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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

xQUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended September 30, 20172018
OR
¨TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from             to             .
Commission file number: 001-35346

 DELPHI AUTOMOTIVEAPTIV PLC
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Jersey 98-1029562
(State or other jurisdiction of (I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization) Identification No.)
Courteney Road5 Hanover Quay
Hoath WayGrand Canal Dock
Gillingham, Kent ME8 0RU
United KingdomDublin 2, Ireland
(Address of principal executive offices)
011-44-163-423-4422353-1-259-7013
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
N/A
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  x.    No  ¨.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes  x.    No  ¨.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. 
Large accelerated filer 
x.
    Accelerated filer
¨.
Non-accelerated filer 
¨.
  (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) Smaller reporting company
¨.
      Emerging growth company
¨.
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ¨.    No  x.
The number of the registrant’s ordinary shares outstanding, $0.01 par value per share as of October 27, 2017,26, 2018, was 265,839,794.263,472,291.


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DELPHI AUTOMOTIVEAPTIV PLC
INDEX 

  Page
Part I - Financial Information
Item 1. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Item 2.
Item 3.
Item 4.
   
Part II - Other Information
Item 1.
Item 1A.
Item 2.
Item 6.
   
 
Exhibits  

2

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PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DELPHI AUTOMOTIVEAPTIV PLC
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (Unaudited)
Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
2017 2016 2017 20162018 2017 2018 2017
              
(in millions, except per share amounts)(in millions, except per share amounts)
Net sales$4,333
 $4,091
 $12,943
 $12,348
$3,485
 $3,148
 $10,799
 $9,444
Operating expenses:              
Cost of sales3,450
 3,253
 10,314
 9,861
2,834
 2,498
 8,739
 7,540
Selling, general and administrative317
 278
 906
 833
232
 230
 751
 686
Amortization34
 34
 100
 101
31
 29
 91
 87
Restructuring (Note 7)21
 63
 180
 252
65
 18
 100
 101
Total operating expenses3,822
 3,628
 11,500
 11,047
3,162
 2,775
 9,681
 8,414
Operating income511
 463
 1,443
 1,301
323
 373
 1,118
 1,030
Interest expense(36) (41) (105) (123)(34) (35) (104) (103)
Other expense, net (Note 16)(9) (69) (29) (73)
Other income (expense), net (Note 16)4
 (7) 27
 (22)
Income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity income466
 353
 1,309
 1,105
293
 331
 1,041
 905
Income tax expense(60) (57) (183) (216)(66) (31) (208) (88)
Income from continuing operations before equity income406
 296
 1,126
 889
227
 300
 833
 817
Equity income, net of tax7
 10
 25
 23
4
 6
 17
 24
Income from continuing operations413
 306
 1,151
 912
231
 306
 850
 841
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax (Note 21)
 
 
 108

 107
 
 310
Net income413
 306
 1,151
 1,020
231
 413
 850
 1,151
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest18
 13
 52
 44
9
 18
 30
 52
Net income attributable to Delphi$395
 $293
 $1,099
 $976
Net income attributable to Aptiv$222
 $395
 $820
 $1,099
              
Amounts attributable to Delphi:       
Amounts attributable to Aptiv:       
Income from continuing operations$395
 $293
 $1,099
 $871
$222
 $297
 $820
 $814
Income from discontinued operations
 
 
 105

 98
 
 285
Net income$395
 $293
 $1,099
 $976
$222
 $395
 $820
 $1,099
              
Basic net income per share:              
Continuing operations$1.48
 $1.08
 $4.11
 $3.18
$0.84
 $1.11
 $3.09
 $3.04
Discontinued operations
 
 
 0.38

 0.37
 
 1.07
Basic net income per share attributable to Delphi$1.48
 $1.08
 $4.11
 $3.56
Basic net income per share attributable to Aptiv$0.84
 $1.48
 $3.09
 $4.11
Weighted average number of basic shares outstanding266.24
 272.19
 267.60
 273.91
264.56
 266.24
 265.02
 267.60
              
Diluted net income per share:              
Continuing operations$1.48
 $1.07
 $4.10
 $3.18
$0.84
 $1.11
 $3.09
 $3.04
Discontinued operations
 
 
 0.38

 0.37
 
 1.06
Diluted net income per share attributable to Delphi$1.48
 $1.07
 $4.10
 $3.56
Diluted net income per share attributable to Aptiv$0.84
 $1.48
 $3.09
 $4.10
Weighted average number of diluted shares outstanding267.16
 272.77
 268.23
 274.39
265.33
 267.16
 265.74
 268.23
              
Cash dividends declared per share$0.29
 $0.29
 $0.87
 $0.87
$0.22
 $0.29
 $0.44
 $0.87
See notes to consolidated financial statements.

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DELPHI AUTOMOTIVEAPTIV PLC
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (Unaudited)
Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
2017 2016 2017 20162018 2017 2018 2017
              
(in millions)(in millions)
Net income$413
 $306
 $1,151
 $1,020
$231
 $413
 $850
 $1,151
Other comprehensive income:       
Other comprehensive (loss) income:       
Currency translation adjustments87
 27
 276
 8
(36) 87
 (168) 276
Net change in unrecognized (loss) gain on derivative instruments, net of tax (Note 14)(9) 6
 34
 55
Net change in unrecognized gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net of tax (Note 14)14
 (9) (19) 34
Employee benefit plans adjustment, net of tax(6) 6
 (1) 28
2
 (6) 12
 (1)
Other comprehensive income72
 39
 309
 91
Other comprehensive (loss) income(20) 72
 (175) 309
Comprehensive income485
 345
 1,460
 1,111
211
 485
 675
 1,460
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests21
 14
 59
 43
5
 21
 22
 59
Comprehensive income attributable to Delphi$464
 $331
 $1,401
 $1,068
Comprehensive income attributable to Aptiv$206
 $464
 $653
 $1,401
See notes to consolidated financial statements.

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DELPHI AUTOMOTIVEAPTIV PLC
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
September 30,
2017
 December 31,
2016
September 30,
2018
 December 31,
2017
(Unaudited) (Unaudited) 
      
(in millions)(in millions)
ASSETS      
Current assets:      
Cash and cash equivalents$557
 $838
$771
 $1,596
Cash in escrow related to Powertrain Spin-Off senior notes offering (Note 8)796
 
Restricted cash1
 1
1
 1
Accounts receivable, net3,225
 2,938
2,635
 2,440
Inventories (Note 3)1,642
 1,232
1,358
 1,083
Other current assets (Note 4)489
 410
439
 521
Total current assets6,710
 5,419
5,204
 5,641
Long-term assets:      
Property, net3,819
 3,515
3,056
 2,804
Investments in affiliates130
 101
101
 91
Intangible assets, net (Note 2)1,213
 1,240
1,216
 1,219
Goodwill (Note 2)1,670
 1,508
2,162
 1,944
Other long-term assets (Note 4)624
 509
588
 470
Total long-term assets7,456
 6,873
7,123
 6,528
Total assets$14,166
 $12,292
$12,327
 $12,169
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY      
Current liabilities:      
Short-term debt (Note 8)$15
 $12
$24
 $17
Accounts payable2,745
 2,563
2,254
 2,227
Accrued liabilities (Note 5)1,383
 1,573
1,109
 1,296
Total current liabilities4,143
 4,148
3,387
 3,540
Long-term liabilities:      
Long-term debt (Note 8)4,884
 3,959
4,084
 4,132
Pension benefit obligations1,004
 955
439
 454
Other long-term liabilities (Note 5)521
 467
608
 526
Total long-term liabilities6,409
 5,381
5,131
 5,112
Total liabilities10,552
 9,529
8,518
 8,652
Commitments and contingencies (Note 10)

 



 

Shareholders’ equity:      
Preferred shares, $0.01 par value per share, 50,000,000 shares authorized, none issued and outstanding
 

 
Ordinary shares, $0.01 par value per share, 1,200,000,000 shares authorized, 265,839,088 and 269,789,959 issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively3
 3
Ordinary shares, $0.01 par value per share, 1,200,000,000 shares authorized, 264,097,440 and 265,839,794 issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively3
 3
Additional paid-in-capital1,628
 1,633
1,633
 1,649
Retained earnings2,485
 1,980
2,610
 2,118
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (Note 13)(913) (1,215)(638) (471)
Total Delphi shareholders’ equity3,203
 2,401
Total Aptiv shareholders’ equity3,608
 3,299
Noncontrolling interest411
 362
201
 218
Total shareholders’ equity3,614
 2,763
3,809
 3,517
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity$14,166
 $12,292
$12,327
 $12,169
See notes to consolidated financial statements.

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DELPHI AUTOMOTIVEAPTIV PLC
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Unaudited)
Nine Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
2017 20162018 2017
      
(in millions)(in millions)
Cash flows from operating activities:      
Net income$1,151
 $1,020
$850
 $1,151
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax
 108

 310
Income from continuing operations1,151
 912
850
 841
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:      
Depreciation439
 425
383
 305
Amortization100
 101
91
 87
Amortization of deferred debt issuance costs5
 7
5
 5
Restructuring expense, net of cash paid18
 73
(2) 9
Deferred income taxes2
 21
(73) 2
Pension and other postretirement benefit expenses66
 45
29
 31
Income from equity method investments, net of dividends received(18) (15)(9) (16)
Loss on extinguishment of debt
 73
Gain on sale of assets
 (4)
 (1)
Share-based compensation50
 47
33
 43
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:      
Accounts receivable, net(279) (230)(128) (122)
Inventories(410) (193)(250) (266)
Other assets(121) 9
(110) (102)
Accounts payable214
 74
78
 83
Accrued and other long-term liabilities(147) (2)86
 (223)
Other, net30
 (25)(58) 36
Pension contributions(60) (60)(35) (27)
Net cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations1,040
 1,258
890
 685
Net cash provided by operating activities from discontinued operations
 
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities from discontinued operations(19) 355
Net cash provided by operating activities1,040
 1,258
871
 1,040
Cash flows from investing activities:      
Capital expenditures(591) (614)(661) (480)
Proceeds from sale of property / investments12
 14
10
 6
Net proceeds from divestiture of discontinued operations
 52
Cost of business acquisitions, net of cash acquired(40) (15)(512) (40)
Cost of technology investments(51) (3)
 (50)
Settlement of derivatives(12) (16)(6) (12)
Increase in restricted cash
 (1)
Net cash used in investing activities from continuing operations(682) (583)(1,169) (576)
Net cash used in investing activities from discontinued operations
 (4)
 (106)
Net cash used in investing activities(682) (587)(1,169) (682)
Cash flows from financing activities:      
Net repayments under short-term debt agreements(8) (14)
Repayment of senior notes
 (862)
Net repayments under other short-term debt agreements(19) (8)
Proceeds from issuance of senior notes, net of issuance costs796
 852

 796
Escrow of proceeds from Powertrain Spin-off senior notes issuance(796) 
Contingent consideration and deferred acquisition purchase price payments(24) (4)(13) (24)
Dividend payments of consolidated affiliates to minority shareholders(10) (24)(26) (10)
Repurchase of ordinary shares(383) (530)(214) (383)
Distribution of cash dividends(233) (238)(175) (233)
Taxes withheld and paid on employees' restricted share awards(33) (40)
Net cash used in financing activities(691) (860)
Effect of exchange rate fluctuations on cash and cash equivalents52
 5
Decrease in cash and cash equivalents(281) (184)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the period838
 579
Cash and cash equivalents at end of the period$557
 $395
Taxes withheld and paid on employees’ restricted share awards(35) (33)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities(482) 105
Effect of exchange rate fluctuations on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash(45) 52
(Decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash(825) 515
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of the period1,597
 839
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of the period$772
 $1,354
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of discontinued operations$
 $891
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of continuing operations$772
 $463
See notes to consolidated financial statements.

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DELPHI AUTOMOTIVEAPTIV PLC
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Unaudited)
Ordinary Shares            Ordinary Shares            
Number of Shares Amount Additional Paid in Capital Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Total Delphi Shareholders’ Equity Noncontrolling Interest Total Shareholders’ EquityNumber of Shares Amount Additional Paid in Capital Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Total Aptiv Shareholders’ Equity Noncontrolling Interest Total Shareholders’ Equity
                              
(in millions)(in millions)
Balance at January 1, 2017270
 $3
 $1,633
 $1,980
 $(1,215) $2,401
 $362
 $2,763
Balance at January 1, 2018266
 $3
 $1,649
 $2,118
 $(471) $3,299
 $218
 $3,517
Net income
 
 
 1,099
 
 1,099
 52
 1,151

 
 
 820
 
 820
 30
 850
Other comprehensive income
 
 
 
 302
 302
 7
 309
Other comprehensive loss
 
 
 
 (167) (167) (8) (175)
Dividends on ordinary shares
 
 3
 (236) 
 (233) 
 (233)
 
 
 (116) 
 (116) 
 (116)
Dividend payments of consolidated affiliates to minority shareholders
 
 
 
 
 
 (10) (10)
 
 
 
 
 
 (39) (39)
Taxes withheld on employees' restricted share award vestings
 
 (33) 
 
 (33) 
 (33)
Taxes withheld on employees’ restricted share award vestings
 
 (35) 
 
 (35) 
 (35)
Repurchase of ordinary shares(5) 
 (25) (358) 
 (383) 
 (383)(3) 
 (14) (208) 
 (222) 
 (222)
Share-based compensation1
 
 50
 
 
 50
 
 50
1
 
 33
 
 
 33
 
 33
Balance at September 30, 2017266
 $3
 $1,628
 $2,485
 $(913) $3,203
 $411
 $3,614
Distribution of Delphi Technologies
 
 
 5
 
 5
 
 5
Adjustment for recently adopted accounting pronouncements (Note 2)
 
 
 (9) 
 (9) 
 (9)
Balance at September 30, 2018264
 $3
 $1,633
 $2,610
 $(638) $3,608
 $201
 $3,809
See notes to consolidated financial statements.

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DELPHI AUTOMOTIVEAPTIV PLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)
1. GENERAL
General and basis of presentation—“Delphi,Aptiv,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Delphi AutomotiveAptiv PLC, a public limited company which was formed under the laws of Jersey on May 19, 2011, as Delphi Automotive PLC, which together with its subsidiaries including Delphi Automotive LLP, a limited liability partnership incorporated under the laws of England and Wales which was formed on August 19, 2009 for the purpose of acquiringacquired certain assets of the former Delphi Corporation (the "Acquisition"(now known as DPH Holdings Corp. (“DPHH”),) and became a subsidiary of Delphi Automotive PLC in connection with the completion of the Company’scompleted an initial public offering on November 22, 2011. The2011. On December 4, 2017 (the “Distribution Date”), the Company completed the separation (the “Separation”) of its former Powertrain Systems segment by distributing to Aptiv shareholders on a pro rata basis all of the issued and outstanding ordinary shares of Delphi Technologies PLC (“Delphi Technologies”), a public limited company formed to hold the spun-off business. To effect the Separation, the Company distributed to its shareholders one ordinary share of Delphi Technologies for every three Aptiv ordinary shares outstanding as of November 22, 2017, the record date for the distribution. Following the Separation, the remaining company changed its name to Aptiv PLC and New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) symbol to “APTV.” Also, as a result of the Separation, Delphi Technologies became an independent public company trading on the NYSE under the symbol “DLPH” as of the Distribution Date. Delphi Technologies’ historical financial results through the Distribution Date are reflected in the Company’s consolidated financial statements have been preparedas a discontinued operation, as more fully described in Note 21. Discontinued Operations.
In April 2018, primarily as a result of the impact of the Separation on the Company’s U.K. presence and the centralization of the Company’s non-manufacturing European footprint, along with the long-term stability of the financial and regulatory environment in Ireland and continued uncertainties with regards to the impending exit of the U.K. from the European Union, Aptiv PLC changed its tax residence from the U.K. to Ireland. Aptiv PLC remains a public limited company incorporated under the laws of Jersey, and will continue to be subject to United States Securities and Exchange Commission reporting requirements and prepare financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). All
The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and all adjustments, consisting of only normal recurring items, which are necessary for a fair presentation, have been included. The consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in this report should be read in conjunction with Delphi's 2016Aptiv’s 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Nature of operationsDelphiAptiv is a leading global technology and mobility company serving the automotive sector. Delphi designsWe design and manufacturesmanufacture vehicle components and providesprovide electrical, electronic and electronic, powertrain andactive safety technology solutions to the global automotive and commercial vehicle markets. Delphimarket. Aptiv operates manufacturing facilities and technical centers utilizing a regional service model that enables the Company to efficiently and effectively serve its global customers from best cost countries. In line with the long termlong-term growth in emerging markets, DelphiAptiv has been increasing its focus on these markets, particularly in China, where the Company has a major manufacturing base and strong customer relationships.
Powertrain Spin-Off and Renaming of Remaining Company—On May 3, 2017, the Company announced its intention to pursue a separation of its Powertrain Systems segment into a new, independent publicly traded company, through a transaction expected to be treated as a tax-free spin-off to its shareholders (the "Separation"). The new publicly traded Powertrain spin-off company will be named Delphi Technologies PLC, and will trade on the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") under the symbol "DLPH" following the distribution date. Upon completion of the Separation, the remaining company will change its name to Aptiv PLC, pending shareholder approval. Following the distribution date, Aptiv PLC will trade on the NYSE under the ticker symbol "APTV". Refer to Note 22. Separation of Powertrain Systems for additional detail.

2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Consolidation—The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of DelphiAptiv and U.S. and non-U.S. subsidiaries in which DelphiAptiv holds a controlling financial or management interest and variable interest entities of which DelphiAptiv has determined that it is the primary beneficiary. Delphi’sAptiv’s share of the earnings or losses of non-controlled affiliates over which DelphiAptiv exercises significant influence (generally a 20% to 50% ownership interest) is included in the consolidated operating results using the equity method of accounting. When DelphiAptiv does not have the ability to exercise significant influence (generally when ownership interest is less than 20%), investments in non-consolidated affiliates are accounted for usingin accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-01, Financial Instruments – Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, and are measured at cost, less impairments, adjusted for observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar investments of the cost method.same issuer. All significant intercompany transactions and balances between consolidated DelphiAptiv businesses have been eliminated. The Company monitors its investments in affiliates for indicators of other-than-temporary declines in value on an ongoing basis. If the Company determines that such a decline has occurred, an impairment loss is recorded, which is measured as the difference between carrying value and estimated fair value. Estimated fair value is generally determined using an income approach based on discounted cash flows or negotiated transaction values.
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, Delphi received a dividend of $7 million from one of its equity method investments. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, DelphiAptiv received dividends of $4$8 million and $8$7 million, respectively, from one of its equity method investments. The dividends were recognized as a reduction to the investment and represented a return on investment included in cash flows from operating activities.activities from continuing operations.
Investments in non-consolidated affiliates accounted for under the cost method totaled $77$56 million and $26$56 million as of September 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016,2017, respectively, and are classified within other long-term assets in the consolidated balance sheet.

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Use of estimates—Preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires the use of estimates and assumptions that affect amounts reported therein. Generally, matters subject to estimation and judgment include amounts related to accounts receivable realization, inventory obsolescence, asset impairments, useful lives of intangible and fixed assets, deferred tax asset valuation allowances, income taxes, pension benefit plan assumptions, accruals related to litigation, warranty costs, environmental remediation costs, contingent consideration arrangements, worker’s compensation accruals and healthcare accruals. Due to the inherent uncertainty involved in making estimates, actual results reported in future periods may be based upon amounts that differ from those estimates.
Revenue recognition—Beginning in the first quarter of 2018, Aptiv recognizes revenue in accordance with ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Refer to Note 22. Revenue for additional information regarding the Company’s revenue recognition policies.
Net income per share—Basic net income per share is computed by dividing net income attributable to DelphiAptiv by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per share reflects the weighted
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average dilutive impact of all potentially dilutive securities from the date of issuance and is computed using the treasury stock method by dividing net income attributable to DelphiAptiv by the diluted weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding. Seeoutstanding during the period. Unless otherwise noted, share and per share amounts included in these notes are on a diluted basis. Refer to Note 12. Shareholders’ Equity and Net Income Per Share for additional information including the calculation of basic and diluted net income per share.
Cash and cash equivalents—Cash and cash equivalents are defined as short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less.
Cash in escrow related to Powertrain Spin-off debt—As of September 30, 2017, the Company deposited into escrow $796 million of net proceeds from the issuance of $800 million principal amount of unsecured senior notes by Delphi Technologies PLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company formed in connection with the planned spin-off of the Company's Powertrain Systems segment, which prior to October 10, 2017 was named Delphi Jersey Holdings plc. These proceeds will be released to Delphi Technologies PLC upon satisfaction of certain conditions, including completion of the Separation. At December 31, 2016, there was no cash in escrow for this purpose. Refer to Note 8. Debt for further description of this senior notes offering.
Accounts receivableDelphiAptiv enters into agreements to sell certain of its accounts receivable, primarily in North America and Europe. Sales of receivables are accounted for in accordance with FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic ASC 860, Transfers and Servicing ("ASC 860"860”). Agreements which result in true sales of the transferred receivables, as defined in ASC 860, which occur when receivables are transferred without recourse to the Company, are excluded from amounts reported in the consolidated balance sheets. Cash proceeds received from such sales are included in operating cash flows. Agreements that allow DelphiAptiv to maintain effective control over the transferred receivables and which do not qualify as a sale, as defined in ASC 860, are accounted for as secured borrowings and recorded in the consolidated balance sheets within accounts receivable, net and short-term debt. The expenses associated with receivables factoring are recorded in the consolidated statements of operations within interest expense.
Intangible assets—Intangible assets were $1,213$1,216 million and $1,240$1,219 million as of September 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016,2017, respectively. DelphiAptiv amortizes definite-lived intangible assets over their estimated useful lives. DelphiAptiv has definite-lived intangible assets related to patents and developed technology, customer relationships and trade names. Indefinite-lived in-process research and development intangible assets are not amortized, but are tested for impairment annually, or more frequently when indicators of potential impairment exist, until the completion or abandonment of the associated research and development efforts. Upon completion of the projects, the assets will be amortized over the expected economic life of the asset, which will be determined on that date. Should the project be determined to be abandoned, and if the asset developed has no alternative use, the full value of the asset will be charged to expense. The Company also has intangible assets related to acquired trade names that are classified as indefinite-lived when there are no foreseeable limits on the periods of time over which they are expected to contribute cash flows. These indefinite-lived trade name assets are tested for impairment annually, or more frequently when indicators of potential impairment exist. Costs to renew or extend the term of acquired intangible assets are recognized as expense as incurred. Amortization expense was $34$31 million and $100$91 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 20172018 and $34$29 million and $101$87 million and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016,2017, respectively.
Goodwill—Goodwill is the excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair value of identifiable net assets acquired in business combinations. The Company tests goodwill for impairment annually in the fourth quarter, or more frequently when indications of potential impairment exist. The Company monitors the existence of potential impairment indicators throughout the fiscal year. The Company tests for goodwill impairment at the reporting unit level. Our reporting units are the components of operating segments which constitute businesses for which discrete financial information is available and is regularly reviewed by segment management.
The impairment test involves first qualitatively assessing goodwill for impairment. If the qualitative assessment is not met the Company then performs a quantitative assessment by first comparing the estimated fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying value, including goodwill. Fair value reflects the price a market participant would be willing to pay in a potential sale of the reporting unit. If the estimated fair value exceeds carrying value, then we conclude that no goodwill impairment has occurred. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value, a second step is required to measure possible goodwill impairment loss. The second step includes hypothetically valuing the tangible and intangible assets and liabilities of the reporting unit as if the reporting unit had been acquired in a business combination. Then, the implied fair value

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of the reporting unit'sunit’s goodwill is compared to the carrying value of that goodwill. If the carrying value of the reporting unit'sunit’s goodwill exceeds the implied fair value of the goodwill, the Company recognizes an impairment loss in an amount equal to the excess, not to exceed the carrying value. There were no indicators of potential goodwill impairment during the nine months ended September 30, 2017.2018. Goodwill was $1,670$2,162 million and $1,508$1,944 million as of September 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016,2017, respectively.
Warranty and product recalls—Expected warranty costs for products sold are recognized at the time of sale of the product based on an estimate of the amount that eventually will be required to settle such obligations. These accruals are based on factors such as past experience, production changes, industry developments and various other considerations. Costs of product recalls, which may include the cost of the product being replaced as well as the customer’s cost of the recall, including
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labor to remove and replace the recalled part, are accrued as part of our warranty accrual at the time an obligation becomes probable and can be reasonably estimated. These estimates are adjusted from time to time based on facts and circumstances that impact the status of existing claims. Refer to Note 6. Warranty Obligations for additional information.
Discontinued operations—The Company reports financial results for discontinued operations separately from continuing operations to distinguish the financial impact of disposal transactions from ongoing operations. Discontinued operations reporting occurs only when the disposal of a component or a group of components of the Company represents a strategic shift that will have a major effect on the Company'sCompany’s operations and financial results. During the year ended December 31, 2015, Delphi2017, the Company completed the divestitures of the Company's wholly owned Thermal Systems business and the Company's interest in its KDAC joint venture. During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, Delphi completed the divestitureSeparation of its interest in its Shanghaiformer Powertrain Systems segment by means of a spin-off into Delphi Automotive Air Conditioning ("SDAAC") joint venture. Delphi's interests in the KDAC and SDAAC joint ventures were previously reported within the Thermal Systems segment.Technologies. Accordingly, the assets and liabilities, operating results and operating and investing cash flows for the previously reported ThermalPowertrain Systems segment are presented as discontinued operations separate from the Company’s continuing operations and segment results for all periods presented in these consolidated financial statements and the notes to the consolidated financial statements, unless otherwise noted. Refer to Note 21. Discontinued Operations for further information regarding the Company'sCompany’s discontinued operations.
Income taxes—Deferred tax assets and liabilities reflect temporary differences between the amount of assets and liabilities for financial and tax reporting purposes. Such amounts are adjusted, as appropriate, to reflect changes in tax rates expected to be in effect when the temporary differences reverse. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in earnings in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is recorded to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. In the event the Company determines it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized in the future, the valuation allowance adjustment to the deferred tax assets will be charged to earnings in the period in which the Company makes such a determination. In determining the provision for income taxes for financial statement purposes, the Company makes certain estimates and judgments which affect its evaluation of the carrying value of its deferred tax assets, as well as its calculation of certain tax liabilities. Refer to Note 11. Income Taxes for additional information.
RestructuringDelphiAptiv continually evaluates alternatives to align the business with the changing needs of its customers and to lower operating costs. This includes the realignment of its existing manufacturing capacity, facility closures, or similar actions, either in the normal course of business or pursuant to significant restructuring programs. These actions may result in employees receiving voluntary or involuntary employee termination benefits, which are mainly pursuant to union or other contractual agreements. Voluntary termination benefits are accrued when an employee accepts the related offer. Involuntary termination benefits are accrued upon the commitment to a termination plan and when the benefit arrangement is communicated to affected employees, or when liabilities are determined to be probable and estimable, depending on the existence of a substantive plan for severance or termination. Contract termination costs are recorded when contracts are terminated or when DelphiAptiv ceases to use the leased facility and no longer derives economic benefit from the contract. All other exit costs are expensed as incurred. Refer to Note 7. Restructuring for additional information.
Customer concentrations—As reflected in the table below, combined net sales from continuing operations to General Motors Company ("GM"(“GM”) and Volkswagen Group ("VW"(“VW”), Delphi'sAptiv’s two largest customers, totaled approximately 19% and 21%19% of our total net sales for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017,2018, respectively, and 23%22% and 22% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 respectively.
 Percentage of Total Net Sales  Accounts and Other Receivables
 Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,  September 30,
2017
 December 31,
2016
 2017 2016 2017 2016   
             
          (in millions)
GM11% 15% 13% 14%  $291
 $370
VW8% 8% 8% 8%  205
 150
Retrospective changes—Prior period information has been reclassified as a result of the Company's adoption of Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2017-07, as defined and further described below, on a retrospective basis in 2017. In accordance with the adoption of this guidance, prior year amounts related to the components of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit cost other than service costs have been reclassified from cost of goods sold and selling, general and administrative expense to other expense within the consolidated statement of operations for all periods presented.
Recently adopted accounting pronouncements—Delphi adopted ASU 2015-11, Inventory (Topic 330): Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory,in the first quarter of 2017 on a prospective basis. This guidance requires an entity to measure inventory at the lower of cost and net realizable value, rather than at the lower of cost or market. The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on Delphi's financial statements.
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Delphi adopted ASU 2016-05, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Effect of Derivative Contract Novations on Existing Hedge Accounting Relationships and ASU 2016-06, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Contingent Put and Call Options in Debt Instruments in the first quarter of 2017 on a prospective basis. ASU 2016-05 clarifies that a change in the counterparty to a derivative instrument that has been designated as a hedging instrument does not, in and of itself, require dedesignation of that hedging relationship provided that all other hedge accounting criteria continue to be met. ASU 2016-06 also clarifies the steps required to determine bifurcation of an embedded derivative. The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on Delphi's financial statements.
Delphi adopted ASU 2016-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting ("ASU 2016-09") in the first quarter of 2017. This guidance contains multiple updates related to the accounting and financial statement presentation of share-based payment transactions. The provisions of ASU 2016-09 related to the timing of when excess tax benefits are recognized were adopted using a modified retrospective transition method by means of an immaterial cumulative-effect adjustment to equity as of January 1, 2017. On a prospective basis, excess tax benefits are recognized within income tax expense in the period in which the awards vest, as opposed to being recognized in additional paid-in capital when the deduction reduced taxes payable. Such excess tax benefits are classified as an operating activity within the consolidated statement of cash flows prospectively, as opposed to a financing activity. There was no change to the Company's historical presentation of minimum statutory withholdings as a financing activity within the consolidated statement of cash flows. The Company’s share-based compensation expense continues to reflect estimated forfeitures. The adoption of ASU 2016-09 did not materially impact the Company’s financial position, results of operations, equity or cash flows.
Delphi adopted ASU 2017-07, Compensation—Retirement Benefits (Topic 715): Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost ("ASU 2017-07") in the first quarter of 2017. ASU 2017-07 changes the presentation of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit cost in the income statement. Under the new guidance, employers present the service cost component of the net periodic benefit cost in the same income statement line items as other employee compensation costs for services rendered during the period. In addition, only the service cost component is eligible for capitalization as an asset. Employers present the other components of net periodic benefit cost separately from the income statement line items that include the service cost component, outside of operating income. The new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted as of the beginning of an annual period. The new guidance related to the presentation of the components of net periodic benefit cost within the income statement is to be applied retrospectively. The new guidance limiting the capitalization of net periodic benefit cost in assets to the service cost component will be applied prospectively. As permitted, the Company elected to early adopt this guidance effective January 1, 2017, and has classified the components of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit cost other than service costs from cost of goods sold and selling, general and administrative expense to other expense within the consolidated statement of operations for all periods presented. The adoption of this guidance resulted in the reclassification of $3 million and $9 million of net periodic benefit cost components other than service cost from operating expense to other expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively, and had no impact on net income attributable to Delphi. Approximately $9 million and $25 million of net periodic benefit cost components other than service cost are included within other expense23% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively. Refer to Note. 9. Pension Benefits for further detail
 Percentage of Total Net Sales  Accounts and Other Receivables
 Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,  September 30,
2018
 December 31,
2017
 2018 2017 2018 2017   
             
          (in millions)
GM (1)11% 12% 11% 14%  $239
 $204
VW8% 10% 8% 9%  157
 145
(1)Net sales to GM includes net sales to GM’s former European Opel business prior to its sale to PSA Peugeot Citroën (“PSA”) on August 1, 2017, after which date these sales are excluded from net sales to GM.

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Table of the components of net periodic benefit costs.Contents


Recently issuedadopted accounting pronouncements not yet adoptedIn May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issuedAptiv adopted ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers., in the first quarter of 2018 using the modified retrospective method. This ASU supersedes most of the existing guidance on revenue recognition in Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC")ASC Topic 605, Revenue Recognition and establishes a broad principle that would require an entity to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. To achieve this principle, an entity identifies the contract with a customer, identifies the separate performance obligations in the contract, determines the transaction price, allocates the transaction priceRefer to the separate performance obligations and recognizes revenue when each separate performance obligation is satisfied. The FASB has subsequently issuedNote 22. Revenue for additional ASUs to clarify certain elements of the new revenue recognition guidance. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017 and is to be applied retrospectively using one of two transition methods at the entity's election. The full retrospective method requires companies to recast each prior reporting period presented as if the new guidance had always existed. Under the modified retrospective method, companies would recognize the cumulative effect of initially applying the standard as an adjustment to opening retained earnings at the date of initial application.information.
The Company has continued to monitor FASB activity related to the new standard, and has worked with various non-authoritative industry groups to assess certain interpretative issues and the associated implementation of the new standard. The Company has drafted its accounting policy for the new standard based on a detailed review of its business and contracts. While the Company continues to assess all potential impacts of the new standard, we do not currently expect that the adoption of the new revenue standard will have a material impact on our revenues, results of operations or financial position. As a result of the adoption of this standard, the Company expects to make additional disclosures related to the nature, amount, timing and
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uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers as required by the new standard. The Company plans to adopt the new revenue standard effective January 1, 2018. The Company currently intends to adopt the new standard using the modified retrospective method, and continues to evaluate the effect of the standard on our ongoing financial reporting.
In January 2016, the FASB issuedAptiv adopted ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments - Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities.Liabilities, in the first quarter of 2018. This guidance makes targeted improvements to existing U.S. GAAP for financial instruments, including requiring equity investments (except those accounted for under the equity method of accounting or those that result in consolidation of the investee) to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income as opposed to other comprehensive income; requiring entities to use the exitincome. In accordance with this guidance, Aptiv measures equity investments at cost, less impairments, adjusted for observable price notion when measuring the fair value of financial instrumentschanges in orderly transactions for disclosure purposes; requiring separate presentation of financial assets and financial liabilities by measurement category and form of financial asset; and requiring entities to present separately in other comprehensive income the portionidentical or similar investments of the total changesame issuer. The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on Aptiv’s financial statements.
Aptiv adopted ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments, in the fair valuefirst quarter of 2018. This guidance clarifies the presentation requirements of eight specific issues within the statement of cash flows. The adoption of this guidance did not have a liability resulting from a changesignificant impact on Aptiv’s financial statements, as Aptiv’s treatment of the relevant affected items within its consolidated statement of cash flows is consistent with the requirements of this guidance.
Aptiv adopted ASU 2016-16, Accounting for Income Taxes: Intra-Entity Asset Transfers of Assets Other than Inventory, in the instrument-specific credit risk (also referred to as “own credit”) whenfirst quarter of 2018. This guidance requires that the organization has elected to measuretax effects of all intra-entity sales of assets other than inventory be recognized in the liability at fair valueperiod in accordance withwhich the fair value option.transaction occurs. The new guidance is effective for public companies for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017 by means ofto be applied on a modified retrospective basis through a cumulative-effect adjustment to the balance sheetretained earnings as of the beginning of the fiscal yearperiod of adoption. Early adoption of the own credit provision is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that the adoption of this guidance resulted in an adjustment of $9 million recorded to retained earnings during the nine months ended September 30, 2018.
Aptiv adopted ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash, in the first quarter of 2018. This guidance requires that a statement of cash flows explain the change during the period in the total of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash. As a result, restricted cash will have on its consolidated financial statements; however, basedbe included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown on the naturestatement of financial instruments held by Delphi as of September 30, 2017, the Company does not currently expect that the adoption of ASU 2016-01 will have a material impact on its financial position, results of operations or cash flows. The Company will continue to evaluate any changes in its investments or market conditions, and the related potential impacts of the adoption of ASU 2016-01.this guidance did not have a significant impact on Aptiv’s financial statements, other than the classification of restricted cash within the beginning-of-period and end-of-period totals on the consolidated statement of cash flows, as opposed to being excluded from these totals.
Recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adoptedIn February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). Under this guidance, lessees will be required to recognize on the balance sheet a lease liability and a right-of-use asset for all leases, with the exception of short-term leases. The lease liability represents the lessee'slessee’s obligation to make lease payments arising from a lease, and will be measured as the present value of the lease payments. The right-of-use asset represents the lessee’s right to use a specified asset for the lease term, and will be measured at the lease liability amount, adjusted for lease prepayment, lease incentives received and the lessee’s initial direct costs. The standard also requires a lessee to recognize a single lease cost allocated over the lease term, generally on a straight-line basis. The new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. ASU 2016-02 is required to be applied using the modified retrospective approach for all leases existing as of the effective date and provides for certain practical expedients. Early adoption is permitted. As of December 31, 2017, Aptiv had minimum lease commitments under non-cancellable operating leases totaling approximately $450 million. The adoption of this guidance will result in the addition of right-of-use assets and corresponding lease obligations to the consolidated balance sheet and will not have a material impact on its results of operations or cash flows. As permitted, the Company currently plans to elect the practical expedients upon transition which will retain the lease classification and initial direct costs for leases existing prior to the adoption of this standard. The Company is currently evaluating the effects thatwill not reassess whether any contracts which were entered into prior to the adoption of ASU 2016-02 will have onare classified as leases. The Company is in the Company’s consolidated financial statements,process of cataloging existing lease contracts and anticipates the new guidance will significantly impactimplementing changes to its consolidated financial statements as the Company has a significant number of leases.systems.
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. This guidance requires the measurement of all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. This guidance also requires enhanced disclosures regarding significant estimates and judgments used in estimating credit losses. The new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that the adoption of this guidance will have on its consolidated financial statements.
In September 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments. This guidance clarifies the presentation requirements of eight specific issues within the statement of cash flows. The new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a significant impact on Delphi's financial statements, as Delphi's treatment of the relevant affected items within its consolidated statement of cash flows is consistent with the requirements of this guidance.
In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-16, Accounting for Income Taxes: Intra-Entity Asset Transfers of Assets Other than Inventory. This guidance requires that the tax effects of all intra-entity sales of assets other than inventory be recognized in the period in which the transaction occurs. The new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption as of the beginning of an annual reporting period is permitted. The guidance is to be applied on a modified retrospective basis through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the period of adoption. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that the adoption of this guidance will have on its consolidated financial statements.
In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash. This guidance requires that a statement of cash flows explain the change during the period in the total of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash. As a result, restricted cash will be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. The new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, and the new guidance is to
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be applied retrospectively. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a significant impact on Delphi's financial statements, other than the classification of restricted cash within the beginning-of-period and end-of-period totals on the consolidated statement of cash flows, as opposed to being excluded from these totals.
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Intangibles - Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. This guidance simplifies how an entity is required to test goodwill for impairment by eliminating step

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two from the goodwill impairment test, which measures a goodwill impairment loss by comparing the implied fair value of a reporting unit’s goodwill with the carrying amount. Under the new guidance, if a reporting unit’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value, an entity will record an impairment charge based on that difference. The impairment charge will be limited to the amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. The standard will be applied prospectively and is effective for annual and interim impairment tests performed in periods beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this standard on its financial statements, but does not anticipate a material impact. As this standard is prospective in nature, the impact to Delphi'sAptiv’s financial statements of not performing a step two in order to measure the amount of any potential goodwill impairment will depend on various factors associated with the Company'sCompany’s assessment of goodwill for impairment in those future periods.
In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging - Hedging—Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities, which expands and refines the application of hedge accounting for both non-financial and financial risk components and aligns the recognition and presentation of the effects of the hedging instrument and the hedged item in the financial statements. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that the adoption of this guidance will have on its consolidated financial statements.
In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, which allows for the elimination of the stranded income tax effects resulting from the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act through a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a significant impact on Aptiv’s financial statements.

3. INVENTORIES
Inventories are stated at the lower of cost, determined on a first-in, first-out basis, or net realizable value, including direct material costs and direct and indirect manufacturing costs. A summary of inventories is shown below:
September 30,
2017
 December 31,
2016
September 30,
2018
 December 31,
2017
��   
   
(in millions)(in millions)
Productive material$855
 $649
$772
 $584
Work-in-process152
 113
105
 100
Finished goods635
 470
481
 399
Total$1,642
 $1,232
$1,358
 $1,083

4. ASSETS
Other current assets consisted of the following:
September 30,
2017
 December 31,
2016
September 30,
2018
 December 31,
2017
      
(in millions)(in millions)
Value added tax receivable$194
 $192
$175
 $160
Prepaid insurance and other expenses81
 66
93
 104
Reimbursable engineering costs52
 63
63
 33
Notes receivable43
 43
30
 16
Income and other taxes receivable72
 26
30
 46
Deposits to vendors9
 8
7
 8
Derivative financial instruments (Note 14)36
 11
17
 30
Accounts receivable to be remitted to Delphi Technologies (Note 21)23
 123
Other2
 1
1
 1
Total$489
 $410
$439
 $521

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Other long-term assets consisted of the following:
September 30,
2017
 December 31,
2016
September 30,
2018
 December 31,
2017
      
(in millions)(in millions)
Deferred income taxes, net$272
 $283
$241
 $185
Unamortized Revolving Credit Facility debt issuance costs (Note 8)17
 10
6
 8
Income and other taxes receivable74
 56
6
 22
Reimbursable engineering costs51
 26
130
 66
Value added tax receivable39
 33
35
 37
Cost method investments (Note 17)77
 26
Equity investments (Note 17)56
 56
Derivative financial instruments (Note 14)12
 8
7
 8
Other82
 67
107
 88
Total$624
 $509
$588
 $470

5. LIABILITIES
Accrued liabilities consisted of the following:
September 30,
2017
 December 31,
2016
September 30,
2018
 December 31,
2017
      
(in millions)(in millions)
Payroll-related obligations$284
 $233
$268
 $218
Employee benefits, including current pension obligations83
 106
67
 116
Reserve for Unsecured Creditors litigation (Note 10)
 300
Income and other taxes payable217
 188
233
 233
Warranty obligations (Note 6)112
 102
36
 41
Restructuring (Note 7)155
 153
80
 90
Customer deposits31
 30
36
 28
Derivative financial instruments (Note 14)16
 45
9
 15
Accrued interest30
 40
30
 41
Dividends payable
 59
Accounts payable to be remitted on behalf of Delphi Technologies (Note 21)13
 132
Other455
 376
337
 323
Total$1,383
 $1,573
$1,109
 $1,296

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Other long-term liabilities consisted of the following:
 September 30,
2017
 December 31,
2016
    
 (in millions)
Environmental (Note 10)$5
 $5
Extended disability benefits8
 8
Warranty obligations (Note 6)53
 59
Restructuring (Note 7)82
 45
Payroll-related obligations10
 9
Accrued income taxes129
 125
Deferred income taxes, net178
 158
Derivative financial instruments (Note 14)3
 11
Other53
 47
Total$521
 $467
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 September 30,
2018
 December 31,
2017
    
 (in millions)
Environmental (Note 10)$2
 $4
Extended disability benefits9
 9
Warranty obligations (Note 6)17
 17
Restructuring (Note 7)49
 42
Payroll-related obligations10
 10
Accrued income taxes192
 154
Deferred income taxes, net223
 222
Derivative financial instruments (Note 14)6
 11
Deferred compensation related to nuTonomy acquisition (Note 17)38
 4
Other62
 53
Total$608
 $526

6. WARRANTY OBLIGATIONS
Expected warranty costs for products sold are recognized principally at the time of sale of the product based on an estimate of the amount that eventually will be required to settle such obligations. These accruals are based on factors such as past experience, production changes, industry developments and various other considerations. The estimated costs related to product recalls based on a formal campaign soliciting return of that product are accrued at the time an obligation becomes probable and can be reasonably estimated. These estimates are adjusted from time to time based on facts and circumstances that impact the status of existing claims. DelphiAptiv has recognized its best estimate for its total aggregate warranty reserves, including product recall costs, across all of its operating segments as of September 30, 2017.2018. The Company estimates the reasonably possible amount to ultimately resolve all matters in excess of the recorded reserves as of September 30, 20172018 to be zero to $30$15 million.
The table below summarizes the activity in the product warranty liability for the nine months ended September 30, 2017:2018:
Warranty ObligationsWarranty Obligations
  
(in millions)(in millions)
Accrual balance at beginning of period$161
$58
Provision for estimated warranties incurred during the period64
31
Changes in estimate for pre-existing warranties48
7
Settlements made during the period (in cash or in kind)(117)(43)
Foreign currency translation and other9

Accrual balance at end of period$165
$53
In September 2016, one of the Company'sCompany’s OEM customers initiated a recall to enhance airbag deployment systems in certain vehicles. Delphi's ElectronicsAptiv’s Advanced Safety and SafetyUser Experience segment had supplied sensors and related control modules for the airbags in the affected vehicles. During the first quarter of 2017, DelphiAptiv reached an agreement with its customer related to this matter. In addition to the Company's previously recorded reserve estimate, Delphimatter and recognized an incremental $43 million of warranty expense within cost of sales during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 related to this matter.2017.


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7. RESTRUCTURING
Delphi’sAptiv’s restructuring activities are undertaken as necessary to implement management’s strategy, streamline operations, take advantage of available capacity and resources, and ultimately achieve net cost reductions. These activities generally relate to the realignment of existing manufacturing capacity and closure of facilities and other exit or disposal activities, as they relateit relates to executing Delphi’sAptiv’s strategy, either in the normal course of business or pursuant to significant restructuring programs.
As part of Delphi'sAptiv’s continued efforts to optimize its cost structure, it has undertaken several restructuring programs which include workforce reductions as well as plant closures. These programs are primarily focused on the continued rotation of our manufacturing footprint to best cost locations in Europe and on reducing global overhead costs, including programs implemented to realign the Company'sCompany’s organizational structure due to changes in roles and workforce as a result of the planned spin-off of the former Powertrain Systems segment. The Company recorded employee-related and other restructuring charges related to these programs totaling approximately $21$65 million and $180$100 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively.
Restructuring costs recorded during the three months ended September 30, 2017 included $92018, respectively, which is primarily comprised of $37 million and $59 million, respectively, recognized for programs focused on the continued rotation of our manufacturing footprint to best cost locations in Europe as well as $6 million for programs implemented to reduce globaland reducing overhead costs. The charges recorded duringcosts in the nine months ended September 30, 2017 included the recognition of approximately $54 million of employee-related and other costs related to the initiation of the closure of a Western European manufacturing site within the Powertrain Systems segment pursuant to the Company's on-going European footprint rotation strategy. Cash payments for this restructuring action are expected to be principally completed by 2020. The charges recorded during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 also included $36 million of costs related to the closure of an Electronics and Safety Western European manufacturing site.region.
Restructuring costs of approximately $63$18 million and $252$101 million were recorded during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively. These charges2017, respectively, which included $50the recognition of approximately $36 million recorded during the three months ended September 30, 2016 for programs implemented to reduce global overhead costs, as well as $152 million recorded during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 for programs focused on the continued rotation2017 of our manufacturing footprint to low cost locations
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in Europe, $90 million of whichemployee-related and other costs related to the initiation of the closure of aan Advanced Safety and User Experience Western European manufacturing site, withinpursuant to the Powertrain Systems segment. Cash payments for this restructuring action are expected to be principally completed in 2017. Additionally, Delphi recognized non-cash asset impairment charges of $19 million during the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016 related to this plant closure, which were recorded within cost of sales.Company’s ongoing European footprint rotation strategy.
Restructuring charges for employee separation and termination benefits are paid either over the severance period or in a lump sum in accordance with either statutory requirements or individual agreements. DelphiAptiv incurred cash expenditures related to its restructuring programs of approximately $162$102 million and $179$92 million in the nine months ended September 30, 20172018 and 2016,2017, respectively.
The following table summarizes the restructuring charges recorded for the three and nine months ended September 30, 20172018 and 20162017 by operating segment:
 Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
 2017 2016 2017 2016
        
 (in millions)
Electrical/Electronic Architecture$17
 $30
 $43
 $65
Powertrain Systems4
 22
 81
 157
Electronics and Safety
 11
 56
 30
Total$21
 $63
 $180
 $252
 Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
 2018 2017 2018 2017
        
 (in millions)
Signal and Power Solutions$58
 $17
 $87
 $44
Advanced Safety and User Experience7
 1
 13
 57
Total$65
 $18
 $100
 $101
The table below summarizes the activity in the restructuring liability for the nine months ended September 30, 2017:2018:
Employee Termination Benefits Liability Other Exit Costs Liability TotalEmployee Termination Benefits Liability Other Exit Costs Liability Total
          
(in millions)(in millions)
Accrual balance at January 1, 2017$193
 $5
 $198
Accrual balance at January 1, 2018$131
 $1
 $132
Provision for estimated expenses incurred during the period180
 
 180
100
 
 100
Payments made during the period(159) (3) (162)(101) (1) (102)
Foreign currency and other22
 (1) 21
(1) 
 (1)
Accrual balance at September 30, 2017$236
 $1
 $237
Accrual balance at September 30, 2018$129
 $
 $129


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8. DEBT
The following is a summary of debt outstanding, net of unamortized issuance costs and discounts, as of September 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016,2017, respectively:
 September 30,
2017
 December 31,
2016
    
 (in millions)
3.15%, senior notes, due 2020 (net of $2 and $3 unamortized issuance costs and $1 and $1 discount, respectively)$647
 $646
4.15%, senior notes, due 2024 (net of $4 and $4 unamortized issuance costs and $1 and $2 discount, respectively)695
 694
1.50%, Euro-denominated senior notes, due 2025 (net of $4 and $4 unamortized issuance costs and $3 and $3 discount, respectively)815
 729
4.25%, senior notes, due 2026 (net of $4 and $4 unamortized issuance costs, respectively)646
 646
1.60%, Euro-denominated senior notes, due 2028 (net of $4 and $4 unamortized issuance costs and $0 and $1 discount, respectively)583
 521
4.40%, senior notes, due 2046 (net of $3 and $3 unamortized issuance costs and $2 and $2 discount, respectively)295
 295
Tranche A Term Loan, due 2021 (net of $2 and $2 unamortized issuance costs, respectively)398
 398
Capital leases and other38
 42
Sub-total4,117
 3,971
Powertrain Spin-Off Debt: 5.00%, senior notes, due 2025 (net of $14 and $0 unamortized issuance costs and $4 and $0 discount, respectively)782
 
Total debt4,899
 3,971
Less: current portion(15) (12)
Long-term debt$4,884
 $3,959
 September 30,
2018
 December 31,
2017
    
 (in millions)
3.15%, senior notes, due 2020 (net of $2 and $2 unamortized issuance costs and $0 and $1 discount, respectively)$648
 $647
4.15%, senior notes, due 2024 (net of $3 and $4 unamortized issuance costs and $1 and $1 discount, respectively)696
 695
1.50%, Euro-denominated senior notes, due 2025 (net of $4 and $4 unamortized issuance costs and $2 and $3 discount, respectively)816
 833
4.25%, senior notes, due 2026 (net of $3 and $4 unamortized issuance costs, respectively)647
 646
1.60%, Euro-denominated senior notes, due 2028 (net of $3 and $4 unamortized issuance costs and $1 and $1 discount, respectively)583
 595
4.40%, senior notes, due 2046 (net of $3 and $3 unamortized issuance costs and $2 and $2 discount, respectively)295
 295
Tranche A Term Loan, due 2021 (net of $1 and $2 unamortized issuance costs, respectively)389
 396
Capital leases and other34
 42
Total debt4,108
 4,149
Less: current portion(24) (17)
Long-term debt$4,084
 $4,132
Credit Agreement
Delphi AutomotiveAptiv PLC and its wholly-owned subsidiary DelphiAptiv Corporation entered into a credit agreement (the "Credit Agreement"“Credit Agreement”) with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent (the "Administrative Agent"“Administrative Agent”), under which it maintains senior secured credit facilities currently consisting of a term loan (the “Tranche A Term Loan”) and a revolving credit facility of $2.0 billion (the “Revolving Credit Facility”). The Credit Agreement was entered into in March 2011 and has been subsequently amended and restated on several occasions, most recently on August 17, 2016. The 2016 amendment extended the maturity of the Revolving Credit Facility and the Tranche A Term Loan from 2018 to 2021, increased the capacity of the Revolving Credit Facility from $1.5 billion to $2.0 billion and permitted Delphi AutomotiveAptiv PLC to act as a borrower on the Revolving Credit Facility. A loss on debt extinguishment of $3 million was recorded within other income (expense), net in the consolidated statement of operations during the third quarter of 2016 in conjunction with the 2016 amendment.
The Tranche A Term Loan and the Revolving Credit Facility mature on August 17, 2021. Delphi isBeginning in the fourth quarter of 2017, Aptiv was obligated to makebegin making quarterly principal payments beginning December 31, 2017, throughout the term of the Tranche A Term Loan, according to the amortization schedule in the Credit Agreement. The Credit Agreement also contains an accordion feature that permits DelphiAptiv to increase, from time to time, the aggregate borrowing capacity under the Credit Agreement by up to an additional $1 billion (or a greater amount based upon a formula set forth in the Credit Agreement) upon Delphi'sAptiv’s request, the agreement of the lenders participating in the increase, and the approval of the Administrative Agent and existing lenders.
As of September 30, 2017,2018, there were no amounts drawn on the Revolving Credit Facility and approximately $7 million in letters of credit issued under the Credit Agreement. Letters of credit issued under the Credit Agreement reduce availability under the Revolving Credit Facility.
Loans under the Credit Agreement bear interest, at Delphi'sAptiv’s option, at either (a) the Administrative Agent’s Alternate Base Rate (“ABR” as defined in the Credit Agreement) or (b) the London Interbank Offered Rate (the “Adjusted LIBO Rate” as defined in the Credit Agreement) (“LIBOR”) plus in either case a percentage per annum as set forth in the table below (the “Applicable Rate”). The Applicable Rates under the Credit Agreement on the specified dates are set forth below:
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September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016September 30, 2018 December 31, 2017
LIBOR plus ABR plus LIBOR plus ABR plusLIBOR plus ABR plus LIBOR plus ABR plus
Revolving Credit Facility1.10% 0.10% 1.10% 0.10%1.10% 0.10% 1.10% 0.10%
Tranche A Term Loan1.25% 0.25% 1.25% 0.25%1.25% 0.25% 1.25% 0.25%
The Applicable Rate under the Credit Agreement may increase or decrease from time to time based on changes in the Company'sCompany’s credit ratings. Accordingly, the interest rate will fluctuate during the term of the Credit Agreement based on

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changes in the ABR, LIBOR or future changes in the Company'sCompany’s corporate credit ratings. The Credit Agreement also requires that DelphiAptiv pay certain facility fees on the Revolving Credit Facility and certain letter of credit issuance and fronting fees.
The interest rate period with respect to LIBOR interest rate options can be set at one-, two-, three-, or six-months as selected by DelphiAptiv in accordance with the terms of the Credit Agreement (or other period as may be agreed by the applicable lenders). DelphiAptiv may elect to change the selected interest rate option in accordance with the provisions of the Credit Agreement. As of September 30, 2017, Delphi2018, Aptiv selected the one-month LIBOR interest rate option on the Tranche A Term Loan, and the rate effective as of September 30, 20172018, as detailed in the table below, was based on the Company'sCompany’s current credit rating and the Applicable Rate for the Credit Agreement:
   Borrowings as of  
   September 30, 2017 Rate effective as of
 Applicable Rate (in millions) September 30, 2017
Tranche A Term LoanLIBOR plus 1.25% $400
 2.50%
   Borrowings as of  
   September 30, 2018 Rate effective as of
 Applicable Rate (in millions) September 30, 2018
Tranche A Term LoanLIBOR plus 1.25% $390
 3.4375%
Borrowings under the Credit Agreement are prepayable at Delphi'sAptiv’s option without premium or penalty.
The Credit Agreement contains certain covenants that limit, among other things, the Company’s (and the Company’s subsidiaries’) ability to incur certain additional indebtedness or liens or to dispose of substantially all of its assets. In addition, the Credit Agreement requires that the Company maintain a consolidated leverage ratio (the ratio of Consolidated Total Indebtedness to Consolidated EBITDA, each as defined in the Credit Agreement) of less than 3.50 to 1.0. The Credit Agreement also contains events of default customary for financings of this type. The Company was in compliance with the Credit Agreement covenants as of September 30, 20172018.
As of September 30, 2017,2018, all obligations under the Credit Agreement were borrowed by DelphiAptiv Corporation and jointly and severally guaranteed by its direct and indirect parent companies, subject to certain exceptions set forth in the Credit Agreement. Refer to Note 19. Supplemental Guarantor and Non-Guarantor Condensed Consolidating Financial Statements for additional information.
Senior Unsecured Notes
On February 14, 2013, Delphi Corporation issued $800 million of 5.00% senior unsecured notes due 2023 (the “2013 Senior Notes”) in a transaction registered under Rule 144A and Regulation S of the Securities Act of 1933 (the “Securities Act”). The proceeds were primarily utilized to prepay our term loan indebtedness under the Credit Agreement. Delphi paid approximately $12 million of issuance costs in connection with the 2013 Senior Notes. Interest was payable semi-annually on February 15 and August 15 of each year to holders of record at the close of business on February 1 or August 1 immediately preceding the interest payment date. In September 2016, Delphi redeemed for cash the entire $800 million aggregate principal amount outstanding of the 2013 Senior Notes, primarily financed by the proceeds from the issuance of the 2016 Euro-denominated Senior Notes and the 2016 Senior Notes, each as defined below. As a result of the redemption of the 2013 Senior Notes, Delphi recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of approximately $70 million during the third quarter of 2016 within other income (expense), net in the consolidated statement of operations.
On March 3, 2014, DelphiAptiv Corporation issued $700 million in aggregate principal amount of 4.15% senior unsecured notes due 2024 (the “2014 Senior Notes”) in a transaction registered under the Securities Act. The 2014 Senior Notes were priced at 99.649% of par, resulting in a yield to maturity of 4.193%. The proceeds were primarily utilized to redeem $500 million of 5.875% senior unsecured notes due 2019 and to repay a portion of the Tranche A Term Loan. DelphiAptiv paid approximately $6 million of issuance costs in connection with the 2014 Senior Notes. Interest is payable semi-annually on March 15 and September 15 of each year to holders of record at the close of business on March 1 or September 1 immediately preceding the interest payment date.
On March 10, 2015, Delphi AutomotiveAptiv PLC issued €700 million in aggregate principal amount of 1.50% Euro-denominated senior unsecured notes due 2025 (the “2015 Euro-denominated Senior Notes”) in a transaction registered under the Securities Act. The 2015 Euro-denominated Senior Notes were priced at 99.54% of par, resulting in a yield to maturity of 1.55%. The proceeds were primarily utilized to redeem $500 million of 6.125% senior unsecured notes due 2021, and to fund
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growth initiatives, such as acquisitions, and share repurchases. DelphiAptiv incurred approximately $5 million of issuance costs in connection with the 2015 Euro-denominated Senior Notes. Interest is payable annually on March 10. The Company has designated the 2015 Euro-denominated Senior Notes as a net investment hedge of the foreign currency exposure of its investments in certain Euro-denominated wholly-owned subsidiaries. Refer to Note.Note 14. Derivatives and Hedging Activities for further information.
On November 19, 2015, Delphi AutomotiveAptiv PLC issued $1.3 billion in aggregate principal amount of senior unsecured notes in a transaction registered under the Securities Act, comprised of $650 million of 3.15% senior unsecured notes due 2020 (the "3.15%“3.15% Senior Notes"Notes”) and $650 million of 4.25% senior unsecured notes due 2026 (the "4.25%“4.25% Senior Notes"Notes”) (collectively, the "2015“2015 Senior Notes"Notes”). The 3.15% Senior Notes were priced at 99.784% of par, resulting in a yield to maturity of 3.197%, and the 4.25% Senior Notes were priced at 99.942% of par, resulting in a yield to maturity of 4.256%. The proceeds were primarily utilized to fund a portion of the cash consideration for the acquisition of HellermannTyton as further described in Note. 17. Acquisitions and Divestitures,PLC and for general corporate purposes, including the payment of fees and expenses associated with the HellermannTyton PLC acquisition and the related financing transaction. DelphiAptiv incurred approximately $8 million of issuance costs in connection with the 2015 Senior Notes. Interest on the 3.15% Senior Notes is payable semi-annually on May 19 and November 19 of each year to holders of record at the close of business on May 4 or November 4 immediately preceding the interest payment date. Interest on the 4.25% Senior Notes is payable semi-annually on January 15 and July 15 of each year to holders of record at the close of business on January 1 or July 1 immediately preceding the interest payment date.

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On September 15, 2016, Delphi AutomotiveAptiv PLC issued €500 million in aggregate principal amount of 1.60% Euro-denominated senior unsecured notes due 2028 (the “2016 Euro-denominated Senior Notes”) in a transaction registered under the Securities Act. The 2016 Euro-denominated Senior Notes were priced at 99.881% of par, resulting in a yield to maturity of 1.611%. The proceeds, together with proceeds from the 2016 Senior Notes described below, were utilized to redeem the 2013 Senior Notes. Delphi$800 million of 5.00% senior unsecured notes due 2023. Aptiv incurred approximately $4 million of issuance costs in connection with the 2016 Euro-denominated Senior Notes. Interest is payable annually on September 15. The Company has designated the 2016 Euro-denominated Senior Notes as a net investment hedge of the foreign currency exposure of its investments in certain Euro-denominated wholly-owned subsidiaries. Refer to Note.Note 14. Derivatives and Hedging Activities for further information.
On September 20, 2016, Delphi AutomotiveAptiv PLC issued $300 million in aggregate principal amount of 4.40% senior unsecured notes due 2046 (the “2016 Senior Notes”) in a transaction registered under the Securities Act. The 2016 Senior Notes were priced at 99.454% of par, resulting in a yield to maturity of 4.433%. The proceeds, together with proceeds from the 2016 Euro-denominated Senior Notes, were utilized to redeem the 2013 Senior Notes. Delphi$800 million of 5.00% senior unsecured notes due 2023. Aptiv incurred approximately $3 million of issuance costs in connection with the 2016 Senior Notes. Interest is payable semi-annually on April 1 and October 1 of each year to holders of record at the close of business on March 15 or September 15 immediately preceding the interest payment date.
Although the specific terms of each indenture governing each series of senior notes vary, the indentures contain certain restrictive covenants, including with respect to Delphi'sAptiv’s (and Delphi'sAptiv’s subsidiaries) ability to incur liens, enter into sale and leaseback transactions and merge with or into other entities. As of September 30, 2017,2018, the Company was in compliance with the provisions of all series of the outstanding senior notes.
The 2013 Senior Notes and the 2014 Senior Notes were issued by DelphiAptiv Corporation. The 2014 Senior Notes are and prior to their redemption, the 2013 Senior Notes were, fully and unconditionally guaranteed, jointly and severally, by Delphi AutomotiveAptiv PLC and by certain of Delphi Automotive PLC'sAptiv PLC’s direct and indirect subsidiaries which are directly or indirectly 100% owned by Delphi AutomotiveAptiv PLC, subject to customary release provisions (other than in the case of Delphi AutomotiveAptiv PLC). The 2015 Euro-denominated Senior Notes, 2015 Senior Notes, 2016 Euro-denominated Senior Notes and 2016 Senior Notes issued by Delphi AutomotiveAptiv PLC are fully and unconditionally guaranteed, jointly and severally, by certain of Delphi Automotive PLC'sAptiv PLC’s direct and indirect subsidiaries (including DelphiAptiv Corporation), which are directly or indirectly 100% owned by Delphi AutomotiveAptiv PLC, subject to customary release provisions. Refer to Note 19. Supplemental Guarantor and Non-Guarantor Condensed Consolidating Financial Statements for additional information.
Spin-off Financing
Delphi Technologies PLC ("Delphi Technologies"), a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, was formed in connection with the Separation as a holding company to directly or indirectly own substantially all of the operating subsidiaries of the spin-off, to issue debt and to perform treasury operations of the spin-off, which prior to October 10, 2017 was named Delphi Jersey Holdings plc. Delphi Powertrain Corporation ("DPC"), a wholly owned U.S. subsidiary of the Company that will become a wholly owned subsidiary of Delphi Technologies PLC upon completion of the Separation, was also formed for the same purposes.
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Spin-off Credit Agreement
On September 7, 2017, Delphi Technologies PLC and DPC entered into a credit agreement (the "Spin-Off Credit Agreement") with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, with respect to $1.25 billion in senior secured credit facilities. The Credit Agreement consists of a senior secured five-year $750 million term loan facility (the “Spin-Off Term Loan A Facility”) and a $500 million five-year senior secured revolving credit facility (the “ Spin-Off Revolving Credit Facility”) (collectively, the “Spin-Off Credit Facilities”) with the lenders party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.
The Spin-Off Credit Facilities are expected to become available to Delphi Technologies PLC no later than the date of the Separation, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions customary for financings of this type, including the spin-off. Accordingly, no amounts were drawn or available to be drawn under the Spin-Off Credit Facilities as of September 30, 2017. Prior to the date of the Separation, Delphi Technologies PLC is required to pay a 0.30% per annum commitment fee on the committed loans under the Spin-Off Credit Facilities. The Company incurred approximately $9 million of debt issuance costs in connection with the Spin-Off Credit Agreement.
The borrowers under the Spin-Off Credit Agreement will comprise Delphi Technologies PLC and DPC. Additional subsidiaries of Delphi Technologies PLC may be added as co-borrowers or guarantors under the Spin-Off Credit Agreement from time to time on the terms and conditions set forth in the Spin-Off Credit Agreement. The obligations of each borrower under the Spin-Off Credit Agreement will be jointly and severally guaranteed by each other borrower and by certain of Delphi Technologies PLC's existing and future direct and indirect subsidiaries, subject to certain exceptions customary for financings of this type. All obligations of the borrowers and the guarantors will be secured by certain assets of such borrowers and guarantors, including a perfected first-priority pledge of all of the capital stock in DPC.
Spin-Off Senior Notes
On September 28, 2017, Delphi Technologies PLC issued $800 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.00% senior unsecured notes due 2025 in a transaction exempt from registration under the Securities Act (the "Spin-Off Senior Notes"). The Spin-Off Senior Notes were priced at 99.50% of par, resulting in a yield to maturity of 5.077%. Approximately $14 million of issuance costs were incurred in connection with the Spin-Off Senior Notes offering. Interest is payable semi-annually on April 1 and October 1 of each year to holders of record at the close of business on March 15 or September 15 immediately preceding the interest payment date. The proceeds received from the Spin-Off Senior Notes offering were deposited into escrow for release to Delphi Technologies PLC upon satisfaction of certain conditions, including completion of the Separation. If the conditions for the release of the proceeds of this offering from escrow are not satisfied by June 30, 2018, the Spin-Off Senior Notes will be subject to mandatory redemption. The Spin-Off Senior Notes have not been, and are not expected to be, guaranteed by the Company or any of its subsidiaries that will not be subsidiaries of Delphi Technologies PLC following the spin-off. Upon completion of the Separation, Delphi Technologies PLC will use the proceeds from the Spin-Off Senior Notes together with the proceeds from the Spin-Off Term Loan A Facility to fund a dividend to the Company, fund operating cash and pay taxes and related fees and expenses.
Other Financing
Receivable factoringDelphiAptiv maintains a €400€300 million European accounts receivable factoring facility whichthat is available on a non-committedcommitted basis. This facility is accounted for as short-term debt and borrowings are subject to the availability of eligible accounts receivable. Collateral is not required related to these trade accounts receivable. This program automatically renews on a non-committed, indefinite basis unless terminated by either party. Borrowings bear interest at LIBOR plus 1.05% for borrowings denominated in pounds sterling and Euro Interbank Offered Rate ("EURIBOR"(“EURIBOR”) plus 0.80%0.42% for borrowings denominated in Euros. No amounts were outstanding on the European accounts receivable factoring facility as of September 30, 20172018 or December 31, 2016.2017.
The Company has entered into arrangements with various financial institutions to sell eligible trade receivables from certain aftermarket customers in North America. These arrangements can be terminated at any time subject to prior written notice. The receivables under these arrangements are sold without recourse to the Company and are therefore accounted for as true sales. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, $25 million and $63 million of receivables were sold under these arrangements, and expenses of $1 million and $2 million, respectively, were recognized within interest expense. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, $19 million and $94 million of receivables were sold under these arrangements, and expenses of less than $1 million and $2 million, respectively, were recognized within interest expense.
Capital leases and other—As of September 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016,2017, approximately $38$34 million and $42 million, respectively, of other debt primarily issued by certain non-U.S. subsidiaries and capital lease obligations was outstanding.
Interest—Cash paid for interest related to debt outstanding totaled $109$110 million and $131$102 million for the nine months ended September 30, 20172018 and 2016,2017, respectively.



9. PENSION BENEFITS
Certain of Delphi’sAptiv’s non-U.S. subsidiaries sponsor defined benefit pension plans, which generally provide benefits based on negotiated amounts for each year of service. Delphi’sAptiv’s primary non-U.S. plans are located in France, Germany, Mexico, Portugal and the United Kingdom (“U.K.”). The U.K. and certain Mexican plans are funded. In addition, DelphiAptiv has defined benefit plans in South Korea, Turkey and Italy for which amounts are payable to employees immediately upon separation. The obligations for these plans are recorded over the requisite service period.
DelphiAptiv sponsors a Supplemental Executive Retirement Program (“SERP”) for those employees who were U.S. executives of the former Delphi Corporation (now known as DPH Holdings Corp. (“DPHH”))DPHH prior to September 30, 2008 and were still U.S. executives of Delphithe Company on October 7, 2009, the effective date of the program. This program is unfunded. Executives receive benefits over 5 years after an involuntary or voluntary separation from Delphi.Aptiv. The SERP is closed to new members.

18



The amounts shown below reflect the defined benefit pension expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 20172018 and 20162017:
 Non-U.S. Plans U.S. Plans
        
 Three Months Ended September 30,
 2017 2016 2017 2016
        
 (in millions)
Service cost$13
 $12
 $
 $
Interest cost16
 17
 
 
Expected return on plan assets(19) (18) 
 
Curtailment loss1
 
 
 
Amortization of actuarial losses11
 4
 
 
Net periodic benefit cost$22
 $15
 $
 $
 Non-U.S. Plans U.S. Plans
        
 Nine Months Ended September 30,
 2017 2016 2017 2016
        
 (in millions)
Service cost$40
 $37
 $
 $
Interest cost45
 51
 1
 1
Expected return on plan assets(54) (54) 
 
Curtailment loss4
 
 
 
Amortization of actuarial losses29
 11
 
 
Net periodic benefit cost$64
 $45
 $1
 $1
As described in Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies, during the first quarter of 2017, the Company elected to early adopt ASU 2017-07. As a result, service costs are classified as employee compensation costs within cost of sales and selling, general and administrative expense within the consolidated statement of operations. All other components of net periodic benefit cost are classified within other expense for all periods presented.
 Non-U.S. Plans U.S. Plans
        
 Three Months Ended September 30,
 2018 2017 2018 2017
        
 (in millions)
Service cost$4
 $5
 $
 $
Interest cost7
 9
 
 
Expected return on plan assets(6) (8) 
 
Curtailment loss
 1
 
 
Amortization of actuarial losses4
 5
 
 
Net periodic benefit cost$9
 $12
 $
 $
        
 Non-U.S. Plans U.S. Plans
        
 Nine Months Ended September 30,
 2018 2017 2018 2017
        
 (in millions)
Service cost$13
 $15
 $
 $
Interest cost21
 21
 
 1
Expected return on plan assets(19) (20) 
 
Curtailment loss1
 4
 
 
Amortization of actuarial losses11
 10
 1
 
Net periodic benefit cost$27
 $30
 $1
 $1
Other postretirement benefit obligations were approximately $5$4 million and $5$4 million at September 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016,2017, respectively.



10. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Ordinary Business Litigation
DelphiAptiv is from time to time subject to various legal actions and claims incidental to its business, including those arising out of alleged defects, alleged breaches of contracts, product warranties, intellectual property matters, and employment-related matters. It is the opinion of DelphiAptiv that the outcome of such matters will not have a material adverse impact on the consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows of Delphi.Aptiv. With respect to warranty matters, although DelphiAptiv cannot ensure that the future costs of warranty claims by customers will not be material, DelphiAptiv believes its established reserves are adequate to cover potential warranty settlements.
Unsecured Creditors Litigation
Delphi has beenAptiv was subject to ongoing litigation related to general unsecured claims against the former Delphi Corporation, now known as DPHH, resulting from that entity'sentity’s 2005 bankruptcy filing. The Fourth Amended and Restated Limited Liability Partnership Agreement of Delphi Automotive LLP (the “Fourth LLP Agreement”) was entered into on July 12, 2011 by the members of Delphi Automotive LLP in order to position the Company for its initial public offering. Under the terms of the Fourth LLP Agreement, if cumulative distributions to the members of Delphi Automotive LLP under certain provisions of the Fourth LLP Agreement exceed $7.2 billion, Delphi,Aptiv, as disbursing agent on behalf of DPHH, is required to pay to the holders of allowed general unsecured claims against DPHH $32.50 for every $67.50 in excess of $7.2 billion distributed to the members, up to a maximum amount of $300 million. In December 2014, a complaint was filed inOn January 12, 2017, the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York (the "Bankruptcy Court"“Bankruptcy Court”) alleging that the 2011 redemption by Delphi Automotive LLP of the membership interests of GM and the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (the "PBGC") totaling $4.4 billion, and the subsequent repurchase of shares and payment of dividends by Delphi Automotive PLC, constituted distributions under the terms of the Fourth LLP Agreement approximating $7.2 billion, triggering the maximum $300 million distribution to the holders of general unsecured claims.
In May 2016, the Bankruptcy Court initially denied both parties' motions for summary judgment, requiring further submissions to the Bankruptcy Court regarding the parties' intent with respect to the redemptions of the GM and PBGC membership interests. On January 12, 2017, the Bankruptcy Court granted summary judgment in favor of the plaintiffs, ruling that the membership interest redemption payments qualified as distributions, which, along with share repurchases and dividend payments made by Delphi, count toward the $7.2 billion threshold,unsecured creditors and thus the $300 million maximum distribution for general unsecured claims has beenwas triggered. In connection with the January 2017 ruling, the Company recorded a reserve of $300 million in the fourth quarter of 2016. The reserve was recorded to other expense in the consolidated statement of operations, and resulted in a corresponding reduction in earnings per diluted share of approximately $1.10 for the year ended December 31, 2016. In March 2017, the Bankruptcy Court issued a ruling on the application of pre-judgment interest owed on the amount of the distribution to be made to the holders of general unsecured claims. Pursuant to this ruling, DelphiAptiv recorded an additional reserve of $27 million during the three months ended March 31,first quarter of 2017.

19



During the three months ended June 30,second quarter of 2017, DelphiAptiv and the plaintiffs reached an agreement to settle this matter for $310 million, which was subsequently approved by the Bankruptcy Court. In July 2017, the Company paid the $310 million settlement pursuant to the terms of the settlement agreement. In accordance with the terms of the settlement agreement, the Company recorded a net incremental charge of $10 million to other expense during the nine months ended September 30, 2017. In July 2017, the Company paid the $310 million settlement pursuant to the terms of the settlement agreement.
Brazil Matters
DelphiAptiv conducts business operations in Brazil that are subject to the Brazilian federal labor, social security, environmental, tax and customs laws, as well as a variety of state and local laws. While DelphiAptiv believes it complies with such laws, they are complex, subject to varying interpretations, and the Company is often engaged in litigation with government agencies regarding the application of these laws to particular circumstances. As of September 30, 2017,2018, the majority of claims asserted against DelphiAptiv in Brazil relate to such litigation. The remaining claims in Brazil relate to commercial and labor litigation with private parties. As of September 30, 2017,2018, claims totaling approximately $215$145 million (using September 30, 20172018 foreign currency rates) have been asserted against DelphiAptiv in Brazil. As of September 30, 2017,2018, the Company maintains accruals for these asserted claims of $30$20 million (using September 30, 20172018 foreign currency rates). The amounts accrued represent claims that are deemed probable of loss and are reasonably estimable based on the Company’s analyses and assessment of the asserted claims and prior experience with similar matters. While the Company believes its accruals are adequate, the final amounts required to resolve these matters could differ materially from the Company’s recorded estimates and Delphi’sAptiv’s results of operations could be materially affected. The Company estimates the reasonably possible loss in excess of the amounts accrued related to these claims to be zero to $185$125 million.


Environmental Matters
DelphiAptiv is subject to the requirements of U.S. federal, state, local and non-U.S. environmental and safety and health laws and regulations. As of September 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016,2017, the undiscounted reserve for environmental investigation and remediation was approximately $7$4 million (of which $2 million was recorded in accrued liabilities and $5$2 million was recorded in other long-term liabilities) and $6$4 million (of which $1 million was recorded in accrued liabilities and $5 million(which was recorded in other long-term liabilities), respectively. DelphiAptiv cannot ensure that environmental requirements will not change or become more stringent over time or that its eventual environmental remediation costs and liabilities will not exceed the amount of its current reserves. In the event that such liabilities were to significantly exceed the amounts recorded, Delphi’sAptiv’s results of operations could be materially affected. At September 30, 2017,2018, the difference between the recorded liabilities and the reasonably possible range of potential loss was not material.

11. INCOME TAXES
At the end of each interim period, the Company makes its best estimate of the annual expected effective income tax rate and applies that rate to its ordinary year-to-date earnings or loss. The income tax provision or benefit related to unusual or infrequent items, if applicable, that will be separately reported or reported net of their related tax effects are individually computed and recognized in the interim period in which those items occur. In addition, the effect of changes in enacted tax laws or rates, tax status, judgment on the realizability of a beginning-of-the-year deferred tax asset in future years or income tax contingencies is recognized in the interim period in which the change occurs.
The computation of the annual expected effective income tax rate at each interim period requires certain estimates and assumptions including, but not limited to, the expected pre-tax income (or loss) for the year, projections of the proportion of income (and/or loss) earned and taxed in respective jurisdictions, permanent and temporary differences, and the likelihood of the realizability of deferred tax assets generated in the current year. Jurisdictions with a projected loss for the year or a year-to-date loss for which no tax benefit or expense can be recognized due to a valuation allowance are excluded from the estimated annual effective tax rate. The impact of such an exclusion could result in a higher or lower effective tax rate during a particular quarter, based upon the composition and timing of actual earnings compared to annual projections. The estimates used to compute the provision or benefit for income taxes may change as new events occur, additional information is obtained or as our tax environment changes. To the extent that the expected annual effective income tax rate changes, the effect of the change on prior interim periods is included in the income tax provision in the period in which the change in estimate occurs.

20



The Company'sCompany’s income tax expense and effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 20172018 and 20162017 were as follows:
Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
2017 2016 2017 20162018 2017 2018 2017
              
(dollars in millions)(dollars in millions)
Income tax expense$60
 $57
 $183
 $216
$66
 $31
 $208
 $88
Effective tax rate13% 16% 14% 20%23% 9% 20% 10%
The Company’s tax rate is affected by the fact that its parent entity iswas a U.K. resident taxpayer and became an Irish resident taxpayer in April 2018, the tax rates in Ireland, the U.K. and other jurisdictions in which the Company operates, the relative amount of income earned by jurisdiction and the relative amount of losses or income for which no tax benefit or expense was recognized due to a valuation allowance. The Company’s effective tax rate was impacted by favorableunfavorable changes in geographic income mix in 20172018 as compared to 20162017, primarily due to changes in the underlying business operations, the receipt of certain tax incentives and holidays that reduced the effective tax rate for certain subsidiaries below the statutory rate and the impact of losses recorded during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 in foreign jurisdictions for which no tax benefit was recognized due to a valuation allowance.operations.
The Company’s effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 20172018 also includes net discrete tax benefitsexpense of $11$28 million and $48 million, respectively, primarily related to changesthe Company’s intellectual property transfer and a change in reserves and provision to return adjustments. The Company’s effectivethe provisional accrual of transition tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 includes net discrete tax benefits of $22 million primarily related to provision to return adjustments, net of related changes in valuation allowances and reserves.untaxed foreign earnings, as described below. The effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 20162017 includes net discrete tax benefits of $4$11 million and $3$23 million, respectively, primarily related to provision to return adjustments.adjustments and changes in reserves.
TableThe Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Legislation”) was enacted in the United States on December 22, 2017, significantly revising the U.S. corporate income tax by, among other things, lowering corporate income tax rates and imposing a one-time repatriation tax on deemed repatriated earnings of Contentsforeign subsidiaries. Pursuant to ASU 2018-05, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118, the Company recognized the provisional effects of the enactment of the Tax Legislation of approximately $50 million during the year ended December 31, 2017 for which measurement could be reasonably estimated. The impact was primarily the result of increased tax expense due to the one-time deemed repatriation tax and a reduction of our foreign tax credit, partially offset by the favorable impact of the reduced tax rate on the Company’s net deferred tax liabilities. Pursuant to ASU 2018-05, adjustments to the provisional amounts recorded by the Company as of December 31, 2017 that are identified within a subsequent measurement period of up to one year from the enactment date will be included as an adjustment to tax expense from continuing operations in the period the amounts are determined. To-date in 2018, the U.S. Treasury Department and the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) have issued additional guidance, particularly with respect to computing the transition tax on the untaxed foreign earnings of foreign subsidiaries. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company recorded approximately $25 million to income tax expense as an adjustment to the provisional amounts recorded as of December 31, 2017, primarily related to a reduction of our foreign tax credit as a result of recently issued regulatory guidance. The Company continues to refine its assessment through further analysis of certain aspects of the Tax Legislation and the recently issued guidance. Accordingly, the ultimate impact of the Tax Legislation may differ from these estimates due to its continued analysis or further regulatory guidance that may be issued.


Delphi AutomotiveAptiv PLC iswas a U.K. resident taxpayer, and became an Irish resident taxpayer in April 2018. As the Company is not a domestic corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and as suchit is not subject to U.S. tax andon remitted foreign earnings. Aptiv PLC was generally not subject to U.K. tax on remittedthe repatriation of foreign earnings and, as a result of its capital structure, believes it will also not be subject to Irish tax on the repatriation of foreign earnings.
Cash paid or withheld for income taxes was $199$205 million and $233$171 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Intellectual Property Transfer
During the three months ended September 30, 2018, the Company finalized changes to its corporate entity operating structure, including transferring certain intellectual property amongst certain of its subsidiaries, primarily to align corporate entities with the Company’s evolving operations and 2016 respectively.business model following the Separation of its former Powertrain Systems segment. The transfer of assets occurred between wholly-owned legal entities in different tax jurisdictions. As the impact of the transfer was the result of an intra-entity transaction, the resulting gain on the transfer was eliminated for purposes of the consolidated financial statements. However, the transferring entity recognized a gain on the transfer of assets that was subject to income tax in its local jurisdiction. In accordance with ASU 2016-16, which the Company adopted in the first quarter of 2018, as further described in Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies, the income tax expense recorded as a result of the intra-entity transfer of the intellectual property was approximately $24 million, net during the three months ended September 30, 2018.

21



12. SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY AND NET INCOME PER SHARE
Net Income Per Share
Basic net income per share is computed by dividing net income attributable to DelphiAptiv by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per share reflects the weighted average dilutive impact of all potentially dilutive securities from the date of issuance and is computed using the treasury stock method by dividing net income attributable to DelphiAptiv by the diluted weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding.outstanding during the period. For all periods presented, the calculation of diluted net income per share contemplates the dilutive impacts, if any, of the Company’s share-based compensation plans. Refer to Note 18. Share-Based Compensation for additional information.
Weighted Average Shares
The following table illustrates net income per share attributable to DelphiAptiv and the weighted average shares outstanding used in calculating basic and diluted income per share:
Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
2017 2016 2017 20162018 2017 2018 2017
              
(in millions, except per share data)(in millions, except per share data)
Numerator:              
Income from continuing operations$395
 $293
 $1,099
 $871
$222
 $297
 $820
 $814
Income from discontinued operations
 
 
 105

 98
 
 285
Net income attributable to Delphi$395
 $293
 $1,099
 $976
Net income attributable to Aptiv$222
 $395
 $820
 $1,099
Denominator:              
Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding, basic266.24
 272.19
 267.60
 273.91
264.56
 266.24
 265.02
 267.60
Dilutive shares related to restricted stock units ("RSUs")0.92
 0.58
 0.63
 0.48
Dilutive shares related to restricted stock units (“RSUs”)0.77
 0.92
 0.72
 0.63
Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding, including dilutive shares267.16
 272.77
 268.23
 274.39
265.33
 267.16
 265.74
 268.23
              
Basic net income per share:              
Continuing operations$1.48
 $1.08
 $4.11
 $3.18
$0.84
 $1.11
 $3.09
 $3.04
Discontinued operations
 
 
 0.38

 0.37
 
 1.07
Basic net income per share attributable to Delphi$1.48
 $1.08
 $4.11
 $3.56
Basic net income per share attributable to Aptiv$0.84
 $1.48
 $3.09
 $4.11
Diluted net income per share:              
Continuing operations$1.48
 $1.07
 $4.10
 $3.18
$0.84
 $1.11
 $3.09
 $3.04
Discontinued operations
 
 
 0.38

 0.37
 
 1.06
Diluted net income per share attributable to Delphi$1.48
 $1.07
 $4.10
 $3.56
Diluted net income per share attributable to Aptiv$0.84
 $1.48
 $3.09
 $4.10
Anti-dilutive securities share impact
 
 
 

 
 
 
Share Repurchase Program
In April 2016, the Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program of up to $1.5 billion of ordinary shares, which commenced in September 2016 following the completion of the Company'sCompany’s $1.5 billion January 2015 share repurchase program. This share repurchase program provides for share purchases in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, depending on share price, market conditions and other factors, as determined by the Company.
Table of Contents


A summary of the ordinary shares repurchased during the three and nine months ended September 30, 20172018 and 20162017 is as follows:
Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
2017 2016 2017 20162018 2017 2018 2017
Total number of shares repurchased1,018,930
 1,487,900
 4,667,193
 7,980,325
793,424
 1,018,930
 2,513,136
 4,667,193
Average price paid per share$92.99
 $67.24
 $82.00
 $67.00
$86.08
 $92.99
 $88.24
 $82.00
Total (in millions)$95
 $100
 $383
 $535
$69
 $95
 $222
 $383

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As of September 30, 2017,2018, approximately $989$767 million of share repurchases remained available under the April 2016 share repurchase program. During the period from October 1, 2018 to October 30, 2018, the Company repurchased an additional $42 million worth of shares pursuant to a trading plan with set trading instructions established by the Company. As a result, approximately $725 million of share repurchases remain available under the April 2016 share repurchase program. All repurchased shares were retired, and are reflected as a reduction of ordinary share capital for the par value of the shares, with the excess applied as reductions to additional paid-in-capital and retained earnings.
Dividends
The Company has declared and paid cash dividends per ordinary share during the periods presented as follows:
Dividend AmountDividend Amount
 Per Share (in millions) Per Share (in millions)
2017:   
2018:   
Third quarter$0.29
 $77
$0.22
 $58
Second quarter0.29
 78
0.22
 58
First quarter0.29
 78
0.22
 59
Total$0.87
 $233
$0.66
 $175
2016:   
2017:   
Fourth quarter$0.29
 $79
$0.29
 $77
Third quarter0.29
 79
0.29
 77
Second quarter0.29
 79
0.29
 78
First quarter0.29
 80
0.29
 78
Total$1.16
 $317
$1.16
 $310
In addition, in October 2017,2018, the Board of Directors declared a regular quarterly cash dividend of $0.29$0.22 per ordinary share, payable November 22, 201721, 2018 to shareholders of record at the close of business on November 8, 2017.7, 2018.
Other
PriorOn December 4, 2017, Aptiv distributed the issued and outstanding ordinary shares of Delphi Technologies to the completionCompany’s shareholders. The Company distributed to its shareholders one ordinary share of the initial public offering on Delphi Technologies for every three Aptiv ordinary shares outstanding as of November 22, 2011, net income and other changes to membership interests were allocated to2017, the respective outstanding classes based onrecord date for the cumulative distribution provisionsdistribution. Shareholders received cash in lieu of the Fourth LLP Agreement.
Under the terms of the Fourth LLP Agreement, if cumulative distributions to the membersany fractional ordinary shares of Delphi Automotive LLP under certain provisions of the Fourth LLP Agreement exceed $7.2 billion, Delphi, as disbursing agent on behalf of DPHH, is required to pay to the holders of allowed general unsecured claims against DPHH $32.50 for every $67.50 in excess of $7.2 billion distributed to the members, up to a maximum amount of $300 million. As described in Note 10. Commitments and Contingencies, Delphi settled the litigation related to this matter during the nine months ended September 30, 2017.Technologies.


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13. CHANGES IN ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
The changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to DelphiAptiv (net of tax) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 20172018 and 20162017 are shown below. Prior period other comprehensive income includes activity relating to discontinued operations.
Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
2017 2016 2017 20162018 2017 2018 2017
              
(in millions)(in millions)
Foreign currency translation adjustments:              
Balance at beginning of period$(614) $(678) $(799) $(661)$(497) $(614) $(369) $(799)
Aggregate adjustment for the period (1)84
 26
 269
 9
(32) 84
 (160) 269
Balance at end of period(530) (652) (530) (652)(529) (530) (529) (530)
              
Gains (losses) on derivatives:              
Balance at beginning of period32
 (57) (11) (106)(29) 32
 4
 (11)
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications (net tax effect of $5, $10, $15 and $17)(3) (16) 26
 (21)
Reclassification to income (net tax effect of $0, $8, $10 and $24)(6) 22
 8
 76
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications (net tax effect of $8, $5, $8 and $15)14
 (3) (12) 26
Reclassification to income (net tax effect of $1, $0, $2 and $10)
 (6) (7) 8
Balance at end of period23
 (51) 23
 (51)(15) 23
 (15) 23
              
Pension and postretirement plans:              
Balance at beginning of period(400) (244) (405) (266)(96) (400) (106) (405)
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications (net tax effect of $4, $0, $8 and $4)(15) 3
 (25) 19
Reclassification to income (net tax effect of $2, $0, $5 and $1)9
 3
 24
 9
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications (net tax effect of $1 $4, $1 and $8)(1) (15) 2
 (25)
Reclassification to income (net tax effect of $1, $2, $2 and $5)3
 9
 10
 24
Balance at end of period(406) (238) (406) (238)(94) (406) (94) (406)
              
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, end of period$(913) $(941) $(913) $(941)$(638) $(913) $(638) $(913)
(1)Includes $22 million of losses and $31 million of gains for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, and $44 million and $147 million of losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, and losses of $10 million and $18 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively, related to non-derivative net investment hedges, principally offset by the foreign currency impact of intra-entity loans that are of a long-term investment nature in each period.hedges. Refer to Note 14. Derivatives and Hedging Activities for further description of these hedges.

24

Table of Contents


Reclassifications from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 20172018 and 20162017 were as follows:
Reclassification Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Reclassification Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)Reclassification Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Details About Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Components Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, Affected Line Item in the Statement of Operations Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, Affected Line Item in the Statement of Operations
2017 2016 2017 2016  2018 2017 2018 2017 
                  
 (in millions)  (in millions) 
Gains (losses) on derivatives:                  
Commodity derivatives $5
 $(10) $8
 $(35) Cost of sales $1
 $5
 $16
 $8
 Cost of sales
Foreign currency derivatives 1
 (20) (26) (65) Cost of sales (2) 1
 (11) (26) Cost of sales
 6
 (30) (18) (100) Income before income taxes (1) 6
 5
 (18) Income before income taxes
 
 8
 10
 24
 Income tax expense 1
 
 2
 10
 Income tax expense
 6
 (22) (8) (76) Net income 
 6
 7
 (8) Net income
 
 
 
 
 Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest 
 
 
 
 Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest
 $6
 $(22) $(8) $(76) Net income attributable to Delphi $
 $6
 $7
 $(8) Net income attributable to Aptiv
                  
Pension and postretirement plans:                  
Actuarial losses $(11) $(3) $(29) $(10) Other expense (1) $(4) $(11) $(12) $(29) Other income (expense), net (1)
 (11) (3) (29) (10) Income before income taxes (4) (11) (12) (29) Income before income taxes
 2
 
 5
 1
 Income tax expense 1
 2
 2
 5
 Income tax expense
 (9) (3) (24) (9) Net income (3) (9) (10) (24) Net income
 
 
 
 
 Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest 
 
 
 
 Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest
 $(9) $(3) $(24) $(9) Net income attributable to Delphi $(3) $(9) $(10) $(24) Net income attributable to Aptiv
                  
Total reclassifications for the period $(3) $(25) $(32) $(85)  $(3) $(3) $(3) $(32) 
(1)These accumulated other comprehensive loss components are componentsincluded in the computation of net periodic pension cost (see Note 9. Pension Benefits for additional details).

14. DERIVATIVES AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES
Cash Flow Hedges
DelphiAptiv is exposed to market risk, such as fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, commodity prices and changes in interest rates, which may result in cash flow risks. To manage the volatility relating to these exposures, DelphiAptiv aggregates the exposures on a consolidated basis to take advantage of natural offsets. For exposures that are not offset within its operations, DelphiAptiv enters into various derivative transactions pursuant to its risk management policies, which prohibit holding or issuing derivative financial instruments for speculative purposes, and designation of derivative instruments is performed on a transaction basis to support hedge accounting. The changes in fair value of these hedging instruments are offset in part or in whole by corresponding changes in the fair value or cash flows of the underlying exposures being hedged. DelphiAptiv assesses the initial and ongoing effectiveness of its hedging relationships in accordance with its documented policy.

25

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As of September 30, 2017,2018, the Company had the following outstanding notional amounts related to commodity and foreign currency forward and option contracts designated as cash flow hedges that were entered into to hedge forecasted exposures:
Table of Contents
CommodityQuantity Hedged Unit of Measure Notional Amount
(Approximate USD Equivalent)
      
 (in thousands) (in millions)
Copper88,540
 pounds $240

Foreign CurrencyQuantity Hedged Unit of Measure 
Notional Amount
(Approximate USD Equivalent)
      
 (in millions)
Mexican Peso9,815
 MXN $520
Chinese Yuan Renminbi2,166
 RMB 315
Polish Zloty424
 PLN 115
New Turkish Lira83
 TRY 15

CommodityQuantity Hedged Unit of Measure Notional Amount
(Approximate USD Equivalent)
      
 (in thousands) (in millions)
Copper57,124
 pounds $170
Foreign CurrencyQuantity Hedged Unit of Measure 
Notional Amount
(Approximate USD Equivalent)
      
 (in millions)
Mexican Peso16,872
 MXN $925
Chinese Yuan Renminbi2,410
 RMB 365
Polish Zloty344
 PLN 95
New Turkish Lira185
 TRY 50
Hungarian Forint4,025
 HUF 15
The Company had additional foreign currency forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges with notional amounts that individually amounted to less than $10 million. As of September 30, 2017, Delphi2018, Aptiv has entered into derivative instruments to hedge cash flows extending out to September 2019.2020.
Gains and losses on derivatives qualifying as cash flow hedges are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income ("OCI"(“OCI”), to the extent that hedges are effective, until the underlying transactions are recognized in earnings. Unrealized amounts in accumulated OCI will fluctuate based on changes in the fair value of hedge derivative contracts at each reporting period. Net gainslosses on cash flow hedges included in accumulated OCI as of September 30, 20172018 were approximately $34$1 million (approximately $31($4 million gain, net of tax). Of this total, approximately $28$2 million of losses are expected to be included in cost of sales within the next 12 months and $6$1 million of gains are expected to be included in cost of sales in subsequent periods. Cash flow hedges are discontinued when DelphiAptiv determines it is no longer probable that the originally forecasted transactions will occur. The amount included in cost of sales related to cash flow hedge ineffectiveness was insignificant for the three and nine months ended September 30, 20172018 and 2016.2017. Cash flows from derivatives used to manage commodity and foreign exchange risks designated as cash flow hedges are classified as operating activities within the consolidated statement of cash flows.
Net Investment Hedges
The Company is also exposed to the risk that adverse changes in foreign currency exchange rates could impact its net investment in non-U.S. subsidiaries. To manage this risk, the Company designates certain qualifying derivative and non-derivative instruments, including foreign currency forward contracts and foreign currency-denominated debt, as net investment hedges of certain non-U.S. subsidiaries. The effective portion of the gains or losses on instruments designated as net investment hedges are recognized within OCI to offset changes in the value of the net investment in these foreign currency-denominated operations. Any ineffective portion of gains or losses on net investment hedges are reclassified to other income (expense), net within the consolidated statement of operations. Gains and losses reported in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) are reclassified to earnings only when the related currency translation adjustments are required to be reclassified, usually upon sale or liquidation of the investment. Cash flows from derivatives designated as net investment hedges are classified as investing activities within the consolidated statement of cash flows.
DuringSince the first quarter of 2016, and 2017, the Company has entered into a series of forward contracts, each of which werehave been designated as net investment hedges of the foreign currency exposure of the Company'sCompany’s investments in certain Chinese Yuan Renminbi ("RMB"(“RMB”)-denominated subsidiaries. During the first quarter of 2016, the Company entered into a forward contract with a notional amount of 2.4 billion RMB (approximately $370 million, using March 31, 2016 foreign currency rates), which matured in May 2016, and the Company paid $1 million at settlement. In December 2016, the Company entered into a forward contract with a notional amount of 1.8 billion RMB (approximately $265 million, using December 31, 2016 foreign currency rates), which matured in June 2017, and the Company paid $12 million at settlement. In June 2017, the Company entered into a forward contract with a notional amount of 2.4 billion RMB (approximately $345 million, using June 30, 2017 foreign currency rates), which matured in December 2017, and the Company paid $16 million at settlement. In December 2017, the Company entered into a forward contract with a notional amount of 1.9 billion RMB (approximately $290 million, using December 31, 2017 foreign currency rates), which matured in June 2018, and the Company paid $10 million at settlement. In June 2018, the Company entered into a forward contract with a notional amount of 486 million RMB (approximately $75 million, using June 30, 2018 foreign currency rates), which matures in December 2017.
2018. Refer to the tables below for details of the fair value recorded in the consolidated balance sheet and the effects recorded in the consolidated statement of operations and consolidated statement of comprehensive income related to these derivative instruments.

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The Company has designated the €700 million 2015 Euro-denominated Senior Notes and the €500 million 2016 Euro-denominated Senior Notes, as more fully described in Note 8. Debt, as net investment hedges of the foreign currency exposure of its investments in certain Euro-denominated subsidiaries. Due to changes in the value of the Euro-denominated debt
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instruments designated as net investment hedges, during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, $22 million of losses and $31 million of gains, respectively, were recognized within the cumulative translation adjustment component of OCI. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, $44 million and $147 million, respectively, of losses were recognized within the cumulative translation adjustment component of OCI. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, $10 million and $19 million, respectively, ofCumulative losses were recognized within the cumulative translation adjustment component of OCI. Cumulative (losses) gains included in accumulated OCI on these net investment hedges were $(87)$86 million as of September 30, 20172018 and $60$117 million as of December 31, 2016.2017. There were no amounts reclassified or recognized for ineffectiveness during the three and nine months ended September 30, 20172018 or 2016.2017.
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedges
In certain occasions the Company enters into certain foreign currency and commodity contracts that are not designated as hedges. When hedge accounting is not applied to derivative contracts, gains and losses are recorded to other income (expense), net and cost of sales in the consolidated statement of operations.
AsIn conjunction with the acquisition of KUM, as more fully disclosed in Note 17. Acquisitions and Divestitures, on July 30, 2015, Delphi made a recommended offer to acquire HellermannTyton. In conjunction with the acquisition, in August 2015,March 2018, the Company entered into optionforward contracts, requiring no initial net investment, with notional amounts totaling £917559 billion South Korean Won (“KRW”) (approximately $520 million using March 1, 2018 foreign currency rates) to hedge portions of the currency risk associated with the cash payment for the acquisition at a cost of $15 million. Subsequently, in conjunction with the closing of the acquisition, Delphi entered into offsetting option contracts.acquisition. Pursuant to the requirements of ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, the optionsforwards did not qualify as hedges for accounting purposes. The Company paid $15purposes, and therefore, changes in the fair value of the forwards were recognized in other income (expense), net. In conjunction with the closing of the acquisition, Aptiv settled the forward contracts in the second quarter of 2018 and received $4 million, to settle these options duringwhich is reflected within investing activities from continuing operations in the consolidated statement of cash flows. During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, which is reflected2018, the change in fair value resulted in a pre-tax gain of $4 million, included within investing activitiesother income in the consolidated statement of cash flows.operations.
Fair Value of Derivative Instruments in the Balance Sheet
The fair value of derivative financial instruments recorded in the consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 20172018 and December 31, 20162017 are as follows:
Asset Derivatives Liability Derivatives Net Amounts of Assets and (Liabilities) Presented in the Balance SheetAsset Derivatives Liability Derivatives Net Amounts of Assets and (Liabilities) Presented in the Balance Sheet
Balance Sheet Location September 30,
2017
 Balance Sheet Location September 30,
2017
 September 30,
2017
Balance Sheet Location September 30,
2018
 Balance Sheet Location September 30,
2018
 September 30,
2018
            
(in millions)(in millions)
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges:Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges:    Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges:      
Commodity derivativesOther current assets $20
 Accrued liabilities $
  Other current assets $1
 Accrued liabilities $8
  
Foreign currency derivatives*Other current assets 23
 Other current assets 7
 $16
Other current assets 16
 Other current assets 4
 $12
Foreign currency derivatives*Accrued liabilities 2
 Accrued liabilities 6
 (4)Accrued liabilities 4
 Accrued liabilities 5
 (1)
Commodity derivativesOther long-term assets 5
 Other long-term liabilities 
  Other long-term assets 
 Other long-term liabilities 5
  
Foreign currency derivatives*Other long-term assets 8
 Other long-term assets 1
 7
Other long-term assets 8
 Other long-term assets 1
 7
Foreign currency derivatives*Other long-term liabilities 
 Other long-term liabilities 3
 (3)Other long-term liabilities 
 Other long-term liabilities 1
 (1)
Derivatives designated as net investment hedges:Derivatives designated as net investment hedges:    Derivatives designated as net investment hedges:      
Foreign currency derivativesOther current assets $
 Accrued liabilities $12
 

Other current assets 4
 Accrued liabilities 
 

Total derivatives designated as hedgesTotal derivatives designated as hedges $58
 $29
  Total derivatives designated as hedges $33
 $24
  

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Asset Derivatives Liability Derivatives Net Amounts of Assets and (Liabilities) Presented in the Balance SheetAsset Derivatives Liability Derivatives Net Amounts of Assets and (Liabilities) Presented in the Balance Sheet
Balance Sheet Location December 31,
2016
 Balance Sheet Location December 31,
2016
 December 31,
2016
Balance Sheet Location December 31,
2017
 Balance Sheet Location December 31,
2017
 December 31,
2017
            
(in millions)(in millions)
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges:Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges:    Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges:      
Commodity derivativesOther current assets $7
 Accrued liabilities $
  Other current assets $27
 Accrued liabilities $
  
Foreign currency derivatives*Other current assets 6
 Other current assets 3
 $3
Other current assets 3
 Other current assets 
 $3
Foreign currency derivatives*Accrued liabilities 9
 Accrued liabilities 55
 (46)Accrued liabilities 7
 Accrued liabilities 17
 (10)
Commodity derivativesOther long-term assets 4
 Other long-term liabilities 
  Other long-term assets 8
 Other long-term liabilities 
  
Foreign currency derivatives*Other long-term assets 8
 Other long-term assets 4
 4
Other long-term liabilities 
 Other long-term liabilities 11
 (11)
Foreign currency derivatives*Other long-term liabilities 
 Other long-term liabilities 11
 (11)
Derivatives designated as net investment hedges:Derivatives designated as net investment hedges:    Derivatives designated as net investment hedges:      
Foreign currency derivativesOther current assets $2
 Accrued liabilities $
  Other current assets 
 Accrued liabilities 5
  
Total derivatives designated as hedgesTotal derivatives designated as hedges $36
 $73
  Total derivatives designated as hedges $45
 $33
  
      
Derivatives not designated:      
Foreign currency derivatives*Other current assets $
 Other current assets $1
 (1)
Foreign currency derivatives*Accrued liabilities 2
 Accrued liabilities 1
 1
Total derivatives not designated as hedges $2
 $2
  
* Derivative instruments within this category are subject to master netting arrangements and are presented on a net basis in the consolidated balance sheets in accordance with accounting guidance related to the offsetting of amounts related to certain contracts.
*Derivative instruments within this category are subject to master netting arrangements and are presented on a net basis in the consolidated balance sheets in accordance with accounting guidance related to the offsetting of amounts related to certain contracts.
The fair value of Delphi’sAptiv’s derivative financial instruments was in a net asset position as of September 30, 20172018 and a net liability position as of December 31, 20162017.
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Effect of Derivatives on the Statement of Operations and Statement of Comprehensive Income
The pre-tax effect of derivative financial instruments in the consolidated statement of operations and consolidated statement of comprehensive income for the three months ended September 30, 2018 is as follows:
Three Months Ended September 30, 2018(Loss) Gain Recognized in OCI (Effective Portion) Gain (Loss) Reclassified from OCI into Income (Effective Portion) Gain Recognized in Income (Ineffective Portion Excluded from Effectiveness Testing)
      
 (in millions)
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges:     
Commodity derivatives$(14) $1
 $
Foreign currency derivatives33
 (2) 
Derivatives designated as net investment hedges:     
Foreign currency derivatives3
 
 
Total$22
 $(1) $
Gain Recognized in Income
(in millions)
Derivatives not designated:
Foreign currency derivatives$
Total$

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The pre-tax effect of derivative financial instruments in the consolidated statement of operations and consolidated statement of comprehensive income for the three months ended September 30, 2017 is as follows:
Three Months Ended September 30, 2017Gain (loss) Recognized in OCI (Effective Portion) Gain Reclassified from OCI into Income (Effective Portion) Gain Recognized in Income (Ineffective Portion Excluded from Effectiveness Testing)Gain (Loss) Recognized in OCI (Effective Portion) Gain Reclassified from OCI into Income (Effective Portion) Gain Recognized in Income (Ineffective Portion Excluded from Effectiveness Testing)
          
(in millions)(in millions)
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges:          
Commodity derivatives$15
 $5
 $
$15
 $5
 $
Foreign currency derivatives(13) 1
 
(13) 1
 
Derivatives designated as net investment hedges:          
Foreign currency derivatives(10) 
 
(10) 
 
Total$(8) $6
 $
$(8) $6
 $
 Gain Recognized in Income
  
 (in millions)
Derivatives not designated: 
CommodityForeign currency derivatives$
Foreign currency derivatives
Total$
The pre-tax effect of derivative financial instruments in the consolidated statement of operations and consolidated statement of comprehensive income for the threenine months ended September 30, 20162018 is as follows:
Three Months Ended September 30, 2016Gain (loss) Recognized in OCI (Effective Portion) Loss Reclassified from OCI into Income (Effective Portion) Gain Recognized in Income (Ineffective Portion Excluded from Effectiveness Testing)
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018(Loss) Gain Recognized in OCI (Effective Portion) Gain (Loss) Reclassified from OCI into Income (Effective Portion) Gain Recognized in Income (Ineffective Portion Excluded from Effectiveness Testing)
          
(in millions)(in millions)
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges:          
Commodity derivatives$1
 $(10) $
$(33) $16
 $
Foreign currency derivatives(26) (20) 
30
 (11) 
Derivatives designated as net investment hedges:          
Foreign currency derivatives(1) 
 
(1) 
 
Total$(26) $(30) $
$(4) $5
 $
Gain Recognized in IncomeGain Recognized in Income
  
(in millions)(in millions)
Derivatives not designated:  
Foreign currency derivatives$1
$2
Total$1
$2

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The pre-tax effect of derivative financial instruments in the consolidated statement of operations and consolidated statement of comprehensive income for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 is as follows:
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Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017Gain (Loss) Recognized in OCI (Effective Portion) Gain (Loss) Reclassified from OCI into Income (Effective Portion) Gain Recognized in Income (Ineffective Portion Excluded from Effectiveness Testing)
      
 (in millions)
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges:     
Commodity derivatives$26
 $8
 $
Foreign currency derivatives41
 (26) 
Derivatives designated as net investment hedges:     
Foreign currency derivatives(26) 
 
Total$41
 $(18) $
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017Gain (loss) Recognized in OCI (Effective Portion) Gain (loss) Reclassified from OCI into Income (Effective Portion) Gain Recognized in Income (Ineffective Portion Excluded from Effectiveness Testing)
      
 (in millions)
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges:     
Commodity derivatives$26
 $8
 $
Foreign currency derivatives41
 (26) 
Derivatives designated as net investment hedges:     
Foreign currency derivatives(26) 
 
Total$41
 $(18) $
 Loss Recognized in Income
  
 (in millions)
Derivatives not designated: 
Foreign currency derivatives$(5)
Total$(5)
The pre-tax effect of derivative financial instruments in the consolidated statement of operations and consolidated statement of comprehensive income for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 is as follows:
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016Gain (loss) Recognized in OCI (Effective Portion) Loss Reclassified from OCI into Income (Effective Portion) Gain Recognized in Income (Ineffective Portion Excluded from Effectiveness Testing)
      
 (in millions)
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges:     
Commodity derivatives$5
 $(35) $
Foreign currency derivatives(46) (65) 
Derivatives designated as net investment hedges:     
Foreign currency derivatives3
 
 
Total$(38) $(100) $
 Loss Recognized in Income
  
 (in millions)
Derivatives not designated: 
Foreign currency derivatives$(1)
Total$(1)
The gain or loss reclassified from OCI into income for the effective portion of designated derivative instruments was recorded to cost of sales in the consolidated statements of operations for the three and thenine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017. The gain or loss recognized in income for the ineffective portion of designatednon-designated derivative instruments excluded from effectiveness testing werewas recorded to other income (expense), net and cost of sales in the consolidated statements of operations for the three and nine months endedSeptember 30, 20172018 and 2016. The gain or loss recognized in income for non-designated derivative instruments was recorded in other income (expense), net and cost of sales for the three and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2017 and 2016., respectively.



15. FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
Fair Value Measurements on a Recurring Basis
Derivative instruments—All derivative instruments are required to be reported on the balance sheet at fair value unless the transactions qualify and are designated as normal purchases or sales. Changes in fair value are reported currently through earnings unless they meet hedge accounting criteria. Delphi’sAptiv’s derivative exposures are with counterparties with long-term investment grade credit ratings. DelphiAptiv estimates the fair value of its derivative contracts using an income approach based on valuation techniques to convert future amounts to a single, discounted amount. Estimates of the fair value of foreign currency and commodity derivative instruments are determined using exchange traded prices and rates. DelphiAptiv also considers the risk of non-performance in the estimation of fair value, and includes an adjustment for non-performance risk in the measure of fair value of derivative instruments. The non-performance risk adjustment reflects the credit default spread (“CDS”) applied to the net commodity by counterparty and foreign currency exposures by counterparty. When DelphiAptiv is in a net derivative asset position, the counterparty CDS rates are applied to the net derivative asset position. When DelphiAptiv is in a net derivative liability position, estimates of peer companies’ CDS rates are applied to the net derivative liability position.
In certain instances where market data is not available, DelphiAptiv uses management judgment to develop assumptions that are used to determine fair value. This could include situations of market illiquidity for a particular currency or commodity or where observable market data may be limited. In those situations, DelphiAptiv generally surveys investment banks and/or brokers and utilizes the surveyed prices and rates in estimating fair value.
As of September 30, 20172018 and December 31, 20162017, DelphiAptiv was in a net derivative asset (liability) position of $29$9 million and $(37)$12 million, respectively, and no significant adjustments were recorded for nonperformance risk based on the application of peer companies’ CDS rates, evaluation of our own nonperformance risk and because Delphi’sAptiv’s exposures were to counterparties with investment grade credit ratings. Refer to Note 14. Derivatives and Hedging Activities for further information regarding derivatives.
Contingent consideration—As described in Note 17. Acquisitions and Divestitures, as of September 30, 2017,2018, additional contingent consideration may be earned as a result of Delphi'sAptiv’s acquisition agreements for nuTonomy, Inc. (“nuTonomy”), Movimento Group ("Movimento"(“Movimento”), and Control-Tec LLC ("Control-Tec"), Ottomatika, Inc. ("Ottomatika") and Antaya Technologies Corporation ("Antaya"(“Control-Tec”). The liability for contingent consideration is

30



estimated as of the date of the acquisition and is recorded as part of the purchase price, and is subsequently re-measured to fair value at each reporting date, based on a probability-weighted discounted cash flow analysis using a rate that reflects the uncertainty surrounding the expected outcomes, which the Company believes is appropriate and representative of market participant assumptions. The measurement of the liability for contingent consideration is based on significant inputs that are not observable in the market, and is therefore classified as a Level 3 measurement in accordance with ASU Topic 820-10-35. Examples of utilized unobservable inputs are estimated future earnings of the acquired businesses and applicable discount rates. The estimate of the liability may fluctuate if there are changes in the forecast of the acquired businesses'businesses’ future earnings, as a result of actual earnings levels achieved or in the discount rates used to determine the present value of contingent future cash flows. As of September 30, 2017,2018, the range of periods in which the earn-out provisions may be achieved is from 20172018 to 2018.2020. The Company regularly reviews these assumptions and makes adjustments to the fair value measurements as required by facts and circumstances.
As of September 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016,2017, the liability for contingent consideration was $22$26 million (of which $2$7 million was classified within other current liabilities and $20$19 million was classified within other long-term liabilities) and $35$33 million (of which $7 million was $22 million classified within other current liabilities and $13$26 million was classified within other long-term liabilities)., respectively. Adjustments to this liability for interest accretion are recognized in interest expense, and any other changes in the fair value of this liability are recognized within other income (expense), net in the consolidated statement of operations.
The changes in the contingent consideration liability classified as a Level 3 measurement for the nine months ended September 30, 20172018 were as follows:
 Contingent Consideration Liability
  
 (in millions)
Fair value at beginning of period$35
Additions8
Payments(22)
Interest accretion1
Fair value at end of period$22


 Contingent Consideration Liability
  
 (in millions)
Fair value at beginning of period$33
Additions
Payments(7)
Interest accretion
Fair value at end of period$26
During the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, Delphi recorded a liability of $8the Company paid $7 million for the estimated fair value of the contingent consideration for the acquisition of Movimento, as further described in Note 17. Acquisitions and Divestitures. Also during the nine months ended September 30, 2017, Delphi paid $20$22 million, respectively, of contingent consideration related to its 2015 acquisitionbased on the actual level of Control-Tec and $2 millionearnings of contingent consideration related to its 2015 acquisition of Ottomatika.the acquired businesses during the contractual earn-out period.
As of September 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016, Delphi2017, Aptiv had the following assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
Total Quoted Prices in Active Markets
Level 1
 Significant Other Observable Inputs
Level 2
 Significant Unobservable Inputs
Level 3
Total Quoted Prices in Active Markets
Level 1
 Significant Other Observable Inputs
Level 2
 Significant Unobservable Inputs
Level 3
              
(in millions)(in millions)
As of September 30, 2017 
As of September 30, 2018: 
Commodity derivatives$25
 $
 $25
 $
$1
 $
 $1
 $
Foreign currency derivatives23
 
 23
 
23
 
 23
 
Total$48
 $
 $48
 $
$24
 $
 $24
 $
As of December 31, 2016:       
As of December 31, 2017:       
Commodity derivatives$11
 $
 $11
 $
$35
 $
 $35
 $
Foreign currency derivatives8
 
 8
 
3
 
 3
 
Total$19
 $
 $19
 $
$38
 $
 $38
 $

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As of September 30, 20172018 and December 31, 20162017, DelphiAptiv had the following liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
Total Quoted Prices in Active Markets
Level 1
 Significant Other Observable Inputs
Level 2
 Significant Unobservable Inputs
Level 3
Total Quoted Prices in Active Markets
Level 1
 Significant Other Observable Inputs
Level 2
 Significant Unobservable Inputs
Level 3
              
(in millions)(in millions)
As of September 30, 2017 
As of September 30, 2018: 
Commodity derivatives$
 $
 $
 $
$13
 $
 $13
 $
Foreign currency derivatives19
 
 19
 
2
 
 2
 
Contingent consideration22
 
 
 22
26
 
 
 26
Total$41
 $
 $19
 $22
$41
 $
 $15
 $26
As of December 31, 2016:       
As of December 31, 2017:       
Foreign currency derivatives$56
 $
 $56
 $
$26
 $
 $26
 $
Contingent consideration35
 
 
 35
33
 
 
 33
Total$91
 $
 $56
 $35
$59
 $
 $26
 $33
Non-derivative financial instrumentsDelphi’sAptiv’s non-derivative financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, accounts and notes receivable, accounts payable, as well as debt, which consists of its accounts receivable factoring arrangements,arrangement, capital leases and other debt issued by Delphi’sAptiv’s non-U.S. subsidiaries, the Revolving Credit Facility, the Tranche A Term Loan and all series of outstanding senior notes. The fair value of debt is based on quoted market prices for instruments with public market data or significant other observable inputs for instruments without a quoted public market price (Level 2). As of September 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016,2017, total debt was recorded at $4,899$4,108 million and $3,971$4,149 million, respectively, and had estimated fair values of $5,002$4,042 million and $4,007$4,289 million, respectively. For all other financial instruments recorded at September 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016,2017, fair value approximates book value.
Fair Value Measurements on a Nonrecurring Basis
In addition to items that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, DelphiAptiv also has items in its balance sheet that are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. As these items are not measured at fair value on a recurring basis, they are not included in the tables above. Nonfinancial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis include certain long-lived assets, equity and cost method investments, intangible assets, asset retirement obligations, share-based compensation and liabilities for exit or disposal activities measured at fair value upon initial recognition. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, Delphi2018, Aptiv recorded non-cash asset impairment charges totaling $1 million and $10$2 million, respectively, within cost of sales related to declines in the fair values of certain fixed assets. During the three and nine
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months ended September 30, 2016, Delphi2017, Aptiv recorded non-cash asset impairment charges totaling $1 million and $23$2 million, respectively, within cost of sales related to declines in the fair values of certain fixed assets, $19 million of which related to the initiation of a plant closure of a European manufacturing site within the Powertrain Systems segment in the second quarter of 2016, as further described in Note 7. Restructuring.assets. Fair value of long-lived assets is determined primarily using the anticipated cash flows discounted at a rate commensurate with the risk involved and a review of appraisals. As such, DelphiAptiv has determined that the fair value measurements of long-lived assets fall in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

16. OTHER INCOME, NET
Other income (expense), net included:
Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
2017 2016 2017 20162018 2017 2018 2017
              
(in millions)(in millions)
Interest income$2
 $1
 $5
 $2
$5
 $2
 $17
 $4
Loss on extinguishment of debt
 (73) 
 (73)
Components of net periodic benefit cost other than service cost (Note 9)(9) (3) (25) (9)(5) (7) (15) (16)
Reserve for Unsecured Creditors litigation
 
 (10) 

 
 
 (10)
Costs associated with acquisitions
 
 (5) 
Other, net(2) 6
 1
 7
4
 (2) 30
 
Other expense, net$(9) $(69) $(29) $(73)
Other income (expense), net$4
 $(7) $27
 $(22)

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During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, Aptiv incurred approximately $9 million in transaction costs related to the acquisition of KUM and, as further discussed in Note 14. Derivatives and Hedging Activities, recorded a gain of $4 million on forward contracts entered into in order to hedge portions of the currency risk associated with the cash payment for the acquisition of KUM, which are reflected within costs associated with acquisitions in the above table. Also, as further discussed in Note 21. Discontinued Operations, during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, Aptiv recorded $2 million and $8 million, respectively, for certain fees earned pursuant to the transition services agreement in connection with the Separation of the Company’s former Powertrain Systems segment.
As further discussed in Note 10. Commitments and Contingencies, during the three months ended June 30,second quarter of 2017, DelphiAptiv and the plaintiffs reached an agreement to settle the Unsecured Creditors litigation for $310 million, which was subsequently approved by the Bankruptcy Court. In July 2017, the Company paid the $310 million settlement pursuant to the terms of the settlement agreement. In accordance with the terms of the settlement agreement, the Company recorded a net incremental charge of $10 million to its previously recorded reserve of $300 million to other expense during the nine months ended September 30, 2017.
As further discussed in Note 8. Debt, during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, Delphi redeemed for cash the entire $800 million aggregate principal amount outstanding of the 2013 Senior Notes, resulting in a loss on debt extinguishment of approximately $70 million. Delphi also recorded a loss on debt extinguishment of $3 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 in conjunction with the 2016 amendment to the Credit Agreement, as further discussed in Note 8. Debt. Additionally, as further discussed in Note 21. Discontinued Operations, during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, Delphi recorded $2 million and $7 million for certain fees earned pursuant to the transition services agreement in connection with the sale of the Company's wholly owned Thermal Systems business.

17. ACQUISITIONS AND DIVESTITURES
Acquisition of nuTonomyKUM
On October 20,June 14, 2018, Aptiv acquired 100% of the equity interests of KUM, a specialized manufacturer of connectors for the automotive industry, for total consideration of $523 million. The results of operations of KUM are reported within the Signal and Power Solutions segment from the date of acquisition. The Company acquired KUM utilizing cash on hand.
The acquisition was accounted for as a business combination, with the total purchase price allocated on a preliminary basis using information available, in the second quarter of 2018. Minor adjustments were recorded in the third quarter of 2018 to goodwill and other assets purchased and liabilities assumed, from the amounts disclosed as of June 30, 2018. These adjustments were not significant for any period presented after the acquisition date. The preliminary purchase price and related allocation to the acquired net assets of KUM based on their estimated fair values is shown below (in millions):
Assets acquired and liabilities assumed
Purchase price, cash consideration, net of cash acquired$512
Debt and pension liabilities assumed11
Total consideration, net of cash acquired$523
  
Property, plant and equipment$123
Intangible assets110
Other assets, net36
Identifiable net assets acquired269
Goodwill resulting from purchase254
Total purchase price allocation$523
Intangible assets primarily include amounts recognized for the fair value of customer-based assets, which will be amortized over their estimated useful lives of approximately 9 years. The estimated fair value of these assets was based on third-party valuations and management’s estimates, generally utilizing income and market approaches. Goodwill recognized in this transaction is primarily attributable to synergies expected to arise after the acquisition and the assembled workforce of KUM.
The purchase price and related allocation are preliminary and could be revised as a result of adjustments made to the purchase price, additional information obtained regarding liabilities assumed, including, but not limited to, contingent liabilities, revisions of provisional estimates of fair values, including, but not limited to, the completion of independent appraisals and valuations related to property, plant and equipment and intangible assets, and certain tax attributes.
The pro forma effects of this acquisition would not materially impact the Company’s reported results for any period presented, and as a result no pro forma financial statements were presented.

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Acquisition of nuTonomy, Inc.
On November 21, 2017, Delphi agreed to acquireAptiv acquired 100% of the equity interests of nuTonomy, Inc. ("nuTonomy"(“nuTonomy”), a leading provider of autonomous driving software and technology, for total consideration of up to $454 million. Of the total consideration, $290$284 million of the purchase price is payablewas paid at closing, subject to certain post-closing adjustments, and approximately $110adjustments. An additional $109 million of the purchase price will vest to certain selling shareholders in annual installments over 3 yearsa three-year period from the acquisition date, subject to those selling shareholders'such shareholders’ compliance with certain serviceemployment conditions. Of the $110$109 million, approximately $8$7 million is payable after one year and approximately $51 million is payable after each of the second and third years following the acquisition date. These remaining installments will be recorded as a component of Selling, general and administrative expensecost of sales ratably over the respective installment period.
Additionally, the total consideration includes a cash payment of up to $54 million contingent upon the achievement of certain performance metrics over a future 3-yearthree-year period.

The range of the undiscounted amounts the Company could be required to pay under this arrangement is between $0 and $54 million. As of the closing date of the acquisition, the contingent consideration was assigned a fair value of approximately $24 million. Refer to Note 15. Fair Value of Financial Instruments for additional information regarding the measurement of the contingent consideration liability. The results of operations of nuTonomy are reported within the Advanced Safety and User Experience segment from the date of acquisition. The Company acquired nuTonomy utilizing cash on hand.
The acquisition is subject towas accounted for as a business combination, with the satisfaction of customary closing conditions and the receipt of regulatory and other approvals, and is expected to closetotal purchase price allocated on a preliminary basis using information available, in the fourth quarter of 2017. The Company intendspurchase price and related allocation to acquirethe acquired net assets of nuTonomy utilizing cashbased on hand. Upon completion, nuTonomy will become part of Delphi’s Electronicstheir estimated fair values is shown below (in millions):
Assets acquired and Safety segment.liabilities assumed
Table
Purchase price, cash consideration, net of cash acquired$284
Purchase price, fair value of contingent consideration24
Total purchase price, net of cash acquired$308
  
Intangible assets$102
Other liabilities, net(40)
Identifiable net assets acquired62
Goodwill resulting from purchase246
Total purchase price allocation$308
Intangible assets include $102 million of Contentsin-process research and development, which will not be amortized, but tested for impairment until the completion or abandonment of the associated research and development efforts. The estimated fair value of these assets was based on third-party valuations and management’s estimates, generally utilizing income and market approaches. Goodwill recognized in this transaction is primarily attributable to synergies expected to arise after the acquisition from future growth and potential commercialization opportunities.

The purchase price and related allocation are preliminary and could be revised as a result of adjustments made to the purchase price, additional information obtained regarding liabilities assumed, including, but not limited to, contingent liabilities, revisions of provisional estimates of fair values, including, but not limited to, the completion of independent appraisals and valuations related to property, plant and equipment and intangible assets, and certain tax attributes.

The pro forma effects of this acquisition would not materially impact the Company’s reported results for any period presented, and as a result no pro forma financial statements were presented.
Acquisition of Movimento Group
On January 3, 2017, DelphiAptiv acquired 100% of the equity interests of Movimento Group ("Movimento"(“Movimento”), a leading provider of Over-the-Air software and data management for the automotive sector, for a purchase price of $40 million at closing and an additional cash payment of up to $10 million contingent upon the achievement of certain performance metrics over a future 2-year period. The range of the undiscounted amounts the Company could be required to pay under this arrangement is between $0 and $10 million. As of the closing date of the acquisition, the contingent consideration was assigned a fair value of approximately $8 million. Refer to Note 15. Fair Value of Financial Instruments for additional information regarding the measurement of the contingent consideration liability. The results of operations of Movimento are reported within the ElectronicsAdvanced Safety and SafetyUser Experience segment from the date of acquisition. The Company acquired Movimento utilizing cash on hand.

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The acquisition was accounted for as a business combination, with the total purchase price allocated on a preliminary basis using information available, in the first quarter of 2017. The preliminarypurchase price and related allocation were finalized in the first quarter of 2018, and resulted in no adjustments from the amounts previously disclosed. The purchase price and related allocation to the acquired net assets of Movimento based on their estimated fair values is shown below (in millions):
Assets acquired and liabilities assumed
Purchase price, cash consideration, net of cash acquired$40
$40
Purchase price, fair value of contingent consideration8
8
Total purchase price, net of cash acquired$48
$48
  
Intangible assets$22
$22
Other assets, net4
Other liabilities, net(2)
Identifiable net assets acquired26
20
Goodwill resulting from purchase22
28
Total purchase price allocation$48
$48
Intangible assets include $8 million recognized for the fair value of the acquired trade name, which has an estimated useful life of approximately 25 years, $4 million of customer-based and technology-related assets with estimated useful lives of approximately 7 years, and $10 million of in-process research and development, which will not be amortized, but tested for impairment until the completion or abandonment of the associated research and development efforts. The estimated fair value of these assets was based on third-party valuations and management'smanagement’s estimates, generally utilizing income and market approaches.
The purchase price and related allocation are preliminary and could be revised as a result of adjustments made to the purchase price, additional information obtained regarding liabilities assumed, including, but not limited to, contingent liabilities, revisions of provisional estimates of fair values, including, but not limited to, the completion of independent appraisals and valuations related to property, plant and equipment and intangible assets, and certain tax attributes.
The pro forma effects of this acquisition would not materially impact the Company'sCompany’s reported results for any period presented, and as a result no pro forma financial statements were presented.
Acquisition of PureDepth, Inc.Winchester Interconnect
On March 23, 2016, DelphiOctober 24, 2018, Aptiv acquired 100% of the equity interests of PureDepth, Inc. ("PureDepth"Winchester Interconnect (“Winchester”), a leading provider of 3D display technology,custom engineered interconnect solutions for harsh environment applications, for approximately $15 million. The results$685 million, net of operations of PureDepth are reported within the Electronics and Safety segment from the date of acquisition.cash acquired, subject to certain post-closing adjustments. The acquisition waswill be accounted for as a business combination, with the total purchase price allocated onand a preliminary basis using information available, in the first quarter of 2016. The purchase price and related allocation were finalized in the first quarter of 2017, and resulted in no adjustments from the amounts previously disclosed. The purchase price and related allocation to the acquired net assets of PureDepth based on their estimated fair values is shown below (in millions):
Assets acquired and liabilities assumed
Purchase price, cash consideration$15
  
Intangible assets$10
Goodwill resulting from purchase5
Total purchase price allocation$15
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Intangible assets include amounts recognized for the fair value of in-process research and development, which will not be amortized, but tested for impairment until the completion or abandonment of the associated research and development efforts. The fair value of these assets was based on third-party valuations and management's estimates, generally utilizing income and market approaches.
The pro forma effects of this acquisition would not materially impact the Company's reported results for any period presented, and as a result no pro forma financial statements were presented.
Acquisition of HellermannTyton Group PLC
On December 18, 2015, pursuant to the terms of a recommended offer made on July 30, 2015, Delphi completed the acquisition of 100% of the issued ordinary share capital of HellermannTyton Group PLC ("HellermannTyton"), a public limited company based in the United Kingdom, and a leading global manufacturer of high-performance and innovative cable management solutions. Delphi paid 480 pence per HellermannTyton share, totaling approximately $1.5 billion in aggregate, net of cash acquired. Approximately $242 million of HellermannTyton outstanding debt to third-party creditors was assumed and subsequently paid off.
HellermannTyton had 2014 sales of approximately €600 million (approximately 6% of which were to Delphi and will be eliminated on a consolidated basis). Upon completing the acquisition, Delphi incurred transaction related expenses totaling approximately $23 million, which were recorded within other income (expense), net in the statement of operations in the fourth quarter of 2015.
The acquisition was accounted for as a business combination, with the total purchase price allocated on a preliminary basis using information available, in the fourth quarter of 2015. The purchase price and related allocation were finalized in the fourth quarter of 2016. As a result of additional information obtained, changes to the preliminary fair values of certain property, plant and equipment, and other assets purchased and liabilities assumed, including contingent tax liabilities, from the amounts disclosed as of December 31, 2015 were recorded during the year ended December 31, 2016, which resulted in a net adjustment to goodwill of $10 million. These adjustments did not result in significant effects to the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2016. The purchase price and related allocation to the acquired net assets of HellermannTyton based on their estimated fair values is shown below (in millions):
Assets acquired and liabilities assumed
Purchase price, cash consideration, net of cash acquired$1,534
Debt and pension liabilities assumed258
Total consideration, net of cash acquired$1,792
  
Property, plant and equipment$326
Indefinite-lived intangible assets128
Definite-lived intangible assets554
Other liabilities, net(82)
Identifiable net assets acquired926
Goodwill resulting from purchase866
Total purchase price allocation$1,792
Goodwill recognized in this transaction is primarily attributable to synergies expected to arise after the acquisition and the assembled workforce of HellermannTyton, and is not deductible for tax purposes. Intangible assets primarily include $128 million recognized for the fair valuevaluation of the acquired trade name, which has an indefinite useful life, $451assets resulted in approximately $75 million of customer-based assets with approximate useful lives of 13 years and $103 million of technology-related assets with approximate useful lives of 13 years. The valuation of the intangible assets acquired was based on third-party valuations, management's estimates, available information and reasonable and supportable assumptions. The fair value of the acquired trade name and the technology-related assets was generally estimated utilizing the relief from royalty method under the income approach, and the fair value of customer-based assets was generally estimated utilizing the multi-period excess earnings method.
The results of operations of HellermannTyton are reported within the Electrical/Electronic Architecture segment from the date of acquisition. The pro forma effects of this acquisition would not materially impact the Company's reported results for any period presented, and as a result no pro forma financial statements were presented.
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Acquisition financing
Delphi financed the cash payment required to close the acquisition of HellermannTyton primarily with the net proceeds received from the offering of $1.3 billion of 2015 Senior Notes, as further described in Note 8. Debt, with the remainder of the purchase price funded withallocated to tangible net assets, $385 million allocated to goodwill and $225 million allocated to other intangible assets, which will be included within the Company’s Signal and Power Solutions segment. The purchase price allocations were based on estimated fair values as of the acquisition date as determined by third party valuation specialists, and may be subsequently adjusted to reflect final valuation studies. The Company acquired Winchester utilizing cash on hand that was received from the sale of the Company's Thermal Systems business, as further described below. Prior to the transaction closing, in connection with the offer to acquire HellermannTyton in July 2015, £540 million ($844 million using July 30, 2015 foreign currency rates) was placed on deposit for purposes of satisfying a portion of the consideration required to effect the acquisition.
Sale of Mechatronics Business
On December 30, 2016, Delphi completed the sale of its Mechatronics business, which was previously reported within the Electronics and Safety segment, for net cash proceeds of approximately $197 million. The net sales of this business in 2016 prior to the divestiture were approximately $290 million. Delphi recognized a pre-tax gain on the divestiture of $141 million, net of $29 million of accumulated currency translation losses transferred from accumulated other comprehensive income, which is included in cost of sales in the consolidated statement of operations. The gain on the divestiture, net of tax, was $124 million, resulting in an increase in earnings per diluted share of approximately $0.45 for the year ended December 31, 2016. The results of operations of this business were not significant to the consolidated financial statements for any period presented, and the divestiture did not meet the discontinued operations criteria.short-term borrowings.
Sale of Thermal Systems Business
On June 30, 2015, Delphi completed the sale of the Company's wholly owned Thermal Systems business. On September 24, 2015, Delphi completed the sale of its interest in its KDAC joint venture, and on March 31, 2016, Delphi completed the sale of its interest in its SDAAC joint venture. Delphi's interests in the SDAAC and KDAC joint ventures were previously reported within the Thermal Systems segment. Accordingly, the results of the Thermal Systems business are classified as discontinued operations for all periods presented. Refer to Note 21. Discontinued Operations for further disclosure related to the Company's discontinued operations, including details of the divestiture transactions.
Technology Investments
The Company has made technology investments in certain non-consolidated affiliates for ownership interests of less than 20%, which are accounted for underin accordance with ASU 2016-01, as described in Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies. These investments do not have readily determinable fair values and are measured at cost, less impairments, adjusted for observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar investments of the cost method.same issuer.
During the third quarter of 2017, the Company's ElectronicsCompany’s Advanced Safety and SafetyUser Experience segment made investments in two leading developers of Light Detection and Ranging (“LIDAR”) technology, a $15 million investment in Innoviz Technologies and a $10 million investment in LeddarTech, Inc. The Company's Powertrain Systems segment also made an additional $1 million investment in Tula Technology Inc., an engine control software company in which the Company made an initial $20 million investment in 2015.
During the second quarter of 2017, Delphi's Electrical/Electronic Architecturethe Company’s Signal and Power Solutions segment made a $10 million investment in Valens Semiconductor Ltd., a leading provider of signal processing technology for high frequency data transmission of connected car content. During the first quarter of 2017, Delphi's Electronicsthe Company’s Advanced Safety and SafetyUser Experience segment made a $15 million investment in Otonomo Technologies Ltd., the developer of a connected car data marketplace.

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As of September 30, 2017,2018, the Company had the following technology investments, which are classified within other long-term assets in the consolidated balance sheet:
Investment NameSegmentInvestment Date 
Investment
(in millions)
 Segment Investment Date 
Investment
(in millions)
Innoviz TechnologiesElectronics and SafetyQ3 2017 $15
 Advanced Safety and User Experience Q3 2017 $15
LeddarTech, Inc.Electronics and SafetyQ3 2017 10
 Advanced Safety and User Experience Q3 2017 10
Valens Semiconductor Ltd.Electrical/Electronic ArchitectureQ2 2017 10
 Signal and Power Solutions Q2 2017 10
Otonomo Technologies Ltd.Electronics and SafetyQ1 2017 15
 Advanced Safety and User Experience Q1 2017 15
Tula Technology Inc.Powertrain SystemsQ2 2015; Q3 2017 21
Quanergy Systems, IncElectronics and SafetyQ2 2015; Q1 2016 6
 Advanced Safety and User Experience Q2 2015; Q1 2016 6
 $77
 $56
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 there were no material transactions, events or changes in circumstances requiring an impairment or an observable price change adjustment to any of these investments. The Company continues to monitor these investments to identify potential transactions which may indicate an impairment or an observable price change requiring an adjustment to its carrying value.



18. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION
Long TermLong-Term Incentive Plan
The Delphi AutomotiveAptiv PLC Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated effective April 23, 2015 (the “PLC LTIP”), allows for the grant of awards of up to 22,977,11625,665,448 ordinary shares for long-term compensation. The PLC LTIP is designed to align the interests of management and shareholders. The awards can be in the form of shares, options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units ("RSUs"(“RSUs”), performance awards, and other share-based awards to the employees, directors, consultants and advisors of the Company. The Company has awarded annual long-term grants of RSUs under the PLC LTIP in each year from 2012 to 20172018 in order to align management compensation with Delphi'sAptiv’s overall business strategy. The Company has competitive and market-appropriate ownership requirements. All of the RSUs granted under the PLC LTIP are eligible to receive dividend equivalents for any dividend paid from the grant date through the vesting date. Dividend equivalents are generally paid out in ordinary shares upon vesting of the underlying RSUs. Historical amounts disclosed within this note include amounts attributable to the Company'sCompany’s discontinued operations, unless otherwise noted.noted, and for activity prior to December 4, 2017 represent awards based on shares of Delphi Automotive PLC.
In connection with the Separation, in 2017 the Company made adjustments to the number of unvested RSUs with the intention of preserving the intrinsic value of the recipient’s awards prior to the Separation. Accordingly, the number of RSUs underlying each unvested award outstanding as of the date of the Separation was multiplied by a factor of 1.17, and the related grant date fair value was divided by a factor of 1.17, which resulted in no increase in the intrinsic value of awards outstanding. The RSUs continue to vest in accordance with their original vesting period. These adjustments to the Company’s share-based compensation awards did not result in additional compensation expense.
RSUs that were held by employees who transferred to Delphi Technologies in connection with the Separation were canceled and replaced by awards issued by Delphi Technologies. Employees remaining with the Company did not receive share-based compensation awards of Delphi Technologies as a result of the spin-off. Except for the conversion of awards, the material terms of the awards remained unchanged.
Board of Director Awards
On April 23, 2015, Delphi granted 20,347 RSUs to the Board of Directors at a grant date fair value of approximately $2 million. The grant date fair value was determined based on the closing price of the Company's ordinary shares on April 23, 2015. The RSUs vested on April 27, 2016, and 24,542 ordinary shares, which included shares issued in connection with dividend equivalents, were issued to members of the Board of Directors at a fair value of approximately $2 million. 1,843 ordinary shares were withheld to cover the minimum U.K. withholding taxes.
On April 28, 2016, DelphiAptiv granted 27,238 RSUs to the Board of Directors at a grant date fair value of approximately $2 million. The grant date fair value was determined based on the closing price of the Company'sCompany’s ordinary shares on April 28, 2016. The RSUs vested on April 26, 2017, and 26,580 ordinary shares, which included shares issued in connection with dividend equivalents, were issued to members of the Board of Directors at a fair value of approximately $2 million. 3,472 ordinary shares were withheld to cover the minimum U.K. withholding taxes.
On April 27, 2017, DelphiAptiv granted 26,782 RSUs to the Board of Directors at a grant date fair value of approximately $2 million. The grant date fair value was determined based on the closing price of the Company'sCompany’s ordinary shares on April 27, 2017. The RSUs vested on April 25, 2018, and 24,642 ordinary shares, which included shares issued in connection with dividend equivalents, were issued to members of the Board of Directors at a fair value of approximately $2 million. 2,649 ordinary shares were withheld to cover the minimum withholding taxes.

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On April 26, 2018, Aptiv granted 22,676 RSUs to the Board of Directors at a grant date fair value of approximately $2 million. The grant date fair value was determined based on the closing price of the Company’s ordinary shares on April 26, 2018. The RSUs will vest on April 25, 2018,24, 2019, the day before the 20182019 annual meeting of shareholders.
Executive Awards
DelphiAptiv has made annual grants of RSUs to its executives in February of each year beginning in 2012. These awards include a time-based vesting portion and a performance-based vesting portion, as well as continuity awards in certain years. The time-based RSUs, which make up 25% of the awards for Delphi’sAptiv’s officers and 50% for Delphi’sAptiv’s other executives, vest ratably over three years beginning on the first anniversary of the grant date. The performance-based RSUs, which make up 75% of the awards for Delphi’sAptiv’s officers and 50% for Delphi’sAptiv’s other executives, vest at the completion of a three-year performance period if certain targets are met. Each executive will receive between 0% and 200% of his or her target performance-based award based on the Company’s performance against established company-wide performance metrics, which are:
Metric2016 - 2017 Grants  2013 - 2015 Grants2016 - 2018 Grants  2014 - 2015 Grants
Average return on net assets (1)50%  50%50%  50%
Cumulative net income25%  N/A25%  N/A
Cumulative earnings per share (2)N/A  30%N/A  30%
Relative total shareholder return (3)25%  20%25%  20%
(1)Average return on net assets is measured by tax-affected operating income divided by average net working capital plus average net property, plant and equipment for each calendar year during the respective performance period.
(2)Cumulative earnings per share is measured by net income attributable to DelphiAptiv divided by the weighted average number of diluted shares outstanding for the respective three-year performance period.
(3)Relative total shareholder return is measured by comparing the average closing price per share of the Company’s ordinary shares for all availablethe specified trading days in the fourth quarter of the end of the performance period to the average closing price per share of the Company’s ordinary shares for all availablethe specified trading days in the fourth quarter of the year preceding the grant, including dividends, and assessed against a comparable measure of competitor and peer group companies.
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The details of the executive grants were as follows:
Grant Date RSUs Granted Grant Date Fair Value Time-Based Award Vesting Dates Performance-Based Award Vesting Date RSUs Granted Grant Date Fair Value Time-Based Award Vesting Dates Performance-Based Award Vesting Date
 (in millions)      
February 2013 1.45
 $60
 Annually on anniversary of grant date, 2014 - 2016 December 31, 2015
 (in millions) 
February 2014 0.78
 53
 Annually on anniversary of grant date, 2015 - 2017 December 31, 2016 0.78
 $53
 Annually on anniversary of grant date, 2015 - 2017 December 31, 2016
February 2015 0.90
 76
 Annually on anniversary of grant date, 2016 - 2018 December 31, 2017 0.90
 76
 Annually on anniversary of grant date, 2016 - 2018 December 31, 2017
February 2016 0.71
 48
 Annually on anniversary of grant date, 2017 - 2019 December 31, 2018 0.71
 48
 Annually on anniversary of grant date, 2017 - 2019 December 31, 2018
February 2017 0.80
 63
 Annually on anniversary of grant date, 2018 - 2020 December 31, 2019 0.80
 63
 Annually on anniversary of grant date, 2018 - 2020 December 31, 2019
February 2018 0.63
 61
 Annually on anniversary of grant date, 2019 - 2021 December 31, 2020
Any new executives hired after the annual executive RSU grant date may be eligible to participate in the PLC LTIP. Any off cycle grants made for new hires are valued at their grant date fair value based on the closing price of the Company'sCompany’s ordinary shares on the date of such grant.
The grant date fair value of the RSUs is determined based on the target number of awards issued, the closing price of the Company’s ordinary shares on the date of the grant of the award, including an estimate for forfeitures, and a contemporaneous valuation performed by an independent valuation specialist with respect to the relative total shareholder return awards.
In February 2016, under the time-based vesting terms of the 2013, 2014 and 2015 grants, 395,744 ordinary shares were issued to Delphi executives at a fair value of approximately $24 million, of which 146,726 ordinary shares were withheld to cover minimum withholding taxes. The performance-based RSUs associated with the 2013 grant vested at the completion of a three-year performance period on December 31, 2015, and in the first quarter of 2016, 1,265,339 ordinary shares were issued to Delphi executives at a fair value of approximately $77 million, of which 512,371 ordinary shares were withheld to cover minimum withholding taxes.
In February 2017, under the time-based vesting terms of the 2014, 2015 and 2016 grants, 248,008 ordinary shares were issued to DelphiAptiv executives at a fair value of approximately $19 million, of which 88,807 ordinary shares were withheld to cover minimum withholding taxes. The performance-based RSUs associated with the 2014 grant vested at the completion of a three-year performance period on December 31, 2016, and in the first quarter of 2017, 797,210 ordinary shares were issued to Delphi executives at a fair value of approximately $60 million, of which 324,555 ordinary shares were withheld to cover minimum withholding taxes.
In February 2018, under the time-based vesting terms of the 2015, 2016 and 2017 grants, 285,344 ordinary shares were issued to Aptiv executives at a fair value of approximately $26 million, of which 102,045 ordinary shares were withheld to cover minimum withholding taxes. The performance-based RSUs associated with the 2015 grant vested at the completion of a three-year performance period on December 31, 2017, and in the first quarter of 2018, 640,239 ordinary shares were issued to

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executives at a fair value of approximately $59 million, of which 240,483 ordinary shares were withheld to cover minimum withholding taxes.
A summary of RSU activity, including award grants, vesting and forfeitures is provided below:
RSUs 
Weighted Average Grant
Date Fair Value
RSUs 
Weighted Average Grant
Date Fair Value
(in thousands)  (in thousands)  
Nonvested, January 1, 20171,740
 $76.54
Nonvested, January 1, 20181,807
 $68.66
Granted877
 79.68
750
 96.46
Vested(362) 74.42
(416) 66.37
Forfeited(135) 76.76
(131) 73.26
Nonvested, September 30, 20172,120
 78.19
Nonvested, September 30, 20182,010
 79.13
DelphiAptiv recognized compensation expense from continuing operations of $16$6 million ($146 million, net of tax) and $18$15 million ($1613 million, net of tax) based on the Company’s best estimate of ultimate performance against the respective targets during the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, and 2016, respectively. DelphiAptiv recognized compensation expense from continuing operations of $48$33 million ($4230 million, net of tax) and $45$43 million ($3937 million, net of tax) based on the Company’s best estimate of ultimate performance against the respective targets during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, and 2016, respectively. DelphiAptiv will continue to recognize compensation expense, based on the grant date fair value of the awards applied to the Company’s best estimate of ultimate performance against the respective targets, over the requisite vesting periods of the awards. Based on the grant date fair value of the awards and the Company’s best estimate of ultimate performance against the respective targets as of September 30, 2017,2018, unrecognized compensation expense on a pre-tax basis of approximately $87$63 million is anticipated to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 2 years. For the nine months ended September 30, 20172018 and 2016,2017, respectively, approximately $33$35 million and $40$33 million of cash was paid and reflected as a financing activity in the statements of cash flows related to the minimum statutory tax withholding for vested RSUs.



19. SUPPLEMENTAL GUARANTOR AND NON-GUARANTOR CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Basis of Presentation
Notes Issued by the Subsidiary Issuer
As described in Note 8. Debt, DelphiAptiv Corporation (the "Subsidiary“Subsidiary Issuer/Guarantor"Guarantor”), a 100% owned subsidiary of Delphi AutomotiveAptiv PLC (the "Parent"“Parent”), issued the 2013 Senior Notes and the 2014 Senior Notes, both of which were registered under the Securities Act, and is the borrower of obligations under the Credit Agreement. The 2013 Senior Notes were subsequently redeemed and extinguished in September 2016. The 2014 Senior Notes and obligations under the Credit Agreement are and prior to their redemption, the 2013 Senior Notes were, fully and unconditionally guaranteed by Delphi AutomotiveAptiv PLC and certain of Delphi Automotive PLC'sAptiv PLC’s direct and indirect subsidiary companies, which are directly or indirectly 100% owned by Delphi AutomotiveAptiv PLC (the “Subsidiary Guarantors”), on a joint and several basis, subject to customary release provisions (other than in the case of Delphi AutomotiveAptiv PLC). All other consolidated direct and indirect subsidiaries of Delphi AutomotiveAptiv PLC are not subject to the guarantees (“Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries”).
Notes Issued by the Parent
As described in Note 8. Debt, Delphi AutomotiveAptiv PLC issued the 2015 Senior Notes, the 2015 Euro-denominated Senior Notes, the 2016 Euro-denominated Senior Notes and the 2016 Senior Notes, each of which were registered under the Securities Act. Each series of these senior notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed on a joint and several basis, subject to customary release provisions, by certain of Delphi Automotive PLC'sAptiv PLC’s direct and indirect subsidiary companies (the “Subsidiary Guarantors”), and DelphiAptiv Corporation, each of which are directly or indirectly 100% owned by Delphi AutomotiveAptiv PLC. All other consolidated direct and indirect subsidiaries of Delphi AutomotiveAptiv PLC are not subject to the guarantees (“Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries”).
Spin-Off Senior Notes
As described in Note 8. Debt, in September 2017, Delphi Technologies PLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, was formed in connection with the planned spin-off of the Powertrain Systems segment. Delphi Technologies PLC is a holding company established to directly, or indirectly, own substantially all of the operating subsidiaries of the spin-off, to issue debt securities and perform treasury operations of the spin-off entity. In September 2017, Delphi Technologies PLC issued $800 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.00% senior unsecured notes due 2025 in a transaction exempt from registration under the Securities Act. The net proceeds from the notes offering were deposited into escrow and are expected to be released in connection with the spin-off. The notes are not guaranteed until their release from escrow, and will not be guaranteed by the Company or any of its subsidiaries that will not be subsidiaries of Delphi Technologies PLC following the spin-off. As Delphi Technologies PLC is not a guarantor of the Company's other indebtedness, it is included in the Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries.
In lieu of providing separate audited financial statements for the Guarantors, the Company has included the accompanying condensed consolidating financial statements. These condensed consolidating financial statements are presented onusing the equity method. Under this method, the investments in subsidiaries are recorded at cost and adjusted for the parent’sParent’s share of the subsidiary’s cumulative results of operations, capital contributions and distributions and other equity changes. The Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries are combined in the condensed consolidating financial statements. The principal elimination entries are to eliminate the investments in subsidiaries and intercompany balances and transactions.
The historical presentation of the supplemental guarantor and non-guarantor condensed consolidating financial statements have been revised to be consistent with the presentation of the entities that comprise the structure of the Subsidiary Guarantors as of September 30, 2018.

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Statement of Operations Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
 Parent Subsidiary Guarantors Subsidiary Issuer/Guarantor Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated
            
 (in millions)
Net sales$
 $
 $
 $3,485
 $
 $3,485
Operating expenses:           
Cost of sales
 
 
 2,834
 
 2,834
Selling, general and administrative38
 
 
 194
 
 232
Amortization
 
 
 31
 
 31
Restructuring
 
 
 65
 
 65
Total operating expenses38
 
 
 3,124
 
 3,162
Operating (loss) income(38) 
 
 361
 
 323
Interest (expense) income(22) (30) (52) (6) 76
 (34)
Other income (expense), net
 
 5
 75
 (76) 4
(Loss) income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity income(60) (30) (47) 430
 
 293
Income tax benefit (expense)
 
 11
 (77) 
 (66)
(Loss) income from continuing operations before equity income(60) (30) (36) 353
 
 227
Equity in net income of affiliates
 
 
 4
 
 4
Equity in net income (loss) of subsidiaries282
 282
 78
 
 (642) 
Income (loss) from continuing operations222
 252
 42
 357
 (642) 231
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax
 
 
 
 
 
Net income (loss)222
 252
 42
 357
 (642) 231
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest
 
 
 9
 
 9
Net income (loss) attributable to Aptiv$222
 $252
 $42
 $348
 $(642) $222
Statement of Operations Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
 Parent Subsidiary Guarantors Subsidiary Issuer/Guarantor Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated
            
 (in millions)
Net sales$
 $
 $
 $10,799
 $
 $10,799
Operating expenses:           
Cost of sales
 
 
 8,739
 
 8,739
Selling, general and administrative53
 
 
 698
 
 751
Amortization
 
 
 91
 
 91
Restructuring
 
 
 100
 
 100
Total operating expenses53
 
 
 9,628
 
 9,681
Operating (loss) income(53) 
 
 1,171
 
 1,118
Interest (expense) income(116) (61) (142) (9) 224
 (104)
Other income (expense), net
 1
 6
 244
 (224) 27
(Loss) income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity income(169) (60) (136) 1,406
 
 1,041
Income tax benefit (expense)
 
 31
 (239) 
 (208)
(Loss) income from continuing operations before equity income(169) (60) (105) 1,167
 
 833
Equity in net income of affiliates
 
 
 17
 
 17
Equity in net income (loss) of subsidiaries989
 906
 (10) 
 (1,885) 
Income (loss) from continuing operations820
 846
 (115) 1,184
 (1,885) 850
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax
 
 
 
 
 
Net income (loss)820
 846
 (115) 1,184
 (1,885) 850
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest
 
 
 30
 
 30
Net income (loss) attributable to Aptiv$820
 $846
 $(115) $1,154
 $(1,885) $820

39



Statement of Operations Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
 Parent Subsidiary Guarantors Subsidiary Issuer/Guarantor Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated
            
 (in millions)
Net sales$
 $
 $
 $4,333
 $
 $4,333
Operating expenses:           
Cost of sales
 
 
 3,450
 
 3,450
Selling, general and administrative37
 
 
 280
 
 317
Amortization
 
 
 34
 
 34
Restructuring
 
 
 21
 
 21
Total operating expenses37
 
 
 3,785
 
 3,822
Operating (loss) income(37) 
 
 548
 
 511
Interest (expense) income(66) (10) (44) (3) 87
 (36)
Other income (expense), net
 39
 1
 38
 (87) (9)
(Loss) income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity income(103) 29
 (43) 583
 
 466
Income tax (expense) benefit(1) 
 16
 (75) 
 (60)
(Loss) income from continuing operations before equity income(104) 29
 (27) 508
 
 406
Equity in net income of affiliates
 
 
 7
 
 7
Equity in net income (loss) of subsidiaries499
 452
 40
 
 (991) 
Income (loss) from continuing operations395
 481
 13
 515
 (991) 413
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax
 
 
 
 
 
Net income (loss)395
 481
 13
 515
 (991) 413
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest
 
 
 18
 
 18
Net income (loss) attributable to Delphi$395
 $481
 $13
 $497
 $(991) $395


 Parent Subsidiary Guarantors Subsidiary Issuer/Guarantor Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated
            
 (in millions)
Net sales$
 $
 $
 $3,148
 $
 $3,148
Operating expenses:           
Cost of sales
 
 
 2,498
 
 2,498
Selling, general and administrative37
 
 
 193
 
 230
Amortization
 
 
 29
 
 29
Restructuring
 
 
 18
 
 18
Total operating expenses37
 
 
 2,738
 
 2,775
Operating (loss) income(37) 
 
 410
 
 373
Interest (expense) income(66) (10) (44) (2) 87
 (35)
Other income (expense), net
 39
 1
 40
 (87) (7)
(Loss) income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity income(103) 29
 (43) 448
 
 331
Income tax (expense) benefit(1) 
 16
 (46) 
 (31)
(Loss) income from continuing operations before equity income(104) 29
 (27) 402
 
 300
Equity in net income of affiliates
 
 
 6
 
 6
Equity in net income (loss) of subsidiaries499
 470
 40
 
 (1,009) 
Income (loss) from continuing operations395
 499
 13
 408
 (1,009) 306
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax
 
 
 107
 
 107
Net income (loss)395
 499
 13
 515
 (1,009) 413
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest
 
 
 18
 
 18
Net income (loss) attributable to Aptiv$395
 $499
 $13
 $497
 $(1,009) $395
Statement of Operations Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
Parent Subsidiary Guarantors Subsidiary Issuers/Guarantor Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries Eliminations ConsolidatedParent Subsidiary Guarantors Subsidiary Issuer/Guarantor Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated
                      
(in millions)(in millions)
Net sales$
 $
 $
 $12,943
 $
 $12,943
$
 $
 $
 $9,444
 $
 $9,444
Operating expenses:                      
Cost of sales
 
 
 10,314
 
 10,314

 
 
 7,540
 
 7,540
Selling, general and administrative72
 
 
 834
 
 906
72
 
 
 614
 
 686
Amortization
 
 
 100
 
 100

 
 
 87
 
 87
Restructuring
 
 
 180
 
 180

 
 
 101
 
 101
Total operating expenses72
 
 
 11,428
 
 11,500
72
 
 
 8,342
 
 8,414
Operating (loss) income(72) 
 
 1,515
 
 1,443
(72) 
 
 1,102
 
 1,030
Interest (expense) income(188) (14) (130) (9) 236
 (105)(188) (14) (130) (7) 236
 (103)
Other income (expense), net
 105
 2
 100
 (236) (29)
 105
 2
 107
 (236) (22)
(Loss) income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity income(260) 91
 (128) 1,606
 
 1,309
(260) 91
 (128) 1,202
 
 905
Income tax benefit (expense)
 
 47
 (230) 
 (183)
 
 47
 (135) 
 (88)
(Loss) income from continuing operations before equity income(260) 91
 (81) 1,376
 
 1,126
(260) 91
 (81) 1,067
 
 817
Equity in net income of affiliates
 
 
 25
 
 25

 
 
 24
 
 24
Equity in net income (loss) of subsidiaries1,359
 1,221
 59
 
 (2,639) 
1,359
 1,268
 59
 
 (2,686) 
Income (loss) from continuing operations1,099
 1,312
 (22) 1,401
 (2,639) 1,151
1,099
 1,359
 (22) 1,091
 (2,686) 841
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 310
 
 310
Net income (loss)1,099
 1,312
 (22) 1,401
 (2,639) 1,151
1,099
 1,359
 (22) 1,401
 (2,686) 1,151
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest
 
 
 52
 
 52

 
 
 52
 
 52
Net income (loss) attributable to Delphi$1,099
 $1,312
 $(22) $1,349
 $(2,639) $1,099
Net income (loss) attributable to Aptiv$1,099
 $1,359
 $(22) $1,349
 $(2,686) $1,099

40

Table of Contents


Statement of Operations Three Months Ended September 30, 2016
 Parent Subsidiary Guarantors Subsidiary Issuer/Guarantor Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated
            
 (in millions)
Net sales$
 $
 $
 $4,091
 $
 $4,091
Operating expenses:           
Cost of sales
 
 
 3,253
 
 3,253
Selling, general and administrative44
 
 
 234
 
 278
Amortization
 
 
 34
 
 34
Restructuring
 
 
 63
 
 63
Total operating expenses44
 
 
 3,584
 
 3,628
Operating (loss) income(44) 
 
 507
 
 463
Interest (expense) income(54) (4) (52) (19) 88
 (41)
Other (expense) income, net(5) 34
 (51) 41
 (88) (69)
(Loss) income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity income(103) 30
 (103) 529
 
 353
Income tax benefit (expense)
 
 38
 (95) 
 (57)
(Loss) income from continuing operations before equity income(103) 30
 (65) 434
 
 296
Equity in net income of affiliates
 
 
 10
 
 10
Equity in net income (loss) of subsidiaries396
 347
 111
 
 (854) 
Income from continuing operations293
 377
 46
 444
 (854) 306
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax
 
 
 
 
 
Net income (loss)293
 377
 46
 444
 (854) 306
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest
 
 
 13
 
 13
Net income (loss) attributable to Delphi$293
 $377
 $46
 $431
 $(854) $293
Statement of Operations Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016
 Parent Subsidiary Guarantors Subsidiary Issuers/Guarantor Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated
            
 (in millions)
Net sales$
 $
 $
 $12,348
 $
 $12,348
Operating expenses:           
Cost of sales
 
 
 9,861
 
 9,861
Selling, general and administrative108
 
 
 725
 
 833
Amortization
 
 
 101
 
 101
Restructuring
 
 
 252
 
 252
Total operating expenses108
 
 
 10,939
 
 11,047
Operating (loss) income(108) 
 
 1,409
 
 1,301
Interest (expense) income(150) (20) (153) (58) 258
 (123)
Other (expense) income, net(5) 96
 (18) 112
 (258) (73)
(Loss) income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity income(263) 76
 (171) 1,463
 
 1,105
Income tax benefit (expense)
 
 63
 (279) 
 (216)
(Loss) income from continuing operations before equity income(263) 76
 (108) 1,184
 
 889
Equity in net income of affiliates
 
 
 23
 
 23
Equity in net income (loss) of subsidiaries1,239
 1,147
 362
 
 (2,748) 
Income from continuing operations976
 1,223
 254
 1,207
 (2,748) 912
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax
 
 
 108
 
 108
Net income (loss)976
 1,223
 254
 1,315
 (2,748) 1,020
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest
 
 
 44
 
 44
Net income (loss) attributable to Delphi$976
 $1,223
 $254
 $1,271
 $(2,748) $976
Table of Contents


Statement of Comprehensive Income Three Months Ended September 30, 20172018
Parent Subsidiary Guarantors Subsidiary Issuer/Guarantor Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries Eliminations ConsolidatedParent Subsidiary Guarantors Subsidiary Issuer/Guarantor Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated
                      
(in millions)(in millions)
Net income (loss)$395
 $481
 $13
 $515
 $(991) $413
$222
 $252
 $42
 $357
 $(642) $231
Other comprehensive income (loss):           
Other comprehensive (loss) income:           
Currency translation adjustments(44) 
 
 131
 
 87
(22) 
 
 (14) 
 (36)
Net change in unrecognized gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net of tax
 
 
 (9) 
 (9)
Net change in unrecognized gain on derivative instruments, net of tax
 
 
 14
 
 14
Employee benefit plans adjustment, net of tax
 
 
 (6) 
 (6)
 
 
 2
 
 2
Other comprehensive (loss) income(44) 
 
 116
 
 72
(22) 
 
 2
 
 (20)
Equity in other comprehensive income (loss) of subsidiaries113
 (74) (7) 
 (32) 
6
 110
 32
 
 (148) 
Comprehensive income (loss)464
 407
 6
 631
 (1,023) 485
206
 362
 74
 359
 (790) 211
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests
 
 
 21
 
 21

 
 
 5
 
 5
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Delphi$464
 $407
 $6
 $610
 $(1,023) $464
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Aptiv$206
 $362
 $74
 $354
 $(790) $206
Statement of Comprehensive Income Nine Months Ended September 30, 20172018
Parent Subsidiary Guarantors Subsidiary Issuers/Guarantor Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries Eliminations ConsolidatedParent Subsidiary Guarantors Subsidiary Issuer/Guarantor Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated
                      
(in millions)(in millions)
Net income (loss)$1,099
 $1,312
 $(22) $1,401
 $(2,639) $1,151
$820
 $846
 $(115) $1,184
 $(1,885) $850
Other comprehensive income (loss):                      
Currency translation adjustments(147) 
 
 423
 
 276
31
 
 
 (199) 
 (168)
Net change in unrecognized gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net of tax
 
 
 34
 
 34
Net change in unrecognized loss on derivative instruments, net of tax
 
 
 (19) 
 (19)
Employee benefit plans adjustment, net of tax
 
 
 (1) 
 (1)
 
 
 12
 
 12
Other comprehensive (loss) income(147) 
 
 456
 
 309
Equity in other comprehensive income (loss) of subsidiaries449
 (85) 54
 
 (418) 
Other comprehensive income (loss)31
 
 
 (206) 
 (175)
Equity in other comprehensive (loss) income of subsidiaries(198) (37) 33
 
 202
 
Comprehensive income (loss)1,401
 1,227
 32
 1,857
 (3,057) 1,460
653
 809
 (82) 978
 (1,683) 675
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests
 
 
 59
 
 59

 
 
 22
 
 22
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Delphi$1,401
 $1,227
 $32
 $1,798
 $(3,057) $1,401
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Aptiv$653
 $809
 $(82) $956
 $(1,683) $653

41

Table of Contents


Statement of Comprehensive Income Three Months Ended September 30, 20162017
Parent Subsidiary Guarantors Subsidiary Issuer/Guarantor Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries Eliminations ConsolidatedParent Subsidiary Guarantors Subsidiary Issuer/Guarantor Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated
                      
(in millions)(in millions)
Net income (loss)$293
 $377
 $46
 $444
 $(854) $306
$395
 $499
 $13
 $515
 $(1,009) $413
Other comprehensive income (loss):           
Other comprehensive (loss) income:           
Currency translation adjustments(9) 
 
 36
 
 27
(44) 
 
 131
 
 87
Net change in unrecognized gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net of tax
 
 
 6
 
 6
Net change in unrecognized loss on derivative instruments, net of tax
 
 
 (9) 
 (9)
Employee benefit plans adjustment, net of tax
 
 
 6
 
 6

 
 
 (6) 
 (6)
Other comprehensive (loss) income(9) 
 
 48
 
 39
(44) 
 
 116
 
 72
Equity in other comprehensive income (loss) of subsidiaries47
 (85) 
 
 38
 
113
 (35) (7) 
 (71) 
Comprehensive income (loss)331
 292
 46
 492
 (816) 345
464
 464
 6
 631
 (1,080) 485
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests
 
 
 14
 
 14

 
 
 21
 
 21
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Delphi$331
 $292
 $46
 $478
 $(816) $331
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Aptiv$464
 $464
 $6
 $610
 $(1,080) $464
Statement of Comprehensive Income Nine Months Ended September 30, 20162017
Parent Subsidiary Guarantors Subsidiary Issuers/Guarantor Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries Eliminations ConsolidatedParent Subsidiary Guarantors Subsidiary Issuer/Guarantor Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated
                      
(in millions)(in millions)
Net income (loss)$976
 $1,223
 $254
 $1,315
 $(2,748) $1,020
$1,099
 $1,359
 $(22) $1,401
 $(2,686) $1,151
Other comprehensive income (loss):           
Other comprehensive (loss) income:           
Currency translation adjustments(18) 
 
 26
 
 8
(147) 
 
 423
 
 276
Net change in unrecognized gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net of tax
 
 
 55
 
 55
Net change in unrecognized gain on derivative instruments, net of tax
 
 
 34
 
 34
Employee benefit plans adjustment, net of tax
 
 
 28
 
 28

 
 
 (1) 
 (1)
Other comprehensive (loss) income(18) 
 
 109
 
 91
(147) 
 
 456
 
 309
Equity in other comprehensive income (loss) of subsidiaries110
 (210) 11
 
 89
 
449
 42
 54
 
 (545) 
Comprehensive income (loss)1,068
 1,013
 265
 1,424
 (2,659) 1,111
1,401
 1,401
 32
 1,857
 (3,231) 1,460
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests
 
 
 43
 
 43

 
 
 59
 
 59
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Delphi$1,068
 $1,013
 $265
 $1,381
 $(2,659) $1,068
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Aptiv$1,401
 $1,401
 $32
 $1,798
 $(3,231) $1,401

42

Table of Contents


Balance Sheet as of September 30, 20172018
Parent Subsidiary Guarantors Subsidiary Issuers/Guarantor Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries Eliminations ConsolidatedParent Subsidiary Guarantors Subsidiary Issuer/Guarantor Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated
                      
(in millions)(in millions)
ASSETS                      
Current assets:                      
Cash and cash equivalents$1
 $
 $
 $556
 $
 $557
$1
 $
 $
 $770
 $
 $771
Cash in escrow related to Powertrain Spin-Off senior notes offering (Note 8)
 
 
 796
 
 796
Restricted cash
 
 
 1
 
 1

 
 
 1
 
 1
Accounts receivable, net
 
 
 3,225
 
 3,225

 
 
 2,635
 
 2,635
Intercompany receivables, current
 1,914
 201
 7,903
 (10,018) 
1
 16
 2,038
 4,758
 (6,813) 
Inventories
 
 
 1,642
 
 1,642

 
 
 1,358
 
 1,358
Other current assets
 
 
 489
 
 489

 
 
 439
 
 439
Total current assets1
 1,914
 201
 14,612
 (10,018) 6,710
2
 16
 2,038
 9,961
 (6,813) 5,204
Long-term assets:                      
Intercompany receivables, long-term
 1,114
 768
 449
 (2,331) 

 
 768
 1,465
 (2,233) 
Property, net
 
 
 3,819
 
 3,819

 
 
 3,056
 
 3,056
Investments in affiliates
 
 
 130
 
 130

 
 
 101
 
 101
Investments in subsidiaries12,642
 10,265
 3,322
 
 (26,229) 
6,957
 10,994
 2,191
 
 (20,142) 
Intangible assets, net
 
 
 2,883
 
 2,883

 
 
 3,378
 
 3,378
Other long-term assets60
 
 8
 556
 
 624

 
 6
 582
 
 588
Total long-term assets12,702
 11,379
 4,098
 7,837
 (28,560) 7,456
6,957
 10,994
 2,965
 8,582
 (22,375) 7,123
Total assets$12,703
 $13,293
 $4,299
 $22,449
 $(38,578) $14,166
$6,959
 $11,010
 $5,003
 $18,543
 $(29,188) $12,327
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY                      
Current liabilities:                      
Short-term debt$
 $
 $10
 $5
 $
 $15
$
 $
 $20
 $4
 $
 $24
Accounts payable2
 
 
 2,743
 
 2,745

 
 
 2,254
 
 2,254
Intercompany payables, current6,314
 1,708
 998
 998
 (10,018) 
327
 4,392
 1,673
 421
 (6,813) 
Accrued liabilities28
 
 2
 1,353
 
 1,383
35
 
 3
 1,071
 
 1,109
Total current liabilities6,344
 1,708
 1,010
 5,099
 (10,018) 4,143
362
 4,392
 1,696
 3,750
 (6,813) 3,387
Long-term liabilities:                      
Long-term debt2,986
 
 1,083
 815
 
 4,884
2,989
 
 1,064
 31
 
 4,084
Intercompany payables, long-term170
 
 1,340
 821
 (2,331) 

 
 1,352
 881
 (2,233) 
Pension benefit obligations
 
 
 1,004
 
 1,004

 
 
 439
 
 439
Other long-term liabilities
 
 12
 509
 
 521

 
 
 608
 
 608
Total long-term liabilities3,156
 
 2,435
 3,149
 (2,331) 6,409
2,989
 
 2,416
 1,959
 (2,233) 5,131
Total liabilities9,500
 1,708
 3,445
 8,248
 (12,349) 10,552
3,351
 4,392
 4,112
 5,709
 (9,046) 8,518
Total Delphi shareholders’ equity3,203
 11,585
 854
 13,790
 (26,229) 3,203
Total Aptiv shareholders’ equity3,608
 6,618
 891
 12,633
 (20,142) 3,608
Noncontrolling interest
 
 
 411
 
 411

 
 
 201
 
 201
Total shareholders’ equity3,203
 11,585
 854
 14,201
 (26,229) 3,614
3,608
 6,618
 891
 12,834
 (20,142) 3,809
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity$12,703
 $13,293
 $4,299
 $22,449
 $(38,578) $14,166
$6,959
 $11,010
 $5,003
 $18,543
 $(29,188) $12,327


43

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Balance Sheet as of December 31, 20162017
Parent Subsidiary Guarantors Subsidiary Issuers/Guarantor Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries Eliminations ConsolidatedParent Subsidiary Guarantors Subsidiary Issuer/Guarantor Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated
                      
(in millions)(in millions)
ASSETS                      
Current assets:                      
Cash and cash equivalents$2
 $
 $
 $836
 $
 $838
$1
 $
 $
 $1,595
 $
 $1,596
Restricted cash
 
 
 1
 
 1

 
 
 1
 
 1
Accounts receivable, net
 
 
 2,938
 
 2,938

 
 
 2,440
 
 2,440
Intercompany receivables, current47
 1,843
 436
 5,285
 (7,611) 
50
 16
 82
 9,867
 (10,015) 
Inventories
 
 
 1,232
 
 1,232

 
 
 1,083
 
 1,083
Other current assets
 
 
 410
 
 410

 
 
 521
 
 521
Total current assets49
 1,843
 436
 10,702
 (7,611) 5,419
51
 16
 82
 15,507
 (10,015) 5,641
Long-term assets:                      
Intercompany receivables, long-term
 1,070
 768
 1,767
 (3,605) 

 
 768
 1,366
 (2,134) 
Property, net
 
 
 3,515
 
 3,515

 
 
 2,804
 
 2,804
Investments in affiliates
 
 
 101
 
 101

 
 
 91
 
 91
Investments in subsidiaries10,833
 8,722
 3,090
 
 (22,645) 
11,987
 13,707
 3,416
 
 (29,110) 
Intangible assets, net
 
 
 2,748
 
 2,748

 
 
 3,163
 
 3,163
Other long-term assets60
 
 10
 439
 
 509
60
 
 8
 402
 
 470
Total long-term assets10,893
 9,792
 3,868
 8,570
 (26,250) 6,873
12,047
 13,707
 4,192
 7,826
 (31,244) 6,528
Total assets$10,942
 $11,635
 $4,304
 $19,272
 $(33,861) $12,292
$12,098
 $13,723
 $4,274
 $23,333
 $(41,259) $12,169
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY                      
Current liabilities:                      
Short-term debt$
 $
 $3
 $9
 $
 $12
$
 $
 $13
 $4
 $
 $17
Accounts payable3
 
 
 2,560
 
 2,563
2
 
 
 2,225
 
 2,227
Intercompany payables, current5,504
 68
 974
 1,065
 (7,611) 
5,689
 1,736
 1,032
 1,558
 (10,015) 
Accrued liabilities31
 300
 30
 1,212
 
 1,573
91
 
 10
 1,195
 
 1,296
Total current liabilities5,538
 368
 1,007
 4,846
 (7,611) 4,148
5,782
 1,736
 1,055
 4,982
 (10,015) 3,540
Long-term liabilities:                      
Long-term debt2,837
 
 1,090
 32
 
 3,959
3,017
 
 1,078
 37
 
 4,132
Intercompany payables, long-term166
 1,317
 1,296
 826
 (3,605) 

 
 1,297
 837
 (2,134) 
Pension benefit obligations
 
 
 955
 
 955

 
 
 454
 
 454
Other long-term liabilities
 
 10
 457
 
 467

 
 
 526
 
 526
Total long-term liabilities3,003
 1,317
 2,396
 2,270
 (3,605) 5,381
3,017
 
 2,375
 1,854
 (2,134) 5,112
Total liabilities8,541
 1,685
 3,403
 7,116
 (11,216) 9,529
8,799
 1,736
 3,430
 6,836
 (12,149) 8,652
Total Delphi shareholders’ equity2,401
 9,950
 901
 11,794
 (22,645) 2,401
Total Aptiv shareholders’ equity3,299
 11,987
 844
 16,279
 (29,110) 3,299
Noncontrolling interest
 
 
 362
 
 362

 
 
 218
 
 218
Total shareholders’ equity2,401
 9,950
 901
 12,156
 (22,645) 2,763
3,299
 11,987
 844
 16,497
 (29,110) 3,517
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity$10,942
 $11,635
 $4,304
 $19,272
 $(33,861) $12,292
$12,098
 $13,723
 $4,274
 $23,333
 $(41,259) $12,169

44

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Statement of Cash Flows for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
 Parent Subsidiary Guarantors Subsidiary Issuer/Guarantor Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated
            
 (in millions)
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities from continuing operations$(111) $
 $
 $1,001
 $
 $890
Net cash used in operating activities from discontinued operations
 
 
 (19) 
 (19)
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities(111) 
 
 982
 
 871
Cash flows from investing activities:           
Capital expenditures
 
 
 (661) 
 (661)
Proceeds from sale of property / investments
 
 
 10
 
 10
Cost of business acquisitions, net of cash acquired
 
 
 (512) 
 (512)
Return of investment from subsidiaries5,879
 4,971
 
 
 (10,850) 
Settlement of derivatives
 
 
 (6) 
 (6)
Loans to affiliates
 
 
 (3,127) 3,127
 
Repayments of loans from affiliates
 
 
 7,598
 (7,598) 
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities from continuing operations5,879
 4,971
 
 3,302
 (15,321) (1,169)
Net cash provided by investing activities from discontinued operations
 
 
 
 
 
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities5,879
 4,971
 
 3,302
 (15,321) (1,169)
Cash flows from financing activities:           
Net repayments under other short-term debt agreements
 
 
 (19) 
 (19)
Contingent consideration and deferred acquisition purchase price payments
 
 
 (13) 
 (13)
Dividend payments of consolidated affiliates to minority shareholders
 
 
 (26) 
 (26)
Proceeds from borrowings from affiliates500
 2,627
 
 
 (3,127) 
Payments on borrowings from affiliates(5,879) (1,719) 
 
 7,598
 
Dividends paid to affiliates
 (5,879) 
 (4,971) 10,850
 
Repurchase of ordinary shares(214) 
 
 
 
 (214)
Distribution of cash dividends(175) 
 
 
 
 (175)
Taxes withheld and paid on employees' restricted share awards
 
 
 (35) 
 (35)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities(5,768) (4,971) 
 (5,064) 15,321
 (482)
Effect of exchange rate fluctuations on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
 
 
 (45) 
 (45)
Decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
 
 
 (825) 
 (825)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period1
 
 
 1,596
 
 1,597
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period$1
 $
 $
 $771
 $
 $772
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of discontinued operations$
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of continuing operations$1
 $
 $
 $771
 $
 $772

45

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Statement of Cash Flows for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
Parent Subsidiary Guarantors Subsidiary Issuers/Guarantor Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries Eliminations ConsolidatedParent Subsidiary Guarantors Subsidiary Issuer/Guarantor Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated
                      
(in millions)(in millions)
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities from continuing operations$(73) $(255) $
 $1,368
 $
 $1,040
$(73) $(255) $
 $1,013
 $
 $685
Net cash provided by operating activities from discontinued operations
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 355
 
 355
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities(73) (255) 
 1,368
 
 1,040
(73) (255) 
 1,368
 
 1,040
Cash flows from investing activities:                      
Capital expenditures
 
 
 (591) 
 (591)
 
 
 (480) 
 (480)
Proceeds from sale of property / investments
 
 
 12
 
 12

 
 
 6
 
 6
Cost of business acquisitions, net of cash acquired
 
 
 (40) 
 (40)
 
 
 (40) 
 (40)
Cost of technology investments
 
 
 (51) 
 (51)
 
 
 (50) 
 (50)
Settlement of derivatives
 
 
 (12) 
 (12)
 
 
 (12) 
 (12)
Loans to affiliates
 (55) 
 (960) 1,015
 

 (55) 
 (960) 1,015
 
Repayments of loans from affiliates
 
 
 17
 (17) 

 
 
 17
 (17) 
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities from continuing operations
 (55) 
 (1,625) 998
 (682)
 (55) 
 (1,519) 998
 (576)
Net cash provided by investing activities from discontinued operations
 
 
 
 
 
Net cash used in investing activities from discontinued operations
 
 
 (106) 
 (106)
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities
 (55) 
 (1,625) 998
 (682)
 (55) 
 (1,625) 998
 (682)
Cash flows from financing activities:                      
Net repayments under other short- and long-term debt agreements
 
 
 (8) 
 (8)
Net repayments under other short-term debt agreements
 
 
 (8) 
 (8)
Proceeds from issuance of senior notes, net of issuance costs
 
 
 796
 
 796

 
 
 796
 
 796
Escrow of proceeds from Powertrain Spin-off senior notes issuance
 
 
 (796) 
 (796)
Contingent consideration and deferred acquisition purchase price payments
 
 
 (24) 
 (24)
 
 
 (24) 
 (24)
Dividend payments of consolidated affiliates to minority shareholders
 
 
 (10) 
 (10)
 
 
 (10) 
 (10)
Proceeds from borrowings from affiliates705
 310
 
 
 (1,015) 
705
 310
 
 
 (1,015) 
Payments on borrowings from affiliates(17) 
 
 
 17
 
(17) 
 
 
 17
 
Repurchase of ordinary shares(383) 
 
 
 
 (383)(383) 
 
 
 
 (383)
Distribution of cash dividends(233) 
 
 
 
 (233)(233) 
 
 
 
 (233)
Taxes withheld and paid on employees' restricted share awards
 
 
 (33) 
 (33)
 
 
 (33) 
 (33)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities72
 310
 
 (75) (998) (691)72
 310
 
 721
 (998) 105
Effect of exchange rate fluctuations on cash and cash equivalents
 
 
 52
 
 52
Decrease in cash and cash equivalents(1) 
 
 (280) 
 (281)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period2
 
 
 836
 
 838
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period$1
 $
 $
 $556
 $
 $557
Effect of exchange rate fluctuations on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
 
 
 52
 
 52
(Decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash(1) 
 
 516
 
 515
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period2
 
 
 837
 
 839
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period$1
 $
 $
 $1,353
 $
 $1,354
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of discontinued operations$
 $
 $
 $891
 $
 $891
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of continuing operations$1
 $
 $
 $462
 $
 $463

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Statement of Cash Flows for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016
 Parent Subsidiary Guarantors Subsidiary Issuers/Guarantor Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated
            
 (in millions)
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities from continuing operations$(81) $33
 $
 $1,306
 $
 $1,258
Net cash provided by operating activities from discontinued operations
 
 
 
 
 
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities(81) 33
 
 1,306
 
 1,258
Cash flows from investing activities:           
Capital expenditures
 
 
 (614) 
 (614)
Proceeds from sale of property / investments
 
 
 14
 
 14
Net proceeds from divestiture of discontinued operations
 
 
 52
 
 52
Cost of business acquisitions, net of cash acquired
 
 (15) 
 
 (15)
Cost of technology investments
 
 (3) 
 
 (3)
Settlement of derivatives
 
 
 (16) 
 (16)
Increase in restricted cash
 
 
 (1) 
 (1)
Loans to affiliates
 (887) 
 (1,194) 2,081
 
Repayments of loans from affiliates
 
 
 353
 (353) 
Investments in subsidiaries(854) 
 (350) 
 1,204
 
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities from continuing operations(854) (887) (368) (1,406) 2,932
 (583)
Net cash used in investing activities from discontinued operations
 
 
 (4) 
 (4)
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities(854) (887) (368) (1,410) 2,932
 (587)
Cash flows from financing activities:           
Net repayments under other short-term debt agreements
 
 
 (14) 
 (14)
Repayment of senior notes
 
 (862) 
 
 (862)
Proceeds from issuance of senior notes, net of issuance costs852
 
 
 
 
 852
Contingent consideration and deferred acquisition purchase price payments
 
 
 (4) 
 (4)
Dividend payments of consolidated affiliates to minority shareholders
 
 
 (24) 
 (24)
Proceeds from borrowings from affiliates851
 
 1,230
 
 (2,081) 
Payments on borrowings from affiliates(353) 
 
 
 353
 
Investment from parent350
 854
 
 
 (1,204) 
Repurchase of ordinary shares(530) 
 
 
 
 (530)
Distribution of cash dividends(238) 
 
 
 
 (238)
Taxes withheld and paid on employees' restricted share awards
 
 
 (40) 
 (40)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities932
 854
 368
 (82) (2,932) (860)
Effect of exchange rate fluctuations on cash and cash equivalents
 
 
 5
 
 5
Decrease in cash and cash equivalents(3) 
 
 (181) 
 (184)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period4
 
 
 575
 
 579
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period$1
 $
 $
 $394
 $
 $395


Table of Contents


20. SEGMENT REPORTING
DelphiAptiv operates its core business along the following operating segments, which are grouped on the basis of similar product, market and operating factors:
Electrical/Electronic Architecture,Signal and Power Solutions, which includes complete electrical architecture and component products.
Powertrain Systems, which includes extensive systems integration expertise in gasoline, dieselAdvanced Safety and fuel handling and full end-to-end systems including fuel and air injection, combustion, electronics controls, exhaust handling, test and validation capabilities, electric and hybrid electric vehicle power electronics, aftermarket, and original equipment service. As described in Note 22. Separation of Powertrain Systems, the Company is pursuing a separation of the Powertrain Systems segment into a new, independent publicly traded company, through a transaction expected to be treated as a tax-free spin-off to its shareholders.
Electronics and Safety,User Experience, which includes component and systems integration expertise in infotainment and connectivity, body controls and security systems, displays and passiveactive and activepassive safety electronics, autonomous driving software and technologies, as well as advanced development of software.
Eliminations and Other, which includes i) the elimination of inter-segment transactions, and ii) certain other expenses and income of a non-operating or strategic nature.
The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies, except that the disaggregated financial results for the segments have been prepared using a management approach, which is consistent with the basis and manner in which management internally disaggregates financial information for which Delphi’sAptiv’s chief operating decision maker regularly reviews financial results to assess performance of, and make internal operating decisions about allocating resources to, the segments.
Generally, DelphiAptiv evaluates segment performance based on stand-alone segment net income before interest expense, other income (expense), net, income tax expense, equity income (loss), net of tax, income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax, restructuring, separation costs related to the planned spin-off of the Powertrain Systems segment, other acquisition and portfolio project costs (which includes costs incurred to integrate acquired businesses and to plan and execute product portfolio transformation actions, including business and product acquisitions and divestitures), asset impairments, and gains (losses) on business divestitures and deferred compensation related to acquisitions (“Adjusted Operating Income”) and accounts for inter-segment sales and transfers as if the sales or transfers were to third parties, at current market prices. Delphi’sAptiv’s management utilizes Adjusted Operating Income as the key performance measure of segment income or loss to evaluate segment performance, and for planning and forecasting purposes to allocate resources to the segments, as management believes this measure is most reflective of the operational profitability or loss of Delphi'sAptiv’s operating segments. Segment Adjusted Operating Income should not be considered a substitute for results prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and should not be considered an alternative to net income attributable to Delphi,Aptiv, which is the most directly comparable financial measure to Adjusted Operating Income that is prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Segment Adjusted Operating Income, as determined and measured by Delphi,Aptiv, should also not be compared to similarly titled measures reported by other companies.
As described in Note 21. Discontinued Operations, the Company'sCompany’s previously reported ThermalPowertrain Systems segment has been classified as discontinued operations for all periods presented. Certain original equipment service businesses that were previously included within the Powertrain Systems segment but which were not included in the spin-off, are reported in continuing operations and have been reclassified within the Advanced Safety and User Experience and Signal and Power Solutions segments for all periods presented. No amounts for shared general and administrative operating expense or interest expense were allocated to discontinued operations.
Included below are sales and operating data for Delphi’sAptiv’s segments for the three and nine months ended September 30, 20172018 and 20162017.
Electrical/
Electronic
Architecture
 Powertrain
Systems
 Electronics
and Safety
 Eliminations
and Other (1)
 TotalSignal and Power Solutions Advanced Safety and User Experience Eliminations and Other (1) Total
                
(in millions)(in millions)
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2017:         
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2018:       
Net sales$2,317
 $1,205
 $845
 $(34) $4,333
$2,535
 $956
 $(6) $3,485
Depreciation & amortization$107
 $49
 $27
 $
 $183
$124
 $39
 $
 $163
Adjusted operating income$336
 $150
 $80
 $
 $566
$346
 $74
 $
 $420
Operating income$317
 $115
 $79
 $
 $511
$277
 $46
 $
 $323
Equity income, net of tax$6
 $1
 $
 $
 $7
$4
 $
 $
 $4
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest$9
 $9
 $
 $
 $18
$9
 $
 $
 $9

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Table of Contents


Electrical/
Electronic
Architecture
 Powertrain
Systems
 Electronics
and Safety
 Eliminations
and Other (1)
 TotalSignal and Power Solutions Advanced Safety and User Experience Eliminations and Other (1) Total
                
(in millions)(in millions)
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2016:         
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2017:       
Net sales$2,287
 $1,077
 $763
 $(36) $4,091
$2,318
 $846
 $(16) $3,148
Depreciation & amortization$102
 $47
 $25
 $
 $174
$109
 $27
 $
 $136
Adjusted operating income$317
 $122
 $95
 $
 $534
$319
 $75
 $
 $394
Operating income (loss)$283
 $98
 $82
 $
 $463
Operating income$300
 $73
 $
 $373
Equity income, net of tax$10
 $
 $
 $
 $10
$6
 $
 $
 $6
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest$6
 $7
 $
 $
 $13
$9
 $
 $
 $9
Electrical/
Electronic
Architecture
 Powertrain
Systems
 Electronics
and Safety
 Eliminations
and Other (1)
 TotalSignal and Power Solutions Advanced Safety and User Experience Eliminations and Other (1) Total
                
(in millions)(in millions)
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017:         
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018:       
Net sales$7,004
 $3,560
 $2,484
 $(105) $12,943
$7,802
 $3,032
 $(35) $10,799
Depreciation & amortization$312
 $151
 $76
 $
 $539
$361
 $113
 $
 $474
Adjusted operating income$998
 $472
 $220
 $
 $1,690
$1,083
 $238
 $
 $1,321
Operating income$948
 $335
 $160
 $
 $1,443
$956
 $162
 $
 $1,118
Equity income, net of tax$24
 $1
 $
 $
 $25
$17
 $
 $
 $17
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest$27
 $25
 $
 $
 $52
$30
 $
 $
 $30
Electrical/
Electronic
Architecture
 Powertrain
Systems
 Electronics
and Safety
 Eliminations
and Other (1)
 TotalSignal and Power Solutions Advanced Safety and User Experience Eliminations and Other (1) Total
                
(in millions)(in millions)
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016:         
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017:       
Net sales$6,916
 $3,340
 $2,208
 $(116) $12,348
$7,006
 $2,490
 $(52) $9,444
Depreciation & amortization$297
 $163
 $66
 $
 $526
$316
 $76
 $
 $392
Adjusted operating income$969
 $381
 $276
 $
 $1,626
$940
 $204
 $
 $1,144
Operating income$868
 $194
 $239
 $
 $1,301
$887
 $143
 $
 $1,030
Equity income, net of tax$23
 $
 $
 $
 $23
$24
 $
 $
 $24
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest$19
 $22
 $
 $
 $41
$27
 $
 $
 $27
(1)Eliminations and Other includes the elimination of inter-segment transactions.

48

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The reconciliation of Adjusted Operating Income to Operating Incomeoperating income includes, as applicable, restructuring, separation costs, other acquisition and portfolio project costs (which includes costs incurred to integrate acquired businesses and to plan and execute product portfolio transformation actions, including business and product acquisitions and divestitures), asset impairments, and gains (losses) on business divestitures.divestitures and deferred compensation related to acquisitions. The reconciliationreconciliations of Adjusted Operating Income to net income attributable to DelphiAptiv for the three and nine months ended September 30, 20172018 and 20162017 are as follows:
Electrical/
Electronic
Architecture
 Powertrain
Systems
 Electronics
and Safety
 Eliminations
and Other
 TotalSignal and Power Solutions Advanced Safety and User Experience Eliminations and Other Total
                
(in millions)(in millions)
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2017:         
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2018:       
Adjusted operating income$336
 $150
 $80
 $
 $566
$346
 $74
 $
 $420
Restructuring(17) (4) 
 
 (21)(58) (7) 
 (65)
Separation costs
 (31) 
 
 (31)
Other acquisition and portfolio project costs(1) 
 (1) 
 (2)(11) (5) 
 (16)
Asset impairments(1) 
 
 
 (1)
 (1) 
 (1)
Deferred compensation related to nuTonomy acquisition
 (15) 
 (15)
Operating income$317
 $115
 $79
 $
 511
$277
 $46
 $
 323
Interest expense        (36)      (34)
Other expense, net        (9)
Other income, net      4
Income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity income        466
      293
Income tax expense        (60)      (66)
Equity income, net of tax        7
      4
Income from continuing operations        413
      231
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax        
      
Net income        413
      231
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest        18
      9
Net income attributable to Delphi        $395
Net income attributable to Aptiv      $222
 Signal and Power Solutions Advanced Safety and User Experience Eliminations and Other Total
        
 (in millions)
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2017:       
Adjusted operating income$319
 $75
 $
 $394
Restructuring(17) (1) 
 (18)
Other acquisition and portfolio project costs(1) (1) 
 (2)
Asset impairments(1) 
 
 (1)
Operating income$300
 $73
 $
 373
Interest expense      (35)
Other expense, net      (7)
Income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity income      331
Income tax expense      (31)
Equity income, net of tax      6
Income from continuing operations      306
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax      107
Net income      413
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest      18
Net income attributable to Aptiv      $395

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Electrical/
Electronic
Architecture
 Powertrain
Systems
 Electronics
and Safety
 Eliminations
and Other
 TotalSignal and Power Solutions Advanced Safety and User Experience Eliminations and Other Total
                
(in millions)(in millions)
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2016:         
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018:       
Adjusted operating income$317
 $122
 $95
 $
 $534
$1,083
 $238
 $
 $1,321
Restructuring(30) (22) (11) 
 (63)(87) (13) 
 (100)
Other acquisition and portfolio project costs(4) (2) (1) 
 (7)(39) (18) 
 (57)
Asset impairments
 
 (1) 
 (1)(1) (1) 
 (2)
Deferred compensation related to nuTonomy acquisition
 (44) 
 (44)
Operating income$283
 $98
 $82
 $
 463
$956
 $162
 $
 1,118
Interest expense        (41)      (104)
Other expense, net        (69)
Other income, net      27
Income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity income        353
      1,041
Income tax expense        (57)      (208)
Equity income, net of tax        10
      17
Income from continuing operations        306
      850
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax        
      
Net income        306
      850
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest        13
      30
Net income attributable to Delphi        $293
Net income attributable to Aptiv      $820
Electrical/
Electronic
Architecture
 Powertrain
Systems
 Electronics
and Safety
 Eliminations
and Other
 TotalSignal and Power Solutions Advanced Safety and User Experience Eliminations and Other Total
                
(in millions)(in millions)
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017:                
Adjusted operating income$998
 $472
 $220
 $
 $1,690
$940
 $204
 $
 $1,144
Restructuring(43) (81) (56) 
 (180)(44) (57) 
 (101)
Separation costs
 (46) 
 
 (46)
Other acquisition and portfolio project costs(6) (2) (3) 
 (11)(8) (3) 
 (11)
Asset impairments(1) (8) (1) 
 (10)(1) (1) 
 (2)
Operating income$948
 $335
 $160
 $
 1,443
$887
 $143
 $
 1,030
Interest expense        (105)      (103)
Other expense, net        (29)      (22)
Income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity income        1,309
      905
Income tax expense        (183)      (88)
Equity income, net of tax        25
      24
Income from continuing operations        1,151
      841
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax        
      310
Net income        1,151
      1,151
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest        52
      52
Net income attributable to Delphi        $1,099
Net income attributable to Aptiv      $1,099


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 Electrical/
Electronic
Architecture
 Powertrain
Systems
 Electronics
and Safety
 Eliminations
and Other
 Total
          
 (in millions)
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016:         
Adjusted operating income$969
 $381
 $276
 $
 $1,626
Restructuring(65) (157) (30) 
 (252)
Other acquisition and portfolio project costs(36) (8) (6) 
 (50)
Asset impairments
 (22) (1) 
 (23)
Operating income$868
 $194
 $239
 $
 1,301
Interest expense        (123)
Other expense, net        (73)
Income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity income        1,105
Income tax expense        (216)
Equity income, net of tax        23
Income from continuing operations        912
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax        108
Net income        1,020
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest        44
Net income attributable to Delphi        $976

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21. DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS
During the first quarterSpin-Off of 2015,Delphi Technologies
On December 4, 2017, the Company determined thatcompleted the Separation of its previously reported Thermalformer Powertrain Systems segment metby distributing to Aptiv shareholders on a pro rata basis all of the criteriaissued and outstanding ordinary shares of Delphi Technologies PLC (“Delphi Technologies”), a public limited company formed to be classifiedhold the spun-off business. To effect the Separation, the Company distributed to its shareholders one ordinary share of Delphi Technologies for every three Aptiv ordinary shares outstanding as of November 22, 2017, the record date for the distribution. Shareholders received cash in lieu of any fractional ordinary shares of Delphi Technologies. Following the Separation, Delphi Technologies is now an independent public company. Aptiv did not retain any equity or other interests in Delphi Technologies.
On December 4, 2017, pursuant to the Separation and Distribution Agreement, the Company transferred to Delphi Technologies the assets and liabilities that comprised Delphi Technologies’ business. The Company received a dividend of approximately $1,148 million from Delphi Technologies in connection with the Separation. Delphi Technologies financed this dividend through the issuance of approximately $1.55 billion of debt, consisting of a senior secured five-year $750 million term loan facility that was issued upon the spin-off and $800 million aggregate principal amount of 5.00% senior unsecured notes due 2025 that were issued in September 2017 (collectively, the “Delphi Technologies Debt”). In connection with the Separation, the Delphi Technologies Debt was transferred to Delphi Technologies and is no longer reflected in the Company’s continuing operations in the consolidated financial statements. Also in connection with the Separation, the Company received $180 million in cash from Delphi Technologies pursuant to the Tax Matters Agreement.
The requirements for the presentation of Delphi Technologies as a discontinued operation were met when the Separation was completed. Accordingly, the accompanying consolidated financial statements reflect this business as a result of entering into a definitive agreementdiscontinued operation for all periods presented through the sale of substantially all of the assets and liabilities of the Company's wholly owned Thermal Systems business and a commitment to a plan to dispose of the Company's interests in two joint ventures which were previously reported within the Thermal Systems segment.
On June 30, 2015 the Company closed the sale of its wholly owned Thermal Systems business to MAHLE GmbH ("MAHLE"). The Company received cash proceeds of approximately $670 million and recognized a gain on the divestiture within income from discontinued operations of $271 million (approximately $0.95 per diluted share), net of tax expense of $52 million, transaction costs of $10 million and $18 million of pre-tax post-closing adjustments recorded during the year ended December 31, 2015 primarilyDistribution Date. Operations related to settlement of working capital items and contingent liabilities. Additional post-closing adjustments of $3 million, primarily related to the settlement of contingent liabilities, were recorded as a reduction to the gain on the divestiture during the year ended December 31, 2016. In conjunction with the sale, Delphi and MAHLE also entered into a transition services agreement under which Delphi provided certain administrative and other services, as well as a supply agreement under which Delphi supplied certain products, primarily for a period of up to eighteen months following the closing of the transaction. Delphi recorded $2 million and $7 million to other income (expense), net during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively, for certain fees earned pursuant to the transition services agreement.
On September 24, 2015 the Company closed the sale of its 50 percent interest in its Korea Delphi Automotive Systems Corporation ("KDAC") joint venture, which was accounted for under the equity method and was principally reported as part of the Thermal Systems segment, to the joint venture partner. The Company received cash proceeds of $70 million and recognized a gain on the divestiture of $47 million, net of tax expense, within income from discontinued operations during the three months ended September 30, 2015. During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company recorded a net loss of $41 million (approximately $0.14 per diluted share) on the KDAC divestiture within income from discontinued operations, which includes an impairment loss of $88 million recorded on this investment in the first quarter of 2015 based on the evaluation of the estimated fair value of the Company's interest in KDAC as of March 31, 2015 in relation to its carrying value.
On March 31, 2016, the Company closed the sale of its 50 percent interest in its Shanghai Delphi Automotive Air Conditioning ("SDAAC") joint venture to one of the Company's joint venture partners, Shanghai Aerospace Automobile Electromechanical Co., Ltd ("SAAE"). The Company received cash proceeds of $62 million, net of tax, transaction costs and $29 million of cash divested, and recognized a gain on the divestiture of $104 million (approximately $0.38 per diluted share), net of tax expense of $10 million and transaction costs, within income from discontinued operations during the nine months ended September 30, 2016. The financial results of SDAAC, which were consolidated by Delphi, were historically reported as part of the Thermal Systems segment.
As the divestiture of the Thermal Systems segment, including the Company's interests in SDAAC and KDAC and the thermal original equipment service business, represents a strategic shift that will have a major effect on the Company's operations and financial results, the assets and liabilities, operating results, and operating and investing cash flows for the former Thermal Systems segment are presented as discontinued operations separate from the Company’s continuing operations for all periods presented. Discontinued operations also includes the Company's thermal original equipment service business, which was included in the sale of the wholly owned Thermal Systems business, the results of which were previously reported within the Powertrain Systems segment. Certain operations, primarily related to contract manufacturing services, which werebusinesses previously included within the ThermalCompany’s Powertrain Systems reporting segment, but which were excluded fromnot included in the scope of the divestiture, andspin-off, are reported in continuing operations and have been reclassified within the ElectronicsAdvanced Safety and Safety segmentUser Experience and Signal and Power Solutions segments for all periods presented. No amounts for shared general and administrative operating expense or interest expense were allocated to discontinued operations. DelphiAptiv has not had significant continuing involvement with the divested Thermalspun-off Powertrain Systems business following the closing of the transactions.transaction.
In connection with the Separation, Aptiv and Delphi Technologies entered into various agreements to effect the Separation and to provide a framework for their relationship following the Separation, which included a Separation and Distribution Agreement, a Transition Services Agreement, a Tax Matters Agreement, an Employee Matters Agreement and Contract Manufacturing Services Arrangements. The transition services primarily involve Aptiv providing certain services to Delphi Technologies related to information technology and human resource infrastructure for terms of up to 24 months following the Separation. Aptiv recorded $2 million and $8 million, respectively, to other income during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 for certain fees earned pursuant to the Transition Services Agreement. As part of the near-term transition related to these agreements, Aptiv has recorded certain short-term assets and liabilities within the consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. The Company has recorded $23 million and $123 million, respectively, in other current assets related to accounts receivable from customers that it will collect on behalf of Delphi Technologies, which will be remitted to Delphi Technologies, and $13 million and $132 million, respectively, in accrued liabilities related to accounts payable to outside suppliers that it will remit on behalf of Delphi Technologies, which will be reimbursed by Delphi Technologies. The changes in these short-term assets and liabilities are reflected within operating activities from discontinued operations in the consolidated statement of cash flows.
As a result of the Separation, the Company separated its defined benefit pension and other post-employment benefit plans, and adjusted its employee share-based compensation awards. See Note 9. Pension Benefits and Note 18. Share-Based Compensation, respectively, for additional information.
As a result of the completion of the Separation on December 4, 2017, there were no assets or liabilities of the discontinued operation as of September 30, 2018 or December 31, 2017.

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A reconciliation of the major classes of line items constituting pre-tax profit or loss of discontinued operations to income from discontinued operations, net of tax as presented in the consolidated statements of operations is as follows:
Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
2017 2016 2017 20162017 2017
          
(in millions)(in millions)
Net sales$
 $
 $
 $78
$1,185
 $3,499
Cost of sales
 
 
 67
952
 2,774
Selling, general and administrative
 
 
 4
87
 220
Amortization5
 13
Restructuring3
 79
Other expense items that are not major, net3
 9
Income from discontinued operations before income taxes and equity income
 
 
 7
135
 404
Gain on divestiture of discontinued operations, net of tax
 
 
 104
Adjustment to prior period gain on divestiture, net of tax
 
 
 (3)
Income tax expense on discontinued operations(29) (95)
Equity income from discontinued operations, net of tax1
 1
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax
 
 
 108
107
 310
Income from discontinued operations attributable to noncontrolling interests
 
 
 3
9
 25
Net income from discontinued operations attributable to Delphi$
 $
 $
 $105
Net income from discontinued operations attributable to Aptiv$98
 $285
Income from discontinued operations before income taxes attributable to DelphiAptiv was $0$125 million and $115$375 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. No assets or liabilities were classified as held for sale as of September 30, 2017 or December 31, 2016.

22. SEPARATION OF POWERTRAIN SYSTEMS
On May 3, 2017, the Company announced its intention to pursue a separation of its Powertrain Systems segment into a new, independent publicly traded company, through a transaction expected to be treated as a tax-free spin-off to its shareholders (the "Separation"). The Company plans to complete the Separation by March 2018, subject to customary closing conditions. The new publicly traded Powertrain spin-off company will be named Delphi Technologies PLC, and will trade on the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") under the symbol "DLPH" following the distribution date.
As described in Note 8. Debt, in September 2017 Delphi Technologies PLC, the holding company formed in connection with the Separation, completed the offering of $800 million aggregate principal amount of 5.00% senior unsecured notes due 2025, and entered into the Spin-Off Credit Agreement, which will provide a secured five-year $750 million term loan facility and a $500 million five-year senior secured revolving credit facility in connection with the Separation.
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, which includes $2 million and $5 million, respectively, of income tax expense attributable to noncontrolling interests.

22. REVENUE
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which requires recognition of revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Aptiv adopted this guidance in the first quarter of 2018 using the modified retrospective method. In accordance with the standard, revenue is measured based on consideration specified in a contract with a customer. Customer contracts generally are represented by a combination of a current purchase order and a current production schedule issued by the customer. The Company recognizes revenue when it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring control over a product or service to a customer. From time to time, Aptiv enters into pricing agreements with its customers that provide for price reductions, some of which are conditional upon achieving certain joint cost savings targets. In these instances, revenue is recognized based on the agreed-upon price at the time of shipment.
Sales incentives and allowances are recognized as a reduction to revenue at the time of the related sale. Taxes assessed by a governmental authority that are both imposed on and concurrent with a specific revenue-producing transaction that are collected by Aptiv from a customer are excluded from revenue. Shipping and handling fees billed to customers are included in net sales, while costs of shipping and handling are included in cost of sales.
Nature of Goods and Services
The principal activity from which the Company incurred costsgenerates its revenue is the manufacturing of production parts for OEM customers. Aptiv recognizes revenue at a point in time, rather than over time, as the performance obligation is satisfied when customers obtain control of the product upon title transfer and not as the product is manufactured or developed.
Aptiv recognizes revenue for production parts at a point in time as title transfers to the customer. Although production parts are highly customized with no alternative use, Aptiv does not have an enforceable right to payment as customers have the right to cancel a product program without a notification period. The amount of revenue recognized is based on the purchase order price and adjusted for revenue allocated to variable consideration (i.e. estimated rebates and price discounts), as applicable. Customers typically pay for production parts based on customary business practices with payment terms averaging 60 days.

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Disaggregation of Revenue
Revenue generated from Aptiv’s operating segments is disaggregated by primary geographic market in the following tables for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017. Information concerning geographic market reflects the manufacturing location.
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2018:Signal and Power Solutions Advanced Safety and User Experience Eliminations and Other Total
        
 (in millions)
Geographic Market       
North America$1,070
 $326
 $
 $1,396
Europe, Middle East & Africa681
 377
 (1) 1,057
Asia Pacific720
 252
 (4) 968
South America64
 1
 (1) 64
Total net sales$2,535
 $956
 $(6) $3,485
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2017:Signal and Power Solutions Advanced Safety and User Experience Eliminations and Other Total
        
 (in millions)
Geographic Market       
North America$881
 $276
 $(2) $1,155
Europe, Middle East & Africa694
 336
 (4) 1,026
Asia Pacific664
 232
 (9) 887
South America79
 2
 (1) 80
Total net sales$2,318
 $846
 $(16) $3,148
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018:Signal and Power Solutions Advanced Safety and User Experience Eliminations and Other Total
        
 (in millions)
Geographic Market       
North America$3,162
 $1,005
 $(4) $4,163
Europe, Middle East & Africa2,322
 1,247
 (10) 3,559
Asia Pacific2,114
 777
 (20) 2,871
South America204
 3
 (1) 206
Total net sales$7,802
 $3,032
 $(35) $10,799
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017:Signal and Power Solutions Advanced Safety and User Experience Eliminations and Other Total
        
 (in millions)
Geographic Market       
North America$2,775
 $869
 $(8) $3,636
Europe, Middle East & Africa2,140
 991
 (16) 3,115
Asia Pacific1,884
 626
 (27) 2,483
South America207
 4
 (1) 210
Total net sales$7,006
 $2,490
 $(52) $9,444

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Contract Balances
Consistent with the recognition of production parts revenue at a point in time as title transfers to the customer, Aptiv has no contract assets or contract liabilities balances as of September 30, 2018 or December 31, 2017.
Outstanding Performance Obligations
As customer contracts generally are represented by a combination of a current purchase order and a current production schedule issued by the customer for a production part, there are no contracts outstanding beyond one year. Aptiv does not enter into fixed long-term supply agreements.
As permitted, Aptiv does not disclose information about remaining performance obligations that have original expected durations of one year or less.
Costs to Obtain a Contract
From time to time, Aptiv makes payments to customers in conjunction with ongoing and future business. These payments to customers are generally recognized as a reduction to revenue at the time of the commitment to make these payments.
Certain of these payments or upfront fees meet the criteria to be considered a cost to obtain a contract as they are directly attributable to a contract, are incremental and management expects the fees to be recoverable. As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, Aptiv has recorded $66 million (of which $8 million was classified within other current assets and $58 million was classified within other long-term assets) and $36 million (of which $5 million was classified within other current assets and $31 million and $46 million,was classified within other long-term assets), respectively, related to these capitalized upfront fees.
Capitalized upfront fees are amortized to revenue based on the Separation. Thesetransfer of goods and services to the customer for which the upfront fees relate, which typically range from three to five years. There have been no impairment losses in relation to the costs which are included in selling, generalcapitalized. The amount of amortization to net sales was $1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and administrative expense within$3 million and $2 million for the consolidated statement of operations, were primarily related to third party professional fees associated with planning the Separation.nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.


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CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including the exhibits being filed as part of this report, as well as other statements made by Delphi AutomotiveAptiv PLC (“Delphi,Aptiv,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our”), contain forward-looking statements that reflect, when made, the Company’s current views with respect to current events and financial performance. Such forward-looking statements are subject to many risks, uncertainties and factors relating to the Company’s operations and business environment, which may cause the actual results of the Company to be materially different from any future results, express or implied, by such forward-looking statements. All statements that address future operating, financial or business performance or the Company’s strategies or expectations are forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify these statements by forward-looking words such as “may,” “might,” “will,” “should,” “expects,” “plans,” “intends,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “projects,” “potential,” “outlook” or “continue,” and other comparable terminology. Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from these forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the following: global and regional economic conditions, including conditions affecting the credit market and resulting from the United Kingdom referendum held on June 23, 2016 in which voters approved an exit from the European Union, commonly referred to as "Brexit"“Brexit”; fluctuations in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates; the cyclical nature of automotive sales and production; the potential disruptions in the supply of and changes in the competitive environment for raw material integral to the Company’s products; the Company’s ability to maintain contracts that are critical to its operations; potential changes to beneficial free trade laws and regulations such as the North American Free Trade Agreement; the ability of the Company to integrate and realize the benefits of recent acquisitions; the ability of the Company to achieve the intended benefits from or to complete, the proposed separation of its Powertrain Systems segment; the ability of the Company to attract, motivate and/or retain key executives; the ability of the Company to avoid or continue to operate during a strike, or partial work stoppage or slow down by any of its unionized employees or those of its principal customers; and the ability of the Company to attract and retain customers. Additional factors are discussed under the captions “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in the Company’s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including those set forth in the Company'sCompany’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for fiscal year ended December 31, 20162017 and within the Quarterly Report onthis Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2017.filing. New risks and uncertainties arise from time to time, and it is impossible for us to predict these events or how they may affect the Company. It should be remembered that the price of the ordinary shares and any income from them can go down as well as up. DelphiAptiv disclaims any intention or obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events and/or otherwise, except as may be required by law.

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations (“MD&A”) is intended to help you understand the business operations and financial condition of the Company for the three and nine months ended September 30, 20172018. This discussion should be read in conjunction with Item 1. Financial Statements. Our MD&A is presented in eight sections:
Executive Overview
Consolidated Results of Operations
Results of Operations by Segment
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
Contingencies and Environmental Matters
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
Critical Accounting Estimates
Within the MD&A, “Delphi,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Delphi Automotive PLC, a public limited company which was formed under the laws of Jersey on May 19, 2011, together with its subsidiaries, including Delphi Automotive LLP, a limited liability partnership incorporated under the laws of England and Wales which was formed on August 19, 2009 for the purpose of acquiring certain assets and subsidiaries of the former Delphi Corporation (now known as DPH Holdings Corp. (“DPHH”)), and became a subsidiary of Delphi Automotive PLC in connection with the completion of the Company’s initial public offering on November 22, 2011.
Executive Overview
Our Business
We are a leading global technology company serving the automotive sector. We design and manufacture vehicle components and provide electrical and electronic, powertrain and safety technology solutions to the global automotive and commercial vehicle markets. We are one of the largest vehicle component manufacturers and our customers include all 25 of the largest automotive original equipment manufacturers ("OEMs") in the world.
On May 3, 2017, we announced our intention to pursue a separation of our Powertrain Systems segment through a transaction expected to be treated as a tax-free spin-off to Delphi’s shareholders (the "Separation"). The Company plans to complete the Separation by March 2018, subject to customary closing conditions. The new publicly traded company will be named Delphi Technologies PLC and will trade on the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") under the symbol "DLPH" following the distribution date. Upon completion of the Separation, the remaining company will change its name to Aptiv PLC. Following the distribution date, Aptiv PLC will trade on the NYSE under the ticker symbol "APTV." During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company incurred costs of $31 million and $46 million, respectively, related to the Separation. These costs, which are included in selling, general and administrative expense within the consolidated statement of operations, primarily related to third party professional fees associated with planning the Separation. The Company expects to continue to incur additional expenses related to the Separation during 2017.
As described in Note 21. Discontinued Operations, in the first quarter of 2016 we completed the final step of our strategy to divest our former Thermal Systems business through the sale of our ownership interest in the Shanghai Delphi Automotive Air Conditioning ("SDAAC") joint venture, positioning us with a strategically focused product portfolio in high-growth spaces to meet consumer preferences for products that address the industry mega-trends of Safe, Green and Connected. Proceeds from the sale of the Thermal Systems business were used to fund growth initiatives, including acquisitions, as well as share repurchases. As the disposal of the Thermal Systems business represents a strategic shift that will have a major effect on the Company's operations and financial results, the assets and liabilities, operating results, and operating and investing cash flows for the previously reported Thermal Systems segment are presented as discontinued operations separate from the Company’s continuing operations for all periods presented. This Management’s Discussion and Analysis reflects the results of continuing operations, unless otherwise noted.
Our total net sales during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 were $4.3 billion and $12.9 billion, an increase of 6% and 5% compared to the same periods of 2016, respectively. The increase in our total net sales is primarily attributable to continued increased volumes in the Europe and Asia Pacific regions. Our overall lean cost structure, along with above-market sales growth, enabled us to improve gross margins in the nine months ended September 30, 2017 as compared to the prior year period.
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We are focused on maintaining a low fixed cost structure that we believe provides us flexibility to remain profitable throughout the traditional vehicle industry production cycle, including during periods of reduced industry volumes. Accordingly, we will continue to adjust our cost structure and optimize our manufacturing footprint in response to changes in the global and regional automotive markets. As we operate in a cyclical industry that is impacted by movements in the global and regional economies, we continually evaluate opportunities to further adjust our cost structure, as evidenced by the restructuring programs we have implemented in order to continue the rotation of our manufacturing footprint to best cost locations and to reduce global overhead costs, as described in Note 7. Restructuring. We believe our strong balance sheet coupled with our flexible cost structure will position us to capitalize on improvements in OEM production volumes.
Trends, Uncertainties and Opportunities
Economic Conditions. Our business is directly related to automotive sales and automotive vehicle production by our customers. Automotive sales depend on a number of factors, including global and regional economic conditions. Although global automotive vehicle production increased 5% from 2015 to 2016, economic conditions and the resultant levels of automotive vehicle production were uneven from a regional perspective. Vehicle production increased by 2% in North America and 3% in Europe in 2016, as consumer demand for vehicles increased. Both the North American and European economies are expected to continue to experience moderate growth in 2017, which is expected to result in a 3% increase in European production. However, after several years of increases, consumer demand for vehicles in North America is expected to recede, resulting in a 3% decrease in North American production in 2017 as compared to the increased volumes experienced in 2016. Automotive production in China increased by 15% in 2016 as compared to 2015, benefiting in part from a consumer vehicle tax reduction program. Following a partial increase in the consumer vehicle tax in 2017, vehicle production in China is expected to increase by 1% in 2017 as compared to 2016. Additionally, vehicle production in South America, our smallest region, decreased by 12% in 2016 as compared to 2015, with volumes expected to increase by 20% in 2017 from the reduced volumes experienced in 2016.
Economic volatility or weakness in North America, Europe or China, or continued weakness in South America, could result in a significant reduction in automotive sales and production by our customers, which would have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. There is also potential that geopolitical factors could adversely impact the U.S. and other economies, and specifically the automotive sector. In particular, changes to international trade agreements such as the North American Free Trade Agreement or other political pressures could affect the operations of our OEM customers, resulting in reduced automotive production in certain regions or shifts in the mix of production to higher cost regions. Increases in interest rates could also negatively impact automotive production as a result of increased consumer borrowing costs or reduced credit availability. Additionally, economic weakness may result in shifts in the mix of future automotive sales (from vehicles with more content such as luxury vehicles, trucks and sport utility vehicles toward smaller passenger cars). While our diversified customer and geographic revenue base, along with our flexible cost structure, have well positioned us to withstand the impact of industry downturns and benefit from industry upturns, shifts in the mix of global automotive production to higher cost regions or to vehicles with less content could adversely impact our profitability.
There have also been periods of increased market volatility and currency exchange rate fluctuations, both globally and most specifically within the United Kingdom (“U.K.”) and Europe, as a result of the U.K. referendum held on June 23, 2016 in which voters approved an exit from the European Union (“E.U.”), commonly referred to as “Brexit.” As a result of the referendum, the British government formally initiated the process for withdrawal in March 2017. The terms of any withdrawal are subject to a negotiation period that could last at least two years from the initiation date. Nevertheless, the proposed withdrawal has created significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the U.K. and the E.U. These developments, or the perception that any of them could occur, may adversely affect European and worldwide economic and market conditions, significantly reduce global market liquidity and restrict the ability of key market participants to operate in certain financial markets and could contribute to instability in global financial and foreign exchange markets, including increased volatility in interest rates and foreign exchange rates. Although we are actively monitoring the ongoing potential impacts of Brexit and will seek to minimize its impact on our business, any of these effects of Brexit, among others, could adversely affect our business, business opportunities, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Approximately 5% of our annual net sales are generated in the U.K., and approximately 3% are denominated in British pounds.
Key growth markets. There have been periods of increased market volatility and moderations in the level of economic growth in China, which resulted in periods of lower automotive production growth rates in China than those previously experienced. Despite these recent moderations in the level of economic growth in China, rising income levels in China and other emerging markets have resulted and are expected to result in stronger growth rates in these markets over the long term. Our strong global presence, and presence in these markets, has positioned us to experience above-market growth rates over the long term. We continue to expand our established presence in emerging markets, positioning us to benefit from the expected long term growth opportunities in these regions. We are capitalizing on our long-standing relationships with the global OEMs and further enhancing our positions with the emerging market OEMs to continue expanding our worldwide leadership. We continue to build upon our extensive geographic reach to capitalize on fast-growing automotive markets. We believe that our
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presence in best cost countries positions us to realize incremental margin improvements as the global balance of automotive production shifts towards the emerging markets.
We have a strong local presence in China, including a major manufacturing base and well-established customer relationships. All of our business segments have operations and sales in China. Our business in China remains sensitive to economic and market conditions that impact automotive sales volumes in China, and may be affected if the pace of growth slows as the Chinese market matures or if there are reductions in vehicle demand in China. However, we continue to believe there is long term growth potential in this market based on increasing long term automotive and vehicle content demand.
Market driven products. Our product offerings satisfy the OEMs’ needs to meet increasingly stringent government regulations and meet consumer preferences for products that address the mega-trends of Safe, Green and Connected, leading to increased content per vehicle, greater profitability and higher margins. With these offerings, we believe we are well-positioned to benefit from the growing demand for vehicle content and technology related to safety, fuel efficiency, emissions control, electrification, high speed data, connectivity to the global information network and automated driving technologies. Our Electrical/Electronic Architecture and Electronics and Safety segments are benefiting from the substantial increase in vehicle content, software and electrification requiring a complex and reliable electrical architecture and systems to operate, such as automated advanced driver assistance technologies, electrical vehicle monitoring, active safety systems, lane departure warning systems, integrated vehicle cockpit displays, navigation systems and technologies that enable connected infotainment in vehicles. Our ability to design a reliable electrical architecture that optimizes power distribution and/or consumption is key to satisfying the OEMs’ needs to reduce emissions while continuing to meet consumer demand for increased vehicle content and technology. In 2016 we introduced our 48-volt mild hybrid vehicle solution, which maximizes the use of 48-volt electrification to minimize the demand on the engine, improving performance while lowering CO2 emissions by more than 10%. Additionally, our Powertrain Systems segment is also focused on addressing the demand for increased fuel efficiency and emission control through products such as gasoline direct injection ("GDi") fuel systems and variable valve actuation technology such as dynamic skip fire software.
Global capabilities. Many OEMs are continuing to adopt global vehicle platforms to increase standardization, reduce per unit cost and increase capital efficiency and profitability. As a result, OEMs are selecting suppliers that have the capability to manufacture products on a worldwide basis, as well as the flexibility to adapt to regional variations. Suppliers with global scale and strong design, engineering and manufacturing capabilities are best positioned to benefit from this trend. Our global footprint enables us to serve the global OEMs on a worldwide basis as we gain market share with the emerging market OEMs. This regional model principally services the North American market out of Mexico, the South American market out of Brazil, the European market out of Eastern Europe and North Africa and the Asia Pacific market out of China, and we have continued to rotate our manufacturing footprint to best cost locations within these regions.
Our global operations are subject to certain risks inherent in doing business abroad, including unexpected changes in laws, regulations, trade or monetary or tax fiscal policy, including tariffs, quotas, customs and other import or export restrictions and other trade barriers. Existing free trade laws and regulations, such as the North American Free Trade Agreement, provide certain beneficial duties and tariffs for qualifying imports and exports, subject to compliance with the applicable classification and other requirements. Changes in laws or policies governing the terms of foreign trade, and in particular increased trade restrictions, tariffs or taxes on imports from countries where we manufacture products, such as China and Mexico, could have a material adverse affect on our business and financial results.
Product development. The automotive component supply industry is highly competitive, both domestically and internationally, and is characterized by rapidly changing technology, evolving industry standards and changes in customer needs. Our ability to anticipate changes in technology and regulatory standards and to successfully develop and introduce new and enhanced products on a timely and cost competitive basis will be a significant factor in our ability to remain competitive. To compete effectively in the automotive supply industry, we must be able to launch new products to meet our customers’ demands in a timely manner. Our innovative technologies and robust global engineering and development capabilities have well positioned us to meet the increasingly stringent vehicle manufacturer demands and consumer preferences for high-technology content in automobiles.
OEMs are increasingly looking to their suppliers to simplify vehicle design and assembly processes to reduce costs and weight. As a result, suppliers that sell vehicle components directly to manufacturers (Tier I suppliers) have assumed many of the design, engineering, research and development and assembly functions traditionally performed by vehicle manufacturers. Suppliers that can provide fully-engineered solutions, systems and pre-assembled combinations of component parts are positioned to leverage the trend toward system sourcing.
Engineering, design & development. Our history and culture of innovation have enabled us to develop significant intellectual property and design and development expertise to provide advanced technology solutions that meet the demands of our customers. We have a team of more than 20,000 scientists, engineers and technicians focused on developing leading product solutions for our key markets, located at 15 major technical centers in Brazil, China, France, Germany, India,
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Luxembourg, Mexico, Poland, South Korea, the United Kingdom and the United States. We invest approximately $1.5 billion (which includes approximately $300 million co-investment by customers and government agencies) annually in research and development, including engineering, to maintain our portfolio of innovative products, and owned/held approximately 8,500 patents and protective rights as of December 31, 2016. We also encourage “open innovation” and collaborate extensively with peers in the industry, government agencies and academic institutions. For example, we have entered into a collaborative arrangement with Mobileye N.V. to jointly develop a complete turn-key fully autonomous driving platform for our OEM customers, with the goal of being production ready for 2019. Our technology competencies are recognized by both customers and government agencies, who have co-invested approximately $300 million annually in new product development, accelerating the pace of innovation and reducing the risk associated with successful commercialization of technological breakthroughs.
In the past, suppliers often incurred the initial cost of engineering, designing and developing automotive component parts, and recovered their investments over time by including a cost recovery component in the price of each part based on expected volumes. Recently, we and many other suppliers have negotiated for cost recovery payments independent of volumes. This trend reduces our economic risk.
Pricing. Cost-cutting initiatives adopted by our customers result in increased downward pressure on pricing. Our customer supply agreements generally require step-downs in component pricing over the periods of production and OEMs have historically possessed significant leverage over their outside suppliers because the automotive component supply industry is fragmented and serves a limited number of automotive OEMs. Our profitability depends in part on our ability to generate sufficient production cost savings in the future to offset price reductions.
We are focused on maintaining a low fixed cost structure that provides us flexibility to remain profitable at all points of the traditional vehicle industry production cycle. As a result, approximately 95% of our hourly workforce is located in best cost countries. Furthermore, we have substantial operational flexibility by leveraging a large workforce of temporary workers, which represented approximately 14% of the hourly workforce as of September 30, 2017. However, we will continue to adjust our cost structure and optimize our manufacturing footprint in response to changes in the global and regional automotive markets and in order to increase investment in advanced technologies and engineering, as evidenced by our on-going restructuring programs focused on the continued rotation of our manufacturing footprint to best cost locations in Europe and on reducing our global overhead costs. As we continue to operate in a cyclical industry that is impacted by movements in the global and regional economies, we continually evaluate opportunities to further refine our cost structure.
We have a strong balance sheet with gross debt of approximately $4.1 billion (excluding the senior notes issued by our Powertrain Spin-Off subsidiary) and substantial available liquidity of approximately $2.6 billion of cash and cash equivalents and available financing under our Revolving Credit Facility as of September 30, 2017, and no significant U.S. defined benefit or workforce postretirement health care benefits and employer-paid postretirement basic life insurance benefits (“OPEB”) liabilities. We intend to maintain strong financial discipline targeting industry-leading earnings growth, cash flow generation and return on invested capital and to maintain sufficient liquidity to sustain our financial flexibility throughout the industry cycle.
OEM product recalls. The number of vehicles recalled globally by OEMs has increased above historical levels. These recalls can either be initiated by the OEMs or influenced by regulatory agencies. Although there are differing rules and regulations across countries governing recalls for safety issues, the overall transition towards global vehicle platforms may also contribute to increased recalls outside of the U.S., as automotive components are increasingly standardized across regions. Given the sensitivity to safety issues in the automotive industry, including increased focus from regulators and consumers, we anticipate the number of automotive recalls may remain above historical levels in the near future. Although we engage in extensive product quality programs and processes, it is possible that we may be adversely affected in the future if the pace of these recalls continues.
For example, in September 2016, one of our OEM customers initiated a recall of approximately 3.64 million vehicles in the United States to enhance the airbag deployment system. Delphi supplied sensors and related control modules for the airbags in the affected vehicles. Although Delphi believes it supplied these components in compliance with the customer's product specifications and validation criteria, we assisted with our customer's efforts surrounding its recall, and during the first quarter of 2017, reached an agreement with our customer to share costs associated with the recall. Accordingly, during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 we recognized an incremental $43 million charge in addition to our previously recorded reserve estimate related to this matter.
Efficient use of capital. The global vehicle components industry is generally capital intensive and a portion of a supplier’s capital equipment is frequently utilized for specific customer programs. Lead times for procurement of capital equipment are long and typically exceed start of production by one to two years. Substantial advantages exist for suppliers that can leverage their prior investments in capital equipment or amortize the investment over higher volume global customer programs.
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Industry consolidation. Consolidation among worldwide suppliers is expected to continue as suppliers seek to achieve operating synergies and value stream efficiencies, acquire complementary technologies and build stronger customer relationships as OEMs continue to expand globally. Additionally, new entrants from outside the traditional automotive industry may seek to gain access to certain vehicle component markets, as evidenced by the acquisition of Harman International Industries, Incorporated by Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. and the acquisition of Mobileye N.V. by Intel Corporation. We believe companies with strong balance sheets and financial discipline are in the best position to take advantage of the industry consolidation trend.
High-Tech evolution of the automotive industry. The automotive industry is increasingly evolving towards the implementation of high-technology, software-dependent components and solutions. In particular, the industry is focused on the development of advanced driver assistance technologies, with the goal of developing and introducing a commercially-viable, fully automated driving experience. We expect automated driving technologies will provide strong societal benefit as well as the opportunity for long term growth for our product offerings in this space. We are continuing to invest in the automated driving space, and have continued to develop market-leading automated driving platform solutions such as automated driving software, key active safety sensing technologies and our Multi-Domain Controller, which fuses information from sensing systems as well as mapping and navigation data to make driving decisions. We have also entered into a collaborative arrangement with Mobileye to jointly develop the Centralized Sensing, Localization and Planning ("CSLP") platform, a complete turn-key fully autonomous driving platform for our OEM customers, with the goal of being production ready for 2019. There has also been increasing societal demand for mobility on demand ("MoD") services, such as car- and ride-sharing, and an increasing number of traditional automotive companies have made investments in the MoD space. We believe the increasing societal demand for MoD services will accelerate the development of autonomous driving technologies, strongly benefiting the MoD space. We recently entered into agreements to develop fully-autonomous vehicles and associated infrastructure as part of automated MoD pilots for the government of Singapore, the city of Boston and with Transdev, a leading global provider of mobility services, in France. As a result of our substantial investments and strategic partnerships, we believe we are well-aligned with industry technology trends that will result in sustainable future growth in these evolving areas.
Following the completion of the Powertrain spin-off, the remaining company will focus on enabling and delivering end-to-end smart mobility solutions, accelerating the commercialization of active safety and autonomous driving technologies and providing enhanced user experience and connected services. The Company's Electronics and Safety segment is focused on providing the necessary software and advanced computing platforms, and the Electrical/Electronic Architecture segment is focused on providing the requisite networking architecture required to support the integrated systems in today's complex vehicles. Together, our businesses develop the ‘brain’ and the ‘nervous system’ of increasingly complex vehicles, providing integration of the vehicle into its operating environment.
However, there are many risks associated with these evolving areas, including the high development costs of active safety and autonomous driving technologies, the uncertain timing of customer and consumer adoption of these technologies, increased competition from entrants outside the traditional automotive industry and new and emerging regulations, such as the recently released federal guidance for automated driving systems published by the U.S. Department of Transportation. While we believe we are well-positioned in these markets, the high development cost of active safety and autonomous driving technologies may result in a higher risk of exposure to the success of new or disruptive technologies different than those being developed by us.

Consolidated Results of Operations
Results of Operations by Segment
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
Contingencies and Environmental Matters
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
Critical Accounting Estimates
Within the MD&A, “Aptiv,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Aptiv PLC, a public limited company which was formed under the laws of Jersey on May 19, 2011 as Delphi Automotive PLC, which together with its subsidiaries acquired certain assets of the former Delphi Corporation and completed an initial public offering on November 22, 2011. On December 4, 2017 (the “Distribution Date”), the Company completed the separation (the “Separation”) of its former Powertrain Systems segment by distributing to Aptiv shareholders on a pro rata basis all of the issued and outstanding ordinary shares of Delphi Technologies PLC (“Delphi Technologies”), a public limited company formed to hold the spun-off business. To effect the Separation, the Company distributed to its shareholders one ordinary share of Delphi Technologies for every three Aptiv ordinary shares outstanding as of November 22, 2017, the record date for the distribution. Following the Separation, the remaining company changed its name to Aptiv PLC and New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) symbol to “APTV.” The completion of the Separation positioned Aptiv as a new mobility provider focused on solving the complex challenges associated with safer, greener and more connected transportation. At the core of our capabilities is the software and vehicle architecture expertise that enables the advanced safety, automated driving, user experience and connected services that are enabling the future of mobility.
In April 2018, primarily as a result of the impact of the Separation on the Company’s U.K. presence and the centralization of the Company’s non-manufacturing European footprint, along with the long-term stability of the financial and regulatory environment in Ireland and continued uncertainties with regards to the impending exit of the U.K. from the European Union, Aptiv PLC changed its tax residence from the U.K. to Ireland. Aptiv PLC remains a public limited company incorporated under the laws of Jersey, and will continue to be subject to United States Securities and Exchange Commission reporting requirements and prepare financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”).

Executive Overview
Our Business
We are a leading global technology and mobility company serving the automotive sector. We design and manufacture vehicle components and provide electrical, electronic and active safety technology solutions to the global automotive market, creating the software and hardware foundation for vehicle features and functionality. We enable and deliver end-to-end smart mobility solutions, active safety and autonomous driving technologies and provide enhanced user experience and connected services. Our Advanced Safety and User Experience segment is focused on providing the necessary software and advanced computing platforms, and our Signal and Power Solutions segment is focused on providing the requisite networking architecture required to support the integrated systems in today’s complex vehicles. Together, our businesses develop the ‘brain’ and the ‘nervous system’ of increasingly complex vehicles, providing integration of the vehicle into its operating environment.
We are one of the largest vehicle component manufacturers and our customers include all 25 of the largest automotive original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) in the world.
As described in Note 21. Discontinued Operations to the consolidated financial statements contained herein, on December 4, 2017, the Company completed the Separation of its former Powertrain Systems segment by distributing to Aptiv shareholders on a pro rata basis all of the issued and outstanding ordinary shares of Delphi Technologies, a public limited company formed to hold the spun-off business. To effect the Separation, the Company distributed to its shareholders one ordinary share of Delphi Technologies for every three Aptiv ordinary shares outstanding as of November 22, 2017, the record

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date for the distribution. Following the Separation, the remaining company changed its name to Aptiv PLC and NYSE symbol to “APTV.” Also, as a result of the Separation, Delphi Technologies became an independent public company trading on the NYSE under the symbol “DLPH” as of the Distribution Date. Aptiv did not retain any equity interest in Delphi Technologies.
As the disposal of the Powertrain Systems business represented a strategic shift that had a major effect on the Company’s operations and financial results, the assets and liabilities, operating results, and operating and investing cash flows for the previously reported Powertrain Systems segment through the Distribution Date are presented as discontinued operations separate from the Company’s continuing operations for all periods presented. This Management’s Discussion and Analysis reflects the results of continuing operations, unless otherwise noted.
Our total net sales during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 were $3.5 billion and $10.8 billion, an increase of 11% and 14% compared to the same periods of 2017, respectively. The increase in our total net sales is primarily attributable to continued volume increases in all regions except South America, our smallest region. Our overall lean cost structure, along with above-market sales growth, has enabled us to attain gross margins of approximately 19% in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, despite regional market uncertainties and increased investment in advanced technologies and engineering.
We are focused on maintaining a low fixed cost structure that provides us flexibility to remain profitable at all points of the traditional vehicle industry production cycle, including during periods of reduced industry volumes. Accordingly, we will continue to adjust our cost structure and optimize our manufacturing footprint in response to changes in the global and regional automotive markets and in order to increase investment in advanced technologies and engineering. As we operate in a cyclical industry that is impacted by movements in the global and regional economies, we continually evaluate opportunities to further adjust our cost structure, as evidenced by the restructuring programs we have implemented in order to continue the rotation of our manufacturing footprint to best cost locations and to reduce global overhead costs, as described in Note 7. Restructuring to the consolidated financial statements contained herein. We believe our strong balance sheet coupled with our flexible cost structure will position us to capitalize on improvements in OEM production volumes.
Trends, Uncertainties and Opportunities
Economic conditions. Our business is directly related to automotive sales and automotive vehicle production by our customers. Automotive sales depend on a number of factors, including global and regional economic conditions. Although global automotive vehicle production increased 3% from 2016 to 2017, the levels of automotive vehicle production were uneven from a regional perspective. Compared to 2016, vehicle production in 2017 increased by 4% in Europe, 3% in China and 21% in South America. However, after several years of increases, consumer demand for vehicles in North America receded, resulting in a 4% decrease in North American production in 2017 as compared to the increased volumes experienced in 2016.
Economic volatility or weakness in North America, Europe, China or South America, could result in a significant reduction in automotive sales and production by our customers, which would have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. There is also potential that geopolitical factors could adversely impact the U.S. and other economies, and specifically the automotive sector. In particular, changes to international trade agreements such as the North American Free Trade Agreement or other political pressures could affect the operations of our OEM customers, resulting in reduced automotive production in certain regions or shifts in the mix of production to higher cost regions. Increases in interest rates could also negatively impact automotive production as a result of increased consumer borrowing costs or reduced credit availability. Additionally, economic weakness may result in shifts in the mix of future automotive sales (from vehicles with more content such as luxury vehicles, trucks and sport utility vehicles toward smaller passenger cars). While our diversified customer and geographic revenue base, along with our flexible cost structure, have well positioned us to withstand the impact of industry downturns and benefit from industry upturns, shifts in the mix of global automotive production to higher cost regions or to vehicles with less content could adversely impact our profitability.
There have also been periods of increased market volatility and currency exchange rate fluctuations, both globally and most specifically within the United Kingdom (“U.K.”) and Europe, as a result of the U.K. referendum held on June 23, 2016 in which voters approved an exit from the European Union (“E.U.”), commonly referred to as “Brexit.” As a result of the referendum, the British government formally initiated the process for withdrawal in March 2017. The terms of any withdrawal are subject to a negotiation period that could last at least two years from the initiation date. Nevertheless, the proposed withdrawal has created significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the U.K. and the E.U. These developments, or the perception that any of them could occur, may adversely affect European and worldwide economic and market conditions, significantly reduce global market liquidity and restrict the ability of key market participants to operate in certain financial markets and could contribute to instability in global financial and foreign exchange markets, including increased volatility in interest rates and foreign exchange rates. Although we are actively monitoring the ongoing potential impacts of Brexit and will seek to minimize its impact on our business, any of these effects of Brexit, among others, could adversely affect our business,

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business opportunities, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Approximately 1% of our annual net sales are generated in the U.K., and less than 1% are denominated in British pounds.
Key growth markets. There have been periods of increased market volatility and moderations in the level of economic growth in China, which resulted in periods of lower automotive production growth rates in China than those previously experienced. Despite these recent moderations in the level of economic growth in China, rising income levels in China and other key growth markets are expected to result in stronger growth rates in these markets over the long-term. Our strong global presence, and presence in these markets, has positioned us to experience above-market growth rates over the long-term. We continue to expand our established presence in key growth markets, positioning us to benefit from the expected long-term growth opportunities in these regions. We are capitalizing on our long-standing relationships with the global OEMs and further enhancing our positions with the key growth market OEMs to continue expanding our worldwide leadership. We continue to build upon our extensive geographic reach to capitalize on fast-growing automotive markets. We believe that our presence in best cost countries positions us to realize incremental margin improvements as the global balance of automotive production shifts towards the key growth markets.
We have a strong local presence in China, including a major manufacturing base and well-established customer relationships. Each of our business segments have operations and sales in China. Our business in China remains sensitive to economic and market conditions that impact automotive sales volumes in China, and may be affected if the pace of growth slows as the Chinese market matures or if there are reductions in vehicle demand in China. However, we continue to believe there is long-term growth potential in this market based on increasing long-term automotive and vehicle content demand.
Market driven products. Our product offerings satisfy the OEMs’ needs to meet increasingly stringent government regulations and meet consumer preferences for products that address the mega-trends of Safe, Green and Connected, leading to increased content per vehicle, greater profitability and higher margins. With these offerings, we believe we are well-positioned to benefit from the growing demand for vehicle content and technology related to safety, electrification, high speed data, connectivity to the global information network and automated driving technologies. We are benefiting from the substantial increase in vehicle content, software and electrification that requires a complex and reliable electrical architecture and systems to operate, such as automated advanced driver assistance technologies, electrical vehicle monitoring, active safety systems, lane departure warning systems, integrated vehicle cockpit displays, navigation systems and technologies that enable connected infotainment in vehicles. Our ability to design a reliable electrical architecture that optimizes power distribution and/or consumption is key to satisfying the OEMs’ needs to reduce emissions while continuing to meet consumer demand for increased vehicle content and technology. We have developed a 48-volt mild hybrid vehicle electrical architecture solution, which maximizes the use of 48-volt electrification to minimize the demand on the engine, improving performance while lowering CO2 emissions by more than 10%.
Global capabilities. Many OEMs are continuing to adopt global vehicle platforms to increase standardization, reduce per unit cost and increase capital efficiency and profitability. As a result, OEMs are selecting suppliers that have the capability to manufacture products on a worldwide basis, as well as the flexibility to adapt to regional variations. Suppliers with global scale and strong design, engineering and manufacturing capabilities are best positioned to benefit from this trend. Our global footprint enables us to serve the global OEMs on a worldwide basis as we gain market share with the emerging market OEMs. This regional model principally services the North American market out of Mexico, the South American market out of Brazil, the European market out of Eastern Europe and North Africa and the Asia Pacific market out of China, and we have continued to rotate our manufacturing footprint to best cost locations within these regions.
Our global operations are subject to certain risks inherent in doing business abroad, including unexpected changes in laws, regulations, trade or monetary or tax fiscal policy, including tariffs, quotas, customs and other import or export restrictions and other trade barriers. Existing free trade laws and regulations, such as the North American Free Trade Agreement, provide certain beneficial duties and tariffs for qualifying imports and exports, subject to compliance with the applicable classification and other requirements. Changes in laws or policies governing the terms of foreign trade, and in particular increased trade restrictions, tariffs or taxes on imports from countries where we manufacture products, such as China and Mexico, could have a material adverse affect on our business and financial results.
Product development. The automotive component supply industry is highly competitive, both domestically and internationally, and is characterized by rapidly changing technology, evolving industry standards and changes in customer needs. Our ability to anticipate changes in technology and regulatory standards and to successfully develop and introduce new and enhanced products on a timely and cost competitive basis will be a significant factor in our ability to remain competitive. To compete effectively in the automotive supply industry, we must be able to develop and launch new products to meet our customers’ demands in a timely manner. Our innovative technologies and robust global engineering and development capabilities have well positioned us to meet the increasingly stringent vehicle manufacturer demands and consumer preferences for high-technology content in automobiles.

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OEMs are increasingly looking to their suppliers to simplify vehicle design and assembly processes to reduce costs and weight. As a result, suppliers that sell vehicle components directly to manufacturers (Tier I suppliers) have assumed many of the design, engineering, research and development and assembly functions traditionally performed by vehicle manufacturers. Suppliers that can provide fully-engineered solutions, systems and pre-assembled combinations of component parts are positioned to leverage the trend toward system sourcing.
Engineering, design & development. Our history and culture of innovation have enabled us to develop significant intellectual property and design and development expertise to provide advanced technology solutions that meet the demands of our customers. We have a team of approximately 16,000 scientists, engineers and technicians focused on developing leading product solutions for our key markets, located at 14 major technical centers in China, Germany, India, Mexico, Poland, Singapore and the United States. We invest approximately $1.1 billion (which includes approximately $200 million co-investment by customers and government agencies) annually in research and development, including engineering, to maintain our portfolio of innovative products, and owned/held approximately 6,300 patents and protective rights as of December 31, 2017. We also encourage “open innovation” and collaborate extensively with peers in the industry, government agencies and academic institutions. For example, we have entered into a collaborative arrangement with Mobileye N.V. to jointly develop a complete turn-key fully autonomous driving platform for our OEM customers, with the goal of being production ready for 2019. Our technology competencies are recognized by both customers and government agencies, who have co-invested approximately $200 million annually in new product development, accelerating the pace of innovation and reducing the risk associated with successful commercialization of technological breakthroughs.
In the past, suppliers often incurred the initial cost of engineering, designing and developing automotive component parts, and recovered their investments over time by including a cost recovery component in the price of each part based on expected volumes. Recently, we and many other suppliers have negotiated for cost recovery payments independent of volumes. This trend reduces our economic risk.
Pricing. Cost-cutting initiatives adopted by our customers result in increased downward pressure on pricing. Our customer supply agreements generally require step-downs in component pricing over the periods of production and OEMs have historically possessed significant leverage over their outside suppliers because the automotive component supply industry is fragmented and serves a limited number of automotive OEMs. Our profitability depends in part on our ability to generate sufficient production cost savings in the future to offset price reductions.
We are focused on maintaining a low fixed cost structure that provides us flexibility to remain profitable at all points of the traditional vehicle industry production cycle. As a result, approximately 96% of our hourly workforce is located in best cost countries. Furthermore, we have substantial operational flexibility by leveraging a large workforce of temporary workers, which represented approximately 11% of the hourly workforce as of September 30, 2018. However, we will continue to adjust our cost structure and optimize our manufacturing footprint in response to changes in the global and regional automotive markets and in order to increase investment in advanced technologies and engineering, as evidenced by our ongoing restructuring programs focused on the continued rotation of our manufacturing footprint to best cost locations in Europe and on reducing our global overhead costs. As we continue to operate in a cyclical industry that is impacted by movements in the global and regional economies, we continually evaluate opportunities to further refine our cost structure.
We have a strong balance sheet with gross debt of approximately $4.1 billion and substantial available liquidity of approximately $3.1 billion of cash and cash equivalents and available financing under our Revolving Credit Facility as of September 30, 2018, and no significant U.S. defined benefit or workforce postretirement health care benefits and employer-paid postretirement basic life insurance benefits (“OPEB”) liabilities. We intend to maintain strong financial discipline targeting industry-leading earnings growth, cash flow generation and return on invested capital and to maintain sufficient liquidity to sustain our financial flexibility throughout the industry cycle.
OEM product recalls. The number of vehicles recalled globally by OEMs has increased above historical levels. These recalls can either be initiated by the OEMs or influenced by regulatory agencies. Although there are differing rules and regulations across countries governing recalls for safety issues, the overall transition towards global vehicle platforms may also contribute to increased recalls outside of the U.S., as automotive components are increasingly standardized across regions. Given the sensitivity to safety issues in the automotive industry, including increased focus from regulators and consumers, we anticipate the number of automotive recalls may remain above historical levels in the near future. Although we engage in extensive product quality programs and processes, it is possible that we may be adversely affected in the future if the pace of these recalls continues.
For example, in September 2016, one of our OEM customers initiated a recall of approximately 3.64 million vehicles in the United States to enhance the airbag deployment system. The Company supplied sensors and related control modules for the airbags in the affected vehicles. Although Aptiv believes it supplied these components in compliance with the customer’s product specifications and validation criteria, we assisted with our customer’s efforts surrounding its recall, and during the first quarter of 2017, reached an agreement with our customer to share costs associated with the recall. Accordingly, during the nine

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months ended September 30, 2017 we recognized an incremental $43 million charge in addition to our previously recorded reserve estimate related to this matter.
Efficient use of capital. The global vehicle components industry is generally capital intensive and a portion of a supplier’s capital equipment is frequently utilized for specific customer programs. Lead times for procurement of capital equipment are long and typically exceed start of production by one to two years. Substantial advantages exist for suppliers that can leverage their prior investments in capital equipment or amortize the investment over higher volume global customer programs.
Industry consolidation. Consolidation among worldwide suppliers is expected to continue as suppliers seek to achieve operating synergies and value stream efficiencies, acquire complementary technologies and build stronger customer relationships as OEMs continue to expand globally. Additionally, new entrants from outside the traditional automotive industry may seek to gain access to certain vehicle component markets, as evidenced by the acquisition of Harman International Industries, Incorporated by Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. and the acquisition of Mobileye N.V. by Intel Corporation. We believe companies with strong balance sheets and financial discipline are in the best position to take advantage of the industry consolidation trend.
Commercializing the high-tech evolution of the automotive industry. The automotive industry is increasingly evolving towards the implementation of software-dependent components and solutions. In particular, the industry is focused on the development of advanced driver assistance technologies, with the goal of developing and introducing a commercially-viable, fully automated driving experience. We expect automated driving technologies will provide strong societal benefit as well as the opportunity for long-term growth for our product offerings in this space. We are continuing to invest in the automated driving space, and have continued to develop market-leading automated driving platform solutions such as automated driving software, key active safety sensing technologies and our Multi-Domain Controller, which fuses information from sensing systems as well as mapping and navigation data to make driving decisions.
We believe we are well-aligned with industry technology trends that will result in sustainable future growth in this space, and have partnered with leaders in their respective fields to advance the pace of development and commercialization of these emerging technologies. We have entered into a collaborative arrangement with Mobileye N.V. to jointly develop the Centralized Sensing Localization and Planning (“CSLP”) system, a complete turn-key fully autonomous driving platform for our OEM customers and mobility partners, with the goal of being production ready in 2019. We also entered into a collaborative arrangement with Intel Corporation and the BMW Group to develop and deploy automated driving technology. Additionally, in 2017 we acquired nuTonomy, Inc. in order to further accelerate the commercialization of automated driving solutions. The acquisition of nuTonomy is the latest in a series of investments we have made to expand our position in the new mobility space, including the prior period acquisitions of automated driving software developer Ottomatika and data service companies Control-Tec and Movimento.
There has also been increasing societal demand for mobility on demand (“MoD”) services, such as car- and ride-sharing, and an increasing number of traditional automotive companies have made investments in the MoD space. We believe the increasing societal demand for MoD services will accelerate the development of autonomous driving technologies, strongly benefiting the MoD space. In 2018, we announced a partnership with Lyft, Inc. (“Lyft”) by launching a fleet of autonomous vehicles in Las Vegas which will operate on Aptiv’s fully-integrated autonomous driving platform and be made available to the public on the Lyft network. This partnership leverages our connected services capabilities and Lyft’s ride-hailing experience to provide valuable insights on self-driving fleet operations and management. In addition, we have entered into agreements with the Singapore Land Transport Authority and with the city of Boston to develop fully-autonomous vehicles and associated infrastructure as part of automated MoD pilots. As a result of our substantial investments and strategic partnerships, we believe we are well-aligned with industry technology trends that will result in sustainable future growth in these evolving areas.
We are focused on enabling and delivering end-to-end smart mobility solutions, accelerating the commercialization of active safety and autonomous driving technologies and providing enhanced user experience and connected services. Our Advanced Safety and User Experience segment is focused on providing the necessary software and advanced computing platforms, and our Signal and Power Solutions segment is focused on providing the requisite networking architecture required to support the integrated systems in today’s complex vehicles. Together, our businesses develop the ‘brain’ and the ‘nervous system’ of increasingly complex vehicles, providing integration of the vehicle into its operating environment.
However, there are many risks associated with these evolving areas, including the high development costs of active safety and autonomous driving technologies, the uncertain timing of customer and consumer adoption of these technologies, increased competition from entrants outside the traditional automotive industry and new and emerging regulations, such as the recently released federal guidance for automated driving systems published by the U.S. Department of Transportation. While we believe we are well-positioned in these markets, the high development cost of active safety and autonomous driving technologies may result in a higher risk of exposure to the success of new or disruptive technologies different than those being developed by us.


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Consolidated Results of Operations
Aptiv typically experiences fluctuations in revenue due to changes in OEM production schedules, vehicle sales mix and the net of new and lost business (which we refer to collectively as volume), increased prices attributable to escalation clauses in our supply contracts for recovery of increased commodity costs (which we refer to as commodity pass-through), fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates (which we refer to as FX), contractual reductions of the sales price to the OEM (which we refer to as contractual price reductions) and engineering changes. Changes in sales mix can have either favorable or unfavorable impacts on revenue. Such changes can be the result of shifts in regional growth, shifts in OEM sales demand, as well as shifts in consumer demand related to vehicle segment purchases and content penetration. For instance, a shift in sales demand favoring a particular OEM’s vehicle model for which we do not have a supply contract may negatively impact our revenue. A shift in regional sales demand toward certain markets could favorably impact the sales of those of our customers that have a large market share in those regions, which in turn would be expected to have a favorable impact on our revenue.
We typically experience (as described below) fluctuations in operating income due to:
Volume, net of contractual price reductions—changes in volume offset by contractual price reductions (which typically range from 1% to 3% of net sales) and changes in mix;
Operational performance—changes to costs for materials and commodities or manufacturing variances; and
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Other—including restructuring costs and any remaining variances not included in Volume, net of contractual price reductions or Operational performance.
The automotive component supply industry is traditionally subject to inflationary pressures with respect to raw materials and labor which may place operational and profitability burdens on the entire supply chain. We will continue to work with our customers and suppliers to mitigate the impact of these inflationary pressures in the future. In addition, we expect commodity cost volatility, particularly related to copper and petroleum-based resin products, to have a continual impact on future earnings and/or operating cash flows. As such, we continually seek to mitigate both inflationary pressures and our material-related cost exposures using a number of approaches, including combining purchase requirements with customers and/or other suppliers, using alternate suppliers or product designs, negotiating cost reductions and/or commodity cost contract escalation clauses into our vehicle manufacturer supply contracts, and hedging.
Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 20172018 versus Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 20162017
The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 20172018 and 20162017 were as follows:
Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
2017 2016 Favorable/(unfavorable) 2017 2016 Favorable/(unfavorable)2018 2017 Favorable/(unfavorable) 2018 2017 Favorable/(unfavorable)
                      
(dollars in millions)(dollars in millions)
Net sales$4,333
 $4,091
 $242
 $12,943
 $12,348
 $595
$3,485
 $3,148
 $337
 $10,799
 $9,444
 $1,355
Cost of sales3,450
 3,253
 (197) 10,314
 9,861
 (453)2,834
 2,498
 (336) 8,739
 7,540
 (1,199)
Gross margin883
20.4%838
20.5%45
 2,629
20.3%2,487
20.1%142
651
18.7%650
20.6%1
 2,060
19.1%1,904
20.2%156
Selling, general and administrative317
 278
 (39) 906
 833
 (73)232
 230
 (2) 751
 686
 (65)
Amortization34
 34
 
 100
 101
 1
31
 29
 (2) 91
 87
 (4)
Restructuring21
 63
 42
 180
 252
 72
65
 18
 (47) 100
 101
 1
Operating income511
 463
 48
 1,443
 1,301
 142
323
 373
 (50) 1,118
 1,030
 88
Interest expense(36) (41) 5
 (105) (123) 18
(34) (35) 1
 (104) (103) (1)
Other expense, net(9) (69) 60
 (29) (73) 44
Other income (expense), net4
 (7) 11
 27
 (22) 49
Income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity income466
 353
 113
 1,309
 1,105
 204
293
 331
 (38) 1,041
 905
 136
Income tax expense(60) (57) (3) (183) (216) 33
(66) (31) (35) (208) (88) (120)
Income from continuing operations before equity income406
 296
 110
 1,126
 889
 237
227
 300
 (73) 833
 817
 16
Equity income, net of tax7
 10
 (3) 25
 23
 2
4
 6
 (2) 17
 24
 (7)
Income from continuing operations413
 306
 107
 1,151
 912
 239
231
 306
 (75) 850
 841
 9
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax
 
 
 
 108
 (108)
 107
 (107) 
 310
 (310)
Net income413
 306
 107
 1,151
 1,020
 131
231
 413
 (182) 850
 1,151
 (301)
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest18
 13
 5
 52
 44
 8
9
 18
 (9) 30
 52
 (22)
Net income attributable to Delphi$395
 $293
 $102
 $1,099
 $976
 $123
Net income attributable to Aptiv$222
 $395
 $(173) $820
 $1,099
 $(279)

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Total Net Sales
Below is a summary of our total net sales for the three months ended September 30, 20172018 versus September 30, 2016.2017.
 Three Months Ended September 30,  Variance Due To:
 2017 2016 Favorable/(unfavorable)  Volume, net of contractual price reductions FX Commodity pass-through Other Total
                 
 (in millions)  (in millions)
Total net sales$4,333
 $4,091
 $242
  $211
 $67
 $27
 $(63) $242
 Three Months Ended September 30,  Variance Due To:
 2018 2017 Favorable/(unfavorable)  Volume, net of contractual price reductions FX Commodity pass-through Other Total
                 
 (in millions)  (in millions)
Total net sales$3,485
 $3,148
 $337
  $353
 $(44) $28
 $
 $337
Total net sales for the three months ended September 30, 20172018 increased 6%11% compared to the three months ended September 30, 2016.2017. We experienced volume growth of 7%12% for the period, primarily as a result of increased sales in Europe and Asia Pacific,all regions except South America, our smallest region, including net sales of $56 million as well as favorablea result of the acquisition of KUM in June 2018. Volume growth was partially offset by unfavorable foreign currency impacts, primarily related to the Euro partially offset byand Chinese Yuan Renminbi, and decreases due to contractual price
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reductions. Net sales also decreased by a net $63 million as a result of acquisitions and divestitures, reflected in Other above, primarily due to the divestiture of our Mechatronics business in the fourth quarter of 2016, partially offset by our acquisition of Movimento in 2017. Refer to Note 17. Acquisitions and Divestitures to the consolidated financial statements contained herein for additional information regarding acquisitions and divestitures.
Below is a summary of our total net sales for the nine months ended September 30, 20172018 versus September 30, 20162017.
 Nine Months Ended September 30,  Variance Due To:
 2017 2016 Favorable/(unfavorable)  Volume, net of contractual price reductions FX Commodity pass-through Other Total
                 
 (in millions)  (in millions)
Total net sales$12,943
 $12,348
 $595
  $838
 $(94) $59
 $(208) $595
 Nine Months Ended September 30,  Variance Due To:
 2018 2017 Favorable/(unfavorable)  Volume, net of contractual price reductions FX Commodity pass-through Other Total
                 
 (in millions)  (in millions)
Total net sales$10,799
 $9,444
 $1,355
  $976
 $255
 $124
 $
 $1,355
Total net sales for the nine months ended September 30, 20172018 increased 5%14% compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2016.2017. We experienced volume growth of 9%12% for the period, primarily as a result of increased sales in Europeall regions except South America, our smallest region, including net sales of $67 million as a result of the acquisition of KUM in June 2018, and Asia Pacific, which was partially offset by decreases due to unfavorablefavorable foreign currency impacts, primarily related to the Euro and Chinese Yuan Renminbi and British Pound, andRenminbi. Partially offsetting these increases were decreases due to contractual price reductions. Net sales also decreased by a net $208 million as a result of acquisitions and divestitures, reflected in Other above, primarily due to the divestiture of our Mechatronics business in the fourth quarter of 2016, partially offset by our acquisition of Movimento in 2017. Refer to Note 17. Acquisitions and Divestitures to the consolidated financial statements contained herein for additional information regarding acquisitions and divestitures.

Cost of Sales
Cost of sales is primarily comprised of material, labor, manufacturing overhead, freight, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, product engineering, design and development expenses, depreciation and amortization, warranty costs and other operating expenses. Gross margin is revenue less cost of sales and gross margin percentage is gross margin as a percentage of net sales.
Cost of sales increased $197$336 million for the three months ended September 30, 20172018 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2016,2017, as summarized below. The Company'sCompany’s material cost of sales was approximately 50% of net sales in both the three months ended September 30, 20172018 and September 30, 2016.2017.
Three Months Ended September 30,  Variance Due To:Three Months Ended September 30,  Variance Due To:
2017 2016 Favorable/(unfavorable)  Volume (a) FX Operational performance Other Total2018 2017 Favorable/(unfavorable)  Volume (a) FX Operational performance Other Total
                                
(dollars in millions)  (in millions)(dollars in millions)  (in millions)
Cost of sales$3,450
 $3,253
 $(197)  $(235) $(28) $69
 $(3) $(197)$2,834
 $2,498
 $(336)  $(305) $18
 $2
 $(51) $(336)
Gross margin$883
 $838
 $45
  $(24) $39
 $69
 $(39) $45
$651
 $650
 $1
  $48
 $(26) $2
 $(23) $1
Percentage of net sales20.4% 20.5%             18.7% 20.6%             
(a)Presented net of contractual price reductions for gross margin variance.

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The increase in cost of sales reflects increased volumes and incremental investment in advanced technologies and engineering, partially offset by the impacts from currency exchange for the three month period. Cost of sales was also impacted by the following items in Other above:
$28 million of increased commodity costs;
$27 million of increased depreciation and amortization, primarily as a result of a higher fixed asset base; and
$8 million of increased warranty costs.
Cost of sales increased $1,199 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017, as summarized below. The Company’s material cost of sales was approximately 50% of net sales in both the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2018 and 2017.
 Nine Months Ended September 30,  Variance Due To:
 2018 2017 Favorable/(unfavorable)  Volume (a) FX Operational performance Other Total
                 
 (dollars in millions)  (in millions)
Cost of sales$8,739
 $7,540
 $(1,199)  $(863) $(183) $(2) $(151) $(1,199)
Gross margin$2,060
 $1,904
 $156
  $113
 $72
 $(2) $(27) $156
Percentage of net sales19.1% 20.2%             
(a)Presented net of contractual price reductions for gross margin variance.
The increase in cost of sales reflects increased volumes and the impacts from currency exchange, for the three month period, partially offset by improved operational performance. Cost of sales was also impacted by the following itemsas well as incremental investment in Other above:
Net decreased costs of $44 million resulting from the operations of the businesses acquiredadvanced technologies and divested, primarily as a result of the divestiture of our Mechatronics business in the fourth quarter of 2016, partially offset by the acquisition of Movimento in 2017, as further described in Note 17. Acquisitions and Divestitures, offset by
Increased commodity costs of $27 million; and
$9 million of increased depreciation and amortization, primarily as a result of a higher fixed asset base.
Cost of sales increased $453 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2016, as summarized below. The Company's material cost of sales was approximately 50% of net sales in both the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2017 and September 30, 2016.
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 Nine Months Ended September 30,  Variance Due To:
 2017 2016 Favorable/(unfavorable)  Volume (a) FX Operational performance Other Total
                 
 (dollars in millions)  (in millions)
Cost of sales$10,314
 $9,861
 $(453)  $(787) $117
 $221
 $(4) $(453)
Gross margin$2,629
 $2,487
 $142
  $51
 $23
 $221
 $(153) $142
Percentage of net sales20.3% 20.1%             
(a)Presented net of contractual price reductions for gross margin variance.
The increase in cost of sales reflects increased volumes, partially offset by improved operational performance and the impacts from currency exchangeengineering for the nine month period. Cost of sales was also impacted by the following items in Other above:
Net decreased costs$124 million of $146increased commodity costs; and
$82 million resulting from the operations of the businesses acquiredincreased depreciation and divested,amortization, primarily as a result of the divestiture of our Mechatronics business in the fourth quarter of 2016,a higher fixed asset base; partially offset by the acquisition of Movimento in 2017, as further described in Note 17. Acquisitions and Divestitures, offset by
$6144 million of increaseddecreased warranty costs, primarily due to the accrual of $43 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 as a result of an agreement reached with one of our customers for a specific warranty matter, as further described in Note 6. Warranty Obligations;
$59 million of increased commodity costs; and
$13 million of increased depreciation and amortization, primarily as a result of a higher fixed asset base.Obligations to the consolidated financial statements contained herein.

Selling, General and Administrative Expense
Three Months Ended September 30,Three Months Ended September 30,
2017 2016 Favorable/
(unfavorable)
2018 2017 Favorable/
(unfavorable)
          
(dollars in millions)(dollars in millions)
Selling, general and administrative expense$317
 $278
 $(39)$232
 $230
 $(2)
Percentage of net sales7.3% 6.8%  6.7% 7.3%  
          
Nine Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
2017 2016 
Favorable/
(unfavorable)
2018 2017 
Favorable/
(unfavorable)
          
(dollars in millions)(dollars in millions)
Selling, general and administrative expense$906
 $833
 $(73)$751
 $686
 $(65)
Percentage of net sales7.0% 6.7%  7.0% 7.3%  
Selling, general and administrative expense ("(“SG&A"&A”) includes administrative expenses, information technology costs and incentive compensation related costs, and increasedcosts. SG&A decreased as a percentage of net sales for the three and nine months ended September 30, 20172018 as compared to 2016,2017, primarily due to $31 million and $46 million of separation costs recorded during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, related to the planned spin-off of our Powertrain Systems segment. These increases were partially offset by the impact of cost reduction initiatives, including our continuing rotation to best cost manufacturing locations in Europe and initiatives focused on reducing global overhead costs.


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Amortization
Three Months Ended September 30,Three Months Ended September 30,
2017 2016 Favorable/
(unfavorable)
2018 2017 Favorable/
(unfavorable)
          
(in millions)(in millions)
Amortization$34
 $34
 $
$31
 $29
 $(2)
          
Nine Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
2017 2016 
Favorable/
(unfavorable)
2018 2017 
Favorable/
(unfavorable)
          
(in millions)(in millions)
Amortization$100
 $101
 $1
$91
 $87
 $(4)
Amortization expense reflects the non-cash charge related to definite-lived intangible assets. The consistencyincrease in amortization during the three and nine months ended September 30, 20172018 compared to 20162017 reflects the continued amortization of our definite-lived intangible assets, which resulted primarily from our acquisitions, over their estimated useful lives. Refer to Note 17. Acquisitions and Divestitures to the consolidated financial statements contained herein for further detail of our business acquisitions, including details of the intangible assets recorded in each transaction.

Restructuring
Three Months Ended September 30,Three Months Ended September 30,
2017 2016 Favorable/
(unfavorable)
2018 2017 Favorable/
(unfavorable)
          
(dollars in millions)(dollars in millions)
Restructuring$21
 $63
 $42
$65
 $18
 $(47)
Percentage of net sales0.5% 1.5%  1.9% 0.6%  
          
Nine Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
2017 2016 
Favorable/
(unfavorable)
2018 2017 
Favorable/
(unfavorable)
          
(dollars in millions)(dollars in millions)
Restructuring$180
 $252
 $72
$100
 $101
 $1
Percentage of net sales1.4% 2.0%  0.9% 1.1%  
The decreaseincrease in restructuring expense recorded during the three months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2017 is primarily attributable to an increase in costs recognized for global overhead reductions as compared to the prior period. Restructuring expense was consistent for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017.
The Company recorded employee-related and other restructuring charges totaling approximately $65 million and $100 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 as compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 20162018, which is primarily attributable to a decrease in costscomprised of $37 million and $59 million recognized for plant closures as compared to the prior periods.
Restructuring costs recorded during the three months ended September 30, 2017 included $9 million for programs focused on the continued rotation of our manufacturing footprint to best cost locations in Europe as well as $6 million for programs implemented to reduce globaland reducing overhead costs. The charges recorded duringcosts in the nine months ended September 30, 2017 included the recognition of approximately $54 million of employee-related and other costs related to the initiation of the closure of a Western European manufacturing site within the Powertrain Systems segment pursuant to the Company's on-going European footprint rotation strategy, for which payments are expected to be principally completed by 2020. The charges recorded during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 also included $36 million of costs related to the closure of an Electronics and Safety Western European manufacturing site.region.
Restructuring costs of approximately $63$18 million and $252$101 million were recorded during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively. These charges2017, which included $50the recognition of approximately $36 million recorded during the three months ended September 30, 2016 for programs implemented to reduce global overhead costs, as well as $152 million recorded during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 for programs focused on the continued rotation2017 of our manufacturing footprint to low cost locations in Europe, $90 million of whichemployee-related and other costs related to the initiation of the closure of aan Advanced Safety and User Experience Western European manufacturing site, withinpursuant to the Powertrain Systems segment. Cash payments for this restructuring action are expected to be principally completed in 2017. Additionally, Delphi recognized non-cash asset impairment charges of $19 million during the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016 related to this plant closure, which were recorded within cost of sales.
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Company’s ongoing European footprint rotation strategy.
We expect to continue to incur additional restructuring expense in 2017,2018, primarily related to programs focused on the continued rotation of our manufacturing footprint to best cost locations in Europe and to reduce global overhead costs, including realignment of the Company'sCompany’s organizational structure due to changes in roles and workforce resulting from the planned spin-off of the Powertrain Systems segment. Additionally, as we continue to operate in a cyclical industry that is impacted by movements in the global and regional economies, we continually evaluate opportunities to further adjust our cost structure and

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optimize our manufacturing footprint. The Company plans to implement additional restructuring activities in the future, if necessary, in order to align manufacturing capacity and other costs with prevailing regional automotive production levels and locations, to improve the efficiency and utilization of other locations and in order to increase investment in advanced technologies and engineering. Such future restructuring actions are dependent on market conditions, customer actions and other factors.
Refer to Note 7. Restructuring to the consolidated financial statements includedcontained herein for additional information.

Interest Expense
 Three Months Ended September 30,
 2017 2016 Favorable/
(unfavorable)
      
 (in millions)
Interest expense$36
 $41
 $5
      
 Nine Months Ended September 30,
 2017 2016 
Favorable/
(unfavorable)
      
 (in millions)
Interest expense$105
 $123
 $18
The decrease in interest expense compared to the prior year period primarily reflects the redemption of $800 million of 5.00% senior unsecured notes, partially offset by the issuance of €500 million of 1.60% Euro-denominated senior unsecured notes and $300 million of 4.40% senior unsecured notes, in September 2016.
 Three Months Ended September 30,
 2018 2017 Favorable/
(unfavorable)
      
 (in millions)
Interest expense$34
 $35
 $1
      
 Nine Months Ended September 30,
 2018 2017 
Favorable/
(unfavorable)
      
 (in millions)
Interest expense$104
 $103
 $(1)
Refer to Note 8. Debt to the consolidated financial statements includedcontained herein for additional information.

Other Income, (Expense), Net
 Three Months Ended September 30,
 2017 2016 Favorable/
(unfavorable)
      
 (in millions)
Other expense, net$(9) $(69) $60
      
 Nine Months Ended September 30,
 2017 2016 
Favorable/
(unfavorable)
      
 (in millions)
Other expense, net$(29) $(73) $44
 Three Months Ended September 30,
 2018 2017 Favorable/
(unfavorable)
      
 (in millions)
Other income (expense), net$4
 $(7) $11
      
 Nine Months Ended September 30,
 2018 2017 
Favorable/
(unfavorable)
      
 (in millions)
Other income (expense), net$27
 $(22) $49
During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, Aptiv incurred approximately $9 million in transaction costs related to the acquisition of KUM and, as further discussed in Note 14. Derivatives and Hedging Activities to the consolidated financial statements contained herein, recorded a gain of $4 million on forward contracts entered into in order to hedge portions of the currency risk associated with the cash payment for the acquisition of KUM. Aptiv also recorded $5 million and $17 million of interest income during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively. Additionally, as further discussed in Note 21. Discontinued Operations to the consolidated financial statements contained herein, during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, Aptiv recorded $2 million and $8 million, respectively, for certain fees earned pursuant to the Transition Services Agreement in connection with the Separation of the Company’s former Powertrain Systems business.
As further discussed in Note 10. Commitments and Contingencies to the consolidated financial statements contained herein, during the nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company recorded a net charge of $10 million to other expense due to the settlement of the Unsecured Creditors litigation.
As further discussed in Note 8. Debt, during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, Delphi redeemed for cash the entire $800 million aggregate principal amount outstanding of the 2013 Senior Notes, resulting in a loss on debt extinguishment of approximately $70 million. Delphi also recorded a loss on debt extinguishment of $3 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 in conjunction with the 2016 amendment to the Credit Agreement, as further discussed in Note 8. Debt. Additionally, as further discussed in Note 21. Discontinued Operations, during the three and nine

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months ended September 30, 2016, Delphi recorded $2 million and $7 million for certain fees earned pursuant to the transition services agreement in connection with the sale of the Company's wholly owned Thermal Systems business.

Income Taxes
Three Months Ended September 30,Three Months Ended September 30,
2017 2016 Favorable/
(unfavorable)
2018 2017 Favorable/
(unfavorable)
          
(in millions)(in millions)
Income tax expense$60
 $57
 $(3)$66
 $31
 $(35)
          
Nine Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
2017 2016 
Favorable/
(unfavorable)
2018 2017 
Favorable/
(unfavorable)
          
(in millions)(in millions)
Income tax expense$183
 $216
 $33
$208
 $88
 $(120)
The Company’s effective tax rate was impacted by favorableunfavorable changes in geographic income mix in 20172018 as compared to 20162017, primarily due to changes in the underlying business operations, the receipt of certain tax incentives and holidays that reduced the effective tax rate for certain subsidiaries below the statutory rate and the impact of losses recorded during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 in foreign jurisdictions for which no tax benefit was recognized due to a valuation allowance.operations.
The Company’s effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 20172018 also includes net discrete tax benefitsexpense of $11$28 million and $48 million, respectively, primarily related to changesthe Company’s intellectual property transfer and a change in reservesthe provisional amounts recorded due to the enactment of the Tax Cuts and provisionJobs Act in the United States, as further discussed in Note 11. Income Taxes to return adjustments. The Company’s effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 includes net discrete tax benefits of $22 million primarily related to provision to return adjustments, net of related changes in valuation allowances and reserves.consolidated financial statements contained herein. The effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 20162017 includes net discrete tax benefits of $4$11 million and $3$23 million, respectively, primarily related to provision to return adjustments.adjustments and changes in reserves.

Equity Income
Three Months Ended September 30,Three Months Ended September 30,
2017 2016 Favorable/
(unfavorable)
2018 2017 Favorable/
(unfavorable)
          
(in millions)(in millions)
Equity income, net of tax$7
 $10
 $(3)$4
 $6
 $(2)
          
Nine Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
2017 2016 
Favorable/
(unfavorable)
2018 2017 
Favorable/
(unfavorable)
          
(in millions)(in millions)
Equity income, net of tax$25
 $23
 $2
$17
 $24
 $(7)
Equity income, net of tax reflects Delphi’sthe Company’s interest in the results of ongoing operations of entities accounted for as equity-method investments. Equity income was consistentdecreased for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, as comparedprimarily attributable to the nine months ended September 30, 2016 as a result of the consistent performance of our joint ventures in North America and Asia Pacific as compared to the prior period.


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Income from Discontinued Operations
Three Months Ended September 30,Three Months Ended September 30,
2017 2016 Favorable/
(unfavorable)
2018 2017 Favorable/
(unfavorable)
          
(in millions)(in millions)
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax$
 $
 $
$
 $107
 $(107)
          
Nine Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
2017 2016 
Favorable/
(unfavorable)
2018 2017 
Favorable/
(unfavorable)
          
(in millions)(in millions)
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax$
 $108
 $(108)$
 $310
 $(310)
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax reflects the results of the Company'sCompany’s previously reported ThermalPowertrain Systems segment, which has been reclassified to discontinued operations as a result of the divestiturespin-off of this business. As further describedbusiness in Note 21. Discontinued Operations, Delphi completed the divestitures of the wholly owned Thermal Systems business on June 30, 2015, of its 50 percent interest in KDAC on September 24, 2015 and of its 50 percent interest in SDAAC on March 31, 2016.December 2017. No amounts were recorded to discontinued operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, or for the three months ended September 30, 2016. Income from discontinued operations, net of tax for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was primarily attributable to the recognition of an after-tax gain of $104 million from the sale of the Company's interest in its SDAAC joint venture on March 31, 2016.2018.
Refer to Note 21. Discontinued Operations to the consolidated financial statements includedcontained herein for additional information.

Results of Operations by Segment
We operate our core business along the following operating segments, which are grouped on the basis of similar product, market and operating factors:
Electrical/Electronic Architecture,Signal and Power Solutions, which includes complete electrical architecture and component products.
Powertrain Systems, which includes extensive systems integration expertise in gasoline, dieselAdvanced Safety and fuel handling and full end-to-end systems including fuel and air injection, combustion, electronic controls, test and validation capabilities, electric and hybrid electric vehicle power electronics, aftermarket and original equipment service. As described in Note 22. Separation of Powertrain Systems, the Company is pursuing a separation of the Powertrain Systems segment into a new, independent publicly traded company, through a transaction expected to be treated as a tax-free spin-off to its shareholders.
Electronics and Safety,User Experience, which includes component and systems integration expertise in infotainment and connectivity, body controls and security systems, displays, active and passive and active safety electronics, autonomous driving software and technologies, as well as advanced development of software.
Eliminations and Other, which includes i) the elimination of inter-segment transactions, and ii) certain other expenses and income of a non-operating or strategic nature.
As described in Note 21. Discontinued Operations to the consolidated financial statements contained herein, the Company'sCompany’s previously reported ThermalPowertrain Systems segment has been classified as discontinued operations for all periods presented. Certain original equipment service businesses that were previously included within the Powertrain Systems segment but which were not included in the spin-off, are reported in continuing operations and have been reclassified within the Advanced Safety and User Experience and Signal and Power Solutions segments for all periods presented. No amounts for shared general and administrative operating expense or interest expense were allocated to discontinued operations.
Our management utilizes segment Adjusted Operating Income as the key performance measure of segment income or loss and for planning and forecasting purposes, as management believes this measure is most reflective of the operational profitability or loss of our operating segments. Segment Adjusted Operating Income should not be considered a substitute for results prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and should not be considered an alternative to net income attributable to Delphi,Aptiv, which is the most directly comparable financial measure to Adjusted Operating Income that is prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Segment Adjusted Operating Income, as determined and measured by Delphi,Aptiv, should also not be compared to similarly titled measures reported by other companies.
The reconciliation of Adjusted Operating Income to Operating Incomeoperating income includes, as applicable, restructuring, separation costs related to the planned spin-off of the Powertrain Systems segment, other acquisition and portfolio project costs (which includes costs incurred to integrate acquired businesses and to plan and execute product portfolio transformation actions,
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including business and product acquisitions and divestitures), asset impairments, and gains (losses) on business divestitures.divestitures and deferred compensation related to acquisitions. The reconciliationreconciliations of Adjusted Operating Income to net income attributable to DelphiAptiv for the three and nine months ended September 30, 20172018 and 20162017 are as follows:

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 Electrical/
Electronic
Architecture
 Powertrain
Systems
 Electronics
and Safety
 Eliminations
and Other
 Total
          
 (in millions)
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2017:         
Adjusted operating income$336
 $150
 $80
 $
 $566
Restructuring(17) (4) 
 
 (21)
Separation costs
 (31) 
 
 (31)
Other acquisition and portfolio project costs(1) 
 (1) 
 (2)
Asset impairments(1) 
 
 
 (1)
Operating income$317
 $115
 $79
 $
 511
Interest expense        (36)
Other expense, net        (9)
Income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity income        466
Income tax expense        (60)
Equity income, net of tax        7
Income from continuing operations        413
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax        
Net income        413
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest        18
Net income attributable to Delphi        $395
 Electrical/
Electronic
Architecture
 Powertrain
Systems
 Electronics
and Safety
 Eliminations
and Other
 Total
          
 (in millions)
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2016:         
Adjusted operating income$317
 $122
 $95
 $
 $534
Restructuring(30) (22) (11) 
 (63)
Other acquisition and portfolio project costs(4) (2) (1) 
 (7)
Asset impairments
 
 (1) 
 (1)
Operating income$283
 $98
 $82
 $
 463
Interest expense        (41)
Other expense, net        (69)
Income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity income        353
Income tax expense        (57)
Equity income, net of tax        10
Income from continuing operations        306
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax        
Net income        306
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest        13
Net income attributable to Delphi        $293

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Electrical/
Electronic
Architecture
 Powertrain
Systems
 Electronics
and Safety
 Eliminations
and Other
 TotalSignal and Power Solutions Advanced Safety and User Experience Eliminations and Other Total
                
(in millions)(in millions)
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017:         
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2018:       
Adjusted operating income$998
 $472
 $220
 $
 $1,690
$346
 $74
 $
 $420
Restructuring(43) (81) (56) 
 (180)(58) (7) 
 (65)
Separation costs
 (46) 
 
 (46)
Other acquisition and portfolio project costs(6) (2) (3) 
 (11)(11) (5) 
 (16)
Asset impairments(1) (8) (1) 
 (10)
 (1) 
 (1)
Deferred compensation related to nuTonomy acquisition
 (15) 
 (15)
Operating income$948
 $335
 $160
 $
 1,443
$277
 $46
 $
 323
Interest expense        (105)      (34)
Other expense, net        (29)
Other income, net      4
Income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity income        1,309
      293
Income tax expense        (183)      (66)
Equity income, net of tax        25
      4
Income from continuing operations        1,151
      231
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax        
      
Net income        1,151
      231
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest        52
      9
Net income attributable to Delphi        $1,099
Net income attributable to Aptiv      $222
Electrical/
Electronic
Architecture
 Powertrain
Systems
 Electronics
and Safety
 Eliminations
and Other
 TotalSignal and Power Solutions Advanced Safety and User Experience Eliminations and Other Total
                
(in millions)(in millions)
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016:         
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2017:       
Adjusted operating income$969
 $381
 $276
 $
 $1,626
$319
 $75
 $
 $394
Restructuring(65) (157) (30) 
 (252)(17) (1) 
 (18)
Other acquisition and portfolio project costs(36) (8) (6) 
 (50)(1) (1) 
 (2)
Asset impairments
 (22) (1) 
 (23)(1) 
 
 (1)
Operating income$868
 $194
 $239
 $
 1,301
$300
 $73
 $
 373
Interest expense        (123)      (35)
Other expense, net        (73)      (7)
Income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity income        1,105
      331
Income tax expense        (216)      (31)
Equity income, net of tax        23
      6
Income from continuing operations        912
      306
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax        108
      107
Net income        1,020
      413
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest        44
      18
Net income attributable to Delphi        $976
Net income attributable to Aptiv      $395

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 Signal and Power Solutions Advanced Safety and User Experience Eliminations and Other Total
        
 (in millions)
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018:       
Adjusted operating income$1,083
 $238
 $
 $1,321
Restructuring(87) (13) 
 (100)
Other acquisition and portfolio project costs(39) (18) 
 (57)
Asset impairments(1) (1) 
 (2)
Deferred compensation related to nuTonomy acquisition
 (44) 
 (44)
Operating income$956
 $162
 $
 1,118
Interest expense      (104)
Other income, net      27
Income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity income      1,041
Income tax expense      (208)
Equity income, net of tax      17
Income from continuing operations      850
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax      
Net income      850
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest      30
Net income attributable to Aptiv      $820
 Signal and Power Solutions Advanced Safety and User Experience Eliminations and Other Total
        
 (in millions)
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017:       
Adjusted operating income$940
 $204
 $
 $1,144
Restructuring(44) (57) 
 (101)
Other acquisition and portfolio project costs(8) (3) 
 (11)
Asset impairments(1) (1) 
 (2)
Operating income$887
 $143
 $
 1,030
Interest expense      (103)
Other expense, net      (22)
Income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity income      905
Income tax expense      (88)
Equity income, net of tax      24
Income from continuing operations      841
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax      310
Net income      1,151
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest      52
Net income attributable to Aptiv      $1,099

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Net sales, gross margin as a percentage of net sales and Adjusted Operating Income by segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 20172018 and 20162017 are as follows:

Net SalesLiquidity and Capital Resources
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
Contingencies and Environmental Matters
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
Critical Accounting Estimates
Within the MD&A, “Aptiv,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Aptiv PLC, a public limited company which was formed under the laws of Jersey on May 19, 2011 as Delphi Automotive PLC, which together with its subsidiaries acquired certain assets of the former Delphi Corporation and completed an initial public offering on November 22, 2011. On December 4, 2017 (the “Distribution Date”), the Company completed the separation (the “Separation”) of its former Powertrain Systems segment by Segmentdistributing to Aptiv shareholders on a pro rata basis all of the issued and outstanding ordinary shares of Delphi Technologies PLC (“Delphi Technologies”), a public limited company formed to hold the spun-off business. To effect the Separation, the Company distributed to its shareholders one ordinary share of Delphi Technologies for every three Aptiv ordinary shares outstanding as of November 22, 2017, the record date for the distribution. Following the Separation, the remaining company changed its name to Aptiv PLC and New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) symbol to “APTV.” The completion of the Separation positioned Aptiv as a new mobility provider focused on solving the complex challenges associated with safer, greener and more connected transportation. At the core of our capabilities is the software and vehicle architecture expertise that enables the advanced safety, automated driving, user experience and connected services that are enabling the future of mobility.
 Three Months Ended September 30,  Variance Due To:
 2017 2016 
Favorable/
(unfavorable)
  Volume, net of contractual price reductions FX Commodity pass-through Other Total
                 
 (in millions)  (in millions)
Electrical/Electronic Architecture$2,317
 $2,287
 $30
  $(32) $35
 $27
 $
 $30
Powertrain Systems1,205
 1,077
 128
  112
 19
 
 (3) 128
Electronics and Safety845
 763
 82
  131
 15
 
 (64) 82
Eliminations and Other(34) (36) 2
  
 (2) 
 4
 2
Total$4,333
 $4,091
 $242
  $211
 $67
 $27
 $(63) $242
 Nine Months Ended September 30,  Variance Due To:
 2017 2016 
Favorable/
(unfavorable)
  Volume, net of contractual price reductions FX Commodity pass-through Other Total
                 
 (in millions)  (in millions)
Electrical/Electronic Architecture$7,004
 $6,916
 $88
  $68
 $(39) $59
 $
 $88
Powertrain Systems3,560
 3,340
 220
  273
 (41) 
 (12) 220
Electronics and Safety2,484
 2,208
 276
  500
 (11) 
 (213) 276
Eliminations and Other(105) (116) 11
  (3) (3) 
 17
 11
Total$12,943
 $12,348
 $595
  $838
 $(94) $59
 $(208) $595
In April 2018, primarily as a result of the impact of the Separation on the Company’s U.K. presence and the centralization of the Company’s non-manufacturing European footprint, along with the long-term stability of the financial and regulatory environment in Ireland and continued uncertainties with regards to the impending exit of the U.K. from the European Union, Aptiv PLC changed its tax residence from the U.K. to Ireland. Aptiv PLC remains a public limited company incorporated under the laws of Jersey, and will continue to be subject to United States Securities and Exchange Commission reporting requirements and prepare financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”).

Gross Margin Percentage
Executive Overview
Our Business
We are a leading global technology and mobility company serving the automotive sector. We design and manufacture vehicle components and provide electrical, electronic and active safety technology solutions to the global automotive market, creating the software and hardware foundation for vehicle features and functionality. We enable and deliver end-to-end smart mobility solutions, active safety and autonomous driving technologies and provide enhanced user experience and connected services. Our Advanced Safety and User Experience segment is focused on providing the necessary software and advanced computing platforms, and our Signal and Power Solutions segment is focused on providing the requisite networking architecture required to support the integrated systems in today’s complex vehicles. Together, our businesses develop the ‘brain’ and the ‘nervous system’ of increasingly complex vehicles, providing integration of the vehicle into its operating environment.
We are one of the largest vehicle component manufacturers and our customers include all 25 of the largest automotive original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) in the world.
As described in Note 21. Discontinued Operations to the consolidated financial statements contained herein, on December 4, 2017, the Company completed the Separation of its former Powertrain Systems segment by Segmentdistributing to Aptiv shareholders on a pro rata basis all of the issued and outstanding ordinary shares of Delphi Technologies, a public limited company formed to hold the spun-off business. To effect the Separation, the Company distributed to its shareholders one ordinary share of Delphi Technologies for every three Aptiv ordinary shares outstanding as of November 22, 2017, the record

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 Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
 2017 2016 2017 2016
Electrical/Electronic Architecture22.5% 22.0% 22.2% 21.6%
Powertrain Systems19.1% 18.4% 19.9% 17.7%
Electronics and Safety (1)15.6% 18.1% 14.7% 18.3%
Eliminations and Other% % % %
Total20.4% 20.5% 20.3% 20.1%

(1)Includes the accrual of $43 million for a specific warranty matter during the nine months ended September 30, 2017, as further described in Note 6. Warranty Obligations.
date for the distribution. Following the Separation, the remaining company changed its name to Aptiv PLC and NYSE symbol to “APTV.” Also, as a result of the Separation, Delphi Technologies became an independent public company trading on the NYSE under the symbol “DLPH” as of the Distribution Date. Aptiv did not retain any equity interest in Delphi Technologies.
As the disposal of the Powertrain Systems business represented a strategic shift that had a major effect on the Company’s operations and financial results, the assets and liabilities, operating results, and operating and investing cash flows for the previously reported Powertrain Systems segment through the Distribution Date are presented as discontinued operations separate from the Company’s continuing operations for all periods presented. This Management’s Discussion and Analysis reflects the results of continuing operations, unless otherwise noted.
Our total net sales during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 were $3.5 billion and $10.8 billion, an increase of 11% and 14% compared to the same periods of 2017, respectively. The increase in our total net sales is primarily attributable to continued volume increases in all regions except South America, our smallest region. Our overall lean cost structure, along with above-market sales growth, has enabled us to attain gross margins of approximately 19% in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, despite regional market uncertainties and increased investment in advanced technologies and engineering.
We are focused on maintaining a low fixed cost structure that provides us flexibility to remain profitable at all points of the traditional vehicle industry production cycle, including during periods of reduced industry volumes. Accordingly, we will continue to adjust our cost structure and optimize our manufacturing footprint in response to changes in the global and regional automotive markets and in order to increase investment in advanced technologies and engineering. As we operate in a cyclical industry that is impacted by movements in the global and regional economies, we continually evaluate opportunities to further adjust our cost structure, as evidenced by the restructuring programs we have implemented in order to continue the rotation of our manufacturing footprint to best cost locations and to reduce global overhead costs, as described in Note 7. Restructuring to the consolidated financial statements contained herein. We believe our strong balance sheet coupled with our flexible cost structure will position us to capitalize on improvements in OEM production volumes.
Trends, Uncertainties and Opportunities
Economic conditions. Our business is directly related to automotive sales and automotive vehicle production by our customers. Automotive sales depend on a number of factors, including global and regional economic conditions. Although global automotive vehicle production increased 3% from 2016 to 2017, the levels of automotive vehicle production were uneven from a regional perspective. Compared to 2016, vehicle production in 2017 increased by 4% in Europe, 3% in China and 21% in South America. However, after several years of increases, consumer demand for vehicles in North America receded, resulting in a 4% decrease in North American production in 2017 as compared to the increased volumes experienced in 2016.
Economic volatility or weakness in North America, Europe, China or South America, could result in a significant reduction in automotive sales and production by our customers, which would have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. There is also potential that geopolitical factors could adversely impact the U.S. and other economies, and specifically the automotive sector. In particular, changes to international trade agreements such as the North American Free Trade Agreement or other political pressures could affect the operations of our OEM customers, resulting in reduced automotive production in certain regions or shifts in the mix of production to higher cost regions. Increases in interest rates could also negatively impact automotive production as a result of increased consumer borrowing costs or reduced credit availability. Additionally, economic weakness may result in shifts in the mix of future automotive sales (from vehicles with more content such as luxury vehicles, trucks and sport utility vehicles toward smaller passenger cars). While our diversified customer and geographic revenue base, along with our flexible cost structure, have well positioned us to withstand the impact of industry downturns and benefit from industry upturns, shifts in the mix of global automotive production to higher cost regions or to vehicles with less content could adversely impact our profitability.
There have also been periods of increased market volatility and currency exchange rate fluctuations, both globally and most specifically within the United Kingdom (“U.K.”) and Europe, as a result of the U.K. referendum held on June 23, 2016 in which voters approved an exit from the European Union (“E.U.”), commonly referred to as “Brexit.” As a result of the referendum, the British government formally initiated the process for withdrawal in March 2017. The terms of any withdrawal are subject to a negotiation period that could last at least two years from the initiation date. Nevertheless, the proposed withdrawal has created significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the U.K. and the E.U. These developments, or the perception that any of them could occur, may adversely affect European and worldwide economic and market conditions, significantly reduce global market liquidity and restrict the ability of key market participants to operate in certain financial markets and could contribute to instability in global financial and foreign exchange markets, including increased volatility in interest rates and foreign exchange rates. Although we are actively monitoring the ongoing potential impacts of Brexit and will seek to minimize its impact on our business, any of these effects of Brexit, among others, could adversely affect our business,

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business opportunities, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Approximately 1% of our annual net sales are generated in the U.K., and less than 1% are denominated in British pounds.
Key growth markets. There have been periods of increased market volatility and moderations in the level of economic growth in China, which resulted in periods of lower automotive production growth rates in China than those previously experienced. Despite these recent moderations in the level of economic growth in China, rising income levels in China and other key growth markets are expected to result in stronger growth rates in these markets over the long-term. Our strong global presence, and presence in these markets, has positioned us to experience above-market growth rates over the long-term. We continue to expand our established presence in key growth markets, positioning us to benefit from the expected long-term growth opportunities in these regions. We are capitalizing on our long-standing relationships with the global OEMs and further enhancing our positions with the key growth market OEMs to continue expanding our worldwide leadership. We continue to build upon our extensive geographic reach to capitalize on fast-growing automotive markets. We believe that our presence in best cost countries positions us to realize incremental margin improvements as the global balance of automotive production shifts towards the key growth markets.
We have a strong local presence in China, including a major manufacturing base and well-established customer relationships. Each of our business segments have operations and sales in China. Our business in China remains sensitive to economic and market conditions that impact automotive sales volumes in China, and may be affected if the pace of growth slows as the Chinese market matures or if there are reductions in vehicle demand in China. However, we continue to believe there is long-term growth potential in this market based on increasing long-term automotive and vehicle content demand.
Market driven products. Our product offerings satisfy the OEMs’ needs to meet increasingly stringent government regulations and meet consumer preferences for products that address the mega-trends of Safe, Green and Connected, leading to increased content per vehicle, greater profitability and higher margins. With these offerings, we believe we are well-positioned to benefit from the growing demand for vehicle content and technology related to safety, electrification, high speed data, connectivity to the global information network and automated driving technologies. We are benefiting from the substantial increase in vehicle content, software and electrification that requires a complex and reliable electrical architecture and systems to operate, such as automated advanced driver assistance technologies, electrical vehicle monitoring, active safety systems, lane departure warning systems, integrated vehicle cockpit displays, navigation systems and technologies that enable connected infotainment in vehicles. Our ability to design a reliable electrical architecture that optimizes power distribution and/or consumption is key to satisfying the OEMs’ needs to reduce emissions while continuing to meet consumer demand for increased vehicle content and technology. We have developed a 48-volt mild hybrid vehicle electrical architecture solution, which maximizes the use of 48-volt electrification to minimize the demand on the engine, improving performance while lowering CO2 emissions by more than 10%.
Global capabilities. Many OEMs are continuing to adopt global vehicle platforms to increase standardization, reduce per unit cost and increase capital efficiency and profitability. As a result, OEMs are selecting suppliers that have the capability to manufacture products on a worldwide basis, as well as the flexibility to adapt to regional variations. Suppliers with global scale and strong design, engineering and manufacturing capabilities are best positioned to benefit from this trend. Our global footprint enables us to serve the global OEMs on a worldwide basis as we gain market share with the emerging market OEMs. This regional model principally services the North American market out of Mexico, the South American market out of Brazil, the European market out of Eastern Europe and North Africa and the Asia Pacific market out of China, and we have continued to rotate our manufacturing footprint to best cost locations within these regions.
Our global operations are subject to certain risks inherent in doing business abroad, including unexpected changes in laws, regulations, trade or monetary or tax fiscal policy, including tariffs, quotas, customs and other import or export restrictions and other trade barriers. Existing free trade laws and regulations, such as the North American Free Trade Agreement, provide certain beneficial duties and tariffs for qualifying imports and exports, subject to compliance with the applicable classification and other requirements. Changes in laws or policies governing the terms of foreign trade, and in particular increased trade restrictions, tariffs or taxes on imports from countries where we manufacture products, such as China and Mexico, could have a material adverse affect on our business and financial results.
Product development. The automotive component supply industry is highly competitive, both domestically and internationally, and is characterized by rapidly changing technology, evolving industry standards and changes in customer needs. Our ability to anticipate changes in technology and regulatory standards and to successfully develop and introduce new and enhanced products on a timely and cost competitive basis will be a significant factor in our ability to remain competitive. To compete effectively in the automotive supply industry, we must be able to develop and launch new products to meet our customers’ demands in a timely manner. Our innovative technologies and robust global engineering and development capabilities have well positioned us to meet the increasingly stringent vehicle manufacturer demands and consumer preferences for high-technology content in automobiles.

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OEMs are increasingly looking to their suppliers to simplify vehicle design and assembly processes to reduce costs and weight. As a result, suppliers that sell vehicle components directly to manufacturers (Tier I suppliers) have assumed many of the design, engineering, research and development and assembly functions traditionally performed by vehicle manufacturers. Suppliers that can provide fully-engineered solutions, systems and pre-assembled combinations of component parts are positioned to leverage the trend toward system sourcing.
Engineering, design & development. Our history and culture of innovation have enabled us to develop significant intellectual property and design and development expertise to provide advanced technology solutions that meet the demands of our customers. We have a team of approximately 16,000 scientists, engineers and technicians focused on developing leading product solutions for our key markets, located at 14 major technical centers in China, Germany, India, Mexico, Poland, Singapore and the United States. We invest approximately $1.1 billion (which includes approximately $200 million co-investment by customers and government agencies) annually in research and development, including engineering, to maintain our portfolio of innovative products, and owned/held approximately 6,300 patents and protective rights as of December 31, 2017. We also encourage “open innovation” and collaborate extensively with peers in the industry, government agencies and academic institutions. For example, we have entered into a collaborative arrangement with Mobileye N.V. to jointly develop a complete turn-key fully autonomous driving platform for our OEM customers, with the goal of being production ready for 2019. Our technology competencies are recognized by both customers and government agencies, who have co-invested approximately $200 million annually in new product development, accelerating the pace of innovation and reducing the risk associated with successful commercialization of technological breakthroughs.
In the past, suppliers often incurred the initial cost of engineering, designing and developing automotive component parts, and recovered their investments over time by including a cost recovery component in the price of each part based on expected volumes. Recently, we and many other suppliers have negotiated for cost recovery payments independent of volumes. This trend reduces our economic risk.
Pricing. Cost-cutting initiatives adopted by our customers result in increased downward pressure on pricing. Our customer supply agreements generally require step-downs in component pricing over the periods of production and OEMs have historically possessed significant leverage over their outside suppliers because the automotive component supply industry is fragmented and serves a limited number of automotive OEMs. Our profitability depends in part on our ability to generate sufficient production cost savings in the future to offset price reductions.
We are focused on maintaining a low fixed cost structure that provides us flexibility to remain profitable at all points of the traditional vehicle industry production cycle. As a result, approximately 96% of our hourly workforce is located in best cost countries. Furthermore, we have substantial operational flexibility by leveraging a large workforce of temporary workers, which represented approximately 11% of the hourly workforce as of September 30, 2018. However, we will continue to adjust our cost structure and optimize our manufacturing footprint in response to changes in the global and regional automotive markets and in order to increase investment in advanced technologies and engineering, as evidenced by our ongoing restructuring programs focused on the continued rotation of our manufacturing footprint to best cost locations in Europe and on reducing our global overhead costs. As we continue to operate in a cyclical industry that is impacted by movements in the global and regional economies, we continually evaluate opportunities to further refine our cost structure.
We have a strong balance sheet with gross debt of approximately $4.1 billion and substantial available liquidity of approximately $3.1 billion of cash and cash equivalents and available financing under our Revolving Credit Facility as of September 30, 2018, and no significant U.S. defined benefit or workforce postretirement health care benefits and employer-paid postretirement basic life insurance benefits (“OPEB”) liabilities. We intend to maintain strong financial discipline targeting industry-leading earnings growth, cash flow generation and return on invested capital and to maintain sufficient liquidity to sustain our financial flexibility throughout the industry cycle.
OEM product recalls. The number of vehicles recalled globally by OEMs has increased above historical levels. These recalls can either be initiated by the OEMs or influenced by regulatory agencies. Although there are differing rules and regulations across countries governing recalls for safety issues, the overall transition towards global vehicle platforms may also contribute to increased recalls outside of the U.S., as automotive components are increasingly standardized across regions. Given the sensitivity to safety issues in the automotive industry, including increased focus from regulators and consumers, we anticipate the number of automotive recalls may remain above historical levels in the near future. Although we engage in extensive product quality programs and processes, it is possible that we may be adversely affected in the future if the pace of these recalls continues.
For example, in September 2016, one of our OEM customers initiated a recall of approximately 3.64 million vehicles in the United States to enhance the airbag deployment system. The Company supplied sensors and related control modules for the airbags in the affected vehicles. Although Aptiv believes it supplied these components in compliance with the customer’s product specifications and validation criteria, we assisted with our customer’s efforts surrounding its recall, and during the first quarter of 2017, reached an agreement with our customer to share costs associated with the recall. Accordingly, during the nine

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months ended September 30, 2017 we recognized an incremental $43 million charge in addition to our previously recorded reserve estimate related to this matter.
Efficient use of capital. The global vehicle components industry is generally capital intensive and a portion of a supplier’s capital equipment is frequently utilized for specific customer programs. Lead times for procurement of capital equipment are long and typically exceed start of production by one to two years. Substantial advantages exist for suppliers that can leverage their prior investments in capital equipment or amortize the investment over higher volume global customer programs.
Industry consolidation. Consolidation among worldwide suppliers is expected to continue as suppliers seek to achieve operating synergies and value stream efficiencies, acquire complementary technologies and build stronger customer relationships as OEMs continue to expand globally. Additionally, new entrants from outside the traditional automotive industry may seek to gain access to certain vehicle component markets, as evidenced by the acquisition of Harman International Industries, Incorporated by Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. and the acquisition of Mobileye N.V. by Intel Corporation. We believe companies with strong balance sheets and financial discipline are in the best position to take advantage of the industry consolidation trend.
Commercializing the high-tech evolution of the automotive industry. The automotive industry is increasingly evolving towards the implementation of software-dependent components and solutions. In particular, the industry is focused on the development of advanced driver assistance technologies, with the goal of developing and introducing a commercially-viable, fully automated driving experience. We expect automated driving technologies will provide strong societal benefit as well as the opportunity for long-term growth for our product offerings in this space. We are continuing to invest in the automated driving space, and have continued to develop market-leading automated driving platform solutions such as automated driving software, key active safety sensing technologies and our Multi-Domain Controller, which fuses information from sensing systems as well as mapping and navigation data to make driving decisions.
We believe we are well-aligned with industry technology trends that will result in sustainable future growth in this space, and have partnered with leaders in their respective fields to advance the pace of development and commercialization of these emerging technologies. We have entered into a collaborative arrangement with Mobileye N.V. to jointly develop the Centralized Sensing Localization and Planning (“CSLP”) system, a complete turn-key fully autonomous driving platform for our OEM customers and mobility partners, with the goal of being production ready in 2019. We also entered into a collaborative arrangement with Intel Corporation and the BMW Group to develop and deploy automated driving technology. Additionally, in 2017 we acquired nuTonomy, Inc. in order to further accelerate the commercialization of automated driving solutions. The acquisition of nuTonomy is the latest in a series of investments we have made to expand our position in the new mobility space, including the prior period acquisitions of automated driving software developer Ottomatika and data service companies Control-Tec and Movimento.
There has also been increasing societal demand for mobility on demand (“MoD”) services, such as car- and ride-sharing, and an increasing number of traditional automotive companies have made investments in the MoD space. We believe the increasing societal demand for MoD services will accelerate the development of autonomous driving technologies, strongly benefiting the MoD space. In 2018, we announced a partnership with Lyft, Inc. (“Lyft”) by launching a fleet of autonomous vehicles in Las Vegas which will operate on Aptiv’s fully-integrated autonomous driving platform and be made available to the public on the Lyft network. This partnership leverages our connected services capabilities and Lyft’s ride-hailing experience to provide valuable insights on self-driving fleet operations and management. In addition, we have entered into agreements with the Singapore Land Transport Authority and with the city of Boston to develop fully-autonomous vehicles and associated infrastructure as part of automated MoD pilots. As a result of our substantial investments and strategic partnerships, we believe we are well-aligned with industry technology trends that will result in sustainable future growth in these evolving areas.
We are focused on enabling and delivering end-to-end smart mobility solutions, accelerating the commercialization of active safety and autonomous driving technologies and providing enhanced user experience and connected services. Our Advanced Safety and User Experience segment is focused on providing the necessary software and advanced computing platforms, and our Signal and Power Solutions segment is focused on providing the requisite networking architecture required to support the integrated systems in today’s complex vehicles. Together, our businesses develop the ‘brain’ and the ‘nervous system’ of increasingly complex vehicles, providing integration of the vehicle into its operating environment.
However, there are many risks associated with these evolving areas, including the high development costs of active safety and autonomous driving technologies, the uncertain timing of customer and consumer adoption of these technologies, increased competition from entrants outside the traditional automotive industry and new and emerging regulations, such as the recently released federal guidance for automated driving systems published by the U.S. Department of Transportation. While we believe we are well-positioned in these markets, the high development cost of active safety and autonomous driving technologies may result in a higher risk of exposure to the success of new or disruptive technologies different than those being developed by us.


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Adjusted Operating IncomeConsolidated Results of Operations
Aptiv typically experiences fluctuations in revenue due to changes in OEM production schedules, vehicle sales mix and the net of new and lost business (which we refer to collectively as volume), increased prices attributable to escalation clauses in our supply contracts for recovery of increased commodity costs (which we refer to as commodity pass-through), fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates (which we refer to as FX), contractual reductions of the sales price to the OEM (which we refer to as contractual price reductions) and engineering changes. Changes in sales mix can have either favorable or unfavorable impacts on revenue. Such changes can be the result of shifts in regional growth, shifts in OEM sales demand, as well as shifts in consumer demand related to vehicle segment purchases and content penetration. For instance, a shift in sales demand favoring a particular OEM’s vehicle model for which we do not have a supply contract may negatively impact our revenue. A shift in regional sales demand toward certain markets could favorably impact the sales of those of our customers that have a large market share in those regions, which in turn would be expected to have a favorable impact on our revenue.
We typically experience (as described below) fluctuations in operating income due to:
Volume, net of contractual price reductions—changes in volume offset by Segmentcontractual price reductions (which typically range from 1% to 3% of net sales) and changes in mix;
Operational performance—changes to costs for materials and commodities or manufacturing variances; and
Other—including restructuring costs and any remaining variances not included in Volume, net of contractual price reductions or Operational performance.
The automotive component supply industry is traditionally subject to inflationary pressures with respect to raw materials and labor which may place operational and profitability burdens on the entire supply chain. We will continue to work with our customers and suppliers to mitigate the impact of these inflationary pressures in the future. In addition, we expect commodity cost volatility, particularly related to copper and petroleum-based resin products, to have a continual impact on future earnings and/or operating cash flows. As such, we continually seek to mitigate both inflationary pressures and our material-related cost exposures using a number of approaches, including combining purchase requirements with customers and/or other suppliers, using alternate suppliers or product designs, negotiating cost reductions and/or commodity cost contract escalation clauses into our vehicle manufacturer supply contracts, and hedging.
Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 versus Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
The results of operations for the three and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:
 Three Months Ended September 30,  Variance Due To:
 2017 2016 
Favorable/
(unfavorable)
  Volume, net of contractual price reductions Operational performance Other Total
               
 (in millions)  (in millions)
Electrical/Electronic Architecture$336
 $317
 $19
  $(50) $43
 $26
 $19
Powertrain Systems150
 122
 28
  21
 15
 (8) 28
Electronics and Safety80
 95
 (15)  5
 11
 (31) (15)
Eliminations and Other
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total$566
 $534
 $32
  $(24) $69
 $(13) $32
 Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
 2018 2017 Favorable/(unfavorable) 2018 2017 Favorable/(unfavorable)
            
 (dollars in millions)
Net sales$3,485
 $3,148
 $337
 $10,799
 $9,444
 $1,355
Cost of sales2,834
 2,498
 (336) 8,739
 7,540
 (1,199)
Gross margin651
18.7%650
20.6%1
 2,060
19.1%1,904
20.2%156
Selling, general and administrative232
 230
 (2) 751
 686
 (65)
Amortization31
 29
 (2) 91
 87
 (4)
Restructuring65
 18
 (47) 100
 101
 1
Operating income323
 373
 (50) 1,118
 1,030
 88
Interest expense(34) (35) 1
 (104) (103) (1)
Other income (expense), net4
 (7) 11
 27
 (22) 49
Income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity income293
 331
 (38) 1,041
 905
 136
Income tax expense(66) (31) (35) (208) (88) (120)
Income from continuing operations before equity income227
 300
 (73) 833
 817
 16
Equity income, net of tax4
 6
 (2) 17
 24
 (7)
Income from continuing operations231
 306
 (75) 850
 841
 9
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax
 107
 (107) 
 310
 (310)
Net income231
 413
 (182) 850
 1,151
 (301)
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest9
 18
 (9) 30
 52
 (22)
Net income attributable to Aptiv$222
 $395
 $(173) $820
 $1,099
 $(279)
As noted
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Total Net Sales
Below is a summary of our total net sales for the three months ended September 30, 2018 versus September 30, 2017.
 Three Months Ended September 30,  Variance Due To:
 2018 2017 Favorable/(unfavorable)  Volume, net of contractual price reductions FX Commodity pass-through Other Total
                 
 (in millions)  (in millions)
Total net sales$3,485
 $3,148
 $337
  $353
 $(44) $28
 $
 $337
Total net sales for the three months ended September 30, 2018 increased 11% compared to the three months ended September 30, 2017. We experienced volume growth of 12% for the period, primarily as a result of increased sales in all regions except South America, our smallest region, including net sales of $56 million as a result of the table above, Adjusted Operating Incomeacquisition of KUM in June 2018. Volume growth was partially offset by unfavorable foreign currency impacts, primarily related to the Euro and Chinese Yuan Renminbi, and decreases due to contractual price reductions. Refer to Note 17. Acquisitions and Divestitures to the consolidated financial statements contained herein for additional information regarding acquisitions and divestitures.
Below is a summary of our total net sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 versus September 30, 2017.
 Nine Months Ended September 30,  Variance Due To:
 2018 2017 Favorable/(unfavorable)  Volume, net of contractual price reductions FX Commodity pass-through Other Total
                 
 (in millions)  (in millions)
Total net sales$10,799
 $9,444
 $1,355
  $976
 $255
 $124
 $
 $1,355
Total net sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 increased 14% compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017. We experienced volume growth of 12% for the period, primarily as a result of increased sales in all regions except South America, our smallest region, including net sales of $67 million as a result of the acquisition of KUM in June 2018, and favorable foreign currency impacts, primarily related to the Euro and Chinese Yuan Renminbi. Partially offsetting these increases were decreases due to contractual price reductions. Refer to Note 17. Acquisitions and Divestitures to the consolidated financial statements contained herein for additional information regarding acquisitions and divestitures.

Cost of Sales
Cost of sales is primarily comprised of material, labor, manufacturing overhead, freight, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, product engineering, design and development expenses, depreciation and amortization, warranty costs and other operating expenses. Gross margin is revenue less cost of sales and gross margin percentage is gross margin as a percentage of net sales.
Cost of sales increased $336 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2017, as compared tosummarized below. The Company’s material cost of sales was approximately 50% of net sales in both the three months ended September 30, 20162018 and 2017.
 Three Months Ended September 30,  Variance Due To:
 2018 2017 Favorable/(unfavorable)  Volume (a) FX Operational performance Other Total
                 
 (dollars in millions)  (in millions)
Cost of sales$2,834
 $2,498
 $(336)  $(305) $18
 $2
 $(51) $(336)
Gross margin$651
 $650
 $1
  $48
 $(26) $2
 $(23) $1
Percentage of net sales18.7% 20.6%             
(a)Presented net of contractual price reductions for gross margin variance.

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The increase in cost of sales reflects increased volumes and incremental investment in advanced technologies and engineering, partially offset by the impacts from currency exchange for the three month period. Cost of sales was also impacted by volume and contractual price reductions, including product mix, and operational performance improvements, as well as the following items included withinin Other in the table above:
$928 million of increased commodity costs;
$27 million of increased depreciation and amortization, not including the impact of asset impairments, primarily as a result of a higher fixed asset base; and
$8 million of increased SG&A expense, not including separation costs recorded duringwarranty costs.
Cost of sales increased $1,199 million for the threenine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017, primarily attributable to increased incentive compensation accruals; and
Net reductionsas summarized below. The Company’s material cost of $19 million resulting from the operationssales was approximately 50% of the businesses acquired and divested, primarily resulting from the divestiture of our Mechatronics businessnet sales in the fourth quarter of 2016, partially offset by the acquisition of Movimento in 2017.
These decreases in Adjusted Operating Income were partially offset by favorable foreign currency impacts of $33 million.
 Nine Months Ended September 30,  Variance Due To:
 2017 2016 
Favorable/
(unfavorable)
  Volume, net of contractual price reductions Operational performance Other Total
               
 (in millions)  (in millions)
Electrical/Electronic Architecture$998
 $969
 $29
  $(74) $118
 $(15) $29
Powertrain Systems472
 381
 91
  52
 72
 (33) 91
Electronics and Safety220
 276
 (56)  74
 31
 (161) (56)
Eliminations and Other
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total$1,690
 $1,626
 $64
  $52
 $221
 $(209) $64
As noted in the table above, Adjusted Operating Income forboth the nine months ended September 30, 20172018 as compared toand 2017.
 Nine Months Ended September 30,  Variance Due To:
 2018 2017 Favorable/(unfavorable)  Volume (a) FX Operational performance Other Total
                 
 (dollars in millions)  (in millions)
Cost of sales$8,739
 $7,540
 $(1,199)  $(863) $(183) $(2) $(151) $(1,199)
Gross margin$2,060
 $1,904
 $156
  $113
 $72
 $(2) $(27) $156
Percentage of net sales19.1% 20.2%             
(a)Presented net of contractual price reductions for gross margin variance.
The increase in cost of sales reflects increased volumes and the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016 was impacted by volume and contractual price reductions, including product mix, and operational performance improvements,impacts from currency exchange, as well as incremental investment in advanced technologies and engineering for the nine month period. Cost of sales was also impacted by the following items included withinin Other in the table above:
$26124 million of increased commodity costs; and
$82 million of increased depreciation and amortization, not including the impact of asset impairments, primarily as a result of a higher fixed asset base; partially offset by
$2744 million of increased SG&A expenses, not including separation costs recorded during the three months ended September 30, 2017, primarily attributable to increased incentive compensation accruals;
$61 million of increaseddecreased warranty costs, primarily due to the accrual of $43 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 within the Electronics and Safety segment as a result of an agreement reached with one of our customers for a specific warranty matter, as further described in Note 6. Warranty Obligations;Obligations to the consolidated financial statements contained herein.

Selling, General and Administrative Expense
Net reductions
 Three Months Ended September 30,
 2018 2017 Favorable/
(unfavorable)
      
 (dollars in millions)
Selling, general and administrative expense$232
 $230
 $(2)
Percentage of net sales6.7% 7.3%  
      
 Nine Months Ended September 30,
 2018 2017 
Favorable/
(unfavorable)
      
 (dollars in millions)
Selling, general and administrative expense$751
 $686
 $(65)
Percentage of net sales7.0% 7.3%  
Selling, general and administrative expense (“SG&A”) includes administrative expenses, information technology costs and incentive compensation related costs. SG&A decreased as a percentage of $70 million resulting fromnet sales for the operationsthree and nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to 2017, primarily due to the impact of the businesses acquiredcost reduction initiatives, including our continuing rotation to best cost manufacturing locations in Europe and divested, primarily resulting from the divestiture of our Mechatronics business in the fourth quarter of 2016, partially offset by the acquisition of Movimento in 2017.initiatives focused on reducing global overhead costs.
These decreases in Adjusted Operating Income were partially offset by favorable foreign currency impacts of $24 million.

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Amortization
 Three Months Ended September 30,
 2018 2017 Favorable/
(unfavorable)
      
 (in millions)
Amortization$31
 $29
 $(2)
      
 Nine Months Ended September 30,
 2018 2017 
Favorable/
(unfavorable)
      
 (in millions)
Amortization$91
 $87
 $(4)
Amortization expense reflects the non-cash charge related to definite-lived intangible assets. The increase in amortization during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to 2017 reflects the continued amortization of our definite-lived intangible assets, which resulted primarily from our acquisitions, over their estimated useful lives. Refer to Note 17. Acquisitions and Divestitures to the consolidated financial statements contained herein for further detail of our business acquisitions, including details of the intangible assets recorded in each transaction.

Restructuring
 Three Months Ended September 30,
 2018 2017 Favorable/
(unfavorable)
      
 (dollars in millions)
Restructuring$65
 $18
 $(47)
Percentage of net sales1.9% 0.6%  
      
 Nine Months Ended September 30,
 2018 2017 
Favorable/
(unfavorable)
      
 (dollars in millions)
Restructuring$100
 $101
 $1
Percentage of net sales0.9% 1.1%  
The increase in restructuring expense recorded during the three months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2017 is primarily attributable to an increase in costs recognized for global overhead reductions as compared to the prior period. Restructuring expense was consistent for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017.
The Company recorded employee-related and other restructuring charges totaling approximately $65 million and $100 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, which is primarily comprised of $37 million and $59 million recognized for programs focused on the continued rotation of our manufacturing footprint to best cost locations in Europe and reducing overhead costs in the region.
Restructuring costs of approximately $18 million and $101 million were recorded during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, which included the recognition of approximately $36 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 of employee-related and other costs related to the closure of an Advanced Safety and User Experience Western European manufacturing site, pursuant to the Company’s ongoing European footprint rotation strategy.
We expect to continue to incur additional restructuring expense in 2018, primarily related to programs focused on the continued rotation of our manufacturing footprint to best cost locations in Europe and to reduce global overhead costs, including realignment of the Company’s organizational structure due to changes in roles and workforce resulting from the spin-off of the Powertrain Systems segment. Additionally, as we continue to operate in a cyclical industry that is impacted by movements in the global and regional economies, we continually evaluate opportunities to further adjust our cost structure and

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optimize our manufacturing footprint. The Company plans to implement additional restructuring activities in the future, if necessary, in order to align manufacturing capacity and other costs with prevailing regional automotive production levels and locations, to improve the efficiency and utilization of other locations and in order to increase investment in advanced technologies and engineering. Such future restructuring actions are dependent on market conditions, customer actions and other factors.
Refer to Note 7. Restructuring to the consolidated financial statements contained herein for additional information.

Interest Expense
 Three Months Ended September 30,
 2018 2017 Favorable/
(unfavorable)
      
 (in millions)
Interest expense$34
 $35
 $1
      
 Nine Months Ended September 30,
 2018 2017 
Favorable/
(unfavorable)
      
 (in millions)
Interest expense$104
 $103
 $(1)
Refer to Note 8. Debt to the consolidated financial statements contained herein for additional information.

Other Income, Net
 Three Months Ended September 30,
 2018 2017 Favorable/
(unfavorable)
      
 (in millions)
Other income (expense), net$4
 $(7) $11
      
 Nine Months Ended September 30,
 2018 2017 
Favorable/
(unfavorable)
      
 (in millions)
Other income (expense), net$27
 $(22) $49
During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, Aptiv incurred approximately $9 million in transaction costs related to the acquisition of KUM and, as further discussed in Note 14. Derivatives and Hedging Activities to the consolidated financial statements contained herein, recorded a gain of $4 million on forward contracts entered into in order to hedge portions of the currency risk associated with the cash payment for the acquisition of KUM. Aptiv also recorded $5 million and $17 million of interest income during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively. Additionally, as further discussed in Note 21. Discontinued Operations to the consolidated financial statements contained herein, during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, Aptiv recorded $2 million and $8 million, respectively, for certain fees earned pursuant to the Transition Services Agreement in connection with the Separation of the Company’s former Powertrain Systems business.
As further discussed in Note 10. Commitments and Contingencies to the consolidated financial statements contained herein, during the nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company recorded a net charge of $10 million to other expense due to the settlement of the Unsecured Creditors litigation.


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Income Taxes
 Three Months Ended September 30,
 2018 2017 Favorable/
(unfavorable)
      
 (in millions)
Income tax expense$66
 $31
 $(35)
      
 Nine Months Ended September 30,
 2018 2017 
Favorable/
(unfavorable)
      
 (in millions)
Income tax expense$208
 $88
 $(120)
The Company’s effective tax rate was impacted by unfavorable changes in geographic income mix in 2018 as compared to 2017, primarily due to changes in the underlying business operations.
The Company’s effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 also includes net discrete tax expense of $28 million and $48 million, respectively, primarily related to the Company’s intellectual property transfer and a change in the provisional amounts recorded due to the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act in the United States, as further discussed in Note 11. Income Taxes to the consolidated financial statements contained herein. The effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 includes net discrete tax benefits of $11 million and $23 million, respectively, primarily related to provision to return adjustments and changes in reserves.

Equity Income
 Three Months Ended September 30,
 2018 2017 Favorable/
(unfavorable)
      
 (in millions)
Equity income, net of tax$4
 $6
 $(2)
      
 Nine Months Ended September 30,
 2018 2017 
Favorable/
(unfavorable)
      
 (in millions)
Equity income, net of tax$17
 $24
 $(7)
Equity income, net of tax reflects the Company’s interest in the results of ongoing operations of entities accounted for as equity-method investments. Equity income decreased for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, primarily attributable to the performance of our joint ventures in North America and Asia Pacific as compared to the prior period.


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Income from Discontinued Operations
 Three Months Ended September 30,
 2018 2017 Favorable/
(unfavorable)
      
 (in millions)
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax$
 $107
 $(107)
      
 Nine Months Ended September 30,
 2018 2017 
Favorable/
(unfavorable)
      
 (in millions)
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax$
 $310
 $(310)
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax reflects the results of the Company’s previously reported Powertrain Systems segment, which has been reclassified to discontinued operations as a result of the spin-off of this business in December 2017. No amounts were recorded to discontinued operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018.
Refer to Note 21. Discontinued Operations to the consolidated financial statements contained herein for additional information.

Results of Operations by Segment
We operate our core business along the following operating segments, which are grouped on the basis of similar product, market and operating factors:
Signal and Power Solutions, which includes complete electrical architecture and component products.
Advanced Safety and User Experience, which includes component and systems integration expertise in infotainment and connectivity, body controls and security systems, displays, active and passive safety electronics, autonomous driving software and technologies, as well as advanced development of software.
Eliminations and Other, which includes i) the elimination of inter-segment transactions, and ii) certain other expenses and income of a non-operating or strategic nature.
As described in Note 21. Discontinued Operations to the consolidated financial statements contained herein, the Company’s previously reported Powertrain Systems segment has been classified as discontinued operations for all periods presented. Certain original equipment service businesses that were previously included within the Powertrain Systems segment but which were not included in the spin-off, are reported in continuing operations and have been reclassified within the Advanced Safety and User Experience and Signal and Power Solutions segments for all periods presented. No amounts for shared general and administrative operating expense or interest expense were allocated to discontinued operations.
Our management utilizes segment Adjusted Operating Income as the key performance measure of segment income or loss and for planning and forecasting purposes, as management believes this measure is most reflective of the operational profitability or loss of our operating segments. Segment Adjusted Operating Income should not be considered a substitute for results prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and should not be considered an alternative to net income attributable to Aptiv, which is the most directly comparable financial measure to Adjusted Operating Income that is prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Segment Adjusted Operating Income, as determined and measured by Aptiv, should also not be compared to similarly titled measures reported by other companies.
The reconciliation of Adjusted Operating Income to operating income includes, as applicable, restructuring, other acquisition and portfolio project costs (which includes costs incurred to integrate acquired businesses and to plan and execute product portfolio transformation actions, including business and product acquisitions and divestitures), asset impairments, gains (losses) on business divestitures and deferred compensation related to acquisitions. The reconciliations of Adjusted Operating Income to net income attributable to Aptiv for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 are as follows:

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 Signal and Power Solutions Advanced Safety and User Experience Eliminations and Other Total
        
 (in millions)
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2018:       
Adjusted operating income$346
 $74
 $
 $420
Restructuring(58) (7) 
 (65)
Other acquisition and portfolio project costs(11) (5) 
 (16)
Asset impairments
 (1) 
 (1)
Deferred compensation related to nuTonomy acquisition
 (15) 
 (15)
Operating income$277
 $46
 $
 323
Interest expense      (34)
Other income, net      4
Income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity income      293
Income tax expense      (66)
Equity income, net of tax      4
Income from continuing operations      231
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax      
Net income      231
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest      9
Net income attributable to Aptiv      $222
 Signal and Power Solutions Advanced Safety and User Experience Eliminations and Other Total
        
 (in millions)
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2017:       
Adjusted operating income$319
 $75
 $
 $394
Restructuring(17) (1) 
 (18)
Other acquisition and portfolio project costs(1) (1) 
 (2)
Asset impairments(1) 
 
 (1)
Operating income$300
 $73
 $
 373
Interest expense      (35)
Other expense, net      (7)
Income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity income      331
Income tax expense      (31)
Equity income, net of tax      6
Income from continuing operations      306
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax      107
Net income      413
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest      18
Net income attributable to Aptiv      $395

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 Signal and Power Solutions Advanced Safety and User Experience Eliminations and Other Total
        
 (in millions)
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018:       
Adjusted operating income$1,083
 $238
 $
 $1,321
Restructuring(87) (13) 
 (100)
Other acquisition and portfolio project costs(39) (18) 
 (57)
Asset impairments(1) (1) 
 (2)
Deferred compensation related to nuTonomy acquisition
 (44) 
 (44)
Operating income$956
 $162
 $
 1,118
Interest expense      (104)
Other income, net      27
Income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity income      1,041
Income tax expense      (208)
Equity income, net of tax      17
Income from continuing operations      850
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax      
Net income      850
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest      30
Net income attributable to Aptiv      $820
 Signal and Power Solutions Advanced Safety and User Experience Eliminations and Other Total
        
 (in millions)
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017:       
Adjusted operating income$940
 $204
 $
 $1,144
Restructuring(44) (57) 
 (101)
Other acquisition and portfolio project costs(8) (3) 
 (11)
Asset impairments(1) (1) 
 (2)
Operating income$887
 $143
 $
 1,030
Interest expense      (103)
Other expense, net      (22)
Income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity income      905
Income tax expense      (88)
Equity income, net of tax      24
Income from continuing operations      841
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax      310
Net income      1,151
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest      52
Net income attributable to Aptiv      $1,099

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Net sales, gross margin as a percentage of net sales and Adjusted Operating Income by segment for the three and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2018 and 2017 are as follows:

Liquidity and Capital Resources
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
Contingencies and Environmental Matters
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
Critical Accounting Estimates
Within the MD&A, “Aptiv,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Aptiv PLC, a public limited company which was formed under the laws of Jersey on May 19, 2011 as Delphi Automotive PLC, which together with its subsidiaries acquired certain assets of the former Delphi Corporation and completed an initial public offering on November 22, 2011. On December 4, 2017 (the “Distribution Date”), the Company completed the separation (the “Separation”) of its former Powertrain Systems segment by distributing to Aptiv shareholders on a pro rata basis all of the issued and outstanding ordinary shares of Delphi Technologies PLC (“Delphi Technologies”), a public limited company formed to hold the spun-off business. To effect the Separation, the Company distributed to its shareholders one ordinary share of Delphi Technologies for every three Aptiv ordinary shares outstanding as of November 22, 2017, the record date for the distribution. Following the Separation, the remaining company changed its name to Aptiv PLC and New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) symbol to “APTV.” The completion of the Separation positioned Aptiv as a new mobility provider focused on solving the complex challenges associated with safer, greener and more connected transportation. At the core of our capabilities is the software and vehicle architecture expertise that enables the advanced safety, automated driving, user experience and connected services that are enabling the future of mobility.
In April 2018, primarily as a result of the impact of the Separation on the Company’s U.K. presence and the centralization of the Company’s non-manufacturing European footprint, along with the long-term stability of the financial and regulatory environment in Ireland and continued uncertainties with regards to the impending exit of the U.K. from the European Union, Aptiv PLC changed its tax residence from the U.K. to Ireland. Aptiv PLC remains a public limited company incorporated under the laws of Jersey, and will continue to be subject to United States Securities and Exchange Commission reporting requirements and prepare financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”).

Executive Overview
Our Business
We are a leading global technology and mobility company serving the automotive sector. We design and manufacture vehicle components and provide electrical, electronic and active safety technology solutions to the global automotive market, creating the software and hardware foundation for vehicle features and functionality. We enable and deliver end-to-end smart mobility solutions, active safety and autonomous driving technologies and provide enhanced user experience and connected services. Our Advanced Safety and User Experience segment is focused on providing the necessary software and advanced computing platforms, and our Signal and Power Solutions segment is focused on providing the requisite networking architecture required to support the integrated systems in today’s complex vehicles. Together, our businesses develop the ‘brain’ and the ‘nervous system’ of increasingly complex vehicles, providing integration of the vehicle into its operating environment.
We are one of the largest vehicle component manufacturers and our customers include all 25 of the largest automotive original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) in the world.
As described in Note 21. Discontinued Operations to the consolidated financial statements contained herein, on December 4, 2017, the Company completed the Separation of its former Powertrain Systems segment by distributing to Aptiv shareholders on a pro rata basis all of the issued and outstanding ordinary shares of Delphi Technologies, a public limited company formed to hold the spun-off business. To effect the Separation, the Company distributed to its shareholders one ordinary share of Delphi Technologies for every three Aptiv ordinary shares outstanding as of November 22, 2017, the record

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date for the distribution. Following the Separation, the remaining company changed its name to Aptiv PLC and NYSE symbol to “APTV.” Also, as a result of the Separation, Delphi Technologies became an independent public company trading on the NYSE under the symbol “DLPH” as of the Distribution Date. Aptiv did not retain any equity interest in Delphi Technologies.
As the disposal of the Powertrain Systems business represented a strategic shift that had a major effect on the Company’s operations and financial results, the assets and liabilities, operating results, and operating and investing cash flows for the previously reported Powertrain Systems segment through the Distribution Date are presented as discontinued operations separate from the Company’s continuing operations for all periods presented. This Management’s Discussion and Analysis reflects the results of continuing operations, unless otherwise noted.
Our total net sales during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 were $3.5 billion and $10.8 billion, an increase of 11% and 14% compared to the same periods of 2017, respectively. The increase in our total net sales is primarily attributable to continued volume increases in all regions except South America, our smallest region. Our overall lean cost structure, along with above-market sales growth, has enabled us to attain gross margins of approximately 19% in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, despite regional market uncertainties and increased investment in advanced technologies and engineering.
We are focused on maintaining a low fixed cost structure that provides us flexibility to remain profitable at all points of the traditional vehicle industry production cycle, including during periods of reduced industry volumes. Accordingly, we will continue to adjust our cost structure and optimize our manufacturing footprint in response to changes in the global and regional automotive markets and in order to increase investment in advanced technologies and engineering. As we operate in a cyclical industry that is impacted by movements in the global and regional economies, we continually evaluate opportunities to further adjust our cost structure, as evidenced by the restructuring programs we have implemented in order to continue the rotation of our manufacturing footprint to best cost locations and to reduce global overhead costs, as described in Note 7. Restructuring to the consolidated financial statements contained herein. We believe our strong balance sheet coupled with our flexible cost structure will position us to capitalize on improvements in OEM production volumes.
Trends, Uncertainties and Opportunities
Economic conditions. Our business is directly related to automotive sales and automotive vehicle production by our customers. Automotive sales depend on a number of factors, including global and regional economic conditions. Although global automotive vehicle production increased 3% from 2016 to 2017, the levels of automotive vehicle production were uneven from a regional perspective. Compared to 2016, vehicle production in 2017 increased by 4% in Europe, 3% in China and 21% in South America. However, after several years of increases, consumer demand for vehicles in North America receded, resulting in a 4% decrease in North American production in 2017 as compared to the increased volumes experienced in 2016.
Economic volatility or weakness in North America, Europe, China or South America, could result in a significant reduction in automotive sales and production by our customers, which would have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. There is also potential that geopolitical factors could adversely impact the U.S. and other economies, and specifically the automotive sector. In particular, changes to international trade agreements such as the North American Free Trade Agreement or other political pressures could affect the operations of our OEM customers, resulting in reduced automotive production in certain regions or shifts in the mix of production to higher cost regions. Increases in interest rates could also negatively impact automotive production as a result of increased consumer borrowing costs or reduced credit availability. Additionally, economic weakness may result in shifts in the mix of future automotive sales (from vehicles with more content such as luxury vehicles, trucks and sport utility vehicles toward smaller passenger cars). While our diversified customer and geographic revenue base, along with our flexible cost structure, have well positioned us to withstand the impact of industry downturns and benefit from industry upturns, shifts in the mix of global automotive production to higher cost regions or to vehicles with less content could adversely impact our profitability.
There have also been periods of increased market volatility and currency exchange rate fluctuations, both globally and most specifically within the United Kingdom (“U.K.”) and Europe, as a result of the U.K. referendum held on June 23, 2016 in which voters approved an exit from the European Union (“E.U.”), commonly referred to as “Brexit.” As a result of the referendum, the British government formally initiated the process for withdrawal in March 2017. The terms of any withdrawal are subject to a negotiation period that could last at least two years from the initiation date. Nevertheless, the proposed withdrawal has created significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the U.K. and the E.U. These developments, or the perception that any of them could occur, may adversely affect European and worldwide economic and market conditions, significantly reduce global market liquidity and restrict the ability of key market participants to operate in certain financial markets and could contribute to instability in global financial and foreign exchange markets, including increased volatility in interest rates and foreign exchange rates. Although we are actively monitoring the ongoing potential impacts of Brexit and will seek to minimize its impact on our business, any of these effects of Brexit, among others, could adversely affect our business,

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business opportunities, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Approximately 1% of our annual net sales are generated in the U.K., and less than 1% are denominated in British pounds.
Key growth markets. There have been periods of increased market volatility and moderations in the level of economic growth in China, which resulted in periods of lower automotive production growth rates in China than those previously experienced. Despite these recent moderations in the level of economic growth in China, rising income levels in China and other key growth markets are expected to result in stronger growth rates in these markets over the long-term. Our strong global presence, and presence in these markets, has positioned us to experience above-market growth rates over the long-term. We continue to expand our established presence in key growth markets, positioning us to benefit from the expected long-term growth opportunities in these regions. We are capitalizing on our long-standing relationships with the global OEMs and further enhancing our positions with the key growth market OEMs to continue expanding our worldwide leadership. We continue to build upon our extensive geographic reach to capitalize on fast-growing automotive markets. We believe that our presence in best cost countries positions us to realize incremental margin improvements as the global balance of automotive production shifts towards the key growth markets.
We have a strong local presence in China, including a major manufacturing base and well-established customer relationships. Each of our business segments have operations and sales in China. Our business in China remains sensitive to economic and market conditions that impact automotive sales volumes in China, and may be affected if the pace of growth slows as the Chinese market matures or if there are reductions in vehicle demand in China. However, we continue to believe there is long-term growth potential in this market based on increasing long-term automotive and vehicle content demand.
Market driven products. Our product offerings satisfy the OEMs’ needs to meet increasingly stringent government regulations and meet consumer preferences for products that address the mega-trends of Safe, Green and Connected, leading to increased content per vehicle, greater profitability and higher margins. With these offerings, we believe we are well-positioned to benefit from the growing demand for vehicle content and technology related to safety, electrification, high speed data, connectivity to the global information network and automated driving technologies. We are benefiting from the substantial increase in vehicle content, software and electrification that requires a complex and reliable electrical architecture and systems to operate, such as automated advanced driver assistance technologies, electrical vehicle monitoring, active safety systems, lane departure warning systems, integrated vehicle cockpit displays, navigation systems and technologies that enable connected infotainment in vehicles. Our ability to design a reliable electrical architecture that optimizes power distribution and/or consumption is key to satisfying the OEMs’ needs to reduce emissions while continuing to meet consumer demand for increased vehicle content and technology. We have developed a 48-volt mild hybrid vehicle electrical architecture solution, which maximizes the use of 48-volt electrification to minimize the demand on the engine, improving performance while lowering CO2 emissions by more than 10%.
Global capabilities. Many OEMs are continuing to adopt global vehicle platforms to increase standardization, reduce per unit cost and increase capital efficiency and profitability. As a result, OEMs are selecting suppliers that have the capability to manufacture products on a worldwide basis, as well as the flexibility to adapt to regional variations. Suppliers with global scale and strong design, engineering and manufacturing capabilities are best positioned to benefit from this trend. Our global footprint enables us to serve the global OEMs on a worldwide basis as we gain market share with the emerging market OEMs. This regional model principally services the North American market out of Mexico, the South American market out of Brazil, the European market out of Eastern Europe and North Africa and the Asia Pacific market out of China, and we have continued to rotate our manufacturing footprint to best cost locations within these regions.
Our global operations are subject to certain risks inherent in doing business abroad, including unexpected changes in laws, regulations, trade or monetary or tax fiscal policy, including tariffs, quotas, customs and other import or export restrictions and other trade barriers. Existing free trade laws and regulations, such as the North American Free Trade Agreement, provide certain beneficial duties and tariffs for qualifying imports and exports, subject to compliance with the applicable classification and other requirements. Changes in laws or policies governing the terms of foreign trade, and in particular increased trade restrictions, tariffs or taxes on imports from countries where we manufacture products, such as China and Mexico, could have a material adverse affect on our business and financial results.
Product development. The automotive component supply industry is highly competitive, both domestically and internationally, and is characterized by rapidly changing technology, evolving industry standards and changes in customer needs. Our ability to anticipate changes in technology and regulatory standards and to successfully develop and introduce new and enhanced products on a timely and cost competitive basis will be a significant factor in our ability to remain competitive. To compete effectively in the automotive supply industry, we must be able to develop and launch new products to meet our customers’ demands in a timely manner. Our innovative technologies and robust global engineering and development capabilities have well positioned us to meet the increasingly stringent vehicle manufacturer demands and consumer preferences for high-technology content in automobiles.

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OEMs are increasingly looking to their suppliers to simplify vehicle design and assembly processes to reduce costs and weight. As a result, suppliers that sell vehicle components directly to manufacturers (Tier I suppliers) have assumed many of the design, engineering, research and development and assembly functions traditionally performed by vehicle manufacturers. Suppliers that can provide fully-engineered solutions, systems and pre-assembled combinations of component parts are positioned to leverage the trend toward system sourcing.
Engineering, design & development. Our history and culture of innovation have enabled us to develop significant intellectual property and design and development expertise to provide advanced technology solutions that meet the demands of our customers. We have a team of approximately 16,000 scientists, engineers and technicians focused on developing leading product solutions for our key markets, located at 14 major technical centers in China, Germany, India, Mexico, Poland, Singapore and the United States. We invest approximately $1.1 billion (which includes approximately $200 million co-investment by customers and government agencies) annually in research and development, including engineering, to maintain our portfolio of innovative products, and owned/held approximately 6,300 patents and protective rights as of December 31, 2017. We also encourage “open innovation” and collaborate extensively with peers in the industry, government agencies and academic institutions. For example, we have entered into a collaborative arrangement with Mobileye N.V. to jointly develop a complete turn-key fully autonomous driving platform for our OEM customers, with the goal of being production ready for 2019. Our technology competencies are recognized by both customers and government agencies, who have co-invested approximately $200 million annually in new product development, accelerating the pace of innovation and reducing the risk associated with successful commercialization of technological breakthroughs.
In the past, suppliers often incurred the initial cost of engineering, designing and developing automotive component parts, and recovered their investments over time by including a cost recovery component in the price of each part based on expected volumes. Recently, we and many other suppliers have negotiated for cost recovery payments independent of volumes. This trend reduces our economic risk.
Pricing. Cost-cutting initiatives adopted by our customers result in increased downward pressure on pricing. Our customer supply agreements generally require step-downs in component pricing over the periods of production and OEMs have historically possessed significant leverage over their outside suppliers because the automotive component supply industry is fragmented and serves a limited number of automotive OEMs. Our profitability depends in part on our ability to generate sufficient production cost savings in the future to offset price reductions.
We are focused on maintaining a low fixed cost structure that provides us flexibility to remain profitable at all points of the traditional vehicle industry production cycle. As a result, approximately 96% of our hourly workforce is located in best cost countries. Furthermore, we have substantial operational flexibility by leveraging a large workforce of temporary workers, which represented approximately 11% of the hourly workforce as of September 30, 2018. However, we will continue to adjust our cost structure and optimize our manufacturing footprint in response to changes in the global and regional automotive markets and in order to increase investment in advanced technologies and engineering, as evidenced by our ongoing restructuring programs focused on the continued rotation of our manufacturing footprint to best cost locations in Europe and on reducing our global overhead costs. As we continue to operate in a cyclical industry that is impacted by movements in the global and regional economies, we continually evaluate opportunities to further refine our cost structure.
We have a strong balance sheet with gross debt of approximately $4.1 billion and substantial available liquidity of approximately $3.1 billion of cash and cash equivalents and available financing under our Revolving Credit Facility as of September 30, 2018, and no significant U.S. defined benefit or workforce postretirement health care benefits and employer-paid postretirement basic life insurance benefits (“OPEB”) liabilities. We intend to maintain strong financial discipline targeting industry-leading earnings growth, cash flow generation and return on invested capital and to maintain sufficient liquidity to sustain our financial flexibility throughout the industry cycle.
OEM product recalls. The number of vehicles recalled globally by OEMs has increased above historical levels. These recalls can either be initiated by the OEMs or influenced by regulatory agencies. Although there are differing rules and regulations across countries governing recalls for safety issues, the overall transition towards global vehicle platforms may also contribute to increased recalls outside of the U.S., as automotive components are increasingly standardized across regions. Given the sensitivity to safety issues in the automotive industry, including increased focus from regulators and consumers, we anticipate the number of automotive recalls may remain above historical levels in the near future. Although we engage in extensive product quality programs and processes, it is possible that we may be adversely affected in the future if the pace of these recalls continues.
For example, in September 2016, one of our OEM customers initiated a recall of approximately 3.64 million vehicles in the United States to enhance the airbag deployment system. The Company supplied sensors and related control modules for the airbags in the affected vehicles. Although Aptiv believes it supplied these components in compliance with the customer’s product specifications and validation criteria, we assisted with our customer’s efforts surrounding its recall, and during the first quarter of 2017, reached an agreement with our customer to share costs associated with the recall. Accordingly, during the nine

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months ended September 30, 2017 we recognized an incremental $43 million charge in addition to our previously recorded reserve estimate related to this matter.
Efficient use of capital. The global vehicle components industry is generally capital intensive and a portion of a supplier’s capital equipment is frequently utilized for specific customer programs. Lead times for procurement of capital equipment are long and typically exceed start of production by one to two years. Substantial advantages exist for suppliers that can leverage their prior investments in capital equipment or amortize the investment over higher volume global customer programs.
Industry consolidation. Consolidation among worldwide suppliers is expected to continue as suppliers seek to achieve operating synergies and value stream efficiencies, acquire complementary technologies and build stronger customer relationships as OEMs continue to expand globally. Additionally, new entrants from outside the traditional automotive industry may seek to gain access to certain vehicle component markets, as evidenced by the acquisition of Harman International Industries, Incorporated by Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. and the acquisition of Mobileye N.V. by Intel Corporation. We believe companies with strong balance sheets and financial discipline are in the best position to take advantage of the industry consolidation trend.
Commercializing the high-tech evolution of the automotive industry. The automotive industry is increasingly evolving towards the implementation of software-dependent components and solutions. In particular, the industry is focused on the development of advanced driver assistance technologies, with the goal of developing and introducing a commercially-viable, fully automated driving experience. We expect automated driving technologies will provide strong societal benefit as well as the opportunity for long-term growth for our product offerings in this space. We are continuing to invest in the automated driving space, and have continued to develop market-leading automated driving platform solutions such as automated driving software, key active safety sensing technologies and our Multi-Domain Controller, which fuses information from sensing systems as well as mapping and navigation data to make driving decisions.
We believe we are well-aligned with industry technology trends that will result in sustainable future growth in this space, and have partnered with leaders in their respective fields to advance the pace of development and commercialization of these emerging technologies. We have entered into a collaborative arrangement with Mobileye N.V. to jointly develop the Centralized Sensing Localization and Planning (“CSLP”) system, a complete turn-key fully autonomous driving platform for our OEM customers and mobility partners, with the goal of being production ready in 2019. We also entered into a collaborative arrangement with Intel Corporation and the BMW Group to develop and deploy automated driving technology. Additionally, in 2017 we acquired nuTonomy, Inc. in order to further accelerate the commercialization of automated driving solutions. The acquisition of nuTonomy is the latest in a series of investments we have made to expand our position in the new mobility space, including the prior period acquisitions of automated driving software developer Ottomatika and data service companies Control-Tec and Movimento.
There has also been increasing societal demand for mobility on demand (“MoD”) services, such as car- and ride-sharing, and an increasing number of traditional automotive companies have made investments in the MoD space. We believe the increasing societal demand for MoD services will accelerate the development of autonomous driving technologies, strongly benefiting the MoD space. In 2018, we announced a partnership with Lyft, Inc. (“Lyft”) by launching a fleet of autonomous vehicles in Las Vegas which will operate on Aptiv’s fully-integrated autonomous driving platform and be made available to the public on the Lyft network. This partnership leverages our connected services capabilities and Lyft’s ride-hailing experience to provide valuable insights on self-driving fleet operations and management. In addition, we have entered into agreements with the Singapore Land Transport Authority and with the city of Boston to develop fully-autonomous vehicles and associated infrastructure as part of automated MoD pilots. As a result of our substantial investments and strategic partnerships, we believe we are well-aligned with industry technology trends that will result in sustainable future growth in these evolving areas.
We are focused on enabling and delivering end-to-end smart mobility solutions, accelerating the commercialization of active safety and autonomous driving technologies and providing enhanced user experience and connected services. Our Advanced Safety and User Experience segment is focused on providing the necessary software and advanced computing platforms, and our Signal and Power Solutions segment is focused on providing the requisite networking architecture required to support the integrated systems in today’s complex vehicles. Together, our businesses develop the ‘brain’ and the ‘nervous system’ of increasingly complex vehicles, providing integration of the vehicle into its operating environment.
However, there are many risks associated with these evolving areas, including the high development costs of active safety and autonomous driving technologies, the uncertain timing of customer and consumer adoption of these technologies, increased competition from entrants outside the traditional automotive industry and new and emerging regulations, such as the recently released federal guidance for automated driving systems published by the U.S. Department of Transportation. While we believe we are well-positioned in these markets, the high development cost of active safety and autonomous driving technologies may result in a higher risk of exposure to the success of new or disruptive technologies different than those being developed by us.


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Consolidated Results of Operations
Aptiv typically experiences fluctuations in revenue due to changes in OEM production schedules, vehicle sales mix and the net of new and lost business (which we refer to collectively as volume), increased prices attributable to escalation clauses in our supply contracts for recovery of increased commodity costs (which we refer to as commodity pass-through), fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates (which we refer to as FX), contractual reductions of the sales price to the OEM (which we refer to as contractual price reductions) and engineering changes. Changes in sales mix can have either favorable or unfavorable impacts on revenue. Such changes can be the result of shifts in regional growth, shifts in OEM sales demand, as well as shifts in consumer demand related to vehicle segment purchases and content penetration. For instance, a shift in sales demand favoring a particular OEM’s vehicle model for which we do not have a supply contract may negatively impact our revenue. A shift in regional sales demand toward certain markets could favorably impact the sales of those of our customers that have a large market share in those regions, which in turn would be expected to have a favorable impact on our revenue.
We typically experience (as described below) fluctuations in operating income due to:
Volume, net of contractual price reductions—changes in volume offset by contractual price reductions (which typically range from 1% to 3% of net sales) and changes in mix;
Operational performance—changes to costs for materials and commodities or manufacturing variances; and
Other—including restructuring costs and any remaining variances not included in Volume, net of contractual price reductions or Operational performance.
The automotive component supply industry is traditionally subject to inflationary pressures with respect to raw materials and labor which may place operational and profitability burdens on the entire supply chain. We will continue to work with our customers and suppliers to mitigate the impact of these inflationary pressures in the future. In addition, we expect commodity cost volatility, particularly related to copper and petroleum-based resin products, to have a continual impact on future earnings and/or operating cash flows. As such, we continually seek to mitigate both inflationary pressures and our material-related cost exposures using a number of approaches, including combining purchase requirements with customers and/or other suppliers, using alternate suppliers or product designs, negotiating cost reductions and/or commodity cost contract escalation clauses into our vehicle manufacturer supply contracts, and hedging.
Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 versus Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
The results of operations for the three and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:
 Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
 2018 2017 Favorable/(unfavorable) 2018 2017 Favorable/(unfavorable)
            
 (dollars in millions)
Net sales$3,485
 $3,148
 $337
 $10,799
 $9,444
 $1,355
Cost of sales2,834
 2,498
 (336) 8,739
 7,540
 (1,199)
Gross margin651
18.7%650
20.6%1
 2,060
19.1%1,904
20.2%156
Selling, general and administrative232
 230
 (2) 751
 686
 (65)
Amortization31
 29
 (2) 91
 87
 (4)
Restructuring65
 18
 (47) 100
 101
 1
Operating income323
 373
 (50) 1,118
 1,030
 88
Interest expense(34) (35) 1
 (104) (103) (1)
Other income (expense), net4
 (7) 11
 27
 (22) 49
Income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity income293
 331
 (38) 1,041
 905
 136
Income tax expense(66) (31) (35) (208) (88) (120)
Income from continuing operations before equity income227
 300
 (73) 833
 817
 16
Equity income, net of tax4
 6
 (2) 17
 24
 (7)
Income from continuing operations231
 306
 (75) 850
 841
 9
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax
 107
 (107) 
 310
 (310)
Net income231
 413
 (182) 850
 1,151
 (301)
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest9
 18
 (9) 30
 52
 (22)
Net income attributable to Aptiv$222
 $395
 $(173) $820
 $1,099
 $(279)

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Total Net Sales
Below is a summary of our total net sales for the three months ended September 30, 2018 versus September 30, 2017.
 Three Months Ended September 30,  Variance Due To:
 2018 2017 Favorable/(unfavorable)  Volume, net of contractual price reductions FX Commodity pass-through Other Total
                 
 (in millions)  (in millions)
Total net sales$3,485
 $3,148
 $337
  $353
 $(44) $28
 $
 $337
Total net sales for the three months ended September 30, 2018 increased 11% compared to the three months ended September 30, 2017. We experienced volume growth of 12% for the period, primarily as a result of increased sales in all regions except South America, our smallest region, including net sales of $56 million as a result of the acquisition of KUM in June 2018. Volume growth was partially offset by unfavorable foreign currency impacts, primarily related to the Euro and Chinese Yuan Renminbi, and decreases due to contractual price reductions. Refer to Note 17. Acquisitions and Divestitures to the consolidated financial statements contained herein for additional information regarding acquisitions and divestitures.
Below is a summary of our total net sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 versus September 30, 2017.
 Nine Months Ended September 30,  Variance Due To:
 2018 2017 Favorable/(unfavorable)  Volume, net of contractual price reductions FX Commodity pass-through Other Total
                 
 (in millions)  (in millions)
Total net sales$10,799
 $9,444
 $1,355
  $976
 $255
 $124
 $
 $1,355
Total net sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 increased 14% compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017. We experienced volume growth of 12% for the period, primarily as a result of increased sales in all regions except South America, our smallest region, including net sales of $67 million as a result of the acquisition of KUM in June 2018, and favorable foreign currency impacts, primarily related to the Euro and Chinese Yuan Renminbi. Partially offsetting these increases were decreases due to contractual price reductions. Refer to Note 17. Acquisitions and Divestitures to the consolidated financial statements contained herein for additional information regarding acquisitions and divestitures.

Cost of Sales
Cost of sales is primarily comprised of material, labor, manufacturing overhead, freight, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, product engineering, design and development expenses, depreciation and amortization, warranty costs and other operating expenses. Gross margin is revenue less cost of sales and gross margin percentage is gross margin as a percentage of net sales.
Cost of sales increased $336 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2017, as summarized below. The Company’s material cost of sales was approximately 50% of net sales in both the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017.
 Three Months Ended September 30,  Variance Due To:
 2018 2017 Favorable/(unfavorable)  Volume (a) FX Operational performance Other Total
                 
 (dollars in millions)  (in millions)
Cost of sales$2,834
 $2,498
 $(336)  $(305) $18
 $2
 $(51) $(336)
Gross margin$651
 $650
 $1
  $48
 $(26) $2
 $(23) $1
Percentage of net sales18.7% 20.6%             
(a)Presented net of contractual price reductions for gross margin variance.

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The increase in cost of sales reflects increased volumes and incremental investment in advanced technologies and engineering, partially offset by the impacts from currency exchange for the three month period. Cost of sales was also impacted by the following items in Other above:
$28 million of increased commodity costs;
$27 million of increased depreciation and amortization, primarily as a result of a higher fixed asset base; and
$8 million of increased warranty costs.
Cost of sales increased $1,199 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017, as summarized below. The Company’s material cost of sales was approximately 50% of net sales in both the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2018 and 2017.
 Nine Months Ended September 30,  Variance Due To:
 2018 2017 Favorable/(unfavorable)  Volume (a) FX Operational performance Other Total
                 
 (dollars in millions)  (in millions)
Cost of sales$8,739
 $7,540
 $(1,199)  $(863) $(183) $(2) $(151) $(1,199)
Gross margin$2,060
 $1,904
 $156
  $113
 $72
 $(2) $(27) $156
Percentage of net sales19.1% 20.2%             
(a)Presented net of contractual price reductions for gross margin variance.
The increase in cost of sales reflects increased volumes and the impacts from currency exchange, as well as incremental investment in advanced technologies and engineering for the nine month period. Cost of sales was also impacted by the following items in Other above:
$124 million of increased commodity costs; and
$82 million of increased depreciation and amortization, primarily as a result of a higher fixed asset base; partially offset by
$44 million of decreased warranty costs, primarily due to the accrual of $43 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 as a result of an agreement reached with one of our customers for a specific warranty matter, as further described in Note 6. Warranty Obligations to the consolidated financial statements contained herein.

Selling, General and Administrative Expense
 Three Months Ended September 30,
 2018 2017 Favorable/
(unfavorable)
      
 (dollars in millions)
Selling, general and administrative expense$232
 $230
 $(2)
Percentage of net sales6.7% 7.3%  
      
 Nine Months Ended September 30,
 2018 2017 
Favorable/
(unfavorable)
      
 (dollars in millions)
Selling, general and administrative expense$751
 $686
 $(65)
Percentage of net sales7.0% 7.3%  
Selling, general and administrative expense (“SG&A”) includes administrative expenses, information technology costs and incentive compensation related costs. SG&A decreased as a percentage of net sales for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to 2017, primarily due to the impact of cost reduction initiatives, including our continuing rotation to best cost manufacturing locations in Europe and initiatives focused on reducing global overhead costs.


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Amortization
 Three Months Ended September 30,
 2018 2017 Favorable/
(unfavorable)
      
 (in millions)
Amortization$31
 $29
 $(2)
      
 Nine Months Ended September 30,
 2018 2017 
Favorable/
(unfavorable)
      
 (in millions)
Amortization$91
 $87
 $(4)
Amortization expense reflects the non-cash charge related to definite-lived intangible assets. The increase in amortization during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to 2017 reflects the continued amortization of our definite-lived intangible assets, which resulted primarily from our acquisitions, over their estimated useful lives. Refer to Note 17. Acquisitions and Divestitures to the consolidated financial statements contained herein for further detail of our business acquisitions, including details of the intangible assets recorded in each transaction.

Restructuring
 Three Months Ended September 30,
 2018 2017 Favorable/
(unfavorable)
      
 (dollars in millions)
Restructuring$65
 $18
 $(47)
Percentage of net sales1.9% 0.6%  
      
 Nine Months Ended September 30,
 2018 2017 
Favorable/
(unfavorable)
      
 (dollars in millions)
Restructuring$100
 $101
 $1
Percentage of net sales0.9% 1.1%  
The increase in restructuring expense recorded during the three months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2017 is primarily attributable to an increase in costs recognized for global overhead reductions as compared to the prior period. Restructuring expense was consistent for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017.
The Company recorded employee-related and other restructuring charges totaling approximately $65 million and $100 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, which is primarily comprised of $37 million and $59 million recognized for programs focused on the continued rotation of our manufacturing footprint to best cost locations in Europe and reducing overhead costs in the region.
Restructuring costs of approximately $18 million and $101 million were recorded during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, which included the recognition of approximately $36 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 of employee-related and other costs related to the closure of an Advanced Safety and User Experience Western European manufacturing site, pursuant to the Company’s ongoing European footprint rotation strategy.
We expect to continue to incur additional restructuring expense in 2018, primarily related to programs focused on the continued rotation of our manufacturing footprint to best cost locations in Europe and to reduce global overhead costs, including realignment of the Company’s organizational structure due to changes in roles and workforce resulting from the spin-off of the Powertrain Systems segment. Additionally, as we continue to operate in a cyclical industry that is impacted by movements in the global and regional economies, we continually evaluate opportunities to further adjust our cost structure and

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optimize our manufacturing footprint. The Company plans to implement additional restructuring activities in the future, if necessary, in order to align manufacturing capacity and other costs with prevailing regional automotive production levels and locations, to improve the efficiency and utilization of other locations and in order to increase investment in advanced technologies and engineering. Such future restructuring actions are dependent on market conditions, customer actions and other factors.
Refer to Note 7. Restructuring to the consolidated financial statements contained herein for additional information.

Interest Expense
 Three Months Ended September 30,
 2018 2017 Favorable/
(unfavorable)
      
 (in millions)
Interest expense$34
 $35
 $1
      
 Nine Months Ended September 30,
 2018 2017 
Favorable/
(unfavorable)
      
 (in millions)
Interest expense$104
 $103
 $(1)
Refer to Note 8. Debt to the consolidated financial statements contained herein for additional information.

Other Income, Net
 Three Months Ended September 30,
 2018 2017 Favorable/
(unfavorable)
      
 (in millions)
Other income (expense), net$4
 $(7) $11
      
 Nine Months Ended September 30,
 2018 2017 
Favorable/
(unfavorable)
      
 (in millions)
Other income (expense), net$27
 $(22) $49
During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, Aptiv incurred approximately $9 million in transaction costs related to the acquisition of KUM and, as further discussed in Note 14. Derivatives and Hedging Activities to the consolidated financial statements contained herein, recorded a gain of $4 million on forward contracts entered into in order to hedge portions of the currency risk associated with the cash payment for the acquisition of KUM. Aptiv also recorded $5 million and $17 million of interest income during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively. Additionally, as further discussed in Note 21. Discontinued Operations to the consolidated financial statements contained herein, during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, Aptiv recorded $2 million and $8 million, respectively, for certain fees earned pursuant to the Transition Services Agreement in connection with the Separation of the Company’s former Powertrain Systems business.
As further discussed in Note 10. Commitments and Contingencies to the consolidated financial statements contained herein, during the nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company recorded a net charge of $10 million to other expense due to the settlement of the Unsecured Creditors litigation.


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Income Taxes
 Three Months Ended September 30,
 2018 2017 Favorable/
(unfavorable)
      
 (in millions)
Income tax expense$66
 $31
 $(35)
      
 Nine Months Ended September 30,
 2018 2017 
Favorable/
(unfavorable)
      
 (in millions)
Income tax expense$208
 $88
 $(120)
The Company’s effective tax rate was impacted by unfavorable changes in geographic income mix in 2018 as compared to 2017, primarily due to changes in the underlying business operations.
The Company’s effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 also includes net discrete tax expense of $28 million and $48 million, respectively, primarily related to the Company’s intellectual property transfer and a change in the provisional amounts recorded due to the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act in the United States, as further discussed in Note 11. Income Taxes to the consolidated financial statements contained herein. The effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 includes net discrete tax benefits of $11 million and $23 million, respectively, primarily related to provision to return adjustments and changes in reserves.

Equity Income
 Three Months Ended September 30,
 2018 2017 Favorable/
(unfavorable)
      
 (in millions)
Equity income, net of tax$4
 $6
 $(2)
      
 Nine Months Ended September 30,
 2018 2017 
Favorable/
(unfavorable)
      
 (in millions)
Equity income, net of tax$17
 $24
 $(7)
Equity income, net of tax reflects the Company’s interest in the results of ongoing operations of entities accounted for as equity-method investments. Equity income decreased for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, primarily attributable to the performance of our joint ventures in North America and Asia Pacific as compared to the prior period.


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Income from Discontinued Operations
 Three Months Ended September 30,
 2018 2017 Favorable/
(unfavorable)
      
 (in millions)
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax$
 $107
 $(107)
      
 Nine Months Ended September 30,
 2018 2017 
Favorable/
(unfavorable)
      
 (in millions)
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax$
 $310
 $(310)
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax reflects the results of the Company’s previously reported Powertrain Systems segment, which has been reclassified to discontinued operations as a result of the spin-off of this business in December 2017. No amounts were recorded to discontinued operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018.
Refer to Note 21. Discontinued Operations to the consolidated financial statements contained herein for additional information.

Results of Operations by Segment
We operate our core business along the following operating segments, which are grouped on the basis of similar product, market and operating factors:
Signal and Power Solutions, which includes complete electrical architecture and component products.
Advanced Safety and User Experience, which includes component and systems integration expertise in infotainment and connectivity, body controls and security systems, displays, active and passive safety electronics, autonomous driving software and technologies, as well as advanced development of software.
Eliminations and Other, which includes i) the elimination of inter-segment transactions, and ii) certain other expenses and income of a non-operating or strategic nature.
As described in Note 21. Discontinued Operations to the consolidated financial statements contained herein, the Company’s previously reported Powertrain Systems segment has been classified as discontinued operations for all periods presented. Certain original equipment service businesses that were previously included within the Powertrain Systems segment but which were not included in the spin-off, are reported in continuing operations and have been reclassified within the Advanced Safety and User Experience and Signal and Power Solutions segments for all periods presented. No amounts for shared general and administrative operating expense or interest expense were allocated to discontinued operations.
Our management utilizes segment Adjusted Operating Income as the key performance measure of segment income or loss and for planning and forecasting purposes, as management believes this measure is most reflective of the operational profitability or loss of our operating segments. Segment Adjusted Operating Income should not be considered a substitute for results prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and should not be considered an alternative to net income attributable to Aptiv, which is the most directly comparable financial measure to Adjusted Operating Income that is prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Segment Adjusted Operating Income, as determined and measured by Aptiv, should also not be compared to similarly titled measures reported by other companies.
The reconciliation of Adjusted Operating Income to operating income includes, as applicable, restructuring, other acquisition and portfolio project costs (which includes costs incurred to integrate acquired businesses and to plan and execute product portfolio transformation actions, including business and product acquisitions and divestitures), asset impairments, gains (losses) on business divestitures and deferred compensation related to acquisitions. The reconciliations of Adjusted Operating Income to net income attributable to Aptiv for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 are as follows:

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 Signal and Power Solutions Advanced Safety and User Experience Eliminations and Other Total
        
 (in millions)
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2018:       
Adjusted operating income$346
 $74
 $
 $420
Restructuring(58) (7) 
 (65)
Other acquisition and portfolio project costs(11) (5) 
 (16)
Asset impairments
 (1) 
 (1)
Deferred compensation related to nuTonomy acquisition
 (15) 
 (15)
Operating income$277
 $46
 $
 323
Interest expense      (34)
Other income, net      4
Income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity income      293
Income tax expense      (66)
Equity income, net of tax      4
Income from continuing operations      231
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax      
Net income      231
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest      9
Net income attributable to Aptiv      $222
 Signal and Power Solutions Advanced Safety and User Experience Eliminations and Other Total
        
 (in millions)
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2017:       
Adjusted operating income$319
 $75
 $
 $394
Restructuring(17) (1) 
 (18)
Other acquisition and portfolio project costs(1) (1) 
 (2)
Asset impairments(1) 
 
 (1)
Operating income$300
 $73
 $
 373
Interest expense      (35)
Other expense, net      (7)
Income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity income      331
Income tax expense      (31)
Equity income, net of tax      6
Income from continuing operations      306
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax      107
Net income      413
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest      18
Net income attributable to Aptiv      $395

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 Signal and Power Solutions Advanced Safety and User Experience Eliminations and Other Total
        
 (in millions)
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018:       
Adjusted operating income$1,083
 $238
 $
 $1,321
Restructuring(87) (13) 
 (100)
Other acquisition and portfolio project costs(39) (18) 
 (57)
Asset impairments(1) (1) 
 (2)
Deferred compensation related to nuTonomy acquisition
 (44) 
 (44)
Operating income$956
 $162
 $
 1,118
Interest expense      (104)
Other income, net      27
Income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity income      1,041
Income tax expense      (208)
Equity income, net of tax      17
Income from continuing operations      850
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax      
Net income      850
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest      30
Net income attributable to Aptiv      $820
 Signal and Power Solutions Advanced Safety and User Experience Eliminations and Other Total
        
 (in millions)
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017:       
Adjusted operating income$940
 $204
 $
 $1,144
Restructuring(44) (57) 
 (101)
Other acquisition and portfolio project costs(8) (3) 
 (11)
Asset impairments(1) (1) 
 (2)
Operating income$887
 $143
 $
 1,030
Interest expense      (103)
Other expense, net      (22)
Income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity income      905
Income tax expense      (88)
Equity income, net of tax      24
Income from continuing operations      841
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax      310
Net income      1,151
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest      52
Net income attributable to Aptiv      $1,099

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Net sales, gross margin as a percentage of net sales and Adjusted Operating Income by segment for the three and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2018 and 2017 are as follows:

Net Sales by Segment
 Three Months Ended September 30,  Variance Due To:
 2018 2017 Favorable/
(unfavorable)
  Volume, net of contractual price reductions FX Commodity pass-through Other Total
                 
 (in millions)  (in millions)
Signal and Power Solutions$2,535
 $2,318
 $217
  $226
 $(37) $28
 $
 $217
Advanced Safety and User Experience956
 846
 110
  116
 (6) 
 
 110
Eliminations and Other(6) (16) 10
  11
 (1) 
 
 10
Total$3,485
 $3,148
 $337
  $353
 $(44) $28
 $
 $337
                 
 Nine Months Ended September 30,  Variance Due To:
 2018 2017 
Favorable/
(unfavorable)
  Volume, net of contractual price reductions FX Commodity pass-through Other Total
                 
 (in millions)  (in millions)
Signal and Power Solutions$7,802
 $7,006
 $796
  $485
 $187
 $124
 $
 $796
Advanced Safety and User Experience3,032
 2,490
 542
  468
 74
 
 
 542
Eliminations and Other(35) (52) 17
  23
 (6) 
 
 17
Total$10,799
 $9,444
 $1,355
  $976
 $255
 $124
 $
 $1,355

Gross Margin Percentage by Segment
 Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
 2018 2017 2018 2017
Signal and Power Solutions21.1% 22.3% 21.6% 22.0%
Advanced Safety and User Experience (1)12.1% 15.6% 12.4% 14.6%
Eliminations and Other% % % %
Total18.7% 20.6% 19.1% 20.2%
(1)Includes the accrual of $43 million for a specific warranty matter during the nine months ended September 30, 2017, as further described in Note 6. Warranty Obligations to the consolidated financial statements contained herein.


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Adjusted Operating Income by Segment
 Three Months Ended September 30,  Variance Due To:
 2018 2017 
Favorable/
(unfavorable)
  Volume, net of contractual price reductions Operational performance Other Total
               
 (in millions)  (in millions)
Signal and Power Solutions$346
 $319
 $27
  $37
 $18
 $(28) $27
Advanced Safety and User Experience74
 75
 (1)  11
 (1) (11) (1)
Eliminations and Other
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total$420
 $394
 $26
  $48
 $17
 $(39) $26
As noted in the table above, Adjusted Operating Income for the three months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2017 was impacted by volume and contractual price reductions, including product mix, and operational performance improvements which were offset by incremental investment in advanced technologies and engineering, as well as the following items included within Other in the table above:
$27 million of increased depreciation and amortization, not including the impact of asset impairments, primarily as a result of a higher fixed asset base;
Unfavorable foreign currency impacts of $22 million, primarily related to the Euro and Chinese Yuan Renminbi; and
$8 million of increased warranty costs; partially offset by
$9 million of decreased SG&A expenses, not including the impact of other acquisition and portfolio project costs.
 Nine Months Ended September 30,  Variance Due To:
 2018 2017 
Favorable/
(unfavorable)
  Volume, net of contractual price reductions Operational performance Other Total
               
 (in millions)  (in millions)
Signal and Power Solutions$1,083
 $940
 $143
  $50
 $74
 $19
 $143
Advanced Safety and User Experience238
 204
 34
  63
 (32) 3
 34
Eliminations and Other
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total$1,321
 $1,144
 $177
  $113
 $42
 $22
 $177
As noted in the table above, Adjusted Operating Income for the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2018 as compared to the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2017 was impacted by volume and contractual price reductions, including product mix, and operational performance improvements which were offset by incremental investment in advanced technologies and engineering, as well as the following items included within Other in the table above:
Favorable foreign currency impacts of $55 million, primarily related to the Euro and Chinese Yuan Renminbi; and
$44 million of decreased warranty costs, primarily due to the accrual of $43 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 within the Advanced Safety and User Experience segment as a result of an agreement reached with one of our customers for a specific warranty matter, as further described in Note 6. Warranty Obligations to the consolidated financial statements contained herein; partially offset by
$82 million of increased depreciation and amortization, not including the impact of asset impairments, primarily as a result of a higher fixed asset base.


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Liquidity and Capital Resources
Overview of Capital Structure
Our liquidity requirements are primarily to fund our business operations, including capital expenditures and working capital requirements, as well as to fund debt service requirements, operational restructuring activities, separation activities and dividends on share capital. Our primary sources of liquidity are cash flows from operations, our existing cash balance, and as necessary, borrowings under available credit facilities and issuance of long-term debt. To the extent we generate discretionary cash flow we may consider using this additional cash flow for optional prepayments of existing indebtedness, strategic acquisitions or investments, additional share repurchases and/or general corporate purposes. We will also continually explore ways to enhance our capital structure.
As of September 30, 2017,2018, we had cash and cash equivalents of $0.6$0.8 billion and net debt (defined as outstanding debt less cash and cash equivalents, excluding the senior notes issued by our Powertrain Spin-Off subsidiary as described below)equivalents) of $3.6$3.3 billion. We also have access to additional liquidity pursuant to the terms of the $2.0 billion Revolving Credit Facility and the €300 million committed European accounts receivable factoring facility, as described below.
The following table summarizes our available liquidity, which includes cash, cash equivalents and funds available under our significant committed credit facilities, as of September 30, 2017.2018. The amounts disclosed as available under the Company’s significant committed credit facilities are available without violating our existing debt covenants, which are described below.
September 30,
2017
September 30,
2018
  
(in millions)(in millions)
Cash and cash equivalents$557
$771
Revolving Credit Facility, unutilized portion (1)1,993
1,993
Committed European accounts receivable factoring facility, unutilized portion (2)352
Total available liquidity$2,550
$3,116
(1) Availability reduced by $7 million in letters of credit issued under the Credit Agreement as of September 30, 2017.2018.
(2) Based on September 30, 2018 foreign currency rates, subject to the availability of eligible accounts receivable.
We expect existing cash, available liquidity and cash flows from operations to continue to be sufficient to fund our global operating activities, including restructuring payments, any mandatory payments required under the Credit Agreement as described below, dividends on ordinary shares and capital expenditures. In addition, we expect to continue to repurchase outstanding commonordinary shares pursuant to our authorized commonordinary share repurchase program, as further described below.
We also continue to expect to be able to move funds between different countries to manage our global liquidity needs without material adverse tax implications, subject to current monetary policies and to the terms of the Credit Agreement. While a substantial portion of our operating income is generated by our non-U.S. subsidiaries, and as of September 30, 2017,2018, the Company'sCompany’s cash and cash equivalents held by our non-U.S. subsidiaries totaled $544$758 million, we utilize a combination of strategies, including dividends, cash pooling arrangements, intercompany loan repayments and other distributions and advances to provide the funds necessary to meet our global liquidity needs. There are no significant restrictions on the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other distributions to Delphi.Aptiv. If additional non-U.S. cash was needed for our U.S. operations, we wouldmay be required to accrue and pay U.S. taxeswithholding if we were to repatriatedistribute such funds;funds from non-U.S. subsidiaries to the U.S.; however, based on our current liquidity needs and repatriation strategies, we do not anticipate a need to repatriateaccrue and pay such additional amounts. Additionally, the Company is a U.K. resident taxpayer and as such is not generally subject to U.K. tax on remitted foreign earnings.
Based on these factors, we believe we possess sufficient liquidity to fund our global operations and capital investments in 20172018 and beyond.
Spin-Off of Powertrain Systems segmentSegment into Delphi Technologies
As described above,On December 4, 2017, the Company is pursuingcompleted the Separation of its former Powertrain Systems segment intoby distributing to Aptiv shareholders on a new, independent publicly tradedpro rata basis all of the issued and outstanding ordinary shares of Delphi Technologies, a public limited company through a transaction expectedformed to be treated as a tax-free spin-offhold the spun-off business. To effect the Separation, the Company distributed to its shareholders.shareholders one ordinary share of Delphi Technologies for every three Aptiv ordinary shares outstanding as of November 22, 2017, the record date for the distribution.
On December 4, 2017, pursuant to the Separation and Distribution Agreement, the Company transferred to Delphi Technologies the assets and liabilities that comprised Delphi Technologies’ business. The Company plans to complete the Separation by March 2018, subject to customary closing conditions. The new publicly traded Powertrain spin-off company will be namedreceived a dividend of approximately $1,148 million from Delphi Technologies PLC.
As described in connection with the Spin-Off Financing section below, in September 2017Separation. Delphi Technologies financed this dividend through the financing for the spin-off entity was completed, which consistedissuance of the offeringapproximately $1.55 billion of $800 million of 5.00% senior notes due 2025 and the executiondebt, consisting of a senior secured credit agreement which will provide afive-year $750 million five-year term loan facility that was issued upon the spin-off and a $500$800 million five-year revolving credit facility to Delphi Technologies PLC no later than the dateaggregate principal amount of the Separation, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions customary for financings of this type, including the spin-off.5.00% senior unsecured notes

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Upon completion ofdue 2025 that were issued in September 2017 (the “Spin-Off Senior Notes”) (collectively, the “Delphi Technologies Debt”). In connection with the Separation, the Company expectsDelphi Technologies Debt was transferred to receive a cash dividend of approximately $1.2 billion from Delphi Technologies.Technologies and is no longer reflected in the Company’s continuing operations in the consolidated financial statements. The Company intends to use the proceeds received from the dividend to fund growth initiatives, including increased investment in advanced technologies and engineering.engineering, and for general corporate purposes.
In connection with the Separation, Aptiv and Delphi Technologies entered into various agreements to effect the Separation and to provide a framework for their relationship following the Separation, which included a Separation and Distribution Agreement, a Transition Services Agreement, a Tax Matters Agreement, an Employee Matters Agreement and Contract Manufacturing Services Arrangements. The amounttransition services primarily involve Aptiv providing certain services to Delphi Technologies related to information technology and human resource infrastructure for terms of up to 24 months following the dividendSeparation. In addition, Aptiv is also party to bevarious commercial agreements with Delphi Technologies entities. In connection with the Separation, the Company received $180 million in cash from Delphi Technologies will depend on a number of factors, including the timing of the completion of the Separation and certain internal restructuring transactions relatedpursuant to the Separation.Tax Matters Agreement.
Share Repurchases
In April 2016, the Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program of up to $1.5 billion of ordinary shares, which commenced in September 2016 following the completion of the Company'sCompany’s $1.5 billion January 2015 share repurchase program. This share repurchase program provides for share purchases in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, depending on share price, market conditions and other factors, as determined by the Company.
A summary of the ordinary shares repurchased during the three and nine months ended September 30, 20172018 and 20162017 is as follows:
Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
2017 2016 2017 20162018 2017 2018 2017
Total number of shares repurchased1,018,930
 1,487,900
 4,667,193
 7,980,325
793,424
 1,018,930
 2,513,136
 4,667,193
Average price paid per share$92.99
 $67.24
 $82.00
 $67.00
$86.08
 $92.99
 $88.24
 $82.00
Total (in millions)$95
 $100
 $383
 $535
$69
 $95
 $222
 $383
As of September 30, 2017,2018, approximately $989$767 million of share repurchases remained available under the April 2016 share repurchase program. During the period from October 1, 2018 to October 30, 2018, the Company repurchased an additional $42 million worth of shares pursuant to a trading plan with set trading instructions established by the Company. As a result, approximately $725 million of share repurchases remain available under the April 2016 share repurchase program. All repurchased shares were retired, and are reflected as a reduction of ordinary share capital for the par value of the shares, with the excess applied as reductions to additional paid-in-capital and retained earnings.
Dividends to Holders of Ordinary Shares
The Company has declared and paid cash dividends per ordinary share during the periods presented as follows:
Dividend AmountDividend Amount
 Per Share (in millions) Per Share (in millions)
2017:   
2018:   
Third quarter$0.29
 $77
$0.22
 $58
Second quarter0.29
 78
0.22
 58
First quarter0.29
 78
0.22
 59
Total$0.87
 $233
$0.66
 $175
2016:   
2017:   
Fourth quarter$0.29
 $79
$0.29
 $77
Third quarter0.29
 79
0.29
 77
Second quarter0.29
 79
0.29
 78
First quarter0.29
 80
0.29
 78
Total$1.16
 $317
$1.16
 $310
In addition, in October 2017,2018, the Board of Directors declared a regular quarterly cash dividend of $0.29$0.22 per ordinary share, payable November 22, 201721, 2018 to shareholders of record at the close of business on November 8, 2017.7, 2018.

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Acquisitions
KUM—On June 14, 2018, Aptiv acquired 100% of the equity interests of KUM, a specialized manufacturer of connectors for the automotive industry, for total consideration of $523 million. As further described in Note 17. Acquisitions and Divestitures to the consolidated financial statements contained herein, the acquisition was accounted for as a business combination, with the operating results of KUM included within the Company’s Signal and Power Solutions segment from the date of acquisition. The Company acquired KUM utilizing cash on hand.
nuTonomy—On October 20,November 21, 2017, Delphi agreed to acquireAptiv acquired 100% of the equity interests of nuTonomy, Inc. ("nuTonomy"(“nuTonomy”), a leading provider of autonomous driving software and technology, for total consideration of up to $454 million. Of the total consideration, $290$284 million is dueof the purchase price was paid at closing, subject to certain post-closing adjustments, and approximately $110$109 million is payableof the purchase price will vest to certain selling shareholders in annual installments over 3 yearsa 3-year period from the acquisition date, subject to those selling shareholders'such shareholders’ compliance with certain serviceemployment conditions. Additionally,Of the total consideration includes$109 million, approximately $7 million is payable after one year and approximately $51 million is payable after each of the second and third years following the acquisition date. These remaining installments will be recorded as a cash paymentcomponent of up to $54 million contingent uponcost of sales ratably over the achievement of certain performance metrics over a future 3-yearrespective installment period. The acquisition is subjectAs further described in Note 17. Acquisitions and Divestitures to the satisfactionconsolidated financial statements contained herein, the acquisition was accounted for as a business combination, with the operating results of customary closing conditionsnuTonomy included within the Company’s Advanced Safety and User Experience segment from the receiptdate of regulatory and other approvals, and is expected to close in the fourth quarter of 2017.acquisition. The Company intends to acquireacquired nuTonomy utilizing cash on hand. Upon completion, nuTonomy will become part of the Electronics and Safety segment.
Movimento—On January 3, 2017, DelphiAptiv acquired 100% of the equity interests of Movimento Group ("Movimento"(“Movimento”), a leading provider of Over-the-Air software and data management for the automotive sector, for a purchase price of $40 million at closing and an additional cash payment of up to $10 million contingent upon the achievement of certain performance metrics over a future 2-year period. As further described in Note 17. Acquisitions and Divestitures to the consolidated financial statements contained herein, the acquisition was accounted for as a business combination, with the operating results of Movimento included within the Company's ElectronicsCompany’s Advanced Safety and SafetyUser Experience segment from the date of acquisition. The Company acquired Movimento utilizing cash on hand.
PureDepthWinchester—On March 23, 2016, DelphiOctober 24, 2018, Aptiv acquired 100% of the equity interests of PureDepth, Inc. ("PureDepth"Winchester Interconnect (“Winchester”), a leading provider of 3D display technology,custom engineered interconnect solutions for harsh environment applications, for approximately $15 million. As further described in Note 17. Acquisitions and Divestitures, the$685 million, net of cash acquired, subject to certain post-closing adjustments. The acquisition waswill be accounted for as a business combination with the operating results of PureDepthand will be included within the Company's ElectronicsCompany’s Signal and Safety segment from the date of acquisition.Power Solutions segment. The Company acquired PureDepthWinchester utilizing cash on hand.hand and short-term borrowings.
Technology investmentsInvestments—During the third quarter of 2017, the Company's ElectronicsCompany’s Advanced Safety and SafetyUser Experience segment made investments in two leading developers of Light Detection and Ranging (“LIDAR”) technology, a $15 million investment in Innoviz Technologies and a $10 million investment in LeddarTech, Inc. The Company's Powertrain Systems segment also made an additional $1 million investment in Tula Technology Inc., an engine control software company in which the Company made an initial $20 million investment in 2015.
During the second quarter of 2017, Delphi's Electrical/Electronic ArchitectureAptiv’s Signal and Power Solutions segment made a $10 million investment in Valens Semiconductor Ltd., a leading provider of signal processing technology for high frequency data transmission of connected car content. During the first quarter of 2017, Delphi's Electronicsthe Company’s Advanced Safety and SafetyUser Experience segment made a $15 million investment in Otonomo Technologies Ltd., the developer of a connected car data marketplace. AsThese investments are accounted for in accordance with ASU 2016-01, as further described in Note 17. Acquisitions and Divestitures, these investments are accounted for under2. Significant Accounting Policies to the cost method.consolidated financial statements contained herein.
Divestitures
MechatronicsPowertrain Systems Spin-OffOnAs described above, on December 30, 2016, Delphi4, 2017, the Company completed the salespin-off of its Mechatronics business, which was previously reported withinformer Powertrain Systems segment into a new publicly traded company, Delphi Technologies PLC. In connection with the Company's Electronics and Safety segment, for net cash proceedsSeparation, the Company received a dividend of approximately $197 million.$1,148 million from Delphi Technologies in connection with the Separation. The net sales ofCompany intends to use the proceeds received from the dividend to fund growth initiatives, including increased investment in advanced technologies and engineering. The requirements for presenting Delphi Technologies as a discontinued operation were met when the Separation was completed. Accordingly, the accompanying consolidated financial statements reflect this business in 2016 prior to divestiture were approximately $290 millionas a discontinued operation for the year ended December 31, 2016. Delphi recognized a pre-tax gain on the divestiture of $141 million within cost of sales in the fourth quarter of 2016.
Thermal Systems—On March 31, 2016, Delphi closed the sale of its 50 percent interest in its Shanghai Delphi Automotive Air Conditioning ("SDAAC") joint venture to one of Delphi's joint venture partners, Shanghai Aerospace Automobile Electromechanical Co., Ltd ("SAAE"). The Company received cash proceeds of $62 million, net of tax, transaction costs and $29 million of cash divested, and recognized an after-tax gain on the divestiture of $104 million within income from discontinued operations during the year ended December 31, 2016. The financial results of SDAAC, which were consolidated by Delphi, were historically reported as part of the Thermal Systems segment. The Company had previously completed the sale of its wholly owned Thermal Systems business on June 30, 2015, and of its interest in its Korea Delphi Automotive Systems Corporation ("KDAC") joint venture on September 24, 2015.
Accordingly, the Thermal Systems business has been classified as discontinued operations.all periods presented. Refer to Note 21. Discontinued Operations to the consolidated financial statements contained herein for further disclosure related to the Company'sCompany’s discontinued operations. The disposal of the Thermal Systems business did not have a material impact on our liquidity or capital resources, and we have not had significant continuing involvement with the divested Thermal Systems business following the closing of the transactions.
Credit Agreement
Delphi AutomotiveAptiv PLC and its wholly-owned subsidiary DelphiAptiv Corporation entered into a credit agreement (the "Credit Agreement"“Credit Agreement”) with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent (the "Administrative Agent"“Administrative Agent”), under which it maintains senior secured credit facilities currently consisting of a term loan (the “Tranche A Term Loan”) and a revolving credit facility of $2.0 billion (the “Revolving Credit Facility”). The Credit Agreement was entered into in March 2011 and has been
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the Revolving Credit Facility and the Tranche A Term Loan from 2018 to 2021, increased the capacity of the Revolving Credit Facility from $1.5 billion to $2.0 billion and permitted Delphi AutomotiveAptiv PLC to act as a borrower on the Revolving Credit Facility. A loss on debt extinguishment of $3 million was recorded within other income (expense), net in the consolidated statement of operations during the year ended December 31, 2016 in conjunction with the 2016 amendment.
The Tranche A Term Loan and the Revolving Credit Facility mature on August 17, 2021. Delphi isBeginning in the fourth quarter of 2017, Aptiv was obligated to makebegin making quarterly principal payments beginning December 31, 2017, throughout the term of the Tranche A Term Loan, according to the amortization schedule in the Credit Agreement. The Credit Agreement also contains an accordion feature that permits DelphiAptiv to increase, from time to time, the aggregate borrowing capacity under the Credit Agreement by up to an additional $1 billion (or a greater amount based upon a formula set forth in the Credit Agreement) upon Delphi'sAptiv’s request, the agreement of the lenders participating in the increase, and the approval of the Administrative Agent and existing lenders.
As of September 30, 2017,2018, there were no amounts drawn on the Revolving Credit Facility and approximately $7 million in letters of credit issued under the Credit Agreement. Letters of credit issued under the Credit Agreement reduce availability under the Revolving Credit Facility. No amounts were drawn on the Revolving Credit Facility during the nine months ended September 30, 2017.2018.
Loans under the Credit Agreement bear interest, at Delphi'sAptiv’s option, at either (a) the Administrative Agent’s Alternate Base Rate (“ABR” as defined in the Credit Agreement) or (b) the London Interbank Offered Rate (the “Adjusted LIBO Rate” as defined in the Credit Agreement) (“LIBOR”) plus in either case a percentage per annum as set forth in the table below (the “Applicable Rate”). The Applicable Rates under the Credit Agreement on the specified dates are set forth below:
September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016September 30, 2018 December 31, 2017
LIBOR plus ABR plus LIBOR plus ABR plusLIBOR plus ABR plus LIBOR plus ABR plus
Revolving Credit Facility1.10% 0.10% 1.10% 0.10%1.10% 0.10% 1.10% 0.10%
Tranche A Term Loan1.25% 0.25% 1.25% 0.25%1.25% 0.25% 1.25% 0.25%
The Applicable Rate under the Credit Agreement may increase or decrease from time to time based on changes in the Company'sCompany’s credit ratings. Accordingly, the interest rate will fluctuate during the term of the Credit Agreement based on changes in the ABR, LIBOR or future changes in the Company'sCompany’s corporate credit ratings. The Credit Agreement also requires that DelphiAptiv pay certain facility fees on the Revolving Credit Facility and certain letter of credit issuance and fronting fees.
The interest rate period with respect to LIBOR interest rate options can be set at one-, two-, three-, or six-months as selected by DelphiAptiv in accordance with the terms of the Credit Agreement (or other period as may be agreed by the applicable lenders). DelphiAptiv may elect to change the selected interest rate option in accordance with the provisions of the Credit Agreement. As of September 30, 2017, Delphi2018, Aptiv selected the one-month LIBOR interest rate option on the Tranche A Term Loan, and the rate effective as of September 30, 2017,2018, as detailed in the table below, was based on the Company'sCompany’s current credit rating and the Applicable Rate for the Credit Agreement:
   Borrowings as of  
   September 30, 2017 Rate effective as of
 Applicable Rate (in millions) September 30, 2017
Tranche A Term LoanLIBOR plus 1.25% $400
 2.50%
   Borrowings as of  
   September 30, 2018 Rate effective as of
 Applicable Rate (in millions) September 30, 2018
Tranche A Term LoanLIBOR plus 1.25% $390
 3.4375%
Borrowings under the Credit Agreement are prepayable at Delphi'sAptiv’s option without premium or penalty.
The Credit Agreement contains certain covenants that limit, among other things, the Company’s (and the Company’s subsidiaries’) ability to incur certain additional indebtedness or liens or to dispose of substantially all of its assets. In addition, the Credit Agreement requires that the Company maintain a consolidated leverage ratio (the ratio of Consolidated Total Indebtedness to Consolidated EBITDA, each as defined in the Credit Agreement) of less than 3.50 to 1.0. The Credit Agreement also contains events of default customary for financings of this type. The Company was in compliance with the Credit Agreement covenants as of September 30, 2017.2018.
As of September 30, 2017,2018, all obligations under the Credit Agreement were borrowed by DelphiAptiv Corporation and jointly and severally guaranteed by its direct and indirect parent companies, subject to certain exceptions set forth in the Credit Agreement. Refer to Note 19. Supplemental Guarantor and Non-Guarantor Condensed Consolidating Financial Statements to the consolidated financial statements contained herein for additional information.
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Senior Unsecured Notes
On February 14, 2013, Delphi Corporation issued $800 million of 5.00% senior unsecured notes due 2023 (the “2013 Senior Notes”) in a transaction registered under Rule 144A and Regulation S of the Securities Act of 1933 (the “Securities Act”). The proceeds were primarily utilized to prepay our term loan indebtedness under the Credit Agreement. Delphi paid approximately $12 million of issuance costs in connection with the 2013 Senior Notes. Interest was payable semi-annually on February 15 and August 15 of each year to holders of record at the close of business on February 1 or August 1 immediately preceding the interest payment date. In September 2016, Delphi redeemed for cash the entire $800 million aggregate principal amount outstanding of the 2013 Senior Notes, primarily financed by the proceeds from the issuance of the 2016 Euro-denominated Senior Notes and the 2016 Senior Notes, each as defined below. As a result of the redemption of the 2013 Senior Notes, Delphi recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of approximately $70 million during the year ended December 31, 2016 within other income (expense), net in the consolidated statement of operations.
On March 3, 2014, DelphiAptiv Corporation issued $700 million in aggregate principal amount of 4.15% senior unsecured notes due 2024 (the “2014 Senior Notes”) in a transaction registered under the Securities Act. The 2014 Senior Notes were priced at 99.649% of par, resulting in a yield to maturity of 4.193%. The proceeds were primarily utilized to redeem $500 million of 5.875% senior unsecured notes due 2019 and to repay a portion of the Tranche A Term Loan. DelphiAptiv paid approximately $6

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million of issuance costs in connection with the 2014 Senior Notes. Interest is payable semi-annually on March 15 and September 15 of each year to holders of record at the close of business on March 1 or September 1 immediately preceding the interest payment date.
On March 10, 2015, Delphi AutomotiveAptiv PLC issued €700 million in aggregate principal amount of 1.50% Euro-denominated senior unsecured notes due 2025 (the “2015 Euro-denominated Senior Notes”) in a transaction registered under the Securities Act. The 2015 Euro-denominated Senior Notes were priced at 99.54% of par, resulting in a yield to maturity of 1.55%. The proceeds were primarily utilized to redeem $500 million of 6.125% senior unsecured notes due 2021, and to fund growth initiatives, such as acquisitions, and share repurchases. DelphiAptiv incurred approximately $5 million of issuance costs in connection with the 2015 Euro-denominated Senior Notes. Interest is payable annually on March 10. The Company has designated the 2015 Euro-denominated Senior Notes as a net investment hedge of the foreign currency exposure of its investments in certain Euro-denominated wholly-owned subsidiaries. Refer to Note.Note 14. Derivatives and Hedging Activities to the consolidated financial statements contained herein for further information.
On November 19, 2015, Delphi AutomotiveAptiv PLC issued $1.3 billion in aggregate principal amount of senior unsecured notes in a transaction registered under the Securities Act, comprised of $650 million of 3.15% senior unsecured notes due 2020 (the "3.15%“3.15% Senior Notes"Notes”) and $650 million of 4.25% senior unsecured notes due 2026 (the "4.25%“4.25% Senior Notes"Notes”) (collectively, the "2015“2015 Senior Notes"Notes”). The 3.15% Senior Notes were priced at 99.784% of par, resulting in a yield to maturity of 3.197%, and the 4.25% Senior Notes were priced at 99.942% of par, resulting in a yield to maturity of 4.256%. The proceeds were primarily utilized to fund a portion of the cash consideration for the acquisition of HellermannTyton as further described in Note. 17. Acquisitions and Divestitures,PLC and for general corporate purposes, including the payment of fees and expenses associated with the HellermannTyton PLC acquisition and the related financing transaction. DelphiAptiv incurred approximately $8 million of issuance costs in connection with the 2015 Senior Notes. Interest on the 3.15% Senior Notes is payable semi-annually on May 19 and November 19 of each year to holders of record at the close of business on May 4 or November 4 immediately preceding the interest payment date. Interest on the 4.25% Senior Notes is payable semi-annually on January 15 and July 15 of each year to holders of record at the close of business on January 1 or July 1 immediately preceding the interest payment date.
On September 15, 2016, Delphi AutomotiveAptiv PLC issued €500 million in aggregate principal amount of 1.60% Euro-denominated senior unsecured notes due 2028 (the “2016 Euro-denominated Senior Notes”) in a transaction registered under the Securities Act. The 2016 Euro-denominated Senior Notes were priced at 99.881% of par, resulting in a yield to maturity of 1.611%. The proceeds, together with proceeds from the 2016 Senior Notes described below, were utilized to redeem the 2013 Senior Notes. Delphi$800 million of 5.00% senior unsecured notes due 2023. Aptiv incurred approximately $4 million of issuance costs in connection with the 2016 Euro-denominated Senior Notes. Interest is payable annually on September 15. The Company has designated the 2016 Euro-denominated Senior Notes as a net investment hedge of the foreign currency exposure of its investments in certain Euro-denominated wholly-owned subsidiaries. Refer to Note.Note 14. Derivatives and Hedging Activities to the consolidated financial statements contained herein for further information.
On September 20, 2016, Delphi AutomotiveAptiv PLC issued $300 million in aggregate principal amount of 4.40% senior unsecured notes due 2046 (the “2016 Senior Notes”) in a transaction registered under the Securities Act. The 2016 Senior Notes were priced at 99.454% of par, resulting in a yield to maturity of 4.433%. The proceeds, together with proceeds from the 2016 Euro-denominated Senior Notes, were utilized to redeem the 2013 Senior Notes. Delphi$800 million of 5.00% senior unsecured notes due 2023. Aptiv incurred approximately $3 million of issuance costs in connection with the 2016 Senior Notes. Interest is payable semi-annually on April 1 and October 1 of each year to holders of record at the close of business on March 15 or September 15 immediately preceding the interest payment date.
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Although the specific terms of each indenture governing each series of senior notes vary, the indentures contain certain restrictive covenants, including with respect to Delphi'sAptiv’s (and Delphi'sAptiv’s subsidiaries) ability to incur liens, enter into sale and leaseback transactions and merge with or into other entities. As of September 30, 2017,2018, the Company was in compliance with the provisions of all series of the outstanding senior notes.
The 2013 Senior Notes and the 2014 Senior Notes were issued by DelphiAptiv Corporation. The 2014 Senior Notes are and prior to their redemption, the 2013 Senior Notes were, fully and unconditionally guaranteed, jointly and severally, by Delphi AutomotiveAptiv PLC and by certain of Delphi Automotive PLC'sAptiv PLC’s direct and indirect subsidiaries which are directly or indirectly 100% owned by Delphi AutomotiveAptiv PLC, subject to customary release provisions (other than in the case of Delphi AutomotiveAptiv PLC). The 2015 Euro-denominated Senior Notes, 2015 Senior Notes, 2016 Euro-denominated Senior Notes and 2016 Senior Notes issued by Delphi AutomotiveAptiv PLC are fully and unconditionally guaranteed, jointly and severally, by certain of Delphi Automotive PLC'sAptiv PLC’s direct and indirect subsidiaries (including DelphiAptiv Corporation), which are directly or indirectly 100% owned by Delphi AutomotiveAptiv PLC, subject to customary release provisions. Refer to Note 19. Supplemental Guarantor and Non-Guarantor Condensed Consolidating Financial Statements to the consolidated financial statements contained herein for additional information.
Spin-off Financing
Delphi Technologies PLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, was formed in connection with the Separation as a holding company to directly or indirectly own substantially all of the operating subsidiaries of the spin-off, to issue debt securities and perform treasury operations of the spin-off, which prior to October 10, 2017 was named Delphi Jersey Holdings plc. Delphi Powertrain Corporation (“DPC”), a wholly owned U.S. subsidiary of the Company that will become a wholly owned subsidiary of Delphi Technologies PLC upon completion of the separation, was also formed for the same purposes.
Spin-off Credit Agreement
On September 7, 2017, Delphi Technologies PLC and DPC entered into a credit agreement (the "Spin-Off Credit Agreement") with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, with respect to $1.25 billion in senior secured credit facilities. The Credit Agreement consists of a senior secured five-year $750 million term loan facility (the “Spin-Off Term Loan A Facility”) and a $500 million five-year senior secured revolving credit facility (the “ Spin-Off Revolving Credit Facility”) (collectively, the “Spin-Off Credit Facilities”) with the lenders party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.
The Spin-Off Credit Facilities are expected to become available to Delphi Technologies PLC no later than the date of the separation, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions customary for financings of this type, including the spin-off. Accordingly, no amounts were drawn or available to be drawn under the Spin-Off Credit Facilities as of September 30, 2017. Prior to the date of the Separation, Delphi Technologies PLC is required to pay a 0.30% per annum commitment fee on the committed loans under the Spin-Off Credit Facilities. The Company incurred approximately $9 million of debt issuance costs in connection with the Spin-Off Credit Agreement.
The borrowers under the Spin-Off Credit Agreement will comprise Delphi Technologies PLC and DPC. Additional subsidiaries of Delphi Technologies PLC may be added as co-borrowers or guarantors under the Spin-Off Credit Agreement from time to time on the terms and conditions set forth in the Spin-Off Credit Agreement. The obligations of each borrower under the Spin-Off Credit Agreement will be jointly and severally guaranteed by each other borrower and by certain of Delphi Technologies PLC's existing and future direct and indirect subsidiaries, subject to certain exceptions customary for financings of this type. All obligations of the borrowers and the guarantors will be secured by certain assets of such borrowers and guarantors, including a perfected first-priority pledge of all of the capital stock in DPC.
Spin-Off Senior Notes
On September 28, 2017, Delphi Technologies PLC issued $800 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.00% senior unsecured notes due 2025 in a transaction exempt from registration under the Securities Act (the "Spin-Off Senior Notes"). The Spin-Off Senior Notes were priced at 99.50% of par, resulting in a yield to maturity of 5.077%. Approximately $14 million of issuance costs were incurred in connection with the Spin-Off Senior Notes offering. Interest is payable semi-annually on April 1 and October 1 of each year to holders of record at the close of business on March 15 or September 15 immediately preceding the interest payment date. The proceeds received from the Spin-Off Senior Notes offering were deposited into escrow for release to Delphi Technologies PLC upon satisfaction of certain conditions, including completion of the Separation. If the conditions for the release of the proceeds of this offering from escrow are not satisfied by June 30, 2018, the Spin-Off Senior Notes will be subject to mandatory redemption. The Spin-Off Senior Notes have not been, and are not expected to be, guaranteed by the Company or any of its subsidiaries that will not be subsidiaries of Delphi Technologies PLC following the spin-off. Upon completion of the Separation, Delphi Technologies PLC will use the proceeds from the Spin-Off Senior Notes together with the proceeds from the Spin-Off Term Loan A Facility to fund a dividend to Delphi, fund operating cash and pay taxes and related fees and expenses.
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Other Financing
Receivable factoringDelphiAptiv maintains a €400€300 million European accounts receivable factoring facility whichthat is available on a non-committedcommitted basis. This facility is accounted for as short-term debt and borrowings are subject to the availability of eligible

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accounts receivable. Collateral is not required related to these trade accounts receivable. This program automatically renews on a non-committed, indefinite basis unless terminated by either party. Borrowings bear interest at LIBOR plus 1.05% for borrowings denominated in pounds sterling and Euro Interbank Offered Rate ("EURIBOR"(“EURIBOR”) plus 0.80%0.42% for borrowings denominated in Euros. No amounts were outstanding on the European accounts receivable factoring facility as of September 30, 20172018 or December 31, 2016.2017. The maximum amount drawn under the European facility during the nine months ended September 30, 20172018 to manage working capital requirements was $199 million.
The Company has entered into arrangements with various financial institutions to sell eligible trade receivables from certain aftermarket customers in North America. These arrangements can be terminated at any time subject to prior written notice. The receivables under these arrangements are sold without recourse to the Company and are therefore accounted for as true sales. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, $25 million and $63 million of receivables were sold under these arrangements, and expenses of $1 million and $2 million, respectively, were recognized within interest expense. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, $19 million and $94 million of receivables were sold under these arrangements, and expenses of less than $1 million and $2 million, respectively, were recognized within interest expense.million.
Capital leases and other—As of September 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016,2017, approximately $38$34 million and $42 million, respectively, of other debt primarily issued by certain non-U.S. subsidiaries and capital lease obligations waswere outstanding.
Government programsDelphi commonly seeksAptiv pursues manufacturing development and financial assistance incentive programs that may be awarded by government entities. Delphi has numerousAptiv’s technology development programs that are competitively awarded from agencies of the U.S. Federal Government, primarily from the U.S. Department of Energy (“DOE”). We received approximately $3less than $1 million from Federal agencies duringin the nine months ended September 30, 20172018 for work performed. These programs supplement our internal research and development funds and directly support our product focus of Safe, Green and Connected. We continue to pursue many technology development programs by bidding on competitively procured programs from the DOE, as well as the U.S. Department of Transportation (“DOT”). Some of these programs were bid with us being the lead or “Prime Contractor”,Contractor,” and some were bid with us as a “Subrecipient” to the Prime Contractor.
Cash Flows
Intra-month cash flow cycles vary by region, but in general we are users of cash through the first half of a typical month and we generate cash during the latter half of a typical month. Due to this cycle of cash flows, we may utilize short-term financing, including our Revolving Credit Facility and European accounts receivable factoring facility, to manage our intra-month working capital needs. Our cash balance typically peaks at month end.
We utilize a combination of strategies, including dividends, cash pooling arrangements, intercompany loan structures and other distributions and advances, to provide the funds necessary to meet our global liquidity needs. We utilize a global cash pooling arrangement to consolidate and manage our global cash balances, which enables us to efficiently move cash into and out of a number of the countries in which we operate.
Operating activities—Net cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations totaled $1,040$890 million and $1,258$685 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Cash flow from operating activities from continuing operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 consisted primarily of net earnings from continuing operations of $850 million, increased by $503 million for non-cash charges for depreciation, amortization and 2016, respectively.pension costs, partially offset by $419 million related to changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of restructuring and pension contributions. Cash flow from operating activities from continuing operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 consisted primarily of net earnings from continuing operations of $1,151$841 million, increased by $605$423 million for non-cash charges for depreciation, amortization and pension costs, partially offset by $755$612 million related to changes in operating assets and liabilities, including $310 million paid to settle the Unsecured Creditors litigation, net of restructuring and pension contributions. Cash flow from operating activities from continuing operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 consisted primarily of net earnings from continuing operations of $912 million increased by $644 million for non-cash charges for depreciation, amortization, pension costs and debt extinguishment, partially offset by $354 million related to changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of restructuring and pension contributions.
Investing activities—Net cash used in investing activities from continuing operations totaled $682$1,169 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017,2018, as compared to $583$576 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016.2017. The increase in usage is primarily attributable to the net proceeds of $52$512 million that were received from the sale of our SDAAC joint venturepaid for business acquisitions during the nine months ended September 30, 2016. Additionally, during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 the Company2018, as compared to $90 million paid $91 million for business acquisitions and technology investments, as compared to $18 million paid for acquisitions and investments during the nine months ended September 30, 2016. These increases were partially offset by $23 million of reduced2017. Additionally, capital expenditures increased $181 million during the nine months ended September 30, 20172018 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2016.2017.
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Financing activities—Net cash used in financing activities totaled $691 million and $860$482 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Cash flows used in2018, as compared to net cash provided by financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 primarily included $383of $105 million paid to repurchase ordinary shares, $233 million of dividend payments and $22 million of contingent consideration paid for Delphi's prior year acquisitions of Control-Tec and Ottomatika. The proceeds received from the offering of the Spin-Off Senior Notes and the subsequent deposit of these proceeds into escrow are reflected within financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. Cash flows used in financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2016,2018 primarily included net proceeds of $852 million received from the issuance of the 2016 Euro-denominated Senior Notes and the 2016 Senior Notes, which were primarily utilized to redeem the $800 million 2023 Senior Notes, as well as $530$214 million paid to repurchase ordinary shares, and $238$175 million of dividend payments and $13 million of contingent consideration and deferred acquisition purchase price payments. Cash flows provided by financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 primarily included the proceeds received from the offering of the Spin-Off Senior Notes, partially offset by $383 million paid to repurchase ordinary shares, $233 million of dividend payments and $24 million of contingent consideration and deferred acquisition purchase price payments.


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Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We do not engage in any off-balance sheet financial arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a material current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources.
Contingencies and Environmental Matters
The information concerning contingencies, including environmental contingencies and the amount currently held in reserve for environmental matters, contained in Note 10. Commitments and Contingencies to the unaudited consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this report is incorporated herein by reference.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
The information concerning recently issued accounting pronouncements contained in Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies to the unaudited consolidated financial statements included in Part 1,I, Item 1 of this report is incorporated herein by reference.

Critical Accounting Estimates
There have been no significant changes in our critical accounting estimates during the three and nine months ended September 30, 20172018.

ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
There have been no material changes to the information concerning our exposures to market risk as stated in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016.2017. As described in the Form 10-K, we have currency exposures related to buying, selling and financing in currencies other than the local functional currencies in which we operate ("(“transactional exposure"exposure”). We also have currency exposures related to the translation of the financial statements of our non-U.S. subsidiaries that use the local currency as their functional currency into U.S. dollars, the Company'sCompany’s reporting currency ("(“translational exposure"exposure”). As described in Note.Note 14. Derivatives and Hedging Activities to the unaudited consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this report, to manage this risk the Company designates certain qualifying instruments as net investment hedges of certain non-U.S. subsidiaries. The effective portion of the gains or losses on instruments designated as net investment hedges are recognized within the cumulative translation adjustment component of OCI to offset changes in the value of the net investment in these foreign currency-denominated operations.

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected.
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The Company maintains disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives.
As of September 30, 20172018, the Company’s management, with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated, for disclosure purposes, the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as of the end of the period
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covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that the desired control objectives were achieved as of September 30, 20172018.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There were no material changes in the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting during the nine months ended September 30, 20172018 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting.

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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
We are from time to time subject to various actions, claims, suits, government investigations, and other proceedings incidental to our business, including those arising out of alleged defects, breach of contracts, competition and antitrust matters, product warranties, intellectual property matters, personal injury claims and employment-related matters. For a description of risks related to various legal proceedings and claims, see Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016.2017. For a description of our outstanding material legal proceedings, see Note 10. Commitments and Contingencies to the unaudited consolidated financial statements included in this report.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Other than as described in the Company's Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2017, thereThere have been no material changes toin risk factors for the Company in the period covered by this report. For information regarding factors that could affect the Company’s results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, see the risk factors describeddiscussed in Part I, “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016.2017.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
A summary of our ordinary shares repurchased during the three months ended September 30, 2017,2018, is shown below:
Period Total Number of Shares Purchased (1) Average Price Paid per Share (2) Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet be Purchased Under the Program (in millions) (3)
July 1, 2017 to July 31, 2017 
 
 
 $1,084
August 1, 2017 to August 31, 2017 1,018,930
 $92.99
 1,018,930
 989
September 1, 2017 to September 30, 2017 
 
 
 989
Total 1,018,930
 92.99
 1,018,930
  
Period Total Number of Shares Purchased (1) Average Price Paid per Share (2) Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet be Purchased Under the Program (in millions) (3)
July 1, 2018 to July 31, 2018 63,694
 $91.25
 63,694
 $830
August 1, 2018 to August 31, 2018 
 
 
 830
September 1, 2018 to September 30, 2018 729,730
 85.63
 729,730
 767
Total 793,424
 86.08
 793,424
  
(1)The total number of shares purchased under the plans authorized by the Board of Directors are described below. The number of shares purchased excludes the 8,169 shares granted for vested RSUs during the three months ended September 30, 2017 that were withheld to cover minimum withholding taxes.
(2)Excluding commissions.
(3)In April 2016, the Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program of up to $1.5 billion. This program follows the completion of the previously announced share repurchase program of $1.5 billion, which was approved by the Board of Directors in January 2015. The timing of repurchases is dependent on price, market conditions and applicable regulatory requirements.


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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS
Exhibit
Number
 Description
31.1 
31.2 
32.1 
32.2 
101.INS XBRL Instance Document#
101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document#
101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document#
101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document#
101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document#
101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document#
* Filed herewith.
# Filed electronically with the Report.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
   
  DELPHI AUTOMOTIVEAPTIV PLC
   
  /s/ Joseph R. Massaro
  By: Joseph R. Massaro
  Chief Financial OfficerSenior Vice President and
  Senior Vice PresidentChief Financial Officer
Dated: November 2, 2017October 31, 2018

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