UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, DC 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒

QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022

☐

TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission file number 1-32600

TUCOWS INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Pennsylvania	23-2707366
(State or Other Jurisdiction of	(I.R.S. Employer
Incorporation or Organization)	Identification No.)

96 Mowat Avenue,

Toronto, Ontario M6K 3M1, Canada

(Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code)

(416) 535-0123

(Registrant's Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act:

Title of each class

Trading

Symbol(s)

Name of each exchange on which registered

Common Stock

TCX

NASDAQ

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days: Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T §232.405 of this chapter during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐	Accelerated filer ☒

Non-accelerated filer ☐	Smaller reporting company ☐

Emerging Growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act): Yes ☐ No ☒

As of ~~November 1, 2021,~~May 3, 2022, there were ~~10,699,567~~10,764,616 outstanding shares of common stock, no par value, of the registrant.

Table of Contents

TUCOWS INC.

Form 10-Q Quarterly Report

INDEX

PART I FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.	Consolidated Financial Statements	3

	Consolidated Balance Sheets (unaudited) as of ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022 and December 31, ~~2020~~2021	3

	Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (unaudited) for the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2022 and 2021 ~~and 2020~~	4

	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited) for the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2022 and 2021 ~~and 2020~~	5

	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)	6

Item 2.	Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	2223

Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	4340

Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	4441

PART II OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	4542

Item 1A.	Risk Factors	4542

Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	4643

Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	4643

Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	4643

Item 5.	Other Information	4643

Item 6.	Exhibits	4744

Signatures		4845

TRADEMARKS, TRADE NAMES AND SERVICE MARKS

Tucows®, EPAG®, Hover®, OpenSRS®, Platypus®, Ting®, eNom®, Roam®, Roam Mobility®, Bulkregister®, Ascio®, Cedar®, Simply Bits®, Wavelo® and YummyNames® are registered trademarks of Tucows Inc. or its subsidiaries. Other service marks, trademarks and trade names of Tucows Inc. or its subsidiaries may be used in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Quarterly Report”). All other service marks, trademarks and trade names referred to in this Quarterly Report are the property of their respective owners. Solely for convenience, any trademarks referred to in this Quarterly Report may appear without the ® or TM symbol, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we or the owner of such trademark, as applicable, will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our or its rights, or the right of the applicable licensor, to these trademarks.

Table of Contents

	*September 30,*			*December 31,*		*March 31,*		*December 31,*
	*2021*			*2020*		*2022*		*2021*

Assets

Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	5,535		$	8,311	$	6,201	$	9,105
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $210 as of September 30, 2021 and $222 as of December 31, 2020		14,822			15,540
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $535 as of March 31, 2022 and $541 as of December 31, 2021							16,391		14,579
Contract asset (note 10)		2,783			0		3,283		778
Inventory		3,111			1,875		3,558		3,277
Prepaid expenses and deposits		18,719			16,845		23,221		20,986
Derivative instrument asset, current portion (note 5)		0			3,860		1,358		299
Deferred costs of fulfillment, current portion (note 11)		94,970			93,467		96,986		94,506
Income taxes recoverable		3,892			1,302		3,249		3,474
Total current assets		143,832			141,200		154,247		147,004

Deferred costs of fulfillment, long-term portion (note 11)		18,226			17,599		17,674		18,205
Derivative instrument asset, long-term portion (note 5)		78			0		459		278
Investments		2,012			0		2,012		2,012
Deferred tax asset		153			226		20		22
Property and equipment		155,236			117,530		191,456		172,662
Right of use operating lease asset		16,138			11,238		18,136		17,515
Contract costs		806			362		1,306		1,079
Intangible assets (note 6)		40,413			47,444		47,659		50,409
Goodwill (note 6)		116,304			116,304		130,410		130,410
Total assets	$	493,198		$	451,903	$	563,379	$	539,596


Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity

Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	9,260		$	6,329	$	14,103	$	10,016
Accrued liabilities		12,176			10,235		16,351		15,240
Customer deposits		15,139			15,402		16,351		16,974
Derivative instrument liability, current portion (note 5)		453			99		0		125
Operating lease liability, current portion (note 12)		2,588			1,761		3,463		3,150
Deferred revenue, current portion (note 10)		127,792			127,336		128,413		124,116
Accreditation fees payable, current portion		913			940		882		882
Income taxes payable		62			863		307		102
Other current liabilities							2,974		3,078
Total current liabilities		168,383			162,965		182,844		173,683

Derivative instrument liability, long-term portion (note 5)		0			114
Deferred revenue, long-term portion (note 10)		24,195			24,909		23,753		23,677
Accreditation fees payable, long-term portion		177			195		156		170
Operating lease liability, long-term portion (note 12)		11,103			9,179		12,220		11,853
Loan payable, long-term portion (note 7)		149,937			121,733		207,183		190,748
Other long-term liability (note 4)		3,703			3,416		0		1,804
Deferred tax liability		22,481			24,694		22,211		22,569

Stockholders' equity (note 14)
Preferred stock - no par value, 1,250,000 shares authorized; none issued and outstanding		0			0		0		0
Common stock - no par value, 250,000,000 shares authorized; 10,696,779 shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2021 and 10,612,414 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2020		25,520			20,798
Common stock - no par value, 250,000,000 shares authorized; 10,762,581 shares issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2022 and 10,747,417 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2021							29,655		28,515
Additional paid-in capital		2,550			1,458		3,530		2,764
Retained earnings		85,437			80,106		80,450		83,470
Accumulated other comprehensive income (note 5)		(288	)		2,336		1,377		343
Total stockholders' equity		113,219			104,698		115,012		115,092
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	493,198		$	451,903	$	563,379	$	539,596

Contingencies (note 18)
Subsequent events (note 19)

	*For the Three Months Ended September 30,*						*For the Nine Months Ended September 30,*						*For the Three Months Ended March 31,*
	*2021*			*2020*			*2021*			*2020*			*2022*			*2021*


Net revenues (note 10)	$	75,893		$	74,311		$	221,861		$	240,418		$	81,099		$	70,875

Cost of revenues (note 10)
Direct cost of revenues		49,540			48,330			144,860			153,308			49,421			46,187
Network expenses		3,445			2,612			10,295			7,513
Depreciation of property and equipment		4,622			2,985			12,344			8,892
Amortization of intangible assets (note 6)		21			330			344			1,010
Impairment of property and equipment		241			113			302			1,638
Network, other costs														4,180			3,238
Network, depreciation of property and equipment														5,895			3,638
Network, amortization of intangible assets (note 6)														378			299
Network, impairment of property and equipment														27			60
Total cost of revenues		57,869			54,370			168,145			172,361			59,901			53,422

Gross profit		18,024			19,941			53,716			68,057			21,198			17,453

Expenses:
Sales and marketing		9,892			8,318			27,579			26,521			11,987			8,311
Technical operations and development		3,742			3,162			10,044			8,980			3,765			3,132
General and administrative		5,069			4,868			15,232			15,074			7,296			4,953
Depreciation of property and equipment		136			125			384			363			148			121
Loss on disposition of property and equipment		229			0			234			0			385			0
Amortization of intangible assets (note 6)		2,267			2,315			6,909			7,766			2,465			2,320
Impairment of definite life intangible assets (note 6)		0			0			0			1,431
Loss (gain) on currency forward contracts (note 5)		(87	)		(159	)		(277	)		(99	)		0			(253	)
Total expenses		21,248			18,629			60,105			60,036			26,046			18,584

Income from operations		(3,224	)		1,312			(6,389	)		8,021			(4,848	)		(1,131	)

Other income (expenses):
Interest expense, net		(1,169	)		(760	)		(3,108	)		(2,756	)		(1,796	)		(936	)
Gain on sale of Ting customer assets, net (note 17)		5,564			1,090			15,767			1,090			4,752			5,395
Other expense, net		(95	)		(86	)		(274	)		(258	)		(50	)		(96	)
Total other income (expenses)		4,300			244			12,385			(1,924	)		2,906			4,363

Income before provision for income taxes		1,076			1,556			5,996			6,097			(1,942	)		3,232

Provision for income taxes (note 8)		(299	)		840			665			2,390			1,078			1,083

Net income for the period		1,375			716			5,331			3,707			(3,020	)		2,149

Other comprehensive income, net of tax
Unrealized income (loss) on hedging activities (note 5)		(501	)		729			115			609			968			368
Net amount reclassified to earnings (note 5)		(884	)		46			(2,739	)		289			66			(834	)
Other comprehensive income net of tax expense (recovery) of ($419) and $230 for the three months ended September 30, 2021 and September 30, 2020, ($794) and $262 for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and September 30, 2020 (note 5)		(1,385	)		775			(2,624	)		898
Other comprehensive income net of tax expense (recovery) of $329 and ($140) for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and March 31, 2021 (note 5)														1,034			(466	)

Comprehensive income, net of tax for the period	$	(10	)	$	1,491		$	2,707		$	4,605		$	(1,986	)	$	1,683


Basic earnings per common share (note 9)	$	0.13		$	0.07		$	0.50		$	0.35		$	(0.28	)	$	0.20

Shares used in computing basic earnings per common share (note 9)		10,679,309			10,577,731			10,643,798			10,585,785			10,754,758			10,617,807

Diluted earnings per common share (note 9)	$	0.13		$	0.07		$	0.49		$	0.35		$	(0.28	)	$	0.20

Shares used in computing diluted earnings per common share (note 9)		10,819,716			10,682,808			10,800,361			10,679,162			10,754,758			10,796,762

	*For the Three Months Ended September 30,*						*For the Nine Months Ended September 30,*						*For the Three Months Ended March 31,*
	*2021*			*2020*			*2021*			*2020*			*2022*			*2021*
Cash provided by:
Operating activities:
Net income for the period	$	1,375		$	716		$	5,331		$	3,707		$	(3,020	)	$	2,149
Items not involving cash:
Depreciation of property and equipment		4,758			3,110			12,728			9,255			6,043			3,759
Impairment of property and equipment		241			113			302			1,638			27			60
Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs		68			68			202			202			120			67
Amortization of intangible assets		2,288			2,645			7,253			8,776			2,843			2,619
Net amortization contract costs		(189	)		(15	)		(444	)		109			(227	)		(7	)
Impairment of definite life intangible assets		0			0			0			1,431
Other		0			0			0			223
Accretion of contingent consideration		96			86			287			258			98			96
Deferred income taxes (recovery)		(488	)		180			(1,368	)		(927	)		(686	)		(220	)
Excess tax benefits on share-based compensation expense		(323	)		(164	)		(868	)		(508	)		(52	)		(172	)
Net Right of use operating assets/Operating lease liability		(2,378	)		137			(2,149	)		249			59			55
Loss on disposal of domain names		0			0			1			15			2			1
Loss (gain) on change in the fair value of forward contracts		249			(175	)		606			(263	)		0			166
Disposal of Ting Mobile customer assets (note 17)		0			3,513			0			3,513
Stock-based compensation		1,126			1,016			3,357			2,664			1,391			1,022
Change in non-cash operating working capital:
Accounts receivable		(11	)		118			718			2,670			(1,812	)		(328	)
Contract assets		(2,783	)		0			(2,783	)		0			(2,505	)		0
Inventory		(275	)		(123	)		(1,236	)		1,681			(281	)		(442	)
Prepaid expenses and deposits		918			2,905			(1,874	)		(317	)		(2,235	)		2,266
Deferred costs of fulfillment		1,442			984			(2,130	)		(4,073	)		(1,949	)		(4,111	)
Income taxes recoverable		532			(2,475	)		(2,502	)		(1,681	)		482			(689	)
Accounts payable		271			509			2,289			759			2,267			1,451
Accrued liabilities		(1,828	)		(668	)		1,941			(334	)		1,111			793
Customer deposits		(673	)		69			(263	)		463			(623	)		125
Deferred revenue		(2,873	)		(1,070	)		(258	)		4,927			4,368			5,349
Accreditation fees payable		(51	)		(47	)		(45	)		7			(14	)		77
Net cash provided by operating activities		1,492			11,432			19,095			34,444			5,407			14,086

Financing activities:
Proceeds received on exercise of stock options		1,368			632			2,844			678			515			229
Payment of tax obligations resulting from net exercise of stock options		(89	)		(132	)		(387	)		(479	)		0			(218	)
Repurchase of common stock		0			0			0			(3,281	)
Contingent consideration for acquisition of Cedar Holdings Group														(2,000	)		0
Proceeds received on loan payable		10,000			0			28,000			0			16,500			0
Payment of loan payable costs		0			0			0			(32	)		(177	)		0
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities		11,279			500			30,457			(3,114	)		14,838			11

Investing activities:
Additions to property and equipment		(14,488	)		(10,636	)		(50,093	)		(32,729	)		(23,054	)		(13,944	)
Investment in securities		0			0			(2,012	)		0
Acquisition of Cedar Holdings Group, net of cash of $66 (note 4)		0			0			0			(8,770	)
Acquisition of intangible assets		(6	)		0			(223	)		(69	)		(95	)		(154	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(14,494	)		(10,636	)		(52,328	)		(41,568	)		(23,149	)		(14,098	)

Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		(1,723	)		1,296			(2,776	)		(10,238	)		(2,904	)		(1	)

Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period		7,258			8,859			8,311			20,393			9,105			8,311
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	5,535		$	10,155		$	5,535		$	10,155		$	6,201		$	8,310



Supplemental cash flow information:
Interest paid	$	1,144		$	635		$	3,083		$	2,638		$	1,683		$	949
Income taxes paid, net	$	212		$	3,249		$	6,008		$	5,449		$	896		$	2,381
Supplementary disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities:
Property and equipment acquired during the period not yet paid for	$	1,772		$	1,697		$	1,772		$	1,697		$	1,909		$	3,320
Fair value of shares issued for acquisition of Cedar Holdings Group	$	0		$	0		$	0		$	2,000
Fair value of contingent consideration for acquisition of Cedar Holdings Group	$	0		$	0		$	0		$	3,072

Tucows Inc. (referred to throughout this report as the “Company”, “Tucows”, “we”, “us” or through similar expressions) provides simple useful services that help people unlock the power of the Internet. The Company provides US consumers and small businesses with high-speed fixed Internet access in selected towns. The Company also offers ~~Mobile~~platform services which provide solutions to support Communication Service ~~Enabler~~Providers ("~~MSE"~~CSPs") ~~solutions~~including subscription and billing management, network orchestration and provisioning, individual developer tools, and other professional ~~services to retail mobile providers as well as its own retail mobile phone~~ services. The Company is also a global distributor of Internet services, including domain name registration, digital certificates, and email. It provides these services primarily through a global Internet-based distribution network of Internet Service Providers, web hosting companies and other providers of Internet services to end-users.

The accompanying unaudited interim consolidated balance sheets, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income and cash flows reflect all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, that are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position of Tucows and its subsidiaries as at ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022 and the results of operations and cash flows for the interim periods ended ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022 and ~~2020~~2021. The results of operations presented in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations that may be expected for future periods.

The accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared by Tucows in accordance with the rules and regulations of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in the Company's annual audited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes have been condensed or omitted. Other than the exception noted below, these interim consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes follow the same accounting policies and methods of application used in the annual financial statements and should be read in conjunction with the Company's audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, ~~2020~~2021 included in Tucows' ~~2020~~2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March ~~3, 2021~~1, 2022 (the “~~2020~~2021 Annual Report”). There have been no material changes to our significant accounting policies and estimates during the three ~~and~~ ~~nine~~months ended ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022 as compared to the significant accounting policies and estimates described in our ~~2020~~2021 Annual Report, except as described in Note 13 - Segment ~~Reporting and Note~~ 16 ~~- Fair Value Measurement.~~Reporting.

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting (“ASU 2020-04”), which provides optional guidance for a limited period of time to ease the potential burden of reference rate reform on financial reporting. The amendments in ASU 2020-04 apply to contract modifications that replace a reference rate affected by reference rate reform and contemporaneous modifications of other contract terms related to the replacement of the reference rate. The following optional expedients for applying the requirements of certain Topics or Industry Subtopics in the Codification are permitted for contracts that are modified because of reference rate reform and that meet certain scope guidance:

The amendments in ASU 2020-04 are effective for all entities as of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. The Company is currently charged interest and standby fees associated with its Second Amended 2019 Credit Facility (as defined below) based on LIBOR which are partially hedged by interest rate swaps, which are also based on LIBOR. Both the Second Amended 2019 Credit Facility and the interest rate swaps will need to be amended when an alternative reference rate is chosen, at which time we may adopt some of the practical expedients provided by ASU 2020-04.

On ~~January~~ October 1, ~~2020,~~ 2021,the Company ~~entered into~~acquired the domain registry related assets of UNR Corp., UNR Inc. and Uni Naming and Registry Ltd. (each a ~~Stock Purchase Agreement to purchase all of the issued~~seller and ~~outstanding shares of Cedar Holdings Group, Incorporated (“Cedar”~~collectively "UNR")~~, a fiber Internet provider business based in Durango, Colorado.~~. For more information, see Note 3 - Acquisitions of the ~~2020~~2021 Annual Report.

On November 8, 2021, the Company acquired 100% of Simply Bits, LLC via an Agreement and Plan of Merger with one of our wholly owned subsidiaries. For more information, see Note 3 - Acquisitions of the 2021 Annual Report.

The Company is exposed to certain risks relating to its ongoing business operations. The primary risks managed by using derivative instruments are foreign exchange rate risk and interest rate risk.

Since October 2012, the Company has employed a hedging program with a Canadian chartered bank to limit the potential foreign exchange fluctuations incurred on its future cash flows related to a portion of payroll, taxes, rent and payments to Canadian domain name registry suppliers that are denominated in Canadian dollars and are expected to be paid by its Canadian operating subsidiary. In May 2020, the Company entered into a pay-fixed, receive-variable interest rate swap with a Canadian chartered bank to limit the potential interest rate fluctuations incurred on its future cash flows related to variable interest payments on the Second Amended 2019 Credit Facility. The notional value of the interest rate swap was $70 million.

The Company does not use hedging forward contracts for trading or speculative purposes. The foreign exchange contracts typically mature between one and eighteen months, and the interest rate swap matures in June 2023.

The Company has designated certain of these foreign exchange transactions as cash flow hedges of forecasted transactions under ASU 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815) (“ASC Topic 815”). For certain contracts, as the critical terms of the hedging instrument, and of the entire hedged forecasted transaction, are the same, in accordance with ASC Topic 815, the Company has been able to conclude that changes in fair value and cash flows attributable to the risk of being hedged are expected to completely offset at inception and on an ongoing basis. The Company has also designated the interest rate swap as a cash flow hedge of expected future interest payments. Accordingly, for the foreign exchange and interest rate swap contracts, unrealized gains or losses on the effective portion of these contracts have been included within other comprehensive income and reclassified to earnings when the hedged transaction is recognized in earnings. Cash flows from hedging activities are classified under the same category as the cash flows from the hedged items in the consolidated statements of cash flows. The fair value of the contracts, as of ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022 and December 31, ~~2020~~2021, is recorded as derivative instrument assets or liabilities. For certain contracts where the hedged transactions are no longer probable to occur, the loss on the associated forward contract is recognized in earnings.

As of ~~September 30,~~ March 31, 2022, the notional amount of forward contracts that the Company held to sell U.S. dollars in exchange for Canadian dollars was $13.7 million, of which $13.7 million met the requirements of ASC Topic 815 and were designated as hedges.

As of December 31, 2021, the notional amount of forward contracts that the Company held to sell U.S. dollars in exchange for Canadian dollars was ~~$20.9~~$25.2 million, of which ~~$20.9~~$25.2 million met the requirements of ASC Topic 815 and were designated as hedges.

As of ~~December~~March 31, ~~2020~~~~, the notional amount of forward contracts that the Company held to sell U.S. dollars in exchange for Canadian dollars was $31.8 million, of which $26.8 million met the requirements of ASC Topic~~ ~~815~~ ~~and were designated as hedges.~~

~~As of~~ ~~September 30, 2021~~2022, we had the following outstanding forward contracts to trade U.S. dollars in exchange for Canadian dollars:

As of ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022 and December 31, ~~2020~~2021, the notional amount of the Company's interest rate swap designated as a cash flow hedge was $70 million.

Fair value of derivative instruments and effect of derivative instruments on financial performance

The effect of these derivative instruments on our consolidated financial statements were as follows (amounts presented do not include any income tax effects).

Movement in accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) balance for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022 (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars)

~~Movement in accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) balance for the~~ ~~nine~~ ~~months ended~~ ~~September 30, 2021~~~~(Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars)~~

~~Effects of derivative instruments on income and other comprehensive income (OCI) for the~~ ~~nine~~ ~~months ended~~ ~~September 30, 2021~~ ~~and~~ ~~2020~~ ~~are as follows (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars)~~

In addition to the above, for those foreign currency forward contracts not designated as hedges, the Company recorded the following fair value adjustments on settled and outstanding contracts (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars):

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed in our acquisitions.

The Company's Goodwill balance is ~~$116.3~~$130.4 million as of ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022 and ~~$116.3~~$130.4 million as of December 31, ~~2020~~2021. The Company's goodwill relates 7%83% ($~~8.6~~107.7 million) to its Domain Services operating segment, 17% ($22.7 million) to its Fiber Internet Services operating segment and nil to its ~~Mobile Services operating segment and 93% ($107.7 million) to its Domain~~Platform Services operating segment.

Goodwill is not amortized, but is subject to an annual impairment test, or more frequently if impairment indicators are present. NaN impairment was recognized during the three ~~and~~ ~~nine~~months ended ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022 and ~~2020~~2021.

Intangible assets consist of acquired brand, technology, customer relationships, surname domain names, direct navigation domain names and network rights. The Company considers its intangible assets consisting of surname domain names and direct navigation domain names as indefinite life intangible assets. The Company has the exclusive right to these domain names as long as the annual renewal fees are paid to the applicable registry. Renewals occur routinely and at a nominal cost. The indefinite life intangible assets are not amortized but are subject to impairment assessments performed throughout the year. As part of the normal renewal evaluation process during the periods ended ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022 and ~~September 30, 2020~~March 31, 2021, the Company assessed that all domain names that were originally acquired in the June 2006 acquisition of Mailbank.com Inc. that were up for renewal, should be renewed.

Intangible assets, comprising brand, technology, customer relationships and network rights are being amortized on a straight-line basis over periods of two to fifteen years.

Net book value of acquired intangible assets consist of the following (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars):

The following table shows the estimated amortization expense for each of the next 5 years, assuming no further additions to acquired intangible assets are made (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars):

On June 14, 2019, the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Tucows.com Co., Ting Fiber, Inc., Ting Inc., Tucows (Delaware) Inc. and Tucows (Emerald), LLC entered into an Amended and Restated Senior Secured Credit Agreement (the “Amended 2019 Credit Facility”) with Royal Bank ~~of Canada~~ (“RBC”), as administrative agent, and lenders party thereto (collectively with RBC, the “Lenders”) under which the Company ~~has~~had access to an aggregate of up to $240 million in funds, which ~~consists~~consisted of $180 million guaranteed credit facility and a $60 million accordion facility. On ~~November 27, 2019,~~ ~~the Company entered into Amending Agreement~~ ~~No.~~1 ~~to the Amended and Restated Senior Secured Credit Agreement (collectively with the Amended and Restated Senior Secured Credit Agreement, the “Amended~~ ~~2019~~ ~~Credit Facility”) to amend certain defined terms in connection with the Cedar acquisition.~~

The Amended 2019 Credit Facility replaced ~~a secured~~the Company’s 2017 Amended Credit ~~Agreement dated~~ ~~January 20, 2017~~ ~~with Bank of Montreal, RBC and Bank of Nova Scotia.~~Facility.

In connection with the Amended 2019 Credit Facility, the Company incurred $0.3 million of fees paid to the Lenders and $0.2 million of legal fees related to the debt issuance. Of these fees, $0.4 million are debt issuance costs, which have been reflected as a reduction to the carrying amount of the loan payable and will be amortized over the term of the credit facility agreement and $0.1 million were recorded in General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2019.

The obligations of the Company under the Amended 2019 Credit Agreement are secured by a first priority lien on substantially all of the personal property and assets of the Company and has a four-year term, maturing on June 13, 2023.

On October 26, 2021, the Company entered into a Second Amended and Restated Senior Secured Credit Agreement (the “Second Amended 2019 Credit Agreement”) with the Lenders and Toronto-Dominion Bank (collectively the “New Lenders”) to, among other things, increase the existing revolving credit facility from $180 million to $240 million. The Second Amended Credit Agreement provides the Company with access to an aggregate of $240 million in committed funds. The Second Amended Credit Agreement also provides for two additional interest rate tiers if the Company exceeds a 3.50x Total Funded Debt to Adjusted EBITDA Ratio.

In connection with the Second Amended 2019 Credit Facility, the Company incurred $0.3 million of fees related to the debt issuance, which have been reflected as a reduction to the carrying amount of the loan payable and will be amortized over the term of the credit facility agreement.

The Second Amended 2019 Credit Facility is revolving with interest only payments with no scheduled repayments during the term.

The Second Amended 2019 Credit Facility contains customary representations and warranties, affirmative and negative covenants, and events of default. The Second Amended 2019 Credit Facility requires that the Company to comply with the following financial ~~covenants: (i)~~covenants at all times, which are to be calculated on a rolling four quarter basis: (i) maximum Total Funded Debt to Adjusted EBITDA Ratio ~~(as defined in the Amended~~ ~~2019~~ ~~Credit Agreement)~~ of ~~3.50:1;~~4.50:1.00 until March 31, 2023 and 4.00:1.00 thereafter; and (ii) ~~with respect to each fiscal quarter, an~~minimum Interest Coverage Ratio ~~(as defined in the Amended~~ ~~2019~~ ~~Credit Agreement)~~ of ~~not~~ ~~less than~~ 3.00:1. Further, the Company’s maximum annual Capital Expenditures cannot exceed 110% of the forecasted capital expenditures of its annual business plan. In addition, share repurchases require the Lenders’ consent if the Company’s Total Funded Debt to Adjusted EBITDA ratio exceeds ~~2.00:1.~~1.00. During the three ~~and~~ ~~nine~~months ended ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022, and the three ~~and~~ ~~nine~~months ended ~~September 30, 2020~~March 31, 2021 the Company was in compliance with these covenants. The Second Amended 2019 Credit Facility agreement definition of Adjusted EBITDA which is used to calculate the Company's compliance with covenants was amended in March of 2022 to align to the definition of Adjusted EBITDA used in Note 13 – Segment Accounting

Borrowings under the Second Amended 2019 Credit Facility will accrue interest and standby fees based on the Company’s Total Funded Debt to Adjusted EBITDA ratio and the availment type as follows:

The following table summarizes the Company’s borrowings under the credit facilities (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars):

The following table summarizes our scheduled principal repayments as of ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022 (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars):

The Company's provision for income taxes for interim periods is determined by using an estimated annual effective tax rate, adjusted for discrete items arising during the quarter. At each quarter, the Company updates the estimated annual effective tax rate and makes a year-to-date adjustment to the provision. The estimated annual effective tax rate is subject to volatility due to several factors, including accurately forecasting the Company's net income before tax and taxable income or loss and the mix of tax jurisdictions to which they relate, intercompany transactions, and changes in statutes, regulations, and case law.

For the three months ended ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022, the Company recorded an income tax ~~recovery~~expense of$~~0.3~~1.1 million on net ~~income~~loss before income taxes of ~~$1.1~~$1.9 million, using an estimated effective tax rate for the fiscal year ending December 31, ~~2021~~2022 (“Fiscal ~~2021”~~~~). Our income~~ ~~tax recovery includes~~ ~~a $0.8 million tax recovery related to discrete adjustments resulting from foreign exchange and mark-to-market adjustments as well as the inclusion of a $0.2~~ ~~million tax recovery related to ASU~~ ~~No.~~~~2016~~-~~09—Compensation—Stock~~ ~~Compensation (Topic~~ ~~718~~~~): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting (“ASU~~ ~~2016~~-~~09”~~~~), which requires all excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies related to employee share-based payments to be recognized through income tax expense (recovery).~~

~~Comparatively, for the~~ ~~three~~ ~~months ended~~ ~~September 30, 2020,~~ ~~the Company recorded an income tax expense of $0.8 million on income before income taxes of $1.6 million, using an estimated effective tax rate for the fiscal year ending~~ ~~December 31, 2020 (~~~~“Fiscal~~ ~~2020”~~2022”) adjusted for certain minimum state ~~taxes as well as the inclusion of a $0.3 million tax expense related to ASU~~ ~~2016~~-~~09.~~taxes. Our effective tax rate for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020~~March 31, 2022 is also adversely impacted by ~~discrete adjustments resulting from finalization of prior period tax filings and~~ a change in the geographical mix of ~~income.~~

~~For the~~ ~~nine~~ ~~months ended~~ ~~September 30, 2021~~~~, the Company recorded an~~ income ~~taxexpense~~of~~$0.7 million~~and current tax on ~~income before income taxes of $6.0 million, using an estimated effective tax rate for Fiscal~~ ~~2021.~~ ~~Our income tax expense includes a~~ ~~$1.6~~ ~~million tax recovery related to discrete adjustments resulting from~~ foreign ~~exchange and mark-to-market adjustments as well as the inclusion of a $0.4 million tax recovery related to ASU~~ ~~2016~~-~~09.~~earnings.

Comparatively, for the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2020,~~March 31, 2021, wethe Company recorded an income tax expense of ~~$2.4~~$1.1 million on ~~net~~ income before income taxes of ~~$6.1~~$3.2 million, using an estimated effective tax rate for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2021 (“Fiscal ~~2020~~2021”) adjusted for certain minimum state taxes as well as the inclusion of a ~~$0.1~~$0.2 million tax expense related to ~~ASU~~ ~~2016~~-~~09.~~stock based compensation. Our effective tax rate for the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2020~~March 31, 2021 is also ~~also adversely~~ impacted by discrete adjustments resulting from finalization of prior period tax filings, foreign exchange and ~~a change in the geographical mix of income.~~

~~In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than~~ ~~not~~ ~~that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will~~ ~~not~~ be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the years in which those temporary differences become deductible. Management considers projected future taxable income, uncertainties related to the industry in which the Company operates, and tax planning strategies in making this assessment.

~~In connection with the eNom acquisition in~~ ~~2017,~~ we acquired deferred tax liabilities primarily composed of prepaid registry fees. As a result, we aligned our tax methodology pertaining to the deductibility of prepaid registry fees for our other subsidiaries. In the ~~first~~ ~~quarter of~~ ~~2019,~~ we determined that we were in technical violation with respect to the administrative application of the accounting method change relating to the deductibility of prepaid registry fees for these additional subsidiaries. In ~~February 2019,~~ ~~the Company filed an application for relief (~~~~"9100~~ ~~Relief") to correct the issue. In~~ ~~November 2019,~~ ~~the Company was granted~~ ~~9100~~ ~~Relief and was given~~ 30 ~~days to file the appropriate forms based on prescribed instructions. The Company filed the forms in~~ ~~December 2019~~ ~~and now awaits the final IRS response and acceptance of the change in accounting method. Management is of the view that it is more likely than~~ ~~not~~ ~~that the IRS will accept the~~ ~~9100~~ ~~Relief and filing of the prescribed forms. As such,~~ no ~~additional tax uncertainties or related interest or penalties have been recorded as at~~ ~~September 30, 2021~~.

~~The Company recognizes accrued interest and penalties related to income taxes in income tax expense. The Company did~~ ~~not~~ ~~have significant interest and penalties accrued at~~ ~~September 30, 2021~~ ~~and~~ ~~December 31,~~ ~~2020~~ ~~respectively.~~mark-to-market adjustments.

The following table reconciles the numerators and denominators of the basic and diluted earnings per common share computation (Dollar amounts in thousands of US dollars, except for share data):

For the three months ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2022 the Company recorded a net loss, thus all outstanding options were considered anti-dilutive and excluded from the computation of diluted income per common share. For the three months ended March 31, 2021~~, options to purchase~~ ~~92,470~~4,004 ~~common shares~~outstanding options were not included in the computation of diluted income per common share because the options’ exercise price was greater than the average market price of the common shares for the ~~period as compared to the~~ ~~three~~ ~~months ended~~ ~~September 30, 2020~~~~, where~~ ~~87,659~~ ~~outstanding options were~~ ~~not~~ ~~included in the computation.~~period.

~~For the~~ ~~nine~~ ~~months ended~~ ~~September 30, 2021~~~~, options to purchase~~ ~~44,150~~ ~~common shares were~~ ~~not~~ ~~included in the computation of diluted income per common share because the options’ exercise price was greater than the average market price of the common shares for the period as compared to the~~ ~~nine~~ ~~months ended~~ ~~September 30, 2020~~~~, where~~ ~~130,876~~ ~~outstanding options were~~ ~~not~~ ~~included in the computation.~~

The Company’s revenues are derived from (a) the provisioning of retail fiber Internet services in our Fiber Internet Services segment, (b) the ~~provisioning of wholesale mobile platform services,~~CSP solutions and professional ~~services and the provisioning of retail mobile~~ services in our ~~Mobile~~Platform Services segment; and from (c) domain name registration contracts, other domain related value-added services, domain sale contracts, and other advertising revenue in our Domain Services segment. Certain revenues are disclosed under the Corporate category as they are considered none-core business activities including Mobile Retail Services, Transition Services Agreement ("TSA") revenue and eliminations of intercompany revenue. Amounts received in advance of meeting the revenue recognition criteria described below are recorded as deferred revenue. All products are generally sold without the right of return or refund.

Revenue is measured based on consideration specified in a contract with a customer and excludes any sales incentives and amounts collected on behalf of third parties. The Company recognizes revenue when it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring control over a product or service to a customer.

The following is a description of principal activities – separated by reportable segments – from which the Company generates its revenue. For more detailed information about reportable segments, see Note 13 – Segment Reporting.

The Company generates Fiber Internet Services revenues primarily through the provisioning of fixed high-speed Internet access, Ting ~~Internet, as well as billing solutions to Internet Service Providers (“ISPs”).~~Internet.

Fiber Internet services (Ting Internet) contracts provide customers Internet access at their home or business through the installation and use of our fiber optic network. Ting Internet contracts are generally prepaid and grant customers with unlimited bandwidth based on a fixed price per month basis. Because consideration is collected before the service period, revenue is initially deferred and recognized as the Company performs its obligation to provide Internet access. Though the Company does not consider the installation of fixed Internet access to be a distinct performance obligation, the fees related to installation are immaterial and therefore revenue is recognized as billed.

Ting Internet access services are primarily contracted through the Ting website, for one month at a time and contain no commitment to renew the contract following each customer’s monthly billing cycle. The Company’s billing cycle for all Ting Internet customers is computed based on the customer’s activation date. In addition, revenues associated with the sale of Internet hardware to subscribers are recognized when title and risk of loss is transferred to the subscriber and shipment has occurred. Incentive marketing credits given to customers are recorded as a reduction of revenue.

In those cases, where payment is not received at the time of sale, revenue is not recognized at contract inception unless the collection of the related accounts receivable is reasonably assured. The Company records costs that reflect expected refunds, rebates and credit card charge-backs as a reduction of revenues at the time of the sale based on historical experiences and current expectations.

The Company generates ~~Mobile~~Platform Services revenues ~~through the~~by providing billing and provisioning ~~of mobile~~platform services to ~~wholesale and retail customers. Mobile services consist of mobile platform services provided to wholesale customers~~Communication Service Providers ("CSPs") to whom we also provide other professional services. ~~Mobile services also consist of retail services provided to Ting Mobile customers.~~

~~Mobile platform services~~Platform service agreements contain both ~~MSE~~platform services and professional services. ~~MSE~~Platform services offer a variety of solutions that support CSPs, including subscription and billing management, network orchestration and provisioning, and individual developer tools. Consideration under platform service arrangements includes both a variable component that changes each month depending on the number of subscribers hosted on the platform, as well as fixed payments and credits. Variable consideration sometimes includes minimum contractual payments, which are considered substantive minimum commitments. The Company uses the variable allocation exception to allocate variable consideration received to the services which the variable consideration relates to. Platform services represent a single promise to provide continuous access (i.e. a stand-ready performance obligation) to the ~~platform and software solutions.~~platform. As each month of providing access to the platform is substantially the same and the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits as access is provided, the performance obligation is comprised of a series of distinct service periods. ~~Consideration for these~~Professional services provided under platform service arrangements ~~includes both a fixed component and a variable component that varies each month depending on the number of subscribers hosted on the platform. These professional services~~ can include implementation, training, consulting or software development/modification services. Revenues ~~from arrangements~~related to ~~provide~~ professional services are ~~generally~~ distinct from the other promises in the contract(s) and are recognized as the related services are performed. Consideration ~~payable under~~is allocated between the ~~professional service arrangements is included with the variable consideration from the mobile~~ platform services ~~which would represent variable consideration estimated using the most likely amount based on the range of hours expected to be incurred in providing the services. Where consideration for~~and professional services ~~is included in the consideration for mobile platform services, the Company estimates~~performance obligations by estimating the standalone selling price (“SSP”) ~~for~~of each performance obligation. The Company estimates the SSP of professional services based on observable standalone ~~sales, and applies~~sales. The SSP of platform services is derived using the residual approach ~~to estimate~~by estimating the total contract consideration and subtracting the SSP ~~for mobile platform~~of professional services. ~~The total variable~~Total contract consideration is estimated at contract inception, ~~(considering~~considering any constraints that may apply and updating the estimates as new information becomes ~~available) and the transaction price is allocated to the performance obligations based on the relative SSP basis and recognized over the period to which it relates.~~available.

Other professional services consist of professional service arrangements ~~that are billed separately on a time-and-materials basis as well as revenues from the Transitional Services Agreement (“TSA”)~~ with ~~DISH Wireless L.L.C. ("DISH"). For professional~~platform services billed separately on a time-and-materials basis, revenues are recognized based on the actual hours of services provided. Under the TSA, the Company will provide certain other services such as customer service, marketing and fulfillment services. DISH has the option to terminate services provided under the TSA throughout the term of the agreement,customers which ~~is for~~ ~~five~~ ~~years effective~~ ~~August 1, 2020.~~ ~~Consideration payable under this arrangement is based on cost plus margin, and revenues are recognized as the services are provided to DISH each month under the ‘as-invoiced’ practical expedient.~~

~~Retail mobile services (Ting Mobile) wireless usage contracts grant customers access to standard talk, text and data mobile services. Some Ting Mobile contracts~~ are billed based on ~~the actual amount~~separate Statement of ~~monthly~~Work (“SOW”) arrangements for bespoke feature development. Revenues for professional services utilized by each customer during their billing cycle. Voice minutes, text messages and megabytes of data are each billed separately based on a tiered pricing program. Some contracts are billed a flat rate for unlimited talk and text plus a fixed amount of data. All customers are billed on a postpaid basis. The Company recognizes revenue for Ting Mobile usage based on the actual amount of monthly services utilized by each customer.

~~Ting Mobile services are primarily~~ contracted through ~~the Ting website, for~~ ~~one~~ ~~month~~separate SOWs are recognized at a ~~time and contain~~ no ~~commitment to renew~~point-in-time when the contract following each customer’s monthly billing cycle. The Company’s billing cycle for all Ting Mobile and Ting Internet customers is computed based on the customer’s activation date. In order to recognize revenue as the Company satisfies its obligations, we compute the amount of revenues earned but ~~not~~ billed from the end of each billing cycle to the end of each reporting period. In addition, revenues associated with the sale of wireless devices and accessories and Internet hardware to subscribers are recognized when title and risk of loss is transferred to the subscriber and shipment has occurred. Incentive marketing credits given to customers are recorded as a reduction of revenue.

~~In those cases, where payment is~~ ~~not~~ ~~received at the time of sale, revenue is~~ ~~not~~ recognized at contract inception unless the collection of the related accounts receivable is reasonably assured. The Company records costs that reflect expected refunds, rebates and credit card charge-backs as a reduction of revenues at the time of the sale based on historical experiences and current expectations.final acceptance criteria have been met.

Domain registration contracts, which can be purchased for terms of one to ten years, provide our resellers and retail registrant customers with the exclusive right to a personalized internet address from which to build an online presence. The Company enters into domain registration contracts in connection with each new, renewed and transferred-in domain registration. At the inception of the contract, the Company charges and collects the registration fee for the entire registration period. Though fees are collected upfront, revenue from domain registrations are recognized rateably over the registration period as domain registration contracts contain a ‘right to access’ license of IP, which is a distinct performance obligation measured over time. The registration period begins once the Company has confirmed that the requested domain name has been appropriately recorded in the registry under contractual performance standards.

Domain related value-added services like digital certifications, WHOIS privacy, website hosting and hosted email provide our resellers and retail registrant customers with tools and additional functionality to be used in conjunction with domain registrations. All domain related value-added services are considered distinct performance obligations which transfer the promised service to the customer over the contracted term. Fees charged to customers for domain related value-added services are collected at the inception of the contract, and revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the contracted term, consistent with the satisfaction of the performance obligations.

The Company is an ICANN accredited registrar. Thus, the Company is the primary obligor with our reseller and retail registrant customers and is responsible for the fulfillment of our registrar services to those parties. As a result, the Company reports revenue in the amount of the fees we receive directly from our reseller and retail registrant customers. Our reseller customers maintain the primary obligor relationship with their retail customers, establish pricing and retain credit risk to those customers. Accordingly, the Company does not recognize any revenue related to transactions between our reseller customers and their ultimate retail customers.

The Company also sells the rights to the Company’s portfolio domains or names acquired through the Company’s domain expiry stream. Revenue generated from sale of domain name contracts, containing a distinct performance obligation to transfer the domain name rights under the Company’s control, is generally recognized once the rights have been transferred and payment has been received in full.

Advertising revenue is derived through domain parking monetization, whereby the Company contracts with third-party Internet advertising publishers to direct web traffic from the Company’s domain expiry stream domains and Internet portfolio domains to advertising websites. Compensation from Internet advertising publishers is calculated variably on a cost-per-action basis based on the number of advertising links that have been visited in a given month. Given that the variable consideration is calculated and paid on a monthly basis, no estimation of variable consideration is required.

The following is a summary of the Company’s revenue earned from each significant revenue stream (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars):

During the three ~~and~~ ~~nine~~months ended ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022 and the three ~~and~~ ~~nine~~months ended ~~September 30, 2020~~March 31, 2021 no customer accounted for more than 10% of total revenue.

At ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022, one customer represented 4846% of accounts receivables.

The following is a summary of the Company’s cost of revenue from each significant revenue stream (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars):

The following tables provide information about contract assets and contract liabilities (deferred revenue) from contracts with customers. The Company accounts for contract assets and liabilities on a contract-by-contract basis, with each contract presented as either a net contract asset or a net contract liability accordingly.

Some of the Company’s long-term contracts with customers are billed in advance of service, such as domain contracts and some professional service contracts. Consideration received from customers related to performance obligations which have not yet been satisfied are contract liabilities and recorded as deferred revenues.

Deferred revenue primarily relates to the portion of the transaction price received in advance related to the unexpired term of domain name registrations and other domain related value-added services, on both a wholesale and retail basis, net of external commissions.

Significant changes in deferred revenue for the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022 were as follows (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars):

The Company receives consideration for long-term mobile platform service contracts, which we collect variably each month depending on the number of subscribers hosted on the platform (subject to certain minimums) as well as through certain fixed platform fees and credits. Contract assets are recorded for services delivered under long-term mobile platform services contracts, to the extent that the services delivered exceed the services which have been billed to the customer at the reporting date. Contract assets are transferred to receivables when the rights to consideration become unconditional. All contract assets transfer to receivables within three months of when they are recognized.

For retail mobile and internet access services, where the performance obligation is part of contracts that have an original expected duration of one year or less (typically one month), the Company has elected to apply a practical expedient to not disclose revenues expected to be recognized in the future related performance obligations that are unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied).

Although domain registration contracts are deferred over the lives of the individual contracts, which can range from one to ten years, approximately 80 percent of our deferred revenue balance related to domain contracts is expected to be recognized within the next twelve months.

Deferred revenue related to Exact hosting contracts is also deferred over the lives of the individual contracts, which are expected to be fully recognized within the next twelve months.

Professional service revenue related to ~~mobile~~ platform services may be deferred over the period not exceeding the term of the contract.

Deferred costs to fulfill contracts primarily consist of domain registration costs which have been paid to a domain registry, and are capitalized as deferred costs of fulfillment. These costs are deferred and amortized over the life of the domain which generally ranges from one to ten years. The Company also defers certain technology design and data migration costs it incurs to fulfil its performance obligations contained in our ~~MSE~~platform services arrangements. For the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022, the Company deferred ~~$130.5~~$45.1 million and amortized ~~$128.4~~$43.2 million of contract costs. There was no impairment loss recognized in relation to the costs capitalized during the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022. Amortization expense of deferred costs is included in cost of revenue.

The breakdown of the movement in the ~~prepaid domain name registry and ancillary services fees~~deferred costs of fulfillment balance for the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022 is as follows (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars).

We lease datacenters, corporate offices and fiber-optic cables under operating leases. The Company does not have any leases classified as finance leases.

Our leases have remaining lease terms of 1 year to 20 years, some of which may include options to extend the leases for up to 5 years, and some of which may include options to terminate the leases within 1 year.

The components of lease expense were as follows (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars):

Lease Cost is presented in general and administrative expenses and network expenses within our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.

Information related to leases was as follows (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars):

Maturity of lease liability as of ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022 (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars):

Operating lease payments include payments under the non-cancellable term, without any additional amounts related to options to extend lease terms that are reasonably certain of being exercised.

As of ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022, we have not entered into lease agreements that have not yet commenced.

The Company has elected to use the single exchange rate approach when accounting for lease modifications. Under the single exchange rate approach, the entire right of use asset is revalued at the date of modification in the Company’s functional currency provided the re-measurement is not considered a separate contract or if the re-measurement is related to change the lease term or assessment of a lessee option to purchase the underlying asset being exercised.

We are organized and managed based on three operating segments which are differentiated primarily by their services, the markets they serve and the regulatory environments in which they operate. No operating segments have been aggregated to determine our reportable segments.

During the first quarter of ~~2021,~~2022, the Company completed a reorganization of its reporting structure into three operating and reportable segments: Fiber Internet Services, Platform Services and Domain Services. Previously, the Company disclosed the three operating and reportable segments: Fiber Internet Services, Mobile Services and Domain Services. ~~Previously, we~~The retail portion of the previously disclosed ~~two~~ ~~operating~~Mobile Services, including the earn-out of the sale of legacy subscribers are now included within Corporate and ~~reportable segments: Network Access~~ISP platform revenues and related results previously included within the Fiber Internet Services ~~and Domain~~are now included within Platform Services.

The change to our reportable operating segments was the result of a shift in our business and management structures that was ~~initiated in~~ ~~2020~~ ~~and~~ completed during the first quarter of ~~2021.~~2022. The operations supporting what was previously known as our ~~Network Access~~Mobile Services segment have become increasingly operationally distinct between our mobile ~~services (which includes both~~ retail ~~mobile MNVO based~~ services and ~~wholesale MSE services) and~~ our ~~fiber Internet services which were also included in our Network Access Services segment.~~platform services. As a result, commencing in the first quarter of ~~2021,~~2022, our Chief Executive Officer ("CEO"), who is also our chief operating decision maker, reviews the operating results of ~~Mobile Services and~~ Fiber Internet Services, Platform Services and Domains Services as ~~two~~three distinct segments in order to make key operating decisions as well as evaluate segment performance. Certain ~~corporate costs~~revenues and expenses disclosed under the Corporate category are excluded from segment EBITDA results as they are centrally managed and not monitored by or reported to our CEO by segment, including Mobile Retail Services, eliminations of intercompany transactions, portions of Finance and Human Resources that are centrally managed, Legal and Corporate ~~IT, depreciation and amortization expense or impairments, interest expense, stock-based compensation and other income and expense items~~ ~~not~~ ~~monitored as part of our segment operations. Our comparative period financial results have also been reclassified to reflect the reorganized segment structure.~~IT.

Our reportable operating segments and their principal activities consist of the following:

1. Fiber Internet Services - This segment derives revenue from the retail high speed Internet access to individuals and small businesses primarily through the Ting ~~website, and other revenues including billing solutions to small ISPs.~~website. Revenues are generated in the United States.

2. ~~Mobile~~Platform Services – This segment derives revenue from ~~MSE~~ platform ~~services~~ and other professional services related to ~~wholesale customers. This segment also derives revenue from the retail sale of mobile phones, retail telephony services to individuals~~communication service providers, including Mobile Network Operators and ~~small businesses~~Internet Service Providers, and are primarily ~~through the Ting website. Revenues are~~ generated in the United States.

3. Domain Services – This segment includes wholesale and retail domain name registration services, value added services and portfolio services. The Company primarily earns revenues from the registration fees charged to resellers in connection with new, renewed and transferred domain name registrations; the sale of retail Internet domain name registration and email services to individuals and small businesses. Domain Services revenues are attributed to the country in which the contract originates, primarily Canada and the United States.

Our segmented results include shared services allocations, including a profit margin, from Corporate for Finance, Human Resources and other technical services, to the operating units. In addition, Platform Services charges Fiber Internet Services a subscriber based monthly charge services rendered. Financial impacts from these allocations and cross segment charges are eliminated as part of the Corporate results.

The CEO, as the chief operating decision maker, regularly reviews the operations and performance by segment. The CEO reviews segment revenue, gross margin and adjusted EBITDA (as defined below) as (i) key measures of performance for each segment and (ii) to make decisions about the allocation of resources.

~~During~~Sales and marketing expenses, technical operations and development expenses, general and administrative expenses, depreciation of property and equipment, amortization of intangibles assets, impairment of indefinite life intangible assets, gain on currency forward contracts and other expense net are organized along functional lines and are not included in the ~~first~~ ~~quarter of~~ ~~2021,~~ ~~the Company changed its key measures~~measurement of segment ~~performance to~~profitability. Total assets and total liabilities are centrally managed and are not reviewed at the segment ~~gross margin~~level by the CEO. The Company follows the same accounting policies for the segments as those described in “Note 2 – Significant Accounting Policies”, and ~~adjusted EBITDA. Previously, we disclosed~~“Note ~~one~~10 ~~key measure of segment performance, gross profit.~~

~~The change to our key measures of segment performance was also a result of shift in our business and management structures that were completed in the~~ ~~first~~ ~~quarter of~~ ~~2021,~~ ~~which created more distinction between the operations supporting each reportable operating segment. As a result, commencing in the~~ ~~first~~ ~~quarter of~~ ~~2021,~~ ~~our CEO, who is also our chief operating decision maker now regularly reviews segment gross margin and segment adjusted EBITDA to evaluate segment performance and make key operating decisions.~~– Revenue”.

1. Segment gross margin - net revenues less Direct cost of revenues attributable to each segment.

2. Segment adjusted EBITDA - segment gross margin as well as the recurring gain on sale of Ting Customer Assets, less network expenses and certain operating expenses attributable to each segment, such as sales and marketing, technical operations and development, general and administration expenses but excludes gains and losses from unrealized foreign currency, stock-based compensation and transactions that are one-time in nature and not indicative of on-going performance, including acquisition and transition costs. Certain ~~corporate costs~~revenues and expenses disclosed under the Corporate category are excluded from segment ~~adjusted~~ EBITDA results as they are centrally managed and not monitored by or reported to our CEO by segment, including Mobile Retail Services, eliminations of intercompany transactions, portions of Finance and Human Resources that are centrally managed, Legal and Corporate ~~IT, depreciation and amortization expense or impairments, interest expense, stock-based compensation and other income and expense items~~ ~~not~~ ~~monitored as part of our segment operations.~~ IT.

Our comparative period financial results have also been reclassified to reflect the current key measures of segment performance.

The Company believes that both segment gross margin and adjusted EBITDA measures are important indicators of the operational strength and performance of its segments, by identifying those items that are not directly a reflection of each segment’s performance or indicative of ongoing operational and profitability trends. Segment gross margin and segment adjusted EBITDA both exclude depreciation of property and equipment, amortization of intangibles assets, impairment of indefinite life intangible assets that are included in the measurement of income before provision for income taxes pursuant to generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"). Accordingly, adjusted EBITDA should be considered in addition to, but not as a substitute for net income, cash flow provided by operating activities and other measures of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. Total assets and total liabilities are centrally managed and are not reviewed at the segment level by the CEO. The Company follows the same accounting policies for the segments as those described in “Note 2 – Significant Accounting Policies”, and “Note 10 – Revenue”.

Information by reportable segments (with the exception of disaggregated revenue, which is discussed in “Note 10 – Revenue”), which is regularly reported to the chief operating decision maker, and the reconciliations thereof to our income before taxes, are set out in the following tables (Dollar amounts in thousands of US dollars):

¹Acquisition and other costs ~~represents~~represent transaction-related expenses, transitional expenses, such as redundant post-acquisition expenses, primarily related to our ~~acquisition of Ascio~~acquisitions, including Simply Bits in ~~March 2019,~~ ~~Cedar in~~ ~~January 2020,~~ ~~and the disposition of certain Ting Mobile assets in~~ ~~August 2020.~~November 2021. Expenses include severance or transitional costs associated with department, operational or overall company restructuring efforts, including geographic alignments.

(b) The following is a summary of the Company’s property and equipment by geographic region (Dollar amounts in thousands of US dollars):

(c) The following is a summary of the Company’s amortizable intangible assets by geographic region (Dollar amounts in thousands of US dollars):

(d) ~~The following is a summary of the Company’s deferred tax asset, net of valuation allowance, by geographic region (Dollar amounts in thousands of US dollars):~~

~~(e)~~ Valuation and qualifying accounts (Dollar amounts in thousands of US dollars):

The following table summarizes stockholders' equity transactions for the three-month period ~~and~~ ~~nine~~~~-month period~~ ended (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars):

On February 10, 2022, the Company announced that its Board approved a stock buyback program to repurchase up to $40 million of its common stock in the open market. Purchases will be made exclusively through the facilities of the NASDAQ Capital Market. The stock buyback program commenced on February 11, 2022 and is expected to terminate on or before February 10, 2023. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company did not repurchase shares under this program.

On February 9, 2021, the Company announced that its Board approved a stock buyback program to repurchase up to $40 million of its common stock in the open market. Purchases will be made exclusively through the facilities of the NASDAQ Capital Market. The stock buyback program commenced on February 10, 2021 and ~~will terminate~~was terminated on ~~or before~~ February 9, 2022. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, and the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2021, the Company did not repurchase shares under this program.

On February 12, 2020, the Company announced that its Board had approved a stock buyback program to repurchase up to $40 million of its common stock in the open market. The $40 million buyback program commenced on February 13, 2020 and terminated on February 12, 2021. For the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2021,, the Company did not repurchase shares under this program. ~~For the~~ ~~three~~ ~~months ended~~ ~~September 30, 2020,~~ ~~the Company did~~ ~~not~~ ~~repurchased shares under this program. For the~~ ~~nine~~ ~~months ended~~ ~~September 30, 2020,~~ ~~the Company repurchased 101,816 shares under this program for total consideration of $5.0 million.~~

On ~~February 13,~~ ~~2019,~~ ~~the Company announced that its Board had approved a stock buyback program to repurchase up to $40 million of its common stock in the open market. The $40 million buyback program commenced on~~ ~~February 14, 2019~~ ~~and terminated on~~ ~~February 13, 2020.~~ ~~During the~~ ~~nine~~ ~~months ended~~ ~~September 30, 2020,~~ ~~the Company did~~ ~~not~~ ~~repurchase shares under this program.~~

The fair value of each option grant is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Because option-pricing models require the use of subjective assumptions, changes in these assumptions can materially affect the fair value of the options. The assumptions presented in the table below represent the weighted average of the applicable assumption used to value stock options at their grant date. The Company calculates expected volatility based on historical volatility of the Company's common shares. The expected term, which represents the period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding, is estimated based on historical exercise experience. The Company evaluated historical exercise behavior when determining the expected term assumptions. The risk-free rate assumed in valuing the options is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant for the expected term of the option. The Company determines the expected dividend yield percentage by dividing the expected annual dividend by the market price of Tucows Inc. common shares at the date of grant.

Details of stock option transactions for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022 and ~~September 30, 2020~~March 31, 2021 are as follows (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars, except per share amounts):

~~Details of stock option transactions for the~~ ~~nine~~ ~~months ended~~ ~~September 30, 2021~~ ~~and~~ ~~September 30, 2020~~ ~~are as follows (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars, except per share amounts):~~

As of ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022, the exercise prices, weighted average remaining contractual life of outstanding options and intrinsic values were as follows (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars, except per share amounts):

Total unrecognized compensation cost relating to unvested stock options at ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022, prior to the consideration of expected forfeitures, is approximately $~~10.3~~8.3 million and is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of ~~2.8~~2.7 years.

The Company recorded stock-based compensation of ~~$1.1~~$1.4 million for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022, and $1.0 million for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020~~March 31, 2021, respectively.

The Company ~~recorded stock-based compensation of $3.4 million for the~~has ~~nine~~not ~~months ended~~ ~~September 30, 2021~~~~, and $2.7 million~~ ~~nine~~ ~~months ended~~ ~~September 30, 2020~~~~, respectively.~~

~~The Company has~~ ~~not~~ capitalized any stock-based compensation expense as part of the cost of an asset.

For financial assets and liabilities recorded in our financial statements at fair value we utilize a valuation hierarchy for disclosure of the inputs to valuation used to measure fair value. This hierarchy prioritizes the inputs into three broad levels. Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 inputs are quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets or inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly through market corroboration, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs based on the Company’s own assumptions used to measure assets and liabilities at fair value. A financial asset or liability’s classification within the hierarchy is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

Equity investments without readily determinable fair value include ownership rights that do not provide the Company with control or significant influence. Such equity investments are recorded at cost, less any impairment, and adjusted for subsequent observable price changes as of the date that an observable transaction takes place. Subsequent adjustments are recorded in other income (expense), net.

The following table provides a summary of the fair values of the Company’s derivative instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis as at ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022 (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars):

The following table provides a summary of the fair values of the Company’s derivative instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis as at December 31, ~~2020~~2021 (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars):

On August 1, 2020, the Company entered into an Asset Purchase Agreement (the “DISH Purchase Agreement”), by and between the Company and DISH Wireless L.L.C.(“DISH”). Under the DISH Purchase Agreement and in accordance with the terms and conditions set forth therein, the Company sold to DISH its mobile customer accounts that are marketed and sold under the Ting brand (other than certain customer accounts associated with one network operator) (“Transferred Assets”) and derecognized intangible assets and capitalized contract costs associated with the Transferred Assets in the amount of $3.5 million. For a period of 10 years following the execution of the DISH Purchase Agreement, DISH will pay a monthly fee to the Company generally equal to an amount of net revenue received by DISH in connection with the transferred customer accounts minus certain fees and expenses, as further set forth in the DISH Purchase Agreement. The gain is presented net of the original cost base of the Transferred Assets. The Company earned ~~$5.6~~$4.8 million and ~~$15.8~~$5.4 million under the DISH Purchase Agreement during the three months ended March 31, 2022and the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2021, respectively. ~~The Company earned~~ ~~$4.6~~ ~~million under the DISH Purchase Agreement during the~~ ~~three~~ ~~and~~ ~~nine~~ ~~months ended~~ ~~September 30, 2020~~.

From time to time, the Company has legal claims and lawsuits in connection with its ordinary business operations. The Company vigorously defends such claims. While the final outcome with respect to any actions or claims outstanding or pending as of ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022 cannot be predicted with certainty, management does not believe that the resolution of these claims, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial position.

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains, in addition to historical information, forward-looking statements by us with regard to our expectations as to financial results and other aspects of our business that involve risks and uncertainties and may constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Words such as “may,” “should,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “plan,” “estimate,” “expect” and “intend,” and other similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements contained in this report include statements regarding, among other things: the competition we expect to encounter as our business develops and competes in a broader range of Internet services; the Company's foreign currency requirements, specifically for the Canadian dollar; ~~Mobile~~Platform Services, ~~Platform,~~ and fixed Internet access subscriber growth and retention rates; our belief regarding the underlying platform for our domain services, our expectation regarding the trend of sales of domain names and advertising; our expectations regarding portfolio revenue, our belief that, by increasing the number of services we offer, we will be able to generate higher revenues; our expectation regarding litigation; the potential impact of current and pending claims on our business; our valuations of certain deferred tax assets; our expectation to collect our outstanding receivables, net of our allowance for doubtful accounts; our expectation regarding fluctuations in certain expense and cost categories; our expectations regarding our unrecognized tax; our expectations regarding cash from operations to fund our business; the impact of cancellations of or amendments to market development fund programs under which we receive funds, our expectation regarding our ability to manage realized gains/losses from foreign currency contracts; the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, operations and financial performance; and general business conditions and economic uncertainty. These statements are based on management’s current expectations and are subject to a number of uncertainties and risks that could cause actual results to differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements. Many factors affect our ability to achieve our objectives and to successfully develop and commercialize our services including:

As previously disclosed the under the caption “Item 1A Risk Factors” in our ~~2020~~2021 Annual Report, data protection regulations may impose legal obligations on us that we cannot meet or that conflict with our ICANN contractual requirements.

This list of factors that may affect our future performance and financial and competitive position and the accuracy of forward-looking statements is illustrative, but it is by no means exhaustive. Accordingly, all forward-looking statements should be evaluated with the understanding of their inherent uncertainty. All forward-looking statements included in this document are based on information available to us as of the date of this document, and we assume no obligation to update these cautionary statements or any forward-looking statements, except as required by law. These statements are not guarantees of future performance.

We qualify all the forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q by the foregoing cautionary statements.

Our mission is to provide simple useful services that help people unlock the power of the Internet.

We accomplish this by reducing the complexity of our customers’ experience as they access the Internet (at home or on the go) and while using Internet services such as domain name registration, email and other Internet related services. During the first quarter of ~~2021,~~2022, the Company completed a reorganization of its reporting structure into three operating and reportable segments: Fiber Internet Services, ~~Mobile~~Platform Services and Domain Services. Previously, we disclosed ~~two~~the three operating and reportable segments: ~~Network Access~~Fiber Internet Services, Mobile Services and Domain Services. The change to our reportable operating segments was the result of a shift in our business and management structures that was initiated in ~~2020~~2021 and completed during the first quarter of ~~2021.~~2022. The operations supporting what was previously known as our ~~Network Access~~Mobile Services segment have become increasingly operationally distinct between our mobile ~~services (which includes both~~ retail ~~mobile MNVO based~~ services and ~~wholesale MSE services)~~our platform services. Through the reorganization of our reporting structure, the Mobile Services segment was changed to the Platform Services segment, which no longer includes the 10-year payment stream on transferred legacy subscribers earned as part of the DISH Purchase Agreement as well as the retail sale of mobile phones, retail telephony services and transition services, all of which are not considered a part of our ~~fiber~~core business operations with the shift from Mobile Virtual Network Operator (MVNO) to Platform Service provider. The Platform Services segment includes our platform and professional services offerings (now branded as Wavelo), as well as the billing solutions to Internet services ~~which were also included in our Network Access Services segment. We are now both organized and managed, and also report our financial results~~providers ("ISPs") (branded as ~~three segments:~~Platypus), that was previously reported under the Fiber Internet Services ~~Mobile~~segment. The Fiber Internet Services ~~and~~segment now only contains the operating results of our retail high speed Internet access operations, excluding the billing solutions moved to the new Platform Services segment. The product offerings included in the Domain ~~Services.~~Services segment remains unchanged. The three segments are differentiated primarily by their services, the markets they serve and the regulatory environments in which they operate.

Our management regularly reviews our operating results on a consolidated basis, principally to make decisions about how we utilize our resources and to measure our consolidated operating performance. To assist us in forecasting growth and to help us monitor the effectiveness of our operational strategies, our management regularly reviews revenues, operating results and performance for each of our service offerings in order to gain more depth and understanding of the key business metrics driving our business. Commencing in the first quarter of ~~2021,~~2022, our Chief Executive Officer (CEO), who is also our chief operating decision maker, reviewed the operating results of ~~Mobile Services and~~ Fiber Internet Services, Platform Services and Domains Services as ~~two~~three distinct segments in order to make key operating decisions as well as evaluate segment performance. Accordingly, effective January 1, ~~2021~~2022 we report Fiber Internet Services, ~~Mobile~~Platform Services and Domain Services revenue separately. ~~Additionally, we have adjusted~~The 10-year payment stream on transferred legacy subscribers as well as retail sale of mobile phones, retail telephony services and transition services will be excluded from segment ~~reporting to include adjusted~~ EBITDA results as ~~a key measure of segment performance in addition~~they are no longer centrally managed and not monitored by or reported to our ~~existing key measure of segment performance, gross profit.~~CEO by segment.

For the three months ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2022 and March 31, 2021, ~~and September 30, 2020,~~ we reported revenue of ~~$75.9~~$81.1 million and ~~$74.3~~$70.9 million, respectively.

~~For the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and September 30, 2020, we reported revenue of $221.9 million and $240.4 million, respectively.~~

Fiber Internet Services, primarily branded as Ting Internet, Cedar, and Simply Bits includes the provision of fixed high-speed Internet access services ~~and other revenues, including billing solutions~~ to ~~small ISPs.~~

~~The Company also derives revenue from the sale of fixed high-speed Internet access, Ting Internet, in~~ select towns throughout the United States, with further expansion underway to both new and existing ~~Ting towns.~~markets. Our primary sales channel ~~of Ting Internet~~ is through the Ting website. The primary focus of ~~Ting Internet~~this segment is to provide reliable Gigabit Internet services to consumer and business customers. Revenues ~~from Ting Internet~~ are all generated in the U.S. and are provided on a monthly ~~basis. Ting Internet services~~basis and have no fixed contract terms.

~~Mobile~~Platform Services, primarily branded as Wavelo and Platypus includes the provision of ~~Mobile Services Enabler ("MSE") platform~~full-service platforms and professional services providing a variety of solutions that support Communication Services providers ("CSPs"), including subscription and billing management, network orchestration and provisioning, and individual developer tools. Wavelo's focus is to provide accessible telecom software to CSPs globally, minimizing network and technical barriers and improving internet access worldwide. Wavelo's suite of flexible, cloud-based software simplifies the management of mobile and internet network access, enabling CSPs to better utilize their existing infrastructure, focus on customer experience and scale their businesses faster. Wavelo launches as ~~well as the sale of retail mobile phone and retail telephone services~~a proven asset for ~~a small subset of retail customers.~~

~~On August 1, 2020, the Company and its wholly owned Subsidiary Ting, Inc. entered into an Asset Purchase Agreement (the "DISH Purchase Agreement”)~~CSPs, with DISH ~~pursuant~~using Wavelo’s Mobile Network Operating System ("MONOS") software to ~~which~~drive additional value within its Digital Operator Platform since early 2021. More recently, Ting sold substantially all of its legacy retail mobile customer relationships, and mobile handset and SIM inventory to DISH and granted DISH the right to use and an option to purchase the Ting brand. The transferred assets under the DISH Purchase Agreement did not include the technology platforms and related intellectual property and infrastructure necessaryInternet has also integrated Wavelo’s Internet Service Operating System ("ISOS") software to enable ~~or support the mobile customers. The Company retained the assets used to provide MSE platform~~faster subscriber growth and ~~other professional services to DISH, as discussed below. Revenues from our retail mobile services, MSE platform and professional services~~footprint expansion. Wavelo revenues are all generated in the U.S. and ~~are provided on a monthly basis. Our MSE~~our customer agreements have set contract lengths with the underlying Mobile Virtual Network Operator ("MVNO"). As part of the DISH Purchase Agreement, as a form of consideration for the sale of the customer relationships, the Company receives a payout on the margin associated with the legacy customer base sold to DISH. This has been classified as Other Income and not considered revenueCSP. Similarly, Platypus revenues are largely generated in the ~~current period.~~U.S., with a small portion earned in Canada and other countries.

Domain Services includes wholesale and retail domain name registration services, as well as value added services derived through our OpenSRS, eNom, Ascio, EPAG and Hover brands. We earn revenues primarily from the registration fees charged to resellers in connection with new, renewed and transferred domain name registrations. In addition, we earn revenues from the sale of retail domain name registration and email services to individuals and small businesses. Domain Services revenues are attributed to the country in which the contract originates, which is primarily in Canada and the U.S for OpenSRS and eNom brands. Ascio domain services contracts and EPAG agreements primarily originate in Europe.

Our primary distribution channel is a global network of approximately ~~36,000~~35,000 resellers that operate in over 150 countries and who typically provide their customers, the end-users of Internet-based services, with solutions for establishing and maintaining an online presence. Our primary focus is serving the needs of this network of resellers by providing the broadest portfolio of generic top-level domain (“gTLD”) and the country code top-level domain options and related services, a white-label platform that facilitates the provisioning and management of domain names, a powerful Application Program Interface, easy-to-use interfaces, comprehensive management and reporting tools, and proactive and attentive customer service. Our services are integral to the solutions that our resellers deliver to their customers. We provide “second tier” support to our resellers by email, chat and phone in the event resellers experience issues or problems with our services. In addition, our Network Operating Center proactively monitors all services and network infrastructure to address deficiencies before customer services are impacted.

We believe that the underlying platforms for our services are among the most mature, reliable and functional reseller-oriented provisioning and management platforms in our industry, and we continue to refine, evolve and improve these services for both resellers and end-users. Our business model is characterized primarily by non-refundable, up-front payments, which lead to recurring revenue and positive operating cash flow.

Wholesale, primarily branded as OpenSRS, eNom, EPAG and Ascio, derives revenue from its domain service and from providing value-added services. The OpenSRS, eNom, EPAG and Ascio domain services manage ~~25.4~~25.0 million domain names under the Tucows, eNom, EPAG and Ascio ICANN registrar accreditations and for other registrars under their own accreditations, which has increased by 0.4 million domain names since September 30, 2020. The increase is driven by increased registrations experienced by our brands during COVID-19, as more businesses established an online presence, offset by the continued erosion of registrations related to non-core customers from our eNom brand.accreditations.

Value-Added Services include hosted email which provides email delivery and webmail access to millions of mailboxes, Internet security services, WHOIS privacy, publishing tools and other value-added services. All of these services are made available to end-users through a network of ~~36,000~~35,000 web hosts, ISPs, and other resellers around the world. In addition, we also derive revenue by monetizing domain names which are near the end of their lifecycle through advertising or auction sale.

Retail, primarily the Hover and eNom portfolio of websites, including eNom, and eNom Central, derive revenues from the sale of domain name registration, email services to individuals and small businesses. Retail also includes our Personal Names Service – based on over 36,000 surname domains – that allows roughly two-thirds of Americans to purchase a surname-based email address. The retail segment ~~now~~ includes the sale of the rights to its portfolio of surname domains used in connection with our Realnames email service ~~however the Company expects surname portfolio revenue to materially decline through Fiscal 2021 and thereafter.~~as well as ~~Retail also includes~~ our Exact Hosting Service, that provides Linux hosting services for websites of individuals and small businesses.

We regularly review a number of business metrics, including the following key metrics and non-GAAP measures, to assist us in evaluating our business, measure the performance of our business model, identify trends impacting our business, determine resource allocations, formulate financial projections and make strategic business decisions. The following tables set forth the key business metrics which we believe are the primary indicators of our performance for the periods presented:

Tucows reports all financial information in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). Along with this information, to assist financial statement users in an assessment of our historical performance, we typically disclose and discuss a non-GAAP financial measure, adjusted EBITDA, on investor conference calls and related events that exclude certain non-cash and other charges as we believe that the non-GAAP information enhances investors’ overall understanding of our financial performance. Please see discussion of adjusted EBITDA in the Results of Operations section below.

Our revenue is primarily realized in U.S. dollars and a major portion of our operating expenses are paid in Canadian dollars. Fluctuations in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the Canadian dollar may have a material effect on our business, financial condition and results from operations. In particular, we may be adversely affected by a significant weakening of the U.S. dollar against the Canadian dollar on a quarterly and an annual basis. Our policy with respect to foreign currency exposure is to manage our financial exposure to certain foreign exchange fluctuations with the objective of neutralizing some or all of the impact of foreign currency exchange movements by entering into foreign exchange forward contracts to mitigate the exchange risk on a portion of our Canadian dollar exposure. We may not always enter into such forward contracts and such contracts may not always be available and economical for us. Additionally, the forward rates established by the contracts may be less advantageous than the market rate upon settlement.

As an ISP, we have invested and expect to continue to invest in new fiber to the home (“FTTH”) deployments in select markets in the United States. The investments are a reflection of our ongoing efforts to build FTTH network via public-private partnerships in communities we identify as having strong, unmet demand for FTTH services. Given the significant upfront build and operational investments for these FTTH deployments, there is risk that future technological and regulatory changes as well as competitive responses from incumbent local providers, may result in us not fully recovering these investments.

The communications industry continues to compete on the basis of network reach and performance, types of services and devices offered, and price.

~~The prior year sale of substantially all of the Company’s mobile customer base~~Wavelo launches as a proven asset for CSPs, with DISH using Wavelo’s Mobile Network Operating System ("MONOS") software to drive additional value within its Digital Operator Platform since early 2021. More recently, Ting Internet has also integrated Wavelo’s ("ISOS") software to enable faster subscriber growth and ~~pivot from MVNO to MSE was a strategic shift for~~footprint expansion. With our Mobile Services segment. At this time, DISH is our sole customer and represents 100% of our MSE platform and professional services revenues until such time that we are able to scale our services to other customers interested in our enablement services. With all our MSEexternal platform and professional services revenues concentrated ~~with~~to one customer in DISH, we are exposed to significant risk if we are unable to maintain this customer relationship or establish new relationships for any our Platforms in the future. Additionally, our revenues as ~~an MSE~~a platform provider are directly tied to the subscriber volumes of DISH's MVNO or ~~MNO~~Mobile Network Operator ("MNO") networks, so our profitability is contingent on the ability of DISH to continue to add subscribers onto our ~~platform.~~

Additionally, as described above, the Company is entitled to a long-term payment stream that is a function of the margin generated by the transferred subscribers over the 10-year term of the DISH Purchase agreement. This consideration structure may not prove to be successful or profitable in the long-term to us if the existing subscriber base churns at an above average rate. Additionally, given DISH controls the revenues and costs incurred associated with the acquired subscribers, there could arise a situation where profitability for the subscriber base is diminished either by lower price points or cost inflation.

As part of the transactions contemplated by the DISH Purchase agreement in the prior year, the Company retained a small number of customer accounts associated with one MNO agreement that was not reassigned to DISH at time of sale. We continue to be subject to the minimum revenue commitments previously agreed to with this excluded MNO agreement. The Company is able to continue adding customers under the excluded MNO network working with DISH in order to meet the commitment. However, with no direct ability to change customer pricing or renegotiate contract costs or terms, the Company may be unable to meet the minimum commitments with this MNO partner and could incur significant and recurring penalties until such a time that the contract is complete. These penalties would negatively impact our operational performance and financial results if enforced by the MNO.platforms.

The increased competition in the market for Internet services in recent years, which we expect will continue to intensify in the short and long term, poses a material risk for us. As new registrars are introduced, existing competitors expand service offerings and competitors offer price discounts to gain market share, we face pricing pressure, which can adversely impact our revenues and profitability. To address these risks, we have focused on leveraging the scalability of our infrastructure and our ability to provide proactive and attentive customer service to aggressively compete to attract new customers and to maintain existing customers.

Substantially all of our Domain Services revenue is derived from domain name registrations and related value-added services from wholesale and retail customers using our provisioning and management platforms. The market for wholesale registrar services is both price sensitive and competitive and is evolving with the introduction of new gTLDs, particularly for large volume customers, such as large web hosting companies and owners of large portfolios of domain names. We have a relatively limited ability to increase the pricing of domain name registrations without negatively impacting our ability to maintain or grow our customer base. Growth in our Domain Services revenue is dependent upon our ability to continue to attract and retain customers by maintaining consistent domain name registration and value-added service renewal rates and to grow our customer relationships through refining, evolving and improving our provisioning platforms and customer service for both resellers and end-users. In addition, we also generate revenue through pay-per-click advertising and through the OpenSRS Domain Expiry Stream. The revenue associated with names sales and advertising has recently experienced flat to declining trends due to the uncertainty around the implementation of ICANN’s New gTLD Program, lower traffic and advertising yields in the marketplace, which we expect to continue.

From time-to-time certain of our vendors provide us with market development funds to expand or maintain the market position for their services. Any decision by these vendors to cancel or amend these programs for any reason may result in payments in future periods not being commensurate with what we have achieved during past periods.

As described above, the Company is entitled to a long-term payment stream that is a function of the margin generated by the transferred subscribers over the 10-year term of the DISH Purchase agreement. This consideration structure may not prove to be successful or profitable in the long-term to us if the existing subscriber base churns at an above average rate. Additionally, given DISH controls the revenues and costs incurred associated with the acquired subscribers, there could arise a situation where profitability for the subscriber base is diminished either by lower price points or cost inflation. As part of the transactions contemplated by the DISH Purchase agreement, the Company retained a small number of customer accounts associated with one MNO agreement that was not reassigned to DISH at time of sale. We continue to be subject to the minimum revenue commitments previously agreed to with this excluded MNO agreement. The Company is able to continue adding customers under the excluded MNO network in order to meet the commitment. However, with no direct ability to change customer pricing or renegotiate contract costs or terms, the Company may be unable to meet the minimum commitments with this MNO partner and could incur significant and recurring penalties until such a time that the contract is complete. These penalties would negatively impact our operational performance and financial results if enforced by the MNO. During the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company has accrued for $0.3 million of penalties in connection with failing to meet the minimum commitments with the MNO partner, and expects to continue to incur penalties through Fiscal 2022 and thereafter until the contract is complete.

As of March 31, 2022, the Company had $207.9million outstanding on its $240 million credit facility; the Second Amended 2019 Credit Facility (defined below) which matures in June 2023. The agreement governing our credit facility requires that the Company comply with certain financial covenants during the term of the agreement. Any breach in our financial covenants would result in a default, which in turn could result in the acceleration of our obligations under the credit facility. As at March 31, 2022 the Company was in compliance with all of its financial covenants under its credit facility. The Company is committed to compliance with all restrictions and actively monitors them, with compliance governing our approach to cash flow spending and forecasting. In response to the above, and in order to continue the Company’s planned expansion of the Ting Internet footprint, the Company has been actively exploring additional financing alternatives. The Company may be required to obtain additional financing, which may include either debt or equity financing, a partnership or collaboration arrangement with a third party or an amendment, replacement or refinancing its credit facility. We may not be able to secure additional financing on favorable terms, or at all, at the time when we need that funding, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company's prospects and results of operations in the future.

The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and judgements that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. There have been no material changes to the critical accounting ~~policies and~~ estimates as previously disclosed in Part II, Item 7 of our ~~2020~~2021 Annual Report. For further information on our critical accounting policies and estimates, see Note 3 – Recent Accounting Pronouncements to the consolidated financial statements of the Company in Part I, Item 1 in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

~~Tucows~~The ongoing global COVID-19 pandemic continues to characterize Fiscal 2022 thus far, however the financial and operational impacts from COVID-19 on our business have been limited. Over the last two years, we've monitored the situation and its impacts on our business but have ultimately seen trends stabilize, with continued recovery in U.S. markets due to large-scale vaccination programs. Management continues to assess the impact regularly but expects limited financial and operational impact through the upcoming fiscal year, should the COVID-19 pandemic persist. While the spread of COVID-19 may eventually be contained or mitigated, there is no guarantee that a ~~global business and has long encouraged a culture~~future outbreak will not occur as evidenced by numerous variants of ~~remote work even prior to this global pandemic.~~the virus emerging. Since the onset of this pandemic ~~all��~~in 2020, all employees who could conceivably work from home were and continue to be encouraged to do so. Tucows continues to actively and strongly encourage its workforce to heed travel, vaccination, and all other emergency advisories, including social distancing and where appropriate, self-isolation. Given our experience with remote work prior to COVID-19,Since then we have ~~not~~transitioned to defining ourselves as a remote-first organization, and ~~do not expect to have productivity issues while the overwhelming majority of our office-based workforce is dispersed. For~~for the small group of employees who are ~~required~~unable to ~~travel for work or who are unable~~ work from home, ~~during this time,~~ including our order fulfillment and Fiber installation teams, many of whom work in the field, ~~or fulfillment centers,~~ they are ~~required~~encouraged to ~~be vaccinated,~~ practice social distancing and to continue to follow hygiene best practices and safety protocols as outlined by the Centers for Disease Control and ~~Prevention.~~Prevention in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic. In ~~the prior year,~~2020, the Ting ~~Fiber~~ Internet team established an installation solution for our employees and customers that minimizes risks associated with person-to-person contact and they continue to effectively deploy this installation solution currently. We have also implemented a vaccination policy requiring those employees who work from a Company office, meet in person with customers or travel by plan or train for business purposes to be fully vaccinated.

We recognize the important role we play within the Internet space and are committed to continue providing quality service during the COVID-19 outbreak. Across our three segments, Domain Name Services and our Mobile Services segments do not rely on in-person interaction or the supply chain in the same way physical products and services do. We continue to provide uninterrupted services for all Domains and Mobile related services. Our Fiber Internet business does not have bandwidth caps or other such limitations. Likewise, our networks are built with the capacity to accommodate future needs. To help our customers remain connected at home during this time, we upgraded all our lower-tier fiber customers to symmetrical gigabit access at no charge. Any additional traffic from our customers working from home has not had and is not expected to have any negative impact on connectivity. As discussed above, our modified safe-install solution was implemented in early May 2020. Even with a Fiber Internet install solution that minimizes contact risks and vaccinated service personnel, customers may be unwilling to have service personnel visit their homes or offices.

Tucows believes the Internet is essential infrastructure and an immensely powerful tool, especially in times of crises where coordination is essential. From an early point in the current global crisis, it was clear to us that we were going to need to do something new and different in how we responded to COVID-19 related domain registrations. We developed a strategy of compliance activities that encompassed three major components: (i) identification, (ii) assessment for harm, and (iii) stakeholder engagement. In order to provide Internet access and assistance to residents of cities and towns that are part of the Ting Fiber network, we have set up free, fiber-fed, drive-up Wi-Fi hotspots. These hotspots enable those with no home Internet access, or insufficient access, to access critical services like online learning and telehealth services, work remotely, check in on and access vital health, government and other services and generally access information. These hotspots will remain in operation as long as they are needed and as long as it is safe and prudent to do so. We have not experienced any productivity issues, material resource constraints nor do we foresee requiring any material expenditures to continue to implement our business continuity plans described above.

Further to the below discussion within this Quarterly Report around the financial condition and results of operations for the current period financial results, the current impact from COVID-19 has been limited so far in 2021. Over the past year, we've monitored the situation and its impacts on our businesses but have ultimately seen trends stabilize, with continued recovery in U.S. markets due to large-scale vaccination programs. Management continues to assess the impact regularly but expects limited impact through the remainder of 2021, should the COVID-19 pandemic persist. On a segment basis, our current assessment is as follows:

As discussed above, the Ting Internet team established a smart-install solution at the start of the pandemic. This smart-install solution is faster and more efficient than our existing process, all while protecting the health and safety of our employees and customers alike. Although new customer installations initially slowed at the start of the pandemic, we are now seeing returned growth in both subscribers under management as well as serviceable addresses relative to the prior quarter.

The Company now only retains a small subset of customers to which it continues to provide retail mobile services. COVID-19 has impacted the demand for our Mobile Services as customer usage patterns have changed, which has had a corresponding negative impact on our revenues over the past year. However, we do not expect the impact to significantly worsen over the coming months or year, as Likewise, we have seen usage normalize during the current period due to seasonally warmer weather and continued vaccine roll-out across the U.S. Our new MSE platform and professional services businesses are completely online and do not rely on physical storefronts to attract or service customers’ needs. We are prepared to continue providing uninterrupted Mobile related enablement services to our MVNO customers. We have not and do not expect a negative COVID-19 impact on our new MSE platform and professional services revenue,experienced nor do we ~~expect any impact to substantially worsen over the coming months.~~

Domain Services are foundational to the functioning of the Internet. Services like individual and wholesale domain names, email and hosting do not rely on in-person interaction or the supply chain in the same way physical products and services do. We have not experienced any negative COVID-19 related impacts, either financially or operationally for Domains related services, across our OpenSRS, eNom, Ascio, EPAG & Hover brands. As more businesses faced the reality of prolonged physical shutdown and moved to establish an online presence, we have seen growth in this segment over the course of the pandemic, where total domains under management increased by 1.5 million since March 31, 2020. This growth rate in domains under management was driven by the pandemic, and may not be sustained in the future as domain registrations plateau and renewal rates slow. Our results of operations for the current period financial results are in line with management’s expectation for the period given product, customer mix and current brand trajectories. We will continue to monitor the impact but do not foresee any ~~negative financial or operational~~future impacts ~~associated with this segment.~~

~~For a complete assessment of our liquidity and covenant positions please reference the relevant discussions within this Quarterly Report. We have experienced no significant change~~ to our liquidity position, or credit risk, internal controls or impacts to our accounting policies as a result of the ~~financial and operational impacts related to~~ COVID-19 ~~as discussed above. Our cost or access to funding sources has not changed and is not reasonably likely to change in the near future as a result of the~~ pandemic. Our sources and uses of cash have not been materially impacted and there is no known material uncertainty about our ongoing ability meet covenants or repayment terms of our credit agreements at this time.

Tucows has long encouraged a culture of remote work even prior to COVID-19. Our financial reporting systems and our internal controls over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures are already adapted for a remote work environment. There have been no changes during the current period that, as a result of COVID-19, would affect our ability to maintain these systems and controls.

Currently, Tucows has not received any form of financial or resource related assistance from any government or local authority. There do exist programs in the regions in which we operate that are designed to support corporations like Tucows during this time, primarily in the form employee wage subsidization. Tucows will continue to review the applicability of these programs but does not expect to seek any assistance.

After monitoring the COVID-19 pandemic over the past year and assessing the impacts on our business as discussed above, Tucows does not anticipate a material impairment with respect to goodwill, intangible assets, long-lived assets, or right of use assets. We will continue to monitor the impacts closely as the situation continues to evolve and will approach the situation with cautious optimism about economic recovery resulting from widespread vaccination programs and will be mindful of any emerging risks as they arise. We do not foresee any changes in accounting judgements in relation to COVID-19 that will have a material impact on our financial statements.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS FOR THE three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022 AS COMPARED TO THE three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2020~~March 31, 2021

Fiber Internet Services, ~~derive revenues from providing~~primarily branded as Ting Internet, ~~to individuals~~Cedar, and ~~small businesses in select cities. In addition, we provide billing, provisioning and customer care software solutions to ISPs through our Platypus billing software. Ting~~Simply Bits includes the provision of fixed high-speed Internet access ~~contracts provide customers Internet access at their home or business~~services to select towns throughout the United States, with further expansion underway to both new and existing markets. Our primary sales channel is through the ~~installation~~Ting website. The primary focus of this segment is to provide reliable Gigabit Internet services to consumer and ~~use of our fiber optic network. Ting Internet contracts~~business customers. Revenues are ~~generally prepaid~~all generated in the U.S., have no fixed contract terms and ~~grant customers~~are provided on a monthly basis, with unlimited bandwidth based on a fixed ~~price per month basis.~~price.

~~Ting Internet services are primarily contracted through the Ting website, for one month at a time and contain no commitment to renew the contract following each customer’s monthly billing cycle.~~ The Company’s billing cycle for all Ting Internet ~~access~~ customers is computed based on the customer’s activation date. Since consideration is collected before the service period, revenue is initially deferred and recognized as the Company performs its obligation to provide Internet access within each reporting period. In addition, revenues associated with the sale of Internet hardware to subscribers are recognized when title and risk of loss is transferred to the subscriber and shipment has occurred. Incentive marketing credits given to customers are recorded as a reduction of revenue.

In those cases, where payment is not received at the time of sale, revenue is not recognized until contract inception unless the collection of the related accounts receivable is reasonably assured. The Company records costs that reflect expected refunds, rebates and credit card charge-backs as a reduction of revenues at the time of the sale based on historical experiences and current expectations.

Ting Mobile services are primarily contracted through the Ting website, for one month at a time and contain no commitment to renew the contract following each customer's monthly billing cycle. The Company's billing cycle for all Ting Mobile customers is computed based on the customer's activation date. In order to recognize revenue as the Company satisfies its obligations, we compute the amount of revenues earned but not billed from the end of each billing cycle to the end of each reporting period. In addition, revenues associated with the sale of wireless devices and accessories are recognized when title and risk of loss is transferred to the customer and shipment has occurred. Incentive marketing credits given to customers are recorded as a reduction of revenue.

As a form of consideration for the sale of the customer relationships, the Company receives a payout on the margin associated with the legacy customer base sold to DISH, over a period of 10 years. This has been classified as Other Income and not considered revenue in the current period.

Tucows' ~~MSE platform provides network access, provisioning~~Platform Services include the following full-service platforms from Wavelo, including ISOS and ~~billing services for MVNOs~~the MONOS as well as our legacy Platypus Billing software. Under each of these platforms there are a ~~fixed number~~variety of ~~professional service hours. Our MVNO~~solutions that support CSPs, including subscription and billing management, network orchestration and provisioning, and individual developer tools. Wavelo launches as a proven asset for CSPs, with DISH using Wavelo’s MONOS software to drive additional value within its Digital Operator Platform since early 2021. More recently, Ting Internet has also integrated Wavelo’s ISOS software to enable faster subscriber growth and footprint expansion. Wavelo's customers are billed monthly, on a postpaid basis. The monthly fees are variable, based on the volume of their subscribers utilizing the platform during a given month, to which minimums may apply. Customers may also be billed fixed platform fees and granted fixed credits as part of the consideration for long-term contracts. Consideration received ~~for MSE platform services~~ is allocated to ~~MSE~~platform services and professional services and recognized as each service obligation is fulfilled. ~~Fixed~~Any fixed fees for ~~Mobile~~ Platform Services are recognized into revenue evenly over the service period, while variable usage fees are recognized each month as they are consumed. Professional services revenue is recognized as the hours of professional services granted to the customer are used or expire. When consideration for ~~Mobile Platform Services~~these platform services is received before the service is delivered, the revenue is initially deferred and recognized only as the Company performs its obligation to provide services. Likewise, if ~~Mobile Platform Services~~platform services are delivered before the Company has the unconditional right to invoice the customer, revenue is recognized as a Contract Asset.

This revenue stream includes any other professional services ~~including transitional services,~~ earned in connection with Tucows' new ~~MSE business.~~Wavelo business from the provision of standalone technology services development work. These are billed to our customers monthly at set and established rates for services provided in period. The Company recognizes revenue over this new revenue stream as the Company satisfies its obligations to provide professional services.

Domain registration contracts, which can be purchased for terms of one to ten years, provide our resellers and retail registrant customers with the exclusive right to a personalized internet address from which to build an online presence. The Company enters into domain registration contracts in connection with each new, renewed and transferred-in domain registration. At the inception of the contract, the Company charges and collects the registration fee for the entire registration period. Though fees are collected upfront, revenue from domain registrations are recognized rateably over the registration period as domain registration contracts contain a ‘right to access’ license of IP, which is a distinct performance obligation measured over time. The registration period begins once the Company has confirmed that the requested domain name has been appropriately recorded in the registry under contractual performance standards.

Historically, our wholesale domain service has constituted the largest portion of our business and encompasses all of our services as an accredited registrar related to the registration, renewal, transfer and management of domain names. In addition, this service fuels other revenue categories as it often is the initial service for which a reseller will engage us, enabling us to follow on with other services and allowing us to add to our portfolio by purchasing names registered through us upon their expiration. Domain services will continue to be the largest portion of our business and will further fuel our ability to sell add-on services.

The Company is an ICANN accredited registrar. Thus, the Company is the primary obligor with our reseller and retail registrant customers and is responsible for the fulfillment of our registrar services to those parties. As a result, the Company reports revenue in the amount of the fees we receive directly from our reseller and retail registrant customers. Our reseller customers maintain the primary obligor relationship with their retail customers, establish pricing and retain credit risk to those customers. Accordingly, the Company does not recognize any revenue related to transactions between our reseller customers and their ultimate retail customers.

We derive revenue from domain related value-added services like digital certifications, WHOIS privacy and hosted email and by providing our resellers and retail registrant customers with tools and additional functionality to be used in conjunction with domain registrations. All domain related value-added services are considered distinct performance obligations which transfer the promised service to the customer over the contracted term. Fees charged to customers for domain related value-added services are collected at the inception of the contract, and revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the contracted term, consistent with the satisfaction of the performance obligations.

We also derive revenue from other value-added services, which primarily consists of proceeds from the OpenSRS, eNom and Ascio domain expiry streams.

We derive revenues mainly from Hover and eNom’s retail properties through the sale of retail domain name registration and email services to individuals and small businesses. ~~The Company also provides Linux hosting services for websites through its Exact Hosting brand.~~ The retail segment ~~now~~also includes the sale of the rights to its portfolio of surname domains used in connection with our Realnames email service ~~however~~and Linux hosting services for websites through our Exact Hosting brand.

Although we still provide mobile telephony services to a small subset of customers retained through the Ting Mobile brand as part of the DISH Purchase Agreement executed in Fiscal 2020; this revenue stream no longer represents the Company's strategic focus going forward. Instead we have transitioned towards being a Platform Services provider for CSPs globally. Where these retail mobile services revenues were previously disclosed as part of a Mobile Services segment in the prior year, effective January 1, 2022 we have decided to exclude retail telephony services and transition services revenues from segment EBITDA results as they are no longer centrally managed and not monitored by or reported to our CEO by segment.

Ting Mobile wireless usage contracts grant customers access to standard talk, text and data mobile services. Ting Mobile contracts are billed based on the customer's selected rate plan, which can either be usage based or an unlimited plan. All rate plan options are charged to customers on a postpaid, monthly basis at the end of their billing cycle. All future revenues associated with Retail Mobile Services stream will only be for this subset of customers retained by the Company, as mentioned above. Ting Mobile services are primarily contracted through the Ting website, for one month at a time and contain no commitment to renew the contract following each customer's monthly billing cycle. The Company's billing cycle for all Ting Mobile customers is computed based on the customer's activation date. In order to recognize revenue as the Company satisfies its obligations, we compute the amount of revenues earned but not billed from the end of each billing cycle to the end of each reporting period. In addition, revenues associated with the sale of wireless devices and accessories are recognized when title and risk of loss is transferred to the customer and shipment has occurred. Incentive marketing credits given to customers are recorded as a reduction of revenue.

These Mobile Services revenue streams also includes transitional services provided to DISH. These are billed monthly at set and established rates for services provided in period and include the provision of sales, marketing, customer support, order fulfillment, and data analytics related to the legacy customer base sold to DISH. The Company recognizes revenue as the Company satisfies its obligations to provide professional services. The Company expects ~~surname portfolio~~transitional services revenues to continue to decrease through the remainder of Fiscal 2022 and thereafter as services are established directly by DISH.

The following table presents our net revenues, by revenue source (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars):

The following table presents our revenues, by revenue source, as a percentage of total revenues (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars):

Total net revenues for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022 increased by ~~$1.6~~$10.2 million, or 2%14%, to ~~$75.9~~$81.1 million from ~~$74.3~~$70.9 million when compared to the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020.~~March 31, 2021. The three-month increase in revenue was driven by Platform Services, as a result of increased MONOS platform revenues (both fixed and variable) fees earned from the migration of additional subscribers onto our new platform. Platform Services accounted for a $6.2 million increase to total revenues in the current period. This increase was furthered by Fiber Internet Services which had a ~~result~~revenue increase of $4.7 million in the current period from the attraction of additional customers to Ting Internet from the continued buildout of our Fiber network footprint across the United States. ~~This accounted for an~~Additionally, Domain Services had a smaller revenue increase of ~~$2.0~~$0.3 million, to total revenues in the current period. This increase was partially offset by reduced revenues attributable to both our Mobile Services and Domain Services segments of $0.4 million and $0.1 million, respectively. For Mobile Services, this segment was impacted by both the sale of the majority of the customer base of Ting Mobile to DISH Wireless and the shutdown of Roam Mobility brands in late Fiscal 2020. When compared to the three months ended September 30, 2020, the Mobile Services segment in the current period looks different as a result of ~~our shift~~increased expiry auction revenues and more broadly from ~~MVNO to MSE. As part of~~ the DISH Purchase Agreement, as a form of consideration for the sale of the customer relationships, the Company receives a payout on the margin associated with the legacy customer base sold to DISH over the 10-year term of the agreement. This has been classified as Other Income and not considered revenue in the current period. For Domain Services, this is reflective of thecontinued normalization of domain name registration growth ~~observed as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.~~

~~Total net revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 decreased by $18.5 million, or 8%, to $221.9 million~~and renewal rates from $240.4 million when compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2020. The nine-month decrease in revenue was primarily driven by $26.8 million of reduced revenues attributable to our Mobile Services segment that was impacted by both the sale of the majority of the customer base of Ting Mobile to DISH Wireless and the shutdown of Roam Mobility brands in late Fiscal 2020. When compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2020, the Mobile Services segment in the current period looks different as a result of our shift from MVNO to MSE. As part of the DISH Purchase Agreement, as a form of consideration for the sale of the customer relationships, the Company receives a payout on the margin associated with the legacy customer base sold to DISH over the 10-year term of the agreement. This has been classified as Other Income and not considered revenue in the current period. This decrease in overall revenues is partially offset by increases from both Fiber Internet Services and Domain Services of $4.5 million and $3.7 million, respectively. For Fiber Internet Services, this is a result of the attraction of additional customers to Ting Internet from the continued buildout of our Fiber network footprint across the United States. For Domain Services, this is reflective of the cumulative wholesale registration growththose observed as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic ~~creating~~in prior years. The increases each of our segments experienced were partially offset by reduced revenues attributable to the ~~need for an online presence.~~

Deferred revenue from domain name registrations and other Mobile and Internet services at September 30, 2021 decreased by $0.2 million to $152.0 million from $152.2 million at December 31, 2020. This decrease was primarily driven by Mobile Services ~~accounting for $0.9 million~~provided to a small subset of ~~the decrease due to the recognition of previously deferred, bundled professional services revenues. These professional services revenues were recognized~~customers retained as ~~the Company performed its obligation to provide these services to DISH during the first year~~part of the DISH Purchase Agreement.

Deferred revenue at March 31, 2022 increased by $4.4 million to $152.2 million from $147.8 million at December 31, 2021. This ~~decrease~~increase was primarily driven by Domain Services, accounting for $4.2 million of the increase which is due to the increase in current period billings for domain name registrations and service renewals. Smaller increases followed from ~~Mobile~~Platform Services ~~was partially offset by an increase of $0.4 million in deferred revenue from~~and Fiber Internet Services ~~driven by an~~at $0.1 million and $0.1 million, respectively. The deferred revenue associated with Platform Services is specifically related to increased Other Professional Services revenues for standalone technology services development work with DISH, which we defer until such time as that work is complete and we've satisfied our obligations to provide the professional services. The increase related to Fiber Internet Services is reflective of the continued growth in customer base and billings of that segment relative to December 31, ~~2020; as well as a small increase from Domain services registrations of $0.3 million.~~ 2021.

No customer accounted for more than 10% of total revenue during the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022 or the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2020.~~March 31, 2021. DISH accounted for ~~48%~~46% of total accounts receivable as at ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022 and ~~59%~~46% of total accounts receivable as at December 31, ~~2020.~~2021. Though a significant portion of the Company’s domain services revenues are prepaid by our customers, where the Company does collect receivables, significant management judgment is required at the time revenue is recorded to assess whether the collection of the resulting receivables is reasonably assured. On an ongoing basis, we assess the ability of our customers to make required payments. Based on this assessment, we expect the carrying amount of our outstanding receivables, net of allowance for doubtful accounts, to be fully collected.

Revenues from Ting Internet and billing solutions generated ~~$6.7~~$9.8 million in revenue during the three months ended ~~September 30, 2021,~~March 31, 2022, up ~~$2.0~~$4.7 million or ~~43%~~92% compared to the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020.~~March 31, 2021. This growth is driven by subscriber growth across our Fiber network relative to the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020,~~March 31, 2021, as well as the continued expansion of our Ting Internet footprint to new Ting towns throughout the United States.

~~Revenues from Ting Internet and billing solutions generated $17.9~~ Included in this current period increase is $2.3 million ~~in revenue during the nine months ended September 30, 2021, up $4.5 million or 34% compared~~of revenues attributed to the ~~nine months ended September 30, 2020. This growth is driven by subscriber growth across our Fiber network relative to~~prior period acquisition of Simply Bits, which closed in the ~~nine months ended September 30, 2020, as well as the continued expansion~~fourth quarter of ~~our Ting Internet footprint to new Ting towns throughout the United States.~~Fiscal 2021.

As of ~~September 30, 2021,~~March 31, 2022, Ting Internet had access to ~~75,000~~81,000 owned infrastructure serviceable addresses, 17,000 partner infrastructure serviceable addresses and ~~23,000~~28,000 active subscribers under its ~~management~~management; compared to having access to ~~50,000~~59,000 owned infrastructure serviceable addresses, 12,000 partner infrastructure serviceable addresses and ~~14,000~~17,000 active subscribers under its management as of ~~September 30, 2020.~~March 31, 2021. These figures include the increase in serviceable addresses and subscribers attributable to the acquisition of Cedar ~~Holdings Group, Incorporated ("Cedar")~~ in January ~~2020.~~2020, but exclude those of Simply Bits.

Net revenues from ~~Retail Mobile~~Platform Services ~~for~~for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2021 decreased~~March 31, 2022 increased by ~~$4.7~~$5.5 million ~~or 67%~~ to ~~$2.3~~$6.1 million as compared to the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020.~~March 31, 2021. This ~~decrease~~ is driven from increased MONOS platform revenues (both fixed and variable) fees earned from the migration of additional DISH subscribers, from their Boost Mobile brand onto our new platform. Our full-service platforms support CSPs with subscription and billing management, network orchestration and provisioning, and individual developer tools. Wavelo launched as a ~~result of the significant changes~~proven asset for CSPs, with DISH using Wavelo’s MONOS software to ~~our Mobile Services segment that occurred during Fiscal 2020 as we transitioned from MVNO~~drive additional value within its Digital Operator Platform since early 2021. More recently, Ting Internet has also integrated Wavelo’s ISOS software to ~~MSE. These changes include both the~~ shutdown of the Roam Mobility brands in the second quarter of 2020 followed by the sale of substantially all of the Ting Mobile customer base on August 1, 2020 to DISH. Ting Mobile accounts for substantially all of this decrease (of which $0.8 million is reduced device revenuesenable faster subscriber growth and ~~$3.7 million relates to service revenues), followed by Roam Mobility at less than $0.3 million of the total decrease.~~

Net revenues from Retail Mobile Services for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 decreased by $37.9 million or 85% to $6.9 million as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2020. This decrease is a result of the significant changes to our Mobile Services segment that occurred during Fiscal 2020 as we transitioned from MVNO to MSE. These changes include both the shutdown of the Roam Mobility brands in the second quarter of 2020 followed by the sale of substantially all of the Ting Mobile customer base on August 1, 2020 to DISH. Ting Mobile accounts for substantially all of this decrease (of which $4.4 million is reduced device revenues and $32.1 million relates to service revenues), followed by Roam Mobility at $1.3 million of the total decrease.

~~The~~footprint expansion. Any intercompany ISOS revenues earned from ~~Retail Mobile Services for~~ three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 is only reflective of the mobile telephony services and device revenues associated with the small group of customers retained by the Company from the sale of the historically larger Ting ~~Mobile customer base to DISH. As mentioned above, the payout the Company receives from the aforementioned sale has been classified as Other Income and not considered revenue in the current period.~~

~~Net revenues from Mobile Platform Services for the three months ended September 30, 2021 increased by $3.2 million to $3.6 million as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2020. Similarly, net revenues from Mobile Platform Services for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 increased by $6.0 million to $6.4 million as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2020. These increases~~Internet are ~~both a result of the~~ ~~new MSE business created as a result of the DISH Purchase Agreement in the prior year. Only two months of comparable revenues existed for the three and nine months ended~~ ~~September 30, 2020~~. During the current period, the net revenues recognized include both platform fee billings as well as revenues recognized from the previous deferral of bundled professional fees offered in connection with Mobile Platform Services. The Company has satisfied its obligations to provide any bundled professional services revenues recognized in the current period. ~~Tucows' MSE platform provides network access, provisioning and billing services for MVNOs, of which DISH is currently our sole customer.~~eliminated upon consolidation.

Net revenues from Other Professional Services for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022 increased ~~by $1.1 million or 80%~~ to ~~$2.6 million as compared to~~$0.8 million. This increase was the ~~three months ended September 30, 2020. Similarly, net revenues from Other Professional Services for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 increased by $5.0 million or 349% to $6.5 million as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2020. These increases are both a~~ result of ~~the new~~ ~~MSE business created as a result~~completion of ~~the DISH Purchase Agreement in the prior year. Only two months of comparable revenues existed for the three and nine months ended~~ ~~September 30, 2020~~. ~~Tucows' professional services include both~~select standalone technology services development work ~~and other transitional services including sales, marketing, customer support, order fulfillment, and data analytics for MVNOs,~~in the current period, where three months ended March 31, 2021 did not have any revenues from comparable services.

During the three months ended ~~September 30, 2021,~~March 31, 2022, Wholesale domain services revenue decreased by $0.2 million to ~~$47.1~~$46.8 million, when compared to the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020.~~March 31, 2021. Decreases from Wholesale domain ~~registration of $0.3 million~~registrations were driven from ~~eNom, which continues to see a decline in registrations by non-core customers, offset by a slight increase in revenues from OpenSRS, EPAG, and Ascio brands~~the continued normalization of ~~$0.1 million driven by COVID-19~~domain name registration growth ~~relative to~~and renewal rates from those observed as a result of the ~~three months ended September 30, 2020.~~

During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, Wholesale domain services revenue increased by $2.6 million or 2% to $142.0 million, when compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2020. Increases from Wholesale domain registration of $4.6 million from OpenSRS, EPAG, and Ascio brands driven by cumulative COVID-19 ~~registration growth were offset by decreases of $2.0 million from the eNom brands, which continues to see a decline~~pandemic in ~~registrations by non-core customers relative to the nine months ended September 30, 2020.~~ prior years.

Total domains that were managed under the OpenSRS, eNom, EPAG, and Ascio domain services ~~increased~~decreased by ~~0.4~~0.8 million domain names to ~~25.4~~25.0 million as of ~~September 30, 2021,~~March 31, 2022, when compared to ~~25.0~~25.8 million at ~~September 30, 2020.~~March 31, 2021. The ~~increase is a driven by~~decrease in domains under management came largely from eNom and the ~~growth in registrations over this period as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, as discussed above.~~European brands, Ascio and EPAG.

During the three months ended ~~September 30, 2021,~~March 31, 2022, value-added services revenue increased by $0.5 million to ~~$4.9~~$5.6 million compared to the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020.~~March 31, 2021. The increase was primarily driven by increased expiry revenue of ~~$0.6~~$0.7 million ~~and to a lesser extent~~ from ~~email revenues of $0.1 million, from~~the OpenSRS, eNom, Ascio brands and their respective domain expiry ~~streams. These increases were~~streams, and was partially offset by other small decreases in Digital Certificates, Email and Other revenues of $0.2 ~~million.~~

During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, value-added services revenue increased by $2.0 million to $15.4 million compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2020. The increase was primarily driven by increased expiry revenue of $2.2 million and to a lesser extent from email revenues of $0.4 million, from both OpenSRS, eNom, Ascio brands and their respective domain expiry streams. These increases were partially offset by other small decreases in Digital Certificates, and Other revenues of $0.6 million.

During the three months ended ~~September 30, 2021,~~March 31, 2022, retail domain services revenue decreased by ~~$0.4~~$0.1 million or 4%1% to ~~$8.8~~$9.1 million compared to the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020.~~March 31, 2021. This was driven by decreased revenues related to retail domain name registrations of ~~$0.3~~$0.4 million and ~~decreased Realnames and surname~~partially offset by a one-time outsized domain name portfolio sales of $0.2 ~~million. These decreases were partially offset by~~million and a small increase in Exact Hosting revenues of less than $0.1 million. T

~~he Company expects all Realnames surname portfolio related sales to materially decline in Fiscal 2021~~Corporate - Mobile Services and ~~thereafter.~~Eliminations

~~During~~Net revenues from Retail Mobile Services for the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2021, retail domain services revenue~~March 31, 2022 decreased by ~~$0.8~~$1.0 million or 3%26% to ~~$26.8~~$2.9 million as compared to the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2020.~~March 31, 2021. This decrease was driven by decreased transitional services of $1.2 million, notably from a decreased level of customer support services provided to DISH in connection with the legacy Ting Mobile customer base. The Company expects transitional services revenues ~~related~~ to ~~Realnames email service~~continue to decrease through the remainder of Fiscal 2022 and ~~related surname portfolio sales~~thereafter as services are established directly by DISH. This decrease was partially offset by an increase in revenues of ~~$0.6~~$0.4 million associated with the mobile telephony services and device revenues associated with the small group of customers retained by the Company as ~~well~~part of the DISH Purchase Agreement. Revenues increased as a ~~small decrease~~result of the organic growth we experienced through Fiscal 2021, brought about by new unlimited usage rate plans introduced in ~~retail domain registrations~~late Fiscal 2020. Additionally, corporate eliminations increased as a result of ~~less than $0.2 million. The Company expects all Realnames surname portfolio related sales to materially decline~~the revenues associated with ISOS platform billing between Wavelo and Ting Internet, which began in Fiscal ~~2021 and thereafter.~~2022.

Cost of revenues primarily includes the costs for provisioning high speed Internet access, which is comprised of network access fees paid to third-parties to use their network, leased circuit costs to directly support enterprise customers, the personnel and related expenses (net of capitalization) related to the physical planning, design, construction and build out of the physical Fiber network and as well as personnel and related expenses (net of capitalization) related to the installation, repair, maintenance and overall field service delivery of the Fiber business. Hardware costs include the cost of equipment sold to end customers, including routers, ONTs, and IPTV products, and any inventory adjustments on this inventory. Other costs include field vehicle expenses, and small sundry equipment and supplies consumed in building the Fiber ~~network and fees paid to third-party service providers primarily for printing services in connection with billing services to ISPs.~~network.

Cost of revenues for Retail Mobile Services includes the costs of provisioning mobile services, which is primarily our customers' voice, messaging, data usage provided by our Network Operator, and the costs of providing mobile phone hardware, which is the cost of mobile phone devices and SIM cards sold to our customers, order fulfillment related expenses, and inventory write-downs.

Cost of revenues, if any, to provide the ~~MSE Platform~~MONOS, ISOS and Platypus Billing software services including network access, provisioning and billing services for ~~MVNOs.~~CSPs. This includes the amortization of any capitalized contract fulfillment costs over the period consistent with the pattern of transferring network access, provisioning and billing services to which the cost relates. Additionally, this includes any fees paid to third-party service providers primarily for printing services in connection with the Platypus Billing system.

Cost of revenues to provide ~~professional~~standalone technology services ~~including transitional services,~~development work to our ~~MVNO~~CSP customers to help support their businesses. This includes any personnel and contractor fees for any client service resources retained by the Company. Only a subset of the Company's employee base provides professional services to our ~~MVNO~~ customers. This cost reflects that group of resources.

Cost of revenues for domain registrations represents the amortization of registry and accreditation fees on a basis consistent with the recognition of revenues from our customers, namely rateably over the term of provision of the service. Registry fees, the primary component of cost of revenues, are paid in full when the domain is registered, and are initially recorded as prepaid domain registry fees. This accounting treatment reasonably approximates a recognition pattern that corresponds with the provision of the services during the period. Market development funds that do not represent a payment for distinct goods or services provided by the Company, and thus do not meet the criteria for revenue recognition under ASU 2014-09, are reflected as cost of goods sold and are recognized as earned.

Costs of revenues for value-added services include licensing and royalty costs related to the provisioning of certain components of related to hosted email and fees paid to third-party hosting services. Fees payable for trust certificates are amortized on a basis consistent with the provision of service, generally one year, while email hosting fees and monthly printing fees are included in cost of revenues in the month they are incurred.

Costs of revenues for our provision and management of Internet services through our retail sites, Hover.com and the eNom branded sites, include the amortization of registry fees on a basis consistent with the recognition of revenues from our customers, namely rateably over the term of provision of the service. Registry fees, the primary component of cost of revenues, are paid in full when the domain is registered, and are recorded as prepaid domain registry fees and are expensed rateably over the renewal term. Costs of revenues for our surname portfolio represent the amortization of registry fees for domains added to our portfolio over the renewal period, which is generally one year, the value attributed under intangible assets to any domain name sold and any impairment charges that may arise from our assessment of our domain name intangible assets.

Cost of revenues for Retail Mobile Services includes the costs of provisioning mobile services, which is primarily our customers' voice, messaging, data usage provided by our MNO partner, and the costs of providing mobile phone hardware, which is the cost of mobile phone devices and SIM cards sold to our customers, order fulfillment related expenses, and inventory write-downs. Included in the costs of provisioning mobile services is any penalties associated with the minimum commitments with our MNO partner.

Network expenses include personnel and related expenses related to the network operations, IT infrastructure and supply chain teams that support our various business segments. It also includes network depreciation and amortization, communication and productivity tool costs, and equipment maintenance costs. Communication and productivity tool costs includes collaboration, customer support, bandwidth, co-location and provisioning costs we incur to support the supply of all our services.

The following table presents our cost of revenues, as a percentage of total cost of revenues for the periods presented:

Total cost of revenues for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2021,~~March 31, 2022, increased by ~~$3.5~~$6.5 million, or 6%12%, to ~~$57.9~~$59.9 million from ~~$54.4~~$53.4 million in the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020.~~March 31, 2021. The three-month increase in cost of revenues was ~~primarily~~ driven by ~~$2.3~~a $3.2 million ~~of additional costs~~increase in Network Expenses. The increase from Network Expenses ~~which increased as~~is a result of the expansion of the Company’s increased network infrastructure ~~costs~~ associated with the continuing expansion of the Ting ~~Fiber~~Internet network footprint and an increase in communication and productivity tool costs across our ~~service lines. In addition to this~~operating segments. Another contributing factor was a $1.4 million increase ~~in Network Expenses, total cost of revenues increased by an additional $2.0 million attributable~~ ~~to our~~from the Fiber Internet Services segment. As discussed above in the Net Revenues section, our Fiber Internet Services segment has continued to add both serviceable addresses and active subscriptions relative to the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020. These increases were furthered by~~March 31, 2021. Additionally, we experienced a ~~small~~$1.0 million increase ~~of $0.3 million of additional costs attributable to our~~from Domain Services, ~~segment. This~~a $0.9 million increase isfrom Platform Services, partially offset by $0.1 million decrease related to Mobile Services and eliminations. The increase in Domain Services was a result of ~~recognition of registration costs~~prior period including significant registry rebates earned from ~~previously deferred billed costs related to the~~the strong performance and additions to domains under management as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in cost of revenues of $1.1 million from our Mobile Services Segment. As discussed previously, our Mobile Services segment was impacted by both the sale of the majority of the customer base of Ting Mobile to DISH Wireless and the shutdown of Roam Mobility brands in latepandemic during Fiscal 2020. ~~When compared to~~The increase in Platform Services costs were driven by the ~~three months ended September 30, 2020, the Mobile Services segment~~completion of select standalone technology services development work for DISH in the current ~~period looks different as a result of our shift from MVNO to MSE. Both these factors contribute to the three months ended September 30, 2021 having significantly lower costs.~~

Total cost of revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, decreased by $4.3 million, or 2%, to $168.1 million from $172.4 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2020. The nine-month decrease in cost of revenues was primarily driven by $13.5 million of reduced costs attributable to our Mobile Services segment. As discussed above in the Net Revenue section, our Mobile Services segment was impacted by both the sale of the majority of the customer base of Ting Mobile to DISH Wireless and the shutdown of Roam Mobility brands in late Fiscal 2020. When compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2020, the Mobile Services segment in the current period looks different as a result of our shift from MVNO to MSE. Both these factors contribute to the nine months ended September 30, 2021 having significantly lower costs. This decrease in overall cost of revenues is partially offset by increases from Fiber Internet Services costs, Network Expenses costs as well as increases in Domain Services costs of $4.3 million, $4.2 million, and $0.8 million respectively. This increase from Fiber Internet Services is related to the continued expansion of both serviceable addresses and active subscriptions, which is aligned with the discussion above in the Net Revenue section for the segment. The increase from Network Expenses is a result of the expansion of the Company’s increased network infrastructure ~~associated with the continuing expansion of the Ting Fiber footprint and an increase in communication and productivity tool costs across our service lines. D~~period. omain Services costs of revenues increased as a result of recognition of registration costs from previously deferred billed costs related to the strong performance and additions to domains under management as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Deferred costs of fulfillment as of ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022 increased by ~~$2.1~~$2.0 million, or 2%, to ~~$113.2~~$114.7 million from ~~$111.1~~$112.7 million at December 31, ~~2020.~~2021. This increase was primarily driven by ~~Mobile~~Domain Services, accounting for ~~$2.3~~$3.0 million of the increase which is due to the increase in current period deferred costs ~~incurred in connection with the fulfillment of our MSE agreement~~for domain name registrations and ~~other professional services with DISH.~~service renewals. This ~~increase~~ was partially offset by a decrease infrom Platform Services of $1.1 million. The deferred costs of fulfillment associated with Platform Services is specifically related to ~~domain name registration and service renewals~~the completion of ~~$0.2 million, decreasing as registration costs are recognized from previously deferred billed costs from registrations from~~Other Professional Services discussed above for standalone technology services development work with DISH. As these professional services were completed, the COVID-19 pandemic. Relative to COVID-19 pandemic levels, we have since seen slowing growth in additions and renewals to domains under management so far in Fiscal 2022, which has appropriately translated to less deferred costs to fulfill those services were amortized into costs of ~~fulfillment for our Domain Services segment.~~revenues.

During the three months ended ~~September 30, 2021,~~March 31, 2022, costs related to provisioning high speed Internet access and billing solutions increased ~~$2.0~~$1.4 million or ~~118%~~54%, to ~~$3.7~~$4.0 million as compared to ~~$1.7~~$2.6 million during three months ended ~~September 30, 2020.~~March 31, 2021. The increase in costs were primarily driven by increased direct costs, bandwidth and colocation costs related to the continued expansion of the Ting Fiber network. Although directionally aligned with the experienced growth in revenue over the same period, the outpaced increase in cost of revenues for Fiber Internet services is a result of the necessary upfront investment and expenditure needed to build out the network in advance of anticipated revenue growth in any particular location.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, costs related to provisioning high speed Internet access and billing solutions increased $4.2 million or 82%, to $9.3 million as compared to $5.1 million during nine months ended September 30, 2020. The increase in costs were primarily driven by increased direct costs and, bandwidth and colocation costs related to the continued expansion of the Ting Fiber network. Although directionally aligned with the experienced growth in revenue over the same period, the outpaced increase in cost of revenues for Fiber Internet services is a result of the necessary upfront investment and expenditure needed to build out the network in advance of anticipated revenue growth in any particular location.

Cost of revenues from Retail Mobile Services for the three months ended September 30, 2021 decreased by $1.7 million or 51%, to $1.7 million from $3.4 million in the three months ended September 30, 2020. Consistent with the above discussion around net revenues, this decrease is a result of the significant changes to our Mobile Services segment that occurred during Fiscal 2020 as we transitioned from MVNO to MSE. Ting Mobile accounts for $1.7 million of this decrease (of which $0.8 million is reduced device costs and $0.9 million relates to reduced service costs), followed by Roam Mobility at less than $0.1 million of the total decrease. T~~he cost of revenues incurred from Retail Mobile Services for~~ three months ended September 30, 2021 is only reflective of the mobile telephony services and device costs associated with the small group of customers retained by the Company from the sale of the historically larger Ting Mobile customer base to DISH.

Cost of revenues from Retail Mobile Services for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 decreased by $17.7 million or 81%, to $4.2 million from $22.0 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2020. Consistent with the above discussion around net revenues, this decrease is a result of the significant changes to our Mobile Services segment that occurred during Fiscal 2020 as we transitioned from MVNO to MSE. Ting Mobile accounts for $16.9 million of this decrease (of which $5.0 million is reduced device costs and $11.9 million relates to reduced service costs), followed by Roam Mobility at less than $0.8 million of the total decrease. T~~he cost of revenues incurred from Retail Mobile Services for~~ nine months ended September 30, 2021 is only reflective of the mobile telephony services and device costs associated with the small group of customers retained by the Company from the sale of the historically larger Ting Mobile customer base to DISH. The decline also included reduced minimum commitment charges which decreased by $0.3 million as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2020.

Cost of revenues from ~~Mobile~~ Platform Services for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022 increased to ~~$0.1~~$0.2 million as compared to ~~nil~~$0.1 million for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020.~~ ~~Cost of revenues from Mobile Platform Services for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 increased to $0.3 million as compared to nil for the nine months ended September 30, 2020. These increases are both a result of the~~ ~~new MSE business created as a result of the DISH Purchase Agreement in the prior year. Only two months of comparable cost of revenues existed for the three and nine months ended~~ ~~September 30, 2020~~. ~~Tucows' MSE platform provides network access, provisioning and billing services for MVNOs, of which DISH is currently our sole customer.~~March 31, 2021. Costs incurred ~~represent~~are driven by the amortization of previously capitalized costs incurred to fulfill the DISH ~~MSE agreement~~Master Services Agreement ("MSA") over the term of the agreement.

Cost of revenues from Other Professional Services for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2021 increased~~March 31, 2022 decreased to ~~$1.8~~$0.8 million as compared to the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020.~~ ~~Cost of revenues from Other Professional Services for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 increased to $5.2 million as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2020. These increases are both a result of the new~~ ~~MSE business created as a result of the DISH Purchase Agreement in the prior year. Only two months of comparable cost of revenues existed for the three and nine months ended~~ ~~September 30, 2020~~. Tucows' professional services include standalone technology services development and other transitional services including sales, marketing, customer support, order fulfillment, and data analytics for MVNOs, of which DISH is currently our sole customer.March 31, 2021. Costs incurred represent the personnel and related expenses of employees and contractors providing professional services to DISH.The increase in Platform Services costs relative to the prior period was a result of the completion of select standalone technology services development work for DISH in the current period. No comparable costs were incurred in the prior period.

Costs for Wholesale domain services for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022 increased by ~~$0.3~~$0.6 million to ~~$37.1~~$36.4 million, when compared to the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020. Consistent with the above discussion around net revenues, this~~March 31, 2021. The increase in ~~costs is aligned to~~Domain Services cost of revenues was a result of the prior period including significant registry rebates earned from the strong performance and additions to domains under management as a result of the COVID-19 ~~pandemic; as~~pandemic during Fiscal 2020. The current period saw continued normalization of domain name registration ~~costs are recognized~~and renewal rates from ~~previously deferred billed costs.~~

~~Costs for Wholesale domain services for~~ the ~~nine months ended September 30, 2021 increased by $1.0 million to $110.6 million, when compared to~~rates experienced at the ~~nine months ended September 30, 2020. Consistent with~~beginning of the ~~above discussion around net revenues, this increase in costs is aligned to the strong performance and additions to domains under management as~~pandemic. As a result, ofno comparable material rebates were earned from registries in the COVID-19 pandemic; as registration costs are recognized from previously deferred billed costs. The Company experienced increases in wholesale domain registration costs of $2.0 million from OpenSRS, EPAG and Ascio brands, offset by decreases of $1.0 million from the eNom brand which has seen a decline in registrations over thecurrent period.

Costs for wholesale value-added services for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2021 remained flat at~~March 31, 2022 increased by less than $0.1 million to $0.7 million, when compared to the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020.~~March 31, 2021. This was driven by ~~decreases~~increases in Digital Certificates and ~~Other revenues~~expiry stream costs of less than $0.1 million during the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020,~~March 31, 2021, offset by a small ~~increase~~decrease in ~~Expiry stream~~email services costs.

Costs for wholesale value-added services for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 decreased by $0.3 million to $1.9 million, when compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2020. This was driven by decreases in Digital Certificates, Email and Other services of $0.3 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2020.

Costs for retail domain services for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022 increased by ~~less than $0.1~~$0.4 million to ~~$4.5~~$4.8 million, when compared to the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020.~~March 31, 2021. This was driven by increased costs related to ~~Exact Hosting.~~retail domain name registrations.

Costs for retail domain services for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 increased by $0.2 million to $13.4 million, when compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2020. This was driven by increased costs related to Exact Hosting.

Cost of revenues from Retail Mobile Services for the three months ended March 31, 2022 decreased by $0.1 million or 4%, to $2.6 million from $2.7 million in the three months ended March 31, 2021. Consistent with the above discussion around net revenues, this was a driven by decreased transitional services costs of $1.1 million, notably from a decreased level of customer support services provided to DISH in connection with the legacy Ting Mobile customer base. The Company expects transitional services costs of revenues to continue to decrease through the remainder of Fiscal 2022 and thereafter as services are established directly by DISH. This decrease was partially offset by an increase in costs of revenues of $1.0 million associated with the mobile telephony services and device costs associated with the small group of customers retained by the Company as part of the DISH Purchase Agreement. Costs of revenues increased as a result of the organic growth of the customer base we experienced through Fiscal 2021, brought about by new unlimited usage rate plans introduced in late Fiscal 2020. Additionally, during the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company accrued for $0.3 million of penalties in connection with failing to meet the minimum commitments with the MNO partner, and expects to continue to incur penalties through Fiscal 2022 and thereafter until the contract is complete.

Network costs for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022 increased by ~~$2.3~~$3.3 million to ~~$8.3~~$10.5 million when compared to the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020.~~March 31, 2021. The three-month increase was driven by increased depreciation and amortization of ~~$1.6~~$2.3 million as a result of the Company's increased network infrastructure associated with the continuing expansion of the Ting Fiber footprint, followed by increased network costs of ~~$0.8~~$0.9 million from Fiber Internet Services and ~~Mobile~~Platform Services segments, as well as a small ~~increase~~decrease in impairment of property plant and equipment of less than $0.1 million. ~~These increases were partially offset by a decrease from amortization charges of $0.3 million driven by the full amortization of the Ascio Technology intangible asset acquired in 2019.~~

Network costs for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 increased by $4.2 million to $23.3 million when compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2020. The nine-month increase was driven by increased depreciation of $3.5 million as a result of the Company's increased network infrastructure associated with the continuing expansion of the Ting Fiber footprint, followed by increased network costs of $2.8 million from Fiber Internet Services and Mobile Services segments. These increases were partially offset by a decrease from impairment charges of $1.3 million, where the nine months ended September 30, 2020 included a significant charge for Ting TV, a product under development for Ting Fiber that was discontinued. This was followed by a decrease in amortization charges of $0.6 million driven by the full amortization of the Ascio Technology intangible asset acquired in 2019.

Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of personnel costs. These costs include commissions and related expenses of our sales, product management, public relations, call center, support and marketing personnel. Other sales and marketing expenses include customer acquisition costs, advertising and other promotional costs.

Sales and marketing expenses for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022 increased by ~~$1.6~~$3.7 million, or ~~19%~~44%, to ~~$9.9~~$12.0 million as compared to the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020.~~March 31, 2021. This three-month increase primarily related to increased marketing related costs to drive active subscription growth given the increase in serviceable addresses available to our Fiber Internet Services segment. In addition to the increased spending on marketing related costs, both personnel and facility costs for our Ting ~~Fiber~~Internet teams increased ~~driven by~~to support the expansion of our Ting Fiber internet footprint and workforce in select Ting towns across the ~~U.S.~~

~~Sales and marketing expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 increased by $1.1 million, or 4%, to $27.6 million as compared~~United States. Another contributor to the nine months ended September 30, 2020. This nine-month increase primarily related to increased salaries and benefits driven by an expanding workforce and wage inflation focused on our Fiber Internet teams, as well as an increase in ~~costs related~~the current period was the investment in hiring additional personnel for Wavelo's product, customer success and support teams to ~~stock-based compensation expenses~~support the launch of that business and it's go to attract and retain labor. In addition to personnel related expenses, facility costs increased driven by the expansion of our Ting Fiber internet footprint and workforce in select Ting towns across the U.S.market strategy.

Technical operations and development expenses consist primarily of personnel costs and related expenses required to support the development of new or enhanced service offerings and the maintenance and upgrading of existing infrastructure. This includes expenses incurred in the research, design and development of technology that we use to register domain names, ~~network access services,~~Platform Services, Fiber Internet Services, email, retail, domain portfolio and other Internet services, as well as to distribute our digital content services. All technical operations and development costs are expensed as incurred.

Technical operations and development expenses for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022 increased by $0.6 million, or ~~18%~~20%, to ~~$3.7~~$3.8 million when compared to the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020.~~March 31, 2021. The increase in costs relates primarily to increased spending on both personnel costs and external contractors to provide development resources to assist our internal shared services and engineering teams with development aspects of the ~~MSE platform.~~ MONOS and ISOS platforms.

Technical operations and development expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 increased by $1.1 million, or 12%, to $10.0 million when compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2020. The increase in costs relates primarily to increased spending on external contractors to provide development resources to assist our internal shared services and engineering teams with development aspects of the MSE platform. In addition to increased spending on external contractors, a slight increase in salaries and benefits driven by an expanding workforce and wage inflation focused on our shared services and engineering teams contributed to the overall increase in costs for the period along with stock-based compensation expenses to attract and retain labor.

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of compensation and related costs for managerial and administrative personnel, fees for professional services, public listing expenses, rent, foreign exchange and other general corporate expenses.

General and administrative expenses for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022 increased by ~~$0.2~~$2.3 million, or 4%47% to ~~$5.1~~$7.3 million as compared to the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020.~~March 31, 2021. The increase was primarily driven ~~increases~~by an increase in personnel ~~and related expenses~~costs driven by the growth of teams acquired as ~~well as~~part of the Simply Bits acquisition. Another driver of the increase was the higher stock-based compensation expenses in order to attract, retain and scale core administrative teams ~~including Human Resources and Finance~~ to meet projected Company growth. ~~These increases were partially offset by reduced Mobile Services credit card~~Smaller contributors to the increase include professional fees and ~~bad debt charges~~other miscellaneous expenses such as ~~a result of the DISH Purchase Agreement that closed in the prior year, as well as a decrease in facility related costs.~~

General and administrative expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 increased by $0.1 million, or 1% to $15.2 million, as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2020. The increase was primarily driven increases in personnel and related expenses as well as stock-based compensation expenses in order to attract, retain and scale core administrative teams including Human Resources and Finance to meet projected Company growth. These increases were partially offset by reduced Mobile Services credit card fees and bad debt charges as a result of the DISH Purchase Agreement that closed in the prior year, as well as a decrease in facility related costs.business taxes.

Depreciation costs remained flat for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022 at $0.1 million when compared to the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020.~~

~~Depreciation costs remained flat for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 at $0.4 million when compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2020.~~March 31, 2021.

Amortization of intangible assets for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2021 remained flat at $2.3~~March 31, 2022 increased by $0.1 million to $2.5 million as compared to the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020.~~

Amortization of intangible assets for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 decreased by $0.9 million to $6.9 million as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2020. The decrease is driven by write-off of Mobile Services related intangible assets in connection with the both the sale of the Ting Mobile customer base and the shutdown of Roam Mobility in the prior year. Network rights, brand and customer relationships acquired in connection with the following acquisitions are amortized on a straight-line basis over a range of two to seven years: eNom in January 2017, Ascio in March ~~2019, and Cedar in January 2020.~~

Impairment of definite life intangible assets for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 decreased by $1.4 million as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2020. The decrease is driven by the write-off of Roam Mobility brands customer relationships that were written off in the prior year when the Company decided to shut down the related businesses as31, 2021. This increase was a result of ~~lack~~the acquisition of ~~demand for SIM-enabled roaming services due to~~Uniregistry assets in the ~~COVID-19 pandemic.~~fourth quarter of Fiscal 2021.

Although our functional currency is the U.S. dollar, a major portion of our fixed expenses are incurred in Canadian dollars. Our goal with regard to foreign currency exposure is, to the extent possible, to achieve operational cost certainty, manage financial exposure to certain foreign exchange fluctuations and to neutralize some of the impact of foreign currency exchange movements. Accordingly, we enter into foreign exchange contracts to mitigate the exchange rate risk on portions of our Canadian dollar exposure.

The Company recorded a net gain of ~~$0.1 million~~nil on the change in fair value of outstanding contracts as well as realized on matured contracts during the three months ended ~~September 30, 2021,~~March 31, 2022, compared to a net gain of ~~$0.2~~$0.3 million during the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020.~~

The Company recorded a net gain of $0.3 million on the change in fair value of outstanding contracts as well as realized on matured contracts during the nine months ended September 30, 2021, compared to a net gain of $0.1 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2020.March 31, 2021.

At ~~September 30, 2021,~~March 31, 2022, our balance sheet reflects a derivative instrument asset of ~~$0.1~~$1.8 million and a liability of ~~$0.5 million~~nil as a result of our existing foreign exchange contracts. Until their respective maturity dates, these contracts will fluctuate in value in line with movements in the Canadian dollar relative to the U.S. dollar.

Other Income during the three months ended ~~September 30, 2021 increased~~March 31, 2022 decreased by ~~$4.1~~$1.5 million when compared to the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020.~~March 31, 2021. This was ~~primarily~~partly due to higher interest incurred on our Second Amended 2019 Credit Facility (as defined below) with the ~~$4.5~~majority of the borrowings used to support the current build-out of the Ting Internet fiber network, and previous loan balance obtained to fund the acquisition of eNom, Ascio, Cedar and Simply Bits. In addition to higher interest, the Company experienced a $0.6 million ~~increase due to~~decrease in the gain on sale of Ting Customer Assets to DISH in the current period. As described above, the Company receives a payout on the margin associated with the legacy customer base sold to DISH over the 10-year term of the agreement, as form of consideration for the sale of the legacy customer relationships. In addition to this, an offsetting factor in the increase was higher interest incurred on our Amended 2019 Credit Facility (as defined below) with the majority of the borrowings used to support the build-out of the Ting Fiber network. Other expense consists primarily of the interest we incur in connection with our Amended 2019 Credit Facility. The interest incurred primarily relates to our loan balances obtained to fund the acquisition of eNom, Ascio and Cedar and funding for expenditures associated with the Company’s Fiber to the Home build program.

Other Income during the nine months ended September 30, 2021 increased by $14.3 million when compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2020. This was primarily due to the $14.7 million increase due toCompany expects the gain on the sale of Ting Customer Assets to ~~DISH in the current period. As described above, the Company receives a payout on the margin associated with the legacy customer base sold~~continue to ~~DISH~~decrease over the ~~10-year~~ term of the ~~agreement,~~payout as ~~form of consideration for the sale of the~~ legacy ~~customer relationships. Offsetting this increase was higher interest incurred on our Amended 2019 Credit Facility with the majority of the borrowings used to support the build-out of the~~customers naturally churn away from Ting Fiber network due to lower variable interest rates relative to the prior year. Other expense consists primarily of the interest we incur in connection with our Amended 2019 Credit Facility. The interest incurred primarily relates to our loan balances obtained to fund the acquisition of eNom, Ascio and Cedar and funding for expenditures associated with the Company’s Fiber to the Home build program.Mobile.

~~The following table presents our provision for income taxes for the periods presented:~~

~~We operate in various~~Income tax jurisdictions, and accordingly, our income is subject to varying rates of tax. Losses incurred in one jurisdiction cannot be used to offset income taxes payable in another jurisdiction. Our ability to use income tax loss carry forwards and future income tax deductions is dependent upon our operations in the tax jurisdictions in which such losses or deductions arise. Income taxes are computed using the asset and liability method, under which deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement carrying values and tax base of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.

~~For the three months ended~~ ~~September 30, 2021, we recorded an income tax recovery of $0.3 million on income before income taxes of~~ ~~1.1~~ ~~million, using an estimated effective tax rate for Fiscal~~ ~~2021~~ adjusted for certain minimum state taxes as well as the inclusion of a $0.2 million tax recovery related to ASU 2016-09, which requires all excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies related to employee share-based payments to be recognized through income tax expense. Our effective tax rateexpense remain consistent for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2021~~ ~~is impacted by discrete adjustments resulting from foreign exchange and mark-to-market adjustments. Comparatively, for~~March 31, 2022 at $1.1 million when compared to the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020, we recorded an income tax expense of $0.8 million on income before taxes of $1.6~~ ~~million, using an estimated~~March 31, 2021. The change in effective tax rate ~~for Fiscal~~ ~~2020~~is primarily due to a change in the geographical mix of income as we continue our expansion to Ting Internet in the U.S. and ~~reflecting a $0.3 million~~current tax ~~expense related to ASU 2016-09.~~

~~For the nine months ended~~ ~~September 30, 2021, we recorded an income tax expense of~~ ~~$0.7~~ ~~million~~ on ~~income before income taxes of~~ ~~$6.0~~ ~~million, using an estimated effective tax rate for Fiscal~~ ~~2021~~ adjusted for certain minimum state taxes as well as the inclusion of a $0.4 million tax recovery related to ASU 2016-09, which requires all excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies related to employee share-based payments to be recognized through income tax expense. Our effective tax rate for the nine months ended ~~September 30, 2021~~ ~~is impacted by discrete adjustments resulting from finalization of prior period tax filings,~~ foreign ~~exchange and mark-to-market adjustments. Comparatively, for the nine months ended~~ ~~September 30, 2020, we recorded an income tax expense of~~ ~~$2.4~~ ~~million on income before taxes of~~ ~~$6.1~~ ~~million, using an estimated effective tax rate for Fiscal~~ ~~2020~~ ~~and reflecting a $0.1 million tax expense related to ASU 2016-09.~~earnings.

In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the years in which those temporary differences become deductible. Management projected future taxable income, uncertainties related to the industry in which the Company operates, and tax planning strategies in making this assessment.

We recognize accrued interest and penalties related to income taxes in income tax expense. We did not have significant interest and penalties accrued at September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

We believe that the provision of this supplemental non-GAAP measure allows investors to evaluate the operational and financial performance of our core business using similar evaluation measures to those used by management. We use adjusted EBITDA to measure our performance and prepare our budgets. Since adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial performance measure, our calculation of adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures of other companies; and should not be considered in isolation, as a substitute for, or superior to measures of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. Because adjusted EBITDA is calculated before recurring cash charges, including interest expense and taxes, and is not adjusted for capital expenditures or other recurring cash requirements of the business, it should not be considered as a liquidity measure. See the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows included in the attached financial statements. Non-GAAP financial measures do not reflect a comprehensive system of accounting and may differ from non-GAAP financial measures with the same or similar captions that are used by other companies and/or analysts and may differ from period to period. We endeavor to compensate for these limitations by providing the relevant disclosure of the items excluded in the calculation of adjusted EBITDA to net income based on GAAP, which should be considered when evaluating the Company's results. Tucows strongly encourages investors to review its financial information in its entirety and not to rely on a single financial measure.

Our adjusted EBITDA definition excludes depreciation, amortization of intangible assets, income tax provision, interest expense (net), accretion of contingent consideration, stock-based compensation, asset impairment, gains and losses from unrealized foreign currency transactions and costs that are one-time in nature and not indicative of on-going performance (profitability), including acquisition and transition costs. Gains and losses from unrealized foreign currency transactions removes the unrealized effect of the change in the mark-to-market values on outstanding foreign currency contracts not designated in accounting hedges, as well as the unrealized effect from the translation of monetary accounts denominated in non-U.S. dollars to U.S. dollars.

Adjusted EBITDA decreased by ~~$1.1~~$1.4 million to ~~$12.2~~$11.3 million for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022 when compared to the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020.~~March 31, 2021. The decrease in adjusted EBITDA from period-to-period was primarily driven by decreased contribution from Domain Services as we experience the continued normalization of domain registrations and renewal rates relative to growth experienced over the last fiscal years from the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, adjusted EBITDA decreased due to the increased investment in ~~Ting~~our Fiber due to the ramp of expenditures related to the Fiber network build and expansion plan; and from slightly decreased contribution from Domain Services. These decreases were partially offset by increased contribution from Mobile Services Mobile Services due to the gain on sale of Ting Customer Assets earned as Other Income and new MSE Platform revenues growing in the current period.

~~Adjusted EBITDA decreased by $2.0 million to $36.1 million~~Internet segment for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 when compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2020. The decrease in adjusted EBITDA from period-to-period was primarily driven by the increased investment in Ting Fiber due to the ramp of expenditures related to the Fiber network build and expansion plan. ~~This decrease was~~These decreases were partially offset by increased ~~contributions~~contribution from ~~both Mobile~~Platform Services due to increased revenue growth in MONOS platform fees as additional DISH customers migrate to the gain on sale of Ting Customer Assets earned as Other Income and new MSE Platform revenues growing in the current period and from Domain Services; due to strong performance and additions to domains under management as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.platform.

To mitigate the impact of the change in fair value of our foreign exchange contracts on our financial results, in October 2012 we begun applying hedge accounting for the majority of the contracts we need to meet our Canadian dollar requirements on a prospective basis.

The following table presents other comprehensive income for the periods presented:

The impact of the fair value adjustments on outstanding hedged contracts for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022 was a gain in OCI before reclassifications of ~~$0.5~~$1.0 million as compared to a ~~loss~~ gain in OCI of ~~$0.7~~$0.4 million before reclassifications for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020.~~March 31, 2021.

The net amount reclassified to earnings during the three months ended ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022 was a gain of ~~$0.9~~less than $0.1 million compared to a loss of ~~less than $0.1~~$0.8 million during the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020.~~March 31, 2021.

~~The impact of the fair value adjustments on outstanding hedged contracts for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 was a~~ ~~loss in OCI before reclassifications of $0.1 million as compared to a loss in OCI of $0.6 million before reclassifications for the nine months ended September 30, 2020.~~

The net amount reclassified to earnings during the nine months ended September 30, 2021 was a gain of $2.7 million compared to a loss of $0.3 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2020.

As of ~~September 30, 2021,~~March 31, 2022, our cash and cash equivalents balance decreased by ~~$2.8~~$2.9 million when compared to December 31, ~~2020.~~2021. Our principal uses of cash were ~~$50.1~~$23.0 million for the continued investment in property and equipment driven by Ting ~~Fiber~~Internet expansion, $2.0 million related to ~~an investment in an unrelated entity, $0.4~~the contingent consideration related to the acquisition of Cedar, $0.2 million related to the payment of ~~tax obligations from net exercise of stock options,~~loan payable costs, and ~~$0.2~~$0.1 million related to the acquisition of intangible assets. These uses of cash were partially offset by ~~$28.0~~$16.5 million proceeds received from the drawdown of the Second Amended 2019 Credit Facility, ~~$19.1~~$5.4 million from cash provided from operating activities and ~~$2.8~~$0.5 million from the proceeds received on the exercise of stock options.

On June 14, 2019, the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Tucows.com Co., Ting Fiber, Inc., Ting Inc., Tucows (Delaware) Inc. and Tucows (Emerald), LLC, entered into an Amended and Restated Senior Secured Credit Agreement with RBC, as administrative agent, and lenders party thereto (collectively with RBC, the “Lenders”) under which the Company has access to an aggregate of up to $240 million in funds, which consists of $180 million guaranteed credit facility and a $60 million accordion facility. On November 27, 2019, the Company entered into Amending Agreement No. 1 to the Amended and Restated Senior Secured Credit Agreement (collectively with the Amended and Restated Senior Secured Credit Agreement, the “Amended 2019 Credit Facility”) to amend certain defined terms in connection with the Cedar acquisition.

The Amended 2019 Credit Facility replaced a secured Credit Agreement dated January 20, 2017 with Bank of Montreal, RBC and Bank of Nova Scotia.

The obligations of the Company under the Amended 2019 Credit Agreement are secured by a first priority lien on substantially all of the personal property and assets of the Company and has a four-year term, maturing on June 13, 2023.

~~Subsequent to September 30,~~On October 26, 2021, the Company entered into a Second Amended and Restated Senior Secured Credit Agreement (the “Second Amended 2019 Credit ~~Agreement.~~ ~~For further discussion, please see Note 19 – Subsequent events~~Agreement”) with the Lenders and Toronto-Dominion Bank (collectively the “New Lenders”) to, among other things, increase the ~~consolidated financial statements of~~existing revolving credit facility from $180 million to $240 million. The Second Amended Credit Agreement provides the Company with access to an aggregate of $240 million in ~~Part I, Item 1 in this Quarterly Report~~committed funds. Under the Second Amended Credit Agreement, the Company has agreed to comply with the following financial covenants at all times, which are to be calculated on ~~Form 10-Q.~~

Net cash inflows from operating activities during the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022 totaled ~~$19.1~~$5.4 million, a decrease of ~~44%~~62% when compared to the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2020.~~March 31, 2021.

Net income, after adjusting for non-cash charges, during the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022 was ~~$25.2~~$6.6 million, a decrease of ~~17%~~31% when compared to the prior year. Net income included non-cash charges and recoveries of ~~$19.9~~$9.6 million such as depreciation, amortization, stock-based compensation, loss (gain) on change in fair value of currency forward contracts, net right of use operating asset or liability, accretion of contingent consideration, amortization of debt discount and issuance costs, impairment of property and equipment, loss on disposal of domain names, net amortization of contract costs, excess tax benefits on stock-based compensation, and deferred income taxes (recovery). In addition, changes in our working capital used net cash of ~~$6.1~~$1.2 million. Utilized cash of ~~$11.2~~$9.4 million from the changes in contract assets, ~~income taxes recoverable,~~prepaid expenses and deposits, deferred costs of fulfillment, ~~prepaid expenses and~~accounts receivable, customer deposits, inventory, ~~customer deposits, deferred revenue~~ and accreditation fees payable were offset by positive contributions of ~~$4.9~~$8.2 million from movements in ~~accounts receivable,~~deferred revenue, accounts payable and accrued ~~liabilities.~~liabilities, as well as income taxes recoverable.

Net cash inflows from financing activities during the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022 totaled ~~$30.5~~$14.8 million, an increase of ~~1084%~~100% when compared to the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2020.~~March 31, 2021. Total cash inflows were driven by ~~$28.0~~$16.5 million of proceeds received from drawdown of the Credit Facility, as well as ~~$2.8~~$0.5 million from proceeds received on exercise of stock options. These cash inflows were partially offset by ~~$0.4~~$2.0 million related to the contingent consideration related to the acquisition of Cedar as well as $0.2 million related to the payment of ~~tax obligations resulting from the net exercise of stock options.~~loan payable costs.

Investing activities during the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022 used net cash of ~~$52.3~~$23.1 million, an increase of ~~26%~~64% when compared to the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2020.~~March 31, 2021. Cash outflows of ~~$50.1~~$23.0 million related to the investment in property and equipment, primarily to support the continued expansion of our Ting Internet Fiber ~~footprint. The Company continues to invest~~network footprints in ~~our existing Ting Towns of Centennial,~~California, Colorado, ~~Charlottesville, Virginia, Fuquay-Varina, North Carolina, Wake Forest, North Carolina, Holly Springs, North Carolina, Sandpoint,~~ Idaho, ~~Rolesville,~~ North Carolina and ~~Culver City, California~~Virginia as we seek to extend both our current network and expand to new markets. We expect our capital expenditures on building and expanding our fiber network to continue to increase during Fiscal ~~2021.~~2022. In addition to investment in property and equipment, the current period used ~~$2.0 million for an investment in an unrelated entity, and $0.2~~$0.1 million for the acquisition of other intangible assets.

Based on our operations, we believe that our cash flow from operations and credit facilities will be adequate to meet our anticipated requirements for working capital, capital expenditures and our interest payments for at least the next 12 months.Material Cash Requirements

In response to the significant operating and financial restrictions placed upon us under the Second Amended 2019 Credit Agreement, and in order to continue the Company’s planned expansion of the Ting Internet footprint, the Company has been actively exploring additional financing alternatives. The Company may be required to obtain additional financing, which may include an equity or debt issuance, a partnership or collaboration arrangement with a third party or an amendment, replacement or refinancing of its credit facility. We may not be able to secure additional financing on favorable terms, or at all, at the time when we need that funding. Failure to secure additional ~~funds or seek other financing arrangements to facilitate more rapid expansion, develop new or enhance existing products or services, respond to competitive pressures or acquire or invest~~funding and expand our Ting Internet Fiber network footprint would have a material adverse effect on the Company's prospects and results of operations in ~~complementary businesses, technologies, services or products. We may also evaluate potential acquisitions of other businesses, products and technologies.~~the future. We currently have no commitments or agreements regarding the acquisition of other businesses. ~~If additional financing is required, we may need additional equity or debt financing and any~~Any additional financing may be dilutive to existing investors. ~~We may not be able to raise funds on acceptable terms, or at all.~~

~~As of September 30, 2021, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined in Item 303(a)(4)(ii) of SEC Regulation S-K.~~

In our ~~2020~~2021 Annual Report, we disclosed our ~~contractual obligations.~~material cash requirements. As of ~~September 30, 2021,~~March 31, 2022, other than the items mentioned above, there have been no other material changes to ~~those contractual obligations~~our material cash requirements outside the ordinary course of business.

We develop products in Canada and sell these services in North America and Europe. Our sales are primarily made in U.S. dollars, while a major portion of expenses are incurred in Canadian dollars. Our financial results could be affected by factors such as changes in foreign currency exchange rates or weak economic conditions in foreign markets. Our interest income is sensitive to changes in the general level of Canadian and U.S. interest rates, particularly since the majority of our investments are in short-term instruments. Based on the nature of our short-term investments, we have concluded that there is no material interest rate risk exposure as of ~~September 30, 2021.~~March 31, 2022.

We are also subject to market risk exposure related to changes in interest rates under our Second Amended 2019 Credit Facility. In an effort to mitigate a portion of our market risk exposure the Company has entered into a pay-fixed, receive-variable interest rate swap with a Canadian chartered bank to limit the potential interest rate fluctuations incurred on its future cash flows related to variable interest payments on the Second Amended 2019 Credit facility. The notional value of the swap at ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022 is $70 million, consistent with December 31, ~~2020.~~2021.

~~We do not expect that any changes~~Changes in interest rates will ~~be material through Fiscal 2021; however,~~impact our borrowing cost. However, fluctuations in interest rates are beyond our control. We have entered into an interest rate swap as discussed above to mitigate risk on portions of our interest rate exposure. We will continue to monitor and assess the risks associated with interest expense exposure and may take additional actions in the future to mitigate these risks.

Although our functional currency is the U.S. dollar, a substantial portion of our fixed expenses are incurred in Canadian dollars. Our policy with respect to foreign currency exposure is to manage financial exposure to certain foreign exchange fluctuations with the objective of neutralizing some of the impact of foreign currency exchange movements. Exchange rates are, however, subject to significant and rapid fluctuations, and therefore we cannot predict the prospective impact of exchange rate fluctuations on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Accordingly, we have entered into foreign exchange forward contracts to mitigate the exchange rate risk on portions of our Canadian dollar exposure.

As of ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022, the Company had ~~$20.9~~$13.7 million of outstanding foreign exchange forward contracts which will convert to ~~$26.0~~$17.5 million Canadian ~~dollars~~. dollars. Of these contracts, ~~$20.9~~$13.7 million met the requirements for hedge accounting. As of December 31, ~~2020,~~2021, the Company held contracts in the amount of ~~$31.8~~$25.2 million to trade U.S. dollars in exchange for ~~$45.5~~$32.0 million Canadian dollars. Of these contracts, ~~$26.8~~$25.2 million met the requirements for hedge accounting.

We have performed a sensitivity analysis model for foreign exchange exposure over the three months ended ~~September 30, 2021.~~March 31, 2022. The analysis used a modeling technique that compares the U.S. dollar equivalent of all expenses incurred in Canadian dollars, at the actual exchange rate, to a hypothetical 10% adverse movement in the foreign currency exchange rates against the U.S. dollar, with all other variables held constant. Foreign currency exchange rates used were based on the market rates in effect during the three months ended ~~September 30, 2021.~~March 31, 2022. The ~~sensitivity~~sensitivity analysis indicated that a hypothetical 10% adverse movement in foreign currency exchange rates would result in a decrease in net income for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022 of approximately $0.1 ~~$1.3~~ million, before the effects of hedging. ~~Fluctuations of exchange rates are beyond our control.~~ We will continue to monitor and assess the risk associated with these exposures and may take additional actions in the future to hedge or mitigate these risks.

Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash equivalents, marketable securities, foreign exchange contracts and accounts receivable. Our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments are in high-quality securities placed with major banks and financial institutions whom we have evaluated as highly creditworthy and commercial paper. Similarly, we enter into our foreign exchange contracts with major banks and financial institutions. With respect to accounts receivable, we perform ongoing evaluations of our customers, generally granting uncollateralized credit terms to our customers, and maintaining an allowance for doubtful accounts based on historical experience and our expectation of future losses.

Our exposure to interest rate fluctuations relate primarily to our Second Amended 2019 Credit Facility.

As of ~~September 30, 2021,~~March 31, 2022, we had an outstanding balance of ~~$150.4~~$207.9 million on the Second Amended 2019 Credit Facility. The Second Amended 2019 Credit Facility bears a base interest rate based on borrowing elections by the Company with a marginal rate calculated as a function of the Company's total Funded Debt to EBITDA plus the LIBOR rate. In May 2020, the Company entered into a pay-fixed, receive-variable interest rate swap with a Canadian chartered bank to limit the potential interest rate fluctuations incurred on its future cash flows related to the variable interest payments on the Credit facility. The notional value of the interest rate swap was $70 million as of ~~September 30, 2021,~~March 31, 2022, consistent with December 31, ~~2020.~~2021. The Company does not use the interest rate swap for trading or speculative purposes. The contract is coterminous with the Credit facility, maturing in June 2023. As of ~~September 30, 2021,~~March 31, 2022, an adverse change of one percent on the interest rate would have the effect of increasing our annual interest payment on Second Amended 2019 Credit Facility by approximately ~~$0.8~~$1.4 million, after the effects of hedging, assuming that the loan balance as of ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022 is outstanding for the entire period.

The Company is currently charged interest ~~and standby fees~~ based on LIBOR, a key global reference interest rate. ~~These~~The interest ~~and standby fees are~~is partially hedged by interest rate swaps held by the ~~Company, which are also based on LIBOR.~~Company. Currently, LIBOR’s regulator and administrators are seeking to discontinue the publication of LIBOR. Global markets working groups around the ~~World~~world continue to search and recommend an alternative reference rate for LIBOR. In the ~~U.S,~~U.S., the Alternative Reference Rates Committee (“ARRC”) has identified the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) as its preferred alternative rate for USD LIBOR. In October 2021, ARRC recommended market participants to cease entering into new contracts referencing USD LIBOR ~~however work continues across~~by December 31, 2021. All existing contracts are to be amended and replaced with reference to SOFR by June 30, 2023, at which time all ~~jurisdictions to evaluate alternatives and establish transition plans and timelines.~~USD LIBOR rates will cease publication. Both the credit facility agreement and the interest rate swaps will need to be amended when an alternative reference rate is chosen, at which time we may adopt some of the practical expedients provided by ASU 2020-04. As mentioned above, the Company has assessed which existing contracts reference LIBOR and we will continue to monitor the situation and ~~recommendations for an alternative reference rate as they become available. Additionally, the Company will continue~~have proactive discussions and renegotiations with counterparties around the reference rate change as appropriate.

As required by Rule 13a-15(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”), management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated, as of the end of the period covered by this report, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e). Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives, and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their control objectives. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022 our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.

There were no changes made in our internal controls over financial reporting during the three months ended ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

We are involved in various investigations, claims and lawsuits arising in the normal conduct of our business, none of which, individually or in the aggregate, we believe will materially harm our business. We cannot assure that we will prevail in any litigation. Regardless of the outcome, any litigation may require us to incur significant litigation expense and may result in significant diversion of our attention.

On February ~~9, 2021,~~10, 2022, the Company announced that its Board approved a stock buyback program (the ~~"2021~~"2022 Buyback Program") to repurchase up to $40 million of its common stock in the open market. Purchases will be made exclusively through the facilities of the NASDAQ Capital Market. The stock buyback program commenced on February ~~10, 2021~~11, 2022 and will terminate on or before February ~~9, 2022.~~10, 2023. For the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2021,~~March 31, 2022, the Company did not repurchase any shares under the ~~2021~~2022 Buyback Program.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

Maturity date (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars)	*Notional amount of U.S. dollars*		*Weighted average exchange rate of U.S. dollars*		*Fair value Asset / (Liability)*

October - December 2021		12,959		1.2455		(209	)
January - March 2022		7,930		1.2452		(129	)
	$	20,889		1.2454	$	(338	)

Maturity date (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars)	*Notional amount of U.S. dollars*		*Weighted average exchange rate of U.S. dollars*		*Fair value Asset / (Liability)*

April - June 2022	$	6,453		1.2801	$	163
July - September 2022		3,779		1.2801		95
October - December 2022		3,476		1.2801		86
	$	13,708		1.2801	$	344

Derivatives (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars)	*Balance Sheet Location*	*As of September 30, 2021 Fair Value Asset (Liability)*			*As of December 31, 2020 Fair Value Asset (Liability)*			*Balance Sheet Location*	*As of March 31, 2022 Fair Value Asset (Liability)*		*As of December 31, 2021 Fair Value Asset (Liability)*
Foreign Currency forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges (net)	Derivative instruments	$	(338	)	$	3,254		Derivative instruments	$	344	$	62
Interest rate swap contract designated as a cash flow hedge (net)	Derivative instruments		(37	)	$	(213	)	Derivative instruments		1,473		390
Foreign Currency forward contracts not designated as cash flow hedges (net)	Derivative instruments		0			606
Total foreign currency and interest swap forward contracts (net)	Derivative instruments	$	(375	)	$	3,647		Derivative instruments	$	1,817	$	452

	*Gains and losses on cash flow hedges*			*Tax impact*			*Total AOCI*
Opening AOCI balance - June 30, 2021	$	1,424		$	(327	)	$	1,097
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications		(654	)		153			(501	)
Amount reclassified from AOCI		(1,150	)		266			(884	)
Other comprehensive income (loss) for the three months ended September 30, 2021		(1,804	)		419			(1,385	)

Ending AOCI Balance - September 30, 2021	$	(380	)	$	92		$	(288	)

	*Gains and losses on cash flow hedges*		*Tax impact*			*Total AOCI*
Opening AOCI balance - December 31, 2021	$	450	$	(107	)	$	343
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications		1,276		(308	)		968
Amount reclassified from AOCI		87		(21	)		66
Other comprehensive income (loss) for the three months ended March 31, 2022		1,363		(329	)		1,034

Ending AOCI Balance - March 31, 2022	$	1,813	$	(436	)	$	1,377

	1.	Modifications of contracts within the scope of Topics 310, Receivables, and 470, Debt, should be accounted for by prospectively adjusting the effective interest rate.
	2.	Modifications of contracts within the scope of Topic 842, Leases, should be accounted for as a continuation of the existing contracts with no reassessments of the lease classification and the discount rate or remeasurements of lease payments that otherwise would be required under those Topics for modifications not accounted for as separate contracts.
	3.	Modifications of contracts do not require an entity to reassess its original conclusion about whether that contract contains an embedded derivative that is clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract under Subtopic 815-15, Derivatives and Hedging— Embedded Derivatives

Derivatives in Cash Flow Hedging Relationship	*Amount of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in OCI, net of tax, on Derivative*			*Location of Gain or (Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Income*	*Amount of Gain or (Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Income*
				Operating expenses	$	967
Foreign currency forward contracts for the three months ended September 30, 2021	$	(466	)	Cost of revenues	$	219

Interest rate swap contract for the three months ended September 30, 2021	$	(35	)	Interest expense, net	$	(36	)

				Operating expenses	$	(43	)
Foreign currency forward contracts for the three months ended September 30, 2020	$	762		Cost of revenues	$	(12	)

Interest rate swap contract for the three months ended September 30, 2020	$	13		Interest expense, net	$	(4	)

	*Three Months Ended September 30,*						*Nine Months Ended September 30,*						*Three Months Ended March 31,*
Forward currency contracts not designated as hedges:	*2021*			*2020*			*2021*			*2020*			*2022*		*2021*

Gain (loss) on settlement	$	336		$	(18	)	$	883		$	(162	)	$	0	$	420
Gain (loss) on change in fair value														0		(167	)
													$	0	$	253
Gain (loss) on change in fair value	$	(249	)	$	177		$	(606	)	$	261

	*Surname domain names*		*Direct navigation domain names*		*Brand*			*Customer relationships*			*Technology*		*Network rights*			*Total*
Amortization period	*indefinite life*		*indefinite life*		*7 years*			*3 - 7 years*			*2 - 7 years*		*15 years*

Balances, June 30, 2021	$	11,156	$	1,135	$	5,986		$	23,273		$	-	$	1,145		$	42,695
Acquisition of customer relationships		-		-		-			6			-		-			6
Amortization expense		-		-		(518	)		(1,749	)		-		(21	)		(2,288	)
Balances, September 30, 2021	$	11,156	$	1,135	$	5,468		$	21,530		$	-	$	1,124		$	40,413

	*Year ending*		*Year ending*
	*December 31,*		*December 31,*
Remainder of 2021	$	2,343
2022		9,377
Remainder of 2022			$	8,218
2023		8,684		10,153
2024		3,227		6,531
2025		2,587		4,393
2026				2,668
Thereafter		1,904		3,407
Total	$	28,122	$	35,370

	*If Total Funded Debt to EBITDA is:*												*If Total Funded Debt to EBITDA is:*
Availment type or fee	*Less than 1.00*			*Greater than or equal to 1.00 and less than 2.00*			*Greater than or equal to 2.00 and less than 2.50*			*Greater than or equal to 2.50*			*Less than 2.00*			*Greater than or equal to 2.00 and less than 2.50*			*Greater than or equal to 2.50 and less than 3.00*			*Greater than or equal to 3.00 and less than 3.50*			*Greater than or equal to 3.50 and less than 4.00*			*Greater than or equal to 4.00*
Canadian dollar borrowings based on Bankers’ Acceptance or U.S. dollar borrowings based on LIBOR (Margin)		1.50	%		1.85	%		2.35	%		2.85	%		1.75	%		2.25	%		2.50	%		2.75	%		3.00	%		3.25	%
Canadian or U.S. dollar borrowings based on Prime Rate or U.S. dollar borrowings based on Base Rate (Margin)		0.25	%		0.60	%		1.10	%		1.60	%		0.50	%		1.00	%		1.25	%		1.50	%		1.75	%		2.00	%
Standby fees		0.30	%		0.37	%		0.47	%		0.57	%		0.35	%		0.45	%		0.50	%		0.55	%		0.60	%		0.65	%

	*September 30, 2021*			*December 31, 2020*			*March 31, 2022*			*December 31, 2021*

Revolver	$	150,400		$	122,400		$	207,900		$	191,400
Less: unamortized debt discount and issuance costs		(463	)		(667	)		(717	)		(652	)
Total loan payable		149,937			121,733			207,183			190,748
Less: loan payable, current portion		0			0			0			0
Loan payable, long-term portion	$	149,937		$	121,733		$	207,183		$	190,748

	*September 30, 2021*			*March 31, 2022*

Balance, beginning of period	$	152,245		$	147,793
Deferred revenue		176,441			65,315
Recognized revenue		(176,699	)		(60,942	)
Balance, end of period	$	151,987		$	152,166

Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases:	*September 30, 2021*			*December 31, 2020*			*March 31, 2022*			*December 31, 2021*
Weighted Average Discount Rate		3.18	%		3.87	%		3.11	%		3.09	%
Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term	8.29 yrs			8.24 yrs			7.36 yrs			7.74 yrs

	*September 30, 2021*		*March 31, 2022*
Remaining of 2021	$	725
2022		2,965
Remaining of 2022			$	2,854
2023		3,001		3,818
2024		2,176		2,883
2025		1,470		2,055
2026				1,501
Thereafter		5,012		4,245
Total future lease payments		15,349		17,356
Less imputed interest		1,658		1,673
Total	$	13,691	$	15,683

	*Fiber Internet Services*			*Mobile Services*		*Domain Services*		*Corporate*			*Consolidated Totals*
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2021

Net Revenues	$	6,672		$	8,492	$	60,729	$	0		$	75,893
Direct cost of revenues		3,653			3,634		42,253		0			49,540
Segment Gross Margin		3,019			4,858		18,476		0			26,353

Adjusted EBITDA	$	(4,358	)	$	7,648	$	12,024	$	(3,109	)	$	12,205

Reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to Income before Provision for Income Taxes	*Three Months Ended September 30,*					*Nine Months Ended September 30,*
(In Thousands of US Dollars)	*2021*		*2020*			*2021*		*2020*
(unaudited)	(unaudited)		(unaudited)			(unaudited)		(unaudited)

Adjusted EBITDA	$	12,205	$	13,270		$	36,083	$	38,124
Depreciation of property and equipment		4,758		3,110			12,728		9,255
Impairment and loss on disposition of property and equipment		470		113			536		1,638
Amortization of intangible assets		2,288		2,645			7,253		8,776
Impairment of definite life intangible assets		0		0			0		1,431
Write-down on disposal of Ting Mobile customer assets		0		3,513			0		3,513
Interest expense, net		1,169		760			3,108		2,756
Accretion of contingent consideration		96		86			287		258
Stock-based compensation		1,126		1,016			3,357		2,664
Unrealized loss (gain) on change in fair value of forward contracts		249		(175	)		606		(263	)
Unrealized loss (gain) on foreign exchange revaluation of foreign denominated monetary assets and liabilities		72		81			178		479
Acquisition and other costs¹		901		565			2,034		1,520

Income before provision for income taxes	$	1,076	$	1,556		$	5,996	$	6,097

	*Fiber Internet Services*			*Platform Services*		*Domain Services*		*Corporate*		*Consolidated Totals*
For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2022

Net Revenues	$	9,788		$	6,847	$	61,546	$	2,918	$	81,099
Direct cost of revenues		4,038			961		41,812		2,610		49,421
Segment Gross Margin		5,750			5,886		19,734		308		31,678

Adjusted EBITDA	$	(4,321	)	$	2,047	$	11,774	$	1,811	$	11,311

	*September 30, 2021*		*December 31, 2020*

Germany	$	153	$	226
	$	153	$	226

Allowance for doubtful accounts	*Balance at beginning of period*		*Charged to costs and expenses*		*Write-offs during period*		*Balance at end of period*

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021	$	222	$	0	$	12	$	210
Twelve months ended December 31, 2020	$	131	$	91	$	0	$	222

											*Accumulated*																	*Accumulated*
						*Additional*					*other*			*Total*								*Additional*						*other*		*Total*
	*Common stock*					*paid in*			*Retained*		*comprehensive*			*stockholders'*			*Common stock*					*paid in*			*Retained*			*comprehensive*		*stockholders'*
	*Number*			*Amount*		*capital*			*earnings*		*income (loss)*			*equity*			*Number*			*Amount*		*capital*			*earnings*			*income (loss)*		*equity*

Balances, June 30, 2021		10,665,514		$	23,457	$	2,208		$	84,062	$	1,097		$	110,824
Balances, December 31, 2021																		10,747,417		$	28,515	$	2,764		$	83,470		$	343	$	115,092

Exercise of stock options		46,753			2,063		(695	)		0		0			1,368			11,592			757		(242	)		0			0		515
Shares deducted from exercise of stock options for payment of withholding taxes and exercise consideration		(15,488	)		0		(89	)		0		0			(89	)		(1,860	)		0		0			0			0		0
Stock-based compensation		-			0		1,126			0		0			1,126			5,432			383		1,008			0			0		1,391
Net income		-			-		-			1,375		-			1,375			-			-		-			(3,020	)		-		(3,020	)
Other comprehensive income (loss)		-			0		0			0		(1,385	)		(1,385	)		-			0		0			0			1,034		1,034
Balances, September 30, 2021		10,696,779		$	25,520	$	2,550		$	85,437	$	(288	)	$	113,219
Balances, March 31, 2022																		10,762,581		$	29,655	$	3,530		$	80,450		$	1,377	$	115,012

	*Three Months Ended September 30, 2021*					*Three Months Ended September 30, 2020*
	*Number of shares*			*Weighted average exercise price per share*		*Number of shares*			*Weighted average exercise price per share*

Outstanding, beginning of period		991,097		$	61.81		897,278		$	53.41
Granted		26,675			76.93		23,800			68.30
Exercised		(46,803	)		46.47		(38,102	)		38.58
Forfeited		(14,087	)		68.95		(10,678	)		60.54
Expired		(648	)		56.40		(636	)		58.77
Outstanding, end of period		956,234			62.88		871,662			54.38
Options exercisable, end of period		470,317		$	54.87		436,862		$	48.57

	*Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021*					*Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020*					*Three Months Ended March 31, 2022*					*Three Months Ended March 31, 2021*
	*Number of shares*			*Weighted average exercise price per share*		*Number of shares*			*Weighted average exercise price per share*		*Number of shares*			*Weighted average exercise price per share*		*Number of shares*			*Weighted average exercise price per share*

Outstanding, beginning of period		845,020		$	55.31		754,497		$	49.94		901,651		$	56.44		845,020		$	55.31
Granted		265,725			79.18		219,325			60.18		7,000			71.43		0			0
Exercised		(120,828	)		45.36		(80,037	)		26.87		(11,592	)		56.63		(28,337	)		47.03
Forfeited		(31,649	)		64.54		(18,993	)		60.41		(12,568	)		86.20		(8,064	)		60.72
Expired		(2,034	)		60.17		(3,130	)		59.64		(1,237	)		62.51		0			0
Outstanding, end of period		956,234			62.88		871,662			54.38		883,254			64.37		808,619			55.55
Options exercisable, end of period		470,317		$	54.87		436,862		$	48.57		405,846		$	56.40		378,258		$	49.35

	*Options outstanding*								*Options exercisable*								Options outstanding								Options exercisable
Exercise price	*Number outstanding*		*Weighted average exercise price per share*		*Weighted average remaining contractual life (years)*		*Aggregate intrinsic value*		*Number exercisable*		*Weighted average exercise price per share*		*Weighted average remaining contractual life (years)*		*Aggregate intrinsic value*		Number outstanding		Weighted average exercise price per share		Weighted average remaining contractual life (years)		Aggregate intrinsic value		Number exercisable		Weighted average exercise price per share		Weighted average remaining contractual life (years)		Aggregate intrinsic value

$19.41 - $19.95		24,500	$	19.56		0.6	$	1,455		24,500	$	19.56		0.6	$	1,455
$19.95 - $19.95																		7,000	$	19.95		0.9	$	338		7,000	$	19.95		0.9	$	338
$21.10 - $21.10		20,892		21.10		1.3		1,209		20,892		21.10		1.3		1,209		20,892		21.10		0.8		986		20,892		21.10		0.8		986
$37.35 - $37.35		4,375		37.35		0.3		182		4,375		37.35		0.3		182
$46.90 - $48.00		13,000		47.36		4.3		411		7,000		47.29		3.3		222		11,000		47.35		3.6		231		6,000		47.17		2.5		127
$51.82 - $59.98		253,656		55.57		2.8		5,930		239,131		55.59		2.7		5,586		219,671		55.59		2.4		2,793		209,396		55.60		2.2		2,660
$60.01 - $68.41		360,661		62.02		4.8		6,107		164,219		63.07		4.5		2,607		335,716		62.03		4.3		2,108		149,858		63.13		4.0		777
$72.50 - $79.87		279,150		78.69		6.4		185		10,200		72.64		6.2		65
$70.13 - $79.51																		272,475		78.47		6.0		0		12,700		72.61		5.7		0
$80.61 - $82.07																		16,500		81.27		6.5		0		0		0		-		0
		956,234	$	62.88		4.6	$	15,479		470,317	$	54.87		3.2	$	11,326		883,254	$	64.37		4.3	$	6,456		405,846	$	56.40		2.9	$	4,888

	*September 30, 2021*
	*Fair Value Measurement Using*							*Assets (Liabilities)*
	*Level 1*		*Level 2*			*Level 3*		*at Fair value*

Derivative instrument liability, net	$	0	$	(375	)	$	0	$	(375	)

Total liability, net	$	0	$	(375	)	$	0	$	(375	)

	*March 31, 2022*
	*Fair Value Measurement Using*						*Assets*
	*Level 1*		*Level 2*		*Level 3*		*at Fair value*

Derivative instrument asset, net	$	0	$	1,817	$	0	$	1,817

Total asset, net	$	0	$	1,817	$	0	$	1,817

(Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars)	Three Months Ended September 30,					Nine Months Ended September 30,					*Three Months Ended March 31,*
	2021		2020			2021		2020			*2022*		*2021*
Write-down of Ting Mobile intangible assets		0	$	(2,581	)		0	$	(2,581	)
Write-down of Ting Mobile contract costs		0		(932	)		0		(932	)
Income earned on sale of Transferred Assets	$	5,564	$	4,603		$	15,767	$	4,603		$	4,752	$	5,395
Gain on sale of Ting Customer Assets	$	5,564	$	1,090		$	15,767	$	1,090		$	4,752	$	5,395

	•	Our ability to continue to generate sufficient working capital to meet our operating requirements;

	•	Our ability to service our debt commitments;

	•	Our ability to maintain a good working relationship with our vendors and customers;

	•	The ability of vendors to continue to supply our needs;

	•	Actions by our competitors;

	•	Our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel in our business;

	•	Our ability to effectively manage our business;

	•	The effects of any material impairment of our goodwill or other indefinite-lived intangible assets;

	•	Our ability to obtain and maintain approvals from regulatory authorities on regulatory issues;

	•	Our ability to invest in the build-out of fiber networks into selected towns and cities to provide Internet access services to residential and commercial customers while maintaining the development and sales of our established services;

	•	Adverse tax consequences such as those related to changes in tax laws or tax rates or their interpretations, including with respect to the impact of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017;

	•	The application of judgment in determining our global provision for income taxes, deferred tax assets or liabilities or other tax liabilities given the ultimate tax determination is uncertain;

	•	Our ability to effectively integrate acquisitions;

	•	Our ability to monitor, assess and respond to the rapidly changing impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Our current assessment of expected impacts has been included below as part of the Opportunities, Challenges & Risks section.

	•	Our ability to collect anticipated payments from DISH in connection with the 10-year payment stream that is a function of the margin generated by the transferred subscribers over a 10-year period pursuant to the terms of the DISH Purchase Agreement;

	•	Pending or new litigation; and

	•	Factors set forth under the caption “Item 1A Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, ~~2020~~2021 filed with the SEC on March ~~3, 2021~~1, 2022 (the ~~“2020~~“2021 Annual Report”).

Ting Internet	September 30,				March 31,
	2021		2020		2022		2021
	(in '000's)				(in '000's)
Ting Internet accounts under management		23		14		28		17
Ting Internet serviceable addresses ⁽¹⁾		75		50
Ting Internet owned infrastructure serviceable addresses						81		59
Ting Internet partner infrastructure serviceable addresses						17		12

Domain Services	For the Three Months Ended March 31,(1)
	2022		2021
	(in 000's)
Total new, renewed and transferred-in domain name transactions ²		5,951		6,247
Domains under management

Domain Services	For the Nine Months Ended September 30,(1)
	2021		2020
	(in 000's)
Total new, renewed and transferred-in domain name registrations provisioned		13,371		13,963
Domains under management

(Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars)	For the Three Months Ended September 30,					For the Nine Months Ended September 30,					For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021			2020		2021			2020		2022			2021

Fiber Internet Services:
Fiber Internet Services	$	6,672		$	4,657	$	17,868		$	13,379	$	9,788		$	5,082

Mobile Services:
Retail mobile services		2,309			7,019		6,872			44,734
Mobile platform services		3,564			376		6,370			376
Other professional services		2,619			1,457		6,536			1,457
Total Mobile		8,492			8,852		19,778			46,567
Platform Services:
Platform Services												6,097			638
Other Professional Services												750			-
Total Platform Services												6,847			638

Domain Services:
Wholesale
Domain Services		47,081			47,261		141,954			139,430		46,836			46,991
Value Added Services		4,862			4,380		15,424			13,429		5,649			5,080
Total Wholesale		51,943			51,641		157,378			152,859		52,485			52,071

Retail		8,786			9,161		26,837			27,613		9,061			9,154
Total Domain Services		60,729			60,802		184,215			180,472		61,546			61,225

Corporate:
Mobile services and eliminations												2,918			3,930

	$	75,893		$	74,311	$	221,861		$	240,418	$	81,099		$	70,875
Increase over prior period	$	1,582				$	(18,557	)			$	10,224
Increase - percentage		2	%				(8	)%				14	%

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,				Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021		2020		2021		2020		2022		2021

Fiber Internet Services:
Fiber Internet Services	$	3,653	$	1,682	$	9,314	$	5,063	$	4,038	$	2,609

Mobile Services:
Retail mobile services		1,701		3,440		4,242		21,957
Mobile platform services		120		-		271		-
Other professional services		1,813		1,267		5,219		1,267
Total Mobile		3,634		4,707		9,732		23,224
Platform Services:
Platform Services										185		85
Other Professional Services										776		-
Total Platform Services										961		85

Domain Services:
Wholesale
Domain Services		37,109		36,812		110,593		109,635		36,397		35,773
Value Added Services		688		689		1,867		2,178		656		599
Total Wholesale		37,797		37,501		112,460		111,813		37,053		36,372

Retail		4,456		4,440		13,354		13,208		4,759		4,401
Total Domain Services		42,253		41,941		125,814		125,021		41,812		40,773

Corporate:
Mobile services and eliminations										2,610		2,720

Network Expenses:
Network, other costs		3,445		2,612		10,295		7,513		4,180		3,238
Network, depreciation and amortization costs		4,643		3,315		12,688		9,902
Network, impairment		241		113		302		1,638
Network, depreciation of property and equipment										5,895		3,638
Network, amortization of intangible assets										378		299
Network, impairment of property and equipment										27		60
Total Network Expenses		8,329		6,040		23,285		19,053		10,480		7,235

	$	57,869	$	54,370	$	168,145	$	172,361	$	59,901	$	53,422

(Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars)	For the Three Months Ended September 30,						For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2021			2020			2021			2020
Impairment of definite life intangible assets	$	-		$	-		$	-		$	1,431
Decrease over prior period	$	-					$	(1,431	)
Decrease - percentage		N/A	%					(100	)%
Percentage of net revenues		-	%		-	%		-	%		1	%