The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of Optical Cable Corporation and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company” or “OCC®”) have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles for interim financial information and the instructions to Form 10‑Q and Regulation S‑X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by U.S. generally accepted accounting principles for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all material adjustments considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. Operating results for the threesix months ended January 31,April 30, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results for the fiscal year ending October 31, 2023 because the following items, among other things, may impact those results: changing macroeconomic conditions in various markets, direct and indirect impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic including (but not limited to) supply chain and labor constraints impacting production volumes, any increased costs and COVID-19 related to government and private industry mandates in the areas of the world in which we operate, changes in market conditions, seasonality, inflation and interest rates, changes in technology, competitive conditions, timing of certain projects and purchases by key customers, significant variations in sales resulting from high volatility and timing of large sales orders among a limited number of customers in certain markets, ability of management to execute its business plans, continued ability to maintain and/or secure future debt and/or equity financing to adequately finance ongoing operations; as well as other variables, uncertainties, contingencies and risks set forth as risks in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10‑K for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2022 (including those set forth in the “Forward-Looking Information” section), or as otherwise set forth in other filings by the Company as variables, contingencies and/or risks possibly affecting future results. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and condensed notes are presented as permitted by Form 10‑Q and do not contain certain information included in the Company’s annual consolidated financial statements and notes. For further information, refer to the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10‑K for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2022.

As of January 31,April 30, 2023, there were approximately 381,000384,000 remaining shares available for grant under the Optical Cable Corporation Stock Incentive Plan (“2017 Plan”).

Share-based compensation expense for employees, a consultant and non-employee Directors recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three months and six months ended January 31,April 30, 2023 was $154,639 and $289,680, respectively. Share-based compensation expense for employees, a consultant and non-employee Directors recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three months and six months ended April 30, 2022 was $135,041$113,212 and $124,439,$237,651, respectively. Share-based compensation expense is entirely related to expense recognized in connection with the vesting of restricted stock awards or other stock awards.

Stock Compensation

The Company has granted, and anticipates granting from time to time, restricted stock awards subject to approval by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. Since fiscal year 2004, the Company has exclusively used restricted stock awards for all share-based compensation of employees and consultants, and restricted stock awards or stock awards to non-employee members of the Board of Directors.

Restricted stock award activity during the threesix months ended January 31,April 30, 2023 consisted of restricted shares withheld for taxes in connection with the vesting of restricted shares totaling 24,64628,073 shares. OCC restricted stock grants provide the participant with the option to surrender shares to pay for withholding tax obligations resulting from any vesting restricted shares, or to pay cash to the Company or taxing authorities in the amount of the withholding taxes owed on the value of any vesting restricted shares in order to avoid surrendering shares. The Company accrued $100,719 as of January 31, 2023 related to the surrender of shares by participants to pay for withholding taxes on shares that vested on January 31, 2023.

As of January 31,April 30, 2023, the estimated amount of compensation cost related to unvested equity-based compensation awards in the form of service-based and operational performance-based shares that the Company will recognize over a 2.51.2 year weighted-average period is approximately $885,000.$730,000.

A summary of changes in the allowance for doubtful accounts for trade accounts receivable for the threesix months ended January 31,April 30, 2023 and 2022 follows:

Inventories as of January 31,April 30, 2023 and October 31, 2022 consist of the following:

As of January 31,April 30, 2023 and October 31, 2022, the Company’s accrual for estimated product warranty claims totaled $65,000 and $75,000, respectively, and is included in accounts payable and accrued expenses. Warranty claims expense for the three months and six months ended January 31,April 30, 2023 totaled $13,078 and $29,652, respectively. Warranty claims expense for the three months and six months ended April 30, 2022 totaled $16,574$15,641 and $7,894,$23,535, respectively.

The following table summarizes the changes in the Company’s accrual for product warranties during the threesix months ended January 31,April 30, 2023 and 2022:

The Company has credit facilities consisting of a real estate term loan, as amended and restated (the “Virginia Real Estate Loan”), a supplemental real estate term loan, as amended and restated (the “North Carolina Real Estate Loan”) and a Revolving Credit Master Promissory Note and related agreements (collectively, the “Revolver”).

Both the Virginia Real Estate Loan and the North Carolina Real Estate Loan are with Northeast Bank, have a fixed interest rate of 3.95% and are secured by a first lien deed of trust on the Company’s real property. Also see note 12.

Long-term debt as of January 31,April 30, 2023 and October 31, 2022 consists of the following:

The Revolver with North Mill Capital LLC (now doing business as SLR Business Credit, “SLR”) provides the Company with one or more advances in an amount up to: (a) 85% of the aggregate outstanding amount of eligible accounts (the “eligible accounts loan value”); plus (b) the lowest of (i) an amount up to 35% of the aggregate value of eligible inventory, (ii) $5,000,000, and (iii) an amount not to exceed 100% of the then outstanding eligible accounts loan value; minus (c) $1,150,000.

OPTICAL CABLE CORPORATION

Condensed Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Six Months Ended April 30, 2023

(Unaudited)

The maximum aggregate principal amount subject to the Revolver is $18,000,000. Interest accrues on the daily balance at the per annum rate of 1.5% above the Prime Rate in effect from time to time, but not less than 4.75% (the “Applicable Rate”). In the event of a default, interest may become 6.0% above the Applicable Rate. As of January 31,April 30, 2023, the Revolver accrued interest at the prime lending rate plus 1.5% (resulting in a 9.0%9.5% rate at January 31,April 30, 2023). The termination date of the Revolver is July 24, 2025 and the loan may be extended in one year periods subject to the agreement of SLR.

The Revolver is secured by all of the following assets: properties, rights and interests in property of the Company whether now owned or existing, or hereafter acquired or arising, and wherever located; all accounts, equipment, commercial tort claims, general intangibles, chattel paper, inventory, negotiable collateral, investment property, financial assets, letter-of-credit rights, supporting obligations, deposit accounts, money or assets of the Company, which hereafter come into the possession, custody, or control of SLR; all proceeds and products, whether tangible or intangible, of any of the foregoing, including proceeds of insurance covering any or all of the foregoing; any and all tangible or intangible property resulting from the sale, lease, license or other disposition of any of the foregoing, or any portion thereof or interest therein, and all proceeds thereof; and any other assets of the Company which may be subject to a lien in favor of SLR as security for the obligations under the Loan Agreement.

As of January 31,April 30, 2023, the Company had $6.8$8.0 million of outstanding borrowings on its Revolver and $4.8$5.0 million in available credit. As of October 31, 2022, the Company had $6.0 million of outstanding borrowings on its Revolver and $5.9 million in available credit.

The Company has an operating lease agreement for approximately 34,000 square feet of office, manufacturing and warehouse space in Plano, Texas (near Dallas). The lease term expires on November 30, 2024.

The Company has an operating lease agreement for approximately 36,000 square feet of warehouse space in Roanoke, Virginia. During the first quarter of fiscal year 2023, the lease term was extended for an additional three years. The new expiration date is April 30, 2026.

The Company also leases certain office equipment under operating leases with initial 60 month terms. The lease terms expire in February and April of 2025.

OCC leases printers that are used in the Roanoke, Virginia manufacturing facility. The lease term expires on August 22, 2026. The right-of-use asset is being amortized on a straight line basis over seven years. When the lease term ends, the remaining net book value of the right-of-use asset will be classified as property and equipment.

The Company’s lease contracts may include options to extend or terminate the leases. The Company exercises judgment to determine the term of those leases when such options are present and include such options in the calculation of the lease term when it is reasonably certain that it will exercise those options.

The Company includes contract lease components in its determination of lease payments, while non-lease components of the contracts, such as taxes, insurance, and common area maintenance, are expensed as incurred. At commencement, right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are measured at the present value of future lease payments over the lease term. The Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on information available at the time of lease commencement to measure the present value of future payments.

Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Short term leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are expensed as incurred. The Company’s short term leases have month-to-month terms.

Operating lease right-of-use assets of $867,974$779,031 and $662,328 were included in other assets at January 31,April 30, 2023 and October 31, 2022, respectively. Operating lease liabilities of $387,013$395,891 and $541,904$439,520 were included in accounts payable and accrued expenses, and other noncurrent liabilities, respectively, at January 31,April 30, 2023. Operating lease liabilities of $355,183 and $374,570 were included in accounts payable and accrued expenses, and other noncurrent liabilities, respectively, at October 31, 2022. Operating lease expense recognized during the three months and six months ended January 31,April 30, 2023 totaled $109,144 and $212,477, respectively. Operating lease expense recognized during the three months and six months ended April 30, 2022 totaled $103,333.$103,333 and $206,667, respectively.

The weighted average remaining lease term was 2926.2 months and the weighted average discount rate was 7.0%7.1% as of January 31,April 30, 2023.

For the three months ended January 31,April 30, 2023 and 2022, cash paid for operating lease liabilities totaled $109,815$109,151 and $107,284,$107,835, respectively. For the three months ended January 31,April 30, 2023 right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities totaled $316,028 and there was a reduction in right-of-use assets for modified operating lease liabilities totaling $15,719. For the three months ended January 31, 2022, there were no right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities.

FinancingFinance lease right-of-use assets of $163,465$156,091 and $170,839 were included in other assets at January 31,April 30, 2023 and October 31, 2022, respectively. FinancingFinance lease liabilities of $36,150$36,581 and $121,711$112,404 were included in accounts payable and accrued expenses, and other noncurrent liabilities, respectively, at January 31,April 30, 2023. FinancingFinance lease liabilities of $35,724 and $130,911 were included in accounts payable and accrued expenses, and other noncurrent liabilities, respectively, at October 31, 2022. Interest expense related to the financingfinance lease totaled $1,944$1,840 and $2,350$3,784, respectively, for the three month periodsmonths and six months ended January 31, 2023 and January 31, 2022, respectively. AmortizationApril 30, 2023. Interest expense related to the financingfinance lease totaled $7,374$2,251 and $4,601, respectively, for the three month periodsmonths and six months ended January 31,April 30, 2022. For the three months ended April 30, 2023 and January 31, 2022.2022, amortization expense related to the finance lease totaled $7,374. For the six months ended April 30, 2023 and 2022, amortization expense related to the finance lease totaled $14,749.

The remaining lease term for the financingfinance lease is 4340 months and the discount rate is 4.75% as of January 31,April 30, 2023.

For the three months ended January 31,April 30, 2023, cash paid for the financingfinance lease liability totaled $1,944$1,840 for interest and $8,773$8,878 for principal. For the six months ended April 30, 2023, cash paid for the finance lease liability totaled $3,784 for interest and $17,652 for principal.

For the three months ended January 31,April 30, 2022, cash paid for the financingfinance lease liability totaled $2,350$2,251 for interest and $8,366$8,466 for principal. For the six months ended April 30, 2022, cash paid for the finance lease liability totaled $4,601 for interest and $16,833 for principal.

The Company’s future payments due under leases reconciled to the lease liabilities are as follows:

The carrying amounts reported in the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of January 31,April 30, 2023 and October 31, 2022 for cash, restricted cash, trade accounts receivable, other receivables, current installments of long-term debt, accounts payable and accrued expenses, and accrued compensation and payroll taxes approximate fair value because of the short maturity of these instruments. The carrying values of the Company’s note payable, revolver – noncurrent, and long-term debt, excluding current installments, approximate fair value based on long-term debt issues available to the Company as of January 31,April 30, 2023 and October 31, 2022. Fair value is defined as the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.

Basic net income (loss) per share excludes dilution and is computed by dividing net income (loss) available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted net income (loss) per share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock or resulted in the issuance of common stock that then shared in the net income (loss) of the Company.

The following is a reconciliation of the numerators and denominators of the net income (loss) per share computations for the periods presented:

Weighted average unvested shares for the three months and six months ended January 31,April 30, 2022 totaling 363,450,373,751 and 403,114, respectively, while issued and outstanding, were not included in the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share for the three months and six months ended January 31,April 30, 2022 (because to include such shares would have been antidilutive, or in other words, to do so would have reduced the net loss per share for that period).

The Company provides credit, in the normal course of business, to various commercial enterprises, governmental entities and not‑for‑profit organizations. Concentration of credit risk with respect to trade receivables is normally limited due to the Company’s large number of customers. The Company also manages exposure to credit risk through credit approvals, credit limits and monitoring procedures. Management believes that credit risks as of January 31,April 30, 2023 have been adequately provided for in the condensed consolidated financial statements. The Company includes all entities under common ownership for the purpose of calculating business concentrations.

For the three months and six months ended January 31,April 30, 2023, 17.7% and 2022, 14.8% and 17.2%16.3%, respectively, of consolidated net sales were attributable to one national distributor customer. For the three months and six months ended April 30, 2022, 17.0% and 17.1%, respectively, of consolidated net sales were attributable to one national distributor customer.

The Company has a single reportable segment for purposes of segment reporting.

Revenues consist of product sales that are recognized at a specific point in time under the core principle of recognizing revenue when control transfers to the customer. The Company considers customer purchase orders, governed by master sales agreements or the Company’s standard terms and conditions, to be the contract with the customer. For each contract, the promise to transfer the control of the products, each of which is individually distinct, is considered to be the identified performance obligation. The Company evaluates each customer’s credit risk when determining whether to accept a contract.

In determining transaction prices, the Company evaluates whether fixed order prices are subject to adjustment to determine the net consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled. Contracts do not include financing components, as payment terms are generally due 30 to 90 days after shipment. Taxes assessed by governmental authorities and collected from the customer including, but not limited to, sales and use taxes and value-added taxes, are not included in the transaction price and are not included in net sales.

The Company recognizes revenue at the point in time when products are shipped or delivered from its manufacturing facility to its customer, in accordance with the agreed upon shipping terms. Since the Company typically invoices the customer at the same time that performance obligations are satisfied, no contract assets are recognized. The Company’s contract liability represents advance consideration received from customers prior to transfer of the product. This liability was $59,313$59,660 as of January 31,April 30, 2023 and $317,310 as of October 31, 2022.

Sales to certain customers are made pursuant to agreements that provide price adjustments and limited return rights with respect to the Company’s products. The Company maintains a reserve for estimated future price adjustment claims, rebates and returns as a refund liability. The Company’s refund liability was $257,749$208,034 as of January 31,April 30, 2023 and $233,494 as of October 31, 2022.

OPTICAL CABLE CORPORATION

Condensed Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Six Months Ended April 30, 2023

(Unaudited)

The Company offers standard product warranty coverage which provides assurance that its products will conform to contractually agreed-upon specifications for a limited period from the date of shipment. Separately-priced warranty coverage is not offered. The warranty claim is generally limited to a credit equal to the purchase price or a promise to repair or replace the product for a specified period of time at no additional charge.

The Company accounts for shipping and handling activities related to contracts with customers as a cost to fulfill its promise to transfer control of the related product. Shipping and handling costs are included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The Company incurs sales commissions to acquire customer contracts that are directly attributable to the contracts. The commissions are expensed as selling expenses during the period that the related products are transferred to customers.

Disaggregation of Revenue

The following table presents net sales attributable to the United States and all other countries in total for the three months and six months ended January 31,April 30, 2023 and 2022:

Restricted Cash

At the end of December 2022, an office building and its contents at the Company’s Asheville facilities sustained water damage resulting from a burst pipe in the sprinkler system. The office building is separate from the Company’s manufacturing building which houses its manufacturing operations and certain offices at the same location. The Company has insurance coverage for the office building, its contents and certain business expenses to cover damages and any losses incurred.

As of April 30, 2023, the Company has restricted cash of $1,517,885, resulting from the receipt of a portion of the proceeds from the insurance claim for which offsetting expenses have not yet been incurred. The insurance proceeds recorded as restricted cash relate to the collateral for the Company’s real estate term loans with Northeast Bank and, as a result, are held in escrow. Cash may be released from escrow as the Company submits details of expenses incurred for restoration and repair of the related property to Northeast Bank. Any cash remaining in escrow after any restoration and repairs are completed, will be available for the benefit of the Company or to pay down the real estate term loans once Northeast Bank is satisfied that the collateral has been returned to an acceptable state. Cash may also be released from escrow in the event the Company pays off the real estate term loans with Northeast Bank.

OPTICAL CABLE CORPORATION

Condensed Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Six Months Ended April 30, 2023

(Unaudited)

Gain on Insurance Proceeds

During the second quarter of fiscal year 2023, the Company received insurance proceeds in connection with the office building and its contents at the Company’s Asheville facilities sustaining water damage from a burst pipe at the end of December 2022. The office building damaged is separate from the Company’s manufacturing building, which houses its manufacturing operations and certain offices at the same location. There was no significant impact to the Company’s operations as a result of this event.

Insurance proceeds for all assets covered, net of applicable deductibles, received through April 30, 2023 totaled $2,056,008. During the first half of fiscal year 2023, the Company recorded a loss on property and equipment totaling $7,538 and incurred expenses for building stabilization and cleaning, removal of damaged items, and other miscellaneous and related activities totaling $359,718.

Insurance proceeds received in excess of expenses incurred through April 30, 2023, a net total of $1,696,290, is included in other income (expense), net as a gain on insurance proceeds received for damage to property and equipment on the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of operations. To the extent the Company incurs expenses in future periods for renovation, repair or replacement or damaged assets, the Company may recognize offsetting losses in those future periods. The Company does not expect any future restoration and repair costs to exceed any insurance proceeds.

From time to time, the Company is involved in various claims, legal actions and regulatory reviews arising in the ordinary course of business. In the opinion of management, the ultimate disposition of these matters will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or liquidity.

The Company believes continuing and lingering direct and indirect impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and certain macroeconomic trends as the COVID-19 pandemic has become more endemic-like in the U.S. have created challenges that have affected production volumes and sales. While improving, the Company has continued to experience certain challenges recruiting additional personnel (particularly, production personnel), as well as certain raw material supply chain challenges, which can impact sales, shipped product volumes, pricing and lead times for certain products. The Company believes it has taken steps to successfully mitigate (to a certain extent) the impacts of these challenges; however, at this time the Company believes these challenges may continue.

The extent to which any direct and indirect impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and certain related macroeconomic trends may continue to affect the Company in the future will depend on ongoing developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be reasonably predicted, including, but not limited to, the duration and severity of any future outbreaks; the timing and extent of any imposition or easing of restrictions on businesses and individuals in various markets; any impact on product demand in certain of the Company’s markets; the potential for any resurgence of the virus (including its variant strains); any supply chain and labor constraints impacting production volumes and costs directly or indirectly resulting from the pandemic and after effects of the pandemic; as well as a variety of other unknowable factors.

There are no new accounting standards issued, but not yet adopted by the Company, which are expected to materially impact the Company’s financial position, operating results or financial statement disclosures.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Forward-Looking Information

This Form 10-Q may contain certain forward-looking information within the meaning of the federal securities laws. The forward-looking information may include, among other information, (i) statements concerning our outlook for the future, (ii) statements of belief, anticipation or expectation, (iii) future plans, strategies or anticipated events, and (iv) similar information and statements concerning matters that are not historical facts. Such forward-looking information is subject to known and unknown variables, uncertainties, contingencies and risks that may cause actual events or results to differ materially from our expectations. Such known and unknown variables, uncertainties, contingencies and risks (collectively, “factors”) may also adversely affect Optical Cable Corporation and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company” or “OCC®”), the Company’s future results of operations and future financial condition, and/or the future equity value of the Company. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences from our expectations or that could adversely affect the Company include, but are not limited to: the level of sales to key customers, including distributors; timing of certain projects and purchases by key customers; the economic conditions affecting network service providers; corporate and/or government spending on information technology; actions by competitors; fluctuations in the price of raw materials (including optical fiber, copper, gold and other precious metals, plastics and other materials); fluctuations in transportation costs; our dependence on customized equipment for the manufacture of certain of our products in certain production facilities; our ability to protect our proprietary manufacturing technology; market conditions influencing prices or pricing in one or more of the markets in which we participate, including the impact of increased competition; our dependence on a limited number of suppliers for certain product components; the loss of or conflict with one or more key suppliers or customers; an adverse outcome in any litigation, claims and other actions, and potential litigation, claims and other actions against us; an adverse outcome in any regulatory reviews and audits and potential regulatory reviews and audits; adverse changes in state tax laws and/or positions taken by state taxing authorities affecting us; technological changes and introductions of new competing products; changes in end-user preferences for competing technologies relative to our product offering; economic conditions that affect the telecommunications sector, the data communications sector, certain technology sectors and/or certain industry market sectors (for example, mining, oil & gas, military, and wireless carrier industry market sectors); economic conditions that affect U.S.-based manufacturers; economic conditions or changes in relative currency strengths (for example, the strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to certain foreign currencies) and import and/or export tariffs imposed by the U.S. and other countries that affect certain geographic markets, industry market sector, and/or the economy as a whole; changes in demand for our products from certain competitors for which we provide private label connectivity products; changes in the mix of products sold during any given period (due to, among other things, seasonality or varying strength or weaknesses in particular markets in which we participate) which may impact gross profits and gross profit margins or net sales; variations in orders and production volumes of hybrid cables (fiber and copper) with high copper content, which tend to have lower gross profit margins; significant variations in sales resulting from: (i) high volatility within various geographic markets, within targeted markets and industries, for certain types of products, and/or with certain customers (whether related to the market generally or to specific customers’ business in particular), (ii) timing of large sales orders, and (iii) high sales concentration among a limited number of customers in certain markets, particularly the wireless carrier market; terrorist attacks or acts of war, any current or potential future military conflicts, and acts of civil unrest; cold wars and economic sanctions as a result of these activities; changes in the level of spending by the United States government, including, but not limited to military spending; ability to recruit and retain key personnel (including production personnel); poor labor relations; increasing labor costs; delays, extended lead times and/or changes in availability of needed raw materials, equipment and/or supplies; shipping and other logistics challenges; impact of inflation or hyperinflation on costs, including raw materials and labor, and ability to pass along any increased costs to customers; impact of rising interest rates increasing the cost of capital; impact of cybersecurity risks and incidents and the related actual or potential costs and consequences of such risks and incidents, including costs and regulations to limit such risks; the impact of data privacy laws and the General Data Protection Regulation and the related actual or potential costs and consequences; the impact of changes in accounting policies and related costs of compliance, including changes by the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (“PCAOB”), the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”), and/or the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”); our ability to continue to successfully comply with, and the cost of compliance with, the provisions of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 or any revisions to that act which apply to us; the impact of changes and potential changes in federal laws and regulations adversely affecting our business and/or which result in increases in our direct and indirect costs, including our direct and indirect costs of compliance with such laws and regulations; rising healthcare costs; impact of new or changed government laws and regulations on healthcare costs; the impact of changes in state or federal tax laws and regulations increasing our costs and/or impacting the net return to investors owning our shares; any changes in the status of our compliance with covenants with our lenders; our continued ability to maintain and/or secure future debt financing and/or equity financing to adequately finance our ongoing operations; the impact of future consolidation among competitors and/or among customers adversely affecting our position with our customers and/or our market position; actions by customers adversely affecting us in reaction to the expansion of our product offering in any manner, including, but not limited to, by offering products that compete with our customers, and/or by entering into alliances with, making investments in or with, and/or acquiring parties that compete with and/or have conflicts with our customers; voluntary or involuntary delisting of the Company’s common stock from any exchange on which it is traded; the deregistration by the Company from SEC reporting requirements as a result of the small number of holders of the Company’s common stock; adverse reactions by customers, vendors or other service providers to unsolicited proposals regarding the ownership or management of the Company; the additional costs of considering, responding to and possibly defending our position on unsolicited proposals regarding the ownership or management of the Company; direct and indirect impacts of weather, natural disasters and/or epidemic, pandemic or endemic diseases (such as COVID-19) in the areas of the world in which we operate, market our products and/or acquire raw materials including impacts on supply chains, labor constraints impacting our production volumes and costs; any present or future government mandates, travel restrictions, shutdowns or other regulations regarding any epidemic, pandemic or endemic diseases; an increase in the number of shares of the Company’s common stock issued and outstanding; economic downturns generally and/or in one or more of the markets in which we operate; changes in market demand, exchange rates, productivity, market dynamics, market confidence, macroeconomic and/or other economic conditions in the areas of the world in which we operate and market our products; and our success in managing the risks involved in the foregoing.

We caution readers that the foregoing list of important factors is not exclusive. Furthermore, we incorporate by reference those factors included in current reports on Form 8‑K and/or in our other filings.

Dollar amounts presented in the following discussion have been rounded to the nearest hundred thousand, except in the case of amounts less than one million and except in the case of the table set forth in the “Results of Operations” section, the amounts in which both cases have been rounded to the nearest thousand.

Overview of COVID-19 Effects

As the COVID-19 pandemic has become more endemic-like in the U.S., we believe continuing and lingering direct and indirect impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and certain macroeconomic trends have created certain challenges that have affected production volumes and sales. While improving, we have continued to experience certain challenges recruiting additional personnel (particularly, production personnel), as well as certain raw material supply chain challenges, which can impact sales, shipped product volumes, pricing and lead times for certain products. The Company has taken steps to successfully mitigate (to a certain extent) the impacts of these challenges; however, at this time the Company believes these challenges may continue.

The extent to which any continuing and lingering direct and indirect impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and certain related macroeconomic trends may continue to affect OCC will depend on ongoing developments, which are subject to uncertainty, including, but not limited to: any supply chain and labor constraints impacting our production volumes and costs; any impact on certain of OCC’s markets; any resurgence of the virus (including its variant strains); the degree of immunity provided by any current or future vaccines and boosters; any government mandates, travel restrictions, shutdowns or other regulations related to COVID-19 impacting the markets in which we operate, market our products and/or acquire materials; as well as a variety of other unknowable factors. We cannot fully anticipate or reasonably estimate all the ways in which the current global health crisis and its direct and indirect effects could adversely impact our business in the future.

Overview of Optical Cable Corporation

Optical Cable Corporation (or OCC®) is a leading manufacturer of a broad range of fiber optic and copper data communication cabling and connectivity solutions primarily for the enterprise market and various harsh environment and specialty markets (collectively, the non-carrier markets), and also the wireless carrier market, offering integrated suites of high quality products which operate as a system solution or seamlessly integrate with other components. Our product offerings include designs for uses ranging from enterprise network, data center, residential, campus and Passive Optical LAN (“POL”) installations to customized products for specialty applications and harsh environments, including military, industrial, mining, petrochemical, renewable energy and broadcast applications, as well as the wireless carrier market. Our products include fiber optic and copper cabling, hybrid cabling (which includes fiber optic and copper elements in a single cable), fiber optic and copper connectors, specialty fiber optic, copper and hybrid connectors, fiber optic and copper patch cords, pre-terminated fiber optic and copper cable assemblies, racks, cabinets, datacom enclosures, patch panels, face plates, multimedia boxes, fiber optic reels and accessories and other cable and connectivity management accessories, and are designed to meet the most demanding needs of end-users, delivering a high degree of reliability and outstanding performance characteristics.

OCC® is internationally recognized for pioneering the design and production of fiber optic cables for the most demanding military field applications, as well as of fiber optic cables suitable for both indoor and outdoor use, and creating a broad product offering built on the evolution of these fundamental technologies. OCC is also internationally recognized for pioneering the development of innovative copper connectivity technology and designs used to meet industry copper connectivity data communications standards.

Founded in 1983, Optical Cable Corporation is headquartered in Roanoke, Virginia with offices, manufacturing and warehouse facilities located in Roanoke, Virginia, near Asheville, North Carolina, and near Dallas, Texas. We primarily manufacture our fiber optic cables at our Roanoke facility which is ISO 9001:2015 registered and MIL-STD-790G certified, primarily manufacture our enterprise connectivity products at our Asheville facility which is ISO 9001:2015 registered, and primarily manufacture our harsh environment and specialty connectivity products at our Dallas facility which is ISO 9001:2015 registered and MIL-STD-790G certified.

OCC designs, develops and manufactures fiber optic and hybrid cables for a broad range of enterprise, harsh environment, wireless carrier and other specialty markets and applications. We refer to these products as our fiber optic cable offering. OCC designs, develops and manufactures fiber and copper connectivity products for the enterprise market, including a broad range of enterprise and residential applications. We refer to these products as our enterprise connectivity product offering. OCC designs, develops and manufactures a broad range of specialty fiber optic connectors and connectivity solutions principally for use in military, harsh environment and other specialty applications. We refer to these products as our harsh environment and specialty connectivity product offering.

We market and sell the products manufactured at our Dallas facility through our wholly owned subsidiary Applied Optical Systems, Inc. (“AOS”) under the names Optical Cable Corporation and OCC® by the efforts of our integrated OCC sales team.

The OCC team seeks to provide top-tier communication solutions by bundling all of our fiber optic and copper data communication product offerings into systems that are best suited for individual data communication needs and application requirements of our customers and the end-users of our systems.

OCC’s wholly owned subsidiary Centric Solutions LLC (“Centric Solutions”) provides cabling and connectivity solutions for the data center market. Centric Solutions’ business is located at OCC’s facility near Dallas, Texas.

Optical Cable Corporation™, OCC®, Procyon®, Superior Modular Products™, SMP Data Communications™, Applied Optical Systems™, Centric Solutions™ and associated logos are trademarks of Optical Cable Corporation.

Summary of Company Performance for FirstSecond Quarter of Fiscal Year 2023

Results of Operations

We sell our products internationally and domestically to our customers which include major distributors, various regional and smaller distributors, original equipment manufacturers and value-added resellers. All of our sales to customers outside of the United States are denominated in U.S. dollars. We can experience fluctuations in the percentage of net sales to customers outside of the United States and in the United States from period to period based on the timing of large orders, coupled with the impact of increases and decreases in sales to customers in various regions of the world. Sales outside of the U.S. can also be impacted by fluctuations in the exchange rate of the U.S. dollar compared to other currencies.

Net sales consist of gross sales of products by the Company and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis less discounts, refunds and returns. Revenue is recognized at the time product is transferred to the customer (including distributors) at an amount that reflects the consideration expected to be received in exchange for the product. Our customers generally do not have the right of return unless a product is defective or damaged and is within the parameters of the product warranty in effect for the sale.

Cost of goods sold consists of the cost of materials, product warranty costs and compensation costs, and overhead and other costs related to our manufacturing operations. The largest percentage of costs included in cost of goods sold is attributable to costs of materials.

Our gross profit margin percentages are heavily dependent upon product mix on a quarterly basis and may vary based on changes in product mix. To the extent not impacted by product mix, gross profit margins tend to be higher when we achieve higher net sales levels, as certain fixed manufacturing costs are spread over higher sales. Hybrid cables (containing fiber and copper) with higher copper content tend to have lower gross profit margins.

Selling, general and administrative expenses (“SG&A expenses”) consist of the compensation costs for sales and marketing personnel, shipping costs, trade show expenses, customer support expenses, travel expenses, advertising, bad debt expense, the compensation costs for administration and management personnel, legal, accounting, advisory and professional fees, costs incurred to settle litigation or claims and other actions against us, and other costs associated with our operations.

Royalty income (expense), net consists of royalty income earned on licenses associated with our patented products, net of royalty and related expenses.

Amortization of intangible assets consists of the amortization of the costs, including legal fees, associated with internally developed patents that have been granted. Amortization of intangible assets is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the intangible assets.

Other income (expense), net consists of interest expense and other miscellaneous income and expense items not directly attributable to our operations.

The following table sets forth and highlights fluctuations in selected line items from our condensed consolidated statements of operations for the periods indicated:

Three Months Ended January 31,April 30, 2023 and 2022

Net Sales

Consolidated net sales for the firstsecond quarter of fiscal year 2023 increased 26.6%14.1% to $18.3$19.6 million, compared to net sales of $14.4$17.2 million for the same period last year. We experienced an increase in net sales in both our enterprise and specialty markets including the wireless carrier market, in the firstsecond quarter of fiscal year 2023, compared to the same period last year.year, but the increase was partially offset by decreases in net sales in our enterprise market.

Net sales to customers in the United States increased 20.0%7.0%, or $1.0 million, and net sales to customers outside of the United States increased 61.4%57.4%, or $1.4 million, in the firstsecond quarter of fiscal year 2023, compared to the same period last year. We can experience fluctuations in sales from quarter to quarter in the various markets (both industries and geographies) in which we operate for various reasons.

Our sales order backlog/forward load continues to remain at higher than typical levels, while decreasing to approximately $8.0 million at the end of the second quarter of fiscal year 2023, compared to more than $12.0 million at the end of the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2022.  Net sales for the remainder of fiscal year 2023 could be negatively impacted by various continuing macroeconomic pressures, risks and uncertainties.  Certain of our markets are showing signs of softening.  At the same time, we see what we believe to be positive indicators in certain of our other markets. 

We believe the increase inour net sales was positively impacted by increased product demand andbenefited from increased production throughput during the firstsecond quarter of fiscal year 2023, compared to the same period last year, as well as our higher than typical levels of sales order backlog/forward load. Additionally, improved product pricing, whichincreased to cover certain inflationary costs, began to take effect for new orders received during the latter half of fiscal year 2022. Our sales order backlog/forward load exceeded $11.0 million at the end of the first quarter of fiscal year 2023—continuing to be higher than typical levels while down from more than $12.0 million at the end of the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2022. We continued to see some positive indicators in our markets during the first quarter of fiscal year 2023, and at this time we believe we will benefit from this trend during fiscal year 2023; however, such expectations could be negatively impacted by macroeconomic and geopolitical risks, and any further direct and indirect impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Gross Profit

Our gross profit was $6.5$6.8 million in the firstsecond quarter of fiscal year 2023, an increase of 61.2%34.8% compared to gross profit of $4.0$5.0 million in the firstsecond quarter of fiscal year 2022. Gross profit margin, or gross profit as a percentage of net sales, increased to 35.7%34.6% in the firstsecond quarter of fiscal year 2023 compared to 28.0%29.3% in the firstsecond quarter of fiscal year 2022.

Our gross profit margins tend to be higher when we achieve higher net sales levels due to our operating leverage as certain fixed manufacturing costs are spread over higher sales. This operating leverage, which is beneficial at higher sales levels, positively impacted our gross profit margin during the firstsecond quarter of fiscal year 2023 when compared to the same period last year. Our gross profit margin percentages are also heavily dependent upon product mix on a quarterly basis and may vary based on changes in product mix.

Selling, General, and Administrative Expenses

SG&A expenses increased to $5.5$5.7 million during the firstsecond quarter of fiscal year 2023, compared to $4.8$5.0 million for the same period last year. SG&A expenses as a percentage of net sales were 29.8%28.9% in the firstsecond quarter of fiscal year 2023, compared to 33.1%29.3% in the firstsecond quarter of fiscal year 2022.

The increase in SG&A expenses during the first quarter of fiscal year 2023 compared to the same period last year was primarily the result of increases in employee and contracted sales personnel related costs totaling $461,000.$518,000. Included in employee and contracted sales personnel related costs are employee incentives and commissions which increased due to increased net sales and the improved financial results during the firstsecond quarter of fiscal year 2023.

Also contributing to the increase in SG&A expenses during the firstsecond quarter of fiscal year 2023 were increases in shipping costs totaling $96,000travel and marketing expenses due to the increase in net salesreturn to a more typical level of business travel and thean increase in the costs charged by shippers,number of, and the attendance at, tradeshows during the second quarter of fiscal year 2023, when compared to the same period last year.

Royalty Income (Expense), Net

We recognized royalty expense, net of royalty income, totaling $7,000 during the firstsecond quarter of fiscal years 2023 and 2022. Royalty expense and/or income may fluctuate based on sales of related licensed products and estimates of amounts for non-licensed product sales, if any.

Amortization of Intangible Assets

We recognized $13,000$14,000 of amortization expense, associated with intangible assets, during the firstsecond quarter of fiscal year 2023, compared to $12,000 during the firstsecond quarter of fiscal year 2022.

Other Income (Expense), Net

We recognized other expense,income, net in the firstsecond quarter of fiscal year 2023 of $203,000,$1.4 million, compared to $170,000other expense, net of $212,000 in the firstsecond quarter of fiscal year 2022.

Other expense,income, net for the fiscal quarter ended April 30, 2023 is comprised primarily of the gain on insurance proceeds received for damage to property and equipment totaling $1.7 million, partially offset by interest expense together withand other miscellaneous items. The change in other income, net during the second quarter of fiscal year 2023 compared to the same period last year was primarily due to the gain on insurance proceeds received.

During the second quarter of fiscal year 2023, we received insurance proceeds in connection with our office building and its contents at our Asheville facilities sustaining water damage from a burst pipe at the end of December 2022. In connection with this event, we recognized a gain on insurance proceeds received for damage to property and equipment during the second quarter of fiscal year 2023 totaling $1.7 million. To the extent we incur expenses in future periods to restore, repair or replace damaged assets, we may recognize offsetting losses in those future periods. At this time, we do not expect future restoration and repair costs to exceed any insurance proceeds.

The office building sustaining water damage at our Asheville facilities is separate from our manufacturing building, which houses our manufacturing operations and certain offices at the same location. There was no significant impact to our operations as a result of this event.

Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes

We reported income before income taxes of $842,000$2.5 million for the firstsecond quarter of fiscal year 2023, compared to a loss before income taxes of $923,000$233,000 for the firstsecond quarter of fiscal year 2022. The improvement was primarily due to the increase in gross profit of $2.5$1.7 million, and the gain on insurance proceeds received for damage to property and equipment of $1.7 million, partially offset by the increase in SG&A expenses of $675,000.$626,000.

Income Tax Expense (Benefit)

Income tax expense totaled $32,000$75,000 in the firstsecond quarter of fiscal year 2023, compared to $13,000income tax benefit of $5,000 in the firstsecond quarter of fiscal year 2022. Our effective tax rate was 3.9%3.0% for the firstsecond quarter of fiscal year 2023 and negative 1.4%2.2% for the second quarter of fiscal year 2022.

Fluctuations in our effective tax rates are primarily due to permanent differences in U.S. GAAP and tax accounting for various tax deductions and benefits, but can also be significantly different from the statutory tax rate when income or loss before taxes is at a level such that permanent differences in U.S. GAAP and tax accounting treatment have a disproportional impact on the projected effective tax rate.

We previously established a valuation allowance against all of our net deferred tax assets. As a result of establishing a full valuation allowance against our net deferred tax assets, if we generate sufficient taxable income in subsequent periods to realize a portion or all of our net deferred tax assets, our effective income tax rate could be unusually low due to the tax benefit attributable to the necessary decrease in our valuation allowance. Further, if we generate losses before taxes in subsequent periods, our effective income tax rate could also be unusually low as any increase in our net deferred tax asset from such a net operating loss for tax purposes would be offset by a corresponding increase to our valuation allowance against our net deferred tax assets.

If we generate sufficient income before taxes in subsequent periods such that U.S. GAAP would permit us to conclude that the removal of any valuation allowance against our net deferred tax asset is appropriate, then during the period in which such determination is made, we will recognize the non-cash benefit of such removal of the valuation allowance in income tax expense on our consolidated statement of operations, which will increase net income and will also increase the net deferred tax asset on our consolidated balance sheet. If we do not generate sufficient income before taxes in subsequent periods such that U.S. GAAP would permit us to conclude that the reduction or removal of any valuation allowance against our net deferred tax asset is appropriate, then no such non-cash benefit would be realized. There can be no assurance regarding any future realization of the benefit by us of all or part of our net deferred tax assets. As of October 31, 2022, the valuation allowance against our total gross deferred tax assets totaled $4.4 million.

Net Income (Loss)

Net income for the second quarter of fiscal year 2023 was $2.4 million, or $0.31 per share, compared to a net loss of $228,000, or $0.03 per share, for the second quarter of fiscal year 2022. This improvement was primarily due to the increase in income before income taxes of $2.7 million, which includes the $1.7 million gain on insurance proceeds received for damage to property and equipment included in other income, net.

Six Months Ended April 30, 2023 and 2022

Net Sales

Consolidated net sales for the first half of fiscal year 2023 were $37.9 million, an increase of 19.8% compared to net sales of $31.6 million for the same period last year. We experienced increases in net sales in our specialty markets in the first half of fiscal year 2023, compared to the same period last year, but the increases were partially offset by decreases in net sales in our enterprise market. Net sales to customers in the United States increased 12.9%, or $3.5 million, and net sales to customers outside of the United States increased 59.3%, or $2.8 million, in the first half of fiscal year 2023, compared to the same period last year. We can experience fluctuations in sales from quarter to quarter in the various markets in which we operate for various reasons. 

Our sales order backlog/forward load continues to remain at higher than typical levels, while decreasing to approximately $8.0 million at the end of the first half of fiscal year 2023, compared to more than $12.0 million at the end of fiscal year 2022.  Net sales for the remainder of fiscal year 2023 could be negatively impacted by various continuing macroeconomic pressures, risks and uncertainties.  Certain of our markets are showing signs of softening.  At the same time, we see what we believe to be positive indicators in certain of our other markets. 

We believe our net sales benefited from increased production throughput during the first half of fiscal year 2023, compared to the same period last year, as well as our higher than typical levels of sales order backlog/forward load. Additionally, improved product pricing, increased to cover certain inflationary costs, began to take effect for new orders received during the latter half of fiscal year 2022.

Gross Profit

Our gross profit was $13.3 million in the first half of fiscal year 2023, an increase of 46.5% compared to gross profit of $9.1 million in the first half of fiscal year 2022. Gross profit margin increased to 35.1% in the first half of fiscal year 2023 compared to 28.7% in the first half of fiscal year 2022.

Our gross profit margins tend to be higher when we achieve higher net sales levels due to our operating leverage as certain fixed manufacturing costs are spread over higher sales. This operating leverage, which is beneficial at higher sales levels, positively impacted our gross profit margin during the first half of fiscal year 2023 when compared to the same period last year. Our gross profit margin percentages are also heavily dependent upon product mix on a quarterly basis and may vary based on changes in product mix.

Selling, General, and Administrative Expenses

SG&A expenses increased 13.3% to $11.1 million during the first half of fiscal year 2023, compared to $9.8 million for the same period last year. SG&A expenses as a percentage of net sales were 29.3% in the first half of fiscal year 2023, compared to 31.0% in the first half of fiscal year 2022.

The increase in SG&A expenses during the first half of fiscal year 2023 compared to the same period last year was primarily the result of increases in employee and contracted sales personnel related costs totaling $979,000. Included in employee and contracted sales personnel related costs are employee incentives and commissions which increased due to increased net sales and the improved financial results during the second quarter of fiscal year 2023.

Also contributing to the increase in SG&A expenses during the second quarter of fiscal year 2023 were increases in shipping expenses and increases in travel and marketing expenses. Shipping expenses increased due to the increase in net sales and the increase in the costs charged by shippers, when compared to the same period last year. Travel and marketing expenses increased due to the return to a more typical level of business travel and an increase in the number of, and the attendance at, tradeshows during the first half of fiscal year 2023, when compared to the same period last year.

Royalty Income (Expense), Net

We recognized royalty expense, net of royalty income, totaling $13,000 during the first half of fiscal year 2023 compared to $14,000 during the first half of fiscal year 2022. Royalty income and/or expense may fluctuate based on sales of related licensed products and estimates of amounts for non-licensed product sales, if any.

Amortization of Intangible Assets

We recognized $27,000 of amortization expense, associated with intangible assets, during the first half of fiscal year 2023, compared to $24,000 during the first half of fiscal year 2022.

Income (loss) from operations

We reported income from operations of $2.1 million for the first half of fiscal year 2023, compared to a loss from operations of $774,000 for the first half of fiscal year 2022.

Other Income (Expense), Net

We recognized other income, net in the first half of fiscal year 2023 of $1.2 million, compared to other expense, net of $382,000 in the first half of fiscal year 2022.

Other income, net for the first half of fiscal year 2023 is comprised primarily of the gain on insurance proceeds received for damage to property and equipment totaling $1.7 million, partially offset by interest expense and other miscellaneous items. The change in other income, net during the first half of fiscal year 2023 compared to the same period last year was primarily due to the insurance proceeds received.

During the second quarter of fiscal year 2023, we received insurance proceeds in connection with our office building and its contents at our Asheville facilities sustaining water damage from a burst pipe at the end of December 2022. In connection with this event, we recognized a gain on insurance proceeds received for damage to property and equipment during the second quarter of fiscal year 2023 totaling $1.7 million. To the extent we incur expenses in future periods to restore, repair or replace damaged assets, we may recognize offsetting losses in those future periods.

At this time, we do not expect any future restoration and repair costs to exceed any insurance proceeds.The office building sustaining water damage at our Asheville facilities is separate from our manufacturing building, which houses our manufacturing operations and certain offices at the same location. There was no significant impact to our operations as a result of this event.

Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes

We reported income before income taxes of $3.3 million for the first half of fiscal year 2023, compared to a loss before income taxes of $1.2 million for the first half of fiscal year 2022. The improvement was primarily due to the increase in gross profit of $4.2 million, and the gain on insurance proceeds received for damage to property and equipment of $1.7 million, partially offset by the increase in SG&A expenses of $1.3 million.

Income Tax Expense (Benefit)

Income tax expense totaled $107,000 in the first half of fiscal year 2023, compared to $8,000 in the first half of fiscal year 2022. Our effective tax rate was 3.2% for the first half of fiscal year 2023 and less than negative one percent for the first half of fiscal year 2022.

Fluctuations in our effective tax rates are primarily due to permanent differences in U.S. GAAP and tax accounting for various tax deductions and benefits, but can also be significantly different from the statutory tax rate when income or loss before taxes is at a level such that permanent differences in U.S. GAAP and tax accounting treatment have a disproportional impact on the projected effective tax rate.

We previously established a valuation allowance against all of our net deferred tax assets. As a result of establishing a full valuation allowance against our net deferred tax assets, if we generate sufficient taxable income in subsequent periods to realize a portion or all of our net deferred tax assets, our effective income tax rate could be unusually low due to the tax benefit attributable to the necessary decrease in our valuation allowance. Further, if we generate losses before taxes in subsequent periods, our effective income tax rate could also be unusually low as any increase in our net deferred tax asset from such a net operating loss for tax purposes would be offset by a corresponding increase to our valuation allowance against our net deferred tax assets.

If we generate sufficient income before taxes in subsequent periods such that U.S. GAAP would permit us to conclude that the removal of any valuation allowance against our net deferred tax asset is appropriate, then during the period in which such determination is made, we will recognize the non-cash benefit of such removal of the valuation allowance in income tax expense on our consolidated statement of operations, which will increase net income and will also increase the net deferred tax asset on our consolidated balance sheet. If we do not generate sufficient income before taxes in subsequent periods such that U.S. GAAP would permit us to conclude that the reduction or removal of any valuation allowance against our net deferred tax asset is appropriate, then no such non-cash benefit would be realized. There can be no assurance regarding any future realization of the benefit by us of all or part of our net deferred tax assets. As of October 31, 2022, the valuation allowance against our total gross deferred tax assets totaled $4.4 million.

Net Income (Loss)

Net income for the first quarterhalf of fiscal year 2023 was $810,000$3.2 million, or $0.41 per share, compared to a net loss of $936,000$1.2 million, or $0.16 per share, for the first quarterhalf of fiscal year 2022. This improvementchange was primarily due to the increase in income before income taxes of $1.8 million.$4.5 million, which includes the $1.7 million gain on insurance proceeds received for damage to property and equipment.

Financial Condition

Total assets increased $1.9$5.4 million, or 4.8%13.4%, to $42.5$46.0 million at January 31,April 30, 2023, from $40.6 million at October 31, 2022. This increase was primarily due to a $2.8$3.7 million increase in inventories partially offset byand a $1.1$1.5 million decreaseincrease in trade accounts receivable, net.restricted cash. Inventories increased largely as the result of the timing of certain raw material purchases, increases in work in process levels related to pending shipments, and the increase in finished goods inventory resulting from higher replenishment rates of stock inventory. Trade accounts receivable, net decreased due primarilyRestricted cash increased resulting from the receipt of a portion of the proceeds from the insurance claim related to water damage from a burst pipe in the sprinkler system in our Asheville office building for which offsetting expenses have not yet been incurred. The insurance proceeds recorded in restricted cash relate to the decreasecollateral for the Company’s real estate term loans with Northeast Bank and, as a result, are held in net salesescrow. Cash may be released from escrow as the Company submits details of expenses incurred for restoration and repair of the related property to Northeast Bank. Any cash remaining in escrow after any restoration and repairs are completed, will be available for the benefit of the Company or to pay down the real estate term loans once Northeast Bank is satisfied that the collateral has been returned to an acceptable state. Cash may also be released from escrow in the first quarter of fiscal year 2023 when compared toevent the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2022.Company pays off the real estate term loans with Northeast Bank.

Total liabilities increased $1.1$2.0 million, or 6.0%10.9%, to $19.5$20.4 million at January 31,April 30, 2023, from $18.4 million at October 31, 2022. The increase in total liabilities was primarily due to net borrowings on our Revolver totaling $823,000 and an increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses totaling $204,000 primarily resulting from the timing of raw material purchases and certain vendor payments.$2.0 million.

Total shareholders’ equity at January 31,April 30, 2023 increased $844,000$3.4 million in the first quarterhalf of fiscal year 2023. The increase resulted from net income of $810,000$3.2 million and share-based compensation, net of $34,000.$174,000.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our primary capital needs have been to fund working capital requirements through payments on our Revolver. Our primary source of capital for these purposes has been existing cash, cash provided by operations and borrowings under our Revolver (see “Credit Facilities” below).

Our unrestricted cash of $325,000 and restricted cash of $1.5 million totaled $186,000$1.8 million as of January 31,April 30, 2023, a decreasean increase of $30,000$1.6 million compared to unrestricted cash of $216,000 as of October 31, 2022. The decreaseincrease in cash and restricted cash for the threesix months ended January 31,April 30, 2023 primarily resulted from insurance proceeds received for damage to property and equipment totaling $1.7 million, net, and cash provided by financing activities of $1.7 million, partially offset by cash used in operating activities of $630,000 and capital expenditures totaling $105,000, partially offset by net cash provided by financing activities of $707,000.$1.5 million.

On January 31,April 30, 2023, we had working capital of $25.4$27.6 million, excluding restricted cash of $1.5 million, compared to $23.7 million on October 31, 2022. The ratio of current assets, excluding restricted cash of $1.5 million, to current liabilities as of January 31,April 30, 2023 was 4.34.6 to 1.0 compared to 4.2 to 1.0 as of October 31, 2022. The increase in working capital, excluding restricted cash, and in the current ratio, excluding restricted cash, was primarily due to the increase in inventories of $2.8 million, partially offset by the $1.1 million decrease in trade accounts receivable, net.$3.7 million.

As of January 31,April 30, 2023 and October 31, 2022, we had outstanding loan balances under our Revolver totaling $6.8$8.0 million and $6.0 million, respectively. As of January 31,April 30, 2023 and October 31, 2022, we had other outstanding bank loan balances, excluding our Revolver, totaling $4.4 million and $4.5 million, respectively.

Net Cash

Net cash used in operating activities was $630,000$1.5 million in the first quarterhalf of fiscal year 2023, compared to $1.9$3.0 million for the first quarterhalf of fiscal year 2022. Net cash used in operating activities during the first quarterhalf of fiscal year 2023 primarily resulted from an increase in inventories totaling $2.8$3.7 million, the cash flow impact of increases in trade accounts receivable, net totaling $358,000, and an adjustment to reconcile net income of $3.2 million to net cash used in operating activities for the gain on insurance proceeds received for damage to property and equipment totaling $1.7 million, partially offset by certain other adjustments to reconcile net income of $810,000$3.2 million to net cash used in operating activities including depreciation and amortization of $248,000$497,000 and share-based compensation expense of $135,000.$290,000.

Net cash used in operating activities during the first half of fiscal year 2022 primarily resulted from an increase in inventories totaling $2.3 million and the cash flow impact of increases in trade accounts receivable, net totaling $2.2 million, partially offset by certain adjustments to reconcile a net loss of $1.2 million to net cash used in operating activities including depreciation and amortization of $569,000 and share-based compensation expense of $238,000. Additionally, the cash flow impact of decreases in trade accounts receivable, net of $1.1 million and increases in accounts payable and accrued expenses of $120,000$1.9 million further contributed to offset net cash used in operating activities.

Net cash used in operating activities during the first quarter of fiscal year 2022 primarily resulted from an increase in inventories totaling $1.6 million, partially offsetprovided by certain adjustments to reconcile a net loss of $936,000 to net cash used in operating activities including depreciation and amortization of $286,000 and share-based compensation expense of $124,000. Additionally, the cash flow impact of increases in accounts payable and accrued expenses, including accrued compensation and payroll taxes, of $572,000 further contributed to offset net cash used in operating activities.

Net cash used in investing activities totaled $106,000$1.5 million in the first quarterhalf of fiscal year 2023, compared to $81,000net cash used in investing activities of $112,000 in the first quarterhalf of fiscal year 2022. Net cash provided by investing activities during the first half of fiscal year 2023 resulted primarily from the net insurance proceeds received for damage to property and equipment totaling $1.7 million, partially offset by purchases of property and equipment and deposits for the purchase of property and equipment. Net cash used in investing activities during the first quarterhalf of fiscal years 2023 andyear 2022 resulted primarily from purchases of property and equipment and deposits for the purchase of property and equipment.

Net cash provided by financing activities totaled $707,000$1.7 million for the first quarterhalf of fiscal year 2023, compared to $2.0$3.2 million in the first quarterhalf of fiscal year 2022. Net cash provided by financing activities in the first quarterhalf of fiscal year 2023 resulted primarily from net proceeds on our revolving line of credit totaling $823,000,$2.0 million, partially offset by principal payments on long-term debt totaling $83,000.$168,000. Net cash provided by financing activities in the first quarterhalf of fiscal year 2022 resulted primarily from net proceeds on our revolving line of credit totaling $2.1$3.6 million, partially offset by principal payments on long-term debt totaling $80,000.$161,000.

Credit Facilities

We have credit facilities consisting of a real estate term loan, as amended and restated (the “Virginia Real Estate Loan”), a supplemental real estate term loan, as amended and restated (the “North Carolina Real Estate Loan”) and a Revolving Credit Master Promissory Note and related agreements (collectively, the “Revolver”).

Both the Virginia Real Estate Loan and the North Carolina Real Estate Loan are with Northeast Bank, have a fixed interest rate of 3.95% and are secured by a first lien deed of trust on the Company’s real property.

The Revolver with North Mill Capital LLC (doing business as SLR Business Credit, “SLR”) provides us with one or more advances in an amount up to: (a) 85% of the aggregate outstanding amount of eligible accounts (the “eligible accounts loan value”); plus (b) the lowest of (i) an amount up to 35% of the aggregate value of eligible inventory, (ii) $5.0 million, and (iii) an amount not to exceed 100% of the then outstanding eligible accounts loan value; minus (c) $1.15 million.

The maximum aggregate principal amount subject to the Revolver is $18.0 million. Interest accrues on the daily balance at the per annum rate of 1.5% above the Prime Rate in effect from time to time, but not less than 4.75% (the “Applicable Rate”). In the event of a default, interest may become 6.0% above the Applicable Rate. As of January 31,April 30, 2023, the Revolver accrued interest at the prime lending rate plus 1.5% (resulting in a 9.0%9.5% rate at January 31,April 30, 2023). The termination date of the Revolver is July 24, 2025 and the loan may be extended in one year periods subject to the agreement of SLR.

The Revolver is secured by all of the following assets: properties, rights and interests in property of the Company whether now owned or existing, or hereafter acquired or arising, and wherever located; all accounts, equipment, commercial tort claims, general intangibles, chattel paper, inventory, negotiable collateral, investment property, financial assets, letter-of-credit rights, supporting obligations, deposit accounts, money or assets of the Company, which hereafter come into the possession, custody, or control of SLR; all proceeds and products, whether tangible or intangible, of any of the foregoing, including proceeds of insurance covering any or all of the foregoing; any and all tangible or intangible property resulting from the sale, lease, license or other disposition of any of the foregoing, or any portion thereof or interest therein, and all proceeds thereof; and any other assets of the Company which may be subject to a lien in favor of SLR as security for the obligations under the Loan Agreement.

As of January 31,April 30, 2023, we had $6.8$8.0 million of outstanding borrowings on our Revolver and $4.8$5.0 million in available credit.

Capital Expenditures

We did not have any material commitments for capital expenditures as of January 31,April 30, 2023. During our 2023 fiscal year budgeting process, we included an estimate for capital expenditures of $1.0 million for the fiscal year. We anticipate these expenditures, to the extent made, will be funded out of our working capital, cash provided by operations or borrowings under our Revolver, as appropriate. Capital expenditures are reviewed and approved based on a variety of factors including, but not limited to, current cash flow considerations, the expected return on investment, project priorities, impact on current or future product offerings, availability of personnel necessary to implement and begin using acquired equipment, and economic conditions in general. Additionally, total capital expenditures exceeding $1.0 million per fiscal year would require approval from our lender.

Corporate acquisitions and other strategic investments, if any, are considered outside of our annual capital expenditure budgeting process. Our office building and its contents at our Asheville facilities sustained water damage from a burst pipe at the end of December 2022. The office building damaged is separate from our manufacturing building, which houses our manufacturing operations and certain offices at the same location. There was no significant impact to our operations as a result of this event. At this time, we do not expect any future costs to restore, repair or replace damaged assets to exceed any insurance proceeds. To the extent we have future expenditures as a result of this event, such expenditures may be expensed or capitalized in future periods, in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

Future Cash Flow Considerations

We believe that our future cash flow from operations, our cash on hand and our existing credit facilities will be adequate to fund our operations for at least the next twelve months.

From time to time, we are involved in various claims, legal actions and regulatory reviews arising in the ordinary course of business. In the opinion of management, the ultimate disposition of these matters will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or liquidity.

Seasonality

We typically expect net sales to be relatively lower in the first half of each fiscal year and relatively higher in the second half of each fiscal year, and excluding other volatility, we would normally expect 48% of total net sales to occur during the first half of a fiscal year and 52% of total net sales to occur during the second half of a fiscal year. We believe this historical seasonality pattern is generally indicative of an overall trend and reflective of the buying patterns and budgetary cycles of our customers. However, this pattern may be altered during any quarter or year by the quarterly and annual volatility of orders received for the wireless carrier market, the timing of larger projects, timing of orders from larger customers, other economic factors impacting our industry or impacting the industries of our customers and end-users, and macroeconomic conditions. While we believe seasonality may be a factor that impacts our quarterly net sales results, particularly when excluding the volatility of sales in the wireless carrier market, we are not able to reliably predict net sales based on seasonality because these other factors can also, and often do, substantially impact our net sales patterns during the year.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is based on the condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying condensed notes that have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and the instructions to Form 10‑Q and Regulation S‑X. The preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements filed with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for fiscal year 2022 provides a summary of our significant accounting policies. Those significant accounting policies detailed in our fiscal year 2022 Form 10-K did not change during the period from November 1, 2022 through January 31,April 30, 2023.

New Accounting Standards

There are no new accounting standards issued, but not yet adopted by us, which are expected to be applicable to our financial position, operating results or financial statement disclosures.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

The Company maintains disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) that are designed to be effective in providing reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in reports under the Exchange Act are recorded, processed and summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Our management evaluated, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer) and Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer), the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of January 31,April 30, 2023. Based on this evaluation process, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of January 31,April 30, 2023, and that there were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the last fiscal quarter ended January 31,April 30, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Item 5. Other Information

At the end of December 2022, an office building and its contents at the Company’s Asheville facilities sustained water damage resulting from a burst pipe in the sprinkler system, likely due to extreme low temperatures in the area during the days leading up to the event. This office building is separate from the Company’s manufacturing building which houses its manufacturing operations and certain offices located at the same location. There was no significant impact to the Company’s operations. The Company has insurance coverage for the office building, its contents and certain business expenses to cover the losses incurred. There was no significant impact to the Company’s operations, and the overall impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows is not expected to be material since the proceeds of the insurance are expected to approximate the expenses incurred to repair or replace the assets damaged or destroyed.

During the first quarterhalf of fiscal year 2023, the Company recorded a loss on property and equipment totaling $8,000 and incurred expenses for building stabilization and cleaning, removal of damaged items, and other miscellaneous and related activities totaling $81,000. An offsetting amount of insurance$360,000. Insurance proceeds receivable totaling $76,000,for all assets covered, net of applicable deductibles, was recordedreceived through April 30, 2023 totaled $2.0 million. Of the $2.0 million insurance proceeds received, $1.5 million relates to the collateral for the Company’s real estate term loans with Northeast Bank and, as a result, is held in escrow. Cash may be released from escrow as the Company submits details of January 31, 2023.expenses incurred for restoration and repair of the related property to Northeast Bank. Any cash remaining in escrow after any restoration and repairs are completed, will be available for the benefit of the Company or to pay down the real estate term loans once Northeast Bank is satisfied that the collateral has been returned to an acceptable state. Cash may also be released from escrow in the event the Company pays off the real estate term loans with Northeast Bank.

The amount held in escrow is for the real estate portion only of the insurance proceeds received through April 30, 2023, and will continue to be held by Northeast Bank until used or otherwise distributed for the benefit of OCC.

The insurance proceeds received in excess of expenses incurred through April 30, 2023, a net total of $1.7 million, is included in other income (expense), net as a gain on insurance proceeds received for damage to property and equipment on the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of operations. To the extent the Company incurs expenses in future periods to restore, repair or replace damaged assets, it may recognize offsetting losses in those future periods. At this time, the Company does not expect any future restoration and repair costs to exceed any insurance proceeds.

Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibit Index

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.