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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the Quarterly Period Ended September 30, 20192020
OR
☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the Transition Period from              to                 
Commission File Number 001-36189

Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware20-4327508
(State or other jurisdiction of

incorporation or organization)
(I.R.S. Employer

Identification No.)
11075 Roselle Street92121
San Diego,
California
(Zip Code)
(Address of principal executive offices)
(858) (858) 366-6900
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of Each ClassSymbolName of Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, par value $0.001 per shareTNDMNASDAQ Global Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  Yesx  ☒    No  ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  ☒    No  ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filerxAccelerated filer☐
Non-accelerated filer☐Smaller reporting company☐
Emerging growth company☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.   ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐    No   ☒
As of October 30, 2019,2020, there were 59,092,86162,194,609 shares of the registrant’s Common Stock outstanding.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1
1
1
2
3
5
6
1923
3341
3442
3543
3543
3544
6679
Item 3
Defaults Upon Senior Securities
66
Item 4
Mine Safety Disclosures
66
Item 5
Other Information
66
Item 6
Exhibits
67

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PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements
TANDEM DIABETES CARE, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands, except par value)
September 30, December 31,September 30,December 31,
2019 201820202019
(Unaudited) (Note 1)(Unaudited)(Note 1)
Assets   Assets
Current assets:   Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents$46,060
 $41,826
Cash and cash equivalents$129,481 $51,175 
Short-term investments110,887
 87,201
Short-term investments335,041 125,283 
Accounts receivable, net45,325
 35,193
Accounts receivable, net52,104 46,585 
Inventories, net40,732
 19,896
InventoriesInventories70,644 49,073 
Prepaid and other current assets3,594
 3,769
Prepaid and other current assets5,023 4,025 
Total current assets246,598
 187,885
Total current assets592,293 276,141 
Property and equipment, net28,072
 17,151
Property and equipment, net49,320 32,923 
Operating lease right-of-use assets16,577
 —
Operating lease right-of-use assets21,325 15,561 
Patents, net885
 1,130
Other long-term assets515
 128
Other long-term assets10,050 1,485 
Total assets$292,647
 $206,294
Total assets$672,988 $326,110 
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity   Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Current liabilities:   Current liabilities:
Accounts payable$16,314
 $6,824
Accounts payable$20,499 $17,745 
Accrued expenses7,978
 3,930
Accrued expenses6,349 8,014 
Employee-related liabilities28,207
 24,030
Employee-related liabilities30,526 28,320 
Deferred revenue8,187
 4,600
Deferred revenue5,210 3,869 
Common stock warrants23,283
 17,926
Common stock warrants17,404 23,509 
Operating lease liabilities5,951
 —
Operating lease liabilities9,365 6,320 
Other current liabilities10,346
 8,978
Other current liabilities16,153 11,619 
Total current liabilities100,266
 66,288
Total current liabilities105,506 99,396 
Deferred rent - long-term—
 3,799
Convertible senior notes, net - long-termConvertible senior notes, net - long-term199,120 0 
Operating lease liabilities - long-term15,258
 —
Operating lease liabilities - long-term17,893 14,063 
Other long-term liabilities10,129
 4,932
Other long-term liabilities23,925 17,672 
Total liabilities125,653
 75,019
Total liabilities346,444 131,131 
Commitments and contingencies (Note 9)


 


Commitments and contingencies (Note 10)Commitments and contingencies (Note 10)
Stockholders’ equity:   Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock, $0.001 par value; 200,000 shares authorized, 59,029 and 57,554 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2019 (unaudited) and December 31, 2018, respectively.59
 57
Common stock, $0.001 par value; 200,000 shares authorized, 62,116 and 59,396 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2020 (unaudited) and December 31, 2019, respectively.Common stock, $0.001 par value; 200,000 shares authorized, 62,116 and 59,396 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2020 (unaudited) and December 31, 2019, respectively.62 59 
Additional paid-in capital794,324
 731,306
Additional paid-in capital1,002,502 819,626 
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)91
 (13)
Accumulated other comprehensive incomeAccumulated other comprehensive income190 122 
Accumulated deficit(627,480) (600,075)Accumulated deficit(676,210)(624,828)
Total stockholders’ equity166,994
 131,275
Total stockholders’ equity326,544 194,979 
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity$292,647
 $206,294
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity$672,988 $326,110 
See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
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TANDEM DIABETES CARE, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
(Unaudited)
(In thousands, except per share data)
Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
2019 2018 2019 20182020201920202019
Sales$94,657
 $46,264
 $253,907
 $107,667
Sales$123,603 $94,657 $330,765 $253,907 
Cost of sales43,974
 24,468
 119,967
 59,381
Cost of sales58,290 43,974 160,801 119,967 
Gross profit50,683
 21,796
 133,940
 48,286
Gross profit65,313 50,683 169,964 133,940 
Operating expenses:       Operating expenses:
Selling, general and administrative44,649
 29,506
 120,173
 73,048
Selling, general and administrative50,228 44,649 150,385 120,173 
Research and development12,038
 7,999
 32,632
 20,430
Research and development16,094 12,038 46,198 32,632 
Total operating expenses56,687
 37,505
 152,805
 93,478
Total operating expenses66,322 56,687 196,583 152,805 
Operating loss(6,004) (15,709) (18,865) (45,192)Operating loss(1,009)(6,004)(26,619)(18,865)
Other income (expense), net:       Other income (expense), net:
Interest and other income914
 443
 2,457
 833
Interest and other expense(60) (1,401) (76) (7,585)
Loss on extinguishment of debt—
 (5,313) —
 (5,313)
Change in fair value of stock warrants2,321
 (12,265) (10,849) (69,042)
Interest income and other, netInterest income and other, net143 854 1,235 2,381 
Interest expenseInterest expense(4,855)0 (8,030)0 
Change in fair value of common stock warrantsChange in fair value of common stock warrants(3,648)2,321 (19,906)(10,849)
Total other income (expense), net3,175
 (18,536) (8,468) (81,107)Total other income (expense), net(8,360)3,175 (26,701)(8,468)
Loss before income taxes(2,829) (34,245) (27,333) (126,299)Loss before income taxes(9,369)(2,829)(53,320)(27,333)
Income tax expense72
 —
 72
 —
Income tax expense (benefit)Income tax expense (benefit)39 72 (1,938)72 
Net loss$(2,901) $(34,245) $(27,405) $(126,299)Net loss$(9,408)$(2,901)$(51,382)$(27,405)
Other comprehensive loss:       Other comprehensive loss:
Unrealized gain (loss) on short-term investments$(60) $(19) $91
 $(13)Unrealized gain (loss) on short-term investments$(69)$(60)$78 $91 
Foreign currency translation gain (loss)(11) —
 13
 —
Foreign currency translation gain (loss)216 (11)(10)13 
Comprehensive loss$(2,972) $(34,264) $(27,301) $(126,312)Comprehensive loss$(9,261)$(2,972)$(51,314)$(27,301)
       
Net loss per share, basic$(0.05) $(0.62) $(0.47) $(2.81)Net loss per share, basic$(0.15)$(0.05)$(0.85)$(0.47)
Net loss per share, diluted$(0.09) $(0.62) $(0.47) $(2.81)Net loss per share, diluted$(0.15)$(0.09)$(0.85)$(0.47)
       
Weighted average shares used to compute basic net loss per share58,801
 55,615
 58,268
 44,993
Weighted average shares used to compute basic net loss per share61,529 58,801 60,568 58,268 
Weighted average shares used to compute diluted net loss per share59,196
 55,615
 58,268
 44,993
Weighted average shares used to compute diluted net loss per share61,529 59,196 60,568 58,268 
See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
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TANDEM DIABETES CARE, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)
(Unaudited)
(In thousands)

Three Months Ended September 30, 20192020
Common StockAdditional
Paid-in
Capital		Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)		Accumulated
Deficit		Total
Stockholders’
Equity
SharesAmount
Balance at June 30, 202060,787 $61 $934,402 $43 $(666,802)$267,704 
Exercise of stock options1,072 1 29,030 — — 29,031 
Exercise of common stock warrants257 — 899 — — 899 
Fair value of common stock warrants at time of exercise— — 25,870 — — 25,870 
Stock-based compensation— — 12,301 — — 12,301 
Unrealized (loss) on short-term investments— — — (69)— (69)
Foreign currency translation adjustments— — — 216 — 216 
Net loss— — — — (9,408)(9,408)
Balance at September 30, 202062,116 $62 $1,002,502 $190 $(676,210)$326,544 

 Common Stock Additional
Paid-in
Capital		 Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)		 Accumulated
Deficit		 Total
Stockholders’
Equity
 Shares Amount
Balance at June 30, 201958,589
 $58
 $769,704
 $162
 $(624,579) $145,345
Exercise of stock options440
 1
 7,033
 —
 —
 7,034
Fair value of common stock warrants at time of exercise—
 —
 13
 —
 —
 13
Stock-based compensation—
 —
 17,574
 —
 —
 17,574
Foreign currency translation—
 —
 —
 (11) —
 (11)
Unrealized loss on short-term investments—
 —
 —
 (60) —
 (60)
Net loss—
 —
 —
 —
 (2,901) (2,901)
Balance at September 30, 201959,029
 $59
 $794,324
 $91
 $(627,480) $166,994


Nine Months Ended September 30, 20192020
Common StockAdditional
Paid-in
Capital		Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)		Accumulated
Deficit		Total
Stockholders’
Equity
Common Stock Additional
Paid-in
Capital		 Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)		 Accumulated
Deficit		 Total
Stockholders’
Equity		SharesAmount
Shares Amount
Balance at December 31, 201857,554
 $57
 $731,306
 $(13) $(600,075) $131,275
Balance at December 31, 2019Balance at December 31, 201959,396 $59 $819,626 $122 $(624,828)$194,979 
Exercise of stock options1,214
 2
 14,510
 —
 —
 14,512
Exercise of stock options2,199 3 52,759 — — 52,762 
Issuance of common stock for Employee Stock Purchase PlanIssuance of common stock for Employee Stock Purchase Plan229 — 4,916 — — 4,916 
Exercise of common stock warrants93
 —
 326
 —
 —
 326
Exercise of common stock warrants292 — 2,935 — — 2,935 
Issuance of common stock for Employee Stock Purchase Plan168
 —
 2,951
 —
 —
 2,951
Fair value of common stock warrants at time of exercise—
 —
 5,492
 —
 —
 5,492
Fair value of common stock warrants at time of exercise— — 26,011 — — 26,011 
Equity component of convertible note issuance, net of issuance costEquity component of convertible note issuance, net of issuance cost— — 85,803 — — 85,803 
Purchase of capped call options related to convertible notesPurchase of capped call options related to convertible notes— — (34,069)— — (34,069)
Stock-based compensation—
 —
 39,739
 —
 —
 39,739
Stock-based compensation— — 44,521 — — 44,521 
Foreign currency translation—
 —
 —
 13
 —
 13
Unrealized gain on short-term investments—
 —
 —
 91
 —
 91
Unrealized gain on short-term investments— — — 78 — 78 
Foreign currency translation adjustmentsForeign currency translation adjustments— — — (10)— (10)
Net loss—
 —
 —
 —
 (27,405) (27,405)Net loss— — — — (51,382)(51,382)
Balance at September 30, 201959,029
 $59
 $794,324
 $91
 $(627,480) $166,994
Balance at September 30, 2020Balance at September 30, 202062,116 $62 $1,002,502 $190 $(676,210)$326,544 
See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Three Months Ended September 30, 20182019
Common StockAdditional
Paid-in
Capital		Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)		Accumulated
Deficit		Total
Stockholders’
Equity
SharesAmount
Balance at June 30, 201958,589 $58 $769,704 $162 $(624,579)$145,345 
Exercise of stock options440 1 7,033 — — 7,034 
Fair value of common stock warrants at time of exercise— — 13 — — 13 
Stock-based compensation— — 17,574 — — 17,574 
Unrealized loss on short-term investments— — — (60)— (60)
Foreign currency translation adjustments— — — (11)— (11)
Net loss— — — — (2,901)(2,901)
Balance at September 30, 201959,029 $59 $794,324 $91 $(627,480)$166,994 
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 Common Stock Additional
Paid-in
Capital		 Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)		 Accumulated
Deficit		 Total
Stockholders’
Equity
 Shares Amount
Balance at June 30, 201853,186
 $53
 $595,463
 $6
 $(569,518) $26,004
Issuance of common stock in public offering, net of underwriter’s discount and offering costs4,035
 4
 108,916
 

 

 108,920
Exercise of stock options31
 —
 467
 

 

 467
Exercise of common stock warrants112
 —
 393
 

 

 393
Fair value of common stock warrants at time of exercise—
 —
 3,913
 

 

 3,913
Stock-based compensation—
 —
 9,996
 

 

 9,996
Unrealized loss on short-term investments—
 —
 

 (19) 

 (19)
Net loss—
 —
 

 

 (34,245) (34,245)
Balance at September 30, 201857,364
 $57
 $719,148
 $(13) $(603,763) $115,429

Nine Months Ended September 30, 20182019
Common StockAdditional
Paid-in
Capital		Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)		Accumulated
Deficit		Total
Stockholders’
Equity
Common Stock Additional
Paid-in
Capital		 Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)		 Accumulated
Deficit		 Total
Stockholders’
Equity (Deficit)		SharesAmount
Balance at December 31, 2018Balance at December 31, 201857,554 $57 $731,306 $(13)$(600,075)$131,275 
Shares Amount Additional
Paid-in
Capital		 Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)		 Accumulated
Deficit		 Total
Stockholders’
Equity (Deficit)
Balance at December 31, 201710,119
 $10
Adjustment to retained earnings from adoption of ASC 606—
 —
 —
 —
 150
 150
Issuance of common stock in public offering, net of underwriter’s discount and offering costs38,535
 39
 172,890
 —
 —
 172,929
Exercise of stock options32
 —
 470
 —
 —
 470
Exercise of stock options1,214 2 14,510 — — 14,512 
Issuance of common stock for Employee Stock Purchase PlanIssuance of common stock for Employee Stock Purchase Plan168 — 2,951 — — 2,951 
Exercise of common stock warrants8,598
 8
 29,552
 —
 —
 29,560
Exercise of common stock warrants93 — 326 — — 326 
Fair value of common stock warrants at time of exercise—
 —
 53,831
 —
 —
 53,831
Fair value of common stock warrants at time of exercise— — 5,492 — — 5,492 
Stock-based compensation80
 —
 13,950
 —
 —
 13,950
Stock-based compensation— — 39,739 — — 39,739 
Unrealized loss on short-term investments—
 —
 —
 (13) —
 (13)
Unrealized gain on short-term investmentsUnrealized gain on short-term investments— — — 91 — 91 
Foreign currency translation adjustmentsForeign currency translation adjustments— — — 13 — 13 
Net loss—
 —
 —
 —
 (126,299) (126,299)Net loss— — — — (27,405)(27,405)
Balance at September 30, 201857,364
 $57
 $719,148
 $(13) $(603,763) $115,429
Balance at September 30, 2019Balance at September 30, 201959,029 $59 $794,324 $91 $(627,480)$166,994 
See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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TANDEM DIABETES CARE, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Unaudited)
(In thousands)
Nine Months Ended September 30,
Nine Months Ended September 30,20202019
Operating ActivitiesOperating Activities
Net lossNet loss$(51,382)$(27,405)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities:Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization expenseDepreciation and amortization expense7,024 4,430 
Amortization of debt discount and debt issuance costsAmortization of debt discount and debt issuance costs6,233 0 
Provision for expected credit lossesProvision for expected credit losses2,181 1,468 
Provision (recovery) for inventory obsolescenceProvision (recovery) for inventory obsolescence(109)1,508 
Change in fair value of common stock warrantsChange in fair value of common stock warrants19,906 10,849 
Amortization of discount on short-term investmentsAmortization of discount on short-term investments(1,446)(302)
Benefit for deferred income taxesBenefit for deferred income taxes(2,126)0 
Stock-based compensation expenseStock-based compensation expense45,123 39,386 
2019 2018
Operating activities   
Net loss$(27,405) $(126,299)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:   
Depreciation and amortization expense4,430
 4,353
Interest expense related to amortization of debt discount and debt issuance costs—
 1,721
Provision for allowance for doubtful accounts1,468
 1,017
Provision for inventories reserve1,508
 397
Change in fair value of common stock warrants10,849
 69,042
Amortization of premium (discount) on short-term investments(302) 783
Stock-based compensation expense39,386
 13,427
Loss on extinguishment of debt—
 5,313
Other42
 155
Other37 42 
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:   Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable, net(11,588) (1,913)Accounts receivable, net(7,820)(11,588)
Inventories, net(21,990) 2,752
InventoriesInventories(22,052)(21,990)
Prepaid and other current assets(17) (823)Prepaid and other current assets(1,082)(17)
Other long-term assets(387) (39)Other long-term assets33 (387)
Accounts payable7,131
 1,083
Accounts payable3,268 7,131 
Accrued expenses4,045
 1,098
Accrued expenses(1,679)4,045 
Employee-related liabilities4,173
 2,741
Employee-related liabilities1,704 4,173 
Deferred revenue3,587
 1,178
Deferred revenue4,215 3,587 
Other current liabilities2,335
 1,100
Other current liabilities5,023 2,335 
Deferred rent—
 (571)
Other long-term liabilities5,198
 1,033
Other long-term liabilities2,381 5,198 
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities22,463
 (22,452)
Investing activities   
Net cash provided by operating activitiesNet cash provided by operating activities9,432 22,463 
Investing ActivitiesInvesting Activities
Purchases of short-term investments(126,307) (100,550)Purchases of short-term investments(331,968)(126,307)
Proceeds from maturities of short-term investments96,495
 18,500
Proceeds from maturities of short-term investments82,709 96,495 
Proceeds from sales of short-term investments6,550
 —
Proceeds from sales of short-term investments41,027 6,550 
Purchases of property and equipment(12,792) (2,098)Purchases of property and equipment(23,312)(12,792)
Acquisition of intangible assetsAcquisition of intangible assets(4,886)0 
Net cash used in investing activities(36,054) (84,148)Net cash used in investing activities(236,430)(36,054)
Financing activities   
Principal payments on notes payable—
 (87,711)
Proceeds from public offering, net of offering costs—
 172,929
Financing ActivitiesFinancing Activities
Proceeds from issuance of convertible senior notes, net of $8,809 debt issuance costsProceeds from issuance of convertible senior notes, net of $8,809 debt issuance costs278,691 0 
Purchase of capped call options related to convertible senior notesPurchase of capped call options related to convertible senior notes(34,069)0 
Proceeds from issuance of common stock under Company stock plansProceeds from issuance of common stock under Company stock plans57,677 327 
Proceeds from exercise of common stock warrants327
 29,536
Proceeds from exercise of common stock warrants2,935 17,462 
Proceeds from issuance of common stock under Company stock plans17,462
 473
Net cash provided by financing activities17,789
 115,227
Net cash provided by financing activities305,234 17,789 
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash36
 —
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash70 36 
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash4,234
 8,627
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period41,826
 23,700
Net increase in cash and cash equivalentsNet increase in cash and cash equivalents78,306 4,234 
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of periodCash and cash equivalents at beginning of period51,175 41,826 
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period$46,060
 $32,327
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period$129,481 $46,060 
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information   Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information
Interest paid$—
 $5,841
Income taxes paidIncome taxes paid$192 $67 
Supplemental schedule of non-cash investing and financing activities   Supplemental schedule of non-cash investing and financing activities
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations$11,445
 $—
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations$11,022 $11,445 
Property and equipment included in accounts payable$2,484
 $57
Property and equipment included in accounts payable$1,618 $2,484 
Intangible costs in accounts payable and other long-term liabilitiesIntangible costs in accounts payable and other long-term liabilities$2,348 $0 
See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
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TANDEM DIABETES CARE, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. Organization and Basis of Presentation
The Company
Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc. is a medical device company with an innovative approach to the design, development and commercialization of products for people with insulin-dependent diabetes. The Company is incorporated in the state of Delaware. Unless the context requires otherwise, the terms the “Company” or “Tandem” refer to Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc., together with its wholly-owned subsidiarysubsidiaries in the U.S. and Canada.
The Company manufactures, sells and supports insulin pump products that are designed to address the evolving needs and preferences of differentiated segments of the insulin-dependent diabetes market. The Company’s manufacturing, sales and support activities principally focus on the t:slim X2 Insulin Delivery System (t:slim X2), the Company’s flagship pump platform which is capable of remote feature updates and is designed to display continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensor information directly on the pump home screen. The Company’s insulin pump products are compatible with the t:connect cloud-based data management application (t:connect) and the Tandem Device Updater, a Mac and PC-compatible tool for the remote update of the Company'sCompany’s insulin pump software. The Company’s insulin pump products are generally considered durable medical equipment and have an expected lifespan of at least four years. In addition to insulin pumps, the Company sells disposable products that are used together with the pumps and are replaced every few days, including cartridges for storing and delivering insulin, and infusion sets that connect the insulin pump to a user’s body.
The Company began commercial sales of its first product, t:slim,has commercially launched 7 insulin pumps in Augustthe United States since 2012 and subsequently commercialized t:flex in May 2015, t:slim G4 in September 2015 and3 pumps outside the United States since 2018. Four of the insulin pumps have featured integration with CGM technology, of which two have also featured an automated insulin delivery (AID) algorithm. In June 2018, the t:slim X2 was the first insulin pump designated as compatible with integrated CGM (iCGM) devices; in October 2016. TheFebruary 2019, the t:slim X2 hardware platform now represents 100% ofwas the first insulin pump in a new pump shipments, butdevice category called Alternate Controller Enabled Infusion Pumps (ACE pumps); and in December 2019, Control-IQ technology for the Company continues to provide ongoing service and support to existing t:slim t:slim G4 and t:flex customers. In August 2017,X2 insulin pump was the first automated insulin dosing software in a new interoperable automated glycemic controller category. The Company received approval frombelieves that the three new classifications by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the integrationinteroperability of t:slim X2 withdevices for AID will help support continued rapid innovation by streamlining the Dexcom G5 Mobile CGM system. In June 2018, the Company received FDA approvalregulatory pathway for t:slim X2 with Basal-IQ technology, the Company’s first-generation Automated Insulin Delivery (AID) algorithm, and the first insulin pump designated as compatible with integrated CGM (known as iCGM) devices. The Company commenced commercial sales of t:slim X2 with Basal-IQ technology integrated with the Dexcom G6 CGMproducts in August 2018.
During the third quarter of 2018, the Company commenced sales of the t:slim X2 with G5 integration through distribution partners in select European countries, in addition to Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. Direct sales efforts in Canada began in the fourth quarter of 2018. During the second quarter of 2019, the Company began selling the t:slim X2 with Basal-IQ technology in select geographies outside of the United States.
As of September 30, 2019,2020, the Company had $156.9$464.5 million in cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments. The Company has incurred operating losses since its inception and had an accumulated deficit of $627.5$676.2 million as of September 30, 2019,2020, which included a net loss of $27.4$51.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019.2020. Management believes that the cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments on hand will be sufficient to satisfy the Company’s liquidity requirements for at least the next 12 months from the date of this filing.
The Company’s ability to execute on its business strategy, meet its future liquidity requirements, and achieve and maintain profitable operations, is dependent on a number of factors, including its ability to continue to gain market acceptance of its products and achieve a level of revenues adequate to support its cost structure, achieve renewal pump sales objectives, develop and launch new products, expand the commercialization of products into new international markets, maximize manufacturing efficiencies, satisfy increasing production requirements, leverage the investments made in its sales, clinical, marketing and customer support organizations, and operate its business and manufacture and sell products without infringing on third partythird-party intellectual property rights.
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The Company has funded its operations primarily through cash collected from product sales, private and public offerings of equity securities, and through debt financing which has since been fully repaid.financing. The Company may in the future seek additional capital from public or private offerings of equity or debt securities, or it may elect to borrow capital under new credit arrangements or from other sources. If the Company issues equity or debt securities to raise additional funds, its existing stockholders may experience dilution, it may incur significant financing or debt service costs, and the new equity or debt securities may have rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of its existing stockholders. There can be no assurance that equity or debt financing will be available on acceptable terms, or at all.
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Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation
The Company has prepared the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP) for interim financial information and pursuant to the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and disclosures required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments which are of a normal and recurring nature, considered necessary for a fair presentation of the financial information contained herein, have been included.
Interim financial results are not necessarily indicative of results anticipated for the full year or any other period(s). These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 20182019 (Annual Report), from which the balance sheet information herein was derived.
The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiarywholly-owned subsidiaries in the U.S. and Canada. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
The functional currency of the Company’s foreign subsidiary is the local currency. The Company translates the financial statements of its foreign subsidiary into U.S. dollars using period-end exchange rates for assets and liabilities and average exchange rates for each period for revenue, costs and expenses. Translation related adjustments are included in comprehensive loss and in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the stockholders’ equity section of the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. Foreign exchange gains or losses resulting from balances denominated in a currency other than the functional currency are recognized in interest income and other, net in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations.
Reclassification
Prior year amounts related to the presentation of other income (expense), net on the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss, have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation. Starting with the third quarter of 2020, the first full quarter in which the Company’s convertible senior notes were outstanding, the Company began to present non-operating expenses unrelated to the convertible senior notes with interest income and other, net. In prior periods, other non-operating expenses were combined with interest expense and reported as interest and other expense.
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
There have been no material changes to the Company'sCompany’s significant accounting policies during the nine months ended September 30, 2019,2020, as compared to those disclosed in the Annual Report, other than adoptionwith the exception of the new lease accounting standard effective January 1, 2019 (See Note 6, “Leases”).policies put in place with regards to its convertible senior notes issued in May 2020.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in the Company’s consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes as of the date of the consolidated financial statements. Some of those judgments can be subjective and complex, and therefore, actual results could differ materially from those estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
Segment Reporting
Operating segments are identified as components of an enterprise about which discrete financial information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision-maker (CODM) in making decisions regarding resource allocation and assessing performance. The Company’sCompany is organized based on its current product offeringportfolio, which consists primarily of insulin pumps, disposable cartridges and infusion sets for the storage and delivery of insulin. The Company views its operations and manages its business as 1 segment asbecause key operating decisions and resource allocations are made by the CODM using consolidated financial data.
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Accounts Receivable
The Company grants credit to various customers in the ordinary course of business and is paid directly by customers who use the products, distributors and third-party insurance payors. The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts for potentialits current estimate of expected credit losses. Provisions for expected credit losses are madeestimated based on historical experience, assessment of specific risk, review of outstanding invoices, forecasts about the future, and various assumptions and estimates that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances.circumstances, which included the Company’s estimates of credit risks as a result of the novel coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19 global pandemic). Uncollectible accounts are written off against the allowance after appropriate collection efforts have been exhausted and when it is deemed that a balance is uncollectible.
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Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The Company believes the carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued expenses, and employee-related liabilities are reasonable estimates of their fair values because of the short-term nature of these assets and liabilities. Short-term investments are carried at fair value. The Company believesdetermined the fair value of its operating lease liabilitiesconvertible senior notes at September 30, 2019 approximated their carrying value,2020 to be $367.2 million, based on the borrowing rates that were available for loans with similar termsLevel 2 quoted market prices as of that date.date (see Note 7, “Convertible Senior Notes”). The estimated fair value of certain of the Company’s common stock warrants was determined using athe Black-Scholes pricing model as of September 30, 20192020 and December 31, 20182019 (see Note 5, “Fair Value Measurements”).
Operating Lease Right-of-Use Assets and Liabilities
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases. The new standard and its related amendments (collectively referred to as ASC 842) require lessees to recognize right-of-use assets and corresponding lease liabilities for all leases with lease terms of greater than 12 months. The new standard was effective for the Company starting in the first quarter of 2019. The Company adopted the new standard using the modified retrospective approach and recognized right-of-use leased assets and corresponding operating lease liabilities of $12.4 million on the consolidated balance sheet as of January 1, 2019. The Company did not restate prior periods. Deferred rent of $1.0 million and $3.8 million as of January 1, 2019 was reclassified from other current liabilities and deferred rent long-term, respectively, to a reduction of the right-of-use leased assets in connection with the adoption of the standard.
Lease right-of-use assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent their obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities are recognized when the Company takes possession of the leased property (the Commencement Date) based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. Rent expense on noncancelable leases containing known future scheduled rent increases is recorded on a straight-line basis over the term of the respective leases beginning on the Commencement Date. The difference between rent expense and rent paid is accounted for as a component of operating lease right-of-use assets on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. Landlord improvement allowances and other similar lease incentives are recorded as property and equipment and as a reduction of the right-of-use leased assets, and are amortized on a straight-line basis as a reduction to operating lease costs. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are expensed as incurred and are not recorded as right-of-use assets on the consolidated balance sheets (see Note 6, “Leases”).
Intangible Assets Subject to Amortization
Intangible assets subject to amortization consist of developed technology and patents purchased or licensed that are related to the Company’s commercialized products, and are included in other long-term assets on the consolidated balance sheets.
On June 24, 2020, the Company acquired Sugarmate, Inc. (Sugarmate), the developer of a popular mobile app for people with diabetes who use insulin, which is designed to help people with diabetes visualize diabetes therapy data in innovative ways. The Sugarmate acquisition was accounted for as an acquisition of assets in accordance with (ASU) No. 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805) Clarifying the Definition of a Business. Substantially all of the purchase price was allocated to a technology-based intangible asset, which is being amortized on a straight-line basis over an estimated useful life of five years. The Company’s results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 included the operating results of Sugarmate since the date of acquisition, the amounts of which were not material.

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Convertible Senior Notes
In accounting for the issuance of the convertible senior notes, the Company separated the notes into liability and equity components. The carrying amount of the liability component was calculated by measuring the fair value of similar debt instruments that do not have associated convertible features. The carrying amount of the equity component representing the conversion option was determined by deducting the fair value of the liability component from the par value of the respective notes. The equity component is not remeasured as long as it continues to meet the condition for equity classification. The excess of the principal amount of the liability component over its carrying amount (“debt discount”) is amortized to interest expense over the term of the notes.
The Company allocated the issuance costs incurred to the liability and equity components of the notes based on their relative fair values. Issuance costs attributable to the liability component were recorded as a reduction to the liability portion of the notes and are being amortized to interest expense over the term of the notes. Issuance costs attributable to the equity component, representing the conversion option, were netted with the equity component in stockholders' equity.
Revenue Recognition
Revenue is generated primarily from sales of insulin pumps, disposable cartridges and infusion sets to individual customers and third-party distributors that resell the products to insulin-dependent diabetes customers.
In January 2018, the Company adopted the Revenue from Contracts with Customers Standard which superseded existing revenue guidance under U.S. GAAP and International Financial Reporting Standards. Pursuant to the Revenue from Contracts with Customers Standard’s core principle, subsequent to January 1, 2018, the The Company recognizes revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The Company elected to implement this new standard utilizing the modified retrospective method. Under this approach, the Company applied the new standard to all new contracts initiated on or after the effective date, and
Revenue Recognition for contracts which had remaining obligations as of the effective date the Company recorded an adjustment to the opening balance of accumulated deficit. The accounting for the significant majority of the Company’s revenues was not impacted by the new guidance. On January 1, 2018, the Company recorded a net reduction to accumulated deficit in the amount of $149,000, to reflect the impact of the accounting change. Prior to the implementation of this new standard, revenue was recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement existed, delivery had occurred and title passed, the price was fixed or determinable, and collectability was reasonably assured.Arrangements with Multiple Deliverables
The Company considers the individual deliverables in its product offering as separate performance obligations. The transaction price is determined based on the consideration expected to be received, based either on the stated value in contractual arrangements or the estimated cash to be collected in non-contracted arrangements. The Company allocates the consideration to the individual performance obligations and recognizes the consideration based on when the performance obligation is satisfied, considering whether or not this occurs at a point in time or over time. Generally, insulin pumps, cartridges, infusion sets and accessories are deemed performance obligations that are satisfied at a point in time when the customer obtains control of the promised good, which is upon delivery, while access to the complementarydelivery. Complementary products, such as the t:connect cloud-based data management application and the Tandem Device Updater, are considered performance obligations that are satisfied over time, as access and support for these products is provided throughout the typical four-year warranty period of the insulin pumps. ThereAccordingly, revenue related to the complementary products is deferred and recognized ratably over a four-year period. When there is no standalone value for thesethe complementary products. Therefore,product, the Company determines their value by applying the expected cost plus a margin approach and then allocates the residual to the insulin pumps. At September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, $7.6 million and $3.8 million, respectively, were recorded as deferredDeferred revenue forrelated to these performance obligations that are satisfied over time.time was included in the following consolidated balance sheet accounts in the amounts shown as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):
Additionally, the
September 30, 2020December 31, 2019
Deferred revenue$4,608 $3,465 
Other long-term liabilities8,499 5,656 
Total$13,107 $9,121 
Sales Returns
The Company offers a 30-day right of return to its customers in the U.S. and Canada from the date of shipment of any of its insulin pumps, provided a physician’s confirmation of the medical reason for the return is received. Estimated allowances for sales returns are based on historical returned quantities as compared to pump shipments in those same periods of return. The return, rate is then applied to the sales of the current period to establish a reserve at the end of the period. The return rates used in the reserve are adjusted for known or expected changes in the marketplace when appropriate. The allowance for sales returns isamount recorded as a reduction of revenue and an increase in deferred revenue in the period in which the related saleis recorded. The amount recorded on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets for allowanceallowances for sales returns was $0.2$0.6 million and $0.3$0.4 million at September 30, 20192020 and December 31, 2018,2019, respectively. Actual product returns have not differed materially from estimated amounts reservedrecorded in the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements.
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Warranty Reserve
The Company generally provides a four-year warranty on its insulin pumps to end userend-user customers and may replace any pumps that do not function in accordance with the product specifications. Insulin pumps returned to the Company may be refurbished and redeployed. Additionally, the Company offers a six-month warranty on disposable cartridges and infusion sets. Estimated warranty costs are recorded at the time of shipment. The Company evaluates the reserve quarterly. Warranty costs are primarily estimated based on the current expected product replacement cost and expected replacement rates based onutilizing historical experience. Recently released versions of the pump may not incur warranty costs in a manner similar to previously released pumps, on which the Company initially bases its warranty estimate of newer pumps. The Company evaluates the reserve quarterly and makesmay make further adjustments when appropriate. Changes to the actual replacement rates or the expected product replacement cost could have a material impact on the Company’s estimated warranty reserve. 
As of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the warranty reserve was $16.1 millionwhen deemed appropriate, giving additional consideration to length of time the pump version has been in the field and $9.1 million, respectively. future expectations of performance based on new features and capabilities that may become available through Tandem Device Updater.
The following table provides a reconciliation of the change in product warranty liabilities from December 31, 20182019 through September 30, 20192020 (in thousands):
Balance at December 31, 2019$16,724 
Provision for warranties issued during the period14,588 
Settlements made during the period(10,217)
Decreases in warranty estimates(2,902)
Balance at September 30, 2020$18,193 
Balance at December 31, 2018$9,138
Provision for warranties issued during the period13,790
Settlements made during the period(7,443)
Increases in warranty estimates607
Balance at September 30, 2019$16,092
  
Current portion$5,963
Non-current portion10,129
Total$16,092
As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, total product warranty reserves of $18.2 million and $16.7 million, respectively, were included in the following consolidated balance sheet accounts (in thousands):

September 30, 2020December 31, 2019
Other current liabilities$6,964 $4,707 
Other long-term liabilities11,229 12,017 
Total warranty reserve$18,193 $16,724 
Stock-Based Compensation
Stock-based compensation cost is measured at the grant date based on the estimated fair value of the award, and the portion that is ultimately expected to vest is recognized as compensation expense over the requisite service period on a straight-line basis. The Company estimates the fair value of stock options issued under the Company’s Amended and Restated 2013 Stock Incentive Plan (2013 Plan), and the fair value of the employees’ purchase rights under the Company’s 2013 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP), using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model on the date of grant. The Black-Scholes option-pricing model requires the use of assumptions about a number of variables, including stock price volatility, expected term, dividend yield and risk-free interest rate. Forrate (see Note 8, “Stockholders’ Equity”). The fair value of restricted stock unit (RSU) awards issued under the Company’s 2013 Plan that vest solely based on service is estimated based on the achievementfair market value of service conditions, the Company recognizes expense usingunderlying stock on the straight-line method less estimated forfeitures based on historical experience.date of grant.
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Net Loss Per Share
Basic net loss per share is calculated by dividing the net loss by the weighted average number of shares of common stockshares that were outstanding for the period, without consideration offor common stock equivalents. Diluted net loss per share is calculated in accordance with the treasury stock method and reflects the potential dilution that would occur if outstanding securities exercisable for or other contracts to issueconvertible into common stock were exercised for or converted tointo common stock. Dilutive common stockshare equivalents are comprised of warrants, potential awards granted pursuant to the ESPP, and stock options outstanding under the Company’s equity incentive plans.plans, unvested RSUs, and potential awards granted pursuant to the ESPP, each calculated using the treasury stock method; and shares issuable upon conversion of the senior convertible notes using the if-converted method. For warrants that are recorded as a liability in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets, the calculation of diluted net loss per share requires that, to the extent the average market price of the underlying shares for the reporting period exceeds the exercise price of the warrants and the presumed exercise of the warrants is dilutive to loss per share for the period, an adjustment beis made to net loss used in the calculation to remove the change in fair value of the warrants from the numerator for the period. Likewise, an adjustment to the denominator is required to reflect the related dilutive shares, if any, under the treasury stock method. For all periods presented other than the three months ended September 30, 2019, there is no difference in the number of shares used to calculate basic and diluted shares outstanding due to the Company’s net loss position. For the three months ended September 30, 2019, the net loss used in the calculation of diluted net loss per share was increased by $2.3 million to remove the decrease in fair value of common stock warrants based on the dilutive effect of assumed exercise, and the denominator was increased by 394,433 shares calculated under the treasury stock method.
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Potentially dilutive securities outstanding and not included in the calculation of diluted net loss per share (because inclusion would be anti-dilutive) are as follows (in thousands, in common stock equivalent shares):
 Three Months Ended
September 30,		 Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 2019 2018 2019 2018
Warrants to purchase common stock293
 710
 710
 710
Options to purchase common stock6,234
 5,155
 5,868
 3,031
Awards granted under the ESPP134
 61
 45
 24
 6,661
 5,926
 6,623
 3,765

Three Months Ended
September 30,		Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2020201920202019
Warrants to purchase common stock383 293 383 710 
Options to purchase common stock5,548 6,234 5,128 5,868 
Unvested restricted stock units134 N/A61 N/A
Awards granted under the ESPP42 134 21 45 
Convertible senior notes (if-converted)2,554 N/A1,286 N/A
8,661 6,661 6,879 6,623 
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which modifies the measurement and recognition of credit losses for most financial assets and certain other instruments. The new standard requires the use of forward-looking expected credit loss models based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount, which may result in earlier recognition of credit losses under the new standard. The new standard also requires that credit losses related to available-for-sale debt securities be recorded as an allowance through net income (loss) rather than reducing the carrying amount under the current,prior, other-than-temporary-impairment model. The new standard ismust be adopted using the modified retrospective approach and was effective for public business entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those years. Thethe Company plans to implement the new standardstarting in the first quarter of 2020, and is in2020. The Company determined there was no cumulative-effect transition adjustment to the processopening balance of reviewing itsaccumulated deficit for recognition of additional credit loss models to assess the impact of thelosses upon adoption of thethis standard as of January 1, 2020 based on its consolidated financial statements.outstanding accounts receivable, the composition and credit quality of its short-term investments, and current economic conditions as of that date.
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement: Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement, which adds and modifies certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. Under the new guidance, entities will no longer be required to disclose the amount of and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, or valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements. However, public companies will be required to disclose the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements, and related changes in unrealized gains and losses included in other comprehensive income. The updated guidance was effective for the Company starting in the first quarter of 2020. As a result, the Company modified certain fair value measurement disclosures primarily related to its Level 3 liabilities (see Note 5, “Fair Value Measurements”).
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In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-12, Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes, which is intended to simplify various aspects of the income tax accounting guidance, including requirements such as tax basis step-up in goodwill obtained in a transaction that is not a business combination, ownership changes in investments, and interim-period accounting for enacted changes in tax law. ASU 2019-12 is effective for annual periodspublic business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and2020, including interim periods within those periods, withfiscal years, and early adoption is permitted. The Company early adopted the new guidance in the second quarter of 2020. As a result, the Company recognized, on a prospective basis, $13,000 of income tax expense in the second quarter of 2020 upon the reversal of tax benefits recorded in the first quarter of 2020 related to unrealized gains on short-term investments.
In June 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-06, Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in
an Entity’s Own Equity, which is intended to simplify the accounting for convertible instruments. This new guidance eliminates certain models that require separate accounting for embedded conversion features, and eliminates certain of the conditions for equity classification for contracts in an entity’s own equity. Accordingly, a convertible debt instrument will be accounted for as a single liability measured at its amortized cost, as long as no other features require bifurcation and recognition as derivatives. The new guidance can be adopted through either a modified retrospective method of transition or a fully retrospective method of transition. ASU 2020-06 is effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company is in the process of assessingdetermining the impact of the adoption of the updated guidancestandard on its consolidated financial statements as well as whether to early adopt the new standard.
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-15, Customer's Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract, which changes the accounting for implementation costs incurred in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract. The updated guidance aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. The implementation costs should be presented as a prepaid asset on the balance sheets and expensed over the term of the hosting arrangement. The updated guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those periods, with early adoption permitted. The Company is in the process of assessing the impact of the adoption of the updated guidance on its consolidated financial statements.
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3. Short-Term Investments
The Company invests in marketable securities principallyconsisting of debt instruments of the U.S. Government, and financial institutions and corporations with strong credit ratings. The following represents a summary of the estimated fair value of short-term investments as of September 30, 20192020 and December 31, 20182019 (in thousands):
At September 30, 2020Maturity
(in years)		Amortized
Cost		Gross Unrealized
Gain		Gross Unrealized
Loss		Estimated
Fair Value
Available-for-sale securities:
Commercial paperLess than 1$94,076 $9 $(1)$94,084 
U.S. Government-sponsored enterpriseLess than 232,157 23 (1)32,179 
U.S. Treasury securitiesLess than 1105,779 36 0 105,815 
Corporate debt securitiesLess than 2102,862 107 (6)102,963 
Total$334,874 $175 $(8)$335,041 
At September 30, 2019
Maturity
(in years)
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Gross Unrealized
Gain
 
Gross Unrealized
Loss
 
Estimated
Fair Value
Available-for-sale securities:         
Commercial paperLess than 1 $24,997
 $10
 $(3) $25,004
U.S. Government-sponsored enterpriseLess than 2 21,830
 9
 (4) 21,835
U.S. Treasury securitiesLess than 1 12,710
 18
 —
 12,728
Corporate debt securitiesLess than 2 51,242
 83
 (5) 51,320
Total  $110,779
 $120
 $(12) $110,887
At December 31, 2018
Maturity
(in years)
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Unrealized
Gain
 
Unrealized
Loss
 
Estimated
Fair Value
Available-for-sale securities:         
Commercial paperLess than 1 $53,559
 $—
 $(22) $53,537
U.S. Treasury securitiesLess than 1 17,937
 —
 (2) 17,935
Corporate debt securitiesLess than 1 15,718
 12
 (1) 15,729
Total  $87,214
 $12
 $(25) $87,201

At December 31, 2019Maturity
(in years)		Amortized
Cost		Gross Unrealized
Gain		Gross Unrealized
Loss		Estimated
Fair Value
Available-for-sale securities:
Commercial paperLess than 1$24,147 $10 $0 $24,157 
U.S. Government-sponsored enterpriseLess than 233,073 26 0 33,099 
U.S. Treasury securitiesLess than 217,963 17 (1)17,979 
Corporate debt securitiesLess than 250,011 42 (5)50,048 
Total$125,194 $95 $(6)$125,283 
The Company has classified all marketable securities, regardless of maturity, as short-term investments based upon the Company'sCompany’s ability and intent to use any and all of those marketable securities to satisfy the Company's currentCompany’s liquidity requirements.

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The Company periodically reviews the portfolio of available-for-sale debt securities to determine if any investment is other-than-temporarily impaired due to changes in credit risk or other potential valuation concerns. The Company believes that the short-term investments held at September 30, 2019 were not other-than-temporarily impaired. Unrealized losses on available-for-sale debt securities at that dateSeptember 30, 2020 were not significant and were due to changes in interest rates, including credit spreads and not due tofrom perceived increased credit risks associated with specific securities.as a result of the COVID-19 global pandemic. The Company does not intend to sell the available-for-sale debt securities that are in an unrealized loss position, and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell these debt securities before recovery of their amortized cost bases, which may be at maturity. Based on the credit quality of the available-for-sale debt securities that are in an unrealized loss position, and the Company’s estimates of future cash flows to be collected from those securities, the Company believes the unrealized losses are not credit losses. Accordingly, the Company has not recognized any impairment losses related to its available-for-sale debt securities at September 30, 2020.

4. Accounts Receivable and Inventories

Accounts Receivable
Accounts receivable consisted of the following (in thousands):
September 30,December 31,
20202019
Accounts receivable$55,568 $49,889 
Less: allowance for credit losses(3,464)(3,304)
Accounts receivable, net$52,104 $46,585 
Allowance for Credit Losses
The following table provides a reconciliation of the change in the estimated allowance for expected accounts receivable credit losses for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):
Three Months Ended
September 30,		Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2020201920202019
Balance at beginning of the period$3,139 $2,194 $3,304 $1,837 
Provision for expected credit losses653 671 2,181 1,468 
Write-offs and adjustments, net of recoveries(328)(173)(2,021)(613)
Balance at end of the period$3,464 $2,692 $3,464 $2,692 
Inventories
Inventories consisted of the following as of September 30, 20192020 and December 31, 20182019 (in thousands):
September 30,
2020		December 31,
2019
Raw materials$36,111 $20,699 
Work-in-process14,316 16,532 
Finished goods20,217 11,842 
Total Inventories$70,644 $49,073 
 September 30,
2019		 December 31,
2018
Raw materials$12,488
 $6,622
Work-in-process11,051
 2,710
Finished goods17,192
 10,564
Total$40,732
 $19,896

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5. Fair Value Measurements
Authoritative guidance on fair value measurements defines fair value, and provides a consistent framework for both measuring fair value as well asand for disclosures of each major asset and liability category measured at fair value on either a recurring or a nonrecurring basis. Fair value is intended to reflect an assumed exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. As a basis for considering such assumptions, the authoritative guidance providesestablishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:
Level 1:Observable inputs such as unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities.
Level 2:Inputs, other than quoted prices in active markets, that are observable either directly or indirectly for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.
Level 3:Unobservable inputs in which there is little or no market data and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities, which require the reporting entity to develop its own valuation techniques that require input assumptions.
Level 1:    Observable inputs such as unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities.
Level 2:    Inputs, other than quoted prices in active markets, that are observable either directly or indirectly for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.
Level 3:    Unobservable inputs in which there is little or no market data and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities, which require the reporting entity to develop its own valuation techniques that require input assumptions.
The following table presents information about the Company’s financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 20192020 and December 31, 2018,2019, and indicates the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques utilized by the Company to determine such fair value (in thousands):
Fair Value Measurements at September 30, 2020
(Level 1)(Level 2)(Level 3)
Assets
Cash equivalents(1)
$127,732 $127,732 $0 $0 
Commercial paper94,084 0 94,084 0 
U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise32,179 0 32,179 0 
U.S. Treasury securities105,815 105,815 0 0 
Corporate debt securities102,963 0 102,963 0 
Total assets$462,773 $233,547 $229,226 $0 
Liabilities
Common stock warrants$17,404 $0 $0 $17,404 
Total liabilities$17,404 $0 $0 $17,404 
Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2019
(Level 1)(Level 2)(Level 3)
Assets
Cash equivalents(1)
$33,844 $33,844 $0 $0 
Commercial paper24,157 0 24,157 0 
U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise33,099 0 33,099 0 
U.S. Treasury securities17,979 17,979 0 0 
Corporate debt securities50,048 0 50,048 0 
Total assets$159,127 $51,823 $107,304 $0 
Liabilities
Common stock warrants$23,509 $0 $0 $23,509 
Total liabilities$23,509 $0 $0 $23,509 
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   Fair Value Measurements at
September 30, 2019
  (Level 1) (Level 2) (Level 3)
Assets       
Cash equivalents(1)
$37,987
 $37,987
 $—
 $—
Commercial paper25,004
 —
 25,004
 —
U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise21,835
 —
 21,835
 —
U.S. Treasury securities12,728
 12,728
 —
 —
Corporate debt securities51,320
 —
 51,320
 —
Total assets$148,874
 $50,715
 $98,159
 $—
        
Liabilities       
Common stock warrants$23,283
 $—
 $—
 $23,283
Total liabilities$23,283
 $—
 $—
 $23,283
   Fair Value Measurements at
December 31, 2018
  (Level 1) (Level 2) (Level 3)
Assets       
Cash equivalents(1)
$37,373
 $37,373
 $—
 $—
Commercial paper53,537
 —
 53,537
 —
U.S. Treasury securities17,935
 17,935
 —
 —
Corporate debt securities15,729
 —
 15,729
 —
Total assets$124,574
 $55,308
 $69,266
 $—
Liabilities       
Common stock warrants$17,926
 $—
 $—
 $17,926
Total liabilities$17,926
 $—
 $—
 $17,926
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(1)Generally, cash equivalents include money market funds and investments with a maturity of three months or less from the date of purchase.
(1)Generally, cash equivalents include money market funds and investments with a maturity of three months or less from the date of purchase.
The Company’s Level 2 financial instruments are valued using market prices on less active markets with observable valuation inputs such as interest rates and yield curves. The Company obtains the fair value of Level 2 financial instruments from quoted market prices, calculated prices or quotes from third-party pricing services. The Company validates these prices through independent valuation testing and review of portfolio valuations provided by the Company’s investment managers. There were 0 transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 assets during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018.
The Company’s Level 3 liabilities at September 30, 20192020 and December 31, 20182019 include the remaining Series A warrants issued by the Company in connection with the public offering of common stock in October 2017. The Series A warrants, have a term of five years andwhich expire in October 2022, initially provided holders the right to purchase 4,630,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $3.50 per share. The Series A warrants were initially valued in the aggregate amount of $5.2 million on the date of issuance utilizing a Black-Scholes pricing model.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, the Company issued 259,115 shares and 93,470 shares of common stock, respectively, upon the exercise of Series A warrants. As of September 30, 2020 and 2019, there were Series A warrants outstanding to purchase 158,200 shares and 417,315 shares, respectively, of the Company’s common stock (see Note 8, “Stockholders’ Equity”).
The Company reassesses the fair value of the outstanding Series A warrants at each reporting date utilizing a Black-Scholes pricing model. Variables used in the pricing model include the closing market price of the Company’s common stock at the balance sheet date, and estimates of stock price volatility, dividend yield, expected warrant term and risk-free interest rate. The Company develops its estimates based on publicly available historical data. A significant increase (decrease) in any of these inputs in isolation, particularly the market price of the Company’s common stock, would have resulted in a significantly higher (lower) fair value measurement. The assumptions used to estimate the fair values of the outstanding Series A warrants at September 30, 20192020 and December 31, 20182019 are presented below:
 September 30, 2019 December 31, 2018
Risk-free interest rate1.6% 3.0%
Expected dividend yield0.0% 0.0%
Expected volatility83.3% 78.3%
Expected term (in years)3.0
 3.8

September 30, 2020December 31, 2019
Risk-free interest rate0.1 %1.6 %
Expected dividend yield0.0 %0.0 %
Expected volatility64.1 %77.2 %
Expected term (in years)2.02.8
The following table presents a summary of changes in the fair value of the Company’s Level 3 financial liabilities for the nine months ended September 30, 20192020 and 2018:2019:
 Nine Months Ended September 30,
 2019 2018
Balance at beginning of period$17,926
 $5,432
Increase in fair value included in change in fair value of common stock warrants10,849
 69,042
Decrease in fair value from warrants exercised during the period(5,492) (53,831)
Balance at end of period$23,283
 $20,643

Nine Months Ended September 30,
20202019
Balance at beginning of the period$23,509 $17,926 
Loss recognized from the change in fair value of common stock warrants19,906 10,849 
Decrease in fair value from warrants exercised during the period(26,011)(5,492)
Balance at end of the period$17,404 $23,283 
DuringOf the loss recognized from the change in fair value of common stock warrants for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, the Company issued 93,470 shares of common stock upon the exercise of Series A warrants. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company issued 8,598,076 shares of common stock upon the exercise of certain$8.5 million and $8.6 million, respectively, was attributable to warrants issued in October 2017, and 13,450 warrants expired unexercised. Asoutstanding as of September 30, 2019, there were Series A warrants outstanding to purchase 417,315 shares of the Company's common stock (see Note 8, “Stockholders’ Equity”).2020 and 2019.

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6. Leases
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases. The new standard and its related amendments (collectively referred to as ASC 842) requires lessees to recognize right-of-use assets and corresponding lease liabilities for all leases with lease terms of greater than 12 months. It also changed the definition of a lease and expanded the disclosure requirements of lease arrangements. In July 2018, the FASB added a transition option for implementation of the standard that allowed companies to continue to use the legacy guidance in ASC 840, Leases, including its disclosure requirements, in the comparative periods presented in the year of adoption. The new standard must be adopted using the modified retrospective approach and was effective for the Company starting in the first quarter of fiscal 2019. The Company elected the transition option and certain practical expedients, and recognized a cumulative-effect transition adjustment for the recognition of right-of-use leased assets and corresponding operating lease liabilities of $12.4 million on the consolidated balance sheets upon adoption of the standard as of January 1, 2019. The Company did not restate prior periods. Deferred rent of $1.0 million and $3.8 million as of January 1, 2019 was reclassified from other current liabilities and deferred rent long-term, respectively, to a reduction of the right-of-use leased assets in connection with the adoption of the standard.
The Company'sCompany’s leases consist primarily of operating leases for general office space, laboratory, manufacturing and warehouse facilities, and equipment. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheets. The Company recognizes lease expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Because the Company'sCompany’s leases do not provide an implicit interest rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement dateCommencement Date in determining the present value of future lease payments. The Company used the incremental borrowing rate on January 1, 2019 for operating leases that commenced prior to that date. For lease agreements entered into or reassessed after the adoption of ASC 842, the Company combines lease and non-lease components.
Certain leases include an option to renew, with renewal terms that can extend the lease term for additional periods. The exercise of lease renewal options is at the Company'sCompany’s sole discretion. The depreciable life of assets and leasehold improvements are limited by the expected lease term, unless there is a transfer of title or purchase option that is reasonably certain to be exercised.
In January 2019, the Company entered into a lease agreement for approximately 25,332 square feet of additional general administrative office space (Initial Premises) located at 10935on Vista Sorrento Parkway, in San Diego, California (Vista Sorrento Parkway Lease). The lease term for the Initial Premises commenced in March 2019 and expires in September 2022. In May 2019, the Company entered into a First Amendment to the Vista Sorrento Parkway Lease (First Amendment) to expand the leased premises by adding approximately 33,681 square feet of additional general administrative office space (Expansion Space), and to extend the lease term for the Initial Premises through December 2022.January 2023. The lease term for the Expansion Space commenced in May 2019 and expires in December 2022.January 2023. The Company has a one-time1-time option to extend the term of the Vista Sorrento Parkway Lease, covering both the Initial Premises and the Expansion Space, for a period of four years. The Company recognized right-of-use leased assets and corresponding operating lease liabilities of $3.1 million on the consolidated balance sheetssheet in the first quarter of 2019 related to the Initial Premises, and $4.5$4.7 million in the second quarter of 2019 related to the First Amendment to the Vista Sorrento Parkway Lease.Amendment.
In March 2019, the Company entered into a lease agreement for approximately 40,490 square feet of space located at 6495on Marindustry Place, San Diego, California to house additional operations functions, including warehousing and shipping (Marindustry Place Lease). The lease term commenced in May 2019 and expires in April 2026. The Company has a one-time option to extend the term of the Marindustry Place Lease for a period of no less than three years and no more than five years. The Company recognized right-of-use leased assets and corresponding operating lease liabilities of $3.4 million on the consolidated balance sheetssheet on the Commencement Date in the second quarter of 2019.
In November 2019, the Company entered into a lease agreement for approximately 94,562 square feet of additional general office space located on Shoreline Drive, in Boise, Idaho (Shoreline Lease). The lease term commenced on July 1, 2020, and expires in June 2027. The Company has a 1-time option to extend the term of the Shoreline Lease for a period of three years. The Company recognized right-of-use leased assets and corresponding operating lease liabilities of approximately $6.5 million on the consolidated balance sheet on the Commencement Date in the first quarter of 2020.
In January 2020, the Company entered into a sub-lease agreement for approximately 30,703 square feet of general office space located on High Bluff Drive, in San Diego, California. The lease term began in April 2020 and expires in March 2022. The Company recognized right-of-use leased assets and corresponding operating lease liabilities of approximately $2.3 million on the consolidated balance sheet on the Commencement Date in the first quarter of 2020.
In September 2020, the Company amended certain leases covering approximately 77,000 square feet of general office and laboratory space located on Roselle Street in San Diego, California (Roselle Street Leases). The lease amendments extended the term of each lease for an additional period of one year, and included a rent increase during the additional lease term. The Roselle Street Leases, which would have expired in May 2022, are now scheduled to expire in May 2023. The Company recognized additional right-of-use leased assets and corresponding operating lease liabilities of $2.2 million on the consolidated balance sheet in the third quarter of 2020 related to the Marindustry Place Lease.amendment of the Roselle Street Leases.
The Company’s lease cost recorded in the condensed consolidated statements of operations was as follows (in thousands):
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Three Months Ended
September 30,		Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2020201920202019
Operating lease cost$1,914 $1,372 $5,569 $3,208 
Short-term lease cost63 39 198 84 
Total lease cost$1,977 $1,411 $5,767 $3,292 
Future minimum
Maturities of operating lease payments under non-cancellable operating leases as ofliabilities at September 30, 20192020 were as follows (in thousands):
Years Ending December 31,  Years Ending December 31,
2019 (remaining) $867
2020 6,831
2020 (remaining)2020 (remaining)$2,314 
2021 7,100
20219,421 
2022 5,880
20228,710 
2023 1,991
20234,386 
202420241,881 
Thereafter 1,577
Thereafter3,975 
Total future minimum lease payments 24,246
Total undiscounted lease paymentsTotal undiscounted lease payments30,687 
Less: amount representing interest (3,037)Less: amount representing interest(3,429)
Present value of future minimum lease payments 21,209
Present value of operating lease liabilitiesPresent value of operating lease liabilities27,258 
Less: current portion of operating lease liabilities (5,951)Less: current portion of operating lease liabilities(9,365)
Operating lease liabilities - long-term $15,258
Operating lease liabilities - long-term$17,893 
The weighted-average remaining lease term and weighted-average discount rate for operating leases were as follows:
September 30,
2020		December 31,
2019
Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years)3.93.6
Weighted-average discount rate used to determine operating lease liabilities5.9 %6.6 %
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities, representing operating cash flows from operating leases, was $5.9 million and $3.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

7. Term Loan AgreementConvertible Senior Notes
In August 2018,May 2020, the Company fully repaidentered into a purchase agreement with certain counterparties for the term loan made by Capital Royalty Partners II, L.P. and its affiliated funds (CRG)sale of an aggregate of $250.0 million principal amount of 1.50% Convertible Senior Notes due 2025 in a private offering to qualified institutional buyers pursuant to Rule 144A under the AmendedSecurities Act of 1933, as amended. The notes consisted of a $250.0 million initial placement (Base Notes) and Restated Term Loan Agreement (Term Loan Agreement)an over-allotment option that provided the initial purchasers of the Base Notes with the option to purchase an additional $37.5 million aggregate principal amount of notes (together with the Base Notes, the Notes), which was fully exercised. The Notes were issued pursuant to an Indenture, dated May 15, 2020, between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (Indenture). The balancenet proceeds from the issuance of the outstandingNotes were $244.6 million, net of debt during 2018 up untilissuance costs and cash used to purchase the time of repayment was $82.7 million. capped call transactions (Capped Call Transactions) discussed below.
The repayment included approximately $1.1 million in accrued interest and approximately $5.0 million in associated financing fees that became due. As a result of the repayment, the Company did not have any borrowings outstanding under the Term Loan Agreement as of September 30, 2019 or December 31, 2018.
Under the Term Loan Agreement, interest was payable atNotes are the Company’s option, (i)senior unsecured obligations. Interest is payable in cash semi-annually in arrears beginning on November 1, 2020 at a rate of 11.5%1.50% per annum,year. The Notes mature on May 1, 2025 unless repurchased, redeemed, or (ii) at a rate of 9.5% of the 11.5% per annumconverted in cash and 2.0% of the 11.5% per annum (PIK Loan) to be addedaccordance with their terms prior to the principalmaturity date.
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Table of the loan and subject to accruing interest.contents
The Company enteredNotes are convertible into a series of amendments to the Term Loan Agreement between 2016 and 2018, which included the addition of a financing fee payable at the maturitycash, shares of the Company’s loans, the issuancecommon stock, or a combination of 193,788 ten-year warrants to CRG to purchasecash and shares of the Company’s common stock, at the Company’s election, at an exercise priceinitial conversion rate of $23.508.8836 shares of common stock per share and certain other minimum financing covenants. The financing fee was applicable to the entire aggregate$1,000 principal amount of borrowings outstanding,the Notes, which is equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $112.57 (Conversion Price) per share of the Company’s common stock. The conversion rate is subject to customary adjustments for certain events as described in the Indenture.
The Company may not redeem the Notes prior to May 6, 2023. The Company has the option to redeem for cash all or any portion of the Notes on or after May 6, 2023 if the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock has been at least 130% of the Conversion Price then in effect for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive), including total PIK Loans issued. the trading day immediately preceding the date on which the Company provides notice of redemption, during any 30 consecutive trading day period, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest. No sinking fund is provided for the Notes.
Holders of the Notes may convert all or a portion of their Notes at their option prior to November 1, 2024, in multiples of $1,000 principal amounts, only under the following circumstances:


•if the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during the period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter is greater than or equal to 130% of the applicable conversion price of the Notes on each such trading day;

•during the 5 business day period after any 5 consecutive trading day period in which the trading price per $1,000 principal amount of the Notes for each day of that 5 consecutive trading day period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock and the applicable conversion rate of the Notes on such trading day;

•if the Company calls any or all of the Notes for redemption, at any time prior to the close of business on the scheduled trading day immediately preceding the redemption date; or

•on the occurrence of specified corporate events.
On or after November 1, 2024, until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date, holders may convert their Notes at any time, regardless of the foregoing circumstances.
Holders of the Notes who convert in connection with a make-whole fundamental change, as defined in the Indenture, or in connection with a redemption are entitled to an increase in the conversion rate. Additionally, in the event of a fundamental change, as defined in the Indenture, holders of the Notes may require us to repurchase all or a portion of the Notes at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Notes, plus any accrued and unpaid interest.
In accounting for the issuance of the Notes, the Company separated the Notes into liability and equity components. The carrying amount of the liability component was calculated by measuring the fair value of similar debt instruments, which do not have an associated convertible feature. The carrying amount of the equity component representing the conversion option for the Notes was $85.8 million and was recorded as a debt discount, which is amortized to interest expense at an effective interest rate of 9.9%. The Company allocated $2.7 million of debt issuance costs to the equity component and the remaining debt issuance costs of $6.1 million were allocated to the liability component, which are amortized to interest expense under the effective interest rate method. The equity component of the Notes will not be remeasured as long as it continues to meet the conditions for equity classification. It is the Company’s intent and policy to settle conversions through combination settlement, which essentially involves payment in cash equal to the principal portion and delivery of shares of common stock for the excess of the conversion value over the principal portion.
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The Notes consisted of the following (in thousands):
As of
September 30, 2020
Liability:
Principal$287,500 
Unamortized debt discount and debt issuance costs(88,380)
Net carrying amount$199,120 
Carrying amount of the equity component$85,803 
As of September 30, 2019,2020, the warrantsdebt discount and debt issuance costs associated with the Notes will be amortized over the remaining period of approximately 4.6 years.
The following table details interest expense recognized related to purchase 193,788 sharesthe Notes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 (in thousands):
 Three Months Ended
September 30, 2020		Nine Months Ended
September 30, 2020
Contractual interest expense$1,078 $1,797 
Amortization of debt issuance costs244 403 
Amortization of debt discount3,533 5,830 
Total interest expense$4,855 $8,030 

The notes will have a dilutive effect to the extent the average market price per share of common stock for a given reporting period exceeds the conversion price of $112.57. As of September 30, 2020, the “if-converted value” did not exceed the principal amount of the Company'sNotes.
Capped Call Transactions
In connection with the issuance of the Notes, the Company entered into Capped Call Transactions with certain counterparties at a net cost of $34.1 million. The Capped Call Transactions are intended to reduce potential dilution to holders of the Company’s common stock at an exercisebeyond the conversion price of $23.50$112.57, up to a conversion price of $173.18 on any conversion of the Notes, or to offset any cash payments the Company is required to make in excess of the principal amount of such converted Notes, as the case may be, with such reduction or offset subject to a cap. The cap price of the Capped Call Transactions is initially $173.18 per share remained outstanding.of the Company’s common stock, representing a premium of 100% above the last reported sale price of $86.59 per share of the Company’s common stock on May 12, 2020, and is subject to certain adjustments under the terms of the Capped Call Transactions. Conditions that cause adjustments to the initial strike price of the Capped Call Transactions mirror conditions that result in corresponding adjustments for the Notes.
For accounting purposes, the Capped Calls are separate transactions, and not part of the terms of the Notes. As these transactions meet certain criteria under the applicable accounting guidance, the Capped Calls are recorded in stockholders' equity and are not accounted for as derivatives. The cost of the Capped Call Transactions was recorded as a reduction of the Company’s additional paid-in capital in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet and will not be remeasured.

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8. Stockholders’ Equity
Public Offerings
In the first quarter of 2018, the Company completed a public offering of 34,500,000 shares of common stock at a public offering price of $2.00 per share. The gross proceeds to the Company from the offering were approximately $69.0 million, before deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses payable by the Company.

In the third quarter of 2018, the Company completed a public offering of 4,035,085 shares of common stock at a public offering price of $28.50 per share. The gross proceeds to the Company from the offering were $115.0 million, before deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses payable by the Company.
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Shares Reserved for Future Issuance

The following shares of the Company’s common stock were reserved for future issuance as of September 30, 20192020 (in thousands):

Shares underlying outstanding warrants710383 
Shares underlying outstanding stock options7,3585,866 
Shares underlying unvested restricted stock units135 
Shares authorized for future equity award grants3,1652,117 
Shares authorized for issuance pursuant to awards granted under the ESPP1,8521,462 
13,0859,963 


Common Stock Warrants
As of September 30, 2019, there were Series A warrants
Warrants outstanding to purchase 417,315 shares of the Company's common stock at an exercise price of $3.50 per share, which were issued in connection with the October 2017 Financing, and which expire in October 2022. Also outstanding as of September 30, 2019,2020 were warrantsas follows:
Issue DateExercise Price Per ShareWarrants OutstandingExpiration Date
October 2017$3.50158,200 October 2022
March 2017$23.50193,788 March 2027
August 2011 - August 2012$73.7331,166 August 2021 - August 2022
383,154 

Each warrant allows the holder to purchase 193,788 shares1 share of the Company's common stock at anthe exercise price of $23.50 per share which were issued in March 2017, and which expire in March 2027 (see Note 7, “Term Loan Agreement”), and warrants to purchase 98,965 shares of the Company's common stock at an exercise price of $73.73 per share, which were issued between August 2011 and August 2012, and which expire between August 2021 and August 2022.respective warrant. The Company issued 257,000 and 291,894 shares of its common stock upon the exercise of warrants during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, and 200 and 93,470 shares of its common stock upon the exercise of warrants during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively. 2019.

Stock Plans
The Company issued 8,603,3211,072,499 and 2,198,986 shares, of its common stock upon the exercise of warrants during the year ended December 31, 2018.
In both June 2019 and 2018, the Company received approval from its stockholders to increase the number of shares of its common stock reserved for issuance under the 2013 Plan by 5,000,000 and 5,500,000 shares, respectively. The Company issued 439,646 and 1,213,428 sharesrespectively, of its common stock upon the exercise of stock options during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively.2020. The Company issued 136,042439,646 and 1,213,428 shares, respectively, of its common stock upon the exercise of stock options during the yearthree and nine months ended December 31, 2018.September 30, 2019.
The ESPP enables eligible employees to purchase shares of the Company'sCompany’s common stock using their after-tax payroll deductions, subject to certain conditions. Historically,Generally, offerings under the ESPP consistedconsist of a two-year offering period with four4 six-month purchase periods which begin in May and November of each year. The Company previously suspended the ESPP in May 2017 due to a lack of available shares. In June 2018, the Company received approval from its stockholders to increase the number of shares of its common stock reserved for issuance under the ESPP by 2,000,000 shares. A new offering commenced under the ESPP on June 15, 2018, and the first purchase date was November 15, 2018. There were 168,165 shares of common stock purchased under the ESPP inDuring the nine months ended September 30, 2019. There were 80,5812020 and 2019, 229,320 and 168,165 shares of the Company’s common stock, respectively, were purchased under the ESPP during the year ended December 31, 2018.for proceeds of $4.9 million and $3.0 million, respectively.
Stock-Based Compensation
In June 2019, theThe Company granted options to purchase 1,644,7151,010,996 shares of common stock under the 2013 Plan during the nine months ended September 30, 2020. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company granted options to purchase 2,916,906 shares of common stock under the 2013 Plan, of which 1,644,715 were originally awarded between February 2019 and June 2019, subject to and conditioned upon the approval by its stockholders of an increase in the number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the 2013 Plan. In total,Stock-based compensation expense was not recognized for these contingent stock option grants prior to the Company granted options to purchase 2,916,906approval by the Company’s stockholders of the increase in the number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the 2013 Plan, during the nine months ended September 30,which occurred in June 2019. These options have an exercise price equal to the closing price of the Company'sCompany’s common stock on the applicable award date, and generally vest as to 25% of the underlying shares on the first anniversary of the award, with the balance of the options vesting monthly over the following three years.
In June 2018,
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The Company also granted 2,846 and 134,694 restricted stock units (RSUs), respectively, during the Company granted options to purchase 811,800 shares of common stock under the 2013 Plan, which were originally awarded on December 1, 2017, subject tothree and conditioned upon the approval by its stockholders of an increase in the number of shares of common stock authorized under the 2013 Plan.nine months ended September 30, 2020. These optionsRSUs have an exercisea grant price equal to the closing price of the Company'sCompany’s common stock on the applicable award date, and generally vest as to 50% of the underlying sharesbased only on the first anniversary of the award, with the balance of the options vesting monthly over the following year.
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The Company also granted options to purchase 3,661,220 shares of common stock under the 2013 Plan during the nine months ended September 30, 2018. These options have an exercise price equal to the closing price of the Company's common stock on the applicable award date, and generally vestservice as to 25% of the underlying shares on the first anniversary of the award, with the balance of the optionsRSUs vesting monthlyquarterly over the following three years, except with respect to options to purchase 3,389,300 shares of common stock granted in June 2018,for 17,857 RSUs which vest asin annual installments over a period of one to 50% of the underlying shares on the first anniversary of the award, with the balance of the options vesting monthly over the following year.three years.
The assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model are as follows:
Stock Options
Three Months Ended
September 30,		Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2020201920202019
Weighted average grant date fair value (per share)$67.64$38.74$52.83$39.08
Risk-free interest rate0.4 %1.7 %0.6 %2.1 %
Expected dividend yield0.0 %0.0 %0.0 %0.0 %
Expected volatility75.3 %71.8 %74.5 %71.8 %
Expected term (in years)6.16.16.16.0
 Stock Options
Three Months Ended
September 30,		 Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2019 2018 2019 2018
Weighted average grant date fair value (per share)$38.74
 $21.77
 $39.08
 $12.35
Risk-free interest rate1.7% 2.8% 2.1% 2.8%
Expected dividend yield0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Expected volatility71.8% 70.5% 71.8% 71.4%
Expected term (in years)6.1
 6.1
 6.0
 5.7
 ESPP
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2019 2018
Weighted average grant date fair value (per share)$33.49
 $9.62
Risk-free interest rate2.3% 2.4%
Expected dividend yield0.0% 0.0%
Expected volatility75.9% 77.0%
Expected term (in years)1.3
 1.3

ESPP
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
20202019
Weighted average grant date fair value (per share)$36.18$33.49
Risk-free interest rate0.2 %2.3 %
Expected dividend yield0.0 %0.0 %
Expected volatility65.7 %75.9 %
Expected term (in years)1.31.3
The Company records stock-based compensation expense associated with the ESPP using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Valuations are performed on the grant date at the beginning of the purchase period, which generally occurs in May and November of each year.
The following table summarizes the allocation of stock-based compensation expense included in the consolidated statement of operations (in thousands):
 Three Months Ended
September 30,		 Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 2019 2018 2019 2018
Cost of sales$1,751
 $784
 $4,178
 $1,129
Selling, general & administrative13,110
 6,821
 29,060
 9,833
Research and development2,369
 1,932
 6,148
 2,465
Total$17,230
 $9,537
 $39,386
 $13,427

Three Months Ended
September 30,		Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2020201920202019
Cost of sales$2,138 $1,751 $6,464 $4,178 
Selling, general & administrative8,866 13,110 32,077 29,060 
Research and development1,833 2,369 6,582 6,148 
Total$12,837 $17,230 $45,123 $39,386 
The total stock-based compensation expense capitalized as part of the cost of the Company’s inventories was $0.8$0.7 million and $0.4$1.3 million as of September 30, 20192020 and December 31, 2018,2019, respectively.

9. Income Taxes
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, the Company’s income tax expense was primarily attributable to state and foreign income tax expense as a result of current taxable income in those jurisdictions. The nine months ended September 30, 2020 also included a benefit associated with release of valuation allowance related to the acquisition of Sugarmate during the second quarter of 2020.
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The Company used the year-to-date effective tax rate method to determine its interim income tax expense for federal and state jurisdictions where a reliable estimate of the annual effective tax rate could not be made.
9.
The Company maintains a full valuation allowance against its net deferred tax assets as of September 30, 2020 based on the current assessment that it is not more likely than not these future benefits will be realized before expiration.

On March 27, 2020, the United States enacted the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act (CARES Act). The CARES Act is an emergency economic stimulus package that includes spending and tax breaks to strengthen the United States economy and fund a nationwide effort to curtail the effect of the COVID-19 global pandemic. While the CARES Act provides sweeping tax changes in response to the COVID-19 global pandemic, some of the more significant provisions which are expected to impact the Company’s financial statements include removal of certain limitations on utilization of net operating losses, increasing the loss carryback period for certain losses to five years, and increasing the ability to deduct interest expense, as well as amending certain provisions of the previously enacted Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. Due to the recent enactment of the CARES Act, the Company is unable to quantify the impact, if any, that the CARES Act will have on its financial position, results of operations or cash flows but it is not anticipated to be significant.

10. Commitments and Contingencies
Legal and Regulatory Matters
From time to time, the Company may be subject to legal proceedings or regulatory matters arising in the ordinary course of business, including actions with respect to intellectual property, data privacy, employment, regulatory, product liability and contractual matters. In connection with these proceedings or matters, the Company regularly assesses the probability and amount (or range) of possible issueslosses based on the developments in these proceedings or matters. A liability is recorded in the consolidated financial statements if it is determined that it is probable that a loss has been incurred, and that the amount (or range) of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Because of the uncertainties related to any pending proceedings or matters, the Company is currently unable to predict their ultimate outcome and, with respect to any legal proceeding or regulatory matter where no liability has been accrued, to make a reasonable estimate of the possible loss (or range of loss) that could result from an adverse outcome.
As of September 30, 20192020 and December 31, 2018,2019, there were 0 legal proceedings, regulatory matters, or other disputes or claims for which a material loss was considered probable or for which the amount (or range) of loss was deemed to be reasonably estimable. However, regardless of the outcome, legal proceedings, regulatory matters, and other disputes and claims can have an adverse impact on the Company because of legal costs, diversion of management time and resources, and other factors.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
You should read the following discussion and analysis together with our financial statements and related notes in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 20192020 (Quarterly Report).
This Quarterly Report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws, which statements are subject to considerable risks and uncertainties. These forward-looking statements are intended to qualify for the safe harbor from liability established by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. All statements included or incorporated by reference in this Quarterly Report, other than statements of historical fact, are forward-looking statements. You can identify forward-looking statements by the use of words such as “may,” “will,” “could,” “anticipate,” “expect,” “intend,” “believe,” “continue” or the negative of such terms, or other comparable terminology. Forward-looking statements also include the assumptions underlying or relating to such statements. In particular, forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report may relate to, among other things, our future or assumed financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, business forecasts and plans, research and product development plans, manufacturing plans, strategic plans and objectives, capital needs, financing plans and objectives, product launches, distribution plans, clinical trials, regulatory approvals and competitive environment. We caution you that the foregoing list may not include all of the forward-looking statements made in this Quarterly Report.
Our forward-looking statements are based on our management’s current assumptions and expectations about future events and trends, which affect or may affect our business, strategy, operations or financial performance. Although we believe that these forward-looking statements are based upon reasonable assumptions, they are subject to numerous known and unknown risks and uncertainties and are made in light of information currently available to us. Our actual financial condition and results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth below in the section entitled “Risk Factors” in Part II, Item 1A, and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report, as well as the other public filings we make with the Securities and Exchange Commission. In particular, as discussed in greater detail below, our financial condition, operating results, liquidity and business prospects could be materially adversely affected by the impacts and disruptions caused by the novel coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19 global pandemic). You should read this Quarterly Report with the understanding that our actual future financial condition and results may be materially different from and worse than what we expect.
Moreover, we operate in an evolving environment. New risk factors and uncertainties emerge from time to time and it is not possible for our management to predict all risk factors and uncertainties, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements.
Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they were made and, except to the extent required by law or the rules of the NASDAQ Global Market, we undertake no obligation to update or review any forward-looking statement because of new information, future events or other factors.
We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.
Overview
We are a medical device company with an innovative approach to the design, development and commercialization of products for people with insulin-dependent diabetes. Our goal is to lead in insulin therapy management by building a robust ecosystem and portfolio of data-driven products and services around our flagship insulin pumps. We believe our competitive advantage is rooted in our consumer-focused approach, and the incorporation of modern and innovative technology into our product offerings. Our manufacturing, sales and support activities principally focus on our flagship pump platform, the t:slim X2 Insulin Delivery System (t:slim X2), and our complementary product offerings. The simple-to-use t:slim X2 is based on our proprietary technology platform and is the smallest durable insulin pump available. It is the only pump currently available in the United States thatwhich is capable of remote feature updates which positions us welland is designed to addressdisplay continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensor information directly on the evolving needs and preferences of differentiated segments of the insulin-dependent diabetes market. By delivering innovative hardware and software solutions,pump home screen, as well as best-in-class customer support, weour complementary product offerings, such as our cloud-based t:connect data management application (t:connect) and the Tandem Device Updater. We aim to improve and simplify the lives of people with diabetes and those of their healthcare providers.providers, by delivering innovative hardware and software solutions, as well as best-in-class customer support.
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Since our initial commercial launch, we have been able to rapidly innovate and bring more products to market than our competitors. We have commercially launched sixseven insulin pumps in the United States since inception, all2012, three of which have been developed using our proprietary technology platform. Threewe also launched outside the United States since 2018. Four of our insulin pumps have featured continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)integration with CGM technology, and one featuresof which two have also featured an automated insulin delivery (AID) algorithm. In addition, theThe United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has classified two categoriesdefined requirements for the interoperability of devices as a complete AID system, which we believe will help support continued rapid innovation by streamlining the regulatory pathway for AID.integrated products in the United States. This interoperability designation is comprised of three categories: alternate controller enabled (ACE) infusion pumps, integrated continuous glucose monitor (iCGM) devices, and interoperable automated glycemic controller (iAGC) technology. In June 2018, the t:slim X2 was the first insulin pump designated as compatible with integrated continuous glucose monitoring (known as iCGM) devices, andiCGM devices; in February 2019 the t:slim X2 was the first insulin pump to receive ACE pump designation, and in a new device category called Alternate Controller Enabled Infusion Pumps (ACE pumps).
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December 2019 our Control-IQ technology for the t:slim X2 was cleared as the first iAGC.
In the four-year period ended September 30, 2019,2020, we shipped approximately 129,000188,000 insulin pumps, which is representative of our estimated global installed customer base, onassuming the typical four-year reimbursement cycle. Approximately 107,000152,000 of these pumps were shipped to customers in the United States and approximately 22,00036,000 were shipped to international markets.
DuringToday, our t:slim X2 hardware platform represents 100% of our new pump shipments and nearly all of our in-warranty customers benefit from having the X2 platform. The simple-to-use t:slim X2 is the smallest durable insulin pump available, and the only commercial insulin pump that allows users to update their pumps’ software quickly and easily from a personal computer using our revolutionary Tandem Device Updater tool. This unique offering has allowed us to bring future innovations, including our next generation AID algorithms, to our in-warranty t:slim X2 customers faster than the industry was able to in the past and independent of the typical four-year insurance pump reimbursement cycle. We have offered in-warranty t:slim customers in the United States four different software updates for no-cost since the Tandem Device Updater was approved in July 2016, including our two AID algorithms, Basal-IQ technology and Control-IQ technology. Basal-IQ technology launched in August 2018 and is a predictive low glucose suspend feature that is designed to temporarily suspend insulin delivery to help reduce the frequency and duration of hypoglycemic events. Control-IQ technology launched in January 2020 and is an advanced hybrid-closed loop feature, designed to help increase a user’s time in targeted glycemic range. It is the first and only system cleared to deliver automatic correction boluses in addition to adjusting insulin to help prevent high and low blood sugar. Outside the United States we began selling efforts with t:slim X2 with Dexcom G5 CGM integration in the third quarter of 2018, weand began selling our t:slim X2 with G5 integration through distribution partners in select European countries, in addition to Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. Direct sales efforts in Canada beganoffering Basal-IQ technology in the fourththird quarter of 2018. During the second quarter2019. In July 2020, we initiated our scaled launch of 2019, we began selling our t:slim X2 with Basal-IQControl-IQ technology in select geographies, outside of the United States.
We have discontinued sales of our original t:slim, t:slim G4which we plan to continue subject to required regulatory and t:flex pumps, and our t:slim X2 hardware platform now represents 100% of new pump shipments. However, we continue to provide pump supplies, and ongoing service and support to customers using our earlier products.reimbursement approvals.
Our insulin pump products are generally considered durable medical equipment and have an expected lifespan of at least four years. In addition to insulin pumps, we sell disposable products that are used together with our pumps and are replaced every few days, including cartridges for storing and delivering insulin, and infusion sets that connect the insulin pump to a user’s body.
Our insulin pumps are compatible withIn support of our digital health strategy, we continue to develop and launch complementary offerings beyond t:connect and the Tandem Device Updater,Updater. In the first quarter of 2020, we began a revolutionary tool that allows pump users to update their pumps’ software quickly and easily from a personal computer. The Tandem Device Updater launchedlimited launch in the United States in the first quarter of 2017 and outside of the United States in the third quarter of 2019. This unique offering provides our in-warranty customers potential access to new and enhanced features and functionality faster than the industry has been able to in the past. The first use of our Tandem Device Updater was to providefirst-generation t:slim pumps with enhanced features, including an expedited fill cycle. We set a new standard of careconnect mobile application, followed by general availability in our industry by offering existing in-warranty t:slim X2 customers in the United States two significant software updates: (i) integration with the Dexcom G5 Mobile CGM system in August 2017 and (ii) an upgradeJuly 2020. This mobile app wirelessly uploads pump data to our new Basal-IQ technologyt:connect diabetes management application, receives notification of pump alerts and integration with Dexcom’s G6 CGM system in August 2018. We are preparingalarms, and provides a discrete, secondary display of glucose and insulin data. The availability of this mobile app is intended to offer these customers a third significant software update, Control-IQ technology, subject to FDA approval. Outside ofreduce patient burden and increase healthcare provider office efficiency by reducing the United States, we plan to begin offering Control-IQ technology to in-warranty t:slim X2 customersmanual and more time-consuming steps historically required for data extraction. In addition, in the second halfquarter, we acquired Sugarmate, a popular app designed to help people visualize diabetes therapy data in innovative ways. We intend to support the Sugarmate app in addition to our t:connect mobile app to provide a wide variety of 2020, subjectfeatures intended to required regulatory and reimbursement approvals. Our Tandem Device Updater positions us to bring future innovations, including our next generation AID algorithms, to t:slim X2 customers independentbenefit a broad community of the typical four-year insurance pump reimbursement cycle.people with diabetes.
For the nine months ended September 30, 20192020 and 2018,2019, our consolidated sales were $253.9$330.8 million and $107.7$253.9 million, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 20192020 and 2018,2019, our net loss was $27.4$51.4 million and $126.3$27.4 million, respectively. Worldwide pump sales accounted for 69%62% and 64%69% of our total sales, respectively, for the nine months ended September 30, 20192020 and 2018,2019, while pump-related supplies and accessories accounted for the remainder in each year. Our accumulated deficit as of September 30, 20192020 and December 31, 20182019 was $627.5$676.2 million and $600.1$624.8 million, respectively. These amounts included $197.7$281.6 million and $147.4$216.6 million of accumulated non-cash stock-based compensation charges and non-cash changescharges from the change in the fair value of common stock warrants as of September 30, 20192020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.
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In the United States, we have rapidly increased sales since the commercial launch of our first product by expanding our sales, clinical and marketing organization, by developing, commercializing and marketing multiple differentiated products that utilize our proprietary technology platform and consumer-focused approach, and by providing strong customer support. Our sales have further increased following our scaled product launches in geographies outside of the United States. We believe that by demonstrating our product benefits and the shortcomings of existing insulin therapies, more people will choose our insulin pumps for their therapy needs, allowing us to further penetrate and expand the market both domestically and outside of the United States.worldwide. In addition, we believe publications, such as the results from the studystudies using Control-IQ technology that waswere published in the New England Journal of Medicine in October 2019 and August 2020, and post-market real-world data will be valuable in demonstrating the clinical outcome benefits derived from our system to healthcare providers and payors. We also believe we are positioned well to address consumers’ needs and preferences with our current products and products under development and by offering customers access to our future innovations through the Tandem Device Updater, as they are approved by the local regulating bodies. At the same time, by innovating and offering new product features and benefits using our t:slim X2 platform, we are able to leverage a shared global manufacturing and supply chain infrastructure. In the United States, we are able to leverage a single sales, marketing, and clinical organization, as well as our domestic customer support services. In Canada, we have a separate sales organization and our customer support infrastructure benefits from close collaboration with our United States organization. In other international geographies, we have contracted with experienced distribution partners to commercialize and support our t:slim X2 platform.
COVID-19 Global Pandemic Impact and Considerations
We are deemed an essential healthcare business under applicable governmental orders based on the critical nature of the products we offer and the communities we serve. We experienced a modest impact from the COVID-19 global pandemic during the first quarter of 2020, which became more pronounced in the second and third quarters. We originally anticipated that our sales outside the United States would experience a greater proportional impact due to differences in the sales process in domestic versus international markets. Initially, the impact to our business was relatively consistent worldwide but we have since seen varying degrees of impact in international markets based on local conditions. The impact from COVID-19 on our sales outside the United States during the fourth quarter of 2020 may be even more difficult to estimate due to the recent announcements of additional restrictions and lock-downs in multiple European countries. We anticipate that our sales and operating results will continue to be adversely impacted and subject to unpredictable variability for the duration of the pandemic. For example, certain programs originally planned to begin in the second quarter of 2020 were delayed until the second half of the year, such as human factors studies associated with our product development efforts. Programs originally planned to be begin or to be completed in the second half of 2020 may also be delayed until future periods. In addition, regulatory timelines may be difficult to predict as the FDA has stated that its review process may take longer than normal due to the impact of the COVID-19 global pandemic. The full extent of the impact of the COVID-19 global pandemic on our future business and operations is difficult to estimate and will depend on a number of factors including the scope and duration of the COVID-19 global pandemic and the relative impact of COVID-19 on the business operations of our competitors.
We have taken steps to prioritize the health and safety of our employees and customers during the COVID-19 global pandemic, while working to maintain a continuous supply of products, training and customer support. To that end, we have increased the frequency of our communications to employees, suppliers, customers, and healthcare providers. Since March 2020, we have restricted non-essential employee travel, banned visitors from all of our facilities, and transitioned those employees able to perform their job function outside of our facilities to a remote work environment. For our field-based sales and clinical employees, we initially discontinued all in-person activities and began utilizing technology to remotely engage healthcare providers and customers. We continue to work closely with our healthcare providers and customers, remaining flexible in our method of interaction. To help ensure the safety and health of our employees in manufacturing and warehousing positions involved in production and fulfillment operations, we have implemented preventative measures to comply with social distancing requirements and require temperature checks of our employees before each shift.
In response to developments surrounding the COVID-19 global pandemic, we initiated discussions with our key suppliers in early 2020 regarding their abilities to fulfill existing orders, and we have continued to regularly assess their capacity. At this time, we believe many of our suppliers are deemed essential businesses under applicable governmental orders, and we have not experienced, and do not anticipate experiencing, disruption in our ability to manufacture insulin pumps and cartridges due to component procurement limitations. Our finished goods and raw material inventory for insulin pumps, as well as available manufacturing capacity, position us well to respond to unforeseen disruptions in the near term.
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During the first six months of 2020, we experienced certain challenges managing our inventory, primarily due to the impacts of the COVID-19 global pandemic. For example, in the first quarter of 2020, we observed customers purchasing cartridges and infusion sets at a higher rate than anticipated. In addition, during the second quarter of 2020, our primary infusion set manufacturer experienced certain inventory constraints which resulted in our having to ask some customers to accept substitutions of similar products to prevent delays in order fulfillment. Our infusion set inventory has returned to more normal levels and we continue to focus on building and maintaining adequate levels of inventory for finished cartridges. Our third-party cartridge manufacturer completed validation and commenced commercial-scale manufacturing near the end of the first quarter to supplement our existing cartridge manufacturing capacity, which we believe will assist us in meeting product demand in future periods.
Commercially, we have been communicating with our customers and healthcare providers through social media, direct email outreach and our website, in addition to regular communications sent by our sales and clinical employees. We are also leveraging our technology platforms, such as our t:connect diabetes management application, to support healthcare providers, as many of them are increasingly utilizing telehealth capabilities in their practices. By the end of the first quarter of 2020, we expanded our remote new pump training offering to all customers who purchased a t:slim X2 insulin pump, and in the third quarter, we resumed offering in-person trainings under specific conditions.
We are prudently managing our use of cash and completed a convertible debt financing in May 2020 to further strengthen our balance sheet. We believe that our total cash and investments on hand are sufficient to sustain our existing operations for at least the next 12 months from the date of this filing. In the meantime, we are focused on making necessary investments in the organization as originally planned to continue to progress against our long-term sales and profitability initiatives, including recruitment of key employees, advancement of our R&D pipeline, and implementation of technology solutions. We will continue to evaluate our business operations and strategy based on new information as it becomes available and we intend to make changes that we consider necessary in light of this information.
Products Under Development
Our products under development support our strategy of focusing on both consumer and clinical needs, and include a new AID system, a connected (mobile) health offerings andoffering, a next-generation hardware platform, which we callrefer to as the t:sport Insulin Delivery System.System (t:sport), AID system enhancements, and additional CGM integrations with our current and future products. We intend to leverage our consumer-focused approach and proprietary technology platform to continue to develop products that have the features and functionality that will allow us to meet the needs of people in differentiated segments of the insulin-dependent diabetes market, including the following:
•
t:slim X2 with Control-IQ technology – Our second-generation AID system integrates our t:slim X2 with the technology that we licensed from TypeZero Technologies, LLC (TypeZero) and Dexcom’s G6 CGM sensor. Our product is intended to both increase and decrease basal insulin based on a user’s predicted blood glucose levels from a compatible iCGM sensor, as well as deliver automated correction boluses. In conjunction with Dexcom and TypeZero, which was acquired by Dexcom in August 2018, we have integrated our technologies into the U.S. portion of the Clinical Acceptance of the Artificial Pancreas (DCLP3) portion of the International Diabetes Closed Loop (IDCL) trial. The 6-month study was completed in April 2019. In June 2019, positive results from this study were announced with significant time-in-range improvements. Subsequently, we filed a regulatory submission with the FDA for our t:slim X2 insulin pump with Control-IQ technology. Subject to FDA approval, our goal is to commence commercial sales of our t:slim X2 with Control-IQ technology in the United States in the fourth quarter of 2019. We are also awaiting the results of two studies using the t:slim X2 with Control-IQ technology in pediatric populations, which we intend to use to support a future regulatory submission for a lower age indication.
•Connected (Mobile) Health Offerings – In July of 2020 we began offering the first version of our t:connect mobile application that wirelessly uploads pump data to our cloud-based t:connect diabetes management application, receives notification of pump alerts and alarms, and provides a discrete, secondary display of glucose and insulin data. Future updates of our mobile application are planned to include mobile bolus delivery, additional pump control features, integrate other health-related information from third-party sources and support future capabilities for our products under development.
•t:sport Insulin Delivery System – Approximately half the size of our t:slim X2 pump, the t:sport pump is being designed for people who seek even greater discretion and flexibility with the use of their insulin pump. We anticipate that t:sport will feature a 200-unit cartridge, an on-pump bolus button, a rechargeable battery, an AID algorithm, and a Bluetooth radio. t:sport is being designed for use with leading U-100 insulins, and we are evaluating the use of insulin concentrates to provide to people with greater insulin needs. We anticipate that t:sport will be our first insulin pump to support full pump-control from our mobile application, subject to FDA review and approval. A separate controller may be offered in addition to full mobile control availability.
•AID Enhancements – We intend to further enhance our automated insulin delivery system and are considering alternative strategies to deliver new features and benefits to our customers on a regular basis. In addition to algorithm enhancements intended to improve clinical outcomes, we are also developing new features for greater personalization and refinements to the overall system usability.
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•Additional CGM Integration – In June 2020 we announced an agreement with Abbott to develop and commercialize integrated diabetes solutions that combine Abbott’s CGM technology with our insulin delivery systems to provide more options for people to manage their diabetes. Following the completion of our integrated product development work, and required regulatory clearances or approvals, we intend to focus our initial commercial activities for integrated products in the U.S. and Canada, with additional geographies considered in the future.
•
Connected (Mobile) Health Offerings – We are currently developing a mobile application that is being designed to utilize the capability of the Bluetooth radio integrated with the t:slim X2 to wirelessly upload pump data to t:connect, receive notification of pump alerts and alarms, integrate other health-related information from third party sources, and support future pump-control capabilities for our products under development.
◦We are preparing to launch the first generation of this mobile application in the United States in conjunction with our Control-IQ technology, which will allow for the wireless upload of data to t:connect. The t:connect application is intended to reduce patient burden and increase healthcare provider office efficiency by reducing the manual steps historically required for data extraction.
◦Over time, we also intend to offer additional features and enhancements to the mobile application.
•
t:sport Insulin Delivery System – Approximately half the size of our t:slim X2 pump, the t:sport pump is being designed for people who seek even greater discretion and flexibility with the use of their insulin pump. We anticipate that t:sport will feature a 200-unit cartridge, an on-pump bolus button, a rechargeable battery, an AID algorithm, and a Bluetooth radio. t:sport is being designed for use with leading U-100 insulins, and we are evaluating the use of insulin concentrates to provide to people with greater insulin needs. t:sport is expected to utilize a pumping mechanism that differs from our current Micro-Delivery technology. We anticipate that t:sport will be our first insulin pump to support full pump-control from our mobile application, subject to FDA review and approval. A separate controller may be offered in addition to or in advance of full mobile control availability.
Pump Shipments
From inception through June 2018, we derived nearly all of our sales from the shipment of insulin pumps and associated supplies to customers in the United States. Starting in the third quarter of 2018, we commenced sales of our t:slim X2 insulin pump in select international geographies. We consider the number of insulin pump units shipped per quarter domestically and internationally to be an important metric for managing our business.
In the four-year period ended September 30, 2019,2020, we shipped approximately 129,000188,000 insulin pumps, of which approximately 107,000152,000 were shipped to customers in the United States and approximately 22,00036,000 were shipped to international markets. In the third quarter of 2019, we shipped 17,839 insulin pumps worldwide compared to 8,434 insulin
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pumps shipped in the third quarter of 2018. For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, we shipped 53,829 insulin pumps worldwide compared to 18,325 in the nine months ended September 30, 2018.
Pump shipments to customers in the United States by fiscal quarter were as follows:
Pump Units Shipped for Each of the Three Months Ended in Respective Years(1) - U.S.
Pump Units Shipped for Each of the Three Months Ended in Respective Years - U.S.
March 31 June 30 September 30 December 31 TotalMarch 31June 30September 30December 31Total
2012—
 9

204
 844
 1,057
2012— 9 204 844 1,057 
2013852
 1,363
 1,851
 2,406
 6,472
2013852 1,363 1,851 2,406 6,472 
20141,723
 2,235
 2,935
 3,929
 10,822
20141,723 2,235 2,935 3,929 10,822 
20152,487
 3,331
 3,431
 6,234
 15,483
20152,487 3,331 3,431 6,234 15,483 
2016(2)
4,042
 4,582
 3,896
 4,418
 16,938
2017(2)
2,816
 3,427
 3,868
 6,950
 17,061
201620164,042 4,582 3,896 4,418 16,938 
201720172,816 3,427 3,868 6,950 17,061 
20184,444
 5,447
 7,379
 12,935
 30,205
20184,444 5,447 7,379 12,935 30,205 
20199,669
 12,799
 13,814
 N/A 36,282
20199,669 12,799 13,814 17,453 53,735 
2020202013,158 14,735 18,380 N/A46,273 
Pump shipments to international customers by fiscal quarter were as follows:
Pump Units Shipped for Each of the Three Months Ended in Respective Years - International
March 31June 30September 30December 31Total
2018N/AN/A1,055 3,233 4,288 
20195,063 8,459 4,025 2,149 19,696 
20204,220 3,952 3,641 N/A11,813 
 
Pump Units Shipped for Each of the Three Months Ended in Respective Years(1) - International
 March 31 June 30 September 30 December 31 Total
2018N/A N/A 1,055
 3,233
 4,288
20195,063
 8,459
 4,025
 N/A
 17,547
(1)The pump units shipped do not reflect returns or exchanges of pump products that occur in the ordinary course of business.
(2)2016 and 2017 U.S. shipments do not include approximately 3,300 pump trade-ins fulfilled under the Technology Upgrade Program related to our commercial launch of t:slim X2.
Trends Impacting Financial Condition and Operating Results
Overall, we have experienced considerable sales growth since the commercial launch of our first product in the third quarter of 2012, while incurring operating losses since our inception. Our operating results have historically fluctuated on a quarterly or annual basis, particularly in periods surrounding anticipated regulatory approvals, the commercial launch of new products by us and our competitors, and the commercial launch of our products in geographies outside of the United States and due to general seasonality in the United States. We expect these periodic fluctuations in our operating results to continue.
We believe that our financial condition and operating results, as well as the decision-making process of our current and potential customers, has been and will continue to be impacted by a number of general trends, including the following:
•market acceptance of our products and competitive products by people with insulin-dependent diabetes, their caregivers and healthcare providers;
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•the introduction of new products, treatment techniques or technologies for the treatment of diabetes, including the timing of the commercialization of new products by us and our competitors;
•seasonality in the United States associated with annual insurance deductibles and coinsurance requirements associated with the medical insurance plans utilized by our customers and the customers of our distributors;
•incidence of disease or illness, including the COVID-19 global pandemic, that may impact customer purchasing patterns or disrupt our supply chain;
•timing of holidays and summer vacations, which may vary by geography;
•the buying patterns of our distributors and other customers, both domestically and internationally;
•changes in the competitive landscape, including as a result of companies entering or exiting the diabetes therapy market;
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access to adequate coverage and reimbursement for our current and future products by third-party payors, and reimbursement decisions by third-party payors;
•the magnitude and timing of any changes to our facilities, manufacturing operations and other infrastructure;infrastructure, and factors impacting our ability to access our facilities;
•the impact of any privacy breaches, which may subject us to legal and regulatory proceedings and substantial fines, penalties and expenses, as well as significant reputational harm;
•anticipated and actual regulatory approvals of our products and competitive products; and
•product recalls impacting, or the suspension or withdrawal of regulatory clearance or approval relating to, our products or the products of our competitors.
In addition to these general trends, we believe the following specific factors have materially impacted, and could continue to materially impact, our business going forward:
•the disruptions caused by the COVID-19 global pandemic on suppliers, third-party manufacturers, healthcare providers, distributors and our existing or potential customers;
•continued increase, in demand following the commercial launch of t:slim X2 with Control-IQ technology, and the demonstrated success of our Tandem Device Updater;
•anticipated new product launches;
•increased opportunity to achieve customer renewals as customers become eligible for insurance reimbursement to purchase a new insulin pump at the end of the typical four-year reimbursement cycle;
•opportunity to attracttransition former customers of Animas Corporation (Animas) to our t:slim X2 insulin pump in 2018 and 2019 following the announcement by Johnson & Johnson that it had discontinued the operations of Animas and discontinued the availability of Animas pump supplies onin September 30, 2019;
•designation by UnitedHealthcare of one of our competitors as its preferred, in-network durable medical equipment provider of insulin pumps for most customers age seven and above;above from July 2016 through June 2020;
•ability to enter into and maintain agreements with CGM partners for CGM integration;
•expansion and new product launches in select international geographies;geographies, including initial orders to stock inventories; and
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•ability to effectively scale our operations to support rapid growth, including expanding our facilities, advancing our research and development efforts, increasing manufacturing capacity through third partythird-party manufacturers, and hiring and retaining employees in the customer service and support functions.

In addition to working to achieve our sales growth expectations, in the long-term we intend to continue to leverage our infrastructure investments to realize additional manufacturing, sales, marketing and administration cost efficiencies with the goal of improving our operating margins and ultimately achieving sustained profitability. We achieved profitability for the first time in the fourth quarter of 2018, althoughand again in the fourth quarter of 2019. Though we may be unable to achieve profitability consistently from period to period. Weperiod, we believe we can ultimately achieve sustained profitability by driving incremental sales growth in U.S. and international markets, meeting our pump renewal sales objectives, increasing gross profits from additional sales of infusion sets, maximizing manufacturing efficiencies on increased production volumes, and leveraging the investments made in our sales, clinical, marketing and customer support organizations.

Recent Developments

CollaborationNEJM Publication of Pediatric Study Demonstrating Increased Time-In-Range Using the t:slim X2 Insulin Pump with Abbott

Control-IQ Technology
In October 2019,August 2020, we and Abbott Laboratories (Abbott) announced that we intend to develop and commercialize integrated diabetes solutions that combine Abbott's glucose sensing technology with Tandem's innovative insulin delivery systems to provide additional treatment options for people with insulin-dependence to manage their diabetes. These development and commercialization plans are contingent onpublication by the negotiationNew England Journal of a definitive agreement, and whileMedicine (NEJM) of results from the parties are currently exploring a business relationship, there can be no assurance that an agreement will be reached or that any agreement will be onProtocol 5 study (DCLP5) of the terms that are currently being discussed.

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International Diabetes Closed Loop trial(iDCL) trial. Results demonstrated increased time spent in range (70-180 mg/dL) in children ages six to 13 years old using the t:slim X2 insulin pump with Control-IQ advanced hybrid closed-loop technologytechnology.

In October 2019, the New England Journal of Medicine published results from the Protocol 3 study (DCLP3) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH)-funded International Diabetes Closed Loop (iDCL) trial using the t:slim X2 insulin pump with Control-IQ advanced hybrid closed-loop technology. The DCLP3 study was the first-ever large-scale, six-month closed-loop study that included a dedicated control group. The study concluded that over the six-month period, use of Control-IQ technology led to a higher percentage of time spent in range (70-180 mg/dL), less hyper- and hypoglycemia and better glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels than use of a sensor augmented pump. No severe hypoglycemic events were reported, and 100% of participants completed the study. We believe publications such as this will be valuable in demonstrating the clinical outcome benefits derived from our system to people with insulin-dependent diabetes, healthcare providers and payors.

Components of Results of Operations
Sales
We offer products for people with insulin-dependent diabetes. We commenced commercial sales of our original t:slim insulin pump platform in the United States in the third quarter of 2012 and continued to launch various iterations of that platform during the following years. In October 2016, we began shipping our flagship pump platform, the t:slim X2 insulin pump. The t:slim X2 hardwareinsulin pump platform which includeswith advanced software algorithms and remote software update capabilities, now represents 100% of our new pump shipments. Accordingly, in the third quartershipments and is used by nearly all of 2018 we discontinued new sales of all prior platform versions.our in-warranty customers. Our products also include disposable cartridges and infusion sets. In addition, wesets, as well as our complementary t:connect, Tandem Device Updater and mobile application products. We also offer additional accessories including protective cases, belt clips, and power adapters, although sales of these products are not significant.
We primarily sell our products through national and regional distributors in the United States on a non-exclusive basis. These distributors are generally providers of medical equipment and supplies to individuals with diabetes. Our primary end customers are people with insulin-dependent diabetes. Similar to other durable medical equipment, the primary payor is generally a third-party insurance carrier and the customer is usually responsible for any medical insurance plan copay or coinsurance requirements. We believe our existing sales, clinical, and marketing infrastructure will allow us to continue to increase sales by allowing us to promote our products to a greater number of potential customers, caregivers and healthcare providers.providers, although the COVID-19 global pandemic has had, and may continue to have, an adverse impact on our sales.
In the third quarter of 2018, we began sellingthe launch of our t:slim X2 with G5hardware platform through distribution partners outside the United States, including in select European countries, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. DuringThe software version on the t:slim X2 hardware platform has progressed from Dexcom G5 CGM integration at initial launch, followed by Basal-IQ technology scaling across various international markets beginning in the second quarter of 2019, and most recently we began sellingcommenced the launch of our t:slim X2 with Basal-IQControl-IQ technology in select geographies outsidelimited geographies. Our launch of Control-IQ technology in international markets will scale through the United States.remainder of 2020, contingent upon regulatory and reimbursement approvals.
In the first quarter of 2020, we expanded into additional international markets by delivering initial orders to support product launches in France and Germany occurring in the second and third quarters of 2020, respectively. Our independent international distributor partners perform all sales, customer support and training in their respective markets. In Canada, we market with a direct sales force and, similar to the United States, use a distributor partner for certain billing and fulfillment activities. In other international markets, we expect that most of our commercial sales will initially be to independent distributors who will perform all sales, customer support and training in their respective markets. Historically, we have experienced consistent levels of reimbursement for our products in the United States, but we expect the average sales price will vary in international markets based on a number of factors, such as the geographical mix, nature of the reimbursement environment, government regulations and the extent to which we rely on distributor relationships to provide sales, clinical and marketing support.
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In general, in the United States we have experienced and expect to continue to experience, pump shipments being weighted heavily towards the second half of the year, with the highest percentage of pump shipments expected in the fourth quarter of the year due to the nature of the reimbursement environment. Consistent with ourthese historical seasonality we also expecttrends, our domestic pump shipments have typically decreased significantly from the fourth quarter to the following first quarter to decrease significantly.quarter. Internationally, we do not expect this same impact from seasonality. We also believeseasonality associated with reimbursement, although the quarterly sales trends may be impacted by a number of factors, including summer vacations and product launches into new geographies. While the opportunity to transition former Animas customers duringpositively impacted our 2019 has, andquarterly sales trends worldwide, we do not anticipate that this trend will continue to have a significant impact.
During 2020, the COVID-19 global pandemic had a major impact on businesses around the world. While we experienced only a modest negative impact from the pandemic during the first quarter of 2020, the negative impact during the second and third quarters of 2020 was more pronounced, and we anticipate that our sales and operating results will continue to be adversely impacted in future periods. Starting in March 2020 we ceased nearly all in-person sales, marketing and training activities and adopted numerous other changes to our daily business operations. These changes primarily remain in effect as of the date of this report and it remains uncertain when we may be able to resume our normal operations. Accordingly, we anticipate that our sales will not follow historical trends and will be adversely impacted in the coming months as customers delay their purchasing decisions or physicians pause their prescriptions of new products. Our sales outside the United States have been negatively impacted due to similar disruptions. Initially, the impact was relatively consistent worldwide but we have since seen varying degrees of impact in international markets based on local conditions. The full extent of the impact of the COVID-19 global pandemic on our business and operations will depend on a number of factors, including the scope and duration of the pandemic, varying government responses to the pandemic and potential delays to product development timelines.
Separate from any impacts of the COVID-19 global pandemic, our quarterly sales trends worldwide.
In addition, our quarterly sales have historically fluctuated, and may continue to fluctuate substantially in the periods surrounding anticipated and actual regulatory approvals and commercial launches of new products by us or our competitors. We believe customers may defer purchasing decisions if they believe a new product may be launched in the future. Additionally, upon the announcement of FDA approval or commercial launch of a new product, either by us or one of our competitors, potential new customers may reconsider their purchasing decisions or take additional time to consider the anticipated or newsuch FDA approval or product launch inbefore making their purchasing decisions. For instance, we believe certain customers paused in their decision-making during the third quartersecond half of 2019 in anticipation of the commercial availability of the t:slim X2 with Control-IQ technology. However, we are not ableit is difficult to quantify the extent of the impact of these or similar events on future purchasing decisions.
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Cost of Sales
We manufactureHistorically, we have manufactured our pumps and disposable cartridges at our manufacturing facility in San Diego, California. Near the end of the first quarter of 2020, our third-party cartridge manufacturer completed validation and commenced commercial-scale manufacturing to supplement our existing cartridge manufacturing capacity. Infusion sets and pump accessories are manufactured by third-party suppliers. Cost of sales includes raw materials, labor costs, manufacturing overhead expenses, product training costs, royalties, freight, reserves for expected warranty costs, costs of supporting our digital health platforms, scrap and charges for excess and obsolete inventories. Manufacturing overhead expenses include expenses relating to quality assurance, manufacturing engineering, material procurement, inventory control, facilities, equipment, information technology and operations supervision and management. We anticipate that our cost of sales will continue to increase as our product sales increase.
We
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Over the long term, we expect our overall gross margin percentage, which for any given period is calculated as sales less cost of sales divided by sales, to improve, over the long-term, as our sales increase and our overhead costs are spread over larger production volumes. We expect we will be able to leverage our manufacturing cost structure across our products that utilize the same proprietary technology platform and manufacturing infrastructure and will be able to further reduce per unit costs with increased automation, process improvements and raw materials cost reductions. Pumps have, and are expected to continue to have, a higher gross margin percentage than our pump-related supplies. Therefore, the percentage of pump sales relative to total sales will have a significant impact on our overall gross margin.margin percentage. In the event that customers delay their pump purchasing decisions or physicians pause in prescribing new pumps, whether as a result of the COVID-19 global pandemic, or for other reasons, it is possible that we may experience a higher percentage of pump-related supply sales than anticipated, which in turn could adversely impact our overall gross margin percentage. We also expect our warranty cost per unit to decrease as we release additional product features and functionality utilizing the Tandem Device Updater. However, our overall gross margin percentage may fluctuate in future quarterly periods as a result of numerous factors aside from those associated with production volumes and product mix. For instance, as a result of the COVID-19 global pandemic we have implemented operational changes that may introduce unpredictable variability to our cost of sales, such as supplemental staffing, incremental expenses to protect the health, safety and welfare of our employees working on-site and to enable other employees to work remotely. In addition, as demand for our products increases, we have begun, and may continue to make additional investments in manufacturing capacity or increase our reliance on third parties for manufacturing-related services, either of which could have a negative impact on our gross margin.margins. Specifically, in 2020 we began investing in additional manufacturing equipment that will double our existing capacity to meet anticipated long-term demand for our cartridges, which may initially place downward pressure on the gross margin percentage associated with our pump-related supplies.
Other factors impacting our overall gross margin percentage may include the changing percentage of products sold to distributors versus directly to individual customers, varying levels of reimbursement among third-party payors in domestic and international markets, the timing and success of new regulatory approvals and product launches, the impact of the valuation and amortization of employee stock option grantsawards on non-cash stock-based compensation expense allocated to cost of sales, changes in warranty andestimates, training costs, licensing and royalty costs, increased costs to support our digital health platforms, cost associated with excess and obsolete inventories, and changes in our manufacturing processes, capacity, costs or output.
Selling, General and Administrative
Our selling, general and administrative (SG&A) expenses primarily consist of salary, cash-based incentive compensation, fringe benefits and non-cash stock-based compensation for our executive, financial, legal, marketing, sales, clinical, customer support, technical services, insurance verification, regulatory affairs and other administrative functions. We began expanding our U.S. field sales and clinical organization during the third quarter of 2019 to support an expected increase in demand.demand for our products. We expect to havehad approximately 90 sales territories by earlyin the United States as of September 30, 2020. Our existing territories are generally maintained by sales representatives and field clinical specialists, and supported by managed care liaisons, additional sales management and other customer support personnel.personnel, which have also been rapidly expanding to support our growing installed base. Our operations in Canada are supported by a direct sales forcecomprised of approximately 10 field representatives.ten sales territories. Other significant SG&A expenses include those incurred for product demonstration samples, commercialization activities associated with new product launches, travel, trade shows, outside legal fees, independent auditor fees, outside consultant fees, insurance premiums, facilities costs and information technology costs. Overall, we expect our SG&A expenses, including the cost of our customer support infrastructure, to increase as our customer base grows in the United States and international markets. We will continue to evaluate, and may further increase, the number of our field sales and clinical personnel in order to optimize the coverage of our existing territories. Additionally, we realized a notable increase in non-cash stock-based compensation expense allocated to SG&A beginning in the third quarter of 2018, and again in the second quarter of 2019, due to the valuation of certain 2018 and 2019 employee stock option grants and the impact on the valuation of the significant increase in our stock price over the previous year. We expectrecognized higher non-cash stock-based compensation expense willthrough the first half of 2020, and experienced a reduction in the third quarter of 2020 as certain 2018 employee stock option grants are now fully amortized. Our SG&A expenses may be sustainedaffected by our response to the COVID-19 global pandemic, including reduced spending in future quarters. Ourareas such as non-essential employee travel, which may be offset by increased spending to support measures designed to prioritize the retention, health, safety and welfare of our employees. In the longer term, SG&A expenses may also increase due to anticipated costs associated with additional compliance and regulatory reporting requirements.
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Research and Development
Our research and development (R&D) activities primarily consist of engineering and research programs associated with our products under development, as well as activities associated with our core technologies and processes. R&D expenses are primarily related to employee compensation, including salary, cash-based incentive compensation, fringe benefits, non-cash stock-based compensation and temporary employee expenses. We also incur R&D expenses for supplies, development prototypes, outside design and testing services, depreciation, allocated facilities and information services, clinical trial costs, payments under our licensing, development and commercialization agreements and other indirect costs. We expect our R&D expenses to increase as we advance our products under development and develop new products and technologies, as well as continue to reflect a notable increasepartially offset by future expected declines in non-cash stock-based compensation expense duecompensation. Similar to our SG&A expenses, our future R&D spending may be impacted by the valuationCOVID-19 global pandemic. For instance, we may experience lower spending associated with delays in the advancement of certain employee stock option grantsparticular programs, which may be offset by increased spending to support the retention, health, safety and the impact on the valuationwelfare of the significant increase in our stock price over the previous year.employees or to enable development activities under alternative conditions.
Other Income and Expense

Other income and expense primarily consists of changes in the fair value of certain warrants issued in connection with our public offering of common stock in October 2017. In 2018, it also included2017, interest expense andwhich includes the amortization of debt discount and debt issuance costs associated withrelated to our AmendedConvertible Senior Notes issued in May 2020 (our Notes), and Restated Term Loan Agreement (Term Loan Agreement) with Capital Royalty Partners II, L.P. and its affiliated funds (CRG) and a $5.3 million loss on extinguishment of debt associated with the full repayment of amounts due under the Term Loan Agreement in August 2018. Prior to the repayment, there was $82.7 million of outstanding principal under the Term Loan Agreement, which accrued interest at a rate of 11.5% per annum. As a result of the full repayment, we did not incur any interest expense or costs associated with the Term Loan Agreement subsequent to the third quarter of 2018. Other income also includes interest earned on our cash equivalents and short-term investments. We expect interest expense in future quarters to be comparable with that of the third quarter of 2020 as our Notes were outstanding for the entire period, and total other income and expense, net to fluctuate from period to period primarily due to the revaluation of the outstanding Series A warrants, which expire in the fourth quarter of 2022.

Income Tax Expense (Benefit)

Because we are in a net loss position with respect to federal income taxes, income tax expense is expected to primarily consist of state and foreign income tax expense as a result of current taxable income in those jurisdictions. Income tax expense (benefit) may fluctuate in future quarters due to adjustments related to non-recurring transactions and changes in certain tax assessments.
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Results of Operations
Three Months Ended
September 30,		Nine Months Ended
September 30,
(in thousands, except percentages)2020201920202019
Sales:
Domestic$107,517 $78,842 $276,340 $203,867 
International16,086 15,815 54,425 50,040 
Total sales123,603 94,657 330,765 253,907 
Cost of sales58,290 43,974 160,801 119,967 
Gross profit65,313 50,683 169,964 133,940 
Gross margin53 %54 %51 %53 %
Operating expenses:
Selling, general and administrative50,228 44,649 150,385 120,173 
Research and development16,094 12,038 46,198 32,632 
Total operating expenses66,322 56,687 196,583 152,805 
Operating loss(1,009)(6,004)(26,619)(18,865)
Other income (expense), net:
Interest income and other, net143 854 1,235 2,381 
Interest expense(4,855)— (8,030)— 
Change in fair value of common stock warrants(3,648)2,321 (19,906)(10,849)
Total other income (expense), net(8,360)3,175 (26,701)(8,468)
Loss before income taxes(9,369)(2,829)(53,320)(27,333)
Income tax expense (benefit)39 72 (1,938)72 
Net loss$(9,408)$(2,901)$(51,382)$(27,405)
 Three Months Ended
September 30,		 Nine Months Ended
September 30,
(in thousands, except percentages)2019 2018 2019 2018
Sales:       
Domestic$78,842
 $43,720
 $203,867
 $105,123
International15,815
 2,544
 50,040
 2,544
Total sales94,657
 46,264
 253,907
 107,667
Cost of sales43,974
 24,468
 119,967
 59,381
Gross profit50,683
 21,796
 133,940
 48,286
Gross margin54% 47% 53% 45%
Operating expenses:       
Selling, general and administrative44,649
 29,506
 120,173
 73,048
Research and development12,038
 7,999
 32,632
 20,430
Total operating expenses56,687
 37,505
 152,805
 93,478
Operating loss(6,004) (15,709) (18,865) (45,192)
Other income (expense), net:       
Interest and other income914
 443
 2,457
 833
Interest and other expense(60) (1,401) (76) (7,585)
Loss on extinguishment of debt—
 (5,313) —
 (5,313)
Change in fair value of stock warrants2,321
 (12,265) (10,849) (69,042)
Total other income (expense), net3,175
 (18,536) (8,468) (81,107)
Loss before income taxes(2,829) (34,245) (27,333) (126,299)
Income tax expense72
 —
 72
 —
Net loss$(2,901) $(34,245) $(27,405) $(126,299)
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Comparison of the Three Months Ended September 30, 20192020 and 20182019
Sales. For the three months ended September 30, 2019,2020, sales were $123.6 million, which included $16.1 million of international sales. Sales were $94.7 million for the same period in 2019, which included $15.8 million of international sales. Sales were $46.3 million for the same period in 2018, which included $2.5 million of international sales (which commenced in that period).

The totalincrease in worldwide sales increase of $48.4$28.9 million in the third quarter of 2020 compared to the third quarter of 2019 was primarily driven by a 112%23% increase in worldwide pump shipments to 22,021 in the third quarter of 2020, compared to 17,839 in the third quarter of 2019, compared to 8,434and a 43% increase in the third quarterpump-related supply sales. Sales of 2018. Worldwide pump shipments were positively impacted by strong demand for our products following the August 2018 domestic launch of t:slim X2 with Basal-IQ technology, and the commencement of commercial sales in select international geographies beginning in the third quarter of 2018. Additionally, sales from pump-related supplies increased 105% primarily due to an overalla 46% increase in our estimated installed base of customers reordering supplies.customers.

Domestic sales by product were as follows (in thousands):
Three Months Ended
September 30,
20202019
Pump$69,464 $52,914 
Infusion sets26,133 17,646 
Cartridges11,767 8,149 
Other153 133 
Total Domestic Sales$107,517 $78,842 
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 Three Months Ended
September 30,
 2019 2018
Pump$52,914
 $28,704
Infusion sets17,646
 10,309
Cartridges8,149
 4,594
Other133
 113
Total Domestic Sales$78,842
 $43,720


InternationalDomestic pump sales by product were $69.5 million for the third quarter of 2020, compared to $52.9 million in the third quarter of 2019, as follows (in thousands):
 Three Months Ended
September 30,
 2019 2018
Pump$10,310
 $2,217
Infusion sets3,444
 67
Cartridges2,018
 228
Other43
 32
Total International Sales$15,815
 $2,544
pump shipments increased 31% compared to the same period in the prior year due to continued strong demand for our products following the January 2020 domestic launch of our t:slim X2 insulin pump with Control-IQ technology. Domestic pump shipments were 18,380 in the third quarter of 2020 compared to 13,814 in the third quarter of 2019. Sales of pump-related supplies increased primarily due to a 42% increase in our estimated domestic installed base of customers. Sales to distributors accounted for 72%74% and 76%72% of our total domestic sales for the three months ended September 30, 20192020 and 2018,2019, respectively. Our percentage of sales to distributors versus individual customers is principally determined by the mix of customers ordering our products within the period and whether or not we have a contractual arrangement with their underlying third-party insurance payor.

International sales by product were as follows (in thousands):
Three Months Ended
September 30,
 20202019
Pump$9,045 $10,310 
Infusion sets5,118 3,444 
Cartridges1,761 2,018 
Other162 43 
Total International Sales$16,086 $15,815 
International pump sales were $9.0 million for the third quarter of 2020, compared to $10.3 million in the third quarter of 2019, as pump shipments declined 10% compared to the same period in the prior year. Sales of pump-related supplies benefited from a 64% increase in our estimated international installed base of customers. The ordering patterns of our international distributors for pumps and supplies is highly variable from period to period, particularly during the typical third quarter European holiday season. This variability was compounded by the varying levels of impact of the global pandemic across the international markets in which we operate. Sales to distributors accounted for the vast majority91% and 89% of our total international sales.sales for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Cost of Sales and Gross Profit. Our cost of sales for the three months ended September 30, 20192020 was $44.0$58.3 million, resulting in gross profit of $50.7$65.3 million, compared to $24.5 million in cost of sales of $44.0 million for the same period in 20182019 resulting in gross profit of $21.8$50.7 million. The gross margin percentage for the three months ended September 30, 20192020 was 54%53%, compared to 47%54% in the same period in 2018.2019.
The increase in our gross profit for the three months ended September 30, 20192020 was primarily the result of a 112%the $28.9 million increase in pump shipments.total sales. Gross profit and gross margin also increased as a result of per unit manufacturing cost improvements from higher production volumes and continued overall manufacturing efficiencies gained from our new manufacturing facilitywere negatively impacted by royalty costs, for which became fully operational at the beginning of 2018. Non-cash stock-based compensationthere was no comparable expense allocated to cost of sales was $1.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019, compared to $0.8 million in the same periodprior year. We recognized $1.7 million of product royalty costs in 2018.the third quarter of 2020 associated with sales of products with Control-IQ technology and free software updates downloaded by existing customers in the United States, as well as in certain international markets where we launched Control-IQ in the third quarter. On an aggregate basis, other non-manufacturing costs, which primarily consist of warranty, freight, training and trainingdigital health product support costs, also reflected improvement on a per unit basis. Gross margin was also pressured to a lesser extent by other factors that are more temporary in nature or anticipated to be leveraged through growth in future quarters, including costs associated with COVID-19 risk mitigation, managing pump production to achieve desired stocking levels, the expansion of cartridge manufacturing capacity and increased spending to support our digital health product offerings. Other factors that have and may continue to impact the gross margin percentage are changes in product and geographical mix and the level of non-cash stock-based compensation allocated to cost of sales. Pump sales, which have the highest gross margin, were 64% of total worldwide sales in the third quarter of 2020 versus 67% in the third quarter of 2019. Non-cash stock-based compensation expense allocated to cost of sales was $2.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2020, compared to $1.8 million in the same period of 2019, representing 2% of sales in both periods.
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Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. SG&A expenses increased 51%12% to $44.6$50.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 20192020 from $29.5$44.6 million for the same period in 2018.2019. Employee-related expenses for our SG&A functions comprise the majority of SG&A expenses. The increase compared to 20182019 was primarily the result of a $12.4an $8.5 million increase in salaries, incentive compensation and other employee benefits due to an increase in personnel to support additional sales territories, higher sales and other services in support of our growing installed customer base, which included an increaseoffset by a decrease of $6.3$4.2 million in non-cash stock-based compensation. Non-cash stock-based compensation expense allocated to SG&A was $13.1$8.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019,2020, compared to $6.8$13.1 million in the same period in 2018.2019. The increase inhigher non-cash stock-based compensation expense in the prior year was primarily due to the valuation of certain 20192018 employee stock option grants which are now fully amortized, partially offset by non-cash stock-based compensation expense associated with increased headcount in 2020. We also experienced increased costs for software maintenance, facilities maintenance, and the impact on the valuationoutside consulting of the significant increase$3.1 million, offset by a $1.2 million decrease in our stock price.travel and entertainment, and outside services expenses.
Research and Development Expenses. R&D expenses increased 50%34% to $12.0$16.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 20192020 from $8.0$12.0 million for the same period in 2018.2019. The increase in R&D expenses was primarily the result of an increase of $1.8$2.2 million in salaries, incentive compensation and other employee benefits due to an increase in personnel to support our product development efforts, as well as an increaseoffset by a decrease of $1.3$0.6 million in clinical trials, outside services and consulting services attributable to R&D.non-cash stock-based compensation. Non-cash stock-based compensation expense allocated to R&D was $2.4$1.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 20192020, compared to $1.9$2.4 million in the same period in 2018.2019. We also experienced increased costs for consulting services and equipment and maintenance attributable to R&D of $2.3 million.
Other Income and Expense(Expense), Net. Total other incomeexpense, net for the three months ended September 30, 20192020 was $3.2$8.4 million compared to total other expenseincome, net of $18.5$3.2 million in the same period in 2018. Other income2019. Total other expense, net for the three months ended September 30, 20192020 primarily consisted of a $2.3 million revaluation gain from the change in the fair value of the Series A warrants, and $0.9 million in interest income. Other expense for the three months ended September 30, 2018 primarilyconsisted of a $12.3$3.6 million revaluation loss from the change in the fair value of certain warrants due to the significant appreciation of our stock price, as well as a $5.3and $4.9 million loss on extinguishmentof interest expense which includes the amortization of debt associated withdiscount and debt issuance costs related to our Notes issued in the full repaymentsecond quarter of our Term Loan Agreement in August 2018. Interest and2020. Total other income, net for the three months ended September 30, 2019 primarilyconsisted of a $2.3 million gain on revaluation from the change in the fair value of certain warrants, and interest earned on our cash equivalents and short-term investments, for which our average invested balances were significantly higher during the third quarter of 2019 compared to the third quarter of 2018.investments.



Comparison of the Nine Months Ended September 30, 20192020 and 20182019
Sales. For the nine months ended September 30, 2019,2020, sales were $253.9$330.8 million, which included $50.0$54.4 million of international sales. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018,2019, sales were $107.7$253.9 million, which included $2.5$50.0 million of international sales (which commenced in the third quarter of 2018).sales.
The total sales increase of $146.2 million was primarily driven by a 194% increase in worldwide pump shipments to 53,829sales of $76.9 million in the first nine months of 2019,2020 compared to 18,325 in the first nine months of 2018. Worldwide2019 was primarily driven by $127.2 million in pump-related supplies sales from a 46% growth in the worldwide installed base and an increase in domestic pump shipments were positively impacted by strong demand for our products following the August 2018 domestic launch of t:slim X2 with Basal-IQ technology, and the commencement of commercial sales of t:slim X2 with G5 integration in select$36.9 million, offset by the effect of international geographiesproduct mix and non-recurring market dynamics in the third quarter of 2018, as well as the fulfillment of international pump demand from backlog that existed at the end of 2018 due to supply constraints. Additionally, sales from pump-related supplies increased 105% primarily due to an overall increase in our installed base of customers reordering supplies.prior year.

Domestic sales by product were as follows (in thousands):
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
20202019
Pump$175,550 $138,624 
Infusion sets68,883 44,335 
Cartridges31,418 20,530 
Other489 378 
Total Domestic Sales$276,340 $203,867 
 Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 2019 2018
Pump$138,624
 $67,029
Infusion sets44,335
 25,957
Cartridges20,530
 11,820
Other378
 317
Total Domestic Sales$203,867
 $105,123

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InternationalDomestic pump sales by product were $175.6 million for the first nine months of 2020, compared to $138.6 million in the first nine months of 2019, as follows (in thousands):
 Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 2019 2018
Pump$36,472
 $2,217
Infusion sets8,225
 67
Cartridges5,130
 228
Other213
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Total International Sales$50,040
 $2,544
pump shipments increased 28% compared to the same period in the prior year due to continued strong demand for our products following the January 2020 domestic launch of our t:slim X2 insulin pump with Control-IQ technology. Domestic pump shipments were 46,273 in the first nine months of 2020 compared to 36,282 in the first nine months of 2019. Sales of pump-related supplies increased primarily due to a 42% increase in our estimated domestic installed base of customers. Sales to distributors accounted for 73%72% and 77%73% of our total domestic sales for the nine months ended September 30, 20192020 and 2018,2019, respectively. Our percentage of sales to distributors versus individual customers is principally determined by the mix of customers ordering our products within the period and whether or not we have a contractual arrangement with their underlying third-party insurance payor.

International sales by product were as follows (in thousands):
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 20202019
Pump$27,985 $36,472 
Infusion sets18,794 8,225 
Cartridges7,315 5,130 
Other331 213 
Total International Sales$54,425 $50,040 

International pump sales were $28.0 million for the first nine months of 2020, compared to $36.5 million in the first nine months of 2019. The first half of 2019 was positively impacted by the transition of former Animas customers to our products and the fulfillment of certain international pump demand from backlog that existed at the end of 2018 due to supply constraints in prior periods. Sales of pump-related supplies increased primarily due to an 64% increase in our estimated international installed base of customers. The ordering patterns of our international distributors for pumps and supplies is highly variable from period to period, particularly during the typical third quarter European holiday season. This variability was compounded by the varying levels of impact of the global pandemic across the international markets in which we operate. Sales to distributors accounted for the vast majority93% and 93% of our total international sales.sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Cost of Sales and Gross Profit. Our cost of sales for the nine months ended September 30, 20192020 was $120.0$160.8 million resulting in gross profit of $133.9$170.0 million, compared to $59.4$120.0 million inof cost of sales for the same period in 20182019 resulting in gross profit of $48.3$133.9 million. The gross margin percentage for the nine months ended September 30, 20192020 was 53%51% compared to 45%53% in the same period in 2018.2019.

The increase in our gross profit for the nine months ended September 30, 20192020 was primarily the result of a 194%the $76.9 million increase in total sales, including higher volumes shipped and improvement in pump shipments.average selling prices. Gross profit and gross margin also increasedwere negatively impacted by royalty costs, for which there was no comparable expense in the prior year. We recognized $4.7 million of product royalty costs in the first nine months of 2020 associated with the first quarter launch of Control-IQ technology in the United States and a staged introduction in international markets beginning in the third quarter. On an aggregate basis, other non-manufacturing costs, which primarily consist of warranty, freight, training and digital health product support costs, reflected improvement on a per unit basis, as a result ofwell as per unit manufacturing costs for pumps. Other factors that have and may continue to impact the gross margin percentage are changes in product and geographical mix and the level of non-cash stock-based compensation allocated to cost improvements from higher production volumes and continued overall manufacturing efficiencies gained from our new manufacturing facilityof sales. Pump sales, which became fully operational athave the beginninghighest gross margin, were 62% of 2018. Additionally, we recognized a notable increasetotal worldwide sales in non-cashthe first nine months of 2020 compared to 69% in the same period in 2019. Non-cash stock-based compensation expense allocated to cost of sales of $4.2was $6.5 million infor the nine months ended September 30, 20192020, compared to $1.1$4.2 million in the same period in 2018,2019.

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Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. SG&A expenses increased 25% to $150.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 from $120.2 million for the same period in 2019. Employee-related expenses for our SG&A functions comprise the majority of SG&A expenses. The increase compared to 2019 was primarily the result of a $25.4 million increase in salaries, incentive compensation and other employee benefits due to an increase in personnel to support additional sales territories, higher sales and our growing installed customer base, which included an increase of $3.0 million in non-cash stock-based compensation. Non-cash stock-based compensation expense allocated to SG&A was $32.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to $29.1 million in the same period in 2019. The increase in non-cash stock-based compensation expense was primarily due to increased headcount, as well as the valuation of certain 2018 and 2019 employee stock option grants and the impact on the valuation of the significant increase in our stock price. On an aggregate basis, other non-manufacturingprice over the previous year. We also experienced increased costs which primarily consistfor software maintenance, supplies, and outside consulting of warranty, freight$7.6 million, offset by decreased costs for travel and training costs, also reflected improvement on a per unit basis.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. SG&A expenses increased 65% to $120.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 from $73.0 million for the same period in 2018.Employee-related expenses for ourSG&Afunctions comprise the majorityoutside services of SG&A expenses.The increase compared to 2018 was primarily the result of a $19.0 million increase in salaries, incentive compensation and other employee benefits due to an increase in personnel to support our sales growth and growing installed customer base, as well as an increase of $20.6 million in non-cash stock-based compensation. The increase in stock-based compensation expense for the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2019to $29.1 million was primarily due to the valuation of certain 2018 and 2019 employee stock option grants and the impact on the valuation of the significant increase in our stock price.$2.3 million.
Research and Development Expenses. R&D expenses increased 60%42% to $32.6$46.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 20192020 from $20.4$32.6 million for the same period in 2018.2019. The increase in R&D expenses was primarily the result of an increase of $4.6$6.1 million in salaries, incentive compensation and other employee benefits due to an increase in personnel to support our product development efforts, as well as an increase of $7.5 million in non-cashconsulting services, supplies, and equipment and maintenance costs attributable to R&D. Non-cash stock-based compensation expense allocated to R&D of $3.7 million.The increase in stock-based compensation expense for the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2019to $6.1was $6.6 million is primarily due to the valuation of certain 2018 and 2019 employee stock option grants and the impact on the valuation of the significant increase in our stock price.
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Other Income and Expense. Total other expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to $6.1 million in the same period in 2019.
Other Income (Expense), Net. Total other expense, net for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 and 2018 was $8.5$26.7 million and $81.1$8.5 million, respectively. Other expense for the nine months ended September 30, 20192020 primarily consisted of a $10.8$19.9 million revaluation loss from the change in the fair value of the Series Acertain warrants due to the significant appreciation of our stock price during the first nine months of 2019, offset by other income.2020, and $8.0 million of interest expense which includes the amortization of debt discount and debt issuance costs related to our Notes issued in the second quarter of 2020. Other expense for the nine months ended September 30, 20182019 primarily consisted of a $69.0$10.8 million revaluation loss from the change in the fair value of certain warrants, $7.6 million of interest expense associated with the Term Loan Agreement, as well as a $5.3 million loss on extinguishment of debt associated with the full repayment of our Term Loan Agreement in August 2018.warrants. Interest income and other, incomenet for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 primarily consisted of interest earned on our cash equivalents and short-term investments,investments.
Income Tax Expense (Benefit). We recognized an income tax benefit of $1.9 million on pre-tax loss of $53.3 million for which our average invested balances were significantly higher during the first nine months of 2019ended September 30, 2020, compared to income tax expense of $0.1 million on a pre-tax loss of $27.3 million for the first nine months ended September 30, 2019. The income tax benefit for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 was primarily due to benefit associated with the release of 2018.valuation allowance related to the acquisition of certain intangible assets, partially offset by state and foreign income tax expense as a result of current taxable income in those jurisdictions. Income tax expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was primarily attributable to state and foreign income tax expense as a result of current taxable income in those jurisdictions.

Liquidity and Capital Resources
As of September 30, 2019,2020, we had $156.9$464.5 million in cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments. We believe that our cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments balance is sufficient to satisfy our liquidity requirements for at least the next 12 months from the date of this filing.
Historically, our principal sources of cash have included cash collected from product sales, private and public offerings of equity securities, exercises of employee stock awards, and debt financing, and cash collected from product sales.financing. Since the beginning of 2018,2019, we completed the following financing activities:
•In February 2018,May 2020, we completed a registered public offering of 34,500,000 shares of common stock at a public offering price of $2.00 per share. The grossraised $278.7 million in net proceeds from the offering were approximately $69.0issuance of the Notes, and used $34.1 million before deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses.
In August 2018, we completed a registered public offering of 4,035,085 shares of common stock at a public offering price of $28.50 per share. The grossthe net proceeds from the offering were $115.0 million, before deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses.
Between January 2018 and September 2019, we received proceeds of $29.9 million from the exercise of 8,829,235 outstanding warrants which were originally issued in a registered public offering of common stock in October 2017. As of September 30, 2019, there were warrants to purchase 417,315 shares outstanding relating tocapped call options in connection with the October 2017 offering.transaction (see Note 7, “Convertible Senior Notes”).
Between•From January 2018 and2019 through September 2019,2020, we issued 1,349,4703,617,939 shares of common stock upon the exercise of stock options, and 248,746558,392 shares of common stock were purchased under our 2013 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, which generated aggregate proceeds of $20.2$81.6 million.
•From January 2019 through September 2020, we received proceeds of $1.2 million from the exercise of 352,585 outstanding warrants which were originally issued in connection with our registered public offering of common stock in October 2017. As of September 30, 2020, there were warrants to purchase 158,200 shares outstanding relating to the October 2017 offering.
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•From January 2020 through September 2020, we received proceeds of $2.0 million from the exercise of 67,799 outstanding warrants which were originally issued between August 2011 and August 2012. As of September 30, 2020, there were warrants to purchase 31,166 shares outstanding relating to these issuances.
Our historical cash outflows have primarily been associated with cash used for operating activities such as the development and commercialization of our products, the expansion and support of our sales, marketing, clinical and customer support organizations, the expansion of our R&D activities, the expansion of our commercial activities to select international geographies, the acquisition of intellectual property, expenditures related to increases in our manufacturing capacity and improvements to our manufacturing efficiency, overall expansion of our facilities and operations, and other working capital needs. Additionally, we have used cash to pay the interest expense associated with our Term Loan Agreement. The outstanding balance associated with the Term Loan Agreement was fully repaid in August 2018, and we have ceased incurring interest expense and other costs associated with the Term Loan Agreement subsequent to the third quarter of 2018.
We expect our sales performance and the resulting operating income or loss, as well as the status of each of our new product development programs, will significantly impact our cash flow from operations, liquidity position and cash management decisions.
Table In light of contents

the COVID-19 global pandemic, we are prudently managing our use of cash. We will continue to evaluate new information as it becomes available and make changes as are considered necessary.
The following table shows a summary of our cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 20192020 and 2018:2019:
Nine Months Ended
September 30,		Nine Months Ended
September 30,
(in thousands)2019 2018(in thousands)20202019
Net cash provided by (used in):   Net cash provided by (used in):
Operating activities$22,463
 $(22,452)Operating activities$9,432 $22,463 
Investing activities(36,054) (84,148)Investing activities(236,430)(36,054)
Financing activities17,789
 115,227
Financing activities305,234 17,789 
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash36
 —
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash70 36 
Total$4,234
 $8,627
Net increase in cash and cash equivalentsNet increase in cash and cash equivalents$78,306 $4,234 
Operating activitiesActivities. Net cash provided by operating activities was $22.5$9.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019,2020, compared to $22.5 million net cash used in operating activities in the same period in 2018.2019. The improvement todecrease in net cash provided by operating activities wasprimarily driven by higher sales and gross margins due to an increase in 2019, which resulted in a significant reduction in net loss when adjusted for non-cash expenses, particularly the change in the fair value of common stock warrants and stock-based compensation expense, offset by net changes in working capital.Ourour operating loss for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 also included $7.6 million in interest expense,on higher operating expenses, as well as working capital changes primarily related to accounts payable and a $5.3 million loss on extinguishment of debt.accrued expenses. Working capital changes in 2019during the first nine months of 2020 primarily consisted of increases in accounts receivable, and inventories, offset by increases in accounts payable, accrued expenses and employee-related liabilities, deferred revenue, and other long-termcurrent liabilities, all of which are related to accrued warranty.the growth in our business. Accounts receivable increased to $45.3$52.1 million at September 30, 20192020 from $35.2$46.6 million at December 31, 2018,2019, as a result of higher sales in the third quarter of 20192020 as compared to the fourth quarter of 2018.2019. Inventories increased to $40.7$70.6 million at September 30, 20192020 from $19.9$49.1 million at December 31, 2018,2019, primarily to support the growth in our business.
Investing activitiesActivities. Net cash used in investing activities was $236.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, which was primarily related to $332.0 million of purchases of short-term investments, $23.3 million in purchases of property and equipment, and $4.9 million cash paid for the acquisition of intangible assets, offset by $123.7 million in proceeds from maturities and sales of short-term investments.Net cash used in investing activities was $36.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, which was primarily related to $126.3 million of purchases of short-term investments of $126.3 million and $12.8 million in purchases of property and equipment, offset by $103.0 million in proceeds from maturities and sales of short-term investments.
Financing Activities. Net cash used in investingprovided by financing activities was $84.1$305.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018,2020, which was primarily related to purchasesconsisted of short-term investments of $100.6 million and $2.1 million in purchases of property and equipment, offset by $18.5$278.7 million in proceeds from maturitiesthe issuance of the Convertible Senior Notes which was partially offset by $34.1 million in payments for the purchase of the related Capped Call Options, and sales$57.7 million in proceeds from the issuance of short-term investments.
Financing activities. common stock under our stock plans. Net cash provided by financing activities was $17.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, which primarily consisted of $17.5 million inproceeds from the issuance of common stock under our stock plans. Net cash provided by financing activities was $115.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, which primarily consisted
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Table of net proceeds of approximately $172.9 million from the public offerings of our common stock in February 2018 and August 2018, as well as proceeds of $29.5 million from the exercise of Series A and Series B warrants issued in connection with our public offering of common stock in October 2017, offset by a cash usage of $87.7 million associated with the full repayment of the Term Loan Agreement in August 2018.contents
Our liquidity position and capital requirements are subject to fluctuation based on a number of factors, including the following:
•our ability to generate sales, the timing of those sales, the mix of products sold and the collection of receivables from period to period;
•the timing of any additional financings, and the net proceeds raised from such financings;
•the timing and amount of the exercise of outstanding warrants, and proceeds from the issuance of equity awards pursuant to employee stock plans;
•fluctuations in gross margins and operating margins; and
•fluctuations in working capital, including changes in accounts receivable, inventories, accounts payable, employee relatedemployee-related liabilities, and operating lease liabilities.liabilities; and
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the impacts and disruptions caused by the COVID-19 global pandemic.
Our primary short-term capital needs are expected to include expenditures related to:
•support of our commercialization efforts related to our current and future products;
•expansion of our customer support resources for our growing installed customer base;
•research and product development efforts, including clinical trial costs;
•acquisitions, leasing or licensing of equipment, technology, intellectual property and other assets;
•additional facilities leases and related tenant improvements, and manufacturing equipment to support business growth and increase manufacturing capacity; and
•payments under licensing, development and commercialization agreements.
Although we believe the foregoing items reflect our most likely uses of cash in the short-term, we cannot predict with certainty all of our particular cash uses or the timing or amount of cash used. In addition, from time to time we may consider opportunities to acquire or license other products or technologies that may enhance our product platform or technology, expand the breadth of our markets or customer base, or advance our business strategies. Any such transaction may require short-term expenditures that may impact our capital needs. If for any reason our cash and cash equivalents balances, or cash generated from operations is insufficient to satisfy our working capital requirements, we may in the future be required to seek additional capital from public or private offerings of our equity or debt securities, or we may elect to borrow capital under new credit arrangements or from other sources. We may also seek to raise additional capital from such offerings or borrowings on an opportunistic basis when we believe there are suitable opportunities for doing so. If we issue equity or debt securities to raise additional funds, our existing stockholders may experience dilution, we may incur significant financing or debt service costs, and the new equity or debt securities may have rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of our existing stockholders. There can be no assurance that financing will be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Our ability to raise additional financing may be negatively impacted by a number of factors, including our recent and projected financial results, recent changes in and volatility of our stock price, perceptions about the dilutive impact of financing transactions, the competitive environment in our industry, and uncertainties regarding the regulatory environment in which we operate.operate and conditions impacting the capital markets more generally, including economic weakness, inflation, political instability, war and terrorism, natural disasters, incidence of illness or disease, or other events beyond our control.
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Indebtedness
Repayment
Table of Term Loan Agreementcontents
In August 2018, we fully repaid our term loan with CRG pursuant to the Term Loan Agreement. The balance of the outstanding debt at the time of repayment was $82.7 million. The repayment included approximately $1.1 million in accrued interest and approximately $5.0 million in associated financing fees that became due. Therefore, we did not have any borrowings outstanding under the Term Loan Agreement as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018. At the time of repayment, the remaining $5.3 million debt discount balance associated with the financing fees and certain debt issuance costs was accelerated and recognized as a loss on extinguishment of debt during the third quarter of 2018.
Critical Accounting Policies
Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States.States of America (U.S. GAAP). The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes as of the date of the consolidated financial statements. We evaluate our estimates and judgments on an ongoing basis. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about our financial condition and results of operations that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates.
There have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates from the information provided in Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Critical Accounting Policies Involving Management Estimates and Assumptions,” included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 (Annual Report) other than adoption2019, with the exception of policies put in place with regards to the new lease accounting standard. Refer to Note 6, “Leases” in the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further details.Convertible Senior Notes.

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Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
As of September 30, 2019,2020, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures aboutAbout Market Risk
Interest Rate Risk
We invest our excess cash primarily in commercial paper, corporate debt securities, U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise securities and U.S. Treasury securities. The primary objectives of our investment activities are to maintain liquidity and preserve principal while maximizing the income we receive from our financial instruments without significantly increasing risk. We have established guidelines regarding approved investments and maturities of investments, which are primarily designed to maintain liquidity and preserve principal.
Some of the financial instruments in which we invest subject us to market risk, in that a change in prevailing interest rates may cause the principal amount of the instrument to fluctuate. Other financial instruments in which we invest subject us to credit risk, in that the value of the instrument may fluctuate based on the issuer’s ability to pay.
The primary objectives As a result of the COVID-19 global pandemic and the perceived increased credit risks associated with certain securities, credit rating agencies have issued downgrades and revised outlooks to negative for a number of issuers of the debt securities held in our investment activitiesshort-term investments portfolio. Unrealized losses on available-for-sale debt securities at September 30, 2020 were not significant. Based on the credit quality of the available-for-sale debt securities that are in an unrealized loss position, and our current estimates of future cash flows to maintain liquidity and preserve principal while maximizingbe collected from those securities, we believe the income we receive from our financial instruments without significantly increasing risk. We have established guidelines regarding approved investments and maturities of investments, whichunrealized losses are primarily designed to maintain liquidity and preserve principal.not credit losses (see Note 3, “Short-Term Investments”).
Because of the short-term maturities of our financial instruments, we do not believe that an increase or decrease in market interest rates would have any significant impact on the realized value of our investment portfolio. If a 10% change in interest rates were to have occurred on September 30, 2019,2020, this change would not have had a material effect on the fair value of our investment portfolio as of that date.
In May 2020, the we issued $287.5 million principal amount of Convertible Senior Notes, which bear interest at a fixed rate of 1.50% per year. Accordingly, we are not subject to interest rate risk as a result of the Convertible Senior Notes (see Note 7, “Convertible Senior Notes”).
Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk
Our operations are primarily located in the United States, and nearly all of our sales since inception have been made in U.S. dollars. With the exception of a portion of our sales in Canada, our sales outside of the United States are currently made to independent distributors under agreements denominated in U.S. dollars. Accordingly, we believe we do not currently have any material exposure to foreign currency rate fluctuations. As our business in markets outside of the United States increases, we may be exposed to foreign currency exchange risk. We believe this is currently limited to our operations in Canada, where fluctuations in the rate of exchange between the U.S. dollar and the Canadian dollar could adversely affect our financial results. In addition, from time to time, we may have foreign currency exchange risk related to existing assets and liabilities, committed transactions and forecasted future cash flows. In certain circumstances, we may seek to manage such foreign currency exchange risk by using derivative instruments such as foreign currency exchange forward contracts to hedge our risk. In general, we may hedge material foreign currency exchange exposures up to 12 months in advance. However, we may choose not to hedge some exposures for a variety of reasons, including prohibitive economic costs.
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Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act) that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the periodic and current reports we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognized that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable and not absolute assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In reaching a reasonable level of assurance, management necessarily is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. In addition, the design of any system of controls is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Control systems can also be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the control. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.
As of September 30, 2019,2020, we carried out an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures. Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level as of September 30, 2019.2020.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended September 30, 20192020 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.Legal Proceedings
Item 1. Legal Proceedings

In April 2020, we were named as a defendant in four federal class action lawsuits relating to a data breach we experienced in January 2020, each of which was subsequently dismissed.
In addition, in May 2020 we were named as a defendant in three California state court class action lawsuits arising from the same data breach. Collectively, these lawsuits seek statutory, compensatory, actual, and punitive damages; equitable relief, including restitution; pre- and post-judgment interest; injunctive relief; and attorney fees, costs, and expenses from us. On July 24, 2020, these three pending lawsuits were consolidated into a single case in the Superior Court of the State of California in the County of San Bernardino entitled Joseph Deluna et al v. Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc. The consolidated case alleges violations of the Confidentiality of Medical Information Act (CMIA), California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), California’s Unfair Competition Law (UCL), and breach of contract. We filed a demurrer seeking dismissal of all claims, which was heard by the Court on October 27, 2020, and which resulted in the following outcome: (i) the demurrer of the CMIA claim was denied; and (ii) the demurrer of the CCPA, UCL, and contract claims were sustained with leave to amend the pending complaint.

In September 2020, we were named as a defendant in a lawsuit entitled Buck Walsh, individually and on behalf of others similarly situated v. Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc., whichwas filed in the Superior Court of the State of California in San Diego County. The alleged violations include business and professions code and labor code violations for failure to compensate wages, unpaid meal and rest periods, and failure to reimburse for necessary business-related expenses. The proposed class of plaintiffs includes hourly paid or non-exempt employees of the Company who were employed from April 6, 2016 through the date of adjudication.

Although we intend to vigorously defend against these claims, there is no guarantee that we will prevail. Accordingly, we are unable to determine the ultimate outcome of these lawsuits or determine the amount and range of potential losses associated with the lawsuits.
From time to time, we are involved in various other legal proceedings, disputes and other claims arising in the ordinary course of our business, including actions with respect to intellectual property, data privacy, employment, product liability and contractual matters. Although the results of legal proceedings, disputes and other claims cannot be predicted with certainty, we currently believe that the final outcome of these ordinary course matters will not, individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations, cash flows or future prospects. However, regardless of the outcome, legal proceedings, disputes and other claims can have an adverse impact on us because of legal costs, diversion of management time and resources, and other factors.
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Item 1A.Risk Factors
Item 1A. Risk Factors
An investment in our common stock or in other convertible securities involves risks. You should carefully consider carefully the risks described below, together with all of the other information included in this Quarterly Report, as well as in our other filings with the SEC, in evaluating our business. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition, operating results and future prospects could be materially and adversely affected. In that case, the trading price of our common stock may decline and you might lose all or part of your investment. The risks described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks that we currently do not know about or that we currently believe to be immaterial may also impair our business, financial condition, operating results and future prospects. Certain statements below are forward-looking statements.
The risk factors set forthbelow marked with an asterisk (*) next to the title contain changes to the description of the risk factors previously disclosed in Part I, Item 1AIA of our Annual Report.
Risks Related to ourOur Business and ourOur Industry
We have incurred significant operating losses since inception and cannot assure you that we will achieve sustained profitability.*
Since our inception in January 2006, we have incurred a significant net loss. As of September 30, 2019,2020, we had an accumulated deficit of $627.5$676.2 million. To date, we have funded our operations primarily through cash collected from product sales, private and public offerings of our equity securities, cash collected from sales of our products, and debt financing which has since been fully repaid.financing. We have devoted substantially all of our resources to the design, development and commercialization of our products, the scaling of our manufacturing operations and commercial organization, the research and development of our current products and products under development, and the assembly of a management team to manage our business.
We began commercial sales of our first product, t:slim, in August 2012 and our flagship pump platform, t:slim X2, in October 2016. The t:slim X2 hardware platforminsulin pump now represents 100% of new pump shipments. In August 2017, we received approval from the FDA for the integration of t:slim X2 with the Dexcom G5 Mobile CGM system. In June 2018, we received FDA approval for t:slim X2 with Basal-IQ technology and commenced commercial sales of t:slim X2 with Basal-IQ technology integrated with the Dexcom G6 CGM in August 2018. Outside the United States, we have been selling our t:slim X2 with G5 integration in select markets sinceUntil the third quarter of 2018 andwe were selling our products only in the second quarter of 2019, we commenced salesUnited States and shipments ofhave since launched our t:slim X2 with Basal-IQ technologyproducts in a subset of those markets.select international geographies.
Since the first quarter of 2013, we have been able to manufacture and sell our insulin pump products at a cost and in volumes sufficient to allow us to achieve a positive overall gross margin. For the years ended December 31, 20182019 and 2017,2018, our gross profit was $89.8$194.2 million and $44.1$89.8 million, respectively. Although we have achieved a positive overall gross margin and have substantially reduced our operating loss, we still operate at a net loss on an annual basis and expect that we may continue to do so for the foreseeable future.
To implement our business strategy and achieve consistent profitability, we need to, among other things, increase sales of our products and the gross profit associated with those sales, maintain an appropriate customer service and support infrastructure, fund ongoing research and developmentR&D activities, create additional efficiencies in our manufacturing processes while adding to our capacity, and obtain regulatory clearance or approval to commercialize our products currently under development both domestically and internationally. We expect our expenses will continue to increase as we pursue these objectives and make investments in our business. Additional increases in our expenses without commensurate increases in sales could significantly increase our operating losses.
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The extent of our future operating losses and the timing of our profitability are highly uncertain in light of a number of factors, including the timing of the launch of new products and product features by us and our competitors, market acceptance of our products and competitive products by people with insulin-dependent diabetes, their caregivers and healthcare providers, and the timing of regulatory approval of our products and the products of our competitors.competitors, and the scope and duration of the impacts caused by the COVID-19 global pandemic. Any additional operating losses will have an adverse effect on our stockholders’ equity, and we cannot assure you that we will be able to sustain profitability.
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We currently rely on sales of insulin pump products to generate a significant portion of our revenue, and any factors that negatively impact sales of these products may adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.*
We generate nearly all of our revenue from the sale of t:slim X2 insulin pumps and the related insulin cartridges and infusion sets. Sales of these products may be negatively impacted by many factors, including:
•market acceptance of the insulin pumps and related products manufactured and sold by our key competitors, including Medtronic Public Limited Company (plc) (Medtronic);MiniMed, a division of Medtronic plc;
•the potential that breakthroughs for the monitoring, treatment or prevention of diabetes may render our insulin pumps obsolete or less desirable;
•adverse regulatory or legal actions relating to our products, or similar products or technologies of our competitors;
•failure of our Tandem Device Updater to accurately and timely provide customers with remote access to new product features and functionality as anticipated, or our failure to obtain regulatory approval for any such updates;
•changes in reimbursement rates or policies relating to insulin pumps or similar products or technologies by third-party payors, such as the decision by UnitedHealthcare that restricts a majority of its members from accessing our pumps;payors;
•our inability to enter into contracts with third-party payors on a timely basis and on acceptable terms;
•problems arising from the expansion of our manufacturing capabilities and commercial operations, or destruction, loss, or temporary shutdown of our manufacturing facilities;

•concerns regarding the perceived safety or reliability of any of our products, or any component thereof; and
•claims that any of our products, or any component thereof, infringes on patent rights or other intellectual property rights of third parties.
In addition, sales of any of our current or future insulin pump products with CGM integration are subject to the continuation of our applicable agreements with Dexcom or other third parties which, under some circumstances, may be subject to termination, with or without cause, on relatively short notice. Sales of our current products may also be negatively impacted in the event of any regulatory or legal actions relating to Dexcom’s CGM products that are compatible with our pumps, or in the event of any disruption to the availability of the applicable CGM relatedCGM-related supplies, such as sensors or transmitters, in a given market in which our products are sold. Further, salesSales of our products may also be adversely impacted if Dexcom’sthe CGM products that are compatible with our pumps are not viewed as superior to competing CGM products in markets where our products are sold, or if the price of these products is not competitive with similar products available in the market.
Furthermore, sales of our products may be adversely impacted by negative perceptions regarding our financial stability relative to that of our competitors. These concerns may arise from a number of factors, including our recent and projected financial results, changes in and volatility of our stock price, the competitive environment in our industry, and uncertainties regarding the regulatory environment. Any such concerns, whether actual or perceived, could cause consumers to delay the purchase of our products or purchase competitive products.
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Because we currently rely on sales of our t:slim X2 insulin pump and related products to generate a significant majority of our revenue, any factors that negatively impact sales of these products, or result in sales of these products increasing at a lower rate than expected, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results. We believe the COVID-19 global pandemic has had and may continue to have a material adverse impact on sales of our products as it could result in customers delaying their purchasing decisions or physicians pausing prescriptions for our products. It could also have the effect of magnifying the negative impact of any of the factors described above.
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Public health threats, such as the COVID-19 global pandemic, have had and could continue to have a material adverse effect on our operations, the operations of our business partners, and the global economy as a whole.*
Public health threats and other highly communicable diseases and outbreaks could adversely impact our operations, the operations of our customers, suppliers, distributors and other business partners, as well as the healthcare system in general. For example, the COVID-19 global pandemic, which is currently affecting numerous countries throughout the world, has resulted in a rapid rise in unemployment and a sudden decrease in global economic activity, and the scope of the COVID-19 global pandemic and its impacts is continuing to fluctuate, and in some instances worsen, in various regions worldwide. While we experienced only a modest negative impact from the COVID-19 global pandemic during the first quarter of 2020, the negative impact during the second and third quarters of 2020 was more pronounced, and we anticipate that our sales and operating results will continue to be adversely impacted in future periods and subject to unpredictable variability. In addition, the recent rise in unemployment and decrease in economic activity due to the COVID-19 global pandemic may negatively impact the affordability of our products for certain customers, which could reduce demand for our products. Further, the initiation of certain programs originally planned for the second and third quarter, such as human factors studies associated with our product development efforts, have been delayed, which has impacted our regulatory strategies and also could have a negative impact on our product commercialization efforts and the future demand for our products.
The COVID-19 global pandemic, or other similar outbreaks or epidemics, may have an adverse effect on the overall productivity of our workforce, and we may be required to take extraordinary measures to protect the health and safety of our employees and our business partners and reduce the risk of disruptions to our operations. For example, since in March 2020, we have restricted non-essential employee travel, banned visitors from all of our facilities, and transitioned those employees able to perform their job function outside of our facilities to a remote work environment. For our field-based sales and clinical employees, we initially discontinued all in-person activities and began utilizing technology to remotely engage healthcare providers and customers. Where permitted, in-person activities have resumed, though the scope and scale have been limited and we still rely heavily on remote engagement. For our employees in manufacturing and warehousing positions involved in production and fulfillment operations, we have implemented preventative measures to comply with physical distancing requirements and have taken measures to help ensure safety, including requiring temperature checks for our employees before each shift. We have also increased our staffing in certain operations in order to mitigate potential risks associated with increases in unplanned employee absences or illness. Our adoption of these preventive measures has resulted in incremental costs that have negatively impacted our gross margin, and the impacts could be greater in future periods. In addition, for the duration of the COVID-19 global pandemic, our employees may be required to continue to operate within a remote work environment for extended periods of time due to illness, travel restrictions, government-imposed orders, school closures or for other reasons, any of which could result in reduced productivity of our workforce.
In addition to the foregoing impacts, disruptions from the COVID-19 global pandemic, or other similar outbreaks or epidemics, could result in delays in or the suspension of our manufacturing operations, research and product development activities, regulatory work streams, clinical development programs and other important commercial functions. In particular, if we were required to delay or suspend our manufacturing operations, we may encounter severe product shortages, which would adversely affect our results of operations and harm our reputation. We are also dependent upon our third-party suppliers for many of our product components, and the COVID-19 global pandemic could have a material adverse impact on the operations of one or more of our suppliers, which could prevent them from delivering products to us on a timely basis, or at all. For example, we continue to focus on increasing our cartridge inventory to targeted levels, but there can be no assurance that we or our third-party cartridge manufacturer will be able to manufacture cartridges in the quantities we require to meet product demand. In addition, in the second quarter of 2020 our primary infusion set manufacturer experienced certain inventory constraints. There can be no assurance our supplier will be able to provide infusion sets in the quantities we require to meet customer demand. If we experience these or similar manufacturing challenges in the future, it could have a negative impact on product sales and harm our reputation.
The full extent of the impact of the COVID-19 global pandemic on our business and operations is highly uncertain and subject to change, and will continue to depend on a number of factors, including the scope and duration of the pandemic. We expect any further spread of the COVID-19 global pandemic, or even the threat or perception that this could occur, or any protracted duration of decreased economic activity, could have a material adverse impact on our business, operations and financial results.
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Our ability to maintain and grow our revenue depends in part on retaining a high percentage of our customer base.*
A key to maintaining and growing our revenue is the retention of a high percentage of our customers due to the potentially significant revenue generated from ongoing purchases of disposable insulin cartridges and other supplies. In addition, our pumps are designed and tested to remain effective for at least four years and a satisfied customer may consider purchasing another product from us when the time comes to replace the pump. We have developed retention programs aimed at our customers, their caregivers and healthcare providers, which include training specific to our products, ongoing support by our sales and clinical employees, and 24/7 technical support and customer service. Demand for our products from our existing customers could decline or could fail to increase in line with our projections as a result of a number of factors, including the introduction of competitive products, breakthroughs for the monitoring, treatment or prevention of diabetes, changes in reimbursement rates or policies, manufacturing problems, perceived safety or reliability issues with our products or components or the products of our competitors, the failure to secure regulatory clearance or approvals for products or product features in a timely manner or at all, product development or commercialization delays, the impacts and disruptions caused by the COVID-19 global pandemic, or for other reasons.
Further, the COVID-19 global pandemic has resulted in substantial restrictions on our engagement efforts with customers and healthcare providers, including through the cancellation or postponement of company-sponsored educational events, as well as third-party conferences, trade shows and similar events. These restrictions are likely to negatively impact our ability to promote our new products and features to customers and healthcare providers, which could adversely impact our product sales and customer retention rates, as well as the strength of our brand.
The failure to retain a high percentage of our customers and increase sales to these customers consistent with our forecasts would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.
We operate in a very competitive industry and if we fail to compete successfully against our existing or potential competitors, many of whom have greater resources than us, our sales and operating results may be negatively affected.*
The medical device industry is intensely competitive, subject to rapid change and highly sensitive to the introduction of new products, treatment techniques or technologies, as well as other activities of industry participants. We believe our products compete, and will continue to compete, directly with a number of traditional insulin pumps, as well as other methods for the treatment of diabetes, including multiple daily injection (MDI) therapy.
Our primary competitors are major medical device companies that are either publicly traded companies or divisions or subsidiaries of publicly traded companies. For instance,companies, including Insulet and Medtronic MiniMed, a division of Medtronic, has been the market leader for many years and has the majority share of the traditional insulin pump market in the United States. However, the market for insulin pumps continues to experience significant changes. For instance, in October 2017, Johnson & Johnson announced its plans to discontinue the operations of Animas and to exit the insulin pump business entirely. Animas designated Medtronic as a preferred partner to facilitate the transition of their respective insulin pump customers.MiniMed. In addition, over the past several years Eli Lilly & Co. announced that it wasis developing an insulin pump and Becton Dickinson announced that it plans to launch an insulin pump designed for persons with type 2 diabetes.pump. There are also a number of other companies developing and marketing their own insulin delivery systems and/or related software applications, including insulin pumps and Bluetooth-enabled insulin pens to support MDI therapy. While these industry changes are significant, it is difficult to know how they will impact our business or the competitive landscape in which we operate. Our key competitors, most notably Medtronic, enjoy several competitive advantages over us, including:
•greater financial and human resources for sales and marketing, product development, customer service and clinical resources;
•greater ability to respond to competitive pressures, and regulatory uncertainty;uncertainty, or challenges within the financial markets;
•established relationships with healthcare providers, third-party payors and regulatory agencies;
•established reputation and name recognition among healthcare providers and other key opinion leaders in the medical industry generally and the diabetes industry in particular;
•greater market share and established base of customers;
products supported by long-term clinical data;
•larger and more established distribution networks;
•greater ability to cross-sell products or provide incentives to healthcare providers to use their products; and
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more experience in conducting research and development,R&D, manufacturing, clinical trials, and obtaining regulatory approval or clearance.
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In some instances, our competitors offer products that include features that we do not currently offer. For instance, Medtronic offers a traditional insulin pump with a hybrid closed-loop AID functionality and a new CGM system, and Insulet offers an insulin pump with a tubeless delivery system that does not utilize an infusion set. These specific features may makeset and Medtronic recently announced the competitive products more desirable to customers and healthcare providers, which could negatively impact salesacquisition of our products.a connected insulin pen delivery device.
In addition, the competitive environment in which we operate has resulted and may continue to result in competitive pressures on our manufacturers, suppliers, distributors, collaboration partners and other business constituents. For example, we have entered into development agreements with Dexcom, which provide us non-exclusive licenses to integrate various generations of Dexcom CGM technology with our insulin pump products. In the fourth quarter ofSince 2017 Abbott has launched a new blood glucose sensing technology in the United Statessensors which competescompete with the Dexcom technology, and another CGM product with CE mark approval was approved in the second quarter of 2018 for sale in the United States. WhileCGMs. In June 2020, we are currently in discussionsentered into an agreement with Abbott to develop and commercialize integrated diabetes solutions, theresolutions. There can be no assurance that our collaboration with Abbott will be successful or that we will enter into a definitive agreement with Abbott, that such an agreement will be on terms favorable to us,not experience unanticipated challenges or that this collaboration will be successful.delays. Competitive pressures within our industry, as well as the impacts and disruptions associated with the COVID-19 global pandemic, could negatively impact the financial condition of our business partners, impact their ability to fulfill contractual obligations to us, and result in harm to our financial condition and operating results.
For these and other reasons, we may not be able to compete successfully against our current or potential future competitors. As a result, our product sales may be negatively affected, which could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and operating results.
Competitive products or other technological developments and breakthroughs for the monitoring, treatment or prevention of diabetes may render our products obsolete or less desirable.*
Our ability to achieve our strategic objectives will depend, among other things, on our ability to develop and commercialize products for the treatment of diabetes that offer distinct features and functionality, are easy-to-use, provide superior treatment outcomes, receive adequate coverage and reimbursement from third-party payors, and are otherwise more appealing than available alternatives. Our primary competitors, as well as a number of other companies and medical researchers are pursuing new delivery devices, delivery technologies, sensing technologies, treatment techniques, procedures, drugs and other therapies for the monitoring, treatment and prevention of diabetes. Any breakthroughs in diabetes monitoring, treatment or prevention could reduce the potential market for our products or render our products obsolete altogether, which would significantly reduce our sales or cause our sales to grow at a slower rate than we currently expect. In addition, even the perception that new products may be introduced, or that technological or treatment advancements could occur, could cause consumers to delay the purchase of our products.
Because the insulin-dependent diabetes market is large and growing, we anticipate companies will continue to dedicate significant resources to developing competitive products and technologies. The introduction by competitors of products that are or claim to be superior to our products may create market confusion that may make it difficult to differentiate the benefits of our products over competitive products. In addition, some of our competitors employ aggressive pricing strategies, including the use of discounts, rebates, low cost product upgrades or other financial incentives that could adversely affect sales of our products. If a competitor develops a product that competes with or is perceived to be superior to our products, or if competitors continue to utilize strategies that place downward pressure on pricing within our industry, our sales may decline, our operating margins could be reduced and we may fail to meet our financial projections, which would materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.
Moreover, we have designed our hardware products to resemble modern consumer electronic devices to address certain embarrassment and functionality concerns consumers have raised with respect to traditional pumps. TheSimilarly, our newer mobile software applications are being designed to incorporate features and functions that are common to other consumer-oriented applications. These consumer electronics industry is itselfindustries are themselves highly competitive, and characterized by continuous new product introductions, rapid developments in technology, and subjective and changing consumer preferences. If, in the future, consumers cease to view our products as contemporary or convenient as compared to then-existing consumer electronics technology, our products may become less desirable.
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The failure of our insulin pump and related products to achieve and maintain market acceptance could result in us achieving sales below our expectations, which would cause our business, financial condition and operating results to be materially and adversely affected.*
Our current business strategy is highly dependent on our insulin pump and related products achieving and maintaining market acceptance. In order for us to sell our products to people with insulin-dependent diabetes, we must convince them, their caregivers and healthcare providers that our products are an attractive alternative to competitive products for the treatment of diabetes, including traditional insulin pump products and MDI therapies, as well as alternative diabetes monitoring, treatment or prevention methodologies. Market acceptance and adoption of our products depends on educating people with diabetes, as well as their caregivers and healthcare providers, about the distinct features, ease-of-use, positive lifestyle impact,beneficial treatment outcomes, and other perceived benefits of our products as compared to competitive products. If we are not successful in convincing existing and potential customers of the benefits of our products, or if we are not able to achieve the support of caregivers and healthcare providers for our products, our sales may decline or we may achieve sales below our expectations.
Market acceptance of our products could be negatively impacted by many factors, including:
•the failure of our products to achieve and maintain wide acceptance among people with insulin-dependent diabetes, their caregivers, healthcare providers, third-party payors and key opinion leaders in the diabetes treatment community;
•lack of evidence supporting the safety, ease-of-use or other perceived benefits of our products over competitive products or other currently-availablecurrently available insulin treatment methodologies;
•perceived risks or uncertainties associated with the use of our products, or components thereof, or of similar products or technologies of our competitors;
•adverse regulatory or legal actions relating to our insulin pump products or similar products or technologies; and
•results of clinical studies relating to our existing products or products under development or similar competitive products.
In addition, even if we are able to convince people with insulin-dependent diabetes, their caregivers or healthcare providers that our products compare favorably to the products and treatment alternatives offered by our competitors, negative perceptions regarding our financial stability relative to that of our competitors could cause consumers to delay the purchase of our products or to purchase competitive products.
Furthermore, the rapid evolution of technology and treatment options within our industry may cause consumers to delay the purchase of our products in anticipation of advancements or breakthroughs, or the perception that advancements or breakthroughs could occur, in our products or the products offered by our competitors. It is also possible that consumers interested in purchasing any of our future products currently under development may delay the purchase of one of our current products.

 We anticipate that customers may delay their purchasing decisions, or physicians may pause prescriptions of our products, as a result of the COVID-19 global pandemic.
If our insulin pump products do not achieve and maintain widespread market acceptance, we may fail to achieve sales consistent with our projections, in which case our business, financial condition and operating results could be materially and adversely affected.
Failure to secure or retain adequate coverage or reimbursement for our current products and our potential future products by third-party payors could adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.*
We have derived nearly all of our revenue from sales of insulin pumps, and related insulin cartridges and infusion sets, and expect to continue to do so in the foreseeable future. A substantial portion of the purchase price of an insulin pump is typically paid for by third-party payors, including private insurance companies, preferred provider organizations and other managed care providers. Future sales of our current and future products will be limited unless our customers can rely on third-party payors to pay for all or part of the associated purchase cost. Access to adequate coverage and reimbursement for our current and future products by third-party payors, both domestically and internationally, is essential to the acceptance of our products by customers.
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As guidelines in setting their coverage and reimbursement policies, many third-party payors in the United States use coverage decisions and payment amounts determined by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), which administers the U.S. Medicare program. Medicare periodically reviews its reimbursement practices for diabetes-related products. Medicare previously implemented a competitive bidding process for blood glucose strip reimbursement, which resulted in a significant reduction in the reimbursement rate for those products. In 2017, Medicare announced,products, and then shortly thereafter suspended, a competitive bidding process for insulin pumps. As a result, there is uncertainty as to the future Medicare reimbursement rate for our products. Effective January 1, 2020, in addition to the existing reimbursement code for insulin pumps, CMS established additional reimbursement codes for insulin pumps with AID and CGM integration and associated supplies. In light of complexities surrounding use and payment of the codes, CMS subsequently determined the new codes will not be valid for Medicare submission at this time. It is also possible that CMS may continue to review and modify the current coverage and reimbursement of diabetes-related products in connection with anticipated changes to the regulatory approval process for insulin pumps and related products, software applications and services. In addition, third-party payors that do not follow the CMS guidelines may adopt different coverage and reimbursement policies for our current and future products. ItFurther, it is possible that some third-party payors will not offer any coverage for our current or future products. For instance, UnitedHealthcare has designatedit is possible that third-party payors may adopt policies in the future that designate one or more of our competitors as their preferred, in-network durable medical equipment provider of insulin pumps for most customers age sevenand that such policies would discourage or above. We expect this decision will prevent a majority of UnitedHealthcareprohibit the payors’ members from purchasing an insulin pump from us for the foreseeable future. It is possible that other third-party payors may adopt similar policies in the future,our products, which would adversely impact our ability to sell our products.
We currently have contracts establishing reimbursement for our insulin pump products with approximately 184a number of national and regional third-party payors in the United States. While we may enter into additional contracts both domestically and internationally with third-party payors and add coverage for future products under our current agreements, we cannot guarantee that we will succeed in doing so or that the reimbursement contracts that we are able to negotiate will enable us to sell our products on a profitable basis. In particular, we have limited experience securing reimbursement in international markets. In addition, existing contracts with third-party payors generally can be modified or terminated by the third-party payor without cause and with little or no notice to us. Moreover, compliance with the administrative procedures or requirements of third-party payors may result in delays in processing approvals by those third-party payors for customers to obtain coverage for our products. Failure to secure or retain adequate coverage or reimbursement for our current and future products by third-party payors, or delays in processing approvals by those payors, could result in the loss of sales, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.
Further, the healthcare industry in the United States is increasingly focused on cost containment as government and private insurers seek to control healthcare costs by imposing lower payment rates and negotiating reduced contract rates with third-party payors. If third-party payors deny coverage or reduce their current levels of payment, or if our production costs increase faster than increases in reimbursement levels, we may be unable to sell our products on a profitable basis.
We may face unexpected challenges in marketing and selling our products, and training new customers on the use of our products, which could harm our ability to achieve our sales forecasts.*
We have limited experience marketing and selling our newer products as well as training new customers on their use, particularly in international markets. In addition, the vast majority of our existing customers are individuals with type 1 diabetes, and we have limited experience marketing and selling our products to customers with type 2 diabetes. We anticipate that selling our products to customers with higher insulin requirements, including customers with type 2 diabetes, may be even more difficult following our decision to discontinue sales of new t:flex pumps in the third quarter of 2018.
We expectIn addition, due to derive nearly allthe current COVID-19 global pandemic, starting in March 2020 we temporarily discontinued in-person activities for our field-based sales and clinical employees and are utilizing technology to remotely engage healthcare providers and customers. While we have authorized limited in-person activities to resume, many restrictions persist that have been imposed by state and local governments, as well as by the health systems and professional organizations with which we interact. The duration of these restrictions on our revenuefield-based employees remains highly uncertain, and it is difficult to predict the extent of any adverse impacts on the demand for our products resulting from the sale of our t:slim X2 insulin pump, and the related insulin cartridges and infusion sets, unless and until we receive regulatory clearance or approval for other products currently under development. As a result, ourthese restrictions.
Our financial condition and operating results are and will continue to be highly dependent on our ability to adequately promote, market and sell our t:slim X2 insulin pump and related products, and the ability of our diabetes educators to train new customers on the use of our products. If our sales and marketing representatives or diabetes educators failcontinue to achievebe restricted in their objectives,ability to interact with healthcare providers and customers, our sales could decrease or may not increase at levels that are in line with our forecasts.
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If we are unable to maintain our existing sales, marketing, clinical and customer service infrastructure, we may fail to increase our sales to meet our forecasts.*
A key element of our business strategy involves our sales, marketing, clinical marketing and customer service personnel driving adoption of our products. We have significantly increased the number of sales, marketing, clinical and customer service personnel employed by us since the initialwe commenced commercial launch of t:slimsales in 2012. However, we have faced considerable challenges in growing and managing these resources, including with respect to recruiting, training and assimilation of new territories and accounts.sales territories. We expect to continue to face significant challenges as we manageseek to further increase the number of our sales, clinical and grow our infrastructurecustomer service personnel in order to optimize the future and work to motivate and retain the individuals who make upcoverage of our existing infrastructure.sales territories, as well as expand the number and scope of our existing sales territories. These challenges may be even greater in connection with our commercial expansion outside of the United States, where we have limited experience. Unexpected turnover among our sales, marketing, clinical and customer service personnel, or unanticipated challenges in recruiting additional personnel, would have a negative impact on our ability to achieve our sales projections. Further, if a sales, marketing or clinical representative was to depart and be retained by one of our competitors, we may fail to prevent him or her from helping competitors solicit business from our existing customers, which could adversely affect our sales. Similarly, if we are not able to recruit and retain a network of diabetes educators and customer service personnel, we may not be able to successfully train and service new customers, which could delay new sales and harm our reputation.
We expect the managementoversight of our sales, marketing, clinical and customer service personnel will continue to place significant burdens on our management team. These burdens may be even higher while we seek to manage and expand a remote workforce during the duration of the COVID-19 global pandemic. If we are unable to retain our personnel in line with our strategic plans, we may not be able to effectively commercialize our existing products or products under development, or enhance the strength of our brand, either of which could result in the failure of our sales to increase in line with our projections or cause sales to decline.
Our sales and marketing efforts are dependent on independent distributors who are free to market products that compete with our products. If we are unable to maintain or expand our network of independent distributors, our sales may be negatively affected.*
For the year ended December 31, 2018,2019, sales to approximately 6455 independent distributors represented approximately 79%76% of our sales. While our goal in the United States is to reduce the percentage of our sales to independent distributors over time as we enter into contracts with additional third-party payors, weWe believe a majority of our sales will continue to be to independent distributors for the foreseeable future, and it is possible that the percentage of our sales to independent distributors could even increase, in the near term, particularly in light of our reliance on independent distributors outside of the United States. For example, our dependence upon independent distributors domestically could increase if third-party payors decide to contract with independent distributors directly in lieu of contracting with us to supply our products to their members directly. Our dependence upon independent distributors could also increase if customers prefer to purchase all of their diabetes supplies through a single source, instead of purchasing pump-related products through us and other diabetes supplies through other suppliers. None of our independent distributors domestically has been required to sell our products exclusively and each of them may freely sell the products of our competitors. Our distributor agreements in the United States generally have one-year initial terms with automatic one-year renewal terms, and are terminable in connection with a party’s material breach. Our distributor agreements outside of the United States generally have longer initial terms and, in addition to being terminable in connection with a party’s material breach, include provisions that allow us to terminate those agreements prior to their ordinary expiration in specified circumstances. If we are unable to maintain or expand our network of independent distributors, our sales may be negatively affected.
For the year ended December 31, 2018,2019, our two largest independent distributors in the United States collectively comprised approximately 35%31% of our worldwide sales, and our ninethree largest independent international distributors collectively comprised approximately 5%60% of our international sales. If any of our key independent distributors were to cease to distribute our products or reduce their promotion of our products as compared to the products of our competitors, our sales could be adversely affected. In that case, we may need to seek alternative independent distributors or increase our reliance on our other independent distributors or our direct sales representatives, which may not prevent our sales from being adversely affected. Additionally, to the extent we enter into additional arrangements with independent distributors to perform sales, marketing or distribution services, or other arrangements pursuant to which independent distributors may purchase product from us, the terms of the arrangements could result in our product margins being lower than if we directly marketed and sold our products.
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If the third parties on which we increasingly rely to assist us with our current and anticipated pre-clinical development or clinical trials do not perform as expected, we may not be able to obtain regulatory clearance or approval or commercialize our products.*
As our clinical infrastructure expands, we expect to increasingly rely on third parties, such as contract research organizations, medical institutions, clinical investigators and contract laboratories to conduct some of our current and anticipated pre-clinical investigations and clinical trials. If we are not able to reach mutually acceptable agreements with these third parties on a timely basis, these third parties do not successfully carry out their commitments or regulatory obligations or meet expected deadlines, or the quality or accuracy of the data they obtain is compromised due to the failure to adhere to agreed-upon clinical protocols or regulatory requirements or for other reasons, our pre-clinical development activities or clinical trials may be extended, delayed, suspended or terminated, and we may not be able to obtain regulatory clearance or approval for, or successfully commercialize, our products on a timely basis, if at all, and our business, operating results and prospects may be adversely affected. In particular, we are relying on data from the U.S. portion of the Clinical Acceptance of the Artificial Pancreas (DCLP3) portion of the IDCL trial, to support our development of t:slim X2 with Control-IQ technology. We may also rely on data from other portions of the larger IDCL trial to support additional regulatory submissions. The IDCL trial is being conducted entirely by third parties over which we have little or no control or influence. In the event that the ongoing aspects of the IDCL trial are not performed on a timely basis, or if the quality or accuracy of the data obtained from the IDCL trial is compromised due to the failure to adhere to clinical protocols or regulatory requirements or for other reasons, our development activities for t:slim X2 with Control-IQ technology may be negatively impacted.
We are increasingly dependent on clinical investigators and clinical sites to enroll patients in our current and anticipated clinical trials, and the failure to successfully complete the clinical trials could prevent us from obtaining regulatory approvals for or commercializing our products.*
As part of our product development efforts, we expect to increasingly rely on clinical investigators and clinical sites to enroll patients in our clinical trials and other third parties to manage such trials and to perform related data collection and analysis. However, we may not be able to control the amount and timing of resources that clinical sites may devote to our clinical trials, especially with respect to the ongoing portions of the IDCL trial that we intend to rely upon for the development of t:slim X2 with Control-IQ technology.trials. If these clinical investigators and clinical sites fail to enroll a sufficient number of patients, fail to ensure compliance by patients with clinical protocols, or fail to comply with regulatory requirements, we may be unable to successfully complete our clinical trials, which could prevent us from obtaining regulatory approvals for our products and commercializing our products, which would have an adverse impact on our business.
If important assumptions about the potential market for our products are inaccurate, or if we have failed to understand what people with insulin-dependent diabetes are seeking in an insulin pump, our business and operating results may be adversely affected.*
Our business strategy was developed based on a number of important assumptions about the diabetes industry in general, and the insulin-dependent diabetes market in particular, any one or more of which may prove to be inaccurate or may change over time. For example, we believe that the benefits of insulin pump therapy as compared to other common insulin treatment alternatives will continue to drive growth in the market for insulin pump therapy. In addition, we believe the incidence of diabetes in the United States and worldwide is increasing. However, each of these assumptions may prove to be inaccurate and limited sources exist to compare treatment alternatives and obtain reliable market data. The actual incidence of diabetes, and the actual demand for our products or competitive products, could differ materially from our projections if our assumptions are incorrect. In addition, our strategy of focusing exclusively on the insulin-dependent diabetes market may limit our ability to increase sales or achieve profitability.
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Another key element of our business strategy is utilizing market research to understand what people with diabetes are seeking to improve in their diabetes therapy management. This strategy underlies our entire product design, marketing and customer support approach and is the basis on which we developed our current products and are pursuing the development of new products. However, our market research is based on interviews, focus groups and online surveys involving people with insulin-dependent diabetes, their caregivers and healthcare providers, thatwhich represent only a small percentage of the overall insulin-dependent diabetes market. As a result, the responses we receivedreceive may not be reflective of the broader market and may not provide us accurate insight into the desires of people with insulin-dependent diabetes. In addition, understanding the meaning and significance of the responses received during oursuch market research responses necessarily requires that analysis be conducted and conclusions be drawn. We may not be able perform an analysis that yields meaningful results, or the conclusions we draw from the analysis could be misleading or incorrect. Moreover, even if our market research has allowed us to better understand the features and functionality consumers are seeking in an insulin pump to improve management of their diabetes therapy, there can be no assurance that consumers will actually purchase our products or that our competitors will not develop products with similar features.
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We expect to face complexities frequently encountered by companies in competitive and rapidly-evolvingrapidly evolving markets, which may make it difficult to evaluate our business and forecast our future sales and operating results.*
We operate in a competitive and rapidly-evolvingrapidly evolving market. Important industry changes, such as the FDA approval and launch of new products by our competitors, and the announcement by Johnson & Johnson that it is discontinuing the operations of Animas and exiting the insulin pump business, as well as changes specific to our business, such as the timing of our launch of new products currently in development and our potential expansion of commercial sales in international markets, combine to make it more difficult for us to predict our future sales and operating results, as well as our expected timeframe to achieve profitability. The significant uncertainty resulting from the COVID-19 global pandemic will make it more difficult for us to accurately forecast our financial results and achieve sustained profitability. In assessing our business prospects, you should consider these factors as well as the various risks and difficulties frequently encountered by companies in competitive and rapidly evolving markets, particularly those companies that manufacture and sell medical devices.
These risks include our ability to:
•implement and execute our business strategy;
•manage and improve the productivity of our sales, marketing, clinical marketing and customer service infrastructure to grow sales of our existing and proposed products, and enhance our ability to provide service and support to our customers;
•achieve and maintain market acceptance of our products and increase awareness of our brand among people with insulin-dependent diabetes, their caregivers and healthcare providers;
•comply with a broad range of regulatory requirements within a highly regulated industry;
•enhance our manufacturing capabilities, increase production of products efficiently while maintaining quality standards, and adapt our manufacturing facilities to the production of new products;
•respond effectively to competitive pressures and developments;
•enhance our existing products and develop proposed products;
•obtain and maintain regulatory clearance or approval to enhance our existing products and commercialize proposed products;
•perform clinical trials with respect to our existing products and proposed products; and
•attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel in various areas of our business.
As a result of these or other risks, we may not be able to execute key components of our business strategy, and our business, financial condition and operating results may suffer.
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The Technology Upgrade Program resulted in accounting complexities that may lead to confusion when comparing our historical and future financial results.
While our Technology Upgrade Program expired on September 30, 2017, it resulted in a number of accounting complexities that will continue to make comparisons of our historical and future financial results more difficult. In particular, during the term of the Technology Upgrade Program, U.S. GAAP prevented us from recognizing, at the time of sale, up to 100% of the sales and cost of sales associated with the sale of our insulin pumps to eligible customers. Instead, depending on the type of pump sold, we were required to defer some or all of the sales and cost of sales until a later date. In light of the expiration of the program, we are no longer subject to these accounting deferrals. However, in evaluating our 2017 financial results through December 31, 2017, as a result of the Technology Upgrade Program we recorded incremental net sales of $5.0 million that were previously deferred, with a corresponding increase of $3.1 million in gross profit. It is possible that we may offer other consumer-directed programs in the future, which may result in similar or additional accounting complexities.
Despite our efforts to explain the required accounting treatment for the Technology Upgrade Program, it is possible that there may be confusion when comparing our historical and future financial results, which may cause investors to avoid investing in our common stock and adversely impact our stock price.
Our ability to achieve profitability will depend, in part, on our ability to reduce the per unitper-unit cost of our products bywhile also increasing production volume and manufacturing efficiency, and by reducing raw material and component costs, labor, product-training, warranty and manufacturing overhead costs per unit.volume.*
We believe our ability to reduce the per unitper-unit cost of our insulin pumps and related products will have a significant impact on our ability to achieve profitability. Our cost of sales includes raw materials and component parts, labor costs, product training expenses, freight, reserves for expected warranty costs, royalties, scrap and charges for excess and obsolete inventories. It also includes manufacturing overhead costs, including expenses relating to quality assurance, inventoriesmanufacturing engineering, material procurement and inventory control, facilities, equipment, information technology and operations supervision and management. Our warranty reserve requires a significant amount of judgment and are primarily estimated based on historical experience. Recently released versions of our pump may not incur warranty costs in a manner similar to previously released pumps and the launch of our mobile app also may result in unanticipated changes in historical trends.
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In response to the COVID-19 global pandemic, we have taken steps to prioritize the health and safety of our employees and customers, while working to maintain a continuous supply of products, training and customer support. For example, we have implemented preventative safety measures for our employees involved in production and fulfillment operations as well as for any field-based employees. For employees in other functions, we have adopted measures designed to help employees remain effective in a work-from-home environment. We have also increased our staffing in certain operations in order to mitigate potential risks associated with increases in unplanned employee absences or illness. Each of these measures has resulted in unanticipated expenses that will negatively impact our gross margin and may adversely impact our ability to achieve profitability. We may also incur additional incremental expenses to help us support our ongoing operations during a period of unpredictable variability in the demand for our products, including throughout the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic.
If we are unable to sustainincrease our production volumes while sustaining or reducereducing our overall cost of sales, including through arrangements such as volume purchase discounts, negotiation of pricing and cost reductions with our suppliers, more efficient training programs for customers, and improved warranty performance or fluctuations in warranty estimates, it will be difficult to reduce our per unitper-unit costs and our ability to achieve profitability will be constrained.
In addition, the per unitper-unit cost of our products is significantly impacted by our overall production volumes, and any factors that prevent our products from achieving market acceptance, cause our production volumes to decline, oralter our product mix, result in our sales growing at a slower rate than we expect, or result in the closure of our manufacturing facilities, would significantly impact our expected per unit costs, which would adversely impact our gross margins. In addition,Further, we may not achieve anticipated improvements in manufacturing productivity following the relocation of our manufacturing operations to our Barnes Canyon facility orefficiency as we undertake other actions to expand our manufacturing capacity. Furthermore, while we currently believe our proprietary technology platform will allow us to efficiently design and develop new products, changes in the market that require us to modify or replace our existing platform will reduce the efficiencies gained through our platform and could increase our per unit costs or prevent those costs from declining. If we are unable to effectively manage our overall costs while increasing our production volumes and lowering our per unitper-unit costs, we may not be able to achieve or sustain profitability, which would have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition and operating results.
Manufacturing risks may adversely affect our ability to manufacture products, which could negatively impact our sales and operating margins.*
Our business strategy depends on our ability to manufacture our current and proposed products in sufficient quantities and on a timely basis so as to meet consumer demand, while adhering to product quality standards, complying with regulatory requirements and managing manufacturing costs. We are subject to numerous risks related to our manufacturing capabilities, including:
•quality or reliability defects in product components that we source from third-party suppliers;
•our inability to secure product components in a timely manner, in sufficient quantities and on commercially reasonable terms;
•difficulty identifying and qualifying alternative suppliers for components in a timely manner;
•implementing and maintaining acceptable quality systems while experiencing rapid growth;
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our failure to increase production of products to meet demand;
•our inability to modify production lines and expand manufacturing facilities to enable us to efficiently produce future products or implement changes in current products in response to consumer demand or regulatory requirements;
•our inability to manufacture multiple products simultaneously while utilizing common manufacturing equipment;
•government-mandated or voluntary closures of our manufacturing facilities; and
•potential damage to or destruction of our manufacturing equipment or manufacturing facilities.
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As demand for our products increases, and as the number of our commercial products expands, we will have to invest additional resources to purchase components, hire and train employees, and enhance our manufacturing processes and quality systems. We may also increase our utilization of external third parties to perform contracted manufacturing services for us, and we willmay need to acquire additional custom designed equipment to support the expansion of our manufacturing capacity. In addition, although we expect some of our products under development to share product features and components with our current products, manufacturing of these products may require modification of our production lines, hiring of specialized employees, identification of new suppliers for specific components, qualifying and implementing additional equipment and procedures, obtaining new regulatory approvals, or developing new manufacturing technologies. Ultimately, it may not be possible for us to manufacture these products at a cost or in quantities sufficient to make these products commercially viable.
In response to the COVID-19 global pandemic, in early 2020 we initiated discussions with our key suppliers regarding their abilities to fulfill existing orders and we have continued to regularly assess their capacity. In the second quarter of 2020, our primary infusion set manufacturer experienced certain inventory constraints which resulted in our having to ask some customers to accept substitutions of similar products to prevent delays in order fulfillment. Additionally, our cartridge inventory was below our targeted stocking levels. We now have pump and infusion set inventory on hand that meets targeted stocking levels and continue to focus on increasing our cartridge inventory level. Currently, we do not anticipate a significant disruption in our ability to manufacture insulin pumps and cartridges, nor do we anticipate our third-party manufacturers will be unable to provide sufficient quantities to meet product demand. If we experience these or similar manufacturing challenges in the future, it could have a negative impact on product sales and harm our reputation.
If we and our suppliers fail to increase our production capacity to meet consumer demand while also maintaining product quality standards, obtaining and maintaining regulatory approvals, and efficiently managing costs, our sales and operating margins could be negatively impacted, which would have an adverse impact on our financial condition and operating results.
We depend on a limited number of third-party suppliers for certain components and products, and the loss of any of these suppliers, or their inability to provide us with an adequate supply of components or products, or our ability to adequately forecast customer demand, could harm our business.*
We currently rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third-party suppliers to supply components of our current products and our potential future products, including our disposable cartridges. For example, we rely on plastic injection molding companies to provide plastic molded components, electronic manufacturing suppliers to provide electronic assemblies, and machining companies to provide machined mechanical components. We also purchase all of our infusion sets and pump accessories from third-party suppliers. For our business strategy to be successful, our suppliers must be able to provide us with components and products in sufficient quantities, in compliance with regulatory requirements and quality control standards, in accordance with agreed-upon specifications, at acceptable costs and on a timely basis. For example, we have implemented a business strategy intended to increase our future sales of infusion sets, and any increase in the sales of our infusion sets could strain the ability of our suppliers to deliver products in a manner that meets our various requirements.
Although we have long-term supply agreements with many of our suppliers, these agreements do not include long-term capacity commitments. Under most of our supply agreements, we make purchases on a purchase order basis and have no obligation to buy any given quantity of components or products until we place written orders, and our suppliers have no obligation to manufacture for us or sell to us any given quantity of components or products until they accept an order. In addition, our suppliers may encounter problems that limit their ability to manufacture components or products for us, including financial difficulties, or damage to their manufacturing equipment or facilities.facilities or problems with their own suppliers. As a result, our ability to purchase adequate quantities of our components or products may be limited. If we fail to obtain sufficient quantities of high-quality components to meet demand on a timely basis, we could lose customer orders, our reputation may be harmed, and our business could suffer. Furthermore, negative perceptions among our suppliers regarding our financial stability, and our ability to sustain our business operations on a long-term basis, may cause one or more of our suppliers to terminate their relationship with us, or claim that our financial condition causes them to demand different payment terms.
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We generally use a small number of suppliers for our components and products.products, some of which are located outside the United States, including in China and Mexico. Depending on a limited number of suppliers exposes us to risks, including limited control over cost,costs such as tariffs, availability, quality and delivery schedules. Moreover, in some cases we do not have long-standing relationships with our manufacturers and may not be able to convince suppliers to continue to make components available to us unless there is demand for such components from their other customers. As a result, there is a risk that certain components could be discontinued and no longer available to us. We have in the past been, and we may in the future be, required to make significant “last time” purchases of component inventories that isare being discontinued by the manufacturer to ensure supply continuity. If any one or more of our suppliers cease to provide us with sufficient quantities of components in a timely manner or on terms acceptable to us, we would have to seek alternative sources of supply. Because of factors such as the proprietary nature of our products, our quality control standards and applicable regulatory requirements, we cannot quickly engage additional or replacement suppliers for some of our critical components. These risks associated with the procurement of critical components from a limited number of suppliers may be increased as a result of the COVID-19 global pandemic. Failure of any of our suppliers to deliver products at the level our business requires could harm our reputation and limit our ability to meet our sales projections, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.business, financial condition and operating results.
We place orders with our suppliers using our forecasts of customer demand, which are based on a number of assumptions and estimates, in advance of purchase commitments from our customers. As a result, we incur inventory and manufacturing costs in advance of anticipated sales, which sales ultimately may not materialize or may be lower than expected. If we overestimate customer demand, we may experience higher inventory carrying costs and increased excess or obsolete inventory, which would negatively impact our results of operations. We expect it will be particularly difficult to accurately forecast demand during the global pandemic.
We may also have difficulty obtaining similar components from other suppliers that are acceptable to the FDA or other regulatory agencies, and the failure of our suppliers to comply with regulatory requirements could expose us to regulatory action including warning letters, product recalls, termination of distribution, product seizures or civil penalties. Such a failure by our suppliers could also require us to cease using the components, seek alternative components or technologies, and modify our products to incorporate alternative components or technologies, which could necessitate additional regulatory approvals. Any disruption of this nature, or any increased expenses associated with any such disruption, could negatively impact our ability to manufacture our products on a timely basis, in sufficient quantities, or at all, which could harm our commercialization efforts and have a material adverse impact on our operating results.
If we cannot reliably manufacture our newproprietary infusion set connector, or if it does not achieve market acceptance, we may not achieve our financial projections.*
In September 2017, we began commercial sales in the United States of products with our customized t:lock connector, which is used to connect our pump cartridge to our infusion set offerings. Our t:lock connector replaced the standard Luer-lokluer-lock connector that historically joined an infusion set to our proprietary disposable insulin cartridges. Concurrently, we began selling infusion sets that are compatible with our t:lock.lock connector. Starting in 2018, we initially offered standard luer-lock cartridges and infusion sets in select international markets, and transitioned to our t:lock connector in international markets during 2019.
We believe the transition periodto the t:lock connector, for our direct customers and distributors in the United States to utilize their inventories on hand before transitioning to t:lockand international markets, is substantially complete. In addition,However, during 2020 there may be limited circumstances where we are initially offering standard Luer-lok cartridges and infusion sets in select international markets, and expect to transition to our t:lock connector in international markets during 2019. Accordingly, we may continue offering both styles of cartridges and infusion sets in international markets to facilitate the transition of customer supplies through 2019, although there may be circumstances that require additional time for some direct customers and distributors to complete the transition. Our supplier of infusion sets must manufacture a variety of lengths and styles of infusion sets with t:lock that match our cartridges. Failure to do so, or to do so at the necessary production volumes, may result in our inability to convert customers to t:lock when anticipated, which would negatively impact our ability to achieve our financial projections.supplies. Due to the variability in purchasing patterns, standard Luer-lokluer-lock inventories may not be consumed at the predicted rates and we may be required to offer both styles of insulin cartridges and infusion sets for a longer period than anticipated or we may be left with excess quantities of standard Luer-lokluer-lock inventories that we cannot sell at standard prices or at all, which would negatively impact our results of operations.
While the t:lock connector was designed based on customer feedback, and all standard Luer-lokluer-lock infusion sets that we currently offerrecently offered are alsonow available with the t:lock connector, it is possible that t:lock may not continue to gain market acceptance by current or potential customers, their caregivers, or healthcare providers. Any negative market response to the t:lock connector may impact a current customer’s decision to purchase a new pump from us at the time of renewal. In addition, potential customers may decide not to purchase our insulin pumps if they do not prefer the t:lock connector or t:lock compatible infusion sets, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and operating results.
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Our business operations areprimarily located in San Diego, California, and any disruption at one of our facilities could adversely affect our business and operating results.*
Substantially all of our current operations are conducted in San Diego, California, including our manufacturing processes, research and developmentR&D activities and management and administrative functions. In addition, the majority of our inventories of component supplies and finished goods is stored at one facilitytwo facilities in San Diego. We also store finished goods at certain third-party warehouses in California and Texas forIn the fulfillmentsecond half of certain customer orders and2019, we intend to commence operations at a new logistics warehouse in San Diego during 2019. More recently, we commenced limited customer and technical support and quality reporting activities in Boise, Idaho. We expect our operations in Boise to expand substantially over the next 12 months. We take precautions to safeguard our facilities, including by acquiring insurance, employing back-up generators, adopting health and safety protocols and utilizing off-site storage of computer data. However, vandalism, terrorism or a natural disaster, such as an earthquake, fire or flood, or other catastrophic event, could damage or destroy our manufacturing equipment or our inventories of component supplies and finished goods, cause substantial delays in our operations, result in the loss of key information, result in reduced sales, and cause us to incur additional expenses. Our insurance coverage may not be sufficient to provide coverage with respect to the damages incurred in any particular case, and our insurance carrier may deny coverage with respect to all or a portion of our claims. Regardless of the level of insurance coverage or other precautions taken, damage to our facilities may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.
We may not experience the anticipated operating efficiencies from the transition of our manufacturing operations to our new facilities.and warehousing operations.*
At the beginning of 2018 we completed the transition of our manufacturing operations to oura facility located on Barnes Canyon facilityRoad in San Diego, and during the fourth quarter of 2019 we intend to commencecommenced operations at a new logistics warehouse in San Diego. We expect that both of these actions will allow for future capacity for product manufacturing and warehousing expansion. However, we may not experience the anticipated operating efficiencies at either facility, orfacility. In addition, beginning in 2020 we may experience efficienciesoutsourced a portion of our cartridge manufacturing demand to a lesser extent than projected.an experienced third-party contract manufacturer. If we fail to achieve the operating efficiencies that we anticipate, our manufacturing and operating costs may be greater than expected, which would have a material adverse impact on our operating results. In addition, we or our contract manufacturers may encounter problems during manufacturing for a variety of reasons, including failure to follow specific protocols and procedures, failure to comply with applicable regulations, equipment malfunction, component part supply constraints and environmental factors, any of which could delay or impede our ability to meet customer demand and have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and operating results. Further, because of the custom nature of our cartridge manufacturing process and product components, and the highly regulated nature of our products overall, in the event of any problems with our contract manufacturer, we may not be able to quickly establish additional or alternative arrangements.
We expect that the management and support of our new facilities and the increase of our manufacturing volumes will place significant burdens on our management team, particularly in areas relating to operations, quality, regulatory, facilities and information technology. We may not be able to effectively manage our ongoing manufacturing operations and we may not achieve the operating efficiencies that we anticipate, either from the new facilities.our own facilities or from our use of contract manufacturing. Further, additional increases in demand for our products may require that we further expand our business operations, which may require that we obtain additional facilities, make additional investments in capital equipment or increase our utilization of external third parties to perform contracted manufacturing services for us.
If we do not enhance our product offerings throughportfolio to meet the demands of our research and development efforts,market, we may fail to effectively compete, which may impede our ability to become profitable.
In order to increase our sales and market share in the insulin-dependent diabetes market, we must enhance and broaden our product offeringsportfolio in response to the evolving demands of people with insulin-dependent diabetes, their caregivers and healthcare providers, as well as competitive pressures and technologies. We may not be successful in developing, obtaining regulatory approval for, or marketing our proposed products when anticipated, or at all. In addition, notwithstanding our market research efforts, our future products may not be accepted by people with insulin-dependent diabetes, their caregivers, healthcare providers or third-party payors. The success of any proposed product offerings will depend on numerous factors, including our ability to:
•identify the product features and functionality that people with insulin-dependent diabetes, their caregivers and healthcare providers are seeking in an insulin pump, and successfully incorporate those features into our products;
•develop and introduce products in sufficient quantities and in a timely manner;
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•offer products at a price that is competitive with other products then available;
•work with third-party payors to obtain reimbursement for our products;
•adequately protect our intellectual property and avoid infringing upon the intellectual property rights of third parties;
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demonstrate the safety and efficacy of proposed products; and
•obtain the necessary regulatory approvals for proposed products.
If we fail to generate demand by continuing to develop products that incorporate features and functionality requested by people with insulin-dependent diabetes, their caregivers or healthcare providers, or if we do not obtain regulatory clearance or approval for proposed products in time to meet market demand, we may be unable to compete and may fail to generate sales sufficient to achieve or maintain profitability. We have in the past experienced, and may in the future experience, delays in various phases of product development and commercialization, including during research and development, manufacturing, limited release testing, marketing and customer education efforts. Any delays in our anticipated regulatory submissions or approvals, or subsequent product launches, may significantly impede our ability to successfully compete in our markets. In particular, such delays could cause customers to delay or forego purchases of our products, or to purchase our competitors’ products. Even if we are able to successfully develop proposed products when anticipated, these products may not produce sales in excess of the costs of development, and they may be quickly rendered obsolete by changing consumer preferences or the introduction by our competitors of products embodying new technologies or features, or alternative methods for the treatment of diabetes.
TheAny concerns regarding the safety and efficacy of our products is not supported by long-term clinical data, which could limit sales and our products could cause unforeseen negative effects.effects to our business prospects and financial results.*
Our t:slim X2 insulin pump received pre-market clearance under Section 510(k) of the U.S. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA). The 510(k) clearance process is shorter and typically requires the submission of less supporting documentation than other FDA approval processes and does not always require long-term clinical studies. t:slim X2 with G5 integration and t:slim X2 with Basal-IQ technology received FDA approval under a Premarket Approval (PMA) application. However, currently there are only limited published studiesStudies to evaluate the safety or effectiveness of our PMA-approved products in a controlled setting.setting are only recently available. As a result, we currently lack the breadth of published long-term clinical data supporting the safety and efficacy of our products and the benefits they offer. For these reasons, people with insulin-dependent diabetes and healthcare providers may not be familiar with our studies and may be slower to adopt or recommend our products, we may not have comparativeproducts. Further, even with data that our competitors have or are generating,from controlled studies third-party payors may not be willing to provide coverage or reimbursement for our products and we may beremain subject to greater regulatory and product liability risks. These and other factors could slow the adoption of our products and result in our sales being lower than anticipated. In addition, future studies or clinical experience may indicate that treatment with our products is not superior to treatment with competitive products. Such results could slow the adoption of our products and significantly reduce our sales, which could prevent us from achieving our forecasted sales targets or achieving or sustaining profitability.
If the results of clinical studies or other experience, such as our monitoring or investigation of customer complaints, indicate that our products may cause or create an unacceptable risk of unexpected or serious complications or other unforeseen negative effects, we could be required to inform our customers of these risks or complications or, in more serious circumstances, we could be subject to mandatory product recalls, suspension or withdrawal of FDA clearance or approval, which could result in significant legal liability, harm to our reputation, and a decline in our product sales.
Any alleged illness or injury associated with any of our products or product recalls may negatively impact our financial results and business prospects depending on a number of factors, including the scope and seriousness of the problem, degree of publicity, reaction of our customers and healthcare professionals, competitive response, and consumer perceptions generally. Even if such an allegation or product liability claim lacks merit, cannot be substantiated, is unsuccessful or is not fully pursued, the negative publicity surrounding any assertion that our products caused illness, injury or death could adversely affect our reputation with customers, healthcare professionals, third-party payors, and existing and potential collaborators, and could adversely affect our operating results and cause a decline in our stock price. Furthermore, general concerns regarding the perceived safety or reliability of any of our products, or any component thereof, may have a similar adverse effect on us and our stock price.us.
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We may enter into collaborations, licensing arrangements, joint ventures, strategic alliances or partnerships with third parties that may not result in the development of commercially viable products or the generation of significant future revenues.*
In the ordinary course of our business, we may enter into collaborations, licensing arrangements, joint ventures, strategic alliances or partnerships to develop proposed products or technologies, pursue new markets, or protect our intellectual property assets. We may also elect to amend or modify similar agreements that we already have in place. Proposing, negotiating and implementing collaborations, licensing arrangements, joint ventures, strategic alliances or partnerships may be a lengthy and complex process, and may subject us to business risks. For example, other companies, including those with substantially greater financial, marketing, sales, technology or other business resources, may compete with us for these opportunities, or may be the counter-partycounterparty in any such arrangements. We may not be able to identify or complete any such collaboration in a timely manner, on a cost-effective basis, on acceptable terms or at all. In addition, we may not realize the anticipated benefits of any such collaborations that we do identify and complete. In particular, these collaborations may not result in the development of products or technologies that achieve commercial success or result in positive financial results, or may otherwise fail to have the intended impact on our business.
Additionally, we may not be in a position to exercise sole decision-making authority regarding the transactiona collaboration, licensing or other similar arrangement, which could create the potential risk of creating impasses on decisions,decisions. Further, our collaborators and our collaboratorsbusiness partners may have economic or business interests or goals that are, or that may become, inconsistent with our business interests or goals. It is possible that conflicts may arise with our collaborators and other business partners, such as conflicts concerning the achievement of performance milestones, or the interpretation of significant terms under any agreement, such as those related to financial obligations, termination rights or the ownership or control or other licenses of intellectual property developed during the collaboration.rights. If any conflicts arise with our current or future collaborators, they may act in their self-interest, which may be adverse to our best interest, and they may breach their obligations to us. In addition, we have limited control over the amount and timing of resources that our current collaborators, such as Dexcom and TypeZero, or any future collaborators devote to our arrangement with them or our future products. Disputes between us and our current, future or potential collaborators may result in litigation or arbitration which would increase our expenses and divert the attention of our management. Further, these transactions and arrangements are contractual in nature and may be terminated or dissolved under the terms of the applicable agreements and, in such event, we may not continue to have rights to the products relating to such transaction or arrangement or may need to purchase such rights at a premium.
For example, we have entered into multiple development agreements with Dexcom, which provide us non-exclusive licenses to integrate various currently available generations of Dexcom CGM technology with our insulin pump products. Our agreements with Dexcom related to G5 and G6 CGM currently run until June 20202021 with automatic one-year renewals unless a party provides prior notice to the contrary. Under certain circumstances, these agreements may be terminated by either party without cause or on short notice. Our current agreements with Dexcom do not grant us rights to integrate future generations of Dexcom CGM technology with any of our current or future products. Termination of any of our agreements with Dexcom would require us to redesign certain current products and products under development, and attempt to integrate an alternative CGM system into our insulin pump systems, which would require significant development and regulatory activities that could result in an interruption or substantial delay in the availability of the product to our customers. The termination of our existing commercial agreements with Dexcom would disrupt our ability to commercialize our existing products and our development of future products, which could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations, negatively impact our ability to compete and cause our stock price to decline.
We operate our business in regions subject to natural disasters and other catastrophic events, and any disruption to our business resulting from natural disasters will adversely affect our revenue and results of operations.*
We operate our business in regions subject to natural disasters, including earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, fires and other catastrophic events. For example, a portion of our administrative officesoffice facilities located in San Diego are in an area that is prone to flooding, which has occasionally temporarily disrupted our business operations. Any natural disaster could adversely affect our ability to conduct business and provide products and services to our customers, and the insurance we maintain may not be adequate to cover our losses resulting from any business interruption resulting from a natural disaster or other catastrophic events. Any future disruptions to our operations could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations in future periods.
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A security breach or other significant disruption to our information technology systems, or failures of our pumps’ software to perform as we anticipate, could materially disrupt our operations or result in the loss, theft, misuse, unauthorized disclosure, or unauthorized access ofto sensitive company information or confidential or personal information relating to our customers, suppliers, employees or employees,other individuals, which could damage our relationships, expose us to litigation or regulatory proceedings, or harm our reputation, any of which could have an adverse and material effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.*
The efficient operation of our business depends on our information technology systems.and communication systems, as well as those of our third-party business partners. We rely on our information technologysuch systems to effectively managestore, process and transit proprietary sales and marketing data, accounting and financial functions, manufacturing and quality records, inventory management, product development tasks, research and development data, customer service and technical support functions. Our information technology systems, including those that support our t:connect uploader software and cloud-based web application, our current and future mobile applications, as well as those involved in the operation of our Tandem Device Updater, are vulnerable to damage or interruption from a number of causes, including earthquakes, fires, floods and other natural disasters, terrorist attacks, attacks by computer viruses or hackers, malware, ransomware or other destructive software, cyber-attacks, power losses, and computer system or data network failures. Should any of those risks occur, it could adversely impact the availability, confidentiality and integrity of information assets contained in those systems.
Our business also involves the storage and transmission of a substantial amount of confidential, personal, or other sensitive information, including personal health information and other personal information relating to our customers, the personal information of our employees and other individuals, and our proprietary, financial, operational or strategic information. Should any of the foregoing risks occur, it could also result in the loss, theft, misuse, unauthorized disclosure, or unauthorized access of such sensitive information, which could lead to significant reputational or competitive harm, litigation involving us or our business partners, regulatory proceedings, or substantial liabilities, fines, penalties or expenses. As a result, we strive to maintain and regularly update reasonable security measures, and to respond quickly and effectively if and when data security incidents do occur. Like many businesses, we are subject to numerous data privacy and security risks, including cyberattacksthreats arising from computer viruses or hackers, cyber-attacks and ransom-ware attacks. The continuously evolving natureransomware attacks, as well as the risk that one or more of those risksour employees may prevent us from protecting allfail to comply, whether knowingly or accidentally, with established security measures, or with internal policies relating to use, storage or transmission of this information despiteconfidential or sensitive information. We are unable to predict the direct or indirect impact of any such incidents to our efforts to do so. Manybusiness. Further, many of our service providers are subject to similar risks. Whether or not our security measures and those of our service providers are ultimately successful, our expenditures on those measures could have an adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations, and divert management’s attention from pursuing our strategic objectives.
In addition to the risks regarding information technology systems and processing of sensitive information, our currently-marketed insulin pumps and ourother products currently under development includerely on software that could contain unanticipated vulnerabilities, which could make our products subject to computer viruses, cyberattacks,cyber-attacks, or failures. These risks significantly increased after July 2016, when we received FDA clearance of our Tandem Device Updater, which enables customers to remotely update software on their insulin pumps.pumps and may be higher following the launch of our new mobile application in the second half of 2020. We may also face new risks relating to our information technology systems as we continue to commercialize our products outside of the United States and are subject to additional regulations relating to the use and protection of personal information and as we launch new mobile applications or new features to our existing applications.
The failure of our or our service providers’ information technology systems or our pumps’ software or other mobile applications to perform as we anticipate, or our failure to effectively implement new information technology systems and privacy policies and controls, could disrupt our entire operation or adversely affect our software products. For example, we market our Tandem Device Updater as having the unique capability to deploy software updates to our pumps, which may allow customers remote access to new and enhanced features. The failure of our Tandem Device Updater to provide software updates as we anticipate, including as a result of our inability to secure and maintain necessary regulatory approvals, the inability of our pumps to properly receive software updates, errors or viruses embedded within the software being transmitted, or the failure of our customers to properly utilize the system to complete the update, could result in decreased sales, increased warranty costs, and harm to our reputation, allany of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.
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We experienced a breach of our information technology systems in January 2020.*
On January 17, 2020, we learned that an unauthorized person gained access to an employee’s email account through a cyber-attack commonly known as “phishing.” We investigated the incident, and learned that a limited number of our employee email accounts may have been accessed by an unauthorized user in a similar manner between January 17, 2020 and January 20, 2020. Our continued investigation indicated that customer information, as well as proprietary Company information, may have been contained in one or more of the employee email accounts affected by the incident. Our investigation has not determined whether an unauthorized person viewed any such information. As a result of this incident, we were named a defendant in three California state court putative class action lawsuits. The three cases were recently combined into a single class action lawsuit entitled Joseph Deluna et al v. Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc., which is pending in the Superior Court of the State of California in the County of San Bernardino.
The risks posed by this lawsuit and any future related matters include civil monetary damages, attorney fees and costs, other legal penalties, reputational damage, loss of goodwill, and competitive harm.
If we are found to have violated laws concerning the privacy and security of patient health information or other personal information, we could be subject to civil or criminal penalties, which could increase our liabilities and harm our reputation or our business.*
There are a number of domestic and international laws protecting the privacy and security of personal information. These laws include the U.S. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) and related regulations, U.S. state laws, Canada’s Personal Information and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA) or the applicable provincial alternatives, the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), EU member states directives, or similar applicable laws. These laws place limits on how we may collect, use, share and store medical information and other personal information, and they impose obligations to protect that information against unauthorized access, use, loss, and disclosure. The putative class action lawsuits described above allege violations of some of these laws.
If we, or any of our service providers who have access to the personal data for which we are responsible, are found to be in violation of the privacy or security requirements of HIPAA, PIPEDA, GDPR, or applicable U.S. state and Canadian provincial laws, we could be subject to civil or criminal penalties, which could increase our liabilities, harm our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results. Although we utilize a variety of measures to secure the data that we control, even compliant entities can experience security breaches or have inadvertent failures despite employing reasonable practices and safeguards.
We may also face new risks relating to data privacy and security as the United States, individual U.S. states or Canadian provinces, E.U. member states, and other international jurisdictions adopt or implement new data privacy and security laws and regulations as we continue to commercialize our products worldwide. For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act, which took effect on January 1, 2020, may impose additional requirements on us and increase our regulatory and litigation risk. As we continue to expand, our business will need to adapt to meet these and other similar legal requirements.
We depend on the knowledge and skills of our senior management and other key employees, and if we are unable to retain and motivate them or recruit additional qualified personnel, our business may suffer.
We have benefited substantially from the leadership and performance of our senior management, as well as certain key employees. For example, key members of our management have experience successfully scaling an early stage medical device company to achieve profitability. Our success will depend on our ability to retain our current management and key employees, and to attract and retain qualified personnel in the future. Competition for senior management and key employees in our industry is intense and we cannot guarantee that we will be able to retain our personnel or attract new, qualified personnel. The loss of the services of certain members of our senior management or key employees could prevent or delay the implementation and completion of our strategic objectives, or divert management’s attention to seeking qualified replacements. Each member of senior management, as well as our key employees may terminate employment without notice and without cause or good reason. The members of our senior management are not subject to non-competition agreements. Accordingly, the adverse effect resulting from the loss of certain members of senior management could be compounded by our inability to prevent them from competing with us.
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We depend upon key employees in a competitive market, and if we are unable to provide meaningful equity incentives to retain key personnel, it could adversely affect our ability to execute our business strategy.*
We are highly dependent upon the members of our management team, as well as other key employees. Many of these individuals have been employed by us for many years, have played integral roles in the growth of our business, and will continue to provide value to us. In our industry, it is common to attract and retain executive talent and other employees with compensation packages that include a significant equity component. We have issued, and may continue to issue, additional equity incentives that we believe will enhance our ability to retain our current key employees and attract the necessary additional executive talent. It may be more difficult to continue to incentivize employees during a period of rapid growth in our overall headcount while limiting the utilization of the share reserve under our current stock incentive plans. However, even if we issue significant additional equity incentives, there can be no assurance that we will be able to attract and retain key executive talent. A loss of any of our key personnel, or our inability to hire new personnel, may have a material adverse effect on our ability to execute our business strategy.
If we are found to have violated laws concerning the privacy and securityWe began commercialization of patient health information or other personal information, we could be subject to civil or criminal penalties, which could increase our liabilities and harm our reputation or our business.*
There are a number of domestic and international laws protecting the privacy and security of personal information, including the U.S. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) and related regulations, Canada’s Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA), and the E.U. General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), or similar applicable laws. These laws place limits on how we may collect, use, share and store medical information and other personal information, and they impose obligations to protect that information against unauthorized access, use, loss, and disclosure.
If we, or any of our service providers who have access to the personal data for which we are responsible, are found to be in violation of the privacy or security requirements of HIPAA, PIPEDA, or GDPR, we could be subject to civil or criminal penalties, which could increase our liabilities, harm our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results. We believe we are in substantial compliance with applicable laws, however, even compliant entities can experience security breaches or have inadvertent failures despite employing reasonable practices and safeguards.
We may also face new risks relating to data privacy and security as the United States, individual U.S. states, E.U. member states, and other international jurisdictions adopt or implement new data privacy and security laws and regulations as we continue to commercialize our products worldwide. For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act, scheduled to take effect on January 1, 2020, may impose additional requirements on us and increase our regulatory and litigation risk. As we continue to expand, our business will need to adapt to meet these and other similar legal requirements.
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We are seeking approval to commercialize our products outside of the United States, which may result in a variety of risks associated with international operations that could materially adversely affect our business.*
During 2018, we began commercialization of the t:slim X2 insulin pump in select geographies outside of the United States. We have limited experience commercializing our products outside of the United States and expect that we will be subject to additional risks related to international business markets, including:
•different regulatory requirements for product approvals in foreign countries;
•differing U.S. and foreign medical device import and export rules;
•more restrictive privacy laws relating to personal information of end usersend-users and employees, including GDPR;
•reduced protection for our intellectual property rights in foreign countries;
•unexpected changes in tariffs, trade barriers and regulatory requirements;
•different reimbursement systems;
•economic weakness, including inflation, or political instability in particular foreign economies and markets;
•compliance with tax, employment, immigration and labor laws for employees living or traveling abroad or with U.S. regulations that would apply to activities in such foreign jurisdictions, such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act;
•foreign taxes, including withholding of payroll taxes;
•foreign currency fluctuations, which could result in increased operating expenses and reduced revenues, and other obligations incident to doing business in another country; and
•business interruptions resulting from geopolitical actions, including war and terrorism, natural disasters, or natural disasters.incidence of disease, including as a result of the COVID-19 global pandemic.
In addition, entry into international markets may require significant financial resources, impose additional demands on our manufacturing, quality, regulatory, customer support and other general and administrative personnel, and could divert management’s attention from managing our core business. We have limited experience with regulatory environments and market practices internationally, and we may not be able to penetrate or successfully operate in new markets. Accordingly, if we are unable to expand internationally, manage the complexity of our global operations successfully or if we incur unanticipated expenses, we may not achieve the expected benefits of this expansion and our financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely impacted.
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We may seek to grow our business through acquisitions of complementary products or technologies, and the failure to successfully manage acquisitions, or the failure to integrate them with our existing business, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.*
From time to time, we may consider opportunities to acquire other products or technologies that may enhance our product platform or technology, expand the breadth of our markets or customer base, or advance our business strategies. Potential and completed acquisitions both involve numerous risks, including:
•problems assimilating the acquired products or technologies;
•issues maintaining uniform standards, procedures, controls and policies;
•unanticipated costs associated with acquisitions;
•diversion of management’s attention from our existing business;
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risks associated with entering new markets in which we have limited or no experience; and
•increased legal and accounting costs relating to the acquisitions or to compliancecomply with regulatory requirements or other compliance matters.
We have no current commitmentsmay experience one more or of those risks in connection with respect to any acquisition.our recent acquisition of Sugarmate. We do not know if we will be able to identify future acquisitions we deem suitable, whether we will be able to successfully complete any such acquisitions on favorable terms or at all, or whether we will be able to successfully integrate any acquired products or technologies into our business. Our potential inability to integrate any acquired products or technologies effectively may adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.
Risks Related to ourOur Financial Results and Need for Financing
We may need or otherwise determine to raise additional funds in the future and if we are unable to raise additional funds when necessary or desirable, we may not be able to achieve our strategic objectives.*
At September 30, 2019,2020, we had $156.9$464.5 million in cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments. Our management expects the continued growth of our business, including the expansion of our customer service infrastructure to support our growing base of customers, our plans to expand commercial sales of our products outside of the United States, the growth of our manufacturing and warehousing operations, increase the size of our facility footprint due to increasing headcount and additional research and developmentR&D activities, will continue to increase our expenses. In addition, the amount of our future product sales is difficult to predict and actual sales may not be in line with our forecasts. Accordingly, our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:
•the revenue generated by sales of our insulin pump products, and the related insulin cartridges and infusion sets, and any other future products that we may develop and commercialize;
•the gross profits and gross margin we realize from the sales we generate;
•the costs associated with maintaining and expanding an appropriate sales, marketing, clinical and marketingcustomer service infrastructure;
•the expenses we incur or other capital expenditures we make to maintain or enhance our manufacturing operations, including leasing additional property, hiring additional personnel, purchasing additional manufacturing equipment and other measures taken to add manufacturing capacity;
•the expenses associated with developing and commercializing our proposed products or technologies;
•the costs associated with maintaining and expanding our customer service infrastructure;
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•the cost of obtaining and maintaining regulatory clearance or approval for our products and our manufacturing facilities;
•the cost of ongoing compliance with legal and regulatory requirements;
•the expenses we incur in connection with potential litigation or governmental investigations;
•expenses we may incur or other financial commitments we may make in connection with current and potential new business or commercial collaborations, development agreements or licensing arrangements;
•anticipated or unanticipated capital expenditures; and
•unanticipated general and administrative expenses.expenses; and
Table•impacts and disruptions resulting from geopolitical actions, including war and terrorism, natural disasters, or incidence of contentsdisease, including as a result of the impacts from the COVID-19 global pandemic.

As a result of these and other factors we may in the future seek additional capital from public or private offerings of our equity or debt securities, or from other sources. If we issue equity or debt securities to raise additional funds, our existing stockholders may experience dilution, we may incur significant financing or debt service costs, and the new equity or debt securities may have rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of our existing stockholders. In addition, if we raise additional funds through collaborations, licensing, joint ventures, strategic alliances, partnership arrangements or other similar arrangements, it may be necessary to relinquish valuable rights to our potential future products or proprietary technologies, or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us.
If we are unable to raise additional capital when necessary, we may not be able to maintain our existing sales, marketing, clinical and customer service infrastructure, enhance our current products or develop new products, take advantage of future opportunities, respond to competitive pressures, changes in supplier relationships, or unanticipated changes in customer demand. Any of these events could adversely affect our ability to achieve our strategic objectives, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.
Our operating results may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter.*
There has been and may continue to be meaningful variability in our operating results from quarter to quarter, as well as within each quarter, especially around the time of anticipated new product launches or regulatory approvals by us or our competitors, and as a result of the commercial launch of our productproducts in geographies outside of the United States. Our operating results, and the variability of these operating results, will be affected by numerous factors, including:
•our ability to increase sales and gross profit from our insulin pump products, including the related insulin cartridges and infusion sets, and to commercialize and sell our future products;
•the number and mix of our products sold in each quarter;
•acceptance of our products by people with insulin-dependent diabetes, their caregivers, healthcare providers and third-party payors;
•the pricing of our products and competitive products, including the use of discounts, rebates or other financial incentives by us or our competitors;
•the effect of third-party coverage and reimbursement policies;
•our ability to maintain our existing infrastructure;
•the amount of, and the timing of the payment for, insurance deductibles required to be paid by our customers and potential customers under their existing insurance plans;
•interruption in the manufacturing or distribution of our products;
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•our ability to simultaneously manufacture multiple products that meet quality, reliability and regulatory requirements;
•seasonality and other factors affecting the timing of purchases of our products;
•timing of new product offerings, acquisitions, licenses or other significant events by us or our competitors;
•results of clinical research and trials on our existing and future products;
•the ability of our suppliers to timely provide us with an adequate supply of components that meet our requirements for product quality and reliability;
•regulatory clearance or approvals affecting our products or those of our competitors; and
•the timing of revenue and expense recognition associated with our product sales pursuant to applicable accounting standards.
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these factors may be negatively impacted by the COVID-19 global pandemic, which could have the effect of causing greater fluctuations in our operating results in future periods.
In addition, we expect our operating expenses will continue to increase as we expand our business, which may exacerbate the quarterly fluctuations in our operating results. If our quarterly or annual operating results fall below the expectation of investors or securities analysts, the price of our common stock could decline substantially. Further, any quarterly or annual fluctuations in our operating results may, in turn, cause the price of our common stock to fluctuate substantially, and these price fluctuations could result in further pressure on our stock price. We believe quarterly comparisons of our financial results are not necessarily meaningful and should not be relied upon as an indication of our future performance.
Risks Related to ourOur Intellectual Property and Potential Litigation
Our ability to protect our intellectual property and proprietary technology is uncertain.*
We rely primarily on patent, trademark and trade secret laws, as well as confidentiality and non-disclosure agreements, to protect our proprietary technologies. As of September 30, 2019,2020, our patent portfolio consisted of approximately 7699 issued U.S. patents and 7972 pending U.S. patent applications. Of these, our issued U.S. patents expire between approximately 2021 and 2036.2038. We are also have and are seeking patent protection for our proprietary technologies in other countries throughout the world. In addition, we also have 1143 trademark registrations, including 19 U.S. trademark registrations and 1524 foreign trademark registrations.
We have applied for patent protection relating to certain existing and proposed products and processes. If we fail to file a patent application timely in any jurisdiction, we may be precluded from doing so at a later date. Further, we cannot assure you that any of our patent applications will be approved in a timely manner or at all. The rights granted to us under our patents, and the rights we are seeking to have granted in our pending patent applications, may not be meaningful or provide us with any commercial advantage. In addition, those rights could be opposed, contested or circumvented by our competitors, or be declared invalid or unenforceable in judicial or administrative proceedings. The failure of our patents to adequately protect our technology might make it easier for our competitors to offer the same or similar products or technologies. Even if we are successful in receiving patent protection for certain products and processes, our competitors may be able to design around our patents or develop products that provide outcomes which are comparable to ours without infringing on our intellectual property rights. Due to differences between foreign and U.S. patent laws, our patented intellectual property rights may not receive the same degree of protection in foreign countries as they would in the United States. Even if patents are granted outside of the United States, effective enforcement in those countries may not be available.
We rely on our trademarks and trade names to distinguish our products from the products of our competitors, and have registered or applied to register many of these trademarks. We cannot assure you that our current or future trademark applications will be approved in a timely manner or at all. From time to time, third parties oppose our trademark applications, or otherwise challenge our use of the trademarks. In the event that our trademarks are successfully challenged, we could be forced to rebrand our products, which could result in loss of brand recognition, and could require us to devote additional resources to marketing new brands. Further, we cannot assure you that competitors will not infringe upon our trademarks, or that we will have adequate resources to enforce our trademarks.
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We have entered into confidentiality agreements and intellectual property assignment agreements with our officers, employees, temporary employees and consultants regarding our intellectual property and proprietary technology. We also enter into confidentiality agreements with potential collaborators and other potential counter-parties,counterparties, and the terms of our collaboration agreements typically contain provisions governing the ownership and control of intellectual property. In the event of unauthorized use or disclosure or other breaches of those agreements, we may not be provided with meaningful protection for our trade secrets or other proprietary information.
If a competitor infringes upon one of our patents, trademarks or other intellectual property rights, enforcing those patents, trademarks and other rights may be difficult, expensive and time consuming. Patent law relating to the scope of claims in the industry in which we operate is subject to rapid change and constant evolution and, consequently, patent positions in our industry can be uncertain. Even if successful, litigation to defend our patents and trademarks against challenges or to enforce our intellectual property rights could divert management’s attention from managing our business. Moreover, we may not have sufficient resources or incentive to defend our patents or trademarks against challenges or to enforce our intellectual property rights. Litigation also puts our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing. Additionally, pursuing litigation may provoke third parties to assert counterclaims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially valuable. The occurrence of any of these events may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.
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The medical device industry is characterized by patent litigation, and from time to time, we may be subject to litigation that could be costly, result in the diversion of management’s time and efforts, or require us to pay damages.
Our success will depend in part on not infringing the patents or violating the other proprietary rights of third parties. Significant litigation regarding patent rights exists in our industry. Our competitors in both the United States and abroad, many of which have substantially greater resources and have made substantial investments in competing technologies, may have applied for or obtained or may in the future apply for and obtain, patents that will prevent, limit or otherwise interfere with our ability to make and sell our products. The large number of patents, the rapid rate of new patent issuances, and the complexities of the technology involved increase the risk of patent litigation.
From time to time, we may receive communications from third parties alleging our infringement of their intellectual property rights or offering a license to intellectual property that is alleged to relate to products that we are currently developing. Any intellectual property-related discussions, disputes or litigation could force us to do one or more of the following:
•stop selling our products or using technology that contains the allegedly infringing intellectual property;
•prevent or limit our ability to sell a product that we are currently developing;
•incur significant legal expenses;
•pay substantial damages to the party whose intellectual property rights we are allegedly infringing;
•redesign those products that contain the allegedly infringing intellectual property; or
•attempt to obtain a license to the relevant intellectual property from third parties, which may not be available on reasonable terms or at all.
We do not currently maintain insurance to cover the expense or any liability that may arise from an intellectual property dispute with a third party. Any litigation or claim against us, even those without merit, or even preparing for a potential dispute or litigation before it arises, may cause us to incur substantial costs, and could place a significant strain on our financial resources and divert the attention of management from our core business. Any litigation or claim against us may also harm our reputation. Further, as we launch new products and increase our sales, and the number of participants in the diabetes market increases, we believe the possibility of our involvement in intellectual property disputes will increase.
We may be subject to damages resulting from claims that we, or our employees, have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of our competitors or are in breach of non-competition or non-solicitation agreements with our competitors.
Many of our employees were previously employed at other medical device companies, including those that are our direct competitors or could potentially become our direct competitors. In some cases, those employees joined our company recently. We may be subject to claims that we, or our employees, have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed trade secrets
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or other proprietary information of these former employers or competitors. In addition, we have been and may in the future be subject to allegations that we caused an employee to breach the terms of his or her non-competition or non-solicitation agreement. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. Even if we successfully defend against these claims, litigation could cause us to incur substantial costs, and could place a significant strain on our financial resources, divert the attention of management from our core business and harm our reputation. If our defense to those claims fails, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. We cannot guarantee that this type of litigation will not continue, and any future litigation or the threat thereof may adversely affect our ability to hire additional direct sales representatives. A loss of key personnel or their work product could hamper or prevent our ability to commercialize proposed products, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.
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We may incur product liability losses, and insurance coverage may be inadequate or unavailable to cover these losses.
Our business exposes us to potential product liability claims that are inherent in the design, manufacture, testing and sale of medical devices. We are subject to product liability lawsuits alleging that component failures, manufacturing flaws, design defects or inadequate disclosure of product-related risks or product-related information resulted in an unsafe condition, injury or death to customers. The risk of one or more product liability claims or lawsuits may be even greater after we launch new products with new features or enter new markets where we have no prior experience selling our products and rely on newly-hired staff or new independent distributors or contractors to provide new customer training and customer support. In addition, the misuse of our products or the failure of customers to adhere to operating guidelines could cause significant harm to customers, including death, which could result in product liability claims. We may also identify deficiencies in our products that we determine are immaterial and do not pose safety risks, and therefore decide not to initiate a voluntary recall. However, any such deficiency may be more significant than we expect and lead to product liability claims. Product liability lawsuits and claims, safety alerts or product recalls, with or without merit, could cause us to incur substantial costs, and could place a significant strain on our financial resources, divert the attention of management from our core business, harm our reputation and adversely affect our ability to attract and retain customers, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.
Although we maintain third-party product liability insurance coverage, it is possible that claims against us may exceed the coverage limits of our insurance policies. Even if any product liability loss is covered by an insurance policy, these policies typically have substantial deductibles for which we are responsible. In addition, we expect the cost of our product liability insurance will increase as our product sales increase and we may also increase the amount of our deductibles over time. Product liability claims in excess of applicable insurance coverage could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results. In addition, any product liability claim brought against us, with or without merit, could result in further increases of our product liability insurance premiums. Insurance coverage varies in cost and can be difficult to obtain, and we cannot guarantee that we will be able to obtain insurance coverage in the future on terms acceptable to us or at all. Our inability to obtain sufficient insurance coverage to protect again potential product liability claims could prevent or limit our commercialization of current products or products currently under development.
Risks Related to ourOur Legal and Regulatory Environment
Our products and operations are subject to extensive governmental regulation, and failure to comply with applicable requirements could cause our business to suffer.*
The medical device industry is regulated extensively by governmental authorities, principally the FDA and corresponding state regulatory agencies. The regulations are very complex and are subject to rapid change and varying interpretations. Regulatory restrictions or changes could limit our ability to carry on or expand our operations or result in higher than anticipated costs or lower than anticipated sales. The FDA and other U.S. governmental agencies regulate numerous elements of our business, including:
•product design and development;
•pre-clinical and clinical testing and trials;
•product safety;
•establishment registration and product listing;
•labeling and storage;
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•marketing, manufacturing, sales and distribution;
•pre-market clearance or approval;
•servicing and post-market surveillance;
•advertising and promotion; and
•recalls and field safety corrective actions.
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Before we can market or sell a new regulated product or a significant modification to an existing product in the United States, we must obtain either clearance under Section 510(k) of the FDCA or approval of a PMApre-market approval (PMA) application from the FDA, unless an exemption from pre-market review applies. In the 510(k) clearance process, the FDA must determine that a proposed device is “substantially equivalent” to a device legally on the market, known as a “predicate” device, with respect to intended use, technology and safety and effectiveness, in order to clear the proposed device for marketing. Clinical data is sometimes required to support substantial equivalence. The PMA pathway requires an applicant to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of the device based on extensive data. The PMA process is typically required for devices that are deemed to pose the greatest risk, such as life-sustaining, life-supporting or implantable devices. We received approval of our PMA for t:slim G4 in September 2015 and of our PMA supplement for the t:slim X2 with G5 integration in August 2017. More recently, in June 2018, we received approval of our PMA for the t:slim X2 with Basal-IQ technology. Products that are approved through a PMA application generally need FDA approval before they can be modified. Similarly, some modifications made to products cleared through the 510(k) clearance process may require a new 510(k) submission. The process of obtaining regulatory clearances or approvals to market a medical device can be costly and time-consuming, and we may not be able to obtain these clearances or approvals on a timely basis or at all for our proposed products.
We may pursue 510(k) clearance for additional products or product modifications in the future. If the FDA requires us to go through a more rigorous examination for future products or modifications to existing products than we had expected, our product introductions or modifications could be delayed or canceled, which could cause our sales to decline or to not increase in line with our forecasts. We anticipate that certain of our products currently under development will require the more costly, lengthy and uncertain PMA approval process.
The FDA can delay, limit or deny clearance or approval of one of our devices for many reasons, including:
•our inability to demonstrate that our products are safe and effective for their intended users;
•the data from our clinical trials may be insufficient to support clearance or approval; and
•failure of the manufacturing process or facilities we use to meet applicable requirements.
In addition, the FDA may change its clearance and approval policies, adopt additional regulations or revise existing regulations, or take other actions which may prevent or delay approval or clearance of our products under development or impact our ability to modify our currently cleared or approved products on a timely basis. For example, based on feedback from More recently, the FDA in February 2019, we received approval of a de novo 510(k) applicationhas stated that the review process for new submissions may take longer than normal due to down-classify the t:slim X2 to a Class II device, under the new insulin pump classification referred to as ACE pumps, and in the third quarter of 2019, we separately filed for FDA clearance of our implementationimpact of the Control-IQ technology. Ultimately, the FDA may not support our new regulatory filing strategy.COVID-19 global pandemic.
Any delay in, or failure to receive or maintain, clearance or approval for our products under development could prevent us from generating revenue from these products or achieving profitability. Moreover, customers may defer purchasing our existing products in anticipation of a new product launch. Additionally, the FDA and other regulatory authorities have broad enforcement powers. Regulatory enforcement or inquiries, or other increased scrutiny on us, could dissuade some customers from using our products and adversely affect our reputation and the perceived safety and efficacy of our products.
Failure to comply with applicable regulations could jeopardize our ability to sell our products and result in enforcement actions such as fines, civil penalties, injunctions, warning letters, recalls of products, delays in the introduction of products into the market, refusal of the FDA or other regulators to grant future clearances or approvals, delays by the FDA or other regulators in granting clearances or approvals, and the suspension or withdrawal of existing approvals by the FDA or other regulators. Any of these sanctions could result in higher than anticipated costs, lower than anticipated sales, and diversion of management time and resources, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition and operating results.
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Further, we commenced commercial sales of our products in select international markets during the third quarter of 2018. As we expand our operations outside of the United States and launch new products, we will become subject to various additional regulatory and legal requirements under the applicable laws and regulations of the international markets we enter. These additional legal and regulatory requirements may involveresult in our incurring significant costs and expendituresexpenditures. We have limited experience complying with applicable laws and regulations in international markets generally, and in particular when we enter new markets, and if we are not able to comply with any such requirements, our international expansion and business could be significantly harmed.
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Modifications to our products may require new 510(k) clearances or PMAs, or may require us to cease marketing or recall the modified products until clearances are obtained.
Any modification to a 510(k)-cleared device that could significantly affect its safety or effectiveness, or that would constitute a major change in its intended use, design, or manufacture, requires a new 510(k) clearance or, possibly, a PMA. The FDA requires every manufacturer to make this determination in the first instance, but the FDA may review any manufacturer’s decision. The FDA may not agree with our decisions regarding whether new clearances or approvals are necessary for changes that we have made to our products. If the FDA disagrees with our determination and requires us to submit new 510(k) notifications or PMAs for modifications to our previously cleared or approved products, for which we concluded that new clearances or approvals were not necessary, we may be required to cease marketing or to recall the modified product until we obtain clearance or approval, and we may be subject to significant regulatory fines or penalties.
Further, the FDA’s ongoing review of and potential changes to the 510(k) program may make it more difficult for us to modify our previously cleared products, either by imposing stricter requirements on when a new 510(k) for a modification to a previously cleared product must be submitted, or by applying more onerous review criteria to such submissions.
If we or our third-party suppliers, contract manufacturers and service providers fail to comply with the FDA’s good manufacturing practice regulations, this could impair our ability to market our products in a cost-effective and timely manner.*
We and our third-party suppliers, contract manufacturers and service providers are required to comply with the FDA’s Quality System Regulation (QSR), which covers the methods and documentation of the design, testing, production, control, quality assurance, labeling, packaging, sterilization, storage and shipping of our products. The FDA audits compliance with the QSR through periodic announced and unannounced inspections of manufacturing and other facilities. The FDA may impose inspections or audits at any time. We cannot assure you that our facilities or our contract manufacturer or component suppliers’ facilities would pass any future quality system inspection or audit. If we or our suppliers, contract manufacturers and service providers have significant non-compliance issues or if any corrective action plan that we or our suppliers, contract manufacturers or service providers propose in response to observed deficiencies is not sufficient, the FDA could take enforcement action against us. Anyus and the manufacturing or distribution of the foregoingour devices could be interrupted and our operations disrupted.
If we, or our suppliers, manufacturers and service providers, fail to adhere to QSR requirements, this could delay production of our products and lead to fines, difficulties in obtaining regulatory clearances, recalls, enforcement actions, including injunctive relief or consent decrees, or other consequences, which could, in turn, have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition and operating results.or results of operations.
A recall or suspension of our products, or the discovery of serious safety issues with our products, could have a significant negative impact on us.*
The FDA hasand equivalent foreign regulatory authorities have the authority to require the recall or suspension, either temporarily or permanently, of commercialized products in the event of material deficiencies or defects in quality systems, product design or manufacture or in the event that a product poses an unacceptable risk to health. The FDA hasRegulatory authorities have broad discretion to require the recall or suspension of a product or to require that manufacturers alert customers of safety risks, and may do so even in circumstances where we do not believe our product poses an unacceptable risk to health. In addition, manufacturers may, under their own initiative, recall a product or suspend sales if any material deficiency in a product is found or alert customers of unanticipated safety risks. A government-mandated or voluntary recall or suspension by us, one of our distributors or any of our other third-party suppliers could occur as a result of an unacceptable risk to health, component failures, manufacturing errors, design or labeling defects or other deficiencies and issues. Recalls, suspensions or other notices relating to any products that we distribute would divert managerial and financial resources, and have an adverse effect on our reputation, financial condition and operating results.
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Further, under the FDA’s Medical Device Reporting regulations and equivalent regulations in other geographies, we are required to maintain appropriate quality systems and report to the FDA any incidentincidents in which our product may have caused or contributed to a death or serious injury or in which our product malfunctioned and, if the malfunction were to recur, would likely cause or contribute to death or serious injury. Repeated product malfunctions may result in a voluntary or involuntary product recall or suspension of product sales, which could divert managerial and financial resources, impair our ability to manufacture our products in a cost-effective and timely manner and have an adverse effect on our reputation, financial condition and operating results. We have initiated product recalls in the past, and our risk of future product recalls may increase as we launch new products or offer new software updates for existing products.
Any adverse event involving any products that we distribute, either domestically or internationally, could result in future voluntary corrective actions, such as recalls or customer notifications, or regulatory agency action, which could include inspection, mandatory recall or other enforcement action. For example, earlier this year we received a notice from the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration, TGA, proposing to suspend the sale of our insulin pump products. Most of our historical pump sales in Australia were of our t:slim X2 with Dexcom G5 CGM and more recently we commenced sales of our t:slim X2 with Basal-IQ technology. To date we have not offered our Control-IQ technology in Australia. Although we provided a response to this initial regulatory inquiry, in October 2020 we were informed that the TGA intends to suspend our pump product sales in Australia commencing November 24, 2020. We intend to work with our local independent distributor to meet with the TGA and, if necessary, seek a review of this action; however, unless the decision is reversed or delayed we will be unable to continue to sell our pump products in Australia for at least six months. Any corrective actions we take in response to this action or future matters with other regulatory bodies, whether voluntary or involuntary, will require the dedication of our time and capital, distract management from operating our business, and may harm our reputation and financial results.
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results or could result in additional regulatory scrutiny in other geographies.
Our failure to comply with U.S. federal and state fraud and abuse laws, including anti-kickback laws and other U.S. federal and state anti-referral laws, could have a material, adverse impact on our business.*
There are numerous U.S. federal and state laws pertaining to healthcare fraud and abuse, including anti-kickback laws, physician self-referral laws, and false claims laws. Our relationships with healthcare providers and other third parties are subject to scrutiny under these laws. Violations of these laws are punishable by criminal and civil sanctions, including, in some instances, imprisonment and exclusion from participation in federal and state healthcare programs, including the Medicare, Medicaid and Veterans Administration health programs.
Healthcare fraud and abuse regulations are complex and evolving, and even minor irregularities can potentially give rise to claims that a statute or prohibition has been violated. The laws that may affect our ability to operate include:
•the federal healthcare programs’ Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, persons from knowingly and willfully soliciting, receiving, offering, paying or providing remuneration (including any kickback, bribe or rebate), directly or indirectly, overtly or covertly, in cash or in kind in exchange for or to induce either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, lease, order or recommendation of, any good or service for which payment may be made under federal healthcare programs such as the Medicare and state Medicaid programs;
•federal and state false claims laws which prohibit, among other things, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, claims for payment from Medicare, state Medicaid programs, or other third-party payors that are false or fraudulent;
•federal and state physician referral laws, such as the Stark Law, that prohibit a physician from referring Medicare or Medicaid patients to an entity providing “designated health services,” including a company that furnishes durable medical equipment, with which the physician has a financial relationship unless that financial relationship meets an exception;
•federal and state laws, such as the Civil Monetary Penalties Law, that prohibit an individual or entity from offering or transferring remuneration to any person eligible for benefits under a federal or state health care program which such individual or entity knows or should know are likely to influence such eligible individual’s choice of provider, practitioner or supplier of any item or service for which payment may be made under federal health care programs such as Medicare and state Medicaid programs;
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•federal criminal laws enacted as part of HIPAA that prohibit executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or making false statements relating to healthcare matters;
•federal disclosure laws, such as the Physician Payments Sunshine Act, which require certain manufacturers, including medical device manufacturers, to submit annual data pertaining to payments or other transfers of value to covered recipients, including physicians;
•the Federal Trade Commission Act and similar laws regulating advertisement and consumer protections;
•foreign and U.S. state law equivalents of each of the above federal laws, such as anti-kickback and false claims laws which may apply to items or services reimbursed by any third-party payor, including commercial insurers; and
•federal and state laws governing the use, disclosure and security of personal information, including protected health information, such as HIPAA and the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health.
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Possible sanctions for violation of these laws include monetary fines, civil and criminal penalties, exclusion from Medicare, Medicaid and other federal healthcare programs, and forfeiture of amounts collected in violation of those prohibitions and in some circumstances, treble damages. Any violation of these laws, or any action against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully defend against it, could result in a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition and operating results. Recently, federal government agencies have published proposed rules for public comment which would make material modifications to several of these laws, including but not limited to the Anti-Kickback Statute, the Stark Law and HIPAA. It is unknown if or when these proposed rules may be adopted and what final form the proposed rules may take and how they may impact our business operations.
To enforce compliance with the federal laws, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) in conjunction with other federal agencies, has increased its scrutiny of interactions between healthcare companies and healthcare providers, which has led to a number of investigations, prosecutions, convictions and settlements in the healthcare industry. Dealing with investigations can be time- and resource-consuming and can divert management’s attention from our core business. Additionally, if a healthcare company settles an investigation with the DOJ or other law enforcement agencies, we may be forced to agree to additional onerous compliance and reporting requirements as part of a consent decree or corporate integrity agreement. Any such investigation or settlement could increase our costs or otherwise have an adverse effect on our business.
The scope and enforcement of these laws is uncertain and subject to rapid change in the current environment of healthcare reform. Federal or state regulatory authorities might challenge our current or future activities under these laws. Any of these challenges could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition and operating results. Any state or federal regulatory review of us, regardless of the outcome, would be costly and time-consuming. Additionally, we cannot predict the impact of any changes in these laws, whether or not retroactive.
We may be liable if we engage in the promotion of the off-label use of our products.
Our promotional materials and training methods must comply with FDA and other applicable laws and regulations, including the prohibition against the promotion of the off-label use of our products or the pre-promotion of unapproved products. Healthcare providers may use our products off-label, as the FDA does not restrict or regulate a physician’s choice of treatment within the practice of medicine. However, if the FDA determines that our promotional materials or training constitutes promotion of an off-label use or the pre-promotion of an unapproved product, it could request that we modify our training or promotional materials or subject us to regulatory or enforcement actions, including the issuance of an untitled letter, a warning letter, injunction, seizure, civil fine and criminal penalties. It is also possible that other federal, state or foreign enforcement authorities might take action if they consider our promotional or training materials to constitute promotion of an unapproved use, which could result in significant fines or penalties. Although our policy is to refrain from statements that could be considered off-label promotion of our products or pre-promotion of an unapproved product, the FDA or another regulatory agency could disagree and conclude that we have engaged in improper promotional activities. In addition, the off-label use of our products may increase the risk of product liability claims, which are expensive to defend and could result in substantial damage awards against us and harm our reputation.
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Legislative or regulatory healthcare reforms may result in downward pressure on the price of and decrease reimbursement for our products, and uncertainty regarding the healthcare regulatory environment could have a material adverse effect on our business.
The sales of our products depend in part on the availability of coverage and reimbursement from third-party payors such as government health administration authorities, private health insurers, health maintenance organizations and other healthcare-related organizations. Both the federal and state governments in the United States continue to propose and pass new legislation and regulations designed to, among other things, expand healthcare coverage to more individuals, contain or reduce the cost of healthcare, and improve the quality of healthcare outcomes. This legislation and regulation may result in decreased reimbursement for medical devices, which may create additional pressure to reduce the prices charged for medical devices. Reduced reimbursement rates could significantly decrease our revenue, which in turn would place significant downward pressure on our gross margins and impede our ability to become profitable.
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) substantially changed the way healthcare is financed by both governmental and private insurers, encourages improvements in the quality of healthcare items and services, and significantly impacts the medical device industry. However, a number of legislative changes have been proposed and adopted since the PPACA was enacted, and legislation has also been proposed that could modify or repeal the PPACA. The uncertainties regarding the future of the PPACA, and other healthcare reform initiatives, may have an adverse effect on our customers’ purchasing decisions regarding our products. 
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In the future, additional changes could be made to governmental healthcare programs that could significantly impact the success of our products. Cost control initiatives could decrease the price that we receive for our products. At this time, we cannot predict which, if any, additional healthcare reform proposals will be adopted, when they may be adopted or what impact they may have on the existing regulatory environment, or our ability to operate our business. Any of these factors could have a material adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition.
Our financial performance may be adversely affected by medical device tax provisions in the healthcare reform laws.*
The PPACA imposes,imposed, among other things, an excise tax of 2.3% on any entity that manufactures or imports medical devices offered for sale in the United States, although thisstarting January 1, 2013. In December 2019, the medical device excise tax haswas repealed. Prior to the repeal, the tax had been suspended for calendar years 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019. It is unclear at this time ifAs a result of the repeal and the prior moratorium, will be further extended.sales of taxable medical devices after December 31, 2015, are not subject to the tax. We do not believe that our products arewere subject to this tax based on the retail exemption under applicable Treasury Regulations. However, the availability of this exemption is subject to interpretation by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), and the IRS may disagree with our analysis. Absent further legislative action, the medical device excise tax applies to sales of taxable medical devices beginning on January 1, 2020, and future products that we manufacture, produce or import may be subject to this tax (unless the retail exemption or other applicable exemption applies). The financial impact this tax may have on our business is unclear and there can be no assurance that our business will not be materially adversely affected by it. Additionally, Congress could terminate the moratoriumenact future legislation or further change the law related to the medical device tax in a manner that could adversely affect us. The financial impact such taxes could have on our business is unclear and there can be no assurance that our business would not be materially adversely affected.
Risks Related to ourOur Common Stock
The price of our common stock may continue to fluctuate significantly.*
The trading price of our common stock has been volatile in recent years. We believe our stock price has been, and will continue to be, subject to wide fluctuations in response to a variety of factors, including the following:
•actual or anticipated fluctuations in our financial and operating results from period to period;
•our actual or perceived need for additional capital to fund our operations;
•market acceptance of our current products and products under development, and the recognition of our brand;
•introduction of proposed products, technologies or treatment techniques by us or our competitors;
•announcements of significant contracts, acquisitions or divestitures by us or our competitors;
•regulatory approval of our products or the products of our competitors, or the failure to obtain such approvals on the projected timeline or at all;
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•speculative trading practices of market participants;
•issuance of securities analysts’ reports or recommendations;
•threatened or actual litigation and government investigations;
•sales of shares of our common stock by our employees, directors or principal stockholders; and
•general political or economic conditions.conditions, including the impacts and disruptions caused by the COVID-19 global pandemic.
These and other factors might cause the market price of our common stock to fluctuate substantially. Fluctuations in our stock price may negatively affect the liquidity of our common stock, which could further impact our stock price.
In recent years, the stock market has experienced significant price and volume fluctuations. This volatility has had a significant impact on the market price of securities issued by many companies across many industries. These changes may occur without regard to the financial condition or operating performance of the affected companies. Accordingly, the price of our common stock could fluctuate based upon factors that have little or nothing to do with our company, and these fluctuations could materially reduce the market price of our common stock.
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Anti-takeover provisions in our organizational documents and Delaware law may discourage or prevent a change of control, even if an acquisition would be beneficial to our stockholders, which could reduce our stock price and prevent our stockholders from replacing or removing our current management.
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws contain provisions that could delay or prevent a change of control of our company or changes in our board of directors that our stockholders might consider favorable. Some of these provisions:
•authorize the issuance of preferred stock with powers, preferences and rights that may be senior to our common stock, which can be created and issued by the board of directors without prior stockholder approval;
•provide for the adoption of a staggered board of directors whereby the board is divided into three classes each of which has a different three-year term;
•provide that the number of directors shall be fixed by the board;
•prohibit our stockholders from filling board vacancies;
•provide for the removal of a director only with cause and then by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares;
•prohibit stockholders from calling special stockholder meetings;
•prohibit stockholders from acting by written consent without holding a meeting of stockholders;
•require the vote of at least two-thirds of the outstanding shares to approve amendments to the certificate of incorporation or bylaws; and
•require advance written notice of stockholder proposals and director nominations.
We are subject to the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which may prohibit certain business combinations with stockholders owning 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock. These and other provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, bylaws and Delaware law could make it more difficult for stockholders or potential acquirers to obtain control of our board of directors or initiate actions that are opposed by our then-current board of directors, including a merger, tender offer or proxy contest involving our company. Any delay or prevention of a change of control transaction or changes in our board of directors could cause the market price of our common stock to decline.
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Our board of directors is authorized to issue and designate shares of our preferred stock in additional series without stockholder approval.
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation authorizes our board of directors, without the approval of our stockholders, to issue 5,000,000 shares of our preferred stock, subject to limitations prescribed by applicable law, rules and regulations and the provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, as shares of preferred stock in series, and to establish from time to time the number of shares to be included in each such series, and to fix the designation, powers, preferences and rights of the shares of each such series and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof. The powers, preferences and rights of these additional series of preferred stock may be senior to or on parity with our common stock, and the issuance of such shares in the future may reduce the value of our common stock.
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U.S. federal income tax reform could adversely affect us and our stockholders.
On December 22, 2017, President Trump signed into law the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA)(2017 Tax Act) which significantly reforms the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (Code)(the Code). The TCJA,2017 Tax Act, among other things, includes changes to U.S. federal tax rates, imposes significant additional limitations on the deductibility of interest, allows for the expensing of capital expenditures, and puts into effect the migration from a “worldwide” system of taxation to a territorial system. We do not expect tax reform to have a material impact on our projection of minimal cash taxes. Our net deferred tax assets and liabilities were revalued at the newly-enactednewly enacted U.S. corporate rate, and the impact was recognized in our tax expense, offset by a full valuation allowance, in the year of enactment. We continue to examine the impact that this tax reform legislation may have on our business. The impact of this tax reform on holders of our common stock is uncertain and could be adverse.
Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.*
As of December 31, 2018,2019, we had federal net operating loss (NOL) carryforwards of approximately $352.7$248.7 million, not consideringwhich includes the limitationreduction recorded in 2019 discussed below. TheOf the total federal taxnet operating loss carryforwards, $208.5 million will begin to expire in 2026, unless previously utilized. In addition, ifIf there is an “ownership change” with respect to our company, as defined under Section 382 of the Code, the utilization of our NOL and research credit carryforwards may be subject to substantial limitations imposed by the Code, and similar state provisions. In general, an ownership change occurs whenever there is a shift in ownership of our company by more than 50% by one or more 5% stockholders over a specified time period.
Although we have not yet completed an update of our Section 382 analysis subsequent to December 31, 2017, we believe that offerings of our securities following that date likely caused an ownership change for purposes of Section 382 of the Code. Based on preliminary results of the Section 382 analysis, the Company anticipates that an ownership change likely occurred in 2018, and that the resulting limitation would significantly reduce the Company’s ability to utilize its net operating loss and credit carryovers before they expire. Limitations imposed on our ability to utilize NOL carryforwards could cause U.S. federal income taxes to be paid earlier than would be paid if such limitations were not in effect and could cause such NOL carryforwards to expire unused, in each case reducing or eliminating the benefit of suchour NOL carryforwards. In general, an ownership change occurs whenever there is a shift in ownership of our company by more than 50% by one or more 5% stockholders over a specified time period.
We have completed an analysis through December 31, 2018 to determine whether our net operating losses and credits are likely to be limited by Section 382. Based on this study, the Company determined that offerings of our securities caused an ownership change, as defined under Section 382, in 2018 and the resulting limitation significantly reduced the Company’s ability to utilize its net operating loss and credit carryovers before they expire. As a result, in 2019 the Company significantly reduced its deferred tax assets for the net operating loss and research credit carryforwards that are projected to expire unused. In addition, future ownership changes under Section 382 may further limit the Company’s ability to fully utilize any remaining tax benefits.
With respect to our NOLs generated in 2018 and thereafter, the TCJA2017 Tax Act may reduce the tax benefit of our NOLs. Under the TCJA,2017 Tax Act, our ability to carry back NOLs incurred after December 31, 2017 to previous tax years is eliminated. Under prior law, we could carry back NOLs for two years and carry forward NOLs for 20 years. Under the TCJA,2017 Tax Act, NOL carryforwards may be carried forward indefinitely. However, for NOLs arising after December 31, 2017, NOL carryforwards will be limited to 80% of our taxable income. Our NOLs generated in 2017 and in prior years will not be subject to the limitations under the TCJA.2017 Tax Act.
In response to the COVID-19 global pandemic, The CARES Act was enacted on March 27, 2020, to provide aid and economic stimulus to the economy. Among other provisions, the CARES Act eliminates the 80% NOL limitation for tax years 2018, 2019, and 2020, and allows NOLs generated in those years to be carried back for five years. Due to the recent enactment of the CARES Act, we are currently unable to quantify the impact that the CARES Act will have on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows, although we do not anticipate the impact to be significant.
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We do not intend to pay cash dividends.
We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings for use in the operation and expansion of our business and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Accordingly, investors may have to sell some or all of their shares of our common stock in order to generate cash flow from their investment.
The requirements of being a public company have increased our costs and will continue to strain our resources and divert management’s attention.
As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the listing requirements of the NASDAQ Global Market and other applicable securities rules and regulations. Compliance with these rules and regulations has increased our legal and financial compliance costs, made some activities more difficult, time-consuming or costly, and increased demand on our systems and resources.
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Sarbanes-Oxley Act) requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. In order to meet these additional requirements, significant resources and management oversight may be required. As a result, management’s attention may be diverted from other business concerns, which could harm our business and operating results. Although we have hired additional employees to help us comply with these requirements, in the future we may need to hire more employees or utilize external consultants in order to further support our efforts, which will increase our expenses.
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Regulations related to “conflict minerals” may cause us to incur additional expenses and could limit the supply and increase the cost of certain metals used in manufacturing our products.
The SEC adopted a rule requiring disclosures by public companies of specified minerals, known as conflict minerals, that are necessary to the functionality or production of products manufactured or contracted to be manufactured. The rule requires companies to perform due diligence, disclose and annually report to the SEC whether or not such minerals originate from the Democratic Republic of Congo or an adjoining country. The rule could affect sourcing at competitive prices and availability in sufficient quantities of certain minerals used in the manufacture of our products, which could increase our expenses. In addition, there may be material costs associated with complying with the disclosure requirements, such as costs related to determining the source of certain minerals used in our products, as well as costs of possible changes to products, processes, or sources of supply as a consequence of such verification activities.
If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud. As a result, stockholders could lose confidence in our financial and other public reporting, which would harm our business and the trading price of our common stock.
Effective internal controls over financial reporting are necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and, together with adequate disclosure controls and procedures, are designed to prevent fraud. Any failure to implement required new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered in their implementation could cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. For example, Mr. Sheridan, our principal executive officer, and Ms. Vosseller, our principal financial and accounting officer, are involved in a personal relationship and share a primary residence. While our board of directors is informed of the relationship and appropriate actions have been taken to ensure compliance with Company policies and procedures, the existence of this relationship could create additional risk, or the perception of additional risk, that our controls and procedures may not be effective. In addition, any testing by us conducted in connection with Section 404(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, or any testing conducted by our independent registered public accounting firm in connection with Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act may reveal deficiencies in our internal controls over financial reporting that are deemed to be material weaknesses or that may require prospective or retroactive changes to our consolidated financial statements or identify other areas for further attention or improvement. Inferior internal controls could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, which could have a negative effect on the trading price of our common stock.
We are required to disclose changes made to our internal control procedures on a quarterly basis and our management is required to assess the effectiveness of these controls annually. Undetected material weaknesses in our internal controls could lead to financial statement restatements and require us to incur the expense of remediation.
We may be at increased risk of securities class action litigation.
In the past, securities class action litigation has been instituted against companies following periods of volatility in the overall market and in the price of a company’s securities. We believe this risk may be particularly relevant to us as we have experienced significant stock price volatility in recent years. If we face such litigation, it could result in substantial costs and a diversion of management’s attention and resources, which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our stock price volatility and the increase in our market capitalization during the past year may also result in higher expenses associated with our directors’ and officers’ liability insurance program.
If securities or industry analysts do not publish research, or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research, about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.
The trading market for our common stock depends, in part, on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our stock or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price would likely decline. In addition, if our operating results fail to meet the forecasts of analysts, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our common stock could decrease, which might cause our stock price and trading volume to decline.

Risks Related to our Notes
We have indebtedness in the form of convertible senior notes, which could adversely affect our financial condition and our ability to respond to changes in our business.*
In May 2020, we completed the offering of $287.5 million principal amount of 1.50% Convertible Senior Notes due 2025, which we refer to as the Note Offering. Holders of the Notes will have the right to require us to repurchase their Notes upon the occurrence of a fundamental change (as defined in the indenture governing the Notes) at a purchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Notes to be purchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any. In addition, upon conversion of the Notes, unless we elect to deliver solely shares of our common stock to settle such conversion, we will be
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Item 2.Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
None.required to make cash payments in respect of the Notes being converted. Furthermore, the indenture governing the Notes provides that, in the event of an event of default (as defined in the indenture) for the Notes, it may result in the principal, premium, if any, and interest, if any, becoming due prior to the maturity date for the Notes. There can be no assurance that we will be able to pay these amounts when due, or that we will be able to refinance this indebtedness on acceptable terms or at all.
Item 3.Defaults Upon Senior Securities
None.As a result of our increased level of indebtedness after the completion of the Notes Offering:
Item 4.Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.•our level of vulnerability to adverse economic conditions and competitive pressures will be heightened;
Item 5.Other Information
None.•we will be required to dedicate a portion of our liquidity position or cash flow from operations to interest payments, limiting the availability of cash for other purposes;
•our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and industry may be more limited; and
•our ability to obtain additional financing in the future for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, general corporate purposes or other purposes may be impaired.

We cannot be sure that our leverage resulting from the completion of the Notes Offering will not materially and adversely affect our ability to finance our operations or capital needs or to engage in other business activities. In addition, we cannot be sure that additional financing will be available when required or, if available, will be on terms satisfactory to us.
Servicing the Notes will require a significant amount of cash, and we may not have sufficient cash flow from our business to repay the Notes.*
Our ability to make scheduled payments of the principal and interest on or to refinance the Notes depends on our future business operations and liquidity, which are subject, to some extent, on economic, financial, competitive and other factors that are beyond our control, including, without limitation, the impacts and disruptions caused by the COVID-19 global pandemic. Our business may not generate or sustain a level of cash flow from operations sufficient to service the Notes and any future indebtedness we may incur, while operating our business and making necessary capital expenditures. If we are unable to generate such cash flow, we may be required to adopt one or more alternatives, such as reducing or delaying capital expenditures, selling or licensing assets, refinancing indebtedness, or obtaining additional equity capital. These alternative measures may not be successful and may not permit us to meet our scheduled debt service obligations. Our ability to successfully engage in these activities will depend on a number of factors, including the value of our assets, our operating results and financial condition, the value of our common stock, and the status of the capital markets at such time. We may not be able to engage in any of these activities on commercially reasonable terms or at all, which could result in a default on the Notes or our future indebtedness.
We may incur substantial additional debt or take other actions which could diminish our ability to make payments on the Notes.*
We and our subsidiaries are not prevented by the terms of the indenture governing the Notes, or otherwise, from incurring substantial additional indebtedness in the future, which may include the issuance of secured debt. We are not restricted under the terms of the indenture governing the Notes from incurring additional indebtedness, securing existing or future indebtedness, or recapitalizing our indebtedness. We are similarly not restricted under the terms of the indenture from taking a number of other actions that could have the effect of diminishing our ability to make payments on the Notes when due.
We may not have the ability to raise the funds necessary to repurchase the Notes upon a fundamental change, or to settle conversions of the Notes, and our future indebtedness may contain limitations on our ability to pay cash upon repurchase or conversion of the Notes.*
Holders of the Notes have the right to require us to repurchase their Notes upon the occurrence of a fundamental change at a fundamental change repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Notes to be repurchased, plusaccrued and unpaid interest, if any. In addition, upon conversion of the Notes, unless we elect to deliver solely shares of our common stock to settle such conversion, we will be required to make cash payments in respect of the Notes being converted. However, we may not have enough available cash or be able to obtain financing at the time we are required to make repurchases of Notes surrendered therefor or Notes being converted. In addition, our ability to repurchase the Notes or to pay
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cash upon conversions of the Notes may be limited by law, by regulatory authority or by agreements governing our future indebtedness. Our failure to repurchase Notes at a time when the repurchase is required by the indenture, or to pay any cash payable on future conversions of the Notes as required by the indenture, would constitute an event of default under the indenture. An event of default under the indenture, or the fundamental change itself, could also lead to an event of default under agreements governing any future indebtedness we may have issued. If the repayment of the related indebtedness were to be accelerated, we may not have sufficient funds to repay the indebtedness, while also repurchasing the Notes or making cash payments upon conversions thereof.
The conditional conversion feature of the Notes may adversely affect our liquidity.*
In the event the conditional conversion feature of the Notes is triggered, holders of the Notes will be entitled to convert the Notes at any time during specified periods at their option. If one or more holders elect to convert their Notes, unless we elect to satisfy our conversion obligation by delivering solely shares of our common stock, we would be required to settle all or a portion of our conversion obligation through the payment of cash, which could adversely affect our liquidity. In addition, even if holders do not elect to convert their Notes, we could be required, under applicable accounting rules, to reclassify all or a portion of the outstanding principal of the Notes as a current rather than long-term liability, which would adversely affect our liquidity.
The accounting method for convertible debt securities that may be settled in cash, such as the Notes, could have a material effect on our reported financial results.*
Under Accounting Standards Codification 470-20, Debt with Conversion and Other Options (“ASC 470-20”), an entity must evaluate the ability to separately account for the liability and equity components of the convertible debt instruments (such as the Notes) that may be settled entirely or partially in cash upon conversion in a manner that reflects the issuer’s economic interest cost. The determination of the effect of the guidance on the accounting for the Notes is that the equity component has been included in the additional paid-in capital section of stockholders’ equity on our consolidated balance sheet at the issuance date, and the value of the equity component has been treated as debt discount for purposes of accounting for the debt component of the Notes. As a result, we have recorded non-cash interest expense as a result of the amortization of the discounted carrying value of the Notes to their face amount over the term of the Notes. Accordingly, we have reported a greater net loss in our financial results because the guidance requires interest to include both the amortization of the debt discount and the instrument’s coupon interest rate, which could adversely affect the trading price of our common stock.
In addition, under certain circumstances, convertible debt instruments (such as the Notes) that may be settled entirely or partly in cash are currently accounted for utilizing the treasury stock method, the effect of which is that the shares issuable upon conversion of the Notes are not included in the calculation of diluted earnings (loss) per share except to the extent that the conversion value of the Notes exceeds their principal amount. Under the treasury stock method, for diluted earnings (loss) per share purposes, the transaction is accounted for as if the shares of common stock that would be necessary to settle such excess, if we elected to settle such excess in shares, are issued.
In July 2019, the FASB issued an exposure draft that proposes to change the accounting for convertible debt instruments that are similar to the Notes. Under the current exposure draft, an entity may no longer be required to separately account for the liability and equity components of convertible debt instruments. If the exposure draft is adopted in its current form, this could have the impact of reducing non-cash interest expense, and thereby reducing our net loss, or increasing our net income. Additionally, as currently proposed, the treasury stock method for calculating earnings (loss) per share will no longer be allowed for convertible debt instruments whose principal amount may be settled using shares. Rather, the if-converted method may be required, which would increase our diluted loss per share, or decrease our diluted earnings per share. We cannot be sure that this exposure draft will be issued, or will be issued in its current format. We also cannot be sure whether other changes may be made to the current accounting standards related to the Notes, or otherwise, that could have an adverse impact on our financial statements.
Conversion of the Notes will, to the extent we deliver shares upon conversion of such Notes, dilute the ownership interest of existing stockholders and may otherwise have a negative impact on the trading price of our common stock.*
The conversion of some or all of the Notes will dilute the ownership interests of existing stockholders, including holders who had previously converted their Notes, to the extent we deliver shares upon conversion of any of the Notes. Any sales in the public market of the common stock issued upon the conversion of the Notes could adversely affect prevailing market prices of our common stock. In addition, the perception that some or all of the Notes may be converted into shares of our common stock in the future could have a negative impact on the trading price of our common stock.
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The fundamental change repurchase feature of the Notes may delay or prevent an otherwise beneficial takeover attempt.*
The terms of the Notes require us to repurchase the Notes in the event of a fundamental change. A takeover of the Company would trigger an option of the holders of the Notes to require us to repurchase the Notes. In addition, if a make-whole fundamental change (as defined in the indenture) occurs prior to the maturity date of the Notes, we will, in some cases, be required to increase the conversion rate of the Notes for a holder that elects to convert its Notes in connection with such make-whole fundamental change. These and other provisions set forth in the indenture may have the effect of delaying or preventing a takeover of the Company.
The Capped Call Transactions may affect the value of the Notes and our common stock.*
In connection with the issuance of the Notes, we entered into the Capped Call Transactions with the option counterparties. The Capped Call Transactions are expected generally to reduce the potential dilution to our common stock upon any conversion of the Notes and/or offset any cash payments we are required to make in excess of the principal amount of converted Notes, as the case may be, with such reduction and/or offset subject to a cap.
The option counterparties or their respective affiliates may modify their hedge positions by entering into or unwinding various derivatives with respect to our common stock and/or purchasing or selling our common stock or other securities of ours in secondary market transactions prior to the maturity of the Notes (and are likely to do so during any observation period related to a conversion of Notes). This activity could also cause or avoid an increase or a decrease in the market price of our common stock or the Notes, which could affect a Note holder’s ability to convert the Notes and, to the extent the activity occurs during any observation period related to a conversion of Notes, it could affect the number of shares and the value of the consideration that a Note holder will receive upon conversion of the Notes. In addition, if such Capped Call Transactions fail to become effective, the option counterparties or their respective affiliates may unwind their hedge positions with respect to our common stock, which could adversely affect the value of our common stock.
The potential effect, if any, of any of these transactions and activities on the market price of our common stock or the Notes will depend in part on market conditions and cannot be ascertained at this time, but any of these activities could adversely affect the value of our common stock and the value of the Notes and, under certain circumstances, the ability of the Note holders to convert the Notes.
We do not make any representation or prediction as to the direction or magnitude of any potential effect that the transactions described above may have on the value of the Notes or the trading price of our common stock. In addition, we do not make any representation that the option counterparties will engage in these transactions or that these transactions, once commenced, will not be discontinued without notice.
We are subject to counterparty risk with respect to the Capped Call Transactions*
The option counterparties are financial institutions, and we will be subject to the risk that any or all of them may default under the Capped Call Transactions. Our exposure to the credit risk of the option counterparties will not be secured by any collateral. Recent global economic conditions, in particular those related to the COVID-19 global pandemic, have resulted in the failure or financial difficulties of many financial institutions. If an option counterparty becomes subject to insolvency proceedings, we will become an unsecured creditor in those proceedings, with a claim equal to our exposure at that time under our transactions with that option counterparty. Our exposure will depend on many factors but, in general, an increase in our exposure will be correlated to an increase in the market price and volatility of our common stock. In addition, upon a default by an option counterparty, we may suffer more dilution than we currently anticipate with respect to our common stock. We can provide no assurances as to the financial stability or viability of the option counterparties.

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Item 6.    Exhibits
Item 6.ExhibitsIncorporated by ReferenceProvided Herewith
Exhibit NumberExhibit DescriptionFormFile No.Date of First FilingExhibit Number
10.1X
10.2IncorporatedProvided HerewithX
Exhibit NumberExhibit DescriptionFormFile No.Date of First FilingExhibit Number
31.1X
31.2X
32.1**X
32.2**X
101.INSXBRL Instance Document.X
101.SCHXBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.X
101.CALXBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.X
101.DEFXBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.X
101.LABXBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.X
101.PREXBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.X
104Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL Document)Document contained in Exhibit 101)X
**
*    Indicates management contract or compensatory plan.
**    This certification is not deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section. Such certification will not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, except to the extent that the registrant specifically incorporates it by reference.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc.
Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc.
Dated: November 4, 20195, 2020By:/s/ John F. Sheridan
John F. Sheridan

President and Chief Executive Officer

(on behalf of the registrant and as the registrant’s

Principal Executive Officer)
Dated: November 4, 20195, 2020By:/s/ Leigh A. Vosseller
Leigh A. Vosseller

Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer

(on behalf of the registrant and as the registrant’s

Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)


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