UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 20222023

OR

For the transition period from _________ to ________

Commission file number 001-12830

Lineage Cell Therapeutics, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

2173 Salk Avenue, Suite 200

Carlsbad, California 92008

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip code)

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) (442)287-8990

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes ☒ No

The number of common shares outstanding as of November 4, 20223, 2023 was 169,976,335174,986,671.

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Report”)report contains “forward-looking statements” (withinforward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended)amended (the “Exchange Act”), that involveare subject to substantial risks and uncertainties. The forward-looking statements are contained principally in Part I, Item 2. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of this report, but are also contained elsewhere in this report. We make such forward-looking statements pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and other federal securities laws. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this Reportreport are forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by the words such as “anticipate,“may,” “believe,“might,” “contemplate,” “continue,“will,” “could,” “estimate,“would,” “should,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “potential,“objective,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “project,” “seek,“potential,” “should,” “target,” “will,” “would,“continue” and “ongoing,” or the negative of these wordsterms, or other comparable terminology. These forward-lookingterminology intended to identify statements about the future. Forward-looking statements in this report include, but are not limited to, statements relating to:about:

Forward-looking statements reflect our current views with respect toand expectations as of the date of this report about future events or toand our future financial performance and condition, and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual activities, performance, results performance or achievementscondition to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievementsthose expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. FactorsYou should refer to “Item1A. Risk Factors” in Part II of this report and “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in Part I of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 (the “2022 10-K”) as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 9, 2023, for a discussion of important factors that may cause our actual activities, performance, results and condition to differ materially from current expectations include, among other things, those listed and referenced underexpressed or implied by our forward-looking statements. As a result of a variety of factors, including those discussed in Part II, Item 1A “Risk Factors” of this Report. Given these uncertainties,report and Part I, Item 1A of the 2022 10-K, our forward-looking statements may prove to be inaccurate, and the inaccuracy may be material. Accordingly, you should not place undue reliance on theseany forward-looking statements. Exceptstatement. We anticipate that subsequent events and developments may cause our current views and expectations to change. However, while we may elect to update the forward-looking statements in this report at some point in the future, we undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update or reviselaw. You should, therefore, not rely on these forward-looking statements foras representing our views as of any reason, even if new information becomes available indate after the future.date of this report.

You should read this report completely and with the understanding that our actual future performance, results and condition may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

MARKET DATA AND TRADEMARKS

This report may also contain market data, industry forecasts and other data made by independent parties and by us relating to market size and growth and other data about our industry. This data involves a number of assumptions and limitations, and you are cautioned not to give undue weight to such data. In addition, projections, assumptions and estimates of our future performance and the future performance of the markets in which we operate are necessarily subject to a high degree of uncertainty and risk.

All brand names or trademarks appearing in this report are the property of their respective owners. Solely for convenience, the trademarks and trade names in this report are referred to without the symbols ® and TM, but such references should not be construed as any indication that their respective owners will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, their rights thereto.

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Unless otherwise stated or the context requires otherwise, references in this report to “Lineage,” the “Company,” “our company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer collectively to Lineage Cell Therapeutics, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.

PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

LINEAGE CELL THERAPEUTICS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(IN THOUSANDS)

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated interim financial statements.

LINEAGE CELL THERAPEUTICS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)

(UNAUDITED)

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated interim financial statements.

LINEAGE CELL THERAPEUTICS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(IN THOUSANDS)

(UNAUDITED)

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated interim financial statements.

LINEAGE CELL THERAPEUTICS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(IN THOUSANDS)

(UNAUDITED)

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated interim financial statements.

LINEAGE CELL THERAPEUTICS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED INTERIM FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

1. Organization and Business Overview

Lineage Cell Therapeutics, Inc. (“Lineage,” “we,” “us,” or “our”) isWe are a clinical-stage biotechnology company developing novel allogeneic, or “off-the-shelf”, cell therapies to address unmet medical needs. Our programs are based on our proprietary, cell-based technology platform, and its associated development and manufacturing capabilities. From this platform, we design, develop, manufacture, and manufacturetest specialized human cells with anatomical and physiological functions similar or identical to cells found naturally in the human body. TheseThe cells which we manufacture are created by developmentalapplying directed differentiation protocols that we apply to established, well-characterized, and self-renewing pluripotent cell lines. These functionalprotocols generate cells with characteristics associated with specific and desired developmental lineages. Cells derived from such lineages which are relevant to the underlying condition are transplanted into patients and are designedin an effort to (a) replace or support cells that are dysfunctionalabsent or absentdysfunctional due to degenerative disease, aging, or traumatic injury, and (b) restoreor (b) helpaugment the body mount a more robust and effective immune response to cancer or infectious diseases.patient’s functional activity.

Our business strategy is to efficiently leverage our technology platform and our development, formulation, delivery, and manufacturing capabilities to advance our cell therapy programs internally or in certain cases in conjunction with strategic partners to further enhance their value. As one example, in December 2021,value and probability of success.

A significant area of focus is a partnership we entered into a Collaboration and License Agreement (the “Roche Agreement”) with F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd and Genentech, Inc., a member of the Roche Group (collectively or individually, “Roche” or “Genentech”), whereinunder which we granted to Roche exclusive worldwide rights to develop and commercialize retinal pigment epithelium (“RPE”) cell therapies, includingare developing our proprietarylead cell therapy program known as OpRegen^®, for the treatment of ocular disorders, including geographic atrophy (GA)(“GA”) secondary to age-related macular degeneration (AMD)(“AMD”). OpRegen is a suspension of human allogeneic retinal pigmented epithelial (“RPE”) cells and is currently being evaluated in a Phase 2a multicenter clinical trial in patients with GA secondary to AMD. OpRegen subretinal delivery has the potential to counteract RPE cell loss in areas of GA lesions by supporting retinal cell health and improving retinal structure and function. Under the terms of the Collaboration and License Agreement we entered into with Roche Agreement, Lineagein December 2021 (the “Roche Agreement”), we received a $50.0 million upfront payment and isare eligible to receive up to $620.0 million in certain developmental, regulatory, and commercialization milestone payments. LineageWe also isare eligible forto receive tiered double-digit percentage royalties on net sales of OpRegen in the U.S. and other major markets.

AsOur most advanced unpartnered product candidate is OPC1, an allogeneic oligodendrocyte progenitor cell therapy designed to improve recovery following a spinal cord injury (“SCI”). OPC1 has been tested in two clinical trials to date; a five patient Phase 1 clinical trial in acute thoracic SCI, where all subjects are followed for at least 10 years, and a 25 patient Phase 1/2a multicenter clinical trial in subacute cervical SCI, where all subjects were evaluated for at least two years. Results from both studies have been published in the Journal of September 30, 2022, we have fiveNeurosurgery Spine. OPC1 clinical development has been supported in part by a $14.3 million grant from the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine. The next planned clinical trial for the OPC1 program is the DOSED (Delivery of Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells for Spinal Cord Injury: Evaluation of a Novel Device) clinical study, which will evaluate the safety and utility of a novel spinal cord delivery device in both subacute and chronic SCI patients.

Our pipeline of allogeneic, or “off-the-shelf,”“off-the-shelf”, cell therapy programs in development, of which three have reached clinical testing:currently includes:

Other Programs

We have additional undisclosed product candidates being considered for development and which cover a range of therapeutic areas and unmet medical needs. Generally, these product candidates are based on the same pluripotent platform technology and employ a similar, guided cell differentiation and transplant approach as the five product candidates detaileddescribed above, but in some cases may also include genetic modifications designed to enhance efficacy and/or safety profiles.

Our efforts to broaden the application of our cell therapy platform and safetysupport long-term growth include a strategic collaboration we entered into with Eterna Therapeutics. This reflected a portion of our corporate strategy to capitalize on our process development capabilities by combining them with cell engineering and/or editing technologies, to create novel and potentially superior product profiles.

In addition to seeking to create value for shareholders by developing product candidates and other technologiesadvancing those candidates through our clinical development, programs, we also may seek to create value from our large patent estate andlicensing non-core intellectual property or related technologies, through partnering and/or strategic transactions. In addition to the Roche Agreement, we founded two companies based on Lineage’s intellectual property that later became publicly traded companies: OncoCyte Corporation (“OncoCyte”) and AgeX Therapeutics, Inc. (“AgeX”). We continue to hold common stock in OncoCyte as of September 30, 2022.

2. Basis of Presentation, Liquidity and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements presented herein, and discussed below, have beenwere prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 8 of Regulation S-X. In accordance with those rules and regulations, certain information and footnotesfootnote disclosures normally included in comprehensive consolidated financial statements have been condensed or omitted. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 20212022 was derived from the audited consolidated financial statements at that date but does not include all the information and footnotes required by GAAP. These unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in Lineage’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 ( “2021 10-K”), as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on March 10, 2022.2022 10-K.

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements, in the opinion of management, include all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair presentation of Lineage’sour financial condition and results of operations. The condensed consolidated results of operations are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for any other interim period or for the entire year.

Principles of consolidation

Lineage’sThe accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements include the accounts of itsour subsidiaries. All material intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The following table reflectssets out Lineage’s ownership, directly or through one or more subsidiariesindirectly, of the outstanding shares of its subsidiaries as of September 30, 2022.2023.

Schedule of Lineage'sLineage’s Ownership of Outstanding Shares of its Subsidiaries

As of September 30, 2022,2023, Lineage consolidated its direct and indirect wholly ownedwholly-owned or majority-owned subsidiaries because Lineage has the ability to control their operating and financial decisions and policies through its ownership, and the noncontrolling interest is reflected as a separate element of shareholders’ equity on Lineage’s condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Liquidity

OnAt September 30, 2022,2023, we had $66.441.3 million of cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities. Based on our current operating plan, we believe that our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities, together with our projected cash flows, will be sufficient to enable us to carry out our planned operations through at least twelve months from the issuance date of ourthe accompanying condensed consolidated interim financial statements included elsewhere in this Report.statements.

Capital Resources

Since inception we have incurred significant operating losses and have funded our operations primarily through the issuance of equity securities, the sale of common stock of our former subsidiaries, OncoCyte Corporation and AgeX Therapeutics, Inc., receipt of proceeds from research grants, revenues from collaborations, royalties from product sales, and sales of research products and services.

Our projected cash flows are subject to various risks and uncertainties, including those described and referencedAs of September 30, 2023, $57.2 million remained available for sale under Part II, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” of this Report.our at-the-market offering program (“ATM”). See the discussion in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations under “Cash Flows”Note 11 (Shareholders’ Equity) for additional information regarding our sources of cash during the reporting period.information.

As of September 30, 2022,2023, we had $63.89.9 million remained available for sale under our at the market offering program. See Note 11 (Shareholders’ Equity) to the condensed consolidated interim financial statements included in this Report for additional information.

of marketable securities. We may use our marketable securities for liquidity as necessary and as market conditions allow. The market value of our marketable securities may not represent the amount that could be realized in a sale of such securities due to various market and regulatory factors, including trading volume, prevailing market conditions and prices at the time of any sale and subsequent sales of securities by the entities. In addition, the value of our marketable equity securities may be significantly and adversely impacted by deteriorating global economic conditions and the recent disruptions to and the volatility in the credit and financial markets in the United States and worldwide resulting from the ongoingrecent pandemics, including the COVID-19 pandemic, the conflict in Ukraine,geopolitical conflicts, political and economic instability, rising inflation and interest rates, and other macroeconomic factors.

Additional Capital Requirements

Our financial obligations primarily consist of vendorobligations to licensors under license agreements, obligations related to grants received from government entities, including the Israel Innovation Authority (“IIA”), obligations under contracts towith vendors who provide research services and other purchase commitments with suppliers.

Our obligations to licensors under license agreements and our obligations related to grants received from government entities require us to make future payments, such as sublicense fees, milestone payments, redemption fees, royalties and patent maintenance costs. Sublicense fees are payable to licensors or government entities when we sublicense the applicable intellectual property to third parties; the fees are based on a percentage of the license fees we receive from sublicensees. Milestone payments, including those related to the Roche Agreement, are due to licensors or government entities upon achievement of commercial, development and regulatory milestones. Redemption fees due to the IIA under the Innovation Law are due upon receipt of milestone payments and royalties received under the Roche Agreement. See Note 14 (Commitment and Contingencies) for additional information. Royalties, including those related to royalties we may receive under the Roche Agreement, are payable to licensors or government entities based on a percentage of net sales of licensed products. Patent maintenance costs are payable to licensors as reimbursement for the cost of maintaining license patents. Due to the contingent nature of the payments, the amounts and timing of payments to licensors under our in-license agreements are uncertain and may fluctuate significantly from period to period. As of September 30, 2023, we have not included these commitments on our condensed consolidated balance sheet because the achievement of events that would trigger our payment obligations and the timing thereof are not fixed and determinable.

In the normal course of business, we enter into services agreements with contract research organizations, contract manufacturing organizations and other third parties. Generally, these agreements provide for termination upon notice, with specified amounts due upon termination based on the timing of termination and the terms of the agreement. The amounts and timing of payments under these agreements are uncertain and contingent upon the initiation and completion of the services to be provided.

Our commitments also include obligationsSignificant Accounting Policies

We describe our significant accounting policies in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of the 2022 10-K. There have been no changes to our licensors under our in-license agreements, which may include sublicense fees, milestones fees, royalties, and reimbursement of patent maintenance costs. Sublicense fees are payable to licensors when we sublicense underlying intellectual property to third parties;significant accounting policies during the fees are based on a percentage of the license fees we receive from sublicensees. Milestone payments are due to licensors upon our future achievement of certain development and regulatory milestones. Royalties are payable to licensors based on a percentage of net sales of licensed products. Patent maintenance costs are payable to licensors as reimbursement for the cost of maintaining of license patents. Due to the contingent nature of the payments, the amounts and timing of payments to licensors under our in-license agreements are uncertain and may fluctuate significantly from period to period.nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Significant Accounting Policies

Marketable Debt Securities

Lineage accounts for its holdings of U.S. Treasury securities in accordance withRecently Issued and Recently Adopted Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 320-10-50, Debt Securities. All marketable debt securities have been classified as “available-for-sale” and are carried at estimated fair value. Unrealized gains and losses are excluded from earnings and are included in other comprehensive income or loss and reported as a separate component of stockholders’ equity or deficit until realized. Realized gains or losses on available-for-sale debt securities are included in other income (expense), net. The amortized cost of debt securities is adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts to maturity. Such amortization and accretion, together with interest on securities, are included in interest income on the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of operations. In accordance with the Company’s investment policy, management invests in debt securities with high credit quality, including U.S. government securities.

Lineage reviews all its investments for other-than-temporary declines in estimated fair value. Our review includes the consideration of the cause of the impairment, including the creditworthiness of the security issuers, the number of securities in an unrealized loss position, the severity and duration of the unrealized losses, whether the Company has the intent to sell the security. If a credit loss does exist for available-for-sale debt securities and should be recognized, an allowance will be recorded rather than a write-down to the amortized costs basis. To date, no such credit losses have occurred or have been recorded. See Note 4 (Marketable Debt Securities) for additional information.

Marketable Equity SecuritiesPronouncements

Lineage accounts forFrom time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the shares it holds in OncoCyte and Hadasit Bio-Holdings Ltd (“HBL”) as marketable equity securities in accordance with ASC 320-10-25, Investments – Debt and Equity Securities, as amended by Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-01, Financial Instruments–Overall: Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, further discussed below.

The OncoCyte shares have a readily determinable fair values quoted on the NYSE American under trading symbol “OCX”. The HBL shares have a readily determinable fair value quoted on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange (“TASE”) under the trading symbol “HDST” where share prices are denominated in New Israeli Shekels (NIS). See Note 5 (Marketable Equity Securities) for additional information.

Revenue Recognition

Lineage recognizes revenue in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) ASU 2014-09, Revenues from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), and in a manneror other standard setting bodies that depictsare adopted by the transfer of control of a product or a service to a customer and reflects the amount of the consideration it is entitled to receive in exchange for such product or service. In doing so, Lineage follows a five-step approach: (i) identify the contract with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the customer obtains control of the product or service. Lineage considers the terms of a contract and all relevant facts and circumstances when applying the revenue recognition standard. Lineage applies the revenue recognition standard, including the use of any practical expedients, consistently to contracts with similar characteristics and in similar circumstances.

In applying the provisions of ASU 2014-09, Lineage has determined that government grants are out of the scope of ASU 2014-09 because the government entities do not meet the definition of a “customer,” as defined by ASU 2014-09, as there is not considered to be a transfer of control of goods or services to the government entities funding the grant. In the absence of applicable guidance under GAAP, the Company’s policy is to recognize grant revenue when the related costs are incurred and the right to payment is realized. Costs incurred are recorded in research and development and general and administrative expenses on the accompanying statements of operations.

Deferred grant revenues represent grant funds received from the governmental funding agencies for which the allowable expenses have not yet been incurredCompany as of the latest balance sheet date reported.

Royalties from Product Sales and License Fees

For agreements that include sales-based royalties, including commercial milestone payments based on the level of sales, and the license is deemed to be the predominant item to which the royalties relate, Lineage recognizes revenue at the later of (i) when the related sales occur, or (ii) when the performance obligation to which some or all of the royaltyspecified effective date. The Company has been allocated has been satisfied (or partially satisfied). Lineage estimates and recognizes royalty revenues based on all available information, including estimates provided by the customer or licensee from which Lineage obtains such estimates directly for each reporting period. Actual revenues ultimately received may differ from those estimates recorded and are adjusted in the period when information to actuals is available to Lineage.

Collaborative Agreements

In December 2021, Lineage entered into the Roche Agreement for the development and commercialization of OpRegen. Under the terms of the Roche Agreement, Roche agreed to pay Lineage a $50.0 million upfront payment and Lineage is eligible to receive up to an additional $620.0 million in certain developmental, regulatory and commercialization milestone payments. Lineage is also eligible to receive tiered double-digit percentage royalties on net sales of OpRegen. See Note 14 (Commitments and Contingencies) for additional information regarding this agreement.

In April 2021, Lineage entered a worldwide license and collaboration agreement with Immunomic Therapeutics, Inc. for the development and commercialization of an allogeneic version of an immunomic oncology target utilizing the VAC platform. Under the terms of this agreement, Lineage is entitled to upfront licensing fees totaling up to $2.0 million, and up to $67.0 million in development and commercial milestones across multiple indications. Lineage also will be eligible to receive royalties up to 10% on net sales of future products.

As of September 30, 2022, we recorded $38.1 million and $0.8 million of deferred revenue on the condensed consolidated balance sheet, related to the collaboration agreements with each of Roche and Immunomic Therapeutics, Inc., respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, we recognized $2.6 million and $11.6 million of revenue, respectively, on the condensed statement of operations, related to the Roche Agreement. See Note 3 (Revenue) for additional information.

We review collaborative agreements to determine if the accounting treatment falls under Accounting Standards Codification, Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), or Accounting Standards Codification Topic 808, Collaborative Arrangements (“ASC 808”). While these agreements may be within the scope of ASC 808, we may analogize to ASC 606 for some aspects of the agreements.

The terms of our collaborative agreements typically include one or more of the following: (i) upfront fees; (ii) milestone payments related to achievement of development or commercial milestones; (iii) royalties on net sales of licensed products; and (iv) reimbursement of cost-sharing of research and development (“R&D”) expenses. Each of these payments eventually result in collaboration revenues. When a portion of non-refundable upfront fees or other payments received are allocated to continuing performance obligations under the terms of a collaborative agreement, they are recorded as deferred revenue and recognized as collaboration revenue when (or as) the underlying performance obligation is satisfied.

To identify the performance obligations within the collaboration agreements, we first identify all the promises in the contract (i.e. explicit and implicit), which may include a customer option to acquire additional goods or services for free or at a discount. We exclude any immaterial promises from the assessment of identifying performance obligations. When an option is identified as providing a customer with a material right, the option is identified as a performance obligation. A portion of the transaction price is then allocated to the option and recognized when (or as) the future goods or services related to the option are provided, or when the option expires.

As part of the accounting treatment for these agreements, we must develop estimates and assumptions that require judgement to determine the underlying stand-alone selling price for each performance obligation which determines how the transaction price is allocated among the performance obligations. The following items are estimated in the calculation of the stand-alone selling price: forecasted revenues and development costs, development timelines, discount rates and probabilities of technical and regulatory success. We evaluate each performance obligation to determine if they can be satisfied at a point in time or over time, and we measure the services delivered to our collaboration partners each reporting period, which is based on the progress of the related program. If necessary, we adjust the measure of performance and related revenue recognition. Any such adjustments are recorded on a cumulative catch-up basis which would affect revenue and net income (loss) in the period of adjustment. In addition, variable consideration (e.g., milestone payments) must be evaluated to determine if it is constrained and, therefore, excluded from the transaction price.

Upfront Fees: If a license to our intellectual property is determined to be distinct from the other performance obligations identified in the arrangement, we recognize collaboration revenues from the transaction price allocated to the license when the license is transferred to the licensee, and the licensee is able to use and benefit from the license. When the license is determined to be non-distinct, we utilize judgment to assess the nature of the combined performance obligation to determine whether the combined performance obligation is satisfied over time or at a point in time, and, if over time, the appropriate method of measuring progress for purposes of recognizing collaboration revenue from the allocated transaction price. For example, when we receive upfront fees for the performance of research and development services, or when research and development services are not considered to be distinct from a license, we recognize collaboration revenue for those units of account over time using a measure of progress. We evaluate the measure of progress at each reporting period and, if necessary, adjust the measure of performance and related revenue as a change in estimate.

Milestone Payments: At the inception of each collaboration agreement that includes milestone payments (variable consideration), we evaluate whether the milestones are considered probable of being reached and estimate the amount to be included in the transaction price using the most likely amount method. If it is probable that a significant revenue reversal would not occur, the associated milestone value is included in the transaction price. Milestone payments that are not within our or the collaboration partner’s control, such as non-operational developmental and regulatory approvals, are generally not considered probable of being achieved until those approvals are received. At the end of each reporting period, we re-evaluate the probability of achievement of milestones that are within our or the collaboration partner’s control, such as operational developmental milestones and any related constraint, and if necessary, adjust our estimate of the overall transaction price. Any such adjustments are recorded on a cumulative catch-up basis, which would affect collaboration revenues and net income (loss) in the period of adjustment. Revisions to our estimate of the transaction price may also result in negative collaboration revenues and net income (loss) in the period of adjustment.

Royalties: For collaboration agreements that include sales-based royalties, including commercial milestone payments based on the level of sales, and the license is deemed to be the predominant item to which the royalties relate, we recognize revenue at the later of (i) when the related sales occur, or (ii) when the performance obligation to which some or all of the royalty has been allocated has been satisfied (or partially satisfied).

Reimbursement, cost-sharing payments: Under certain collaborative agreements, we will receive reimbursement for a portion of our R&D expenses. Such reimbursements are reviewed for gross versus net reporting considerations and reflected either as a reduction of R&D expense or as reimbursement revenue in our consolidated statements of operations.

Accounts and Grant Receivable, net

Net accounts receivable amounted to $0.4 million and $50.6 million as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. Net accounts receivable include an allowance for doubtful accounts of approximately $0.1 million as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, for those amounts deemed uncollectible. Lineage establishes an allowance for doubtful accounts based on the evaluation of the collectability of its receivables on a variety of factors, including the length of time receivables are past due, significant events that may impair the customer’s ability to pay, such as a bankruptcy filing or deterioration in the customers operating results or financial position, and historical experience. If circumstances related to customers change, estimates of the recoverability of receivables would be further adjusted.

Basic and diluted net income (loss) per share attributable to common shareholders

Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income or loss attributable to Lineage common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding, net of unvested restricted stock or restricted stock units, subject to repurchase by Lineage, if any, during the period. Diluted earnings per share is calculated by dividing the net income or loss attributable to Lineage common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding, adjusted for the effects of potentially dilutive common shares issuable under outstanding stock options and warrants, using the treasury-stock method, convertible preferred stock, if any, using the if-converted method, and treasury stock held by subsidiaries, if any.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, Lineage reported a net loss attributable to common shareholders, and therefore, all potentially dilutive common shares were considered antidilutive for those periods.

The following common share equivalents were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per common share for the periods presented because including them would have been antidilutive (in thousands):

Schedule of Anti-dilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share

Cash and cash equivalents

Lineage considers all highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, Lineage had $14.7 million and $52.3 million in U.S. Treasuries securities and money market funds, respectively, considered to be cash equivalents.

Restricted Cash

In accordance with ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash, Lineage explains the change during the period in the total of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, and includes restricted cash in cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown on the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows.

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported within the condensed consolidated balance sheet dates that comprise the total of the same such amounts shown in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for all periods presented herein (in thousands):

Schedule of Reconciliation of Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash

Stock-Based Compensation

Lineage follows accounting standards governing share-based payments in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation, which require the measurement and recognition of compensation expense for all share-based payment awards made to directors and employees based on estimated fair values.

For employee and director stock options, we utilize the Black-Scholes option pricing model for valuing share-based payment awards. Lineage’s determination of fair value of share-based payment awards on the date of grant using that option-pricing model is affected by the price of Lineage’s common shares as well as by assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables. These variables include, but are not limited to, expected stock price volatility over the term of the awards, and the expected term of options granted, which is derived using the simplified method, which is an average of the contractual term of the option and its vesting period, as we do not have sufficient historical exercise data upon which to estimate expected term. The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield in effect at the time of grant for zero coupon U.S. Treasury notes with maturities similar to the expected term of the awards. Stock option forfeitures are accounted for as they occur.

For restricted stock unit awards (“RSUs”) subject to service and/or performance vesting conditions, the grant-date fair value is established based on the closing price of Lineage’s common shares on such date. Stock-based compensation expense for RSUs subject to only service conditions is recognized on a straight-line basis over the service period. Stock-based compensation expense for RSUs with both service and performance conditions is recognized on a graded basis only if it is probable that the performance condition will be achieved. Lineage accounts for forfeitures of RSUs as they occur in determining stock-based compensation expense. For RSUs subject to a market condition, the grant-date fair value is estimated using a Monte Carlo valuation model. The model is based on random projections of stock price paths and must be repeated numerous times to achieve a probabilistic assessment. Lineage recognizes stock-based compensation expense for RSUs subject to market-based vesting conditions regardless of whether it becomes probable that the vesting conditions will be achieved, and stock-based compensation expense for such RSUs is not reversed if vesting does not actually occur.

Although the fair value of employee stock options and RSUs are determined in accordance with FASB guidance, changes in the assumptions can materially affect the estimated value and therefore the amount of compensation expense recognized in the condensed consolidated interim financial statements.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

The following recently issued accounting pronouncement that is not yet effective should be read in conjunction with the recently issued accounting pronouncements discussed in the 2021 10-K.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. ASU 2016-13 is intended to provide financial statement users with more decision-useful information about the expected credit losses on financial instruments and other commitments and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. ASU 2016-13 is effective for Lineage beginning January 1, 2023. We are currently assessing the new guidance and wedoes not believe thisany will not have a significantmaterial impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. This ASU provides optional guidance for a limited period of time to ease the burden in accounting for (or recognizing the effects of) reference rate reform on financial reporting. This would apply to companies meeting certain criteria that have contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. This standard is effective for us immediately and may be applied prospectively to contract modifications made and hedging relationships entered into or evaluated on or before December 31, 2022. In April 2022, the FASB proposed extending the sunset date of this guidance to December 31, 2024. We are currently assessing the impact the new guidance will have on ourCompany’s condensed consolidated financial statements andor related financial statement disclosures.

3. Revenue

Our disaggregated revenues were as follows for the periods presented (in thousands):

 Schedule of Disaggregated Revenues

We are recognizing the upfront payment of $50.0 million under the Roche Agreement utilizing an input method of costs incurred over total estimated costs to be incurred. At each reporting period, we update our total estimated collaboration costs, and any resulting adjustments are recorded on a cumulative basis which would affect revenue and net income (loss) and deferred revenue in the period of adjustment. We believe the input methodology represents the most appropriate measure of progress towards satisfaction of the identified performance obligations.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, we recognized $1.2 million and $6.9 million in total revenue, respectively, of which $1.0 million and $5.9 million, respectively, was recognized in revenues under collaborative agreements related to the upfront payment from Roche, which was included in deferred revenues at December 31, 2022.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, we recognized $3.0 million and $12.8 million in total revenue, respectively, of which $2.6 million and $11.6 million, respectively, was recognized in collaboration revenues under collaborative agreements related to the $50.0 million upfront payment from Roche, which was included in deferred revenues at December 31, 2021.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we recognized $12.8 million in total revenue, of which $11.6 million was recognized in collaboration revenues related to the $50.0 million upfront payment from Roche, which was included in deferred revenues at December 31, 2021.

We are recognizing the $50.0 million upfront payment under the Roche Agreement, utilizing an input method of costs incurred over total estimated costs to be incurred.

Accounts receivable and other receivable, net, and deferred revenues (contract liabilities) from contracts with customers, including collaboration partners, consisted of the following (in thousands):

 Schedule of Contract with Customer Contract Liability and Receivable