time. Failure by our third‑party manufacturers to pass such inspections and otherwise satisfactorily complete the FDA approval regimen with respect to our product candidates may result in delays in the approval of our applications for marketing approval in the event a recommendation to withhold is issued, as well as regulatory actions such as the issuance of FDA Form 483 notices of observations, warning letters or injunctions or the loss of operating licenses. Additionally, on October 22, 2014, the FDA issued its final guidance on the circumstances that constitute delaying, denying, limiting or refusing a drug inspection pursuant to Section 707 of the Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act of 2012. If any of our third‑party manufacturers are found to have delayed, denied, limited or refused a drug inspection, our API or drug product could be deemed adulterated. Based on the severity of the regulatory action, our clinical or commercial supply of API or our fill/finish services could be interrupted or limited, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Some of the standards of the International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use, which establishes basic guidelines and standards for drug development in the United States, the European Union, Japan and other countries, do not apply to oligonucleotides, including aptamers. As a result, there are no established generally accepted manufacturing or quality standards for the production of Zimura or Fovista. Even though the FDA has reviewed the quality standards for Fovista used in our Phase 3 clinical program, the FDA has the ability to modify these standards at any time and foreign regulatory agencies may impose differing quality standards and quality control on the manufacture of Fovista. The lack of uniform manufacturing and quality standards among regulatory agencies may delay regulatory approval of Zimura or Fovista or any future product candidate.
In addition, in order to manufacture and supply any of our product candidates on a commercial scale in the future, we will need to bolster our quality control and quality assurance capabilities, including by augmenting our manufacturing processes and adding personnel. We also may encounter problems hiring and retaining the experienced specialist scientific and manufacturing personnel needed to operate our manufacturing process, which could result in delays in our production or difficulties in maintaining compliance with applicable regulatory requirements. As we or any manufacturer we engage scales-up manufacturing of any approved product, we may encounter unexpected issues relating to the manufacturing processes or the quality, purity or stability of the product, and we may be required to refine or alter our manufacturing processes to address these issues. Resolving these issues could result in significant delays and may result in significantly increased costs. If we underestimate the demand for an approved product, given the long lead times required to manufacture or obtain regulatory approvals for our products, we could potentially face commercial drug product supply shortages. If we experience significant delays or other obstacles in producing any approved product at commercial scale, our ability to market and sell any approved products may be adversely affected and our business could suffer.
Any problems in our manufacturing process or our third-party contract manufacturers’ facilities could make us a less attractive collaborator for potential partners, including larger pharmaceutical companies and academic research institutions,
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which could limit our access to additional attractive development programs. Problems in our manufacturing process or facilities also could restrict our ability to meet market demand for our products.
Even if any of our product candidates receives marketing approval, such product candidate may fail to achieve the degree of market acceptance by physicians, patients, third‑party payors and others in the medical community necessary for commercial success and the market opportunity for any of our products and product candidates may be smaller than we estimate.
If any of our product candidates receive marketing approval, they may nonetheless fail to gain sufficient market acceptance by physicians, patients, third‑party payors and others in the medical community. For example, current treatments for wet AMD, including Lucentis, Eylea and low cost, off‑label use of Avastin, are well established in the medical community, and doctors may continue to rely upon these treatments without Zimura. If any of our product candidates, if approved, do not achieve an adequate level of acceptance, we may not generate significant product revenues and we may not become profitable. The degree of market acceptance of Zimura or any other product candidate that we may develop, if approved for commercial sale, will depend on a number of factors, including:
efficacy and potential advantages compared to alternative treatments, including the existing standard of care;
any restrictions in the label on the use of our products in combination with other medications;
any restrictions in the label on the use of our products by a subgroup of patients;
restrictions in the label on of any for our combination therapy product candidates, such as Zimura , limiting their use in combination with particular standard of care drugs, such as a particular anti‑VEGF drug;
our and any commercialization partner’s ability to offer our products at competitive prices, particularly in light of the cost of any of our combination therapy product candidates in addition to the cost of the underlying standard of care drug;
availability of third‑party coverage and adequate reimbursement, particularly by Medicare given the target market for AMD indications for persons over age 55;
increasing reimbursement pressures on treating physicians due to the formation of accountable care organizations and the shift away from traditional fee‑for‑service reimbursement models to reimbursement based on quality of care and patient outcomes;
willingness of the target patient population to try new therapies and of physicians to prescribe these therapies, particularly in light of the existing available standard of care;
prevalence and severity of any side effects; and
whether competing products or other alternatives are more convenient or easier to administer, including whether co‑formulated alternatives, alternatives that can be co‑administered in a single syringe or alternatives that offer a less invasive method of administration than intravitreal injection come to market.
In addition, the potential market opportunity for any product candidate is difficult to estimate precisely. Our estimates of the potential market opportunity for our product candidates include several key assumptions based on our expectations of the safety and effectiveness of the relevant product candidate, our industry knowledge, industry publications, market response to marketed AMD drugs, third‑party research reports and other surveys. While we believe that our internal assumptions are reasonable, no independent source has verified such assumptions and any of these assumptions could prove to be inaccurate, and the actual market for such product candidates could be smaller than our estimates of our potential market opportunity.
With respect to our programs for orphan diseases, our understanding of both the number of people who have these diseases, as well as the subset of people with these diseases who have the potential to benefit from treatment with our product candidates, are based on estimates. These estimates may prove to be incorrect and new studies may reduce the estimated incidence or prevalence of these diseases. The number of patients in the United States, the European Union and elsewhere may turn out to be lower than expected, may not be otherwise amenable to treatment with our products or patients may become
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increasingly difficult to identify and access, all of which would adversely affectyear ended December 31, 2022 actually occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
We face substantial competition, which may result in others developing or commercializing products before or more successfully than we do.
The development and commercialization of new drug products is highly competitive. We face competition with respect to our product candidates from major pharmaceutical companies, specialty pharmaceutical companies and biotechnology companies worldwide. There are a number of pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies that currently market and sell products or are pursuing the development of product candidates for the treatment of wet AMD, GA, Stargardt disease or other disease indications for which we may develop Zimura. Potential competitors also include academic institutions, government agencies and other public and private research organizations that conduct research, seek patent protection and establish collaborative arrangements for research, development, manufacturing and commercialization. Some of these competitive products and therapies are based on scientific approaches that are the same as or similar to our approach, and others are based on entirely different approaches. We also will face similar competition with respect to any other products or product candidates that we may seek to develop or commercialize in the future for the treatment of wet AMD, GA, Stargardt disease or any other indication we may pursue.
Competitive considerations for Dry AMD and GA:
There are a number of products in preclinical research and clinical development by third parties to treat dry AMD. In general, these product candidates can be categorized based on their proposed mechanisms of action. The mechanisms of action for these product candidates include inflammation suppression, such as complement system inhibitors and corticosteroids, visual cycle modulators, antioxidants and neuroprotectants, cell and gene therapies and vascular enhancers. Based on publicly available information, we are aware that Genentech, Inc., a member of the Roche Group, Novartis AG and MorphoSys AG, Apellis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Hemera Biosciences, Inc., Achillion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ra Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Catalyst Biosciences, Inc. each have complement inhibitors in development, the most advanced of which is Genentech’s humanized Fab fragment targeting complement factor D, which is at a different part of the complement cascade than complement factor C5. Genentech announced negative data from the first of two Phase 3 trials during the third quarter and is expected release initial top-line data from the remaining Phase 3 trial by the end of 2017. In addition, Apellis announced positive Phase 2b results for its pegylated, synthetic peptide targeting complement factor C3 for the treatment of GA and has announced plans to initiate a Phase 3 program during 2018. If Genentech's remaining Phase 3 trial for its complement factor D product candidate is successful or if Apellis's Phase 3 program for its complement factor C3 product candidate is successful, it is likely that one of these competitors may obtain marketing approval for such product candidate in advance of when we could reasonably expect marketing approval for Zimura in GA, if at all. Moreover, based on publicly available information, we are aware that several other companies have announced development programs for the treatment of dry AMD targeting different mechanisms of action outside of the complement cascade.
Competitive considerations for Stargardt disease:
There are a number of products in preclinical research and clinical development by third parties to treat Stargardt disease. Based on publicly available information, we are aware that Sanofi, Acucela Inc., Alkeus Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Vision Medicines, Inc. and Lin BioScience, Inc. each have development programs in Stargardt disease. Four of these programs, Acucela, Alkeus, Vision Medicines and Lin BioScience, are exploring the use of oral therapeutics, while Sanofi, with technology provided by Oxford BioMedica plc, is using a gene therapy approach. Acucela’s, Alkeus’s and Sanofi’s product candidates are each in Phase 2 development.
In the case of orphan diseases such as Stargardt disease, should we be successful in development, our commercialization efforts may rely on non-patent market exclusivity periods under the Orphan Drug Act and the Hatch-Waxman Act. The Orphan Drug Act only provides exclusivity periods for the specific drug granted orphan designation for a specific indication. In addition, there are limited circumstances under each of the Orphan Drug Act and the Hatch-Waxman Act that could result in our loss of data and marketing exclusivity, which could allow a competitor to enter the market. Failure to maintain either data or market exclusivity period would have a material adverse effect on our ability to commercialize our product candidates.



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Competitive considerations for wet AMD:
There are a number of products in preclinical research and clinical development by third parties to treat wet AMD. Based on publicly available information, we are aware that multiple mechanisms of action are in clinical or pre-clinical development for wet AMD, including Angiopoietin-2 inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, integrin inhibitors, novel VEGF inhibitors and complement inhibitors, as well as a few remaining PDGF inhibitors. Within the complement cascade, we are aware that Apellis is planning a Phase 2 clinical trial with their C3 inhibitor in combination with anti-VEGF therapy. Moreover, based on publicly available information, we are aware that several companies and research organizations are pursuing treatments targeting other molecular targets, potential gene therapy treatments and stem cell transplant treatments for the treatment of wet AMD. In addition, other companies are undertaking efforts to develop technologies to allow for topical dosing of anti-VEGF agents through eye-drops or to allow for a less frequent dosing schedule than the dosing schedule currently in use for standard of care anti-VEGF drugs.

In addition, our commercial opportunitygrowth prospects could be reduced or eliminated if one or more of our competitors developmaterially and commercialize products that are more effective, safer, have fewer or less severe side effects, are more convenient to use or are less expensive than our product candidates. The commercial opportunity for Zimura in wet AMD in particular also could be reduced or eliminated if our competitors develop and commercialize products that reduce or eliminate the use of anti‑VEGF drugs for the treatment of patients with wet AMD. Our competitors also may obtain FDA or other regulatory approval for their products more rapidly than we may obtain approval for ours, which could result in our competitors establishing a strong market position before we are able to enter the relevant market.
Furthermore, our ability to compete may be affected in many cases by insurers or other third‑party payors, particularly Medicare, seeking to encourage the use of less expensive or more convenient products. We expect that if Zimura is approved for combination therapy for the treatment of wet AMD, the cost of combination treatment would be higher than the cost of treatment of wet AMD with Lucentis, Eylea or particularly Avastin monotherapy. Insurers and other third‑party payors may encourage the use of anti‑VEGF drugs as monotherapy and discourage the use of Zimura in combination with these drugs. This could limit sales of Zimura for this indication.
Many of our competitors have significantly greater financial and human resources and expertise in research and development, manufacturing, preclinical testing, conducting clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approvals and marketing approved products than we do. Smaller and other early stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. These third parties compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel, establishing clinical trial sites and patient enrollment for clinical trials, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our clinical development programs.
If we are unable to establish sales, marketing and distribution capabilities or enter into sales, marketing and distribution agreements with third parties, we may not be successful in commercializing any of our product candidates that we develop if and when any such product candidate is approved.
As a company, we have no experience in the sale, marketing or distribution of pharmaceutical products. We currently do not have any sales, marketing or distribution infrastructure. To achieve commercial success for any approved product, we must either develop a sales, marketing and distribution organization or outsource those functions to third parties. We expect that our commercial strategy for any of our product candidates, including whether to retain commercial rights and market and sell the product candidate ourselves or to utilize collaboration, distribution or other marketing arrangements with third parties, would be determined based on a variety of factors, including the size and nature of the patient population, the disease area, the particular indication, the territory in which the product candidate may be marketed and the commercial potential for such product candidate. In addition, our commercial strategy would vary depending on whether the disease is typically treated by general ophthalmology practitioners, specialists, such as retinal specialists, or sub-specialists.
There are risks involved with establishing our own sales, marketing and distribution capabilities and entering into arrangements with third parties to perform these services. For example, recruiting and training a sales force is expensive and time consuming and could delay any product launch. If the commercial launch of a product candidate for which we recruit a sales force and establish marketing and distribution capabilities is delayed or does not occur for any reason, we would have prematurely or unnecessarily incurred these commercialization expenses. This may be costly, and our investment would be lost if we cannot retain or reposition our sales and marketing personnel.

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Factors that may inhibit our efforts to commercialize our products on our own include:

our inability to recruit and retain adequate numbers of effective sales and marketing personnel;
the inability of sales personnel to obtain access to adequate numbers of physicians who may prescribe our products;
the lack of complementary products to be offered by our sales personnel, which may put us at a competitive disadvantage relative to companies with more extensive product lines; and
unforeseen costs and expenses associated with creating an independent sales and marketing organization.
If we enter into arrangements with third parties to perform sales, marketing and distribution services, our product revenues and our profitability, if any, are likely to be lower than if we were to market, sell and distribute ourselves any products that we develop. In addition, we may not be successful in entering into arrangements with third parties to sell, market and distribute our product candidates or may be unable to do so on terms that are favorable to us. We likely will have little control over such third parties, and any of them may fail to devote the necessary resources and attention to sell and market our products effectively. If we do not establish sales, marketing and distribution capabilities successfully, either on our own or in collaboration with third parties, we would not be successful in commercializing our product candidates.
Even if we are able to commercialize any of the product candidates that we may develop, the product may become subject to unfavorable pricing regulations, third‑party reimbursement practices or healthcare reform initiatives, which would harm our business.
The regulations that govern marketing approvals, pricing and reimbursement for new drug products vary widely from country to country. Health care reform is an issue of intense political focus, particularly in the United States. Current and future legislation may significantly change the approval requirements in ways that could involve additional costs and cause delays in obtaining approvals or in ways that could alter the mechanism by which pharmaceutical prices are negotiated or otherwise determined. Some countries require approval of the sale price of a drug before it can be marketed. In many countries, the pricing review period begins after marketing or product licensing approval is granted. In some foreign markets, prescription pharmaceutical pricing remains subject to continuing governmental control or negotiation even after initial approval is granted. As a result, we might obtain marketing approval for a product in a particular country, but then be subject to price regulations that delay our or any commercialization partner’s commercial launch of the product, possibly for lengthy time periods, and negatively impact the revenues we are able to generate from the sale of the product in that country. Adverse pricing limitations may hinder our ability to recoup our investment in one or more product candidates, even if our product candidates obtain marketing approval and are widely accepted and prescribed or used by physicians.
Our ability and the ability of any commercialization partner to commercialize a product candidate successfully also will depend in part on the extent to which reimbursement for these products and related treatments will be available from government health administration authorities, private health insurers and other organizations. Government authorities and third‑party payors, such as private health insurers and health maintenance organizations, decide which medications they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels. A major trend in the U.S. healthcare industry and elsewhere is cost containment. Government authorities and third‑party payors, particularly Medicare, have attempted to control costs by limiting coverage and the amount of reimbursement for particular medications and encouraging the substitution of lower cost or generic products. Pricing pressures recently experienced by the pharmaceutical industry may be further exacerbated by legislative and policy changes under consideration by the Trump Administration. For example, the new Administration has expressed an interest in authorizing and/or directing the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Service or other agencies of the U.S. government to negotiate prices for drugs covered by Medicare directly with pharmaceutical companies. If this were to occur, especially for wet AMD drugs where a large portion of the patient population is over the age of 65 and is therefore covered by Medicare, there could be significant downward pressure on prices charged, not only for patients covered by Medicare, but also for patients covered by private insurers who may follow the government’s lead on price. Moreover, increasingly, third‑party payors are requiring that drug companies provide them with predetermined discounts from list prices and are challenging the prices charged for medical products. We cannot be sure that coverage and reimbursement will be available for any product that we commercialize or any commercialization partner commercializes on our behalf, and, even if these are available, the level of reimbursement may not be satisfactory.
Reimbursement may affect the demand for, or the price of, any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval. Obtaining and maintaining adequate reimbursement for our products may be particularly difficult because of the
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higher prices often associated with drugs administered under the supervision of a physician and because, in the case of Zimura for the treatment of wet AMD, our drug would be administered in combination with other drugs that may carry high prices. In addition, physicians, patients and third‑party payors may be sensitive to the addition of the cost of Zimura to the cost of treatment with anti‑VEGF drugs for the treatment of wet AMD. We or any commercialization partner may be required to conduct expensive pharmacoeconomic studies to justify coverage and reimbursement or the level of reimbursement relative to other therapies, including in the case of Zimura for the treatment of wet AMD, relative to monotherapy with anti‑VEGF drugs. If coverage and adequate reimbursement are not available or reimbursement is available only to limited levels, we may not be able to successfully commercialize any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval.
There may be significant delays in obtaining reimbursement for newly approved drugs, and coverage may be more limited than the purposes for which the drug is approved by the FDA or similar regulatory authorities outside the United States. Moreover, eligibility for reimbursement does not imply that any drug will be paid for in all cases or at a rate that covers our costs, including research, development, manufacture, sale and distribution. Interim reimbursement levels for new drugs, if applicable, may also not be sufficient to cover our costs and may not be made permanent. Reimbursement rates may vary according to the use of the drug and the clinical setting in which it is used, may be based on reimbursement levels already set for lower cost drugs, and may be incorporated into existing payments for other services. Net prices for drugs may be reduced by mandatory discounts or rebates required by government healthcare programs or private payors and by any future relaxation of laws that presently restrict imports of drugs from countries where they may be sold at lower prices than in the United States, a policy that President Trump has expressed interest in pursuing. Third‑party payors often rely upon Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own reimbursement policies. Our and any commercialization partner’s inability to promptly obtain coverage and profitable payment rates from both government‑funded and private payors for any approved products that we develop could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, our ability to raise capital needed to commercialize products and our overall financial condition.
Governments outside the United States tend to impose strict price controls, which may adversely affect our revenues, if any.
The pricing of prescription pharmaceuticals is subject to governmental control outside of the United States. In these countries, pricing negotiations with governmental authorities can take considerable time after the receipt of marketing approval for a product. To obtain reimbursement or pricing approval in some countries, we or a commercialization partner may be required to conduct a clinical trial that compares the cost‑effectiveness of our product candidate to other available therapies. If reimbursement of our products is unavailable or limited in scope or amount, or if pricing is set at unsatisfactory levels, our business could be harmed, possibly materially.
Product liability lawsuits against us or any commercialization partner could divert resources, cause us to incur substantial liabilities and limit commercialization of any products that we may develop or in‑license.
We face an inherent risk of product liability exposure related to the testing of any product candidate that we develop in human clinical trials, and we and any commercialization partner will face an even greater risk if we commercially sell any products that we develop or in‑license. Because our Zimura wet AMD and ICPV trials involve or will involve the administration of Zimura in combination with an anti‑VEGF drug, we also face an inherent risk of product liability exposure related to the testing of such anti‑VEGF drug. If we become subject to or otherwise cannot successfully defend ourselves against claims that our product candidates, anti‑VEGF drugs administered in combination with our product candidates or our products caused injuries, we will incur substantial liabilities. Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:
decreased demand for any product candidates or products that we may develop or in‑license;
injury to our reputation and significant negative media attention;
withdrawal of clinical trial participants;
significant costs to defend the related litigation;
substantial monetary awards to trial participants or patients;
loss of revenue;

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reduced time and attention of our management to pursue our business strategy; and
the inability to commercialize any products that we may develop or in‑license.
We currently hold $10.0 million in product liability insurance coverage in the aggregate, with a per incident limit of $10.0 million, which may not be adequate to cover all liabilities that we may incur. We will need to increase our insurance coverage when and if we begin commercializing an approved product. Insurance coverage is increasingly expensive. We may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in an amount adequate to satisfy any liability that may arise. In addition, if a commercialization or collaboration partner were to become subject to product liability claims or were unable to successfully defend themselves against such claims, any such commercialization or collaboration partners could be more likely to terminate such relationship with us and therefore substantially limit the commercial potential of our products.affected.
Risks Related to Our Dependence on Third Parties
If we are not able to establish additional, future collaborations, we may have to alter our development and commercialization plans.
The development and potential commercialization of our product candidates is likely to require substantial additional cash to fund expenses. For some of our product candidates, we may decide to collaboratePending Merger with pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for the development and potential commercialization of those product candidates.Astellas
We face significant competition in seeking appropriate collaborators. Whether we reach a definitive agreement for a collaboration will depend, among other things, upon our assessment ofmay not complete the collaborator’s resources and expertise,pending Merger with Astellas within the terms and conditions of the proposed collaboration and the proposed collaborator’s evaluation of a number of factors. Those factors may include the design or results of clinical trials, the likelihood of approval by the FDA or similar regulatory authorities outside the United States, the potential market for the subject product candidate, the costs and complexities of manufacturing and delivering such product candidate to patients, the potential of competing products, the existence of uncertainty with respect to our ownership of technology, which can exist if there is a challenge to such ownership without regard to the merits of the challenge, and industry and market conditions generally. The collaborator may also consider alternative product candidates or technologies for similar indications that may be available to collaborate on and whether such collaboration could be more attractive than the one with us for our product candidate. We may also be restricted under future license agreements from entering into agreements on certain terms with potential collaborators. Collaborations are complex and time‑consuming to negotiate and document. In addition, there have been a significant number of recent business combinations among large pharmaceutical companies that have resulted in a reduced number of potential future collaborators.
If we are unable to reach agreements with suitable collaborators on a timely basis, on acceptable terms,timeframe anticipated, or at all, we may have to curtail the development of a product candidate, reduce or delay its development program or one or more of our other development programs, delay its potential commercialization or reduce the scope of any sales or marketing activities, or increase our expenditures and undertake development or commercialization activities at our own expense. If we elect to fund and undertake development or commercialization activities on our own, we may need to obtain additional expertise and additional capital, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. If we fail to enter into collaborations and do not have sufficient funds or expertise to undertake the necessary development and commercialization activities, we may not be able to further develop our product candidates or bring them to market and generate product revenue.
We may enter into collaborations with third parties for the development or commercialization of our product candidates. If any of our collaborations are not successful, we may not be able to capitalize on the market potential of these product candidates.
We may utilize a variety of types of collaboration, distribution and other marketing arrangements with third parties to commercialize our product candidates, either in the United States, or in markets outside the United States. We also may seek third‑party collaborators for development and commercialization of other product candidates we may develop. Our likely collaborators for any sales, marketing, distribution, development, licensing or broader collaboration arrangements include large and mid‑size pharmaceutical companies, regional and national pharmaceutical companies and biotechnology companies. If we do enter into any additional arrangements with third parties in the future, we would likely have limited control over the amount and timing of resources that our collaborators dedicate to the development or commercialization of our product candidates. Our ability to generate revenues from these arrangements will depend on our collaborators’ abilities and efforts to successfully perform the functions assigned to them in these arrangements.
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Collaborations involving our product candidates could pose numerous risks to us, including the following:
collaborators have significant discretion in determining the efforts and resources that they will apply to these collaborations and may not perform their obligations as expected;
collaborators may deemphasize or not pursue development and commercialization of our product candidates or may elect not to continue or renew development or commercialization programs based on clinical trial results, changes in the collaborators’ strategic focus, changes in product candidate priorities or available funding or changes in priorities as a result of a merger, acquisition or other corporate restructuring or transaction;
collaborators may delay clinical trials, provide insufficient funding for a clinical trial program, stop a clinical trial or abandon a product candidate, repeat or conduct new clinical trials or require a new formulation of a product candidate for clinical testing;
collaborators could independently develop, or develop with third parties, products that compete directly or indirectly with our products or product candidates if the collaborators believe that competitive products are more likely to be successfully developed or can be commercialized under terms that are more economically attractive than ours;
we could grant exclusive rights to our collaborators, which would prevent us from collaborating with others;
disagreements or disputes with collaborators, including disagreements or disputes over proprietary rights, contract interpretation or the preferred course of development, might cause delays or termination of the research, development or commercialization of products or product candidates, might lead to additional responsibilities for us with respect to product candidates or might result in litigation or arbitration, any of which would divert management attention and resources, be time‑consuming and be expensive;
collaborators with marketing and distribution rights to one or more products may not commit sufficient resources to the marketing and distribution of such product or products;
collaborators may not properly maintain or defend our intellectual property rights, may infringe the intellectual property rights of third parties, may misappropriate our trade secrets or may use our proprietary information in such a way as to invite litigation that could jeopardize or invalidate our intellectual property or proprietary information or expose us to litigation and potential liability; and
collaborations may be terminated for the convenience of the collaborator, our breach of the terms of the collaboration or other reasons and, if terminated, we may need to raise additional capital to pursue further development or commercialization of the applicable product candidates.
If a collaborator of ours were to be involved in a business combination or other transaction, the foregoing risks would be heightened, and the business combination or transaction may divert attention or resources or create competing priorities. The collaborator may delay or terminate our product development or commercialization program. If one of our collaborators terminates its agreement with us, we could find it more difficult to attract new collaborators and the perception of our company in the business and financial communities could be adversely affected.
Collaboration agreements may not lead to development or commercialization of product candidates in the most efficient manner or at all.
We rely upon third parties in conducting our clinical trials, and those third parties may not perform satisfactorily, including failing to meet deadlines for the completion of such trials.
We have in the past and expect in the future to rely upon third parties, such as CROs, clinical data management organizations, medical institutions (including reading centers) and clinical investigators, in conducting our clinical trials for our product candidates. We or these third parties may terminate their engagements with us at any time for a variety of reasons, including a failure to perform by the third parties. If we need to enter into alternative arrangements, our product development activities could potentially be delayed and could potentially be very costly.
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Our reliance on these third parties for clinical development activities reduces our control over these activities but does not relieve us of our responsibilities. For example, we remain responsible for ensuring that each of our clinical trials is conducted in accordance with the general investigational plan and protocols for the trial. Moreover, the FDA requires us to comply with GCPs for conducting, recording and reporting the results of clinical trials to assure that data and reported results are credible and accurate and that the rights, integrity and confidentiality of trial participants are protected. We also are required to register ongoing clinical trials and post the results of completed clinical trials on a government‑sponsored database within specified timeframes. Failure to do so can result in fines, adverse publicity and civil and criminal sanctions.
If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties, meet expected deadlines or conduct our clinical trials in accordance with regulatory requirements or our stated protocols, we would not be able to obtain, or may be delayed in obtaining, marketing approvals for our product candidates and would not be able to, or may be delayed in our efforts to, successfully commercialize our product candidates. Furthermore, these third parties may also have relationships with other entities, some of which may be our competitors.
We also rely upon other third parties to store, package and distribute drug supplies for our clinical trials. Any performance failure on the part of our distributors could delay clinical development or marketing approval of our product candidates or commercialization of our products, producing additional losses and depriving us of potential product revenue.
We contract with third parties for the manufacture of our product candidates for clinical trials and expect to continue to do so in connection with the potential commercialization of either product candidate and for clinical trials and commercialization of any other product candidates that we develop or may develop. This reliance on third parties increases the risk that we will not have sufficient quantities of our product candidates or products or such quantities at an acceptable cost, which could delay, prevent or impair our development or commercialization efforts.
We do not currently own or operate manufacturing facilities for the production of clinical or commercial quantities of Zimura or Fovista and have limited personnel with manufacturing experience. We currently rely upon and expect to continue to rely upon third‑party contract manufacturers to manufacture preclinical and clinical supplies of product candidates we are developing or may develop and commercial supplies of products if and when approved for marketing by applicable regulatory authorities. Our current and anticipated future dependence upon others for the manufacture of the product candidates that we are developing or may develop may adversely affect our future profit margins and our ability to commercialize any products that receive marketing approval on a timely and competitive basis. In addition, any performance failure on the part of our existing or future manufacturers could delay clinical development or marketing approval.
We currently rely exclusively upon a single third-party manufacturer to provide supplies of both Zimura API and Fovista API and a different single third-party manufacturer to provide fill/finish services for Zimura and Fovista. Although we have agreements in place with Agilent for the supply of Fovista API and with Althea for clinical and commercial fill/finish services, we do not currently have any contractual commitments for the supply of Zimura API. We also do not currently have arrangements in place for redundant supply or a second source for API for Zimura or Fovista or for a redundant supply or a second source for fill/finish services. We purchase the proprietary polyethylene glycol, or PEG, reagent used to modify the chemically synthesized aptamer in Zimura on a purchase order basis from a single third-party supplier. We do not currently have any contractual commitments for supply of the PEG reagent we use for Zimura. The prices for manufacturing activities that are not yet contractually committed may vary substantially over time and adversely affect our financial results. Furthermore, we and our contract manufacturers currently rely upon sole-source suppliers of certain raw materials and other specialized components of production used in the manufacture and fill/finish of each of Zimura and Fovista.
If any of our third‑party manufacturers fail to fulfill our purchase orders, or if any of these manufacturers should become unavailable to us for any reason, including as a result of capacity constraints, financial difficulties or insolvency, we believe that there are a limited number of potential replacement manufacturers, and we likely would incur added costs and delays in identifying or qualifying such replacements. We could also incur additional costs and delays in identifying or qualifying a replacement manufacturer for fill/finish services if our existing third‑party fill/finish provider should become unavailable for any reason. We may be unable to establish agreements with such replacement manufacturers or fill/finish providers or to do so on acceptable terms.
Reliance on third‑party manufacturers entails additional risks, including:
our product candidates may compete with other product candidates and products for access to a limited number of suitable manufacturing facilities that operate under current good manufacturing practices, or cGMP, regulations;
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reliance on the third party for regulatory compliance, quality assurance and quality control;
the possible breach of the manufacturing agreement by the third party;
the possible misappropriation of our proprietary information, including our trade secrets and know‑how; and
the possible termination or nonrenewal of the agreement by the third party at a time that is costly or inconvenient for us.
Third‑party manufacturers may not be able to comply with cGMP regulations or similar regulatory requirements outside the United States. Our failure, or the failure of our third‑party manufacturers, to comply with applicable regulations could result in sanctions being imposed on us, including clinical holds, fines, injunctions, civil penalties, delays, suspension or withdrawal of approvals, license revocation, seizures or recalls of product candidates or products, operating restrictions and criminal prosecutions, any of which could significantly and adversely affect supplies of our products and harm our business and results of operations.
We depend on licenses and sublicenses for development and commercialization rights to our product candidates and technologies. Termination of these rights or the failure by us or our licensees, including our commercialization or collaboration partners to comply with obligations under these or other agreements under which we obtain such rights or have obtained funding could materially harm our business and prevent us from developing or commercializing our products and product candidates.
We are party to various agreements that we depend on for rights to Zimura and Fovista. These agreements impose, and we expect to enter into additional licensing arrangements or other agreements with third parties that would impose, diligence, development and commercialization timelines, milestone payment, royalty, insurance and other obligations on us. Under our license agreements with Archemix we would not be able to avoid our payment obligations even if we believed a licensed patent right was invalid or unenforceable because the license agreements provide that our licenses to all licensed patent rights would terminate if we challenge the validity or enforceability of any licensed patent right.
We also have diligence and development obligations under our license agreements with Archemix and our divestiture agreement with OSI Pharmaceuticals. Generally, these diligence obligations require us to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop, seek regulatory approval for and commercialize our products in the United States, the European Union and, in some cases, certain other specified countries. If we fail to comply with our obligations under current or future acquisition, license and funding agreements, or otherwise breach an acquisition, license or funding agreement as a result of our own actions or inaction or the actions or inactions of our commercialization or collaboration partners, our counterparties may have the right to terminate these agreements, in which event we might not have the rights or the financial resources to develop, manufacture or market any product that is covered by these agreements. Our counterparties also may have the right to convert an exclusive license to non‑exclusive in the territory in which we fail to satisfy our diligence obligations, which could materially adversely affect the value of the product candidate being developed under any such agreement. Termination of these agreements or reduction or elimination of our rights under these agreements may result in our having to negotiate new or restated agreements with less favorable terms, seek alternative sources of financing or cause us to lose our rights under these agreements, including our rights to Zimura, Fovista and other important intellectual property or technology. Any of the foregoing could prevent us from commercializing Zimura, Fovista or other product candidates we may develop, which could have a material adverse effect on our operating results and overall financial condition.
In addition to the above risks, certain of our intellectual property rights are sublicenses under intellectual property owned by third parties, in some cases through multiple tiers. The actions of our licensors may therefore affect our rights to use our sublicensed intellectual property, even if we are in compliance with all of the obligations under our license agreements. For example, the licenses from Archemix include sublicenses to us of rights to specified technology, which we refer to as the SELEX technology, licensed by University License Equity Holdings, Inc. to Gilead Sciences, Inc., or Gilead, and sublicensed by Gilead to Archemix, as well as other technology owned by Gilead and licensed to Archemix. Should our licensors or any of their upstream licensors fail to comply with their obligations under the agreements pursuant to which they obtain the rights that are sublicensed to us, or should such agreements be terminated or amended, our ability to develop and commercialize Zimura, Fovista and other product candidates may be materially harmed. While the applicable agreements may contain contractual provisions that would in many instances protect our rights as a sublicensee in these circumstances, these provisions may not be enforceable and may not protect our rights in all instances. Further, we do not have the right to control the prosecution, maintenance and enforcement of all of our licensed and sublicensed intellectual property, and even when we do have such rights, we may require the cooperation of our licensors and their upstream licensors, which may not be forthcoming. Our
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business could be materially adversely affected if we are unable to prosecute, maintain and enforce our licensed and sublicensed intellectual property effectively.
Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property
The patent prosecution process is expensive and time‑consuming, is highly uncertain and involves complex legal and factual questions. Patent reform legislation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents.
Our success depends in large part on our ability to obtain and maintain patent protection in the United States and other countries with respect to our proprietary technology and products. We seek to protect our proprietary position by filing in the United States and in certain foreign jurisdictions patent applications related to our novel technologies and product candidates that are important to our business.
The patent prosecution process is expensive and time‑consuming, and we may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. It is also possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development output before it is too late to obtain patent protection. In addition, we may not pursue or obtain patent protection in all major markets. Moreover, in some circumstances, we do not have the right to control the preparation, filing or prosecution of patent applications, or to maintain the patents, covering technology that we license from third parties or covering technology that a collaboration or commercialization partner may develop, the eventual commercialization of which could potentially entitle us to royalty payments. In some circumstances, our licensors have the right to enforce the licensed patents without our involvement or consent, or to decide not to enforce or to allow us to enforce the licensed patents. Therefore, these patents and applications may not be prosecuted and enforced in a manner consistent with the best interests of our business. If any such licensors fail to maintain such patents, or lose rights to those patents, the rights that we have licensed may be reduced or eliminated and our ability to develop and commercialize any of our products that are the subject of such licensed rights could be adversely affected.
The patent position of biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies generally is highly uncertain, involves complex legal and factual questions and has in recent years been the subject of much litigation. In addition, the laws of foreign jurisdictions may not protect our rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. For example, European patent law restricts the patentability of methods of treatment of the human body more than United States law does. Publications of discoveries in the scientific literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, and patent applications in the United States and other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, or in some cases not at all. Therefore, we cannot be certain that we or our licensors were the first to make the inventions claimed in our owned or licensed patents or pending patent applications, or that we or our licensors were the first to file for patent protection of such inventions. Moreover, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, might require that the term of a patent issuing from a pending patent application be disclaimed and limited to the term of another patent that is commonly owned or names a common inventor. As a result, the issuance, scope, validity, term, enforceability and commercial value of our patent rights are highly uncertain.
Our pending and future patent applications, and any collaboration or commercialization partner’s pending and future patent applications, may not result in patents being issued which protect our technology or products, in whole or in part, or which effectively prevent others from commercializing competitive technologies and products. In particular, during prosecution of any patent application, the issuance of any patents based on the application may depend upon our or their ability to generate additional preclinical or clinical data that support the patentability of our proposed claims. We or any collaboration or commercialization partner may not be able to generate sufficient additional data on a timely basis, or at all. Moreover, changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of the patent laws in the United States or other countries may diminish the value of our or a collaboration or commercialization partner’s patents or narrow the scope of our or their patent protection.
Patent reform legislation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents. On September 16, 2011, the Leahy‑Smith America Invents Act, or the Leahy‑Smith Act, was signed into law. The Leahy‑Smith Act includes a number of significant changes to U.S. patent law. These include provisions that affect the way patent applications are prosecuted, redefine prior art, may affect patent litigation and switch the U.S. patent system from a “first‑to‑invent” system to a “first‑to‑file” system. Under a first‑to‑file system, assuming the other requirements for patentability are met, the first inventor to file a patent application generally will be entitled to the patent on an invention regardless of whether another inventor had made the invention earlier. The USPTO recently developed new regulations and procedures to govern administration of the Leahy‑Smith Act, and many of the substantive changes to patent law associated with the Leahy‑Smith Act, and in particular, the first��to‑file provisions, only became effective on March 16, 2013. Accordingly, it is not clear what, if any, impact the Leahy‑Smith Act will have on the
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operation of our business. However, the Leahy‑Smith Act and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or operations.
On April 28, 2023, we entered into an Agreement and financial condition.Plan of Merger, or the Merger Agreement, with Astellas US Holding, Inc., a Delaware corporation, or Astellas, Berry Merger Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation and a wholly owned subsidiary of Astellas, or Merger Sub, and solely as provided by Section 8.10(b) of the Merger Agreement, Astellas Pharma Inc., a company organized under the laws of Japan, pursuant to which, subject to the satisfaction or waiver of the conditions therein, Merger Sub will merge with and into our company, or the Merger, with our company surviving the Merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of Astellas. At the effective time of the Merger, each share of our common stock issued and outstanding as of immediately prior to the effective time (other than Excluded Shares (as defined in the Merger Agreement) and Dissenting Shares (as defined in the Merger Agreement)) will be cancelled and automatically converted into the right to receive cash in an amount equal to $40.00, without interest and subject to any withholding of taxes.
Moreover,Consummation of the Merger is subject to customary closing conditions, including, without limitation, approval by our stockholders, the absence of certain legal impediments, no material adverse effect having occurred since the signing of the Merger Agreement, the expiration or termination of the required waiting periods under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976, as amended, and any other antitrust authority specified in the Merger Agreement, solely to the extent the approval of any such authority is required in connection with the Merger. We currently expect the Merger and the other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement to close in the third calendar quarter of 2023.
We cannot provide any assurance that the conditions to the consummation of the Merger will be satisfied or waived or that, if the Merger is consummated, it will be on the terms specified in the Merger Agreement or within the anticipated timeframe.If the Merger is not completed within the timeframe anticipated, or at all, we may be subject to a third‑party preissuance submissionnumber of prior artmaterial risks or suffer a number of consequences in addition to the USPTO, or become involved in opposition, derivation, reexamination, inter partes review, post‑grant review, interference proceedings or other patent office proceedings or litigation, in the United States or elsewhere, challengingrisks of continuing to operate our patent rights or the patent rightsbusiness. The price of others. Based on available information, we believe that inter partes review proceedings, brought by financial investors whoour common stock may be selling short the stock of the patent holder, are becoming more prevalent. An adverse determination in any such submission, proceeding or litigation could reduce the scope of, or invalidate, our patent rights; allow third parties to commercialize our technology or products and compete directly with us, without payment to us; or result in our inability to manufacture or commercialize products without infringing third‑party patent rights. In addition, if the breadth or strength of protection provided by our patents and patent applications is threatened, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to license, develop or commercialize current or future product candidates.
If we are unable to obtain and maintain or do not maintain patent protection for our technology and products during the period of their commercialization, or if the scope of the patent protection is not sufficiently broad, our competitors could develop and commercialize technology and products similar or identical to ours, and our ability to successfully commercialize our technology and products may be adversely affected.
The U.S. patent rights covering Zimura as a composition of matter are expected to expire in 2025. The U.S. patent rights covering methods of treating certain complement protein mediated disorders with Zimura are expected to expire in 2026. Such expiration dates may be priordecline to the date by which we would be able to commercialize Zimura inextent that current market prices of our common stock reflect assumptions that the United States if we seek and obtain marketing approval. As a result, if we obtain marketing approval for Zimura, we may not be able to exclude competitors from commercializing products similar or identical to ours if such competitors do not use or promote our claimed methods of treatment or do use or promote our methods of treatment after our patents expire. Depending on potential delays in the regulatory review process for Zimura, we may be able to obtain patent term restoration for one of these patents in the United States under the Hatch-Waxman Act, which permits a patent restoration term of up to five years as partial compensation for patent term effectively lost during product development and the FDA regulatory review process occurring after the issuance of a patent, but we can provide no assurances that such a restoration termMerger will be obtained.
The European patent rights covering the composition of matter of Zimura and methods of treating certain complement protein mediated disorders with Zimura are expected to expire in 2025. Similar to the patent term restoration available in the United States, the regulatory framework in the European Union and certain other foreign jurisdictions provides the opportunity to extend the term ofcompleted on a patent that covers an approved drug in certain circumstances. Notwithstanding the availability of patent term extension or restoration provisions, we may not be granted patent term extensions because of, for example, failing to apply within applicable deadlines, failing to apply prior to expiration of relevant patents or otherwise failing to satisfy applicable requirements. Moreover, the applicable time period or the scope of patent protection afforded could be less than we request. If we are unable to obtain patent term extension or restoration or the term or scope of any such extension is less than we request, any period during which we have the right to exclusively market our product would be shorter than we would otherwise expect, and our competitors may obtain approval of competing products following our patent expiration, and our revenue could be reduced, possibly materially.
Method‑of‑treatment patents are more difficult to enforce than composition‑of‑matter patents because of the risk of off‑label sale or use of a drug for the patented method. The FDA does not prohibit physicians from prescribing an approved product for uses that are not described in the product’s labeling. Although use of a product directed by off‑label prescriptions may infringe our method‑of‑treatment patents, the practice is common across medical specialties, particularly in the United States, and such infringement is difficult to detect, prevent or prosecute. Off‑label sales of other products having the same API as Zimura or any other product candidates we may develop would limit our ability to generate revenue from the sale of Zimura or such other product candidates, if approved for commercial sale. In addition, European patent law generally makes the issuance and enforcement of patents that cover methods of treatment of the human body difficult. Further, once the composition‑of‑matter patents relating to Zimura or any other product candidate in a particular jurisdiction, if any, expire, competitors will be able to make, offer and sell products containing the same API as Zimura or such other product candidate in that jurisdiction so long as these competitors do not infringe any other of our patents covering Zimura’s composition of matter or method of use or manufacture, do not violate the terms of any marketing or data exclusivity that may be granted to us by regulatory authorities and obtain any necessary marketing approvals from applicable regulatory authorities. In such circumstances, we also may not be able to detect, prevent or prosecute off‑label use of such competitors’ products containing the same API as Zimura, even if such use infringes any of our method‑of‑treatment patents.
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The Hatch‑Waxman Act also permits the manufacture, use, offer for sale, sale or importation of a patented invention other than a new animal drug or veterinary biological product, if the manufacture, use, offer for sale, sale or importation is solely for uses that are reasonably related to development of information that could be submitted to the FDA. For this reason, our competitors might be able under certain circumstances to perform activities within the scope of the U.S. patents that we own or under which we are licensed without infringing such patents. This might enable our competitors to develop during the lifetime of these patents drugs that compete with our product candidates, if they are ultimately approved.
Our issued patents may not be sufficient to provide us with a competitive advantage. For example, competitors may be able to circumvent our owned or licensed patents by developing similar or alternative technologies or products in a non‑infringing manner. Even if our owned or licensed patent applications issue as patents, they may not issue with a scope broad enough to provide us with any meaningful protection, prevent competitors from competing with us or otherwise provide us with any competitive advantage.timely basis. We could also fail to take the required actions and pay the necessary governmental fees to maintain our patents.
The issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its inventorship, ownership, scope, term, validity or enforceability, and our owned and licensed patents may be challenged in the courts or patent offices in the United States and abroad. For example, if we receive marketing approval for our product candidates, other pharmaceutical companies may seek approval of generic versions of our products with the FDA or regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions. We may then be required to initiate proceedings against such companies in order to enforce our intellectual property rights. The risk of being involved in such proceedings is likely to increase if our products are commercially successful. In any such proceedings, the inventorship, ownership, scope, term, validity and enforceability of our patents may be challenged. These and other challenges may result in loss of exclusivity or freedom to operate or in patent claims being narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable, in whole or in part, which could limit our ability to prevent others from using or commercializing similar or identical technology and products or from launching generic versions of our products, or could limit the duration of the patent protection of our technology and products. The launch of a generic version of one of our products in particular would be likely to result in an immediate and substantial reduction in the demand for our product, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting such candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized. As a result, our patent portfolio may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or identical to ours.
We may become involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents or other intellectual property, which could be expensive, time consuming and unsuccessful.
Competitors may infringe or otherwise violate our patents, trademarks, copyrights or other intellectual property. To counter infringement or other violations, we may be required to file claims, which can be expensive and time consuming. Any such claims could provoke these parties to assert counterclaims against us, including claims alleging that we infringe their patents or other intellectual property rights. In addition, in a patent infringement proceeding, a court may decide that one or more of the patents we assert is invalid or unenforceable, in whole or in part, construe the patent’s claims narrowly or refuse to prevent the other party from using the technology at issue on the grounds that our patents do not cover the technology. Similarly, if we assert trademark infringement claims, a court may determine that the marks we have asserted are invalid or unenforceable or that the party against whom we have asserted trademark infringement has superior rights to the marks in question. In such a case, we could ultimately be forced to cease use of such marks. In any intellectual property litigation, even if we are successful, any award of monetary damages or other remedy we receive may not be commercially valuable. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation.
Third parties may initiate legal proceedings alleging that we are infringing or otherwise violating their intellectual property rights, the outcome of which would be uncertain and could have a material adverse effect on the success of our business.
Our commercial success depends upon our ability and the ability of our collaboration and commercialization partners to develop, manufacture, market and sell our product candidates and products and use our proprietary technologies without infringing or otherwise violating the intellectual property and other proprietary rights of third parties. There is considerable intellectual property litigation in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. We or our collaboration and commercialization partners may become party to, or threatened with, future adversarial proceedings or litigation regarding intellectual property rights with respect to our products and technology, including interference, derivation, re‑examination, post‑grant review, inter partes review, opposition, cancellation or similar proceedings before the USPTO or its foreign counterparts. The risks of being involved in such litigation and proceedings may also increase as our or their product candidates near commercialization. Third parties may assert infringement claims against us or our collaboration or commercialization
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partners based on existing or future intellectual property rights. We or they may not be aware of all such intellectual property rights potentially relating to our product candidates and their manufacture and uses. Thus, we do not know with certainty that our product candidates, or our intended commercialization thereof, does not and will not infringe or otherwise violate any third party’s intellectual property.
If we are or one of our collaboration or commercialization partners is found to infringe or otherwise violate a third party’s intellectual property rights, we or they could be required to obtainpay Astellas a license from such third partytermination fee of approximately $222.4 million if the Merger Agreement is terminated under specific circumstances described in the Merger Agreement. The failure to continue developingcomplete the Merger also may result in negative publicity and marketingnegatively affect our or their productsrelationship with our stockholders, employees, strategic partners, suppliers and technologylenders. Customers, prospective customers and investors in general may view the failure to consummate the Merger as a poor reflection on our business and prospects. If the Merger is not completed, the time and resources committed by our management team could have been devoted to pursuing other opportunities. We may also be required to devote significant time and resources to litigation related to the Merger or to continue using a trademark. However, we or our collaboration and commercialization partners may not be able to obtain any required license on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Even if we or they were able to obtain a license, it could be non‑exclusive, thereby giving our competitors access to the same technologies licensed to us or our collaboration and commercialization partners and could require us or them to make substantial licensing and royalty payments. We or our collaboration and commercialization partners could be forced, including by court order, to cease commercializing the infringing technology or product. In addition, we could be found liable for monetary damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees, if we are found to have willfully infringed a patent or other intellectual property right. A finding of infringement could prevent us or our collaboration and commercialization partners from commercializing our or their product candidates or force us or them to cease some of our business operations, which could materially harm our business. Claims that we or our collaboration and commercialization partners have misappropriated the confidential information or trade secrets of third parties could expose us or them to similar liabilities and have a similar negative impact on our business.
We may be subject to claims by third parties asserting that we or our employees have misappropriated their intellectual property, or claiming ownership of what we regard as our own intellectual property.
Many of our employees and contractors were previously employed at universities or other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Although we try to ensure that our employees and contractors do not use the proprietary information or know‑how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that we or these employees or contractors have used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of any such employee’s or contractor’s former employer. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims.
In addition, while it is our policy to require our employees and contractors who may be involved in the conception or development of intellectual property to execute agreements assigning such intellectual property to us, we may be unsuccessful in executing such an agreement with each party who in fact conceives or develops intellectual property that we regard as our own. Moreover, because we acquired rights to Zimura from Archemix, we must rely upon Archemix's and its successors' practices, and those of its predecessors, with regard to the assignment of intellectual property therein. Our and their assignment agreements may not be self‑executing or may be breached, and we may be forced to bring claims against third parties, or defend claims they may bringenforcement proceeding commenced against us to determineperform our obligations under the ownershipMerger Agreement. Furthermore, the granting of what we regard asregulatory approvals by antitrust authorities could involve the imposition of additional conditions on the closing of the Merger. The imposition of such conditions or the failure or delay to obtain regulatory approvals could have the effect of delaying completion of the Merger or of imposing additional costs or limitations on us or may result in the failure to close the Merger.
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The announcement and pendency of the Merger with Astellas could adversely affect our intellectual property.business, financial condition or operations.
If we fail in prosecuting or defending any such claims, in additionOur efforts to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel.
Intellectual property litigationcomplete the Merger with Astellas could cause us to spend substantial resourcesdisruptions in, and could distractcreate uncertainty surrounding, our personnel from their normal responsibilities.
Even if resolved inbusiness, which may materially adversely affect our favor, litigationbusiness, financial condition or other legal proceedings relating to intellectual property claims may cause us to incur significant expenses and could distract our technical and management personnel from their normal responsibilities. In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motionsoperations, or other interim proceedings or developments, and if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our common stock. Such litigation or proceedings could substantially increase our operating losses and reduceUncertainty as to whether the resources available for development activities or any future sales, marketing or distribution activities. WeMerger will be completed may not have sufficient financial or other resources to conduct such litigation or proceedings adequately. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of such litigation or proceedings more effectively than we can because of their greater financial resources. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of patent litigation or other proceedings could have a material adverse effect onaffect our ability to compete inrecruit prospective employees or to retain and motivate existing employees. Employee retention may be particularly challenging while the marketplace.
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Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, documentary, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent offices, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non‑compliance with these requirements.
Periodic maintenance fees on any issued patent are due to be paid to the USPTO and patent offices in foreign countries in several stages over the lifetimetransaction is pending because employees may experience uncertainty about their roles following consummation of the patent. The USPTOMerger. A substantial amount of our management’s and patent offices in foreign countries require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other requirements duringemployees’ attention is being directed toward the patent application process. While an inadvertent lapse can in many cases be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules, there are situations in which non‑compliance can result in abandonment or lapsecompletion of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of a patent or patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. Non‑compliance events thattransaction and thus is being diverted from our day-to-day operations. Uncertainty as to our future also could result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent application include, but are not limited to, failure to respond to official actions within prescribed time limits, non‑payment of fees and failure to properly legalize and submit formal documents. In such an event, our competitors might be able to enter the market, which would have a material adverse effect on our business.
If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets,adversely affect our business and competitive position would be harmed.
In addition to seeking patents for some of our technology and products, we also rely upon trade secrets, including unpatented know‑how, technologyrelationship with collaborators, strategic partners, suppliers, prospective customers or regulators. For example, collaborators, suppliers, and other proprietary information, to maintain our competitive position. Wecounterparties may defer decisions concerning us, or seek to protect these trade secrets, in part, by entering into non‑disclosure and confidentialitychange existing business relationships with us, whether pursuant to the terms of their existing agreements with parties who have access to them, such as our employees, corporate collaborators, outside scientific collaborators, contract manufacturers, consultants, advisors and other third parties. We also enter into confidentiality and inventionus or patent assignment agreements with our employees and consultants. We cannot guarantee that we have executed such agreements with each party that may have or have had access to our trade secrets. Moreover, because we acquired certain rights to Zimura from Archemix, we must rely upon Archemix's and its successors' practices, and those of its predecessors, with regard to the protection of Zimura‑related trade secrets before we acquired it. Any party with whom we or they have executed a non‑disclosure and confidentiality agreement may breach that agreement and disclose our proprietary information, including our trade secrets, and we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for such breaches. Our proprietary information may also be obtained by third parties by other means, such as breaches of our physical or computer security systems.
Detecting the disclosure or misappropriation of a trade secret and enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret is difficult, expensive and time‑consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, some courts inside and outside the United States are less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets. If any of our trade secrets were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor, we would have no right to prevent them, or those to whom they communicate it, from using that technology or information to compete with us. If any of our trade secrets were to be disclosedotherwise. Changes to or independently developed by a competitor, our competitive position would be harmed.
Risks Related to Regulatory Approval and Marketingtermination of our Product Candidates and Other Legal Compliance Matters
Even if we complete the necessary preclinical studies and clinical trials, the marketing approval process is expensive, time‑consuming and uncertain and may prevent us from obtaining approvals for the commercialization of some or all of our product candidates. If we are not able to obtain, or if there are delays in obtaining, required regulatory approvals, we will not be able to commercialize our product candidates, and our ability to generate revenue would be materially impaired.
Our product candidates and the activities associated with their development and commercialization, including their design, testing, manufacture, safety, efficacy, recordkeeping, labeling, storage, approval, advertising, promotion, sale and distribution, export and import, are subject to comprehensive regulation by the FDA and by the EMA and comparable regulatory agencies in other countries.
In general, the FDA and similar regulatory authorities outside the United States require two adequate and well controlled clinical trials demonstrating safety and effectiveness for marketing approval for an ophthalmic pharmaceutical product. Failure to obtain marketing approval for a product candidate will prevent us from commercializing the product candidate. We have not received approval to market Zimura, Fovista or any other product candidate from regulatory authorities in any jurisdiction. We have only limited experience in filing and supporting the applications necessary to gain marketing approvals and expect to rely upon third‑party CROs to assist us in this process. Securing marketing approval requires obtaining positive safety and efficacy data from required clinical trials, as well as the submission of extensive preclinical and clinical data and supporting information to regulatory authorities for each therapeutic indication to establish the product candidate’s safety and efficacy. Securing marketing approval also requires the submission of information about the product manufacturing process to, and inspection of manufacturing facilities by, the relevant regulatory authorities. The FDA or other
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regulatory authorities may determine that a product candidate that we may develop is not effective, is only moderately effective or has undesirable or unintended side effects, toxicities or other characteristics that preclude our obtaining marketing approval or prevent or limit commercial use. In the case of Zimura for the treatment of wet AMD, the FDA or other regulatory authority may limit the approval of Zimura to use with only specified anti‑VEGF drugs that are approved for the treatment of wet AMD rather than with all anti‑VEGF drugs. Such limitation could limit sales of Zimura for the treatment of wet AMD.
The process of obtaining marketing approvals, both in the United States and abroad, is expensive, may take many years, if approval is obtained at all, and can vary substantially based upon a variety of factors, including the type, complexity and novelty of the product candidates involved. Changes in marketing approval policies during the development period, changes in or the enactment of additional statutes or regulations, or changes in regulatory review for each submitted product application, may cause delays in the approval or rejection of an application. Regulatory authorities have substantial discretion in the approval process and may refuse to accept any application or may decide that our data are insufficient for approval and require additional preclinical, clinical or other studies. In addition, varying interpretations of the data obtained from preclinical and clinical testing could delay, limit or prevent marketing approval of a product candidate. Any marketing approval we ultimately obtain may be limited or subject to restrictions or post‑approval commitments that render the approved product not commercially viable.
Marketing approval of novel product candidates such as Zimura and Fovista manufactured using novel manufacturing processes can be more expensive and take longer than for other, more well‑known or extensively studied pharmaceutical or biopharmaceutical products, due to regulatory agencies’ lack of experience with them. We believe that the FDA has only granted marketing approval for one aptamer product to date. This lack of experience may lengthen the regulatory review process, require us to conduct additional studies or clinical trials, increase our development costs, lead to changes in regulatory positions and interpretations, delay or prevent approval and commercialization of these product candidates or lead to significant post‑approval limitations or restrictions.
Accordingly, if we or our collaborators experience delays in obtaining approval or if we fail to obtain approval of Fovista, Zimura or any other product candidate that we develop, the commercial prospects for such product candidate may be harmed and our ability to generate revenues would be materially impaired.
Failure to obtain marketing approval in foreign jurisdictions would prevent our product candidates from being marketed in such jurisdictions.
In order to market and sell our product candidates in the European Union and many other jurisdictions, we or our third‑party commercialization partners must obtain separate marketing approvals and comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements. The approval procedure varies among countries and can involve additional preclinical or clinical testing. The time required to obtain approval may differ substantially from that required to obtain FDA approval. The regulatory approval process outside the United States generally includes all of the risks associated with obtaining FDA approval. In addition, in many countries outside the United States, it is required that the product be approved for reimbursement before the product can be approved for sale in that country. We or our third‑party commercialization partners may not obtain approvals from regulatory authorities outside the United States on a timely basis, if at all. Approval by the FDA does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries or jurisdictions, and approval by one regulatory authority outside the United States does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries or jurisdictions or by the FDA. We and our third-party commercialization partners may not be able to file for marketing approvals and may not receive necessary approvals to commercialize our products in any market.
Additionally, on June 23, 2016, the electorate in the United Kingdom voted in favor of leaving the European Union, commonly referred to as Brexit. On March 29, 2017, the country formally notified the European Union of its intention to withdraw pursuant to Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty. Since a significant proportion of the regulatory framework in the United Kingdom is derived from European Union directives and regulations, the referendum could materially impact the regulatory regime with respect to the approval of our product candidates in the United Kingdom or the European Union. Any delay in obtaining, or an inability to obtain, any marketing approvals, as a result of Brexit or otherwise, would prevent us from commercializing our product candidates in the United Kingdom and/or the European Union and restrict our ability to generate revenue and achieve and sustain profitability. If any of these outcomes occur, we may be forced to restrict or delay efforts to seek regulatory approval in the United Kingdom and/or European Union for our product candidates, which could significantly and materially harm our business.

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We currently do not have orphan drug designations or orphan drug exclusivity for any product. If our competitors are able to obtain orphan drug exclusivity for products that constitute the same drug and treat the same indications as our product candidates, we may not be able to have competing products approved by the applicable regulatory authority for a significant period of time.
Regulatory authorities in some jurisdictions, including the United States and the European Union, may designate drugs for relatively small patient populations as orphan drugs. Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may designate a product candidate as an orphan drug if it is intended to treat a rare disease or condition, which is generally defined as having a patient population of fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States, or a patient population greater than 200,000 in the United States where there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing the drug will be recovered from sales in the United States. In the European Union, the EMA’s Committee for Orphan Medicinal Products grants orphan drug designation to promote the development of products that are intended for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of a life-threatening or chronically debilitating condition affecting not more than 5 in 10,000 persons in the European Union. Additionally, orphan designation is granted for products intended for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of a life-threatening, seriously debilitating or serious and chronic condition and when, without incentives, it is unlikely that sales of the drug in the European Union would be sufficient to justify the necessary investment in developing the drug or biologic product.
If we request orphan drug designation for any of our product candidates in one or more indications, there can be no assurances that the FDA or the European Commission will grant any of our product candidates such designation. Additionally, the designation of any of our product candidates as an orphan product does not guarantee that any regulatory agency will accelerate regulatory review of, or ultimately approve, that product candidate, nor does it limit the ability of any regulatory agency to grant orphan drug designation to product candidates of other companies that treat the same indications as our product candidates prior to our product candidates receiving exclusive marketing approval.
Generally, if a product candidate with an orphan drug designation receives the first marketing approval for the indication for which it has such designation, the product is entitled to a period of marketing exclusivity, which precludes the FDA or the European Commission from approving another marketing application for a product that constitutes the same drug treating the same indication for that marketing exclusivity period, except in limited circumstances. If another sponsor receives such approval before we do (regardless of our orphan drug designation), we will be precluded from receiving marketing approval for our product for the applicable exclusivity period. The applicable period is seven years in the United States and 10 years in the European Union. The exclusivity period in the United States can be extended by six months if the sponsor submits pediatric data that fairly respond to a written request from the FDA for such data. The exclusivity period in the European Union can be reduced to six years if a product no longer meets the criteria for orphan drug designation or if the product is sufficiently profitable so that market exclusivity is no longer justified. Orphan drug exclusivity may be revoked if any regulatory agency determines that the request for designation was materially defective or if the manufacturer is unable to assure sufficient quantity of the product to meet the needs of patients with the rare disease or condition.
Even if we obtain orphan drug exclusivity for a product candidate, that exclusivity may not effectively protect the product candidate from competition because different drugs can be approved for the same condition. In the United States, even after an orphan drug is approved, the FDA may subsequently approve another drug for the same condition if the FDA concludes that the latter drug is not the same drug or is clinically superior in that it is shown to be safer, more effective or makes a major contribution to patient care. In the European Union, marketing authorization may be granted to a similar medicinal product for the same orphan indication if:
the second applicant can establish in its application that its medicinal product, although similar to the orphan medicinal product already authorized, is safer, more effective or otherwise clinically superior;

the holder of the marketing authorization for the original orphan medicinal product consents to a second orphan medicinal product application; or

the holder of the marketing authorization for the original orphan medicinal product cannot supply sufficient quantities of orphan medicinal product.

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A fast track designation or grant of priority review status by the FDA may not actually lead to a faster development or regulatory review or approval process. The FDA may withdraw fast track designation if it believes that the designation is no longer supported by data from our clinical development program.
If a drug is intended for the treatment of a serious or life‑threatening disease or condition and the drug demonstrates the potential to address unmet medical needs for this disease or condition, the drug sponsor may apply for FDA fast track designation. If a drug offers major advances in treatment, the drug sponsor may apply for FDA priority review status. The FDA has broad discretion whether or not to grant fast track designation or priority review status, so even if we believe a particular product candidate is eligible for such designation or status the FDA could decide not to grant it. Even though a product has received fast track designation and may be eligible for priority review status, a sponsor may not ultimately experience a faster development process, review or approval compared to conventional FDA procedures.
A breakthrough therapy designation by the FDA for our product candidates may not lead to a faster development or regulatory review or approval process, and it does not increase the likelihood that our product candidates would receive marketing approval.
We may seek a breakthrough therapy designation for some of our product candidates. A breakthrough therapy is defined as a drug that is intended, alone or in combination with one or more other drugs, to treat a serious or life‑threatening disease or condition, and preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the drug may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints, such as substantial treatment effects observed early in clinical development. For drugs that have been designated as breakthrough therapies, interactions and communications between the FDA and the sponsor of the trial can help to identify the most efficient path for clinical development while minimizing the number of patients placed in ineffective control regimens. Drugs designated as breakthrough therapies by the FDA are also eligible for accelerated approval.
Designation as a breakthrough therapy is within the discretion of the FDA. Accordingly, even if we believe one of our product candidates meets the criteria for designation as a breakthrough therapy, the FDA may disagree and instead determine not to make such designation. In any event, the receipt of a breakthrough therapy designation for a product candidate may not result in a faster development process, review or approval compared to drugs considered for approval under conventional FDA procedures and does not assure ultimate approval by the FDA. In addition, even if one or more of our product candidates qualify as breakthrough therapies, the FDA may later decide that the products no longer meet the conditions for qualification or decide that the time period for FDA review or approval will not be shortened.
Any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval could be subject to post‑marketing restrictions or withdrawal from the market and we or our third‑party commercialization partners may be subject to penalties if we or our third‑party commercialization partners fail to comply with regulatory requirements or if we or our third‑party commercialization partners experience unanticipated problems with our products, when and if any of them are approved.
Any product candidate for which we or our commercialization partners obtain marketing approval, along with the manufacturing processes, post‑approval clinical data, labeling, advertising and promotional activities for such product, will be subject to continual requirements of and review by the FDA and other regulatory authorities. These requirements include submissions of safety and other post‑marketing information and reports, registration and listing requirements, cGMP requirements relating to manufacturing, quality control and quality assurance, complaints and corresponding maintenance of records and documents, requirements regarding the distribution of samples to physicians and recordkeeping. Even if marketing approval of a product candidate is granted, the approval may be subject to limitations on the indicated uses for which the product may be marketed or may be subject to significant conditions of approval or contain requirements for costly post‑marketing testing and surveillance to monitor the safety or efficacy of the medicine, including the requirement to implement a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy.
The FDA and other agencies, including the Department of Justice, or the DOJ, closely regulate and monitor the post‑approval marketing and promotion of products to ensure that they are marketed and distributed only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved labeling. The FDA and DOJ impose stringent restrictions on manufacturers’ communications regarding off‑label use and if we do not market our products for their approved indications, we may be subject to enforcement action for off‑label marketing. Violations of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and other statutes, including the False Claims Act, relating to the promotion and advertising of prescription drugs may lead to investigations and enforcement actions alleging violations of federal and state health care fraud and abuse laws, as well as state consumer protection laws.
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In addition, later discovery of previously unknown adverse events or other problems with our products, manufacturers or manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may yield various results, including:
restrictions on such products, manufacturers or manufacturing processes;
restrictions on the labeling or marketing of a product;
restrictions on distribution or use of a product;
requirements to conduct post‑marketing studies or clinical trials;
warning letters or untitled letters;
withdrawal of the products from the market;
refusal to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications that we submit;
recall of products;
damage tobusiness relationships with any potential collaborators;
unfavorable press coverage and damage to our reputation;
fines, restitution or disgorgement of profits or revenues;
suspension or withdrawal of marketing approvals;
refusal to permit the import or export of our products;
product seizure;
injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties; and
litigation involving patients using our products.
Non‑compliance with European Union requirements regarding safety monitoring or pharmacovigilance, and with requirements related to the development of products for the pediatric population, can also result in significant financial penalties. Similarly, failure to comply with the European Union’s requirements regarding the protection of personal information can also lead to significant penalties and sanctions.
Our and our commercialization partners’ relationships with customers and third‑party payors will be subject to applicable anti‑kickback, fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations, which could expose us and our commercialization partners to criminal sanctions, civil penalties, contractual damages, reputational harm and diminished profits and future earnings.
Healthcare providers, physicians and third‑party payors play a primary role in the recommendation and prescription of any product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval. Our future arrangements with healthcare providers, physicians and third-party payors may expose us and our commercialization partners to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations that may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we and our commercialization partners market, sell and distribute any products for which we or they obtain marketing approval. Restrictions under applicable federal and state healthcare laws and regulations include the following:
the federal Anti‑Kickback Statute prohibits, among other things, persons from knowingly and willfully soliciting, offering, receiving or providing remuneration, directly or indirectly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward, or in return for, either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, order or recommendation or arranging of, any good or service, for which payment may be made under a federal healthcare program such as Medicare and Medicaid;
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the federal False Claims Act imposes criminal and civil penalties, including through civil whistleblower or qui tam actions, against individuals or entities for, among other things, knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, false or fraudulent claims for payment by a federal healthcare program or making a false statement or record material to payment of a false claim or avoiding, decreasing or concealing an obligation to pay money to the federal government, with potential liability including mandatory treble damages and significant per‑claim penalties, currently set at $5,500 to $11,000 per false claim;
the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, imposes criminal and civil liability for executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or making false statements relating to healthcare matters;
HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act and its implementing regulations, also imposes obligations, including mandatory contractual terms, with respect to safeguarding the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information;
the federal Physician Payments Sunshine Act requires applicable manufacturers of covered drugs to report payments and other transfers of value to physicians and teaching hospitals, with data collection beginning in August 2013; and
analogous state and foreign laws and regulations, such as state anti‑kickback and false claims laws and transparency statutes, may apply to sales or marketing arrangements and claims involving healthcare items or services reimbursed by non‑governmental third-party payors, including private insurers.
Some state laws require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government and may require drug manufacturers to report information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians and other healthcare providers or marketing expenditures. State and foreign laws also govern the privacy and security of health information in some circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts.
If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the laws described above or any governmental regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations. Any penalties, damages, fines, curtailment or restructuring of our operations could adversely affect our financial results. We are developingcondition and implementing a corporate compliance program designed to ensure that we will market and sell any future products that we successfully develop from our product candidates in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations, but we cannot guarantee that this program will protect us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, including the imposition of significant fines or other sanctions.
Efforts to ensure that our business arrangements with third parties will comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations will involve substantial costs. It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices may not comply with current or future statutes, regulations or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations. If our or our commercialization partners’ operations, are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other governmental regulations that may apply to us or them, we or they may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, imprisonment, exclusion of products from government funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, and the curtailment or restructuring of our or their operations. If any of the physicians or other healthcare providers or entities with whom we expect to do business is found to be not in compliance with applicable laws, they may be subject to criminal, civil or administrative sanctions, including exclusions from government funded healthcare programs.
The efforts of the Trump Administration to pursue regulatory reform may limit the FDA’s ability to engage in oversight and implementation activities in the normal course, and that could negatively impact our business.
The Trump Administration has taken several executive actions, including the issuance of a number of executive orders, that could impose significant burdens on, or otherwise materially delay, the FDA’s ability to engage in routine regulatory and oversight activities such as implementing statutes through rulemaking, issuance of guidance, and review and approval of marketing applications. On January 30, 2017, President Trump issued an executive order, applicable to all executive agencies, including the FDA, which requires that for each notice of proposed rulemaking or final regulation to be issued in fiscal year
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2017, the agency shall identify at least two existing regulations to be repealed, unless prohibited by law. These requirements are referred to as the “two-for-one” provisions. This executive order includes a budget neutrality provision that requires the total incremental cost of all new regulations in the 2017 fiscal year, including repealed regulations, to be no greater than zero, except in limited circumstances. For fiscal years 2018 and beyond, the executive order requires agencies to identify regulations to offset any incremental cost of a new regulation. In interim guidance issued by the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs within the Office of Management and Budget on February 2, 2017, the administration indicates that the “two-for-one” provisions may apply not only to agency regulations, but also to significant agency guidance documents. It is difficult to predict how these requirements will be implemented, and the extent to which they will impact the FDA’s ability to exercise its regulatory authority. If these executive actions impose constraints on the FDA’s ability to engage in oversight and implementation activities in the normal course, our business may be negatively impacted.

Current and future legislation may increase the difficulty and cost for us and any collaborators to obtain marketing approval of and commercialize our product candidates and affect the prices we, or they, may obtain.
In the United States and some foreign jurisdictions, there have been and continue to be a number of legislative and regulatory changes and proposed changes regarding the healthcare system that could prevent or delay marketing approval of our product candidates, restrict or regulate post‑approval activities and affect our and any commercialization partner’s ability to generate revenue from, sell profitably or commercialize any product candidates for which we or they obtain marketing approval. We expect that current laws, as well as other healthcare reform measures that may be adopted in the future, may result in more rigorous coverage criteria and in additional downward pressure on the price that we or a commercialization partner may receive for any approved products.

In March 2010, President Obama signed into law the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, or collectively the ACA. Among the provisions of the ACA of potential importance to our business and our product candidates are the following:

an annual, non‑deductible fee on any entity that manufactures or imports specified branded prescription products and biologic agents;

an increase in the statutory minimum rebates a manufacturer must pay under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program;

expansion of healthcare fraud and abuse laws, including the civil False Claims Act and the federal Anti‑Kickback Statute, new government investigative powers and enhanced penalties for noncompliance;

a new Medicare Part D coverage gap discount program, in which manufacturers must agree to offer 50% point‑of‑sale discounts off negotiated prices;

extension of manufacturers’ Medicaid rebate liability;

expansion of eligibility criteria for Medicaid programs;

expansion of the entities eligible for discounts under the Public Health Service pharmaceutical pricing program;

new requirements to report certain financial arrangements with physicians and teaching hospitals;

a new requirement to annually report product samples that manufacturers and distributors provide to physicians; and

a new Patient‑Centered Outcomes Research Institute to oversee, identify priorities in, and conduct comparative clinical effectiveness research, along with funding for such research.

In addition, other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted since the ACA was enacted. These changes include the Budget Control Act of 2011, which among other things led to aggregate reductions to Medicare payments to providers of up to 2% per fiscal year that started in 2013 and, due to subsequent legislative amendments to the statute, will stay in effect through 2025 unless additional congressional action is taken. The American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, among other things, reduced Medicare payments to several types of providers and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments to providers from three to five years. These new laws may result in additional reductions in Medicare and other healthcare funding and otherwise affect the prices we may obtain for any of our product candidates for
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which we may obtain regulatory approval or the frequency with which any such product candidate is prescribed or used. Further, there have been several recent U.S. congressional inquiries and proposed state and federal legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to drug pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, reduce the costs of drugs under Medicare and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for drug products.
We expect that these healthcare reforms, as well as other healthcare reform measures that may be adopted in the future, may result in additional reductions in Medicare and other healthcare funding, more rigorous coverage criteria, new payment methodologies and additional downward pressure on the price that we receive for any approved product and/or the level of reimbursement physicians receive for administering any approved product we might bring to market. Reductions in reimbursement levels may negatively impact the prices we receive or the frequency with which our products are prescribed or administered. Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare or other government programs may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payors.
Since enactment of the ACA, there have been numerous legal challenges and congressional actions to repeal and replace provisions of the law. In May 2017, the U.S. House of Representatives passed legislation known as the American Health Care Act of 2017. Thereafter, the Senate Republicans introduced and then updated a bill to replace the ACA known as the Better Care Reconciliation Act of 2017. The Senate Republicans also introduced legislation to repeal the ACA without companion legislation to replace it, and a “skinny” version of the Better Care Reconciliation Act of 2017. In addition, the Senate considered proposed healthcare reform legislation known as the Graham-Cassidy bill. None of these measures have been passed by the U.S. Senate.
The Trump Administration has also taken executive actions to undermine or delay implementation of the ACA. In January 2017, President Trump signed an Executive Order directing federal agencies with authorities and responsibilities under the ACA to waive, defer, grant exemptions from, or delay the implementation of any provision of the ACA that would impose a fiscal or regulatory burden on states, individuals, healthcare providers, health insurers, or manufacturers of pharmaceuticals or medical devices. In October 2017, the President signed a second Executive Order allowing for the use of association health plans and short-term health insurance, which may provide fewer health benefits than the plans sold through the ACA exchanges. At the same time, the Administration announced that it will discontinue the payment of cost-sharing reduction, or CSR, payments to insurance companies until Congress approves the appropriation of funds for such CSR payments. The loss of the CSR payments is expected to increase premiums on certain policies issued by qualified health plans under the ACA.
A bipartisan bill to appropriate funds for CSR payments was introduced in the Senate, but the future of that bill is uncertain. Further, each chamber of the Congress has put forth multiple bills designed to repeal or repeal and replace portions of the ACA. Although none of these measures has been enacted by Congress to date, Congress may consider other legislation to repeal and replace elements of the ACA. The Congress will likely consider other legislation to replace elements of the ACA, during the next congressional session. We will continue to evaluate the effect that the ACA and its possible repeal and replacement could have on our business.
The costs of prescription pharmaceuticals in the United States has also been the subject of considerable discussion in the United States, and members of Congress and the Administration have stated that they will address such costs through new legislative and administrative measures. The pricing of prescription pharmaceuticals is also subject to governmental control outside the United States. In these countries, pricing negotiations with governmental authorities can take considerable time after the receipt of marketing approval for a product. To obtain reimbursement or pricing approval in some countries, we may be required to conduct a clinical trial that compares the cost‑effectiveness of our product candidates to other available therapies. If reimbursement of our products is unavailable or limited in scope or amount, or if pricing is set at unsatisfactory levels, our ability to generate revenues and become profitable could be impaired.
Finally, legislative and regulatory proposals have also been made to expand post-approval requirements and restrict sales and promotional activities for pharmaceutical products. We cannot be sure whether additional legislative changes will be enacted, or whether the FDA regulations, guidance or interpretations will be changed, or what the impact of such changes on the marketing approvals of our product candidates, if any, may be. In addition, increased scrutiny by the U.S. Congress of the FDA’s approval process may significantly delay or prevent marketing approval, as well as subject us and any future collaborators to more stringent product labeling and post-marketing testing and other requirements.


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We are subject to U.S. and foreign anti‑corruption and anti‑money laundering laws with respect to our operations and non‑compliance with such laws can subject us to criminal and/or civil liability and harm our business.
We are subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, or the FCPA, the U.S. domestic bribery statute contained in 18 U.S.C. § 201, the U.S. Travel Act, the USA PATRIOT Act, and possibly other state and national anti‑bribery and anti‑money laundering laws in countries in which we conduct activities. Anti‑corruption laws are interpreted broadly and prohibit companies and their employees, agents, third‑party intermediaries, joint venture partners and collaborators from authorizing, promising, offering, or providing, directly or indirectly, improper payments or benefits to recipients in the public or private sector. We may have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or government‑affiliated hospitals, universities, and other organizations. In addition, we may engage third party intermediaries to promote our clinical research activities abroad and/or to obtain necessary permits, licenses, and other regulatory approvals. We can be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of these third‑party intermediaries, our employees, representatives, contractors, partners, and agents, even if we do not explicitly authorize or have actual knowledge of such activities.
Noncompliance with anti‑corruption and anti‑money laundering laws could subject us to whistleblower complaints, investigations, sanctions, settlements, prosecution, other enforcement actions, disgorgement of profits, significant fines, damages, other civil and criminal penalties or injunctions, suspension and/or debarment from contracting with certain persons, the loss of export privileges, reputational harm, adverse media coverage, and other collateral consequences. If any subpoenas, investigations, or other enforcement actions are launched, or governmental or other sanctions are imposed, or if we do not prevail in any possible civil or criminal litigation, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially harmed. In addition, responding to any action will likely result in a materially significant diversion of management’s attention and resources and significant defense and compliance costs and other professional fees. In certain cases, enforcement authorities may even cause us to appoint an independent compliance monitor which can result in added costs and administrative burdens.
If we or our third‑party manufacturers fail to comply with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, we could become subject to fines or penalties or incur costs that could harm our business.
We and our third‑party manufacturers are subject to numerous environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including those governing laboratory procedures and the handling, use, storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes. From time to time and in the future, our operations may involve the use of hazardous and flammable materials, including chemicals and biological materials, and produce hazardous waste products. We cannot eliminate the risk of contamination or injury from these materials. In the event of contamination or injury resulting from our use of hazardous materials, we could be held liable for any resulting damages, and any liability could exceed our resources. We also could incur significant costs associated with civil or criminal fines and penalties for failure to comply with such laws and regulations.
Although we maintain workers’ compensation insurance to cover us for costs and expenses we may incur due to injuries to our employees resulting from the use of hazardous materials, this insurance may not provide adequate coverage against potential liabilities. We do not maintain insurance for environmental liability or toxic tort claims that may be asserted against us.
In addition, we may incur substantial costs in order to comply with current or future environmental, health and safety laws and regulations. These current or future laws and regulations may impair our research, development or production efforts. Our failure to comply with these laws and regulations also may result in substantial fines, penalties or other sanctions.
Further, with respect to the operations of our third‑party contract manufacturers, it is possible that if they fail to operate in compliance with applicable environmental, health and safety laws and regulations or properly dispose of wastes associated with our products, we could be held liable for any resulting damages, suffer reputational harm or experience a disruption in the manufacture and supply of our product candidates or products.
Risks Related to Employee Matters and Managing Our Operations
We are in the process of implementing a substantial reduction in personnel,which could disrupt our operations.In addition, we may experience difficulties in retaining key employees that we have identified for retention.
In December 2016, following our receipt and announcement of initial, top-line results from our pivotal OPH1002 and OPH1003 Fovista trials for the treatment of wet AMD, we announced that we had determined to implement a reduction in
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personnel to focus on an updated business plan. This reduction in personnel involves approximately 80% of our pre-announcement workforce and includes personnel from nearly every department. During the first nine months of 2017, our workforce has been reduced by 112 employees in connection with the reduction in personnel and natural attrition. We expect to complete the reduction in personnel during the fourth quarter of 2017. Although we are reducing our personnel substantially, we are continuing to function as a development company and need to continue all or nearly all of our prior business functions to support such development, including clinical operations, regulatory affairs, drug safety, data management, outsourced manufacturing and supply chain, analytical development and quality assurance, as well as all of our general and administrative functions and public company infrastructure. Due to our limited financial resources and the inherent challenges associated with managing such a reduction in personnel, we may not be able to manage effectively the reduction in personnel and transition of operations to remaining employees.
Notwithstanding the reduction in personnel, we remain highly dependent on David R. Guyer, M.D., our Executive Chairman, and Glenn P. Sblendorio, our Chief Executive Officer and President, as well as the other principal members of our management, scientific and clinical teams. We do not maintain “key person” insurance for any of our executives or other employees. Although we have entered into letter agreements with our executive officers, each of them and our non-executive employees may terminate their employment with us at any time. As a result, key employees that we expect to retain through specific dates to assist with transition activities may choose not to remain employees. In addition, we may experience difficulties in retaining key employees that we have identified for retention, given the change in prospects for our company as well as other challenges. The loss of the services of our executive officers or other key employees could impede the achievement of our research, development and commercialization objectives and seriously harm our ability to successfully implement our updated business strategy. Furthermore, replacing any such executive officers and key employees may be difficult and may take an extended period of time because of the limited number of individuals in our industry with the breadth of skills and experience required to successfully develop, gain marketing approval of and commercialize products. Competition to hire from this limited pool is intense, and we may be unable to hire, train, retain or motivate these key personnel on acceptable terms, if at all, given the competition among numerous pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for similar personnel. We also experience competition for the hiring of scientific and clinical personnel from universities and research institutions. In addition, we rely on consultants and advisors, including scientific and clinical advisors, to assist us in formulating our research and development and commercialization strategy. Our consultants and advisors may be employed by employers other than us and may have commitments under consulting or advisory contracts with other entities that may limit their availability to us. If we are unable to strategically attract or retain high quality personnel as we implement our new business plan, our ability to pursue our development strategy would be limited.
In connection with the reduction in personnel, we expect that we will incur approximately $13.3 million of aggregate pre-tax charges through the third quarter of 2017, of which approximately $12.4 million in the aggregate is expected to result in cash expenditures. As of September 30, 2017, our cash expenditures related to such reduction in personnel totaled $8.7 million. The reduction in personnel may divert our management’s time and attention. Any inability to manage the reduction in personnel could delay the execution of our updated business plan or disrupt our operations.

If we fail to establish and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, our ability to accurately report our financial results could be adversely affected.
A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company’s annual or interim financial statements would not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. If any material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting is discovered or occurs in the future, our financial statements may contain material misstatements and we could be required to restate our financial results. As previously disclosed in July 2015, our management concluded that we experienced a material weakness in internal controls related to technical accounting expertise over the accounting for deferred tax assets and income tax accounting in general during certain prior financial reporting periods. The deficiency in the application of our controls relating to technical accounting expertise over the accounting for deferred tax assets and income tax accounting in general resulted in the audit committee of our board of directors concluding that the relevant financial statements should not be relied upon, and our subsequent restatement of the relevant financial statements.
During the year ended December 31, 2015, we took the following steps to remediate the identified material weakness: we added staffing within our finance department and engaged a nationally recognized accounting firm, in each case, with technical expertise in the area of tax accounting and financial reporting. Our management concluded that the identified material weakness in internal control over financial reporting was fully remediated as of December 31, 2015. Although we have remediated this deficiency in internal control over financial reporting, we cannot be certain that the remedial measures that we took in the past or other measures we take in the future, especially in light of our decreased size as a result of the
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implementation of our planned reduction in personnel, and the associated decrease in staffing in our accounting and finance areas, will ensure that we maintain adequate controls over our financial reporting going forward and, accordingly, additional material weaknesses could occur or be identified. Any additional material weaknesses or combination of deficiencies could materially and adversely affect our ability to provide timely and accurate financial information, and the current and future deficiencies may impact investors’ confidence in our internal controls and our company, which could cause our stock price to decline.
Risks Related to Information Technology
We rely significantly upon information technology and any failure, inadequacy, interruption or security lapse of that technology, including any cyber security incidents, could harm our ability to operate our business effectively.
In the ordinary course of our business, we and our third‑party contractors maintain sensitive data on our and their respective networks, including our intellectual property and proprietary or confidential business information relating to our business and that of our clinical trial participants and business partners. In particular, we rely on contract research organizations and other third parties to store and manage information from our clinical trials. The secure maintenance of this sensitive information is critical to our business and reputation. Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems and those of our third‑party contractors are vulnerable to damage from cyber‑attacks, computer viruses, unauthorized access, natural disasters, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures. In particular, we believe that companies and other entities and individuals have been increasingly subject to a wide variety of security incidents, cyber‑attacks and other attempts to gain unauthorized access to systems and information. These threats can come from a variety of sources, ranging in sophistication from an individual hacker to a state‑sponsored attack. Cyber threats may be generic, or they may be custom‑crafted against our information systems or those of our third‑party contractors. For information stored with our third‑party contractors, we rely upon, and the integrity and confidentiality of such information is dependent upon, the risk mitigation efforts such third‑party contractors have in place. In the recent past, cyber‑attacks have become more prevalent and much harder to detect and defend against. Our and our third‑party contractors’ respective network and storage applications may be subject to unauthorized access by hackers or breached due to operator error, malfeasance or other system disruptions. It is often difficult to anticipate or immediately detect such incidents and the damage caused by such incidents. System failures, data breaches and any unauthorized access or disclosure of our information or intellectual property could compromise our intellectual property and expose sensitive business information. System failures or accidents or security breaches could cause interruptions in our operations, and could result in a material disruption of our clinical and commercialization activities and business operations, in addition to possibly requiring substantial expenditures of resources to remedy. A data security breach could also lead to public exposure of personal information of our clinical trial patients and others. Cyber‑attacks could cause us to incur significant remediation costs, result in product development delays, disrupt key business operations and divert attention of management and key information technology resources. The loss of clinical trial data could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. To the extent that any disruption or security breach were to result in a loss of, or damage to, our data or applications, or inappropriate public disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability and our product research, development and commercialization efforts could be delayed. 
Risks Related to Our Common Stock
Provisions in our corporate charter documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of us, which may be beneficial to our stockholders, more difficult and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management.
Provisions in our certificate of incorporation and our by‑laws may discourage, delay or prevent a merger, acquisition or other change in control of our company that stockholders may consider favorable, including transactions in which our stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares. These provisions could also limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock, thereby depressing the market price of our common stock. The adverse effects of the pendency of the transaction could be exacerbated by any delays in completion of the transaction, changes to the terms of the transaction or termination of the Merger Agreement.
In addition,certain instances, the Merger Agreement requires us to pay a termination fee to Astellas, which could require us to use available cash that would have otherwise been available for general corporate purposes.
The Merger Agreement contains certain termination rights for us and Astellas. Subject to certain limitations, we or Astellas may terminate the Merger Agreement if the Merger is not consummated by midnight Eastern Time, on October 27, 2023, subject to an automatic 90-day extension in the event that all conditions other than the required antitrust approvals have been obtained or waived as of such date and a second automatic 90-day extension thereafter in the event that all conditions other than the required antitrust approvals have been obtained or waived as of such extended date, which we refer to as the End Date.
Upon termination of the Merger Agreement, under specified circumstances, we will be required to pay Astellas a termination fee of approximately $222.4 million. Such circumstances include where the Merger Agreement is terminated (i) in connection with the Company accepting a Superior Offer (as defined in the Merger Agreement) approved by our board of directors, (ii) due to our board of directors’ change or withdrawal of, or failure to reaffirm, its recommendation of the Merger, or (iii) because our board of directors or our company intentionally breach their non-solicit obligations under the Merger Agreement in any material respects. This termination fee will also be payable if the Merger Agreement is responsible for appointingterminated because our stockholders did not vote to adopt the membersMerger Agreement, the Merger is not consummated before the End Date, or we breach our representations, warranties or covenants in a manner that would cause the related closing conditions to not be met, and prior to any such termination, a proposal to acquire at least 50% of our management team,stock or assets is communicated to our board of directors or publicly disclosed and within one year after termination of the Merger Agreement we enter into an agreement for, or consummate, such a transaction, whether or not the consummated transaction was the one contemplated by such proposal.
If the Merger Agreement is terminated under such circumstances, the termination fee we would be required to pay under the Merger Agreement may require us to use available cash that would have otherwise been available for general corporate purposes and other uses. Further, a failed transaction may result in negative publicity and a negative impression of us in the investment community. For these and other reasons, termination of the Merger Agreement could materially and adversely affect our business operations and financial condition, which in turn would materially and adversely affect the price of our common stock.
We have incurred, and will continue to incur, direct and indirect costs as a result of the pending Merger with Astellas.
We have incurred, and will continue to incur, significant costs and expenses, including legal, accounting and other advisory fees and other transaction costs, in connection with the pending Merger. We will be required to pay a substantial portion of these costs and expenses whether or not the Merger is completed. There are a number of factors beyond our control that could affect the total amount or the timing of these costs and expenses.
While the Merger Agreement is in effect, we are subject to restrictions on our business activities.
While the Merger Agreement is in effect, we are subject to restrictions on our business activities, generally requiring us to conduct our business in the ordinary course, consistent with past practice, in all material respects, and subjecting us to a variety of specified limitations absent Astellas’ prior consent. These limitations include, among other things, restrictions on our ability to acquire other businesses and material assets (including certain governmental licenses and authorizations), dispose of material assets, make investments, enter into certain material contracts, repurchase or issue securities, pay dividends, make capital expenditures, take certain actions relating to intellectual property, terminate existing clinical trials or commence new clinical trials, amend our organizational documents and incur indebtedness. These restrictions could prevent us from pursuing strategic business opportunities, taking actions with respect to our business that we may consider advantageous and responding
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effectively or on a timely basis to competitive pressures and industry developments, and may as a result materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and operations.
The Merger Agreement contains provisions may frustratethat could deter or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by makingmake it more difficult for stockholdersa third party from proposing an alternative transaction or acquire our company prior to replace membersthe consummation of the Merger.
The Merger Agreement contains provisions that make it difficult for us to entertain a third-party proposal for an acquisition of our company or an alternative transaction in lieu of the Merger. These provisions include our agreement not to solicit or initiate any additional discussions with third parties regarding other proposals for an acquisition of our company, as well as restrictions on our ability to respond to such proposals, subject to certain exceptions including fulfillment of certain fiduciary requirements of our board of directors. Among other things, these provisions:
provide for a classified board of directors such that only one of three classes of directors is elected each year;
allow the authorized number of our directors to be changed only by resolution of our board of directors;
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limit the manner in which stockholders can remove directors from the board of directors;
provide for advance notice requirements for stockholder proposals that can be acted on at stockholder meetings and nominations to our board of directors;
require that stockholder actions must be effected at a duly called stockholder meeting and prohibit actions by our stockholders by written consent;
limit who may call stockholder meetings;
authorize our board of directors to issue preferred stock without stockholder approval, whichIn addition, we could be usedrequired to institutepay Astellas a “poison pill” that would work to dilutetermination fee of approximately $222.4 million if the stock ownership ofMerger Agreement is terminated under specific circumstances. These or other provisions in the Merger Agreement might discourage a third party with a potential hostile acquirer, effectively preventing acquisitions that have not been approved by our board of directors; and
require the approvalinterest in acquiring all or a significant part of the holders of at least 75% of the votes that all our stockholders would be entitled to cast to amend or repeal certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation or by‑laws.
Moreover, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which prohibits a person who owns in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock from merging or combining with us for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person acquired in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock, unless the merger or combination is approved in a prescribed manner.
The priceshares of our common stock from considering or proposing an acquisition, even one that may be volatile and fluctuate substantially, which could result in substantial losses for stockholders.
Our stock pricedeemed of greater value to our stockholders than the proposed Merger with Astellas. Furthermore, even if a third party elects to propose an acquisition of us, the potential competing acquirer may be volatile and could be subjectpropose to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control. The stock market in general and the market for smaller pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies in particular have experienced extreme volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. Aspay a lower amount as a result of this volatility, our stockholders may not be able to sell their shares of common stock at or above the price at which they purchased their shares. The market price for our common stocktermination fee that will become payable by us.
We may be influenced by many factors, including:
the successtargets of products or technologies that compete with our product candidates, including results of clinical trials of product candidates of our competitors;
results of clinical trials for our product candidates and the timing of the receipt of such results;
the results of our efforts to in‑license or acquire the rights to other products, product candidates and technologies for the treatment of ophthalmic diseases;
political, regulatory or legal developments in the United States and other countries;
developments or disputes concerning patent applications, issued patents or other proprietary rights;
the recruitment or departure of key personnel;
the level of expenses related to any of our product candidates or clinical development programs;
actual or anticipated changes in estimates as to financial results, development timelines or recommendations by securities analysts;
variations in our financial results or those of companies that are perceived to be similar to us;
changes in the structure of healthcare payment systems;
market conditions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors;
general economic, industry and market conditions; and
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the other factors described in this “Risk Factors” section.
For example, following our announcement of initial, top-line results from our pivotal OPH1002 and OPH1003 Fovista trials for the treatment of wet AMD, the closing price of our common stock declined from $38.77 on December 9, 2016 to $5.29 on December 12, 2016 and further declined to $2.82 on September 29, 2017. Following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s stock, securities class‑action litigation has often been instituted against that company. We and certain of our current and former executive officers have been named as defendants in purported class action and derivative lawsuits following our announcement of the initial, top-line results. See “Part II, Item 1-Legal Proceedings” and “-Risks Related to Our Updated Business Plan, Financial Position and Need for Additional Capital-We and certain of our current and former executive officers have been named as defendants in lawsuits thatwhich could result in substantial costs and divert management’s attention.” These proceedingsmay delay or prevent the Merger from being completed.
Securities class action lawsuits and other similarderivative lawsuits are often brought against public companies that have entered into merger agreements. The outcome of litigation if institutedis uncertain and we may not be successful in defending against future claims brought against us even if they are without merit. Regardless of the outcome of any lawsuits brought against us, such lawsuits could cause us to incurdelay or prevent the Merger, divert the attention of our management and employees from our day-to-day business, result in substantial costs to defend such claims and divert management’s attention and resources, which could seriously harm our business.
If a significant portion of our total outstanding shares are sold into the market, the market price of our common stock could drop significantly, even if our business is doing well.
Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market could occur at any time. These sales, or the perception in the market that the holders of a large number of shares intend to sell shares, could reduce the market price of our common stock. Moreover, we have filed registration statements on Form S‑8 registering all shares of common stock that we may issue under our equity compensation plans. Once registered on Form S‑8, shares underlying these equity awards can be freely sold in the public market upon issuance, subject to volume, notice and manner of sale limitations applicable to affiliates.
We incur increased costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management is required to devote substantial time to compliance initiatives and corporate governance practices.
As a public company, we incur and will continue to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. The Sarbanes‑Oxley Act of 2002, the Dodd‑Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the listing requirements of The NASDAQ Global Select Market and other applicable securities rules and regulations impose various requirements on public companies, including establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls and corporate governance practices. Our management and other personnel devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives. Moreover, these rules and regulations have increased our legal and financial compliance costs and have made some activities more time‑consuming and costly.
Pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act of 2002, or Section 404, we are required to furnish with our periodic Exchange Act reports a report by our management on our internal control over financial reporting. We are also required to include with our annual report an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm. To achieve compliance with Section 404, we must document and evaluate our internal control over financial reporting, which is both costly and challenging. In this regard, we will need to continue to dedicate internal resources and engage outside consultants to assess and document the adequacy of internal control over financial reporting, continue steps to improve control processes as appropriate, validate through testing that controls are functioning as documented and implement a continuous reporting and improvement process for internal control over financial reporting. There is a risk that our internal control over financial reporting may, in the future, be found to be ineffective under Section 404. Our identification of one or more material weaknessesotherwise adversely affect us financially. A potential adverse judgment could result in monetary damages, which could have a negative impact on our liquidity and financial condition. Additionally, if a plaintiff is successful in obtaining an adverse reactioninjunction prohibiting completion of the Merger, that injunction may delay or prevent the Merger from being completed, or from being completed within the anticipated timeframe, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition or operations.
Our executive officers and directors may have interests in the financial markets dueproposed Merger that are different from, or in addition to, a lossthose of confidenceour stockholders generally.
Our executive officers and directors may have interests in the reliabilityproposed Merger that are different from the interests of our financial statements.stockholders generally, including, among others, the acceleration of the vesting of equity awards and receipt of change in control or other severance payments in connection with the proposed Merger, continued indemnification and potentially continued service to the combined company.
Because we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends onThese interests, among others, may influence, or appear to influence, our common stockofficers and directors and cause them to view the Merger differently from how our stockholders generally may view it.
Additional information regarding our executive officers and directors and their interests in the foreseeable future, capital appreciation, if any,proposed Merger will be our stockholders’ sole source of gain.included in the proxy statement relating to the proposed Merger when it is filed with the SEC.
We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock. We currently intend to retain all of our future earnings, if any, to finance the growth and development of our business. In addition, the terms of any future debt agreements may preclude us from paying dividends. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock will be our stockholders’ sole source of gain for the foreseeable future.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
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We did not sell any unregistered equity securities during the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Purchase of Equity Securities
We did not purchase any of our registered equity securities during the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Item 5.    Other Information.
Information
None.


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Item 6.    Exhibits.Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
The exhibits filed as part of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are set forth on the Exhibit Index, which is incorporated herein by reference.
EXHIBIT INDEX(2) Financial Statement Schedules
No financial statement schedules have been filed as part of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q because they are not applicable, not required or because the information is otherwise included in our financial statements or notes thereto.
(3) Exhibits
Exhibit

Number
Description of Exhibit
3.1
3.2
3.2
3.3
10.1
10.1*
10.2
10.3
+
31.1
31.1
31.2
31.2
32.1
32.1
32.2
32.2
101.INS*
101.INS**Inline XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH*
101.SCH**Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL*
101.CAL**Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF*
101.DEF**Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB*Inline XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document
101.LAB**101.PRE*Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document
101.PRE**XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104*The cover page from this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, formatted in Inline XBRL
* Confidential treatment has been requested as to certain portions, which have been omitted and separately filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
**   Submitted electronically herewith.
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*Submitted electronically herewith.
+Portions of this exhibit have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(10)(iv) of Regulation S-K.
Attached as Exhibit 101 to this reportQuarterly Report on Form 10-Q are the following formatted in XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at September 30, 2017March 31, 2023 (unaudited) and December 31, 2016 (unaudited),2022, (ii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss (unaudited) for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2017March 31, 2023 and 2016,2022, (iii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity (unaudited) for the three month periods ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, (iv) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited) for the ninethree month periodperiods ended September 30, 2017March 31, 2023 and 20162022 and (iv)(v) Notes to Condensed Financial Statements (unaudited).
In accordance with Rule 406T of Regulation S-T, the XBRL related information in Exhibit 101 to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q is deemed not filed or part of a registration statement or prospectus for purposes of Sections 11 or 12 of the Securities Act, is deemed not filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, and otherwise is not subject to liability under these sections.
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SIGNATURES
 
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
 
OPHTHOTECH CORPORATIONIVERIC bio, Inc.
Date: November 8, 2017May 10, 2023By:/s/ David F. Carroll
David F. Carroll
Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)


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