NOTE 5. FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTSMARKETABLE SECURITIES
Our corporate bonds and money market funds are classified as available-for-saleThe following table shows the major categories of our marketable securities and carried at estimated fair value. Unrealized holding gains and losses are included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the statementtheir contractual maturities as of shareholders’ equity. Corporate bonds with remaining maturities less than one year are classified as short-term, and those with remaining maturities greater than one year are classified as long-term. We consider all highly-liquid investments with maturities of three months or less when purchased, including money market funds, to be cash equivalents. Gains and losses on marketable security transactions are reported on the specific-identification method.September 30, 2023:
Contractual maturities of available-for-salemarketable securities as of September 30, 2022 are as follows:
| | | | Total | | | <1 Year | | | 1–3 Years | | | 3–6 Years | |
| Money market funds | | | $ | 6,853,047 | | | $ | 6,853,047 | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | |
| Corporate bonds | | | | 46,847,355 | | | | 7,224,056 | | | | 27,387,122 | | | | 12,236,177 | |
Total | Total | | <1 Year | | 1–3 Years | | 3–7 Years | | | $ | 53,700,402 | | | $ | 14,077,103 | | | $ | 27,387,122 | | | $ | 12,236,177 | |
| $ | 51,598,609 | | $ | 12,083,924 | | $ | 24,387,794 | | $ | 15,126,891 | | |
Total available-for-salemarketable securities representedrepresent approximately 76%79% of our total assets.assets as of September 30, 2023. Marketable securities as of September 30, 2022 2023, had remaining maturities between 14 weeksone and 7967 months.
Generally accepted accounting principles establish a framework for measuring fair value, provide a definition of fair value, and prescribe required disclosures about fair-value measurements. Generally accepted accounting principles define fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability. Fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined using assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. Generally accepted accounting principles utilize a valuation hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurements. The categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The categories within the valuation hierarchy are described as follows:
Level 1 – Financial instruments with quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2 – Financial instruments with quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities. Level 2 fair value measurements are determined using either prices for similar instruments or inputs that are either directly or indirectly observable, such as interest rates.
Level 3 – Inputs to the fair value measurement are unobservable inputs or valuation techniques.
Money market funds are included on the balance sheets in “Cash and cash equivalents.” Corporate bonds are included on the balance sheets in “Marketable securities, short term” and “Marketable securities, long term.” Accrued interest receivables were $436,932 as of September 30, 2023, and $425,372 as of March 31, 2023, and are included in the balance sheets in “Prepaid expenses and other assets.”
We monitor the credit ratings of our marketable securities at least quarterly as reported by Standard & Poor’s. The following table summarizes the fair values of our marketable securities as of September 30, 2023, aggregated by credit rating:
Fair values of our marketable securities aggregated by credit rating
| Credit Rating | | Fair Value | |
| AAA | | $ | 8,134,255 | |
| AA | | | 6,622,847 | |
| AA- | | | 20,699,684 | |
| A+ | | | 2,833,709 | |
| A | | | 9,467,058 | |
| A- | | | 5,942,849 | |
| Total | | $ | 53,700,402 | |
The following table shows the estimated fair value of assets that were accounted for atour marketable securities, aggregated by fair value on a recurring basis:hierarchy inputs used in estimating their fair values:
| | | As of September 30, 2022 | | As of March 31, 2022 | | As of September 30, 2023 | | | As of March 31, 2023 | |
| | | Level 1 | | Level 2 | | Total | | Level 1 | | Level 2 | | Total | | Level 1 | | | Level 2 | | | Total | | | Level 1 | | | Level 2 | | | Total | |
Money market funds | | $ | 1,757,277 | | | $ | - | | | $ | 1,757,277 | | | $ | 6,756,993 | | | $ | - | | | $ | 6,756,993 | | $ | 6,853,047 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 6,853,047 | | | $ | 906,141 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 906,141 | |
Corporate bonds | | | - | | | | 49,841,332 | | | | 49,841,332 | | | | - | | | | 45,153,894 | | | | 45,153,894 | | | — | | | | 46,847,355 | | | | 46,847,355 | | | | — | | | | 51,638,142 | | | | 51,638,142 | |
Total | | $ | 1,757,277 | | | $ | 49,841,332 | | | $ | 51,598,609 | | | $ | 6,756,993 | | | $ | 45,153,894 | | | $ | 51,910,887 | | $ | 6,853,047 | | | $ | 46,847,355 | | | $ | 53,700,402 | | | $ | 906,141 | | | $ | 51,638,142 | | | $ | 52,544,283 | |
Our available-for-saleThe following table shows the amortized cost, fair value, and gross unrealized holding gains and losses of our marketable securities as of September 30 and March 31, 2022, aggregated into classes of securities, were as follows:2023:
| | | As of September 30, 2023 | | | As of March 31, 2023 | |
| | | Amortized Cost | | | Gross Unrealized Holding Gains | | | Gross Unrealized Holding Losses | | | Estimated Fair Value | | | Amortized Cost | | | Gross Unrealized Holding Gains | | | Gross Unrealized Holding Losses | | | Estimated Fair Value | |
| Money market funds | | $ | 6,853,047 | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 6,853,047 | | | $ | 906,141 | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 906,141 | |
| Corporate bonds | | | 48,770,226 | | | | 1 | | | | (1,922,872 | ) | | | 46,847,355 | | | | 53,191,981 | | | | 1,007 | | | | (1,554,846 | ) | | | 51,638,142 | |
| Total | | $ | 55,623,273 | | | $ | 1 | | | $ | (1,922,872 | ) | | $ | 53,700,402 | | | $ | 54,098,122 | | | $ | 1,007 | | | $ | (1,554,846 | ) | | $ | 52,544,283 | |
| | | As of September 30, 2022 | | | As of March 31, 2022 |
| | | Amortized Cost | | | Gross Unrealized Holding Gains | | | Gross Unrealized Holding Losses | | | Estimated Fair Value | | | Amortized Cost | | | Gross Unrealized Holding Gains | | | Gross Unrealized Holding Losses | | | Estimated Fair Value |
Money market funds | | $ | 1,757,277 | | | $ | - | | | $ | - | | | $ | 1,757,277 | | | $ | 6,756,993 | | | $ | - | | | $ | - | | | $ | 6,756,993 |
Corporate bonds | | | 52,125,043 | | | | - | | | | (2,283,711 | ) | | | 49,841,332 | | | | 45,561,114 | | | | 230,085 | | | | (637,305 | ) | | | 45,153,894 |
Total | | $ | 53,882,320 | | | $ | - | | | $ | (2,283,711 | ) | | $ | 51,598,609 | | | $ | 52,318,107 | | | $ | 230,085 | | | $ | (637,305 | ) | | $ | 51,910,887 |
The following table shows the gross unrealized holding losses and estimated fair value of our available-for-salemarketable securities with unrealized holdingfor which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded, aggregated by classcategory of securities and length of time that individual securities had been in a continuous unrealized loss position as of September 30 and March 31,2022. 2023.
Gross unrealized holding losses and estimated fair value of marketable securities for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded
| | | Less Than 12 Months | | 12 Months or Greater | | Total | | | Less Than 12 Months | | | 12 Months or Greater | | | Total | |
| | | Estimated Fair Value | | Gross Unrealized Holding Losses | | Estimated Fair Value | | Gross Unrealized Holding Losses | | Estimated Fair Value | | Gross Unrealized Holding Losses | | | Estimated Fair Value | | Gross Unrealized Holding Losses | | Estimated Fair Value | | Gross Unrealized Holding Losses | | Estimated Fair Value | | Gross Unrealized Holding Losses | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
As of September 30, 2022 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| As of September 30, 2023 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Corporate bonds | | $ | 40,510,241 | | | $ | (1,327,302 | ) | | $ | 9,331,091 | | | $ | (956,409 | ) | | $ | 49,841,332 | | | $ | (2,283,711 | ) | | $ | 6,998,824 | | | $ | (86,868 | ) | | $ | 39,848,531 | | | $ | (1,836,004 | ) | | $ | 46,847,355 | | | $ | (1,922,872 | ) |
Total | | $ | 40,510,241 | | | $ | (1,327,302 | ) | | $ | 9,331,091 | | | $ | (956,409 | ) | | $ | 49,841,332 | | | $ | (2,283,711 | ) | | $ | 6,998,824 | | | $ | (86,868 | ) | | $ | 39,848,531 | | | $ | (1,836,004 | ) | | $ | 46,847,355 | | | $ | (1,922,872 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
As of March 31, 2022 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| As of March 31, 2023 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Corporate bonds | | $ | 6,306,750 | | | $ | (23,727 | ) | | $ | 9,738,338 | | | $ | (613,578 | ) | | $ | 16,045,088 | | | $ | (637,305 | ) | | $ | 37,084,628 | | | $ | (590,967 | ) | | $ | 13,294,817 | | | $ | (963,879 | ) | | $ | 50,379,445 | | | $ | (1,554,846 | ) |
Total | | $ | 6,306,750 | | | $ | (23,727 | ) | | $ | 9,738,338 | | | $ | (613,578 | ) | | $ | 16,045,088 | | | $ | (637,305 | ) | | $ | 37,084,628 | | | $ | (590,967 | ) | | $ | 13,294,817 | | | $ | (963,879 | ) | | $ | 50,379,445 | | | $ | (1,554,846 | ) |
None of the securities were impaired at acquisition, and subsequent declines in fair value are not attributedattributable to declines in credit quality. When evaluating for impairment we assess indicators that include, but are interest rate increases. We do not limited intend to earnings performance, changes in underlying credit ratings, market conditions, bona fide offers to purchase or sell, and abilityit is not more likely than not that we will be required to hold until maturity.sell, these securities before recovery of their amortized cost basis. The issuers continue to make timely interest payments on these securities. Because we believe it is more likely than not we will recover the cost basis of our investments, we did not consider record any impairment attributable to credit losses.
None of the marketable securities purchased during the period had experienced more-than-insignificant deterioration in credit quality since its origination and were therefore not considered “Purchased Financial Assets with Credit Deterioration.”
Unrealized losses on our marketable securities to be impairedand their tax effects are as of September 30, 2022.follows:
| | | Quarter Ended September 30, | |
| | | 2023 | | | 2022 | |
| Unrealized loss from marketable securities | | $ | (68,597 | ) | | $ | (252,894 | ) |
| Tax effects | | | 15,009 | | | | 55,333 | |
| Unrealized loss from marketable securities, net of tax | | $ | (53,588 | ) | | $ | (197,561 | ) |
| | | Six Months Ended September 30, | |
| | | 2023 | | | 2022 | |
| Unrealized loss from marketable securities | | $ | (369,034 | ) | | $ | (1,876,491 | ) |
| Tax effects | | | 80,745 | | | | 410,576 | |
| Unrealized loss from marketable securities, net of tax | | $ | (288,289 | ) | | $ | (1,465,915 | ) |
NOTE 6. INVENTORIESALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES ON ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLES
The following table shows a roll forward of the allowance for credit losses on our accounts receivable:
| Allowance for credit losses as of March 31, 2023 | | $ | 15,000 | |
| Provision for credit losses recorded in the quarter ended June 30, 2023 | | | 212,440 | |
| Change in provision for credit losses in the quarter ended September 30, 2023 | | | (202,926 | ) |
| Specific accounts deemed uncollectible | | | (9,514 | ) |
| Allowance for credit losses as of September 30, 2023 | | $ | 15,000 | |
NOTE 7. INVENTORIES
Inventories are shown in the following table:
| | | September 30,
2023 | | | March 31, 2023 | |
| Raw materials | | $ | 2,066,047 | | | $ | 1,601,962 | |
| Finished goods | | | 1,797,704 | | | | 1,033,154 | |
| Total inventories | | $ | 6,967,766 | | | $ | 6,417,010 | |
| | | September 30, 2022 | | | March 31, 2022 |
Raw materials | $ | 1,324,358 | | $ | 987,062 |
Work in process | | 3,829,498 | | | 3,355,838 |
Finished goods | | 640,993 | | | 745,735 |
Total inventories | $ | 5,794,849 | | $ | 5,088,635 |
NOTE 7.8. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION
Stock-based compensation expense was $39,951$106,312 for the second quarter of fiscal 2023, $56,9992024, $39,951 for the second quarter of fiscal 2022, $47,0852023, $116,848 for the firstsix months of fiscal 2023,2024, and $64,237$47,085 for the firstsix months of fiscal 2022.2023. We calculate the share-based compensation expense using the Black-ScholesBlack-Scholes-Merton standard option-pricing model.
NOTE 8.9. INCOME TAXES
Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. FederalAs of September 30, 2023, federal and state income taxes payable asestimated tax overpayments of September 30,2022 of approximately $1,457,000 are$408,184 were included in accrued expenses.the balance sheet in “Prepaid expenses and other assets.”
We had no unrecognized tax benefits as of September 30, 2022, 2023, and we do not expect any significant unrecognized tax benefits within 12 months of the reporting date. We recognize interest and penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. As of September 30, 2022 2023, we had no accrued interest related to uncertain tax positions. The tax years 20182019 through 20222023 remain open to examination by the major taxing jurisdictions to which we are subject.
NOTE 9.10. LEASES
We conduct our operations in a leased facility under a non-cancellable lease expiring March 31, 2026. Our lease does not provide an implicit interest rate, so we used our incremental borrowing rate to determine the present value of lease payments. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Variable lease costs consist primarily of common area maintenance and real estate taxes which are paid based on actual costs incurred by the lessor. Details of our operating lease are as follows:
Lease, Cost
| | Quarter Ended September 30, 2022 | | Six Months Ended September 30, 2022 | | Quarter Ended
Sept. 30, 2023 | | | Six Months Ended
Sept. 30, 2023 | |
| Operating lease cost | $ | 42,515 | | $ | 85,031 | | | $ | 37,754 | | | $ | 75,507 | |
| Variable lease cost | | 30,126 | | | 61,315 | | |
| Total | $ | 72,641 | | $ | 146,346 | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Operating cash flows for leases | $ | 42,723 | | 87,156 | | | $ | 44,433 | | | $ | 88,866 | |
| Remaining lease term | 42 months | | | | | | 30 months | | | | | |
| Discount rate | | 3.5 | % | | | | | | 3.5 | % | | | | |
The following table presentsshows the maturities of lease liabilities as of September 30, 2022:2023:
Lessee, Operating Lease, Liability, Maturity
| Year Ending March 31 | Operating Leases | |
| 2023 | | 78,487 | |
| 2024 | | 159,592 | |
| 2025 | | 163,224 | |
| 2026 | | 165,947 | |
| Total lease payments | | 567,250 | |
| Imputed lease interest | | (34,479 | ) |
| Total lease liabilities | $ | 532,771 | |
| Year Ending March 31, | | | Operating Lease Liabilities | |
| 2024 | | | $ | 89,774 | |
| 2025 | | | | 182,271 | |
| 2026 | | | | 184,995 | |
| Total lease payments | | | | 457,040 | |
| Imputed lease interest | | | | (18,946 | ) |
| Total lease liabilities | | | $ | 438,094 | |
NOTE 10.11. STOCK REPURCHASE PROGRAM
On January 21, 2009, we announced that our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $2,500,000$2,500,000 of our Common Stock from time to time in open market, block, or privately negotiated transactions. The timing and extent of any repurchases dependsdepend on market conditions, the trading price of the company’s stock, and other factors, and subject to the restrictions relating to volume, price, and timing under applicable law. On August 27, 2015, we announced that our Board of Directors authorized up to $5,000,000$5,000,000 of additional repurchases. Our repurchase program does not have an expiration date and does not obligate us to purchase any shares. The Program may be modified or discontinued at any time without notice. We intend to finance any stock repurchases with cash provided by operating activities or maturatingmaturing marketable securities. The remaining authorization was $3,598,519$3,520,369 as of September 30, 2022. 2023. We did not repurchase any of our Common Stock during the firstsix months of fiscal 2023.2024.
NOTE 11.12. INFORMATION AS TO EMPLOYEE STOCK PURCHASE, SAVINGS, AND SIMILAR PLANS
All of our employees are eligible to participate in our 401(k)401(k) savings plan the first quarter after reaching age 21.18. Employees may contribute up to the Internal Revenue Code maximum. We make matching contributions of 100%100% of the first 3%3% of participants’ salary deferral contributions. Our matching contributions were $$23,751 24,406for the second quarter of fiscal 2023, $26,831 2024, $23,751for the second quarter of fiscal 2022, $52,1772023, $51,483 for the firstsix months of fiscal 2023,2024, and $55,415$52,177 for the firstsix months of fiscal 2022.2023.
NOTE 12.13. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
On October 19, 2022 18, 2023, we announced that our Board of Directors had declared a quarterly cash dividend of $1.00$1.00 per share of Common Stock to be paid November 30, 20222023, to shareholders of record as of the close of business October 31, 202230, 2023.
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
Forward-looking statements
Some of the statements made in this Report or in the documents incorporated by reference in this Report and in other materials filed or to be filed by us with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) as well as information included in verbal or written statements made by us constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements are subject to the safe harbor provisions of the reform act. Forward-looking statements may be identified by the use of the terminology such as may, will, expect, anticipate, intend, believe, estimate, should, or continue, or the negatives of these terms or other variations on these words or comparable terminology. To the extent that this Report contains forward-looking statements regarding the financial condition, operating results, business prospects, or any other aspect of NVE, you should be aware that our actual financial condition, operating results, and business performance may differ materially from that projected or estimated by us in the forward-looking statements. We have attempted to identify, in context, some of the factors that we currently believe may cause actual future experience and results to differ from their current expectations. These differences may be caused by a variety of factors, including but not limited to risks related to our reliance on several large customers for a significant percentage of revenue, our dependence on critical suppliers and packaging vendors, uncertainties related to the economic environments in the industries we serve, uncertainties related to future sales and revenues, risks of credit losses, risks and uncertainties related to future stock repurchases and dividend payments, and other specific risks that may be alluded to in this Report or in the documents incorporated by reference in this Report.
Further information regarding our risks and uncertainties areis contained in Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended March 31, 2022.2023, as updated in Item 1A of this report.
General
NVE Corporation referred to as NVE, we, us, or our, develops and sells devices that use spintronics, a nanotechnology that relies on electron spin rather than electron charge to acquire, store, and transmit information. We manufacture high-performance spintronic products including sensors and couplers that are used to acquire and transmit data.
Critical accounting policies
A description of our critical accounting policies is provided in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended March 31, 2022.2023. As of September 30, 20222023, our critical accounting policies and estimates continued to include investment valuation, inventory valuation, and deferred tax assets estimation.
Quarter ended September 30, 20222023, compared to quarter ended September 30, 20212022
The table shown below summarizes the percentage of revenue and quarter-to-quarter changes for various items:
| | Percentage of Revenue Quarter Ended September 30 | | | Quarter- to-Quarter | | | Percentage of Revenue Quarter Ended September 30, | | Quarter- to-Quarter
| |
| | 2022 | | | 2021 | | | Change | | | 2023 | | | 2022 | | | Change | |
Revenue | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Product sales | 98.1 | % | | 97.2 | % | | 58.6 | % | | | 99.8 | % | | | 98.1 | % | | | (32.3 | )% |
Contract research and development | 1.9 | % | | 2.8 | % | | 5.1 | % | | | 0.2 | % | | | 1.9 | % | | | (92.1 | )% |
Total revenue | 100.0 | % | | 100.0 | % | | 57.1 | % | | | 100.0 | % | | | 100.0 | % | | | (33.4 | )% |
Cost of sales | 22.4 | % | | 22.6 | % | | 55.6 | % | | | 22.4 | % | | | 22.4 | % | | | (33.4 | )% |
Gross profit | 77.6 | % | | 77.4 | % | | 57.5 | % | | | 77.6 | % | | | 77.6 | % | | | (33.5 | )% |
Expenses | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Research and development | 6.2 | % | | 10.4 | % | | (5.4) | % | | | 9.6 | % | | | 6.2 | % | | | 2.0 | % |
Selling, general, and administrative | 4.1 | % | | 7.1 | % | | (9.8) | % | | | 6.0 | % | | | 4.1 | % | | | (0.4 | )% |
| Provision for credit losses | | | | (2.8 | )% | | | — | % | | | — | % |
Total expenses | 10.3 | % | | 17.5 | % | | (7.2) | % | | | 12.8 | % | | | 10.3 | % | | | (17.3 | )% |
Income from operations | 67.3 | % | | 59.9 | % | | 76.3 | % | | | 64.8 | % | | | 67.3 | % | | | (35.9 | )% |
Interest income | 3.2 | % | | 4.3 | % | | 19.2 | % | | | 7.2 | % | | | 3.2 | % | | | 45.7 | % |
Income before taxes | 70.5 | % | | 64.2 | % | | 72.5 | % | | | 72.0 | % | | | 70.5 | % | | | (32.1 | )% |
Provision for income taxes | 13.7 | % | | 10.8 | % | | 99.6 | % | | | 5.8 | % | | | 13.7 | % | | | (72.3 | )% |
Net income | 56.8 | % | | 53.4 | % | | 67.0 | % | | | 66.2 | % | | | 56.8 | % | | | (22.4 | )% |
Total revenue for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 (the second quarter of fiscal 2024) decreased 33% compared to the quarter ended September 30, 2022 (the second quarter of fiscal 2023) increased 57% compared to the quarter ended September 30, 2021 (the second quarter of fiscal 2022). The increasedecrease was due to a 59% increase32% decrease in product sales and a 5% increase92% decrease in contract research and development revenue. The increasedecrease in product sales was primarily due to increaseddecreased purchases by existing customers, particularly in the defense industry, and new customers. Sales increased in most of our markets and product lines.a semiconductor industry downturn. The increasedecrease in contract research and development revenue was due to newthe completion of most contracts.
Total expenses decreased 7%17% for the second quarter of fiscal 20232024 compared to the second quarter of fiscal 20222023 primarily due to a 5% decrease$202,926 credit loss provision reversal, partially offset by a 2% increase in research and development expense and a 10% decrease in selling, general, and administrative expense. The decreaseschange in expenses were primarilythe provision for credit losses was due to the reallocationa reassessment of resources to revenue-generating activities.our allowance for credit losses based on payments and debtor customer information as of September 30, 2023.
Interest income for the second quarter of fiscal 20232024 increased 19%46% due to an increase in our available-for-salehigher yields on securities and an increase in their average interest rate.purchased after September 30, 2022.
The 67% increase in netOur effective tax rate, which is the provision for income intaxes as a percentage of income before taxes, decreased to 8% for the second quarter of fiscal 20232024 compared to 19% for the second quarter of fiscal 2023. The decrease was due to the impact of the $202,926 credit loss provision reversal and changes in the amounts and timing of tax deductions and credits. Our effective tax rate can vary from quarter to quarter. Our effective tax rate in subsequent quarters will likely be higher than the effective tax rate in the quarter ended September 30, 2023.
The 22% decrease in net income for the second quarter of fiscal 2024 compared to the prior-year quarter was primarily due to decreased revenue, partially offset by decreased expenses, increased revenueinterest income, and decreased expenses.a lower effective tax rate.
Six months ended September 30, 20222023, compared to six months ended September 30, 20212022
The table shown below summarizes the percentage of revenue and period-to-period changes for various items:
| | Percentage of Revenue Six Months Ended September 30 | | | Period- to-Period | | | Percentage of Revenue Six Months Ended Sept. 30, | | | Period-
to-Period | |
| | 2022 | | | 2021 | | | Change | | | 2023 | | | 2022 | | | Change | |
Revenue | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Product sales | 97.4 | % | | 97.2 | % | | 29.5 | % | | | 99.1 | % | | | 97.4 | % | | | (10.1 | )% |
Contract research and development | 2.6 | % | | 2.8 | % | | 18.8 | % | | | 0.9 | % | | | 2.6 | % | | | (68.4 | )% |
Total revenue | 100.0 | % | | 100.0 | % | | 29.2 | % | | | 100.0 | % | | | 100.0 | % | | | (11.6 | )% |
Cost of sales | 22.5 | % | | 23.7 | % | | 22.4 | % | | | 23.0 | % | | | 22.5 | % | | | (9.3 | )% |
Gross profit | 77.5 | % | | 76.3 | % | | 31.3 | % | | | 77.0 | % | | | 77.5 | % | | | (12.2 | )% |
Expenses | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Research and development | 7.0 | % | | 10.9 | % | | (16.1) | % | | | 8.6 | % | | | 7.0 | % | | | 8.4 | % |
Selling, general, and administrative | 4.5 | % | | 6.8 | % | | (15.0) | % | | | 5.7 | % | | | 4.5 | % | | | 12.6 | % |
| Provision for credit losses | | | | 0.1 | % | | | — | % | | | — | % |
Total expenses | 11.5 | % | | 17.7 | % | | (15.7) | % | | | 14.4 | % | | | 11.5 | % | | | 10.5 | % |
Income from operations | 66.0 | % | | 58.6 | % | | 45.4 | % | | | 62.6 | % | | | 66.0 | % | | | (16.2 | )% |
Interest income | 3.5 | % | | 4.2 | % | | 8.5 | % | | | 5.9 | % | | | 3.5 | % | | | 49.5 | % |
Income before taxes | 69.5 | % | | 62.8 | % | | 43.0 | % | | | 68.5 | % | | | 69.5 | % | | | (12.9 | )% |
Provision for income taxes | 12.8 | % | | 11.1 | % | | 49.4 | % | | | 11.3 | % | | | 12.8 | % | | | (22.2 | )% |
Net income | 56.7 | % | | 51.7 | % | | 41.6 | % | | | 57.2 | % | | | 56.7 | % | | | (10.8 | )% |
Total revenue for the six months ended September 30, 2022 (the first six months of fiscal 2023) increased 29%2023, decreased 12% compared to the six months ended September 30, 2021 (the first six months of fiscal 2022).2022. The increasedecrease was due to a 29% increase10% decrease in product sales and a 19% increase68% decrease in contract research and development revenue. The increasedecrease in product sales was primarily due to increaseddecreased purchases by existing customers, particularly in the defense industry, and new customers. Sales increased in most of our markets and product lines.a semiconductor industry downturn. The increasedecrease in contract research and development revenue was due to newthe completion of most contracts.
Gross profit as a percentage of revenueTotal expenses increased to 78%11% for the first six months of fiscal 2023 from 76% for the first six months of fiscal 2022 primarily due to increased prices partially offset by increased costs.
Total expenses decreased 16% for the first six months of fiscal 20232024 compared to the first six months of fiscal 20222023 due to a 16% decreasean 8% increase in research and development expense and a 15% decrease13% increase in selling, general, and administrative expense. The decreasesincreases in research and development and selling, general, and administrative expenses were primarily due to the reallocation of resources to revenue-generating activities.increased staffing and increased employee compensation expenses.
Interest income for the first six months of fiscal 20232024 increased 9%50% due to an increase in our available-for-salehigher yields on securities and an increase in their average interest rate.purchased after September 30, 2022.
The 42% increase in netOur effective tax rate, which is the provision for income intaxes as a percentage of income before taxes, decreased to 17% for the first six months of fiscal 20232024 from 19% for the first six months of fiscal 2023. The decrease was due to changes in the amount and timing of tax deductions and tax credits.
The 11% decrease in net income for the first six months of fiscal 2024 compared to the prior-year period was primarily due to increaseddecreased revenue and decreased expenses.increased expenses, partially offset by increased interest income and a lower effective tax rate.
Supply Chain Disruptions
Supply chain disruptions related to the COVID-19 pandemic may have favorably affected product sales in the quarter and six months ended September 30, 2022 since we believe the disruptions may have been less severe for us than for our competitors. We believe supply chain disruptions also had an unfavorable impact on our costs of sales.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Overview
Cash and cash equivalents were $3,583,539$6,953,448 as of September 30, 20222023, compared to $10,449,510$1,669,896 as of March 31, 2022.2023. The $6,865,971 decrease$5,283,552 increase in cash and cash equivalents during the first six months of fiscal 20232024 was due to $9,661,652$10,384,818 of cash used in financingprovided by operating activities for dividend payments and $6,555,557$4,445,434 of cash usedprovided by investing activities, partially offset by $9,351,238$9,546,700 of cash used in net cash provided by operatingfinancing activities.
Operating Activities
Net cash provided by operating activities related to product sales and research and development contract revenue aswas our primary source of working capital for the current and prior-year quarters. Net cash provided by operating activities was $10,384,818 for the first six months of fiscal 2024 compared to $9,351,238 for the first six months of fiscal 2023 compared to $6,458,196 for the first six months of fiscal 2022.2023.
Accounts receivable increased $1,155,585decreased $3,598,068 during the first six months of fiscal 20232024 due to the timing of customer payments and decreased revenue.
Inventories increased $550,756 during the first six months of fiscal 2024 primarily due to increased product sales.
Inventories increased $706,214 due primarily to our decisionsdecision to increase work in process in orderinventories to mitigate longer vendor lead-times.lead times and to support growth.
Accounts payable and accrued expenses increased $890,822 duedecreased $953,886 during the first six months of fiscal 2024 primarily due to a $1,504,462 increasedecreases in accrued expenses partially offset by a $544,272 decrease in accountsincome tax payable, and a $69,368 net decrease in current and long-term operating lease, liabilities. The increase in accrued expenses was due to increases in income taxes payable and deferred revenue. Thea decrease in accounts payable was due to the timing of vendor payments.accruals for performance-based compensation.
Investing Activities
Cash usedprovided by investing activities during the first six months ended September 30, 2022of fiscal 2024 consisted of $25,381,057 of marketable securities purchases and $24,500 of fixed asset purchases, partially offset by $18,750,000$8,400,000 in proceeds from maturities of marketable securities, partially offset by $16,731 of fixed assets purchases and the receipt$3,937,835 of a $100,000 tenant improvement allowance. Fixed asset purchasesmarketable securities purchases. Purchases of fixed assets can vary from quarterperiod to quarterperiod depending on our needs and equipment purchasing opportunities. We have ordered additional new production equipment toSuch purchases could increase our production capacity. Therefore we currently expect significantly more fixed asset purchases during fiscal 2023 than the $484,579 we invested in fiscal 2022.future periods.
Financing Activities
Cash used in financing activities during the six months ended September 30, 20222023, consisted of $9,661,652$9,664,227 of cash dividends paid to shareholders. shareholders, partially offset by $117,527 in proceeds from the exercise of stock options.
In addition to cash dividends to shareholders paid in the second quarter of fiscal 2023,2024, on October 19, 202218, 2023, we announced that our Board of Directors had declared a cash dividend of $1.00 per share of Common Stock, or $4,830,826 based on shares outstanding as of October 14, 2022,$4,833,401, to be paid November 30, 2022. 2023, to shareholders of record as of the close of business October 30, 2023.
We plan to fund dividends through cash provided by operating activities and proceeds from maturities of marketable securities. All future dividends will be subject to Board approval and subject to the company’s results of operations, cash and marketable security balances, estimates of future cash requirements, and other factors the Board may deem relevant. Furthermore, dividends may be modified or discontinued at any time without notice.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures.
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Management, with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer and ChiefPrincipal Financial Officer, has performed an evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures that are defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”) as of the end of the period covered by this Report. This evaluation included consideration of the controls, processes, and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Although there have been changes in personnel involved in our controls, processes, and procedures, ourOur management concluded that, as of September 30, 2022,2023, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.
Changes in Internal Controls
During the quarter ended September 30, 2022,2023, there was no change in our internal control over financial reporting that materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
PART II–OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings.
In the ordinary course of business, we may become involved in litigation. At this time, we are not aware of any material pending or threatened legal proceedings or other proceedings contemplated by governmental authorities that we expect would have a material adverse impact on our future results of operation and financial condition.
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
There have been no material changes from the risk factors disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022.2023, as updated in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2023.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.
None.
Item 6. Exhibits.
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
| | NVE CORPORATION | |
| | (Registrant) | |
| |
| |
October 19, 202218, 2023 | | /s/ DANIEL A. BAKER | |
Date | | Daniel A. Baker | |
| | President and Chief Executive Officer | |
| |
| October 18, 2023 | | /s/ DANIEL NELSON | |
October 19, 2022Date | | /s/ JOSEPH P. SCHMITZ | Daniel Nelson | |
Date | | Joseph P. Schmitz | |
| | ChiefPrincipal Financial Officer | |
