UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)


☒			QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, ~~2022~~2023

- OR -


☐			TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission file number:

001-37470

TransUnion

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Delaware						61-1678417
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)						(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

555 West Adams,

Chicago,

Illinois

60661

(Address of principal executive offices)

(Zip code)

312-985-2000

(Registrants’ telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class

Trading Symbol(s)

Name of each exchange on which registered

Common Stock, $0.01 par value

TRU

New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

☒

Yes

☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

☒

Yes

☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

Table of Contents

☒

Large Accelerated Filer

☐

Accelerated Filer

☐

Non-Accelerated Filer

☐

Smaller Reporting Company

☐

Emerging Growth Company


If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

☐

Yes

☒

As of March 31, ~~2022,~~2023, there were ~~192.4~~193.2 million shares of TransUnion common stock outstanding.

Table of Contents

TRANSUNION

QUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM 10-Q

QUARTER ENDED MARCH 31, ~~2022~~2023

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

TRANSUNION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited)

(in millions, except per share data)


		March 31, 2022		December 31, 2021			March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Assets	Assets					Assets
Current assets:	Current assets:					Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,296.8	$	1,842.4	Cash and cash equivalents	$	439.0	$	585.3
Trade accounts receivable, net of allowance of $13.3 and $10.7		588.9		558.0
Trade accounts receivable, net of allowance of $11.2 and $11.0						Trade accounts receivable, net of allowance of $11.2 and $11.0	652.6		602.2
Other current assets	Other current assets	282.4		231.6		Other current assets	289.5		262.7
Total current assets	Total current assets	2,168.1		2,632.0		Total current assets	1,381.1		1,450.2
Property, plant and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization of $654.1 and $625.4		233.0		247.7
Property, plant and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization of $736.9 and $711.3						Property, plant and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization of $736.9 and $711.3	209.5		218.2
Goodwill	Goodwill	5,504.3		5,525.7		Goodwill	5,569.8		5,551.4
Other intangibles, net of accumulated amortization of $2,013.1 and $1,908.9		3,704.5		3,770.6
Other intangibles, net of accumulated amortization of $2,380.1 and $2,268.6						Other intangibles, net of accumulated amortization of $2,380.1 and $2,268.6	3,636.7		3,675.5
Other assets	Other assets	587.3		459.0		Other assets	766.0		771.0
Total assets	Total assets	$	12,197.2	$	12,635.0	Total assets	$	11,563.1	$	11,666.3
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity	Liabilities and stockholders’ equity					Liabilities and stockholders’ equity
Current liabilities:	Current liabilities:					Current liabilities:
Trade accounts payable	Trade accounts payable	$	260.3	$	270.2	Trade accounts payable	$	298.4	$	250.4
Short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt	Short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt	114.6		114.6		Short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt	114.6		114.6
Other current liabilities	Other current liabilities	833.7		972.2		Other current liabilities	465.3		540.5
Total current liabilities	Total current liabilities	1,208.6		1,357.0		Total current liabilities	878.4		905.5
Long-term debt	Long-term debt	5,831.5		6,251.3		Long-term debt	5,455.0		5,555.5
Deferred taxes	Deferred taxes	806.8		787.6		Deferred taxes	726.7		762.0
Other liabilities	Other liabilities	208.4		232.9		Other liabilities	171.4		173.9
Total liabilities	Total liabilities	8,055.3		8,628.8		Total liabilities	7,231.6		7,396.9
Stockholders’ equity:	Stockholders’ equity:					Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 1.0 billion shares authorized at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, 198.3 million and 197.4 million shares issued at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, and 192.4 million shares and 191.8 million shares outstanding as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively		2.0		2.0
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 1.0 billion shares authorized at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, 199.2 million and 198.7 million shares issued at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and 193.2 million shares and 192.7 million shares outstanding as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively						Common stock, $0.01 par value; 1.0 billion shares authorized at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, 199.2 million and 198.7 million shares issued at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and 193.2 million shares and 192.7 million shares outstanding as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively	2.0		2.0
Additional paid-in capital	Additional paid-in capital	2,219.2		2,188.9		Additional paid-in capital	2,322.3		2,290.3
Treasury stock at cost; 5.9 million and 5.6 million shares at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively		(280.8)		(252.0)
Treasury stock at cost; 6.0 million and 6.0 million shares at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively						Treasury stock at cost; 6.0 million and 6.0 million shares at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively	(292.1)		(284.5)
Retained earnings	Retained earnings	2,284.5		2,254.6		Retained earnings	2,478.4		2,446.6
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(184.7)		(285.4)		Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(282.2)		(284.5)
Total TransUnion stockholders’ equity	Total TransUnion stockholders’ equity	4,040.2		3,908.1		Total TransUnion stockholders’ equity	4,228.3		4,169.9
Noncontrolling interests	Noncontrolling interests	101.7		98.1		Noncontrolling interests	103.2		99.5
Total stockholders’ equity	Total stockholders’ equity	4,141.9		4,006.2		Total stockholders’ equity	4,331.5		4,269.4
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	12,197.2	$	12,635.0	Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	11,563.1	$	11,666.3

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

TRANSUNION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited)

(in millions, except per share data)


		Three Months Ended March 31,				Three Months Ended March 31,
		2022		2021				2023		2022
Revenue	Revenue	$	921.3	$	698.9		Revenue	$	940.3	$	921.3
Operating expenses	Operating expenses						Operating expenses
Cost of services (exclusive of depreciation and amortization below)	Cost of services (exclusive of depreciation and amortization below)	298.0		226.8			Cost of services (exclusive of depreciation and amortization below)	324.9		298.0
Selling, general and administrative	Selling, general and administrative	359.5		219.1			Selling, general and administrative	340.5		359.5
Depreciation and amortization	Depreciation and amortization	128.8		89.4			Depreciation and amortization	129.7		128.8
Total operating expenses	Total operating expenses	786.3		535.3			Total operating expenses	795.1		786.3
Operating income	Operating income	135.0		163.6			Operating income	145.2		135.0
Non-operating income and (expense)	Non-operating income and (expense)						Non-operating income and (expense)
Interest expense	Interest expense	(50.2)		(25.8)			Interest expense	(71.8)		(50.2)
Interest income	Interest income	0.7		0.7			Interest income	5.8		0.7
Earnings from equity method investments	Earnings from equity method investments	3.0		3.0			Earnings from equity method investments	3.1		3.0
Other income and (expense), net	Other income and (expense), net	(11.8)		(0.4)			Other income and (expense), net	(6.8)		(11.8)
Total non-operating income and (expense)	Total non-operating income and (expense)	(58.3)		(22.5)			Total non-operating income and (expense)	(69.6)		(58.3)
Income from continuing operations before income taxes	Income from continuing operations before income taxes	76.7		141.0			Income from continuing operations before income taxes	75.6		76.7
Provision for income taxes	Provision for income taxes	(24.4)		(23.7)			Provision for income taxes	(18.6)		(24.4)
Income from continuing operations	Income from continuing operations	52.3		117.3			Income from continuing operations	57.0		52.3
Discontinued operations, net of tax	Discontinued operations, net of tax	(0.4)		13.3			Discontinued operations, net of tax	(0.1)		(0.4)
Net income	Net income	52.0		130.6			Net income	56.9		52.0
Less: net income attributable to the noncontrolling interests	Less: net income attributable to the noncontrolling interests	(3.7)		(2.7)			Less: net income attributable to the noncontrolling interests	(4.3)		(3.7)
Net income attributable to TransUnion	Net income attributable to TransUnion	$	48.3	$	127.9		Net income attributable to TransUnion	$	52.6	$	48.3

Income from continuing operations	Income from continuing operations	$	52.3	$	117.3		Income from continuing operations	$	57.0	$	52.3
Less: income from continuing operations attributable to noncontrolling interests	Less: income from continuing operations attributable to noncontrolling interests	(3.7)		(2.7)			Less: income from continuing operations attributable to noncontrolling interests	(4.3)		(3.7)
Income from continuing operations attributable to TransUnion	Income from continuing operations attributable to TransUnion	48.7		114.6			Income from continuing operations attributable to TransUnion	52.7		48.7
Discontinued operations, net of tax	Discontinued operations, net of tax	(0.4)		13.3			Discontinued operations, net of tax	(0.1)		(0.4)
Net income attributable to TransUnion	Net income attributable to TransUnion	$	48.3	$	127.9		Net income attributable to TransUnion	$	52.6	$	48.3

Basic earnings per common share from:	Basic earnings per common share from:						Basic earnings per common share from:
Income from continuing operations attributable to TransUnion	Income from continuing operations attributable to TransUnion	$	0.25	$	0.60		Income from continuing operations attributable to TransUnion	$	0.27	$	0.25
Discontinued operations, net of tax	Discontinued operations, net of tax	—		0.07			Discontinued operations, net of tax	—		—
Net Income attributable to TransUnion	Net Income attributable to TransUnion	$	0.25	$	0.67		Net Income attributable to TransUnion	$	0.27	$	0.25
Diluted earnings per common share from:	Diluted earnings per common share from:						Diluted earnings per common share from:
Income from continuing operations attributable to TransUnion	Income from continuing operations attributable to TransUnion	$	0.25	$	0.60		Income from continuing operations attributable to TransUnion	$	0.27	$	0.25
Discontinued operations, net of tax	Discontinued operations, net of tax	—		0.07			Discontinued operations, net of tax	—		—
Net Income attributable to TransUnion	Net Income attributable to TransUnion	$	0.25	$	0.66		Net Income attributable to TransUnion	$	0.27	$	0.25
Weighted-average shares outstanding:	Weighted-average shares outstanding:						Weighted-average shares outstanding:
Basic	Basic	192.1		190.9			Basic	193.0		192.1
Diluted	Diluted	193.2		192.5			Diluted	193.9		193.2

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

TRANSUNION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income ~~(Loss)~~ (Unaudited)

(in millions)


		Three Months Ended March 31,				Three Months Ended March 31,
		2022		2021				2023		2022
Net income	Net income	$	52.0	$	130.6		Net income	$	56.9	$	52.0
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Other comprehensive (loss) income:							Other comprehensive (loss) income:
Foreign currency translation:	Foreign currency translation:						Foreign currency translation:
Foreign currency translation adjustment	Foreign currency translation adjustment	(6.7)		(10.9)			Foreign currency translation adjustment	38.0		(6.7)
Benefit for income taxes		—		0.3
Provision for income taxes							Provision for income taxes	(0.7)		—
Foreign currency translation, net	Foreign currency translation, net	(6.7)		(10.6)			Foreign currency translation, net	37.3		(6.7)
Hedge instruments:	Hedge instruments:						Hedge instruments:
Net change on interest rate swap	Net change on interest rate swap	143.1		28.3			Net change on interest rate swap	(47.4)		143.1
Expense for income taxes		(35.8)		(7.0)
Benefit (Provision) for income taxes							Benefit (Provision) for income taxes	11.8		(35.8)
Hedge instruments, net	Hedge instruments, net	107.3		21.3			Hedge instruments, net	(35.6)		107.3
Available-for-sale securities:
Net unrealized (loss) gain		—		—
Provision for income taxes		—		—
Available-for-sale securities, net		—		—
Total other comprehensive income, net of tax	Total other comprehensive income, net of tax	100.6		10.7			Total other comprehensive income, net of tax	1.7		100.6
Comprehensive income	Comprehensive income	152.6		141.3			Comprehensive income	58.6		152.6
Less: comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests	Less: comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests	(3.7)		(1.7)			Less: comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests	(3.7)		(3.7)
Comprehensive income attributable to TransUnion	Comprehensive income attributable to TransUnion	$	148.9	$	139.6		Comprehensive income attributable to TransUnion	$	54.9	$	148.9

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

TRANSUNION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)

(in millions)


		Three Months Ended March 31,					Three Months Ended March 31,
		2022		2021			2023		2022
Cash flows from operating activities:	Cash flows from operating activities:					Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	Net income	$	52.0	$	130.6	Net income	$	56.9	$	52.0
Less: Discontinued operations, net of tax	Less: Discontinued operations, net of tax	(0.4)		13.3		Less: Discontinued operations, net of tax	(0.1)		(0.4)
Income from continuing operations	Income from continuing operations	52.3		117.3		Income from continuing operations	57.0		52.3
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:	Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:					Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	Depreciation and amortization	128.8		89.4		Depreciation and amortization	129.7		128.8
Loss on Repayment of loans		6.5		0.5
Loss on repayment of loans						Loss on repayment of loans	1.0		6.5
Deferred taxes	Deferred taxes	(4.5)		2.8		Deferred taxes	(27.4)		(4.5)
Stock-based compensation	Stock-based compensation	20.9		17.0		Stock-based compensation	22.1		20.9
Provision for losses on trade accounts receivable		2.1		—
Other	Other	0.7		(0.7)		Other	(0.1)		2.8
Changes in assets and liabilities:	Changes in assets and liabilities:					Changes in assets and liabilities:
Trade accounts receivable	Trade accounts receivable	(32.6)		(32.8)		Trade accounts receivable	(56.7)		(32.6)
Other current and long-term assets	Other current and long-term assets	(36.1)		(23.6)		Other current and long-term assets	(12.2)		(36.1)
Trade accounts payable	Trade accounts payable	(10.3)		7.3		Trade accounts payable	44.9		(10.3)
Other current and long-term liabilities	Other current and long-term liabilities	(116.2)		(49.5)		Other current and long-term liabilities	(80.9)		(116.2)
Cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations	Cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations	11.6		127.7		Cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations	77.4		11.6
Cash (used in) provided by operating activities of discontinued operations		(0.4)		17.1
Cash used in operating activities of discontinued operations						Cash used in operating activities of discontinued operations	—		(0.4)
Cash provided by operating activities	Cash provided by operating activities	11.2		144.8		Cash provided by operating activities	77.4		11.2
Cash flows from investing activities:	Cash flows from investing activities:					Cash flows from investing activities:
Capital expenditures	Capital expenditures	(58.6)		(40.7)		Capital expenditures	(66.5)		(58.6)
Proceeds from sale/maturities of other investments	Proceeds from sale/maturities of other investments	37.1		1.5		Proceeds from sale/maturities of other investments	17.5		37.1
Purchases of other investments	Purchases of other investments	(53.0)		(19.8)		Purchases of other investments	(23.1)		(53.0)
Investments in nonconsolidated affiliates and purchase of convertible notes		(14.8)		(10.0)
Investments in nonconsolidated affiliates						Investments in nonconsolidated affiliates	(31.9)		(14.8)
Other	Other	(1.7)		(0.4)		Other	0.4		(1.7)
Cash used in investing activities of continuing operations	Cash used in investing activities of continuing operations	(91.0)		(69.4)		Cash used in investing activities of continuing operations	(103.6)		(91.0)
Cash used in investing activities of discontinued operations		—		(2.5)
Cash used in investing activities		(91.0)		(71.9)
Cash flows from financing activities:	Cash flows from financing activities:					Cash flows from financing activities:
Repayments of debt	Repayments of debt	(428.6)		(99.6)		Repayments of debt	(103.6)		(428.6)
Proceeds from issuance of common stock and exercise of stock options	Proceeds from issuance of common stock and exercise of stock options	8.7		10.1		Proceeds from issuance of common stock and exercise of stock options	9.8		8.7
Dividends to shareholders	Dividends to shareholders	(19.0)		(15.0)		Dividends to shareholders	(20.6)		(19.0)
Employee taxes paid on restricted stock units recorded as treasury stock	Employee taxes paid on restricted stock units recorded as treasury stock	(28.7)		(27.7)		Employee taxes paid on restricted stock units recorded as treasury stock	(7.6)		(28.7)
Cash used in financing activities of continuing operations	Cash used in financing activities of continuing operations	(467.6)		(132.2)		Cash used in financing activities of continuing operations	(122.0)		(467.6)
Cash used in financing activities of discontinued operations		—		—
Cash used in financing activities		(467.6)		(132.2)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	1.8		(0.6)		Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	1.9		1.8
Net change in cash and cash equivalents	Net change in cash and cash equivalents	(545.6)		(59.9)		Net change in cash and cash equivalents	(146.3)		(545.6)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	1,842.4		492.7		Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	585.3		1,842.4
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	1,296.8	$	432.7	Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	439.0	$	1,296.8

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

TRANSUNION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Unaudited)

(in millions)


		Common Stock			Paid-In Capital				Treasury Stock		Retained Earnings				Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss				Noncontrolling Interests			Total					Common Stock					Paid-In Capital				Treasury Stock				Retained Earnings				Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss				Noncontrolling Interests				Total
		Shares	Amount														Shares							Amount
Balance, December 31, 2020		190.5	$	2.0			$	2,088.1					$	(215.2)				$	937.4		$	(272.1)			$	95.9		$	2,636.1
Balance, December 31, 2021																								Balance, December 31, 2021			191.8			$	2.0			$	2,188.9			$	(252.0)			$	2,254.6			$	(285.4)			$	98.1			$	4,006.2
Net income	Net income	—	—		—				—		127.9				—				2.7			130.6		Net income			—			—		—				—				48.3				—				3.7				52.0
Other comprehensive income (loss)	Other comprehensive income (loss)	—	—		—				—		—				11.7				(1.0)			10.7		Other comprehensive income (loss)			—			—		—				—				—				100.7				(0.1)				100.6
Stock-based compensation	Stock-based compensation	—	—		17.0				—		—				—				—			17.0		Stock-based compensation			—			—		20.1				—				—				—				—				20.1
Employee share purchase plan	Employee share purchase plan	0.1	—		10.7				—		—				—				—			10.7		Employee share purchase plan			0.1			—		10.0				—				—				—				—				10.0
Exercise of stock options	Exercise of stock options	0.1	—		1.0				—		—				—				—			1.0		Exercise of stock options			—			—		0.2				—				—				—				—				0.2
Vesting of restricted stock units		0.9	—		—				—		—				—				—			—
Vesting of restricted stock units and performance stocks																								Vesting of restricted stock units and performance stocks			0.8			—		—				—				—				—				—				—
Treasury stock purchased	Treasury stock purchased	(0.3)	—		—				(28.5)		—				—				—			(28.5)		Treasury stock purchased			(0.3)			—		—				(28.7)				—				—				—				(28.7)
Dividends to shareholders	Dividends to shareholders	—	—		—				—		(14.5)				—				—			(14.5)		Dividends to shareholders			—			—		—				—				(18.4)				—				—				(18.4)
Balance, March 31, 2021		191.3	$	2.0	$	2,116.8			$	(243.8)	$	1,050.8			$	(260.3)			$	97.6		$	2,763.1

Balance, March 31, 2022																								Balance, March 31, 2022			192.4			$	2.0	$	2,219.2			$	(280.8)			$	2,284.5			$	(184.7)			$	101.7			$	4,141.9


		Common Stock			Paid-In Capital				Treasury Stock		Retained Earnings				Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss				Noncontrolling Interests			Total					Common Stock					Paid-In Capital				Treasury Stock				Retained Earnings				Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss				Noncontrolling Interests				Total
		Shares	Amount														Shares							Amount
Balance, December 31, 2021		191.8	$	2.0			$	2,188.9					$	(252.0)				$	2,254.6		$	(285.4)			$	98.1		$	4,006.2
Balance, December 31, 2022																								Balance, December 31, 2022			192.7			$	2.0			$	2,290.3			$	(284.5)			$	2,446.6			$	(284.5)			$	99.5			$	4,269.4
Net income	Net income	—	—		—				—		48.3				—				3.7			52.0		Net income			—			—		—				—				52.6				—				4.3				56.9
Other comprehensive income		—	—		—				—		—				100.7				(0.1)			100.6
Other comprehensive income (loss)																								Other comprehensive income (loss)			—			—		—				—				—				2.3				(0.6)				1.7
Distributions to noncontrolling interests																								Distributions to noncontrolling interests			—			—		—				—				—				—				—				—
Stock-based compensation	Stock-based compensation	—	—		20.1				—		—				—				—			20.1		Stock-based compensation			—			—		20.7				—				—				—				—				20.7
Employee share purchase plan	Employee share purchase plan	0.1	—		10.0				—		—				—				—			10.0		Employee share purchase plan			0.2			—		10.7				—				—				—				—				10.7
Exercise of stock options	Exercise of stock options	—	—		0.2				—		—				—				—			0.2		Exercise of stock options			0.1			—		0.5				—				—				—				—				0.5
Vesting of restricted stock units		0.8	—		—				—		—				—				—			—
Vesting of restricted stock units and performance stocks																								Vesting of restricted stock units and performance stocks			0.3			—		—				—				—				—				—				—
Treasury stock purchased	Treasury stock purchased	(0.3)	—		—				(28.7)		—				—				—			(28.7)		Treasury stock purchased			(0.1)			—		—				(7.6)				—				—				—				(7.6)
Dividends to shareholders	Dividends to shareholders	—	—		—				—		(18.4)				—				—			(18.4)		Dividends to shareholders			—			—		—				—				(20.8)				—				—				(20.8)
Balance, March 31, 2022		192.4	$	2.0	$	2,219.2			$	(280.8)	$	2,284.5			$	(184.7)			$	101.7		$	4,141.9

Balance, March 31, 2023																								Balance, March 31, 2023			193.2			$	2.0	$	2,322.3			$	(292.1)			$	2,478.4			$	(282.2)			$	103.2			$	4,331.5

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

TRANSUNION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

1. Significant Accounting and Reporting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of TransUnion and subsidiaries have been prepared in accordance with ~~instructions to Form 10-Q~~U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for interim financial statements and, ~~Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X and do not~~in our opinion, include all ~~the information required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States~~adjustments of ~~America (“U.S. GAAP”) for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments, including~~a normal recurring ~~adjustments, considered~~nature necessary for a fair statement ~~have been included.~~of the interim periods presented. All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated. As a result of displaying amounts in millions, rounding differences may exist in the financial statements and footnote tables. The ~~operating~~interim results ~~of TransUnion for the periods~~ presented are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the full year ending December 31, ~~2022.~~2023. The Company’s year-end Consolidated Balance Sheet data was derived from audited financial statements. Therefore, these unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with our audited financial statements and related notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2021,~~2022, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on February ~~22, 2022.~~14, 2023.

Unless the context indicates otherwise, any reference in this report to the “Company,” “we,” “our,” “us,” and “its” refers to TransUnion and its consolidated subsidiaries, collectively.

For the periods presented, TransUnion does not have any material assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses or operations of any kind other than its ownership investment in TransUnion Intermediate Holdings, Inc.

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements of TransUnion include the accounts of TransUnion and all of its controlled subsidiaries. Investments in nonmarketable unconsolidated entities in which the Company is able to exercise significant influence are accounted for using the equity method. Investments in nonmarketable unconsolidated entities in which the Company is not able to exercise significant influence, our “Cost Method Investments,” are accounted for at our initial cost, minus any impairment, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements and related disclosures in accordance with GAAP requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the amounts reported. We believe that the estimates used in preparation of the accompanying consolidated financial statements are reasonable, based upon information available to management at this time. These estimates and judgments affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the balance sheet date, as well as the amounts of revenue and expense during the reporting period. Estimates are inherently uncertain and actual results could differ materially from the estimated amounts.

~~Impact of COVID-19 on Our Financial Statements~~

Given ongoing uncertainty and the unpredictable nature of the COVID-19 pandemic, including the rise of variants of the virus and the effectiveness of vaccines against those variants, COVID-19 may have a material and adverse impact on various aspects of our business in the future, including our consolidated financial statements.

Trade Accounts Receivable

We base our allowance for doubtful accounts estimate on our historical loss experience, our current expectations of future losses, current economic conditions, an analysis of the aging of outstanding receivables and customer payment patterns, and specific reserves for customers in adverse financial condition or for existing contractual disputes.

Table of Contents

The following is a ~~rollforward~~roll-forward of the allowance for doubtful accounts for the periods presented:

Three Months Ended March 31,
2022 2021
Beginning Balance $ 10.7 $ 17.1
Provision for losses on trade accounts receivable 2.1 —
Write-offs, net of recovered accounts 0.5 (0.3)
Ending balance $ 13.3 $ 16.8


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Beginning Balance	$	11.0	$	10.7
Provision for losses on trade accounts receivable	1.3		2.1
Write-offs, net of recovered accounts	(1.1)		0.5
Ending balance	$	11.2	$	13.3

Long-Lived Assets and Goodwill

We review long-lived asset groups that are subject to amortization for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset group may not be recoverable. We test goodwill for impairment on an annual basis, in the fourth quarter, or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of ~~goodwill~~one or more of our reporting units exceeds its fair value. We continually monitor events and changes in circumstances such as changes in market conditions and other relevant factors that could indicate that the fair value of our reporting units may more likely than not have fallen below its respective carrying value. The ongoing uncertainty and the unpredictable nature of the macroeconomic environment could impact our estimates and assumptions utilized in our impairment tests, which may result in future impairments that could be ~~impaired. As~~material and negatively impact our results of operations.

See Note 5, “Goodwill” and Note 6, “Intangible Assets” for additional information ~~becomes available to us, our future assessment of impairments to long-lived assets and goodwill could materially and adversely impact our consolidated financial statements in future reporting periods.~~

The decrease in other intangibles, net of accumulated amortization, as of March 31, 2022, compared with December 31, 2021, is due primarily to 2022 amortization expense and a decrease due to the cumulative translation adjustment of our foreign entities long-lived assets resulting from changes to foreign exchange rates between periods, partially offset by an increase from expenditures for the development of internal use software. The decrease in goodwill as of March 31, 2022, compared with December 31, 2021, is due primarily to adjustments made to our preliminary purchase price allocations, and cumulative translation adjustments of our foreign entities goodwill resulting from changes to foreign exchange rates between periods. The offset toabout these ~~translation adjustments are included in accumulated other comprehensive loss on our balance sheet.~~assets.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

There are no recent accounting pronouncements that have been adopted by ~~TransUnion.~~TransUnion in the first quarter of 2023.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

~~On March 31, 2022, the Financial Accounting Standard Board issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2022-02,~~ ~~Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 740): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures. This ASU among other things, updates~~There are no recent accounting ~~and disclosures for public business entities~~pronouncements that apply to disclose gross write-offs and gross recoveries by class of financing receivable and major security type in vintage disclosures. This guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods therein. We are assessing this guidance but doTransUnion that have not ~~anticipate it will have material impact on our consolidated financial statements.~~been adopted.

2. Business ~~Acquisitions~~Acquisition

~~2021 Acquisitions~~

~~During the fourth quarter of 2021, we completed the acquisitions of Neustar, Inc. (“Neustar”) and Sontiq, Inc. (“Sontiq”). These transactions were~~The following transaction was accounted for as a business ~~combinations~~combination under the acquisition method of accounting. The acquisition method requires, among other things, that assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination generally be recognized at their fair values as of the acquisition date. The determination of fair value requires management to make significant estimates and assumptions. The excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the acquired net assets has been recorded as goodwill. The results of operations of ~~these acquisitions~~this acquisition are included in our consolidated financial statements from the ~~dates~~date of acquisition.

~~Neustar~~Verisk Financial Services

On ~~December 1, 2021,~~April 8, 2022, we completed our ~~previously announced~~ acquisition of ~~Neustar, pursuant to a Securities Purchase Agreement dated as~~Verisk Financial Services (“VF”), the financial services business unit of ~~September 11, 2021 (the “Neustar Agreement”), by and between Trans Union LLC and Aerial Investors LLC.~~

Neustar, a premier identity resolution company with leading solutions in Marketing, Risk and Communications, enables customers to build connected consumer experiences by combining decision analytics with real-time identity resolution services driven by its OneID platform. The acquisition of Neustar provides immediate scale to our identity resolution services through Neustar’s large, well-established customer base, accelerates the future growth of our identity-based solutions and expands our powerful digital identity capabilities through the addition of distinctive data and analytics, enabling consumers and businesses to transact online with greater confidence.

~~Table of Contents~~

Verisk Analytics, Inc. We acquired 100% of the outstanding equity ~~interests~~interest of ~~Neustar~~the entities that comprise VF for ~~$3,095.2~~$505.7 million in cash, including a ~~purchase price reduction~~decrease of ~~$11.4~~$2.3 million recorded insubsequent to the ~~first quarter of 2022~~acquisition date for certain customary purchase price ~~adjustments~~adjustments. We have retained the leading core businesses of Argus Information and Advisory Services, Inc. and Commerce Signals, Inc. (collectively, “Argus”), and identified several non-core businesses that we classified as ~~set forth in the Neustar Agreement. The acquisition was funded primarily with the proceeds from the issuance~~held-for-sale as of our Incremental Term B-6 Loan, which closed concurrently with the closing of the transaction. See Note 10, “Debt,” for additional information about our Incremental Term B-6 Loan. There was no contingent consideration resulting from this transaction.

~~We engaged in business activities with Neustar prior to the acquisition that were not material. The results of operations of Neustar subsequent to~~ the acquisition date that we have subsequently divested. See Note 3, “Discontinued Operations,” for a further discussion of these discontinued operations.

Purchase Price Allocation

The purchase price for this acquisition was finalized as of December 31, 2022. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, we finalized the valuation of the assets acquired and ~~the acquired assets and~~liabilities assumed, ~~liabilities, including the preliminary allocation of goodwill and intangible assets, are included~~with no significant changes in the ~~U.S. Markets segment.~~amounts and related disclosures compared with December 31, 2022.

~~Sontiq~~

~~On December 1, 2021,~~

Table of Contents

3. Discontinued Operations

Non-core businesses from the VF acquisition

As discussed in Note 2, “Business Acquisition,” on April 8, 2022, we completed ~~our previously announced~~the acquisition of ~~Sontiq, pursuant to a Securities Purchase Agreement dated~~VF, which included Argus and several non-core businesses that we classified as held-for-sale as of ~~October 22, 2021 (the “Sontiq Agreement”), by and among TransUnion Interactive, Inc., EZShield Group Holdings, LLC and EZS Parent Inc.~~

Sontiq provides solutions including identity monitoring, restoration, and response products and services to help empower consumers and businesses to proactively protect against identity theft and cyber threats. The acquisition of Sontiq provides access to an attractive new base of customers and consumers through a highly recurring subscription-based revenue model and also complements and expands our Consumer Interactive solutions portfolio by providing valuable identity protection services for consumers. Sontiq’s identity security monitoring products incorporate our credit data, are highly complementary to our capabilities and are expected to significantly increase our opportunities for growth.

We acquired 100% of the equity interests of Sontiq for $642.6 million in cash, including the final purchase price adjustments as set forth in the Sontiq Agreement. The acquisition was funded primarily with the proceeds from the issuance of our Second Lien Term Loan, which closed concurrently with the closing of the transaction. The Second Lien Term Loan was repaid in full prior to December 31, 2021.

~~The results of operations of Sontiq subsequent to~~ the acquisition ~~date~~date. We sold these non-core businesses on December 30, 2022, and therefore have no assets or liabilities of these businesses on our consolidated balance sheet for the ~~acquired assets and assumed liabilities, including the preliminary allocation of goodwill and intangible assets, are included within the Consumer Interactive segment.~~

~~Acquisition Costs~~

~~We recognized additional transaction costs~~periods presented. The expenses related to ~~the acquisitions of Neustar and Sontiq of $2.8 million~~these non-core businesses for the three months ended March 31, ~~2022,~~2023, were not significant. The selling price of these non-core businesses is subject to customary post-closing adjustments to working capital, which we ~~have recorded within other income~~expect to finalize during 2023, and ~~expense.~~

~~Purchase Price Allocations~~

The purchase price for each acquisition is preliminary, pending final customary purchase price adjustments. The valuations of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed have not yet been finalized as of March 31, 2022. The purchase price allocations are preliminary and subject to change, including the valuation of intangible assets, income taxes and goodwill, among other items. The purchase price allocations for each of the acquisitions will be ~~finalized~~reflected as an adjustment to the ~~information necessary to complete the analyses is obtained. We expect to complete each analysis within one year from the acquisition date.~~gain on sale that will be included in discontinued operations, net of tax.

The fair values assigned to assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of March 31, 2022 are based on management’s best estimates and assumptions as of the reporting date and are considered preliminary pending finalization of the valuation analysis. Further, we have not yet allocated goodwill to reporting units.

~~The table below summarizes the preliminary allocation of fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, inclusive of measurement period adjustments:~~

~~Table of Contents~~

December 1, 2021
(in millions) Neustar Sontiq Total
Purchase price1:
$ 3,095.2 $ 642.6 $ 3,737.8
Assets acquired:
Cash and cash equivalents $ 122.7 $ 17.8 $ 140.4
Trade accounts receivable 118.7 10.3 129.0
Other current assets 24.6 1.4 26.0
Right of use lease assets 83.2 2.4 85.6
Property, plant and equipment 42.3 5.2 47.5
Identifiable intangible assets 1,513.0 235.9 1,748.9
Goodwill1,2
1,880.4 447.2 2,327.5
Other assets 5.4 0.2 5.6
Total assets acquired $ 3,790.4 $ 720.2 $ 4,510.5
Liabilities assumed:
Accounts payable $ 29.1 $ 7.5 $ 36.6
Other current liabilities 158.4 4.7 163.1
Deferred revenue 49.3 19.1 68.5
Operating lease liabilities 87.8 2.4 90.1
Other liabilities 14.7 0.1 14.7
Deferred tax liabilities1
355.9 43.9 399.8
Total liabilities assumed $ 695.2 $ 77.6 $ 772.7
Net assets acquired: $ 3,095.2 $ 642.6 $ 3,737.8

~~(1) During the three months ended March 31, 2022, we reduced the purchase price for Neustar by $11.4 million to reflect our current estimate of purchase price adjustments.Additionally, we recorded other measurement period adjustments impacting deferred tax liabilities, other current liabilities and goodwill.~~The impact of these adjustments resulted in a decrease to goodwill of $19.9 million, a decrease in deferred tax liabilities of $9.2 million and an increase in other current liabilities of $0.8 million.

~~(2) For tax purposes, we estimate that~~ ~~$326.6 million~~ ~~of the goodwill, which originated from previous acquisitions of Neustar and Sontiq, is tax deductible.~~

~~Identifiable Intangible Assets~~

~~The following table sets forth the components of identifiable intangible assets acquired and the weighted average amortization period as of the acquisition date:~~

December 1, 2021
Neustar Sontiq
(dollars in millions) Fair Value Weighted-Average Amortization Period Fair Value Weighted-Average Amortization Period
Customer relationships $ 1,183.0 18 years $ 182.8 17 years
Technology and software 320.0 10 years 49.3 10 years
Trade names and trademarks 10.0 1 year 1.5 1 year
Non-compete agreements — — 2.3 2 years
Total identifiable intangible assets $ 1,513.0 16 years $ 235.9 15 years

In determining the fair value of the identifiable intangible assets, we utilized various forms of the income approach, depending on the asset being valued. The estimation of fair value requires significant judgment related to cash flow forecasts, discount

~~Table of Contents~~

rates reflecting the risk inherent in each cash flow stream, competitive trends, market comparables and other factors. Other inputs included historical data, current and anticipated market conditions, and growth rates.

~~The intangible assets were valued using the following valuation approaches:~~

~~Customer Relationships~~

We valued customer relationships using the multi-period excess-earnings method, a form of the income approach, which required the application of judgment for significant assumptions. Significant assumptions include customer attrition rates, EBITDA margins, and discount rates.

~~Technology and software~~

We valued the developed technology using the relief-from-royalty method, a form of the income approach, which required the application of judgment for significant assumptions. Significant assumptions include the royalty rate, economic depreciation factors, and discount rates.

~~Other identifiable intangible assets~~

Other identifiable intangible assets include trade names and trademarks and non-compete agreements for key employees, which are not material. Trade names and trademarks were valued using the relief-from-royalty method, and non-compete agreements were valued using the lost income method.

We recorded the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed as goodwill. The purchase price of both acquisitions exceeded the fair value estimate of the net assets acquired primarily due to expected future revenue growth opportunities, synergies, operating efficiencies and the assembled workforce. The acquisition of Neustar is expected to accelerate growth through both material revenue synergies and increased participation in the fast-growing digital marketing and identity verification marketplaces. The acquisition of Sontiq is expected to result in a more comprehensive set of offerings which are expected to significantly increase growth opportunities for the Company.

~~3. Discontinued Operations~~Healthcare business

On December 17, 2021, we completed the sale of our Healthcare ~~business for total consideration~~business. During the three months ended March 31, 2022, the amount of ~~$1,706.4~~operating expenses were $0.7 million, ~~in cash, including~~and we recorded a $0.5 million true-up to ~~our estimate of net working capital recorded~~the selling price related to this business, which is reflected in the ~~first quarter 2022. The after-tax~~table below.

Discontinued operations, net ~~proceeds were approximately $1.4 billion. The terms and conditions~~ of ~~the transaction are set forth in the Stock Purchase Agreement dated~~tax

Discontinued operations, net of tax, for our Healthcare business, as of October 26, 2021, by and between Trans Union LLC and nThrive, Inc. (“nThrive”). We also entered into a transition services agreement (“TSA”) that requires Trans Union LLC to provide certain administrative and operational services to nThrive on a transitional basis for generally up to 24 months. This agreement is not material and does not confer upon us the ability to influence the operating or financial policies of nThrive subsequent to the closing date. Income generated from the services provided under the TSA has been recorded in other income and (expense), netreported on our consolidated statements of ~~income.~~

Asincome for the ~~transaction closed on December 17, 2021, there are no assets or liabilities of discontinued operations on our consolidated balance sheet as of~~three months ended March 31, 2022, ~~or December 31, 2021.~~

~~The results of operations~~consisted of the Healthcare business are presented as income from discontinued operations, net of tax, on our consolidated statements of income. The following table presents financial results of the Healthcare business for each respective period:following:

~~Table of Contents~~

Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions) 2022 2021
Revenue $ — $ 46.4
Operating expenses
Cost of services (exclusive of depreciation and amortization below) 0.3 16.4
Selling, general and administrative 0.4 8.1
Depreciation and amortization — 4.8
Total operating expenses 0.7 29.3
Operating income of discontinued operations (0.7) 17.1
Non-operating income and (expense) (0.3) —
Income before income taxes from discontinued operations (1.0) 17.1
Provision for income taxes 0.1 (3.8)
Gain on sale of discontinued operations, net of tax 0.5 —
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax $ (0.4) $ 13.3


(in millions)	Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
Revenue	$	—
Operating expenses
Cost of services (exclusive of depreciation and amortization below)	0.3
Selling, general and administrative	0.4
Depreciation and amortization	—
Total operating expenses	$	0.7
Operating loss of discontinued operations	(0.7)
Non-operating income and (expense)	(0.3)
Loss before income taxes from discontinued operations	$	(1.0)
Provision for income taxes	0.1
Gain on sale of our Healthcare discontinued operations, net of tax	0.5
Discontinued operations, net of tax	$	(0.4)

4. ~~Fair Value~~

~~The following table summarizes financial instruments measured at fair value, on a recurring basis, as of March 31, 2022:~~

(in millions) Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
Assets
Interest rate swaps (Notes 6 and 10) $ 133.1 $ — $ 133.1 $ —
Available-for-sale debt securities (Note 5) 3.0 — 3.0 —
Total $ 136.1 $ — $ 136.1 $ —
Liabilities
Interest rate swaps (Notes 9 and 10) $ 12.4 $ — $ 12.4 $ —
Put option on Cost Method Investment (Note 9) 11.7 — — 11.7
Contingent consideration (Note 8) 2.0 — — 2.0
Total $ 26.1 $ — $ 12.4 $ 13.7

~~The following table summarizes financial instruments measured at fair value, on a recurring basis, as of December 31, 2021:~~

(in millions) Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
Assets
Interest rate swaps (Notes 6 and 10) $ 12.1 $ — $ 12.1 $ —
Available-for-sale debt securities (Note 5) 3.1 — 3.1 —
Total $ 15.2 $ — $ 15.2 $ —
Liabilities
Interest rate swaps (Notes 9 and 10) $ 34.5 $ — $ 34.5 $ —
Put option on Cost Method Investment (Note 9) 11.9 — — 11.9
Contingent consideration (Note 8) 16.8 — — 16.8
Total $ 63.2 $ — $ 34.5 $ 28.7

Level 2 instruments consist of foreign exchange-traded corporate bonds and interest rate swaps. Foreign exchange-traded corporate bonds are available-for-sale debt securities valued at their current quoted prices. These securities mature between 2027 and 2033. Unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale debt securities, which are not material, are included in other comprehensive income. The interest rate swaps fair values are determined using the market standard methodology of discounting the future expected net cash receipts or payments that would occur if variable interest rates rise above or fall

~~Table of Contents~~

below the fixed rates of the swaps. The variable interest rates used in the calculations of projected receipts on the swaps are based on an expectation of future interest rates derived from observable market interest rate curves and volatilities. As discussed in Note 10, “Debt,” there are two tranches of interest rate swaps that we entered into in 2020. As of March 31, 2022, one of those tranches is in an asset position, and the other is in a liability position.

Level 3 instruments consist of contingent consideration related to a Cost Method investment we acquired in 2021 and a put option on the same Cost Method investment, and contingent consideration obligations of a business we acquired in 2021. During the first quarter of 2022, we paid $14.8 million of contingent consideration obligation related to the Cost Method investment. The put option allows the owner of the other shares to compel TransUnion to purchase their remaining shares, subject to the fulfillment of certain conditions. The fair value of the put option is determined using a Monte Carlo analysis with assumptions that include revenue projections, volatility rates, discount rates and the option period, among others. The contingent consideration obligation of the business we acquired in 2021 is payable to the sellers of a business that the prior owners acquired prior to our ownership, and is contingent upon meeting certain revenue performance metrics. The fair value of this obligation is determined based on an income approach, using our expectations of the future expected revenue of the acquired entities.

5. Other Current Assets

Other current assets consisted of the following:

(in millions) March 31, 2022 December 31, 2021
Prepaid expenses $ 155.3 $ 136.2
Contract assets (Note 12) 5.6 5.2
Marketable securities (Note 4) 3.0 3.1
Other 118.5 87.1
Total other current assets $ 282.4 $ 231.6


(in millions)	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Prepaid expenses	$	175.7	$	145.1
Marketable securities (Note 16)	2.7		2.6
Other	111.1		115.0
Total other current assets	$	289.5	$	262.7

Other includes other investments in non-negotiable certificates of deposit that are recorded at their carrying value, which approximates fair value.

5. Goodwill

Goodwill is allocated to our reporting units, which are an operating segment or one level below an operating segment. Our reporting units consist of U.S. Markets, Consumer Interactive, and the geographic regions of the United Kingdom, Africa, Canada, Latin America, India and Asia Pacific within our International reportable segment.

We test goodwill for impairment on an annual basis in the fourth quarter, and monitor throughout the year for impairment triggering events that indicate that the carrying value of one or more of our reporting units exceeds its fair value. During the

Table of Contents

first quarter of 2023, there were no triggering events, that required us to re-evaluate whether any of our reporting units are impaired. This assessment includes our United Kingdom reporting unit which we are continuing to monitor given the calculated excess fair value over carrying value was less than 10% of its carrying value as of October 31, 2022, our annual assessment date.

Goodwill allocated to our reportable segments and the changes in the carrying amount of goodwill during the first quarter of 2023, consisted of the following:


(in millions)	U.S. Markets		International		Consumer Interactive		Total
Balance, December 31, 2022	$	3,602.7	$	1,269.6	$	679.1	$	5,551.4
Purchase accounting measurement period adjustments	(0.4)		—		—		(0.4)
Foreign exchange rate adjustment	—		18.7		—		18.7
Balance, March 31, 2023	$	3,602.3	$	1,288.3	$	679.1	$	5,569.8

6. Intangible Assets

Intangible assets are initially recorded at their acquisition cost, or fair value if acquired as part of a business combination, and amortized over their estimated useful lives. Intangible assets consisted of the following:


	March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022
(in millions)	Gross		Accumulated Amortization		Net		Gross		Accumulated Amortization		Net
Customer relationships	$	2,052.6	$	(361.8)	$	1,690.8	$	2,048.6	$	(330.9)	$	1,717.7
Internal use software	2,015.5		(1,079.4)		936.2		1,959.8		(1,029.8)		930.0
Database and credit files	1,350.4		(751.8)		598.6		1,337.7		(725.6)		612.1
Trademarks, copyrights and patents	587.8		(177.6)		410.2		587.7		(173.2)		414.5
Noncompete and other agreements	10.5		(9.6)		0.9		10.5		(9.1)		1.4
Total intangible assets	$	6,016.8	$	(2,380.1)	$	3,636.7	$	5,944.1	$	(2,268.6)	$	3,675.5

Changes in the carrying amount of intangible assets between periods consisted of the following:


(in millions)	Gross		Accumulated Amortization		Net
Balance, December 31, 2022	$	5,944.1	$	(2,268.6)	$	3,675.5
Developed internal use software	53.4		—		53.4
Amortization	—		(104.7)		(104.7)
Foreign exchange rate adjustment	19.3		(6.7)		12.5
Balance, March 31, 2023	$	6,016.8	$	(2,380.1)	$	3,636.7

All amortizable intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis, which approximates the pattern of benefit, over their estimated useful lives.

Table of Contents

7. Other Assets

Other assets consisted of the following:


(in millions)	(in millions)	March 31, 2022		December 31, 2021		(in millions)	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Investments in affiliated companies (Note 7)		$	244.6	$	240.5
Investments in affiliated companies (Note 8)						Investments in affiliated companies (Note 8)	$	302.4	$	265.9
Right-of-use lease assets	Right-of-use lease assets	146.3		145.1		Right-of-use lease assets	119.8		127.4
Interest rate swaps (Notes 4 and 10)		133.1		12.1
Interest rate swaps (Notes 11 and 16)						Interest rate swaps (Notes 11 and 16)	193.7		237.7
Note Receivable (Note 16)						Note Receivable (Note 16)	72.4		70.3
Other	Other	63.3		61.3		Other	77.7		69.7
Total other assets	Total other assets	$	587.3	$	459.0	Total other assets	$	766.0	$	771.0

The ~~increase~~decrease in the interest rate swaps asset was due primarily to changes in the forward LIBOR curve during the period.

7.8. Investments in Affiliated Companies

Investments in affiliated companies represent our investment in non-consolidated domestic and foreign entities. These entities are in businesses similar to ours.

We use the equity method to account for investments in affiliates where we are able to exercise significant influence. For these investments, we adjust the carrying value for our proportionate share of the affiliates’ earnings, losses and distributions, as well as for purchases and sales of our ownership interest.

We account for nonmarketable investments in equity securities in which we are not able to exercise significant influence, our ~~“Cost~~Cost Method ~~Investments”,~~Investments, at our initial cost, minus any impairment, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer. For these investments, we adjust the carrying value for any purchases or sales of our ownership interests. We record any dividends received from these investments as other income in non-operating income and expense.

~~Table of Contents~~

We have elected to account for our investment in a limited partnership, which is not material, using the net asset value fair value practical expedient. Gains and losses on this investment, which are not material, are included in other income and expense in the consolidated statements of income.

Investments in affiliated companies consisted of the following:


(in millions)	(in millions)	March 31, 2022		December 31, 2021		(in millions)	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Cost Method Investments						Cost Method Investments	$	243.1	$	213.1
Equity Method investments	Equity Method investments	$	49.9	$	46.1	Equity Method investments	56.2		49.8
Cost Method investments		193.0		192.6
Limited Partnership investment	Limited Partnership investment	1.7		1.8		Limited Partnership investment	3.1		3.0
Total investments in affiliated companies (Note 6)		$	244.6	$	240.5
Total investments in affiliated companies (Note 7)						Total investments in affiliated companies (Note 7)	$	302.4	$	265.9

These balances are included in other assets in the consolidated balance sheets.

~~There~~ During the first quarter of 2023, we acquired three Cost Method Investments, two of which are ~~call~~recorded in our U.S. Markets segment and ~~put options associated with~~ one ofin our cost method investments that are exercisable in 2024 and 2025, subject to certain restrictions. The carrying value of the call option is included in other assets on our balance sheet. The fair value of the put option is included in other liabilities on our balance sheet, and is adjusted to fair value at each reporting date. See Note 9, “Other Liabilities,” and Note 4, “Fair Value,” for additional information about the contingent consideration and put option.International segment.

Earnings from equity method investments, which are included in other non-operating income and expense, and dividends received from equity method investments consisted of the following:


		Three Months Ended March 31,				Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions)	(in millions)	2022		2021			(in millions)	2023		2022
Earnings from equity method investments (Note 15)		$	3.0	$	3.0
Earnings from equity method investments (Note 17)							Earnings from equity method investments (Note 17)	$	3.1	$	3.0
Dividends received from equity method investments	Dividends received from equity method investments	$	0.5	$	0.6		Dividends received from equity method investments	—		0.5

Table of Contents

9. Other Current Liabilities

Other current liabilities consisted of the following:


(in millions)	(in millions)	March 31, 2022		December 31, 2021		(in millions)	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Accrued payroll and employee benefits						Accrued payroll and employee benefits	$	105.2	$	208.5
Accrued legal and regulatory matters (Note 18)						Accrued legal and regulatory matters (Note 18)	120.7		125.0
Deferred revenue (Note 13)						Deferred revenue (Note 13)	121.9		111.9
Operating lease liabilities						Operating lease liabilities	34.1		33.7
Income taxes payable	Income taxes payable	$	362.0	$	351.1	Income taxes payable	24.2		8.0
Accrued payroll and employee benefits		135.1		279.9
Deferred revenue (Note 12)		128.3		133.6
Accrued legal and regulatory (Note 16)		113.1		85.6
Operating lease liabilities		37.9		38.4
Contingent consideration (Note 4)		2.0		16.8
Other	Other	55.3		66.8		Other	59.3		53.5
Total other current liabilities	Total other current liabilities	$	833.7	$	972.2	Total other current liabilities	$	465.3	$	540.5

The decrease in accrued payroll ~~was~~and employee benefits is due primarily to ~~the payment of accrued bonuses~~bonus, commissions and salaries paid during the first quarter of ~~2022~~2023 that were earned in ~~2021. The increase in accrued legal and regulatory was due primarily to an increase of our estimated liabilities for certain legal and regulatory expenses.~~

2022.

~~Table of Contents~~

9.10. Other Liabilities

Other liabilities consisted of the following:


(in millions)	(in millions)	March 31, 2022		December 31, 2021		(in millions)	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Operating lease liabilities	Operating lease liabilities	$	119.7	$	119.1	Operating lease liabilities	$	93.3	$	102.0
Unrecognized tax benefits, net of indirect tax effects (Note 14)		41.4		40.7
Interest rate swaps (Notes 4 and 10)		12.4		34.5
Put option (Note 4)		11.7		11.9
Deferred revenue (Note 12)		6.9		6.5
Unrecognized tax benefits, net of indirect tax effects (Note 15)						Unrecognized tax benefits, net of indirect tax effects (Note 15)	40.9		40.1
Put option (Note 16)						Put option (Note 16)	10.7		10.0
Deferred revenue (Note 13)						Deferred revenue (Note 13)	6.2		5.3
Interest rate swaps (Notes 11 and 16)						Interest rate swaps (Notes 11 and 16)	3.3		—
Other	Other	16.3		20.2		Other	16.9		16.5
Total other liabilities	Total other liabilities	$	208.4	$	232.9	Total other liabilities	$	171.4	$	173.9

The ~~decrease~~increase in the interest rate swaps liability was due primarily to changes in the forward LIBOR curve during the period.

~~10.~~

Table of Contents

11. Debt

Debt outstanding consisted of the following:


(in millions)	(in millions)	March 31, 2022		December 31, 2021		(in millions)	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Senior Secured Term Loan B-6, payable in quarterly installments through December 1, 2028, with periodic variable interest at LIBOR or alternate base rate, plus applicable margin (2.75% at March 31, 2022, and 2.75% at December 31, 2021), net of original issue discount and deferred financing fees of $6.5 million and $36.3 million, respectively, at March 31, 2022, and original issue discount and deferred financing fees of $7.7 million and $43.1 million, respectively, at December 31, 2021		$	2,649.5	$	3,049.2
Senior Secured Term Loan B-5, payable in quarterly installments through November 15, 2026, with periodic variable interest at LIBOR or alternate base rate, plus applicable margin (2.21% at March 31, 2022, and 1.85% at December 31, 2021), net of original issue discount and deferred financing fees of $3.0 million and $7.3 million, respectively, at March 31, 2022, and original issue discount and deferred financing fees of $3.2 million and $7.7 million, respectively, at December 31, 2021		2,221.1		2,227.1
Senior Secured Term Loan A-3, payable in quarterly installments through December 10, 2024, with periodic variable interest at LIBOR or alternate base rate, plus applicable margin (1.96% at March 31, 2022, and 1.35% at December 31, 2021), net of original issue discount and deferred financing fees of $1.8 million and $1.1 million, respectively, at March 31, 2022, and original issue discount and deferred financing fees of $1.9 million and $1.2 million, respectively, at December 31, 2021		1,075.3		1,089.4
Senior Secured Term Loan B-6, payable in quarterly installments through December 1, 2028, with periodic variable interest at LIBOR or alternate base rate, plus applicable margin (7.09% at March 31, 2023, and 6.63% at December 31, 2022), net of original issue discount and deferred financing fees of $5.0 million and $28.0 million, respectively, at March 31, 2023, and original issue discount and deferred financing fees of $5.3 million and $29.9 million, respectively, at December 31, 2022						Senior Secured Term Loan B-6, payable in quarterly installments through December 1, 2028, with periodic variable interest at LIBOR or alternate base rate, plus applicable margin (7.09% at March 31, 2023, and 6.63% at December 31, 2022), net of original issue discount and deferred financing fees of $5.0 million and $28.0 million, respectively, at March 31, 2023, and original issue discount and deferred financing fees of $5.3 million and $29.9 million, respectively, at December 31, 2022	$	2,353.3	$	2,433.7
Senior Secured Term Loan B-5, payable in quarterly installments through November 15, 2026, with periodic variable interest at LIBOR or alternate base rate, plus applicable margin (6.59% at March 31, 2023, and 6.13% at December 31, 2022), net of original issue discount and deferred financing fees of $2.4 million and $5.8 million, respectively, at March 31, 2023, and original issue discount and deferred financing fees of $2.5 million and $6.2 million, respectively, at December 31, 2022						Senior Secured Term Loan B-5, payable in quarterly installments through November 15, 2026, with periodic variable interest at LIBOR or alternate base rate, plus applicable margin (6.59% at March 31, 2023, and 6.13% at December 31, 2022), net of original issue discount and deferred financing fees of $2.4 million and $5.8 million, respectively, at March 31, 2023, and original issue discount and deferred financing fees of $2.5 million and $6.2 million, respectively, at December 31, 2022	2,197.3		2,203.3
Senior Secured Term Loan A-3, payable in quarterly installments through December 10, 2024, with periodic variable interest at LIBOR or alternate base rate, plus applicable margin (6.34% at March 31, 2023, and 6.13% at December 31, 2022), net of original issue discount and deferred financing fees of $1.1 million and $0.7 million, respectively, at March 31, 2023, and original issue discount and deferred financing fees of $1.3 million and $0.8 million, respectively, at December 31, 2022						Senior Secured Term Loan A-3, payable in quarterly installments through December 10, 2024, with periodic variable interest at LIBOR or alternate base rate, plus applicable margin (6.34% at March 31, 2023, and 6.13% at December 31, 2022), net of original issue discount and deferred financing fees of $1.1 million and $0.7 million, respectively, at March 31, 2023, and original issue discount and deferred financing fees of $1.3 million and $0.8 million, respectively, at December 31, 2022	1,018.9		1,033.0
Finance leases						Finance leases	0.1		0.1
Senior Secured Revolving Credit Facility	Senior Secured Revolving Credit Facility	—		—		Senior Secured Revolving Credit Facility	—		—
Finance leases		0.2		0.2
Total debt	Total debt	5,946.1		6,365.9		Total debt	5,569.6		5,670.1
Less short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt	Less short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt	(114.6)		(114.6)		Less short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt	(114.6)		(114.6)
Total long-term debt	Total long-term debt	$	5,831.5	$	6,251.3	Total long-term debt	$	5,455.0	$	5,555.5

Senior Secured Credit Facility

On June 15, 2010, we entered into a Senior Secured Credit Facility with various lenders. This facility has been amended several times and currently consists of the Senior Secured Term Loan B-6, Senior Secured Term Loan B-5, Senior Secured Term Loan A-3 (collectively, the “Senior Secured Term Loans”), and the Senior Secured Revolving Credit Facility.

On December 1, 2021, we entered into an agreement to amend certain provisions of the Senior Secured Credit Facility and exercise our right to draw additional debt in an amount of $3,100.0 million, less original issue discount and deferred financing fees of $7.8 million and $43.6 million, respectively. Proceeds from the incremental loan on the Senior Secured Credit Facility were used to fund the acquisition of ~~Neustar.~~Neustar, Inc. (“Neustar”).

~~Table of Contents~~

~~For~~During the three months ended March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022, we ~~prepaid $400.0~~expensed $1.1 million ~~of our Senior Secured Term Loan B-6, funded from our cash on hand. As a result of this prepayment, we expensed~~and $6.5 million, respectively, of our unamortized original issue discount and deferred financing fees to other income and expense in ~~the~~our consolidated statement of ~~income.~~income due to the prepayment of $75.0 million and $400.0 million, respectively, of our Senior Secured Term Loan B-6, funded from our cash-on-hand.

As of March 31, ~~2022,~~2023, we had no outstanding balance under the Senior Secured Revolving Credit Facility and ~~$0.1~~$1.2 million of outstanding letters of credit, and could have borrowed up to the remaining ~~$299.9~~$298.8 million available.

TransUnion also has the ability to request incremental loans on the same terms under the Senior Secured Credit Facility up to the sum of the greater of $1,000.0 million and 100% of Consolidated EBITDA, minus ~~any amounts~~the amount of secured indebtedness ~~previously issued under this provision,~~and the amount incurred prior to the incremental loan, and may incur additional incremental loans so long as the senior secured net leverage ratio does not exceed 4.25-to-1, subject to certain additional conditions and commitments by existing or new lenders to fund any additional borrowings.

Table of Contents

additional indebtedness, make certain investments, and may be required to make certain restricted payments. The senior secured net leverage ratio must not exceed 5.5-to-1 at any such measurement date. Under the terms of the Senior Secured Credit Facility, TransUnion may make dividend payments up to the greater of $100 million or 10.0% of Consolidated EBITDA per year, or an unlimited amount provided that no default or event of default exists and so long as the total net leverage ratio does not exceed 4.75-to-1. As of March 31, ~~2022,~~2023, we were in compliance with all debt covenants.

Interest Rate Hedging

On ~~December 23, 2021,~~November 16, 2022, we entered into ~~new~~ interest rate swap agreements with various counterparties that effectively fix our LIBOR exposure on a portion of our Senior Secured Term Loan or similar replacement debt. The new swaps commenced on December 30, 2022, and expire on December 31, 2024, with a current aggregate notional amount of $1,315.0 million that amortizes each quarter. The new swaps require us to pay fixed rates varying between 4.4105% and 4.4465% in exchange for receiving a variable rate that matches the variable rate on our loans. We have designated these swap agreements as cash flow hedges.

On December 23, 2021, we entered into interest rate swap agreements with various counterparties that effectively fix our LIBOR exposure on a portion of our Senior Secured Term Loan or similar replacement debt. The new swaps commenced on December 31, 2021, and expire on December 31, 2026, with a current aggregate notional amount of ~~$1,596.0~~$1,580.0 million that amortizes each quarter. The ~~agreement~~tranche requires ~~TransUnion~~us to pay fixed rates varying between 1.4280% and 1.4360% in exchange for receiving a variable rate that matches the variable rate on our loans. We have designated these swap ~~agreements~~agreements as cash flow hedges.

On March 10, 2020, we entered into two ~~tranches of~~ interest rate swap agreements with various counterparties that effectively fix our LIBOR exposure on a portion of our Senior Secured Term Loans or similar replacement debt. The first swap commenced on June 30, 2020, and ~~expires~~expired on June 30, 2022, with a current aggregate notional amount of $1,115.0 million that amortizes each quarter. The first swap requires TransUnion to pay fixed rates varying between 0.5200% and 0.5295% in exchange for receiving a variable rate that matches the variable rate on our loans.2022. The second swap ~~commences~~commenced on June 30, 2022, and expires on June 30, 2025, with ~~an initial~~a current aggregate notional amount of ~~$1,110.0~~$1,095.0 million that amortizes each quarter after it commences. The second swap requires ~~TransUnion~~us to pay fixed rates varying between 0.9125% and 0.9280% in exchange for receiving a variable rate that matches the variable rate on our loans. We have designated these swap agreements as cash flow hedges.

On December 17, 2018, we entered into interest rate swap agreements with various counterparties that effectively ~~fix~~fixed our LIBOR exposure on a portion of our Senior Secured Term Loans or similar replacement ~~debt. The current aggregate notional amount under these~~debt at 2.702% and 2.706%. These swap agreements ~~is $1,385.0 million, decreasing each quarter until the second agreement terminates~~expired on December 30, 2022. The agreements require TransUnion to pay fixed rates currently fixed at 2.702% and 2.706% in exchange for receiving a variable rate that matches the variable rate on our loans. We have designated these swap agreements as cash flow hedges.

The change in the fair value of our hedging instruments, included in our assessment of hedge effectiveness, is recorded in other comprehensive income, and reclassified to interest expense when the corresponding hedged debt affects earnings.

The net change in the fair value of the swaps resulted in unrealized ~~gains~~loss of ~~$143.1~~$47.4 million ($~~107.3~~35.6 million, net of tax) and ~~$28.3~~unrealized gain of $143.1 million ($~~21.3~~107.3 million, net of tax) for the three months ended March 31, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021,~~2022, respectively, recorded in other comprehensive income. Interest income on the swaps in the three months ended March 31, 2023 was $22.6 million ($16.9 million, net of tax). Interest expense on the swaps in the three months ended March 31, 2022 ~~and 2021~~ was $13.7 million ($10.3 million, net of tax) ~~and $10.2 million ($7.7 million, net of tax), respectively.~~. We currently expect to recognize a ~~gain~~loss of approximately ~~$3.9~~$95.0 million as interest expense due to our expectation that ~~LIBOR~~the variable rate that we receive will exceed the fixed rates of interest over the next twelve months.

~~Table of Contents~~

Fair Value of Debt

As of March 31, ~~2022~~2023 and December 31, ~~2021~~2022, the fair value of our Senior Secured Term Loan B-6, excluding original issue discounts and deferred fees was approximately ~~$2,662.0~~$2,374.3 million and ~~$3,096.1~~$2,450.5 million, respectively. As of March 31, ~~2022~~2023 and December 31, ~~2021~~2022, the fair value of our Senior Secured Term Loan B-5, excluding original issue discounts and deferred fees was approximately ~~$2,186.9~~$2,189.0 million and ~~$2,217.0~~$2,184.4 million, respectively. As of March 31, ~~2022~~2023 and December 31, ~~2021,~~2022, the fair value of our Senior Secured Term Loan A-3, excluding original issue discounts and deferred fees, was approximately ~~$1,051.2~~$1,020.6 million and ~~$1,076.1~~$1,026.6 million, respectively. The fair values of our variable-rate term loans are determined using Level 2 inputs, based on quoted market prices for the publicly traded instruments.

~~11.~~

Table of Contents

12. Stockholders’ Equity

Common Stock Dividends

In the first quarter of 2023 and 2022, we paid dividends of $0.105 and $0.095 per share totaling $20.8 million and $18.3 ~~million.~~million, respectively. Dividends declared accrue to outstanding restricted stock units and are paid to employees as dividend equivalents when the restricted stock units vest.

Any determination to pay dividends in the future will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on a number of factors, including our liquidity, results of operations, financial condition, contractual restrictions, restrictions imposed by applicable law and other factors our board of directors deems appropriate. We currently have capacity and intend to continue to pay a quarterly dividend, subject to approval by our board.

Treasury Stock

On February 13, 2017, ~~our~~our board of directors authorized the repurchase of up to $300.0 million of our common stock over the next 3 years. Our board of directors removed the three-year time limitation on February 8, 2018. To date, we have repurchased $133.5 million of our common stock and have the ability to repurchase the remaining $166.5 million.

We have no obligation to repurchase additional shares. Any determination to repurchase additional shares will be at the discretion of management and will depend on a number of factors, including our liquidity, results of operations, financial condition, contractual restrictions, restrictions imposed by applicable law, market conditions, the cost of repurchasing shares, the availability of alternative investment opportunities, and other factors management deems appropriate. Any repurchased shares will have the status of treasury shares and may be used, if and when needed, for general corporate purposes.

~~During~~For the ~~first quarter of~~three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, ~~and 2021, 0.8~~0.3 million and ~~0.9~~0.8 million outstanding employee restricted stock units vested and became taxable to the employees, respectively. Employees satisfy their payroll tax withholding obligations in a net share settlement arrangement. During the first quarter of 2022 and 2021, we remitted cash equivalent to the value of the shares employees used to satisfy their withholding obligations of $28.7 million and $27.7 million, respectively.

Preferred Stock

As of March 31, ~~2022~~2023 and December 31, ~~2021,~~2022, we had 100.0 million shares of preferred stock authorized, and no preferred stock issued or outstanding.

~~12.~~13. Revenue

All of our revenue is derived from contracts with customers and is reported as revenue in the consolidated statements of income generally as, or at the point in time, the performance obligation is satisfied. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to a customer. We have contracts with 2two general groups of performance obligations: ~~those that require us to stand ready to provide goods and services to a customer to use as and when requested (“~~Stand Ready Performance ~~Obligations”)~~Obligations and ~~those that do not require us to stand ready (“~~Other Performance ~~Obligations”).~~Obligations. Our Stand Ready Performance Obligations include obligations to stand ready to provide data, process transactions, access our databases, software-as-a-service and direct-to-consumer products, provide rights to use our intellectual property and other services. Our Other Performance Obligations include the sale of certain batch data sets and various professional and other services.

Most of our Stand Ready Performance Obligations consist of a series of distinct goods and services that are substantially the same and have the same monthly pattern of transfer to our customers. We consider each month of service in this time series to be a distinct performance obligation and, accordingly, recognize revenue over time. For a majority of these Stand Ready Performance Obligations, the total contractual price is variable because our obligation is to process an unknown quantity of transactions, as and when requested by our customers, over the contract period. We allocate the variable price to each month of service using the time-series concept and recognize revenue based on the most likely amount of consideration to which we will be entitled, which is generally the amount we have the right to invoice. This monthly amount can be based on the actual volume of units delivered or a guaranteed minimum, if higher. Occasionally we have contracts where the amount we will be entitled to

~~Table of Contents~~

for the transactions processed is uncertain, in which case we estimate the revenue based on what we consider to be the most likely amount of consideration we will be entitled to, and adjust any estimates as facts and circumstances evolve.

For all contracts that include a Stand Ready Performance Obligation with variable pricing, we are unable to estimate the variable price attributable to future performance obligations because the number of units to be purchased is not known. As a result, we use the exception available to forgo disclosures about revenue attributable to the future performance obligations where we recognize revenue using the time-series concept as discussed above, including those qualifying for the right to invoice practical expedient. We also use the exception available to forgo disclosures about revenue attributable to contracts with expected durations of one year or less.

Certain of our Other Performance Obligations, including certain batch data sets and certain professional and other services, are delivered at a point in time. Accordingly, we recognize revenue upon delivery, once we have satisfied that obligation. For

Table of Contents

certain Other Performance Obligations, including certain professional and other services, we recognize revenue over time, based on an estimate of progress towards completion of that obligation. These contracts are not material.

In certain circumstances we apply the revenue recognition guidance to a portfolio of contracts with similar characteristics. We use estimates and assumptions when accounting for a portfolio that reflect the size and composition of the portfolio of contracts.

Our contracts include standard commercial payment terms generally acceptable in each region, and do not include financing with extended payment terms. We have no significant obligations for refunds, warranties, or similar obligations. Our revenue does not include taxes collected from our customers.

Accounts receivable are shown separately on our balance sheet. Contract assets and liabilities result due to the timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections. Contract assets include our right to payment for goods and services already transferred to a customer when the right to payment is conditional on something other than the passage of time, for example, contracts pursuant to which we recognize revenue over time but do not have a contractual right to payment until we complete the contract. Contract assets are included in our other current assets and are not material as of March 31, ~~2022~~2023 and December 31, ~~2021.~~2022.

As our contracts with customers generally have a duration of one year or less, our contract liabilities consist of deferred revenue that is primarily short-term in nature. Contract liabilities include current and long-term deferred revenue that is included in other current liabilities and other liabilities. We expect to recognize the December 31, ~~2021,~~2022, current deferred revenue balance as revenue during ~~2022.~~2023. The majority of our long-term deferred revenue, which is not material, is expected to be recognized in less than two years.

We have certain contracts that have a duration of more than one year. For these contracts, the transaction price allocable to the future performance obligations is primarily fixed but contains a variable component. There is one material fixed fee contract with a duration of more than one year, and for this contract, we expect to recognize revenue of approximately $117.0 million over the next two years and ~~$121.9~~$63.4 million thereafter.

For additional disclosures about the disaggregation of our revenue see Note ~~15,~~17, “Reportable Segments.”

~~13.~~14. Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share represents income available to common stockholders divided by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the reported period. Diluted earnings per share reflects the effect of the increase in shares outstanding determined by using the treasury stock method for awards issued under our incentive stock plans.

As of March 31, ~~2022~~2023, there were ~~fewer than 0.1~~0.9 million anti-dilutive weighted stock-based awards outstanding, compared ~~to 0.3~~with less than 0.1 million as of March 31, ~~2021.~~2022. As of March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022, there were ~~fewer than~~approximately 0.1 million contingently-issuable performance-based stock awards outstanding that were excluded from the diluted earnings per share calculation, because the contingencies had not been ~~met, compared to 0.3 million as of March 31, 2021.~~met.

2018

Table of Contents

Basic and diluted weighted average shares outstanding and earnings per share were as follows:


		Three Months Ended March 31,				Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions, except per share data)	(in millions, except per share data)	2022		2021			(in millions, except per share data)	2023		2022
Income from continuing operations	Income from continuing operations	$	52.3	$	117.3		Income from continuing operations	$	57.0	$	52.3
Less: income from continuing operations attributable to noncontrolling interests	Less: income from continuing operations attributable to noncontrolling interests	(3.7)		(2.7)			Less: income from continuing operations attributable to noncontrolling interests	(4.3)		(3.7)
Income from continuing operations attributable to TransUnion	Income from continuing operations attributable to TransUnion	48.7		114.6			Income from continuing operations attributable to TransUnion	$	52.7	$	48.7
Discontinued operations, net of tax	Discontinued operations, net of tax	(0.4)		13.3			Discontinued operations, net of tax	(0.1)		(0.4)
Net income attributable to TransUnion	Net income attributable to TransUnion	$	48.3	$	127.9		Net income attributable to TransUnion	$	52.6	$	48.3

Basic Earnings Per Share:
Basic earnings per common share from:							Basic earnings per common share from:
Income from continuing operations attributable to TransUnion	Income from continuing operations attributable to TransUnion	$	0.25	$	0.60		Income from continuing operations attributable to TransUnion	$	0.27	$	0.25
Discontinued operations, net of tax	Discontinued operations, net of tax	—		0.07			Discontinued operations, net of tax	—		—
Net Income attributable to TransUnion	Net Income attributable to TransUnion	$	0.25	$	0.67		Net Income attributable to TransUnion	$	0.27	$	0.25

Diluted Earnings Per Share:
Diluted earnings per common share from:							Diluted earnings per common share from:
Income from continuing operations attributable to TransUnion	Income from continuing operations attributable to TransUnion	$	0.25	$	0.60		Income from continuing operations attributable to TransUnion	$	0.27	$	0.25
Discontinued operations, net of tax	Discontinued operations, net of tax	—		0.07			Discontinued operations, net of tax	—		—
Net Income attributable to TransUnion	Net Income attributable to TransUnion	$	0.25	$	0.66		Net Income attributable to TransUnion	$	0.27	$	0.25

Weighted-average shares outstanding:	Weighted-average shares outstanding:						Weighted-average shares outstanding:
Basic	Basic	192.1		190.9			Basic	193.0		192.1
Dilutive impact of stock based awards	Dilutive impact of stock based awards	1.1		1.6			Dilutive impact of stock based awards	0.8		1.1
Diluted	Diluted	193.2		192.5			Diluted	193.9		193.2

~~14.~~15. Income Taxes

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, we reported an effective tax rate of 24.6%, which was higher than the 21.0% U.S. federal corporate statutory rate due primarily to the impact of increases for foreign withholding taxes, uncertain tax positions, nondeductible expenses primarily in connection with executive compensation limitations, and excess tax expenses for stock-based compensation, partially offset by benefits from the foreign rate differential and the research and development credit.

For the three months ended March 31, 2022, we reported an effective tax rate of 31.8%, which was higher than the 21.0% U.S. federal statutory rate due primarily to nondeductible expenses in connection with certain legal and regulatory matters, state taxes and other rate-impacting items, partially offset by excess tax benefits on stock-based compensation.

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, we reported an effective tax rate of 16.8%, which was lower than the 21.0% U.S. federal statutory rate due primarily to excess tax benefits on stock-based compensation and discrete tax benefit related to electing the Global Intangible Low Tax Income (“GILTI”) high-tax exclusion retroactively for the 2018 tax year, partially offset by state taxes and other rate-impacting items. On July 20, 2020, the U.S. Treasury issued and enacted final regulations related to GILTI that allow certain U.S. taxpayers to elect to exclude foreign income that is subject to a high effective tax rate from their GILTI inclusions. The GILTI high-tax exclusion is an annual election and is retroactively available.

The gross amount of unrecognized tax benefits, which excludes indirect tax effects, was ~~$46.4~~$46.0 million as of March 31, ~~2022,~~2023, and ~~$45.8~~$45.1 million as of December 31, ~~2021.~~2022. The amounts that would affect the effective tax rate if recognized are ~~$29.5~~$31.1 million and ~~$28.3~~$30.5 million, respectively. We classify interest and penalties as income tax expense in the consolidated statements of income and their associated liabilities as other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. Interest and penalties on unrecognized tax benefits were ~~$8.2~~$11.0 million as of March 31, ~~2022,~~2023, and ~~$7.6~~$10.1 million as of December 31, ~~2021.~~2022. We are regularly audited by federal, state and foreign taxing authorities. Given the uncertainties inherent in the audit process, it is reasonably possible that certain audits could result in a significant increase or decrease in the total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits. An estimate of the range of the increase or decrease in unrecognized tax benefits due to audit results cannot be made at this time. Tax years 2009 and forward remain open for examination in some foreign jurisdictions, 2012 and forward for U.S. federal income tax purposes and 2015 and forward in some state jurisdictions.

~~15.~~

Table of Contents

16. Fair Value

The following table summarizes financial instruments measured at fair value, on a recurring basis, as of March 31, 2023:


(in millions)	Total				Level 1				Level 2		Level 3
Assets
Interest rate swaps (Notes 7 and 11)	$	193.7			$	—			$	193.7	$	—
Notes Receivable (Note 7)	72.4				—				72.4		—
Available-for-sale marketable securities (Note 4)	2.7				—				2.7		—
Total	$	268.8			$	—			$	268.8	$	—

Liabilities
Interest rate swaps (Notes 7 and 11)	$	3.3			$	—			$	—	$	3.3
Put option on Cost Method Investment (Note 10)	10.7				—				—		10.7
Total	$	14.0	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	14.0

The following table summarizes financial instruments measured at fair value, on a recurring basis, as of December 31, 2022:


(in millions)	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets
Interest rate swaps (Notes 7 and 11)	$	237.7	$	—	$	237.7	$	—
Notes Receivable (Note 7)	70.3		—		70.3		—
Available-for-sale marketable securities (Note 4)	2.6		—		2.6		—
Total	$	310.6	$	—	$	310.6	$	—

Liabilities
Put option on Cost Method Investment (Note 10)	$	10.0	$	—	$	—	$	10.0
Total	$	10.0	$	—	$	—	$	10.0

Level 2 instruments consist of foreign exchange-traded corporate bonds, interest rate swaps and notes receivable. Foreign exchange-traded corporate bonds are available-for-sale debt securities valued at their current quoted prices. These securities mature between 2027 and 2033. Unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale debt securities, which are not material, are included in other comprehensive income. The interest rate swaps fair values are determined using the market standard methodology of discounting the future expected net cash receipts or payments that would occur if variable interest rates rise above or fall below the fixed rates of the swaps. The variable interest rates used in the calculations of projected receipts on the swaps are based on an expectation of future interest rates derived from observable market interest rate curves and volatilities. As discussed in Note 11, “Debt,” there are two tranches of interest rate swaps that we entered into in 2020. In December 2022, we sold the non-core businesses of our VF acquisition. A portion of the consideration was in the form of a $72.0 million note receivable. The note receivable accrues interest semiannually at a per annum rate of 10.6% and is payable at maturity. The note matures on June 30, 2025, subject to an option of the note issuer to extend the maturity date for two successive terms of three months each, at an increased rate of interest at each extension. The note was initially recorded at fair value of $70.3 million using an income approach for fixed income securities, where contractual cash flows were discounted to present value at a risk-adjusted rate of return in a lattice model framework. The fair value of the note is determined each period by applying the same approach, considering changes to the risk-adjusted rate of return given observed changes to the interest rate environment, market pricing of credit risk, and issuer-specific credit risk.

Level 3 instruments consist of a put option on a Cost Method Investment. The put option allows the owners of the remaining shares to compel TransUnion to purchase their shares, subject to the fulfillment of certain conditions. The fair value of the put option is determined using a Monte Carlo analysis with assumptions that include revenue projections, volatility rates, discount rates and the option period, among others.

Table of Contents

17. Reportable Segments

We have 3three reportable segments, U.S. Markets, International, and Consumer Interactive, and the Corporate unit, which provides support services to each of the segments. Our chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) uses the profit measure of Adjusted EBITDA, on both a consolidated and a segment basis, to allocate resources and assess performance of our businesses. We use Adjusted EBITDA as our profit measure because it eliminates the impact of certain items that we do not consider

~~Table of Contents~~

indicative of operating performance, which is useful to compare operating results between periods. Our board of directors and executive management team also use Adjusted EBITDA as a compensation measure for both segment and corporate management under our incentive compensation plans. Adjusted EBITDA is also a measure frequently used by securities analysts, investors and other interested parties in their evaluation of the operating performance of companies similar to ours.

We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) attributable to each segment plus net interest expense, plus (less) provision (benefit) for income taxes, plus depreciation and amortization, plus stock-based compensation, plus mergers, acquisitions, divestitures and business optimization-related expenses including certain integration-related expenses, plus certain accelerated technology investment expenses to migrate to the cloud, plus (less) certain other expenses (income).

The segment financial information below aligns with how we report information to our CODM to assess operating performance and how we manage the business. The accounting policies of the segments are the same as described in Note 1, “Significant Accounting and Reporting Policies” and Note ~~12,~~13, “Revenue.”

The following is a more detailed description of our reportable segments and the Corporate unit, which provides support services to each segment:

U.S. Markets

The U.S. Markets segment provides consumer reports, actionable insights and analytics to businesses. These businesses use our services to acquire customers, assess consumers’ ability to pay for services, identify cross-selling opportunities, measure and manage debt portfolio risk, collect debt, verify consumer identities and mitigate fraud risk. The core capabilities and delivery methods in our U.S. Markets segment allow us to serve a broad set of customers across industries. We report disaggregated revenue of our U.S. Markets segment for Financial Services and Emerging Verticals.

•Financial Services: The Financial Services vertical ~~which accounted for 46.1% of our U.S. Markets revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2022,~~ consists of our consumer lending, mortgage, auto and cards and payments lines of business. Our Financial Services clients consist of most banks, credit unions, finance companies, auto lenders, mortgage lenders, FinTechs, and other consumer lenders in the United States. We also distribute our solutions through most major resellers, secondary market players and sales agents. Beyond traditional lenders, we work with a variety of credit arrangers, such as auto dealers and peer-to-peer lenders. We provide solutions across every aspect of the lending lifecycle; customer acquisition and engagement, fraud and ID management, retention and recovery. Our products are focused on mitigating risk and include credit reporting, credit marketing, analytics and consulting, identity verification and authentication and debt recovery solutions. The revenue of Argus is included in Financial Services since the date of the acquisition.

•Emerging Verticals: Emerging Verticals include ~~Insurance, Services and Collections, Tenant and Employment,~~ Technology, Commerce & Communications, Insurance, Media, Services & Collections, Tenant & Employment, and Public ~~Sector, Media, and other emerging verticals we serve, as well as our Neustar business.~~Sector. Our solutions in these verticals are also data-driven and address the entire customer lifecycle. We offer onboarding and transaction processing products, scoring and analytic products, marketing solutions, fraud and identity management solutions and customer retention solutions. ~~The results of operations of Neustar are included in Emerging Verticals in our consolidated statements of income since the date of the acquisition.~~

International

The International segment provides services similar to our U.S. Markets segment to businesses in select regions outside the United States. Depending on the maturity of the credit economy in each country, services may include credit reports, analytics and solutions services, and other value-added risk management services. In addition, we have insurance, business and automotive databases in select geographies. These services are offered to customers in a number of industries including financial services, insurance, automotive, collections, and communications, and are delivered through both direct and indirect channels. The International segment also provides consumer services similar to those offered by our Consumer Interactive segment that help consumers proactively manage their personal finances and take precautions against identity theft.

We report disaggregated revenue of our International segment for the following regions: Canada, Latin America, the United Kingdom, Africa, India, and Asia Pacific.

2221

Table of Contents

Consumer Interactive

The Consumer Interactive segment provides solutions that help consumers manage their personal finances and take precautions against identity theft. Services in this segment include paid and free credit reports, scores and freezes, credit monitoring, identity protection and resolution, and financial management for consumers. The segment also provides solutions that help businesses respond to data breach events. Our products are provided through user-friendly online and mobile interfaces and are supported by educational content and customer support. Our Consumer Interactive segment serves consumers through both direct and indirect channels. ~~The results of operations of Sontiq are included in the Consumer Interactive segment in our consolidated statements of income since the date of the acquisition.~~

Corporate

Corporate provides support services for each of the segments, holds investments, and conducts enterprise functions. Certain costs incurred in Corporate that are not directly attributable to 1one or more of the segments remain in Corporate. These costs are typically enterprise-level costs and are primarily administrative in nature.

~~Table of Contents~~

Selected segment financial information and disaggregated revenue consisted of the following:


		Three Months Ended March 31,				Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions)	(in millions)	2022		2021			(in millions)	2023		2022
Gross Revenue:	Gross Revenue:						Gross Revenue:
U.S. Markets:	U.S. Markets:						U.S. Markets:
Financial Services	Financial Services	$	276.4	$	263.1		Financial Services	$	320.6	$	304.2
Emerging Verticals	Emerging Verticals	323.5		158.6			Emerging Verticals	299.8		295.7
Total U.S. Markets	Total U.S. Markets	$	599.9	$	421.7		Total U.S. Markets	$	620.4	$	599.9

International:	International:						International:
Canada	Canada	$	30.7	$	30.4		Canada	$	31.4	$	30.7
Latin America	Latin America	27.3		24.1			Latin America	28.6		27.3
United Kingdom	United Kingdom	56.4		50.3			United Kingdom	47.2		56.4
Africa	Africa	14.7		13.7			Africa	14.6		14.7
India	India	45.2		34.0			India	54.7		45.2
Asia Pacific	Asia Pacific	16.9		13.8			Asia Pacific	20.8		16.9
Total International	Total International	$	191.2	$	166.3		Total International	$	197.2	$	191.2

Total Consumer Interactive	Total Consumer Interactive	$	149.6	$	130.4		Total Consumer Interactive	$	142.3	$	149.6

Total revenue, gross	Total revenue, gross	$	940.7	$	718.3		Total revenue, gross	$	960.0	$	940.7

Intersegment revenue eliminations:	Intersegment revenue eliminations:						Intersegment revenue eliminations:
U.S. Markets	U.S. Markets	$	(17.7)	$	(17.4)		U.S. Markets	$	(17.9)	$	(17.7)
International	International	(1.5)		(1.4)			International	(1.4)		(1.5)
Consumer Interactive	Consumer Interactive	(0.2)		(0.5)			Consumer Interactive	(0.4)		(0.2)
Total intersegment eliminations	Total intersegment eliminations	$	(19.4)	$	(19.4)		Total intersegment eliminations	$	(19.7)	$	(19.4)
Total revenue as reported	Total revenue as reported	$	921.3	$	698.9		Total revenue as reported	$	940.3	$	921.3

2422

Table of Contents

A reconciliation of Segment Adjusted EBITDA to income from continuing operations before income taxes for the periods presented is as follows:


		Three Months Ended March 31,				Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions)	(in millions)	2022		2021			(in millions)	2023		2022
U.S. Markets Adjusted EBITDA	U.S. Markets Adjusted EBITDA	$	216.7	$	176.7		U.S. Markets Adjusted EBITDA	$	200.0	$	216.7
International Adjusted EBITDA	International Adjusted EBITDA	82.0		71.4			International Adjusted EBITDA	86.0		82.0
Consumer Interactive Adjusted EBITDA	Consumer Interactive Adjusted EBITDA	68.9		58.5			Consumer Interactive Adjusted EBITDA	70.0		68.9
Total	Total	367.6		306.6			Total	$	356.1	$	367.6
Adjustments to reconcile to income before income taxes:
Corporate expenses(1)		$	(33.4)	$	(29.1)
Adjustments to reconcile to income from continuing operations before income taxes:							Adjustments to reconcile to income from continuing operations before income taxes:
Corporate expenses1							Corporate expenses1	$	(33.8)	$	(33.4)
Net interest expense	Net interest expense	(49.5)		(25.1)			Net interest expense	(66.0)		(49.5)
Depreciation and amortization	Depreciation and amortization	(128.8)		(89.4)			Depreciation and amortization	(129.7)		(128.8)
Stock-based compensation(2)		(20.6)		(15.4)
Mergers and acquisitions, divestitures and business optimization(3)		(14.6)		(1.8)
Accelerated technology investment(4)		(12.0)		(7.3)
Net other(5)		(35.7)		(0.1)
Net loss (income) attributable to non-controlling interests		3.7		2.7
Stock-based compensation2							Stock-based compensation2	(22.2)		(20.6)
Mergers and acquisitions, divestitures and business optimization3							Mergers and acquisitions, divestitures and business optimization3	(8.9)		(14.6)
Accelerated technology investment4							Accelerated technology investment4	(19.7)		(12.0)
Net other5							Net other5	(4.6)		(35.7)
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests							Net income attributable to non-controlling interests	4.3		3.7
Total adjustments	Total adjustments	(290.9)		(165.5)			Total adjustments	$	(280.5)	$	(290.9)
Income from continuing operations before income taxes	Income from continuing operations before income taxes	$	76.7	$	141.0		Income from continuing operations before income taxes	$	75.6	$	76.7

~~(1)~~1.Certain costs that are not directly attributable to one or more of the segments remain in Corporate. These costs are typically enterprise-level costs and are primarily administrative in nature.

~~(2)~~2.Consisted of stock-based compensation and cash-settled stock-based compensation.

~~(3)~~3.Mergers and acquisitions, divestitures and business optimization consisted of the following adjustments:

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, $(6.0) million of Neustar integration costs; a $(2.5) million adjustment to a liability from a recent acquisition; $(1.4) million of acquisition expenses; a $(0.4) million adjustment to the fair value of a put option liability related to a minority investment; a $0.8 million gain on a settlement of a Cost Method Investment; and $0.6 million of reimbursements for transition services related to divested businesses, net of separation expenses.

For the three months ended March 31, 2022, consisted of the following adjustments: $(9.0) million of Neustar integration costs; $(8.9) million of acquisition expenses; a ~~($0.2)~~$(0.2) million adjustment to fair value of put options; and a $3.5 million reimbursement for transition services related to divested businesses, net of separation expenses.

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, consisted of the following adjustments: $(1.1) million of acquisition expenses; $(1.1) million of adjustments to contingent consideration expense from previous acquisitions; and a $0.5 million gain on the sale of a cost method investment.

~~(4)~~4.Represents expenses associated with our accelerated technology investment to migrate to the cloud.

~~(5)~~5.Net other consisted of the following adjustments:

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, $(1.1) million of deferred loan fees written off as a result of the prepayment on our debt; and a $(3.5) million net loss from currency remeasurement of our foreign operations, loan fees and other.

For the three months ended March 31, 2022, net other consisted of the following adjustments: $(28.4) million for certain legal and regulatory expenses; $(6.5) million of deferred loan fees written off as a result of the prepayments on our debt; and $(0.7) million of net other, which includes net losses from currency remeasurement of our foreign operations, loan fees and other.

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, consisted of the following adjustments: $(0.1) million of net other, which includes deferred loan fees written off as a result of prepayments on our debt, loan fees, and net gains from currency remeasurement of our foreign operations.

Earnings from equity method investments included in non-operating income and expense was as follows:


		Three Months Ended March 31,				Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions)	(in millions)	2022		2021			(in millions)	2023		2022
U.S. Markets	U.S. Markets	$	0.4	$	0.6		U.S. Markets	$	0.1	$	0.4
International	International	2.6		2.4			International	3.0		2.6
Total	Total	$	3.0	$	3.0		Total	$	3.1	$	3.0

~~16.~~

Table of Contents

18. Contingencies

Legal and Regulatory Matters

We are routinely named as defendants in, or parties to, various legal actions and proceedings relating to our current or past business operations. These actions generally assert claims for violations of federal or state credit reporting, consumer protection or privacy laws, or common law claims related to the unfair treatment of consumers, and may include claims for substantial or

~~Table of Contents~~

indeterminate compensatory or punitive damages, or injunctive relief, and may seek business practice changes. We believe that most of these claims are either without merit or we have valid defenses to the claims, and we vigorously defend these matters or seek non-monetary or small monetary settlements, if possible. However, due to the uncertainties inherent in litigation, we cannot predict the outcome of each claim in each instance.

In the ordinary course of business, we also are subject to governmental and regulatory examinations, information-gathering requests, investigations and proceedings (both formal and informal), certain of which may result in adverse judgments, settlements, fines, penalties, injunctions or other relief. In connection with formal and informal investigations and inquiries by ~~these~~ regulators, we ~~routinely~~sometimes receive civil investigative demands, requests, subpoenas and orders seeking documents, testimony, and other information in connection with various aspects of our activities.

In view of the inherent unpredictability of legal and regulatory matters, particularly where the damages sought are substantial or indeterminate or when the proceedings or investigations are in the early stages, we cannot determine with any degree of certainty the timing or ultimate resolution of legal and regulatory matters or the eventual loss, fines or penalties, if any, that may result from such matters. We establish reserves for legal and regulatory matters when those matters present loss contingencies that are both probable and can be reasonably estimated. However, for certain of the matters, we are not able to reasonably estimate our exposure because damages or penalties have not been specified and (i) the proceedings are in early stages, (ii) there is uncertainty as to the likelihood of a class being certified or the ultimate size of the class, (iii) there is uncertainty as to the outcome of similar matters pending against our competitors, (iv) there are significant factual issues to be resolved, and/or (v) there are legal issues of a first impression being presented. The actual costs of resolving legal and regulatory matters, however, may be substantially higher than the amounts reserved for those matters, and an adverse outcome in certain of these matters could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial statements in particular quarterly or annual periods. We accrue amounts for certain legal and regulatory matters for which losses were considered to be probable of occurring based on our best estimate of the most likely outcome. It is reasonably possible actual losses could be significantly different from our current estimates. In addition, there are some matters for which it is reasonably possible that a loss will occur, however we cannot estimate a range of the potential losses for these matters. ~~Legal fees incurred in connection with ongoing litigation are considered a period cost and are expensed as incurred.~~

To reduce our exposure to an unexpected significant monetary award resulting from an adverse judicial decision, we maintain insurance that we believe is appropriate and adequate based on our historical experience. We regularly advise our insurance carriers of the claims, ~~(threatened~~threatened or ~~pending)~~pending, against us in ~~the course of litigation~~legal and regulatory matters and generally receive a reservation of rights letter from the carriers when such claims exceed applicable deductibles. We are not aware of any significant monetary claim that has been asserted against us, inexcept for the ~~course of pending litigation~~lawsuit filed by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (the “CFPB”) referenced below, that would not have some level of coverage by insurance after the relevant deductible, if any, is met.

As of March 31, ~~2022~~2023 and December 31, ~~2021,~~2022, we have accrued ~~$113.1~~$120.7 million and ~~$85.6~~$125.0 million, respectively, for ~~anticipated claims.~~legal and regulatory matters. These amounts were recorded in other accrued liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets and the associated expenses were recorded in selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of income. Legal fees incurred in connection with ongoing litigation are considered period costs and are expensed as incurred.

The following discussion describes material developments in previously disclosed material legal and regulatory matters that occurred in the three months ended March 31, 2022. Refer to Part II, Item 8, Footnote 22, “Contingencies” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, for a full description of our material pending legal and regulatory matters at that time.

~~Ramirez v. Trans Union LLC~~

~~On January 24, 2022, we reached a tentative class settlement with the plaintiffs, which will require court approval.We expect this matter to be resolved by the end of 2022.~~

Accordingly, in 2021, we revised the amount of the probable loss that we previously estimated, resulting in a reduction of our estimated liability and partially offsetting insurance receivable, and a corresponding net reduction recorded in selling, general and administrative expense for the year end December 31, 2021.

CFPB Matters

In June 2021, we received a Notice and Opportunity to Respond and Advise (“NORA”) letter from the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”), informing us that the CFPB’s Enforcement Division was considering whether to recommend that the CFPB take legal action against us and certain of our executive officers. The NORA letter alleged that we failed to comply with and timely implement a Consent Order issued by the CFPB in January 2017 (the “Consent Order”), and further alleged additional violations related to Consumer Interactive’s marketing practices. On September 27, 2021, the Enforcement Division advised us that it had obtained authority to pursue an enforcement action. On April 12, 2022, after failed settlement negotiations with the CFPB related to the matter, the CFPB filed a lawsuit against us, Trans Union LLC, TransUnion Interactive, Inc.

~~Table of Contents~~

~~(collectively,~~ (collectively, the “TU Entities”) andand the former President of Consumer Interactive, John Danaher, in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois seeking restitution, civil money penalties, and injunctive relief, among other remedies, and alleging that the TU Entities violated the Consent Order, engaged in deceptive acts and practices in marketing the TransUnion Credit Monitoring product, failed to obtain signed written authorizations from consumers before debiting their bank accounts for the TransUnion Credit Monitoring product and diverted consumers from their free annual file disclosure into

Table of Contents

paid subscription products. The CFPB further alleges that Mr. Danaher violated the Consent Order and that we and Trans Union LLC provided substantial assistance to TransUnion Interactive, Inc. in violating the Consent Order and the law. We continue to believe that our marketing practices are lawful and appropriate and that we have been, and remain, in ~~compliance~~compliance with the Consent Order, and we will vigorously defend against allegations to the contrary in such proceedings. We continue to be in active litigation on this matter.

As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we have an accrued liability of $56.0 million ~~compared with $26.5 million as of December 31, 2021,~~ in connection with this matter and there is a reasonable possibility that a loss in excess of the amount accrued may be incurred, and such an outcome could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. However, any possible loss or range of loss in excess of the amount accrued is not reasonably estimable at this time. In addition, we will incur increased costs litigating this matter.

In March 2022, we received a NORA letter from the CFPB, informing us that the CFPB’s Enforcement Division is considering whether to recommend that the CFPB take legal action against us related to our tenant and employment screening business, TransUnion Rental Screening Solutions, Inc. (“TURSS”). The NORA letter alleges that Trans Union LL~~C and TURRS~~LLC and TURSS violated the Fair Credit Reporting Act by failing to (i) follow reasonable procedures to assure maximum possible accuracy of information in consumer reports and (ii) disclose to consumers the sources of such information. On July 27, 2022, the CFPB’s Enforcement Division advised us that it had obtained authority to pursue an enforcement action jointly with the Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”). We are currently progressing towards a settlement with the CFPB and the FTC regarding this matter, which may include redress, civil monetary penalties and certain business process changes. We continue to believe that our acts and practices are ~~lawful and~~lawful. As of March 31, 2023, we ~~intend to vigorously defend against any allegations to the contrary. Should~~have recorded an accrued liability for an immaterial amount in connection with this matter.

In June 2022, the CFPB ~~commence~~informed Trans Union LLC that it intended to issue a NORA letter following an investigation relating to alleged violations of law in connection with the placement and lifting of security freezes resulting from certain system issues. We have corrected associated system issues and have processes in place to monitor and address issues going forward. In August 2022, the TU Entities received a NORA letter from the CFPB, informing us that the CFPB’s Enforcement Division is considering whether to recommend that the CFPB take legal action against us. On April 14, 2023, the CFPB’s Enforcement Division advised us that it ~~may seek restitution, disgorgement, civil monetary penalties, injunctive relief or other corrective~~had obtained authority to pursue an enforcement action. We have engaged in initial settlement discussions. We cannot provide assurance that the CFPB will not ultimately commence a legal action against us in this matter, nor are we able to predict the likely outcome, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of ~~any such action.~~operations and financial condition. As of March 31, ~~2022,~~2023, we ~~have recorded an accrual for an immaterial amount in connection with this matter. There is a possibility that a loss in excess of amounts accrued may be incurred; however, the possible~~are not able to reasonably estimate our potential loss or range of loss ~~is not estimable at~~related to this ~~time.~~matter.

Argus Department of Justice Matter

~~17. Subsequent Event~~

OnWe are cooperating with an investigation originating from the civil division of the United States Attorney’s Office for the Eastern District of Virginia related to Argus’s use of certain data it collected under certain government contracts. We acquired Argus in connection with our acquisition of VF in April ~~8, 2022,~~2022. This matter pertains to alleged conduct that commenced before we ~~closed on our previously announced agreement to acquire Verisk Financial Services, the financial services business unit of~~acquired Argus, and we are cooperating with Verisk Analytics, Inc., to respond to the Department of Justice’s investigation. We cannot predict the timing, outcome, or potential impact of this matter, financial or otherwise. Under the stock purchase agreement Trans Union LLC entered into with Verisk Analytics, Inc. (the “Seller”) pursuant to which we acquired VF, including ~~its leading core businesses,~~ Argus, ~~Information and Advisory Services, Inc. and Commerce Signals, Inc. We acquired 100% of~~ the ~~outstanding equity of the entities that comprise the financial services business unit~~Seller agreed to indemnify us for ~~approximately $515 million, funded~~certain losses with ~~cash on hand, and subject to certain customary purchase price adjustments. There is no contingent consideration related~~respect to this ~~transaction. This acquisition will allow us to provide more enhanced~~matter, including all losses directly resulting from any settlement agreement in connection with this matter, including civil monetary penalties, remediation costs and ~~holistic solution capabilities that help our customers make better~~fees and ~~faster decisions that will help them increase financial inclusion, acquire new accounts, and improve fraud prevention, risk management and other solutions.~~

We intend to retain the leading core businesses of Argus and Commerce Signals businesses and divest the other businesses. The results of operations of the core businesses will be included in our U.S. Markets reportable segment from the date of acquisition. We will classify the net assets of the other businesses as held-for-sale, and the operations of those businesses as discontinued operations, as of the date of acquisition.

Due to the proximity of the closing date of the acquisition to the date of this filing, the initial accounting for the business combination is incomplete. As a result, at this time we are unable to disclose certain information including the provisional fair value estimates of the identifiable net assets acquired and goodwill.expenses.

2725

Table of Contents

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of TransUnion’s financial condition and results of operations is provided as a supplement to, and should be read in conjunction with, TransUnion’s audited consolidated financial statements, the accompanying notes, “Risk Factors,” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2021,~~2022, as well as the unaudited consolidated financial statements and the related notes presented in Part I, Item 1, of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

In addition to historical data, this discussion contains forward-looking statements about our business, operations and financial performance based on current expectations that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results may differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including but not limited to those discussed ~~below~~ in “Cautionary Notice Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” and Part II, Item 1A, “Risk Factors.”

References in this discussion and analysis to ~~“the Company,~~the “Company,” “we,” ~~“us”~~, “us,” and “our” refer to TransUnion and its direct and indirect subsidiaries, including TransUnion Intermediate Holdings, Inc., collectively.

Overview

TransUnion is a leading global information and insights company that makes trust possible between businesses and consumers, working to help people around the world access opportunities that can lead to a higher quality of life. That trust is built on TransUnion’s ability to deliver safe, innovative solutions with credibility and consistency. We call this Information for Good.

Grounded in our heritage as a credit reporting agency, we have built robust and accurate databases of information for a large portion of the adult population in the markets we serve. We use our data fusion methodology to link and match an increasing set of disparate data to further enrich our database. We use this enriched data, combined with our expertise, to continuously develop more insightful solutions for our customers, all in accordance with global laws and regulations. Because of our work, organizations can better understand consumers in order to make more informed decisions, and earn consumer trust through great, personalized experiences, and the proactive extension of the right opportunities, tools and offers. In turn, we believe consumers can be confident that their data identities will result in better offers and opportunities.

We provide solutions that enable businesses to manage and measure credit risk, market to new and existing customers, verify consumer identities, mitigate fraud, and effectively manage call center operations. Businesses embed our solutions into their process workflows to deliver critical insights and enable effective actions. Consumers use our solutions to view their credit profiles and access analytical tools that help them understand and manage their personal financial information and take precautions against identity theft. ~~We have deep domain expertise~~Our solutions are based on a foundation of data assets across a number of attractive industries, which we also refer to as verticals, including Financial Services and the Emerging Verticals, consisting of Insurance, Services and Collections, Tenant and Employment, Technology, Commerce & Communications, Public Sector, Media,financial, credit, alternative credit, identity, phone activity, digital device information, marketing, bankruptcy, lien, judgment, insurance claims, automotive and other ~~emerging verticals we serve, as well as~~ ~~Neustar, Inc. (“Neustar”).~~ ~~We have a global presence in over 30 countries~~relevant information obtained from thousands of sources including financial institutions, private databases and ~~territories across North America, Latin America, Europe, Africa, India, and Asia Pacific.~~public records repositories.

Our addressable market includes the global data and analytics market, which continues to grow as companies around the world increasingly recognize the benefits of data and analytics-based decision making, and as consumers recognize the important role that their data identities play in their ability to procure goods and services. There are several underlying trends supporting this market growth, including the proliferation of data, advances in technology and analytics that enable data to be processed more quickly and efficiently to provide business insights, and growing demand for these business insights across industries and geographies. Leveraging our established position as a leading provider of information and insights, we have grown our business by expanding the breadth and depth of our data, strengthening our analytics capabilities to deliver innovative solutions, expanding into complementary adjacencies and vertical markets, investing in technology infrastructure to leverage capabilities to best serve our customers and enhancing our global operating model. As a result, we believe we are well positioned to expand our share within the markets we currently serve and capitalize on the larger data and analytics opportunity.

Our solutions are based on a foundation of data assets across financial, credit, alternative credit, identity, phone activity, digital device information, marketing, bankruptcy, lien, judgment, insurance claims, automotive and other relevant information obtained from thousands of sources including financial institutions, private databases and public records repositories. We refine, standardize and enhance this data using sophisticated algorithms to create proprietary databases. Our acquisition of Neustar, and particularly its OneID platform, will further enhance our ability to deliver real-time, persistent identity resolution of disparate data fragments and attributes, in a privacy compliant manner. Our technology infrastructure allows us to efficiently integrate our data with our analytics and technology capabilities to create and deliver innovative solutions to our customers and to quickly adapt to changing customer needs. Our deep analytics resources, including our people and tools driving predictive modeling and scoring, customer segmentation, benchmarking and forecasting, enable us to provide businesses and consumers with better insights.

~~Table of Contents~~

We leverage our differentiated capabilities in order to serve a global customer base across multiple geographies and industry verticals. We offer our solutions to business customers in Financial Services, Insurance and other industries, and our customer base includes many of the largest companies in the industries we serve. We sell our solutions to leading consumer lending banks, credit card issuers, alternative lenders, online-only lenders (“FinTechs”), Point of Sale (“POS”)/Buy Now Pay Later (“BNPL”) lenders, auto lenders, auto insurance carriers, cable and telecom operators, retailers, and federal, state and local government agencies. We have been successful in leveraging our brand, our expertise and our solutions and have a leading presence in several high-growth international markets. Millions of consumers across the globe also use our data to help manage their personal finances and take precautions against identity theft.

We believe we have an attractive business model that has recurring and diversified revenue streams, low capital requirements, significant operating leverage and strong and stable cash flows. The proprietary and embedded nature of our solutions and the integral role that we play in our customers’ decision-making processes have historically translated into high customer retention and revenue visibility. We continue to deliver organic growth by increasing our sales to existing customers, developing new solutions and gaining new customers. We have a diversified portfolio of businesses across our segments, reducing our exposure to cyclical trends in any particular industry vertical or geography. We operate primarily on contributory data models in which we typically obtain updated information including a growing set of public record and alternative data, at little or no cost, as we develop new solutions and expand into new industries and geographies. We are evolving our hybrid public-private cloud technology infrastructure to ensure that our systems remain highly secure, reliable, scalable, and performant by design. We are focused on processes and foundational technology that allows us to leverage demand-led consumption from public cloud providers and from our high performance privately owned infrastructure.

Segments

We manage our business and report our financial results ~~including disaggregated revenue,~~ in three reportable segments: U.S. Markets, International and Consumer Interactive. See Part I, Item 1 “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements,” Note 17, “Reportable Segments” for additional information.

U.S. Markets

The U.S. Markets segment provides consumer reports, actionable insights and analytics to businesses. These businesses use our services to acquire ~~new~~ customers, assess consumers’ ability to pay for services, identify cross-selling opportunities, measure and manage debt portfolio risk, collect debt, verify consumer identities and mitigate fraud risk. The core capabilities and delivery methods in our U.S. Markets segment allow us to serve a broad set of customers across industries. We report disaggregated revenue of our U.S. Markets segment for Financial Services and Emerging Verticals. The results of operations of Neustar are included in the Emerging Verticals and our consolidated statements of income since the date of the acquisition.

~~International~~

The International segment provides services similar to our U.S. Markets segment to businesses in select regions outside the United States. Depending on the maturity of the credit economy in each country, services may include credit reports, analytics and technology solutions services, and other value-added risk management services. We also have insurance, business and automotive databases in select geographies. These services are offered to customers in a number of industries including financial services, retail credit, insurance, automotive, collections, public sector, and communications, and are delivered through both direct and indirect channels. The International segment also provides consumer services similar to those offered by our Consumer Interactive segment that help consumers proactively manage their personal finances.

~~We report disaggregated revenue of our International segment for the following regions: Canada, Latin America, the United Kingdom, Africa, India, and Asia Pacific.~~

~~Consumer Interactive~~

The Consumer Interactive segment offers solutions that help consumers manage their personal finances and take precautions against identity theft. Services in this segment include credit reports and scores, credit monitoring, identity protection and resolution, and financial management for consumers. The segment also provides solutions that help businesses respond to data breach events. Our products are provided through user-friendly online and mobile interfaces and are supported by educational content and customer support. Our Consumer Interactive segment serves consumers through both direct and indirect channels. The results of operations of Sontiq, Inc. (“Sontiq”) are included in the Consumer Interactive segment and our consolidated statements of income since the date of acquisition.

~~Corporate~~

In addition, Corporate provides support services for each of the segments, holds investments, and conducts enterprise functions. Certain costs incurred in Corporate that are not directly attributable to one or more of the segments remain in Corporate. These costs are typically enterprise-level costs and are primarily administrative in nature.

~~Table of Contents~~

~~Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations~~

~~The following are certain key factors that have affect, or have recently affected, our results of operations:~~

~~Macroeconomic and Industry Trends:~~

Our revenues can be significantly influenced by general macroeconomic conditions, including the impact of the global COVID-19 pandemic, the availability of credit and capital, interest rates, inflation, employment levels, consumer confidence and housing demand. Given the ongoing uncertainty and the unpredictable nature of the pandemic, including the rise of variants of the virus and the effectiveness of vaccines against those variants, COVID-19 may have a material and adverse impact on various aspects of our business in the future, including our results of operations.

In the markets where we compete, we have seen generally improving macroeconomic conditions since the low point in April 2020, continuing into the first quarter of 2022. In the United States, macroeconomic improvements were driven by an increase in gross domestic product (“GDP”) and continuing decreases in unemployment rates, offset by rising interest rates and concerns about geopolitical events. We saw similar macroeconomic improvements in our international markets, although in certain of these markets there remains higher ongoing concerns about the impact of COVID-19. These macroeconomic improvements helped drive top and bottom line growth in all of our segments in the first quarter of 2022. Our U.S. Markets and Consumer Interactive segments were further enhanced by the results of our recent acquisitions.

While we believe that a positive but slowing global GDP growth is expected for the remainder of 2022, such expectations are tempered by increasing concerns around rising inflation, energy prices and interest rates, geopolitical tensions including the war in Ukraine, persistent supply chain and labor shortage concerns, waning consumer confidence and ongoing concerns about COVID-19.

~~Effects of Inflation~~

We do not believe that inflation has had a material effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition. The impact of significant recent and expected future inflation could have a substantial negative impact on our business, including decreased demand for our services as a result of rising interest rates and slowing consumer spending and lower demand for credit.

~~Recent Developments~~

~~The following developments impact the comparability of our balance sheets, results of operations and cash flows between years:~~

On December 1, 2021, we made two significant business acquisitions that materially affected our first quarter 2022 results of operations, which impacts the comparability of such results to the first quarter 2021 results of operations. In addition, we closed another business acquisition on April 8, 2022. These acquisitions will affect the comparability of our results of operations for the remainder of 2022. See Part I, Item 1, Note 2 “Business Acquisitions” and Note 17, “Subsequent Event” for further information about these transactions.

On December 17, 2021, we completed the sale of our Healthcare business. The Healthcare business met the criteria for discontinued operations at December 31, 2021, as the sale represented a strategic shift in our business that will have a major effect on our results of operations. The results of operations are classified as discontinued operations, net of tax, in our consolidated statement of income for all periods presented. All tables and discussions below exclude the impact of the Healthcare business.

On April 12, 2022, after failed settlement negotiations with the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”) regarding a certain regulatory matter, the CFPB filed a lawsuit against us, Trans Union, LLC TransUnion Interactive, Inc. and our former President of Consumer Interactive. As of March 31, 2021, we have an accrued liability of $56.0 million, compared with $26.5 million as of December 31, 2021, in connection with this matter and there is a reasonable possibility that a loss in excess of the amount accrued may be incurred. Such an outcome could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. See Part I, Item 1, “Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements,” Note 16, “Contingencies,” for further information about this matter.

~~On January 31, 2022, we prepaid $400 million of our Senior Secured Term Loan B-6, funded from our cash on hand.~~

~~On January 24, 2022, we reached a tentative class settlement with the plaintiffs in~~ ~~Ramirez v. Trans Union LLC~~ (“Ramirez” or the “Ramirez Litigation”), which will require court approval. We expect this matter to be resolved by the end of 2022. See Part 1, Item 1, Note 16, “Contingencies” for additional information.

On December 23, 2021, we entered into a tranche of interest rate swap agreements with various counter parties that effectively fix our LIBOR exposure on a portion of our Senior Secured Term Loan or similar replacement debt. The tranche commenced on December 31, 2021, and expires on December 31, 2026, with a current aggregate notional amount of $1,600.0 million that

3026

Table of Contents

amortizes each quarter. The tranche requires TransUnion to pay fixed rates varying between 1.428% and 1.4360% in exchange for receiving a variable rate that matches the variable rate on our loans. We have designated these swap agreements as cash flow hedges.

On December 1, 2021, we entered into an agreement to amend certain provisions of the Senior Secured Credit Facility and exercise our right to draw additional debt in an amount of $3,100 million, less original issue discount and deferred financing fees of $7.8 million and $43.6 million, respectively. Proceeds from the incremental loan on the Senior Secured Credit Facility were used to finance the acquisition of Neustar.

~~In March 2021, we prepaid $85.0 million of our Senior Secured Term Loans, funded from our cash on hand.~~

~~Recent Acquisitions~~

We selectively evaluate acquisitions as a means to expand our business and enter new markets. Since January 1, 2021, we have completed the following acquisitions, including those that impact the comparability of our results between periods:

•On April 8, 2022, we closed on our previously announced agreement to acquire Verisk Financial Services, the financial services business unit of Verisk Analytics, Inc., including its leading core businesses of Argus Information and Advisory Services, Inc. and Commerce Signals, Inc. We acquired 100% of the outstanding equity of the entities that comprise the financial services business unit for approximately $515 million, funded with cash on hand, and subject to certain customary purchase price adjustments as set forth in the purchase agreement. This acquisition will allow us to provide more enhanced and holistic solution capabilities that help our customers make better and faster decisions that will help them increase financial inclusion, acquire new accounts, and improve fraud prevention, risk management and other solutions.

We will retain the leading core businesses of Verisk Financial Services, and plan to divest the other businesses. The results of operations of the core businesses will be included in our U.S. Markets reportable segment from the date of acquisition. We will classify the net assets of the other businesses as held-for-sale, and the operations of those businesses as discontinued operations, as of the date of acquisition.

•On December 1, 2021, we acquired 100% of the equity of Neustar, a premier identity resolution company with leading solutions in Marketing, Risk and Communications, enables customers to build connected consumer experiences by combining decision analytics with real-time identity resolution services driven by its OneID platform. The results of operations of Neustar are included in Emerging Verticals as part of our U.S. Markets segment in our consolidated statements of income since the date of the acquisition.

•On December 1, 2021, we acquired 100% of the equity of Sontiq, a leader in digital identity protection and security, provides solutions including identity monitoring, restoration, and response products and services to help empower consumers and businesses to proactively protect against identity theft and cyber threats. The results of operations of Sontiq, which are not material to our consolidated financial statements, are included in the Consumer Interactive segment in our consolidated statements of income since the date of the acquisition.

~~Key Components of Our Results of Operations~~

~~Revenue~~

~~The following is a more detailed description of how we derive and report revenue for our three reportable segments:~~

~~U.S. Markets~~

U.S. Markets provides consumer reports, actionable insights and analytics such as credit and other scores, and solutions capabilities to businesses. We report disaggregated revenue of our U.S. Markets segment for the following verticals:

•~~Financial Services:~~ The Financial Services vertical, which accounts for approximately 46.1% of our U.S. Markets revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2022, consists of our consumer lending, mortgage, auto and cards and payments lines of business. Our financial services clients consist of most banks, credit unions, finance companies, POS/BNPL lenders, auto lenders, mortgage lenders, FinTechs, and other consumer lenders in the United States. We also distribute our solutions through most major resellers, secondary market players and sales agents. Beyond traditional lenders, we work with a variety of credit arrangers, such as auto dealers and peer-to-peer lenders. We provide solutions across every aspect of the lending lifecycle; customer acquisition and engagement, fraud and ID management, retention and recovery. Our products are focused on mitigating risk and include credit reporting, credit marketing, analytics and consulting, identity verification and authentication and debt recovery solutions.

•~~Emerging Verticals:~~ ~~Emerging verticals include Insurance, Services and Collections, Tenant and Employment, Technology, Commerce & Communications, Public Sector, Media, and other verticals we serve, as well as our Neustar~~

~~Table of Contents~~

business. Our solutions in these verticals are also data-driven and address the entire customer lifecycle. We offer onboarding and transaction processing products, scoring and analytic products, marketing solutions, fraud and identity management solutions and customer retention solutions.

International

The International segment provides services similar to our U.S. Markets segment to businesses in select regions outside the United States. Depending on the maturity of the credit economy in each country, services may include credit reports, analytics and solutions services, and other value-added risk management services. In addition, we have insurance, business and automotive databases in select geographies. These services are offered to customers in a number of industries including financial services, ~~retail credit,~~ insurance, automotive, collections, ~~public sector~~ and communications, and are delivered through both direct and indirect channels. The International segment also provides consumer services similar to those offered by our Consumer Interactive segment tothat help consumers proactively manage their personal ~~finances.~~

~~We report disaggregated revenue of our International segment for the following regions: Canada, Latin America, the United Kingdom, Africa, India,~~finances and ~~Asia Pacific.~~take precautions against identity theft.

Consumer Interactive

The Consumer Interactive segment ~~offers~~provides solutions that help consumers manage their personal finances and take precautions against identity theft. Services in this segment include paid and free credit reports, scores and ~~scores,~~freezes, credit monitoring, identity protection and resolution, and financial management for consumers. The segment also provides solutions that help businesses respond to data breach events. Our products are provided through user-friendly online and mobile interfaces and are supported by educational content and customer support. Our Consumer Interactive segment serves consumers through both direct and indirect channels. ~~With~~

Corporate

Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations

The following are certain key factors that affect, or have recently affected, our ~~acquisition~~results of ~~Sontiq in 2021, we~~operations:

Macroeconomic and Industry Trends

Our revenues and results of operations have been and can be significantly influenced by general macroeconomic conditions, including but not limited to, interest rates, inflation, housing demand, the availability of credit and capital, employment levels, consumer confidence and the impact of the global COVID-19 pandemic.

During the first three months of 2023, the U.S. labor market remained steady with low unemployment, and supply chain constraints continued to ease. However, subsiding but still elevated inflation, high energy prices, and consecutive interest rate increases by the Federal Reserve have all contributed to constrained economic activity. In addition, liquidity challenges within the banking sector, a slowing housing market, lower GDP growth, softening consumer confidence and global geopolitical events, all added to the deterioration of global macroeconomic conditions and increasing recession fears compared with the post-pandemic rebound of 2021 and 2022. These slowing macroeconomic conditions had a more pronounced impact in our ~~foundational credit monitoring solutions~~developed markets compared with our emerging markets, although the impact of exchange rates had a continuing significant impact on our international segment. The impact of higher interest rates has been particularly acute in the housing sector, where higher borrowing rates significantly impacts both home affordability, driving down purchase activity, and demand for mortgage loan refinancing. The impact of higher interest rates on slowing aggregate demand is expected to result in increased unemployment levels over the next year, which is likely to reduce consumer demand for credit. These dynamics impact the comparability of our results of operations, including our revenue and expense, between the periods presented below.

The ongoing uncertainty and the unpredictable nature of the macroeconomic environment could have a material adverse impact on various aspects of our business in the future, including our stock price, results of operations and financial condition, including the carrying value of our long-lived assets such as goodwill and intangible assets.

Effects of Inflation

We believe that inflation has had a significant negative impact on our business and results of operations, including decreased demand for our services resulting from the Federal Reserve and other central banks consistently raising interest rates to combat inflation, slowing consumer spending on non-essential goods and services, and consequently lower demand for credit. The impact of continued elevated levels of inflation and the resulting response by the Federal Reserve and other central banks to raise interest rates could have a material adverse impact on various aspects of our business in the future.

Developments that Impact Comparability Between Periods

The following developments impact the comparability of our balance sheets, results of operations and cash flows between periods:

On March 31, 2023, December 30, 2022 and January 31, 2022, we prepaid $75.0 million, $200.0 million and $400.0 million, respectively, of our Senior Secured Term Loan B-6, funded from our cash-on-hand. These transactions affect the comparability

Table of Contents

of interest expense between 2023 and 2022, as further discussed in “Results of Operations - Non-Operating Income and (Expense) - Interest Expense” below.

On November 16, 2022, we entered into new interest rate swap agreements with various counterparties that effectively fix our LIBOR exposure on a portion of our Senior Secured Term Loan or similar replacement debt. These swaps replaced other swaps that expired in December 30, 2022. The new swaps commenced on December 30, 2022, and expire on December 31, 2024, with a ~~comprehensive set~~current aggregate notional amount of ~~identity protection offerings.~~$1,315.0 million that amortizes each quarter. The swaps require us to pay fixed rates varying between 4.4105% and 4.4465% in exchange for receiving a variable rate that matches the variable rate on our loans. We have designated these swap agreements as cash flow hedges.

On April 8, 2022, we acquired 100% of the equity of the entities that comprised Verisk Financial Services (“VF”). We retained the leading core businesses of Argus, and divested the remaining non-core businesses on December 30, 2022. The results of operations of ~~Sontiq, which are not material to our consolidated financial statements,~~Argus are included in the ~~Consumer Interactive~~U.S. Markets segment in our consolidated statements of income since the date of the acquisition. See Part I, Item 1, “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements,” Note 2, “Business Acquisition,” and Note 3 “Discontinued Operations,” for additional information.

Key Components of Our Results of Operations

Revenue

We report revenue for our three reportable segments, U.S. Markets, International and Consumer Interactive. Within the U.S. Markets segments, we report and disaggregate revenue by vertical, which consists of our Financial Services vertical and Emerging vertical. Revenue from our acquisition of Argus is included in the Financial Services vertical. Within the International segment, we disaggregate revenue by regions, which consists of Canada, Latin America, the United Kingdom, Africa, India, and Asia Pacific. For our Consumer Interactive segment, we do not disaggregate revenue.

Cost of Services

Costs of services include data acquisition and royalty fees, personnel costs related to our databases and software applications, consumer and call center support costs, hardware and software maintenance costs, telecommunication expenses and occupancy costs associated with the facilities where these functions are performed.

Selling, General and Administrative

Selling, general and administrative expenses include personnel-related costs for sales, administrative and management employees, costs for professional and consulting services, advertising and occupancy and facilities expense of these functions.

Non-Operating Income and Expense

Non-operating income and expense includes interest expense, interest income, earnings from equity-method investments, dividends from cost-method investments, fair-value adjustments of equity-method and Cost Method ~~investments,~~Investments, if any, expenses related to successful and unsuccessful business acquisitions, loan fees, debt refinancing expenses, certain acquisition-related gains and losses and other non-operating income and expenses.

3228

Table of Contents

Results of Operations —Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 and 2022

~~Key Performance Measures~~For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, our results of operations were as follows:


	Three months ended				Change
	March 31,				2023 vs. 2022
	2023		2022		$		%
Revenue	$	940.3	$	921.3	$	19.0	2.1	%
Operating expenses
Cost of services (exclusive of depreciation and amortization below)	324.9		298.0		26.8		9.0	%
Selling, general and administrative	340.5		359.5		(19.0)		(5.3)	%
Depreciation and amortization	129.7		128.8		0.9		0.7	%
Total operating expenses	795.1		786.3		8.8		1.1	%
Operating income	145.2		135.0		10.2		7.6	%
Non-operating income and (expense)
Interest expense	(71.8)		(50.2)		(21.6)		43.1	%
Interest income	5.8		0.7		5.1		nm
Earnings from equity method investments	3.1		3.0		0.1		3.9	%
Other income and (expense), net	(6.8)		(11.8)		5.0		(42.4)	%
Total non-operating income and (expense)	(69.6)		(58.3)		(11.4)		19.5	%
Income from continuing operations before income taxes	75.6		76.7		(1.1)		(1.5)	%
Provision for income taxes	(18.6)		(24.4)		5.8		(23.8)	%
Income from continuing operations	57.0		52.3		4.7		8.9	%
Discontinued operations, net of tax	(0.1)		(0.4)		0.3		(76.9)	%
Net income	56.9		52.0		4.9		9.5	%
Less: net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	(4.3)		(3.7)		(0.6)		17.3	%
Net income attributable to TransUnion	$	52.6	$	48.3	$	4.3	8.9	%

nm: not meaningful

As a result of displaying amounts in millions, rounding differences may exist in the table above.

Revenue

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, revenue increased $19.0 million, or 2.1%, compared with the same period in 2022, due primarily to a 2.2% increase from our recent acquisition in the U.S. Markets segment, partially offset by macroeconomic weakness in several markets and decreases from the impact of foreign currencies.

Operating Expenses

Cost of Services

Cost of services increased $26.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared with the same period in 2022.

The increase was due primarily to:

•an increase in variable product costs resulting from the increase in revenue in our U.S. Markets and International segments, and an increase in certain product cost pricing primarily in our U.S. Markets segment;

•an increase in operating costs due to our acquisition in our U.S. Markets segment;

•an increase in costs from our accelerated technology investment; and

•an increase in labor costs, primarily in our International segment, as we continue to invest in key strategic growth initiatives,

partially offset by:

•the impact of foreign currencies on the expenses of our International operations.

Table of Contents

Selling, General and Administrative

Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased $19.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared with the same period in 2022.

The decrease was due primarily to:

•a decrease in certain legal and regulatory expenses;

•a decrease in advertising expense, primarily in our Consumer Interactive segment; and

•the impact of foreign currencies on the expenses of our International segment,

partially offset by:

•an increase in operating costs from our April 2022 acquisition in our U.S. Markets segment; and

•an increase in labor costs, as we continue to invest in key strategic growth initiatives.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation and amortization increased $0.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared with the same period in 2022 as the incremental depreciation and amortization from our recent acquisitions of tangible and intangible assets was offset by a decrease in depreciation and amortization from legacy assets.

Non-Operating Income and Expense

Interest expense

These factors impact the comparability of interest expense between periods. Our future interest expense could be materially impacted by changes in our variable interest rates to the extent our variable rate debt is not hedged, additional borrowings, or additional prepayments. See Part I, Item 1, “Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements,” Note 11, “Debt,” for additional information about our debt.

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, interest expense increased $21.6 million compared with the same period in 2022. This increase was due to the impact of an increase in the average interest rate, partially offset by a decrease in outstanding principal balance due to the prepayments made in 2022 and 2023.

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, interest income increased $5.1 million due to interest earned on the note receivable discussed in Note 16, “Fair Value,” and the increase in interest rates.

Other income and (expense), net

Other income and (expense), net includes acquisition fees, loan fees, and various other income and expenses.


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions)	2023		2022		$ Change		% Change
Other income and (expense), net:
Acquisition fees	$	(1.4)	$	(8.9)	$	7.5	nm
Loan fees	(1.7)		(6.9)		5.2		nm
Other income (expense), net	(3.7)		4.0		(7.7)		nm
Total other income and (expense), net	$	(6.8)	$	(11.8)	$	5.0	nm

nm: not meaningful

As a result of displaying amounts in millions, rounding differences may exist in the table above.

Acquisition fees

Acquisition fees represent costs we have incurred in each period for various acquisition-related efforts, and include costs related to our acquisition of Argus in 2022.

Loan fees

Table of Contents

For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, loan fees included $1.1 million and $6.5 million, respectively, of our unamortized original issue discount and deferred financing fees written off as a result of the $75.0 million and $400.0 million prepayments of our Senior Secured Term Loan B-6.

Other income and (expense), net

Includes currency remeasurement gains and losses, dividends received from Cost Method Investments, gains and losses on Cost Method investments, if any, and other miscellaneous non-operating income and expense items.

Provision for Income Taxes

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, we reported an effective tax rate of 24.6%, which was higher than the 21.0% U.S. federal corporate statutory rate, due primarily to the impact of increases for foreign withholding taxes, uncertain tax positions, nondeductible expenses primarily in connection with executive compensation limitations, and excess tax expenses for stock-based compensation, partially offset by benefits from the foreign rate differential and the research and development credit.

For the three months ended March 31, 2022, we reported an effective tax rate of 31.8%, which was higher than the 21.0% U.S. federal corporate statutory rate, due primarily to nondeductible expenses in connection with certain legal and regulatory matters, state taxes and other rate-impacting items, partially offset by excess tax benefits on stock-based compensation.

Segment Results of Operations—Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

Management, including our chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), evaluates the financial performance of our businesses based on ~~a variety of key indicators. These indicators include~~revenue and segment Adjusted EBITDA. For the ~~GAAP measures of~~three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, our segment revenue and segment Adjusted EBITDA cash provided by operating activities and cash paid for capital expenditures, and the non-GAAP measure consolidated Adjusted EBITDA. Refer to the “Non-GAAP Key Performance Indicators” section immediately below the table for more information, including the definitions of our non-GAAP measures.were as follows:

For the three months ended March 31, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021,~~2022, these key performance indicators were as follows:

Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions) 2022 2021 $
Change %
Change
Revenue:
Consolidated revenue as reported $ 921.3 $ 698.9 $ 222.4 31.8 %
U.S. Markets gross revenue 599.9 421.7 178.2 42.3 %
International gross revenue 191.2 166.3 25.0 15.0 %
Consumer Interactive gross revenue 149.6 130.4 19.2 14.7 %
Reconciliation of net income attributable to TransUnion to Adjusted EBITDA:
Net income attributable to TransUnion $ 48.3 $ 127.9 $ (79.6) (62.2) %
Discontinued operations (0.4) 13.3 (13.7) nm
Net income from continuing operations attributable to TransUnion $ 48.7 $ 114.6 $ (65.9) (57.5) %
Net interest expense 49.5 25.1 24.4 96.9 %
Provision for income taxes 24.4 23.7 0.6 2.7 %
Depreciation and amortization 128.8 89.4 39.4 44.0 %
EBITDA $ 251.3 $ 252.9 $ (1.6)
Adjustments to EBITDA:
Stock-based compensation(1)
$ 20.6 $ 15.4 $ 5.2 nm
Mergers and acquisitions, divestitures and business optimization(2)
14.6 1.8 12.8 nm
Accelerated technology investment(3)
12.0 7.3 4.7 nm
Net other(4)
35.7 0.1 35.6 nm
Total adjustments to EBITDA $ 82.9 $ 24.6 $ 58.2 nm
Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA $ 334.2 $ 277.5 $ 56.7 20.4 %
Adjusted EBITDA:
U.S. Markets $ 216.7 $ 176.7 $ 40.0 22.6 %
International 82.0 71.4 10.6 14.8 %
Consumer Interactive 68.9 58.5 10.4 17.8 %
Corporate (33.4) (29.1) (4.3) (14.7) %
Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA $ 334.2 $ 277.5 $ 56.7 20.4 %
Other metrics:
Cash provided by operating activities $ 11.6 $ 127.7 $ (116.1) (90.9) %
Capital expenditures (58.6) (40.7) (17.9) 44.0 %

Table of Contents

Revenue, Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin by Segment


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions)	2023			2022			$ Change		% Change
Revenue:
U.S. Markets gross revenue
Financial Services	$	320.6		$	304.2		$	16.4	5.4	%
Emerging Verticals	299.8			295.7			4.1		1.4	%
U.S. Markets gross revenue	$	620.4		$	599.9		$	20.5	3.4	%

International:
Canada	$	31.4		$	30.7		$	0.7	2.4	%
Latin America	28.6			27.3			1.3		4.7	%
United Kingdom	47.2			56.4			(9.2)		(16.4)	%
Africa	14.6			14.7			(0.1)		(0.9)	%
India	54.7			45.2			9.5		21.0	%
Asia Pacific	20.8			16.9			3.9		22.7	%
International gross revenue	$	197.2		$	191.2		$	6.0	3.1	%

Consumer Interactive	$	142.3		$	149.6		$	(7.2)	(4.8)	%

Total gross revenue	$	960.0		$	940.7		$	19.3	2.0	%

Adjusted EBITDA:
U.S. Markets	200.0			216.7			(16.6)		(7.7)	%
International	86.0			82.0			4.1		5.0	%
Consumer Interactive	70.0			68.9			1.1		1.6	%

Adjusted EBITDA margin:
U.S. Markets	32.2		%	36.1		%			(3.9)	%
International	43.6		%	42.9		%			0.8	%
Consumer Interactive	49.2		%	46.1		%			3.1	%

nm: not meaningful

As a result of displaying amounts in millions, rounding differences may exist in the ~~tables above and footnotes below.~~table above.

We define Adjusted EBITDA Margin for our segments as the segment Adjusted EBITDA divided by segment gross revenue.

U.S. Markets Segment

Revenue

~~(1)~~U.S. Markets revenue increased ~~Consisted~~$20.5 million, or 3.4%, for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared with the same period in 2022, due primarily to a 3.4% increase from our acquisition of ~~stock-based compensation and cash-settled stock-based compensation.~~Argus.

~~Table of Contents~~

~~(2)~~Financial Services:~~For~~ Revenue increased $16.4 million, or 5.4%, for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared with the same period in 2022, ~~consisted~~due primarily to a 6.7% increase from our acquisition of Argus, partially offset by a decrease in organic revenue. Organic revenue decreased in our mortgage line of business as volumes declined due to the ~~following adjustments: $9.0~~significant increases in interest rates, although at a slowing rate, that was partially offset by price increases. Revenue also declined in our consumer lending business as volumes decreased due to macroeconomic uncertainty. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in revenue from price and volume increases in our auto line of business, while our card and banking business was up slightly. We anticipate interest rates will remain high and continue to impact our Financial Services business.

Table of Contents

Emerging Verticals: Revenue increased $4.1 million, ~~of Neustar integration costs; $8.9 million of acquisition expenses; a $0.2 million adjustment~~or 1.4%, for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared with the same period in 2022, due primarily to ~~fair value of put options;~~increases in our Technology, Insurance, Services & Collections, Tenant & Employment, and ~~a $(3.5) million reimbursement for transition services related to divested businesses, net of separation expenses.~~Public Sector verticals from new wins in our existing product portfolio, partially offset by softness in our Media and Commerce & Communications verticals.

Adjusted EBITDA

For the three months ended March 31, ~~2021, consisted of~~2023, Adjusted EBITDA decreased $16.6 million primarily due to higher variable product costs, partially offset by the ~~following adjustments: $1.1 million of acquisition expenses; $1.1 million of adjustments to contingent consideration expense from previous acquisitions;~~increase in revenue and a ~~$(0.5) million gain on the sale of a cost method investment.~~

~~(3)Represents expenses associated with our accelerated technology investment.~~

~~(4)For the three months ended March 31, 2022, net other consisted of the following adjustments: $28.4 million for~~decrease in certain legal and regulatory expenses; $6.5 million of deferred loan fees written off as a result of the prepayments on our debt; and $(0.7) million of net other, which includes net losses from currency remeasurement of our foreign operations, loan fees and other.expenses.

For the three months ended March 31, ~~2021, consisted~~2023, Adjusted EBITDA margin decreased, due primarily to a shift in the revenue mix and the lower margin profile of the ~~following adjustments:~~Argus business, partially offset by a decrease in certain legal and regulatory expenses.

International Segment

Revenue

International revenue increased $6.0 million, or 3.1%, for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared with the same period in 2022, due primarily to higher local currency revenue in all regions except for the United Kingdom, increased volumes, resulting from improving economic conditions and new product initiatives, partially offset by a decrease of 8.7% from the impact of foreign currencies.

Canada: Revenue increased $0.7 million, or 2.4%, for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared with the same period in 2022. The increase was due primarily to higher local currency revenue from new business wins at a large bank, share-shifts from key customers and other volume increases, partially offset by a decrease in revenue of 6.9% from the impact of foreign currencies.

Latin America: Revenue increased $1.3 million, or 4.7%, for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared with the same period in 2022. The increase was due primarily to higher local currency revenue from broad-based growth across our markets, including ongoing new business wins and expansion of our new solutions, partially offset by a decrease of 6.6% from the impact of foreign currencies.

United Kingdom: Revenue decreased $9.2 million, or 16.4%, for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared with the same period in 2022. The decrease was primarily driven by a 8.7% impact from foreign currencies and the impact of a one-time contract in the prior year, partially offset by volume growth from new products at key Financial Services customers.

Africa: Revenue decreased $0.1 million, or 0.9%, for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared with the same period in 2022. The decrease was primarily driven by a 15.2% impact of ~~net other, which includes deferred loan fees written off~~foreign currencies. Excluding the impact of foreign currency, local currency revenue increased due to meaningful new business wins and contract renewals as well as growth in emerging countries and emerging verticals.

India: Revenue increased $9.5 million, or 21.0%, for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared with the same period in 2022, due primarily to higher local currency revenue from growth in consumer and commercial credit markets fueled by healthy consumers who continued to spend despite rising inflation, including fraud, employment screening and consumer offerings, partially offset by a ~~result~~decrease of ~~prepayments on~~11.5%from the impact of foreign currencies.

Asia Pacific: Revenue increased $3.9 million, or 22.7%, for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared with the same period in 2022, due primarily to higher local currency revenue from increased volumes resulting from improved macroeconomic conditions, including new business in the financial services market, new product adoptions and increased volume in our ~~debt, loan fees,~~consumer offerings, partially offset by a decrease of 2.2%from the impact of foreign currencies.

Adjusted EBITDA

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, Adjusted EBITDA increased $4.1 million due primarily to the increase in revenue partially offset by an increase in labor costs and ~~net gains from~~variable product costs.

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, Adjusted EBITDA margins for the International segment increased due primarily to an increase in local currency ~~remeasurement~~revenue and improving market conditions in some of our regions, partially offset by an increase in labor costs, and the impact of foreign ~~operations.~~currencies.

Consumer Interactive Segment

Revenue

Consumer Interactive revenue decreased $7.2 million, or 4.8% for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared with the same period in 2022, due primarily to a decrease in revenue in our direct channel as reduced advertising and slowing

Table of Contents

macroeconomic conditions significantly reduced consumer demand for our paid credit products, partially offset by an increase in revenue in our indirect channel. In our indirect channel, revenue increased due primarily to higher volumes and new contracts with existing customers, partially offset by a prior year breach services contract.

Adjusted EBITDA

Adjusted EBITDA was relatively flat as the decrease in advertising expense was partially offset by a decrease in revenue.

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, Adjusted EBITDA margin for the Consumer Interactive segment increased due to a decrease in advertising costs and compensation costs and revenue growth in our indirect channel, partially offset by a decrease in revenue in our direct channel.

Table of Contents

Non-GAAP ~~Key Performance Indicators~~measures—Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

In addition to the GAAP measures discussed above, Management, including our CODM, evaluates the financial performance of our businesses based on the non-GAAP measures Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA, Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA Margin, Adjusted Net Income, Adjusted Diluted Earnings per Share, Adjusted Provision for Income Taxes, Adjusted Effective Tax Rate and Leverage Ratio.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

We present Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA, Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA Margin, Adjusted Net Income, Adjusted Diluted Earnings per Share, Adjusted Provision for Income Taxes, Adjusted Effective Tax Rate and Leverage Ratio for all periods presented. These are important financial measures for the Company but are not financial measures as defined by GAAP. These financial measures should be reviewed in conjunction with the relevant GAAP financial measures and are not presented as alternative measures of GAAP. Other companies in our industry may define or calculate these measures differently than we do, limiting their usefulness as comparative measures. Because of these limitations, these non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered in isolation or as substitutes for performance measures calculated in accordance with GAAP, including operating income, operating margin, effective tax rate, net income (loss) attributable to the Company, diluted earnings per share or cash provided by operating activities. Reconciliations of these non-GAAP financial measures to their most directly comparable GAAP financial measures are presented in the tables below.

We present Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA, Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA Margin, Adjusted Net Income, Adjusted Diluted Earnings per Share, Adjusted Provision for Income Taxes and Adjusted Effective Tax Rate as supplemental measures of our operating performance because these measures eliminate the impact of certain items that we do not consider indicative of our cash operations and ongoing operating performance. These are measures frequently used by securities analysts, investors and other interested parties in their evaluation of the operating performance of companies similar to ours.

Our board of directors and executive management team use Adjusted EBITDA as an incentive compensation measure for most eligible employees and Adjusted Diluted Earnings per Share as an incentive compensation measure for certain of our senior executives.

Under the credit agreement governing our Senior Secured Credit Facility, our ability to engage in activities such as incurring additional indebtedness, making investments and paying dividends is tied to our Leverage Ratio which is partially based on Adjusted EBITDA. Investors also use our Leverage Ratio to assess our ability to service our debt and make other capital allocation decisions.

We define Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) attributable to TransUnion, ~~plus (less) loss (income) from~~less discontinued operations, net of tax, plus net interest expense, plus (less) provision (benefit) for income taxes, plus depreciation and amortization, plus stock-based compensation, plus mergers, acquisitions, divestitures and business optimization-related expenses, including Neustar integration-related expenses, plus certain accelerated technology investment expenses to migrate to the cloud, plus (less) certain other expenses (income). We define Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA Margin as Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA divided by total revenue as reported.

We ~~present~~define Adjusted ~~EBITDA~~Net Income as a supplemental measure of our operating performance because it eliminates the impact of certain items that we do not consider indicative of our cash operations and ongoing operating performance. Adjusted EBITDA is also a measure frequently used by securities analysts, investors and other interested parties in their evaluation of the operating performance of companies similar to ours. Our board of directors and executive management team use Adjusted EBITDA as a compensation measure under our incentive compensation plan. Under the credit agreement governing our Senior Secured Credit Facility, our ability to engage in activities such as incurring additional indebtedness, making investments and paying dividends is tied to a ratio based on Adjusted EBITDA. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Liquidity and Capital Resources - Debt.” Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect our capital expenditures, interest, income tax, depreciation, amortization, stock-based compensation and certain other income and expense. Other companies in our industry may calculate Adjusted EBITDA differently than we do, limiting its usefulness as a comparative measure. Because of these limitations, Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for performance measures calculated in accordance with GAAP. Adjusted EBITDA is not a measure of financial condition or profitability under GAAP and should not be considered as an alternative to cash flows from operating activities, as a measure of liquidity or as an alternative to operating income or net income as indicators of operating performance. We believe that the most directly comparable GAAP measure to Adjusted EBITDA is net income (loss) attributable to TransUnion. The table above provides a reconciliation from our net income (loss) attributable to TransUnion, less discontinued operations, net of tax, plus stock-based compensation, plus mergers, acquisitions, divestitures and business optimization-related expenses, including Neustar integration-related expenses, plus certain accelerated technology investment expenses, plus (less) certain other expenses (income), plus amortization of certain intangible assets, plus or minus the total adjustment for income taxes included in our Adjusted Provision for Income Taxes. We define Adjusted Diluted Earnings per Share as Adjusted Net Income divided by the weighted-average diluted shares outstanding. We define Adjusted Provision for Income Taxes as our provision for income taxes, plus or minus the tax impact on the adjustment included in Adjusted Net Income, plus or minus the impact of excess tax benefits for share compensation, plus or minus other items that relate to ~~consolidated~~prior periods such as valuation allowance changes, deferred tax rate and return to provision adjustments, and other unusual items that are included in our provision for income taxes. We define Adjusted Effective Tax Rate as Adjusted Provision for Income Taxes divided by Adjusted Net Income.

We define Leverage Ratio as net debt divided by Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA for the most recent twelve-month period including twelve months of Adjusted EBITDA from significant acquisitions. Net debt is defined as total debt less cash and cash equivalents as reported on the balance sheet as of the end of the period.

For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, ~~and 2021.~~these non-GAAP measures were as follows:

3435

Table of Contents

~~Revenue~~Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin:

For the three months ended March 31, 2022, revenue increased $222.4 million, or 31.8%, compared with the same period in 2021, due primarily to an increase in revenue from our recent acquisitions of 24.6%, improving macroeconomic conditions in all of our markets and revenue ~~from new product initiatives. Revenue decreased~~ ~~0.6%~~ ~~from the impact of foreign currencies.~~

~~Revenue by segment and a more detailed explanation of revenue within each segment are as follows:~~

Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions) 2022 2021 $
Change %
Change
U.S. Markets:
     Financial Services $ 276.4 $ 263.1 $ 13.4 5.1 %
     Emerging Verticals 323.5 158.6 164.8 103.9 %
U.S. Markets gross revenue $ 599.9 $ 421.7 $ 178.2 42.3 %
International:
     Canada $ 30.7 $ 30.4 $ 0.3 0.9 %
     Latin America 27.3 24.1 3.2 13.2 %
     United Kingdom 56.4 50.3 6.1 12.1 %
     Africa 14.7 13.7 1.0 7.6 %
     India 45.2 34.0 11.2 33.1 %
     Asia Pacific 16.9 13.8 3.2 22.9 %
International gross revenue $ 191.2 $ 166.3 $ 25.0 15.0 %
Consumer Interactive gross revenue $ 149.6 $ 130.4 $ 19.2 14.7 %
Total gross revenue $ 940.7 $ 718.3 $ 222.4 31.0 %
Intersegment revenue eliminations:
U.S. Markets $ (17.7) $ (17.4) $ (0.3) (1.6) %
International (1.5) (1.4) — (2.0) %
Consumer Interactive (0.2) (0.5) 0.3 53.9 %
Total intersegment revenue eliminations $ (19.4) $ (19.4) $ — (0.1) %
Total revenue as reported $ 921.3 $ 698.9 $ 222.4 31.8 %


	Three Months Ended						Change
	March 31,						2023 vs. 2022
(dollars in millions)	2023			2022			$		%
Reconciliation of net income attributable to TransUnion to consolidated Adjusted EBITDA:
Net income attributable to TransUnion	$	52.6		$	48.3		$	4.3	nm
Discontinued operations	0.1			0.4			(0.3)		nm
Net income from continuing operations attributable to TransUnion	$	52.7		$	48.7		$	4.0	8.3	%
Net interest expense	66.0			49.5			16.5		nm
Provision / (benefit) for income taxes	18.6			24.4			(5.8)		(23.8)	%
Depreciation and amortization	129.7			128.8			0.9		0.7	%
EBITDA	$	267.0		$	251.3		$	15.6	6.2	%
Adjustments to EBITDA:
Stock-based compensation1	22.2			20.6			1.6		7.7	%
Mergers and acquisitions, divestitures and business optimization2	8.9			14.6			(5.7)		(39.0)	%
Accelerated technology investment 3	19.7			12.0			7.7		64.2	%
Net other4	4.6			35.7			(31.1)		nm
Total adjustments to EBITDA	$	55.4		$	82.9		$	(27.5)	(33.2)	%
Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA	$	322.3		$	334.2		$	(11.9)	(3.6)	%

Net income attributable to TransUnion margin	5.6		%	5.2		%			0.4	%
Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA margin5	34.3		%	36.3		%			(2.0)	%

nm: not meaningful

As a result of displaying amounts in millions, rounding differences may exist in the table above.

~~U.S. Markets Segment~~1.Consisted of stock-based compensation, including amounts which are cash settled.

~~U.S. Markets revenue increased $178.2~~2.Mergers and acquisitions, divestitures and business optimization consisted of the following adjustments:

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, $6.0 million ~~or 42.3%~~of Neustar integration costs; a $2.5 million adjustment to a liability from a recent acquisition; $1.4 million of acquisition expenses; a $0.4 million adjustment to the fair value of a put option liability related to a minority investment; a $(0.8) million gain on the settlement of a Cost Method Investment; and $(0.6) million of reimbursements for transition services related to divested businesses, net of separation expenses.

For the three months ended March 31, 2022, $9.0 million of Neustar integration costs; $8.9 million of acquisition expenses; a $0.2 million adjustment to fair value of put options; and a $(3.5) million reimbursement for transition services related to divested businesses, net of separation expenses.

3.Represents expenses associated with our accelerated technology investment to migrate to the cloud.

4.Net other consisted of the following adjustments:

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, $1.1 million of deferred loan fees written off as a result of the prepayment on our debt; and a $3.5 million net loss from currency remeasurement of our foreign operations, loan fees and other.

For the three months ended March 31, 2022, $28.4 million for certain legal and regulatory expenses; $6.5 million of deferred loan fees written off as a result of the prepayments on our debt; and $0.7 million of net other, which includes net losses from currency remeasurement of our foreign operations, loan fees and other.

5.Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA margin is calculated by dividing Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA by total revenue.

Table of Contents

Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA

Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA decreased $11.9 million for the three months ended March 31, ~~2022,~~2023, compared with the same ~~period~~periods in ~~2021,~~ 2022.

The decrease was due to primarily to:

•an increase in ~~revenu~~labor costs as we continue to invest in key strategic growth initiatives; and

•eoperating costs of our 2022 acquisition,

partially offset by:

• a decrease in ~~both verticals, including~~advertising expense; and

• an increase ~~of 35.4% from our recent acquisition~~ in ~~our Emerging Markets vertical.~~revenue.

~~Table of Contents~~

Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA Margin

~~Financial Services:~~ ~~Revenue increased $13.4 million, or 5.1%, for~~For the three months ended March 31, ~~2022, compared with the same period in 2021. The increase in revenue is~~2023, Adjusted EBITDA margin decreased due primarily to improvements in macroeconomic conditions and new product initiatives in our consumer lending, card and banking, and auto lines of business, partially offset by a decrease in revenue in our mortgage line of business as volumes have declined due to rising interest rates. We anticipate a decline in our mortgage line of business will continue for the foreseeable future as we expect interest rates to continue to rise.

~~Emerging Verticals:~~ ~~Revenue increased $164.8 million, or 103.9%, for the three months ended March 31, 2022, compared with the same period in 2021. The increase in revenue is due primarily to an increase of 94.0%~~lower margins from our recent ~~acquisition, and improving macroeconomic conditions and revenue from new product initiatives in all of our verticals.~~

~~International Segment~~

~~International revenue increase~~d $25.0 million, or 15.0%, for the three months ended March 31, 2022, compared with the same period in 2021, due primarily to higher local currency revenue from increased volumes resulting from improving economic conditions and from new product initiatives,acquisitions and a ~~decrease in revenue of~~ ~~2.7%~~ ~~from the impact of weakening foreign currencies.~~

~~Canada:~~ ~~Revenue increased $0.3 million, or 0.9%, for the three months ended March 31, 2022, compared with the same period in 2021, due primarily~~shift to ~~higher local currency revenue from increased volumes resulting from improving economic conditions and new product initiatives. There was no impact from foreign currencies.~~

~~Latin America:~~ Revenue increased $3.2 million, or 13.2%, for the three months ended March 31, 2022, compared with the same period in 2021, due primarily to higher local currency revenue from increased volumes resulting from improving economic conditions and from new product initiatives, and a decrease of ~~3.8%~~ ~~from the impact of weakening foreign currencies.~~

~~United Kingdom:~~ Revenue increased $6.1 million, or 12.1%, for the three months ended March 31, 2022, compared with the same period in 2021, due primarily to higher local currency revenue from increased volume resulting from improving economic conditions and from new product initiatives, and a decrease of ~~3.1%~~ ~~from the impact of weakening foreign currencies.~~

~~Africa:~~ Revenue increased $1.0 million, or 7.6%, for the three months ended March 31, 2022, compared with the same period in 2021, due primarily to higher local currency revenue from increased volume resulting from improving economic conditions and from new product initiatives, and a decrease of ~~1.9%~~ ~~from the impact of weakening foreign currencies.~~

~~India:~~ Revenue increased $11.2 million, or 33.1%, for the three months ended March 31, 2022, compared with the same period in 2021, due primarily to higher local currency revenue from increased volume resulting from improving economic conditions and from new product initiatives, and a decrease of ~~4.4%~~ ~~from the impact of weakening foreign currencies.~~

~~Asia Pacific:~~ Revenue increased $3.2 million, or 22.9%, for the three months ended March 31, 2022, compared with the same period in 2021, due primarily to higher local currency revenue from increased volume resulting from improving economic conditions and from new product initiatives, and a decrease of 1.9% ~~from the impact of weakening foreign currencies.~~

~~Consumer Interactive Segment~~

~~Consumer Interactive revenue increased $19.2 million, or 14.7%, for the three months ended March 31, 2022, compared with the same period in 2021, due primarily to an increase of 17.3% from our recent acquisition, partially offset by a decrease~~lower margin business in our ~~other channels.~~U.S. Markets business.

~~Operating Expenses~~

~~Operating expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, were as follows:~~Adjusted Net Income, Adjusted Diluted Earnings Per Share

Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions) 2022 2021 $
Change %
Change
Cost of services $ 298.0 $ 226.8 $ 71.3 31.4 %
Selling, general and administrative 359.5 219.1 140.3 64.0 %
Depreciation and amortization 128.8 89.4 39.4 44.0 %
Total operating expenses $ 786.3 $ 535.3 $ 251.0 46.9 %


	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
(dollars in millions)	2023		2022		$		%
Reconciliation of net income attributable to TransUnion to Adjusted Net Income:
Net income attributable to TransUnion	$	52.6	$	48.3	$	4.3	nm

Discontinued operations, net of tax	0.1		0.4		(0.3)		nm
Income from continuing operations attributable to TransUnion	$	52.7	$	48.7	$	4.0	8.3	%
Adjustments before income tax items:
Stock-based compensation1	22.2		20.6		1.6		7.7	%
Mergers and acquisitions, divestitures and business optimization2	8.9		14.6		(5.7)		(39.0)	%
Accelerated technology investment3	19.7		12.0		7.7		64.0	%
Net other4	3.8		35.3		(31.5)		nm
Amortization of certain intangible assets5	75.2		76.2		(1.0)		(1.4)	%
Total adjustments before income tax items	$	129.7	$	158.7	$	(29.0)	(18.3)	%
Change in provision for income taxes	(26.9)		(28.5)		1.6		(5.5)	%
Adjusted Net Income	$	155.4	$	178.8	$	(23.4)	(13.1)	%

Weighted-average shares outstanding:
Basic	193.0		192.1		nm		nm
Diluted	193.9		193.2		nm		nm

Adjusted Earnings per Share:
Basic	$	0.81	$	0.93	$	(0.13)	(13.5)	%
Diluted	$	0.80	$	0.93	$	(0.12)	(13.4)	%

Table of Contents


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022






















Reconciliation of diluted earnings per share from net income attributable to TransUnion to Adjusted Diluted Earnings per Share:
Diluted earnings per common share from:
Net income attributable to TransUnion	$	0.27	$	0.25
Discontinued operations, net of tax	—		—
Income from continuing operations attributable to TransUnion	$	0.27	$	0.25
Adjustments before income tax items:
Stock-based compensation1	0.11		0.11
Mergers and acquisitions, divestitures and business optimization2	0.05		0.08
Accelerated technology investment3	0.10		0.06
Net other4	0.02		0.18
Amortization of certain intangible assets5	0.39		0.39
Total adjustments before income tax items	$	0.67	$	0.82
Change in provision for income taxes	(0.14)		(0.15)
Adjusted Diluted Earnings per Share	$	0.80	$	0.93

As a result of displaying amounts in millions, rounding differences may exist in the table ~~above.~~above and footnotes below.

361.Consisted of stock-based compensation, including amounts which are cash settled.

~~Table~~2.Mergers and acquisitions, divestitures and business optimization consisted of ~~Contents~~the following adjustments:

~~Cost of Services~~

~~Cost of services increased $71.3 million for~~For the three months ended March 31, ~~2022, compared with~~2023, $6.0 million of Neustar integration costs; a $2.5 million adjustment to a liability from a recent acquisition; $1.4 million of acquisition expenses; a $0.4 million adjustment to the ~~same period in 2021.~~

~~The increase was due primarily to:~~fair value of a put option liability related to a minority investment; a $(0.8) million gain on the settlement of a Cost Method Investment; and $(0.6) million of reimbursements for transition services related to divested businesses, net of separation expenses.

•For the ~~operating costs from our recent acquisitions in our U.S. Markets~~three months ended March 31, 2022, $9.0 million of Neustar integration costs; $8.9 million of acquisition expenses; a $0.2 million adjustment to fair value of put options; and ~~Consumer Interactive segments;~~a $(3.5) million reimbursement for transition services related to divested businesses, net of separation expenses.

•3.~~an increase in product costs resulting from the increase in revenue in all of our segments;~~

•~~an increase in labor costs, including an increase in incentive compensation due to improvements in performance, primarily in our U.S. Markets and~~ ~~International segments; and~~

•~~an increase in costs from~~Represents expenses associated with our accelerated technology investment to migrate to the cloud.

~~partially offset by:~~

•4.Net other consisted of the ~~impact of foreign currencies on the expenses of our International segment.~~following adjustments:

~~Selling, General and Administrative~~

~~Selling, general and administrative expenses increased $140.3 million for~~For the three months ended March 31, ~~2022, compared with~~2023, $1.1 million of deferred loan fees written off as a result of the ~~same period in 2021.~~prepayment on our debt; and a $2.7 million net loss from currency remeasurement of our foreign operations, loan fees and other.

~~The changes were du~~For the ~~e primarily to:~~

•three months ended March 31, 2022~~operating costs from our recent acquisitions in our U.S. Markets and Consumer Interactive segments;~~

•,~~an increase~~ $28.4 million for certain legal and regulatory expenses; $6.5 million of deferred loan fees written off as a result of the prepayments on our debt; and $0.4 million of net other, which includes net losses from currency remeasurement of our foreign operations and other.

•5.~~an increase in labor costs;~~

•~~an increase in travel and entertainment expenses due to increased travel following the easing~~Consisted of ~~COVID-19 travel restrictions, primarily in~~amortization of intangible assets from our ~~U.S. Markets segment,~~

~~partially offset by:~~

•~~a decrease in advertising, primarily in our Consumer Interactive segment; and~~

•~~the impact of foreign currencies on the expenses of our International segment.~~

~~Depreciation and Amortization~~

~~Depreciation~~2012 change-in-control transaction and amortization ~~increased $39.4 million for~~of intangible assets established in business acquisitions after our 2012 change-in-control transaction.

Adjusted Net Income

For the three months ended March 31, ~~2022, compared with~~2023, the ~~same period~~decrease in ~~2021. These increases were~~Adjusted Net Income was due primarily to an increase in ~~depreciation and amortization from recent acquisitions of tangible and intangible assets,~~interest expense partially offset by aan increase in operating income and decrease in ~~amortization related to certain intangible assets from our 2012 change in control transaction that have become fully amortized.~~Adjusted Provision for Income Taxes.

3738

Table of Contents

Adjusted ~~EBITDA~~Provision for Income Taxes and Adjusted ~~EBITDA margin~~Effective Tax Rate

Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions) 2022 2021 $ Change % Change
Revenue:
U.S. Markets gross revenue $ 599.9 $ 421.7 $ 178.2 42.3 %
International gross revenue 191.2 166.3 25.0 15.0 %
Consumer Interactive gross revenue 149.6 130.4 19.2 14.7 %
Total gross revenue $ 940.7 $ 718.3 $ 222.4 31.0 %
Less: intersegment revenue eliminations (19.4) (19.4) — (0.1) %
Total revenue as reported $ 921.3 $ 698.9 $ 222.4 31.8 %
Adjusted EBITDA(1):
U.S. Markets $ 216.7 $ 176.7 $ 40.0 22.6 %
International 82.0 71.4 10.6 14.8 %
Consumer Interactive 68.9 58.5 10.4 17.8 %
Corporate (33.4) (29.1) (4.3) (14.7) %
Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA(1)
$ 334.2 $ 277.5 $ 56.7 20.4 %
Adjusted EBITDA margin(1):
U.S. Markets 36.1 % 41.9 % (5.8) %
International 42.9 % 42.9 % (0.1) %
Consumer Interactive 46.1 % 44.9 % 1.2 %
Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA margin(1)
36.3 % 39.7 % (3.4) %
Net income attributable to TransUnion as a percentage of revenue 5.2 % 18.3 % (13.1) %


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023			2022
Income from continuing operations before income taxes	$	75.6		$	76.7
Total adjustments before income tax items from Adjusted Net Income table above	129.7			158.7
Adjusted income from continuing operations before income taxes	$	205.2		$	235.4

Reconciliation of provision for income taxes to Adjusted Provision for Income Taxes
Provision for income taxes	(18.6)			(24.4)
Adjustments for income taxes:
Tax effect of above adjustments 1	(29.6)			(28.4)
Eliminate impact of excess tax expenses/(benefits) for stock-based compensation	1.5			(4.2)
Other 2	1.2			4.1
Total adjustments for income taxes	$	(26.9)		$	(28.5)
Adjusted Provision for Income Taxes	$	(45.5)		$	(52.9)

Effective tax rate	24.6		%	31.8		%
Adjusted Effective Tax Rate	22.2		%	22.5		%

As a result of displaying amounts in millions, rounding differences may exist in the table above.

1.~~See~~Tax rates used to calculate the ~~reconciliation~~tax expense impact are based on the nature of net income attributable to TransUnion to Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA in the “Key Performance Measures” section at the beginning of our discussion about our Results of Operations. Segment Adjusted EBITDA margins are calculated using segment gross revenue and segment Adjusted EBITDA. Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA margin is calculated using consolidated revenue and consolidated Adjusted EBITDA.each item.

~~Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA increased $56.7 million for~~2.For the three months ended March 31, ~~2022, compared~~2023, $0.9 million of other adjustments, $0.4 million of deferred tax rate adjustments, and ($0.1) million of valuation allowances related to ~~the same periods in 2021.~~

~~The increase was~~ ~~due primarily to:~~prior periods.

•For the ~~an increase in revenue from our recent acquisitions in our U.S. Markets~~three months ended March 31, 2022, $2.1 million of deferred tax rate adjustments; $0.6 million of return to provision and ~~Consumer Interactive segments,~~audit adjustments related to prior periods; $0.9 million of other adjustments, and ~~improving macroeconomic conditions in all~~$0.5 million of ~~our markets; and~~valuation allowances.

•~~a decrease in advertising costs, primarily in our Consumer Interactive segment,~~

~~partially offset by:~~Adjusted Provision for Income Taxes

•We reported an adjusted tax rate of 22.2% and 22.5% for three months ended March 31, 2023 and ~~an increase in operating costs from our recent acquisition in our Consumer Interactive segment;~~

•2022~~an increase in product costs resulting from~~, respectively, each of which is higher than the ~~increase in revenue in all of our segments;~~

•~~an increase in labor costs, including incentive compensation, primarily in our~~21.0% U.S. ~~Markets and International segments and in Corporate; and~~

•~~an increase in travel and entertainment expenses following the easing of COVID-19 travel restrictions.~~

~~Adjusted EBITDA margin for the U.S. Markets segment decreased~~federal corporate statutory rate, due primarily to ~~the impact of the lower margin profile of the Neustar business, an increase in product costs resulting from the increase in revenue, an increase in incentive compensation costs due to improved performance, an increase in bad debt expense,~~increases for state taxes and ~~an increase in travel and entertainment expenses as a result of fewer travel restrictions,~~foreign withholding taxes, partially offset by ~~an increase in revenue~~benefits from the foreign rate differential and ~~improving market conditions in both of our verticals as well as revenue from our recent acquisitions.~~the research and development credit.

3839

Table of Contents

Adjusted EBITDA margins for the International segment was flat, an increase in revenue and improving market conditions in all of our regions was offset by an increase in incentive compensation costs due to improved performance, increased travel and entertainment expenses due to fewer travel restrictions, and an increase in bad debt expense.Leverage Ratio

~~Adjusted EBITDA margin for the Consumer Interactive segment increased due primarily to an increase in revenue and a decrease in advertising costs, partially offset by integration costs for Sontiq.~~


(dollars in millions)	Trailing Twelve Months Ended March 31, 2023
Reconciliation of net income attributable to TransUnion to Adjusted EBITDA:
Net income attributable to TransUnion	$	273.8
Discontinued operations, net of tax	(17.7)
Income from continuing operations attributable to TransUnion	$	256.1
Net interest expense	242.7
Provision for income taxes	114.1
Depreciation and amortization	519.9
EBITDA	$	1,132.8
Adjustments to EBITDA:
Stock-based compensation 1	$	82.7
Mergers and acquisitions, divestitures and business optimization 2	45.0
Accelerated technology investment 3	59.1
Net other 4	15.0
Total adjustments to EBITDA	$	201.8
Leverage Ratio Adjusted EBITDA	$	1,334.6

Total debt	$	5,569.6
Less: Cash and cash equivalents	439.0
Net Debt	$	5,130.6

Ratio of Net Debt to Net income attributable to TransUnion	18.7
Leverage Ratio	3.8

~~Non-Operating Income and~~ ~~Expense~~

Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions) 2022 2021 $
Change %
Change
Interest expense $ (50.2) $ (25.8) $ (24.4) (94.6) %
Interest income 0.7 0.7 — 5.6 %
Earnings from equity method investments 3.0 3.0 — 0.7 %
Other income and expense, net:
Acquisition fees (8.9) (1.1) (7.8) nm
Loan fees (6.9) (0.8) (6.1) nm
Other income (expense), net 4.0 1.5 2.5 nm
Total other income and expense, net (11.8) (0.4) (11.4) nm
Non-operating income and expense $ (58.3) $ (22.5) $ (35.7) (158.5) %

~~nm: not meaningful~~

As a result of displaying amounts in millions, rounding differences may exist in the table ~~above~~above.

1..Consisted of stock-based compensation, including amounts which are cash settled.

~~For~~2.Mergers and acquisitions, divestitures and business optimization consisted of the ~~three months ended March 31, 2022, interest expense increased $24.4~~following adjustments: $30.1 million ~~compared with the same periods in 2021.~~ ~~This increase was due to additional borrowings of $3,100.0 million under our Senior Secured Credit Facility to fund the acquisition~~ of Neustar ~~on December 1, 2021, and the impact of an increase in the average interest rate. In the first quarter of 2022, we prepaid $400.0~~integration costs; $16.3 million of ~~our Senior Secured Term Loans.~~

~~Acquisition fees represent costs we have incurred in each period for various acquisition-related efforts.~~

~~For~~acquisition expenses; $4.6 loss on the ~~three months ended March 31, 2022, loan fees include $6.5~~impairment of a cost method investment; a $2.5 million adjustment to a liability from a recent acquisition; a $(0.4) million adjustment to the fair value of a put option liability related to a minority investment; a $(0.8) million gain on the settlement of a Cost Method Investment; $(3.4) million gain related to a government tax reimbursement from a recent business acquisition; and $(3.9) million of reimbursements for transition services related to divested businesses, net of separation expenses.

3.Represents expenses associated with our ~~unamortized original issue discount and~~accelerated technology investment to migrate to the cloud.

4.Net other consisted of the following adjustments: $3.9 million of deferred ~~financing~~loan fees written off as a result of the ~~$400.0~~prepayments on our debt; and $11.1 million ~~prepayment~~net loss from currency remeasurement of our ~~Senior Secured Term Loan.~~

~~Other income (expense), net~~ ~~includes currency remeasurement gains~~foreign operations, loan fees and ~~losses, dividends received from cost method investments, gains and losses on cost method investments, if any, and other miscellaneous non-operating income and expense items.~~other.

~~Provision for Income Taxes~~

~~Significant Changes in Assets and Liabilities~~

~~Total debt decreased due to our prepayment of $400.0 million of our Senior Secured Term Loans from December 31, 2021 to March 31, 2022 as discussed in Part 1, Item 1, Note 10, “Debt.”~~

3940

Table of Contents

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Overview

Our principal sources of liquidity are cash flows provided by operating activities, cash and cash equivalents on hand, and our ~~senior secured revolving line~~Senior Secured Revolving Line of ~~credit.~~Credit. Our principal uses of liquidity are working capital, capital expenditures, debt service and other capital structure obligations, business acquisitions, dividends, and other general corporate purposes. We believe our ~~cash on hand,~~cash-on-hand, cash generated from operations, and funds available under the ~~senior secured revolving line~~Senior Secured Revolving Line of ~~credit~~Credit will be sufficient to fund our planned capital expenditures, debt service and other capital structure obligations, business acquisitions, dividends, and operating needs for the foreseeable future. Our ability to maintain adequate liquidity for our operations in the future is dependent upon a number of factors, including our revenue, macroeconomic conditions, our ability to contain costs, including capital expenditures, and to collect accounts receivable, and various other factors, many of which are beyond our control. We will continue to monitor our liquidity position and may elect to raise funds through debt or equity financing in the future to fund ~~operations,~~ significant investments or acquisitions that are consistent with our growth strategy.

Cash and cash equivalents totaled ~~$1,296.8~~$439.0 million and ~~$1,842.4~~$585.3 million at March 31, ~~2022,~~2023, and December 31, ~~2021,~~2022, respectively, of which ~~$215.7~~$322.9 million and ~~$205.0~~$303.4 million was held outside the United States in each respective period. As of March 31, ~~2022,~~2023, we had no outstanding balance under the Senior Secured Revolving Credit Facility and ~~$0.1~~$1.2 million of outstanding letters of credit, and could have borrowed up to the remaining ~~$299.9~~$298.8 million available.

We also have the ability to request incremental loans on the same terms under the existing Senior Secured Credit Facility up to the ~~sum~~greater of ~~the greater of~~an additional $1,000.0 million and 100% of Consolidated ~~EBITDA, minus any amounts of secured indebtedness previously issued under this provision, and may incur additional incremental loans so~~EBITDA. In addition, as long as the senior secured net leverage ratio does not exceed 4.25-to-1, we may incur additional incremental loans, subject to certain additional conditions and commitments by existing or new lenders to fund any additional borrowings.

On January 31, 2022, we prepaid $400 million of our Senior Secured Term Loans, funded from our cash on hand. The remaining balance retained in cash and cash equivalents is consistent with our short-term cash needs and investment objectives.

On April 8, 2022, we closed on the previously announced acquisition of Verisk Financial Services and paid approximately $515 million towards the purchase price and closing costs funded with cash on hand. For additional information on this transaction, see Part I, Item 1, “Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements,” Note 17, “Subsequent Events.”

~~In April 2022, we paid approximately $355 million of taxes due on the gain on the divestiture of our Healthcare business funded with cash on hand.~~

Each year, the Company may be required to make additional principal payments on the Senior Secured Term Loan B based on excess cash flows of the prior year, as defined in the agreement. There were no excess cash flows for ~~2021~~2022 and therefore no additional payment will be required in ~~2022. Additional payments based on excess cash flows could be due in future years.~~2023. See Part I, Item 1, “Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements,” Note ~~10,~~11, “Debt,” for additional information about our debt.

~~For the~~ ~~three months ended~~On March 31, ~~2021~~,2023, we prepaid ~~$85.0~~$75.0 million of our Senior Secured Term Loan ~~B-5,~~B-6, funded from our ~~cash on hand.~~cash-on-hand.

~~On February 13, 2018, we announced that our board of directors approved a dividend policy pursuant to which we intend to pay quarterly cash dividends on our common stock.~~ In the first quarter of ~~2022~~2023 we paid dividends of ~~$0.095~~$0.105 per share totaling ~~$18.3~~$20.8 million. Dividends declared accrue to outstanding restricted stock units and are paid to employees as dividend equivalents when the restricted stock units vest. While we currently expect to continue to pay quarterly dividends, any determination to pay dividends in the future will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on a number of factors, including our liquidity, results of operations, financial condition, contractual restrictions, restrictions imposed by applicable law and other factors that our board of directors deems appropriate. We currently have capacity and intend to continue to pay a quarterly dividend, subject to approval by our board.

~~Table of Contents~~

During the first quarter of 2022, 0.8 million outstanding employee restricted stock units vested and became taxable to the employees. Employees satisfy their payroll tax withholding obligations in a net share settlement arrangement. During the first quarter of 2022, we remitted cash to the respective governmental agencies equivalent to the value of the shares employees used to satisfy their withholding obligations of $28.7 million. We expect a similar cash obligation during the first quarter of 2023.

On February 13, 2017, our board of directors authorized the repurchase of up to $300.0 million of our common stock over the next 3 years. Our board of directors removed the three-year time limitation on February 8, 2018. To date, we have repurchased $133.5 million of our common stock and have the ability to repurchase the remaining $166.5 million.

We have no obligation to repurchase additional ~~shares. Any determination to repurchase additional~~ shares and the timing, actual number and value of the shares that are repurchased, if any, will be at the discretion of management and will depend on a number of factors, including ~~our liquidity, results of operations, financial condition, contractual restrictions, restrictions imposed by applicable law,~~ market conditions, the cost of repurchasing shares, the availability of alternative investment opportunities, liquidity, and other factors ~~management deems~~deemed appropriate. Repurchases may be suspended, terminated or modified at any time for any reason. Any repurchased shares will have the status of treasury shares and may be used, if and when needed, for general corporate purposes.

Table of Contents

Sources and Uses of Cash


		Three Months Ended March 31,							Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions)	(in millions)	2022		2021		Change		(in millions)	2023		2022		Change
Cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations	Cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations	$	11.6	$	127.7	$	(116.1)	Cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations	$	77.4	$	11.6	$	65.8
Cash used in investing activities of continuing operations	Cash used in investing activities of continuing operations	(91.0)		(69.4)		(21.6)		Cash used in investing activities of continuing operations	(103.6)		(91.0)		(12.6)
Cash used in financing activities of continuing operations	Cash used in financing activities of continuing operations	(467.6)		(132.2)		(335.4)		Cash used in financing activities of continuing operations	(122.0)		(467.6)		345.6
Cash flows of discontinued operations and effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	Cash flows of discontinued operations and effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	1.4		14.0		(12.6)		Cash flows of discontinued operations and effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	1.9		1.4		0.5
Net change in cash and cash equivalents	Net change in cash and cash equivalents	$	(545.6)	$	(59.9)	$	(485.7)	Net change in cash and cash equivalents	$	(146.3)	$	(545.6)	$	399.3

Operating Activities

The ~~decrease~~increase in cash provided by ~~operation activities of~~ continuing operations was due primarily to ~~an increase~~a decrease in ~~cash used to pay accrued incentive and other compensation in the first quarter of 2022 compared to the first quarter of 2021 and an increase in interest expense payments,~~working capital, partially offset by an increase in ~~operating performance.~~interest expense.

Investing Activities

The increase in cash used in investing activities of continuing operations was due primarily to an increase in ~~capital expenditures and~~cash used for investments in nonconsolidated ~~affiliates, partially offset by a decrease in purchases of convertible notes.~~affiliates.

Financing Activities

The ~~increase~~decrease in cash used in financing activities of continuing operations was due primarily to ~~an increase~~a decrease in debt ~~prepayments.~~prepayments and cash used to pay employee taxes on restricted stock units.

Capital Expenditures

We make capital expenditures to grow our business by developing new and enhanced capabilities, to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the organization and to reduce risks. We make capital expenditures for product development, disaster recovery, security enhancements, regulatory compliance, and the replacement and upgrade of existing equipment at the end of its useful life.

Cash paid for capital expenditures increased ~~$17.9~~$7.9 million, from ~~$40.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, to~~ $58.6 million for the three months ended March 31, ~~2022.~~2022, to $66.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Debt

Hedges

On ~~December 23, 2021,~~November 16, 2022, we entered into new interest rate swap agreements with various ~~counter parties~~counterparties that effectively fix our LIBOR exposure on a portion of our Senior Secured Term Loan or similar replacement debt. The new swaps commenced on December 30, 2022, and expire on December 31, 2024, with a current aggregate notional amount of $1,315.0 million that amortizes each quarter. The swaps require us to pay fixed rates varying between 4.4105% and 4.4465% in exchange for receiving a variable rate that matches the variable rate on our loans. We have designated these swap agreements as cash flow hedges.

On December 23, 2021, we entered into new interest rate swap agreements with various counterparties that effectively fix our LIBOR exposure on a portion of our Senior Secured Term Loan or similar replacement debt. The new swaps commenced on December 31, 2021, and expire on December 31, 2026, with a current aggregate notional amount of ~~$1,596.0~~$1,580.0 million that amortizes each quarter. The ~~agreement requires TransUnion~~swaps require us to pay fixed rates varying between 1.4280% and 1.4360% in exchange for receiving a variable rate that matches the variable rate on our loans. We have designated these swap agreements as cash flow hedges.

~~Table of Contents~~

On March 10, 2020, we entered into two tranches of interest rate swap ~~agreements~~agreements with various ~~counter parties~~counterparties that effectively fix our LIBOR exposure on a portion of our Senior Secured Term Loans or similar replacement debt. The first swap commenced on June 30, 2020, and ~~expires~~expired on June 30, 2022, with a current aggregate notional amount of $1,115.0 million that amortizes each quarter. The first swap requires TransUnion to pay fixed rates varying between 0.5200% and 0.5295% in exchange for receiving a variable rate that matches the variable rate on our loans.2022. The second swap ~~commences~~commenced on June 30, 2022, and expires on June 30, 2025, with an initial aggregate notional amount of ~~$1,110.0~~$1,095.0 million that amortizes each quarter after it commences. The second swap requires ~~TransUnion~~us to pay fixed rates varying between 0.9125% and 0.9280% in exchange for receiving a variable rate that matches the variable rate on our loans. We have designated these swap agreements as cash flow hedges.

~~On December 17, 2018, we entered into interest rate swap agreements with various counter parties that effectively fix our LIBOR exposure on a portion~~

Table of our Senior Secured Term Loans or similar replacement debt. The current aggregate notional amount under these agreements is $1,385.0 million, decreasing each quarter until the second agreement terminates on December 30, 2022. The agreements require TransUnion to pay fixed rates currently fixed at 2.702% and 2.706% in exchange for receiving a variable rate that matches the variable rate on our loans. We have designated these swap agreements as cash flow hedges. Contents

Effect of Certain Debt Covenants

A breach of any of the covenants under the agreements governing our debt could limit our ability to borrow funds under the Senior Secured Revolving Line of Credit ~~Facility~~ and could result in a default under the Senior Secured Credit Facility. Upon the occurrence of an event of default under the Senior Secured Credit Facility, the lenders could elect to declare all amounts then outstanding to be immediately due and payable, and the lenders could terminate all commitments to extend further credit. If we were unable to repay the amounts declared due, the lenders could proceed against any collateral granted to them to secure that indebtedness.

With certain exceptions, the Senior Secured Credit Facility obligations are secured by a first-priority security interest in substantially all of the assets of Trans Union LLC, including its investment in subsidiaries. The Senior Secured Credit Facility contains various restrictions and nonfinancial covenants, along with a senior secured net leverage ratio test. The nonfinancial covenants include restrictions on dividends, investments, dispositions, future borrowings and other specified payments, as well as additional reporting and disclosure requirements. The senior secured net leverage test must be met as a condition to incur additional indebtedness, make certain investments, and may be required to make certain restricted payments. The senior secured net leverage ratio must not exceed 5.5-to-1 at any such measurement date. Under the terms of the Senior Secured Credit Facility, TransUnion may make dividend payments up to the greater of $100 million or 10.0% of Consolidated EBITDA per year, or an unlimited amount provided that no default or event of default exists and so long as the total net leverage ratio does not exceed 4.75-to-1. As of March 31, ~~2022,~~2023, we were in compliance with all debt covenants.

Our ability to meet our liquidity needs or to pay dividends on our common stock depends on our subsidiaries’ earnings, the terms of their indebtedness, and other contractual restrictions.

For additional information about our debt and hedge, see Part I, Item 1, “Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements,” Note ~~10,~~11, “Debt.”

Contractual Obligations

Refer to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements,” Note 12, “Debt” for information about our long-term debt obligations, noncancelable lease obligations, and noncancelable purchase obligations as of December 31, 2022.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Part I, Item 1, “Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements,” Note 1, “Significant Accounting and Reporting Policies,” for information about recent accounting pronouncements and the impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Application of Critical Accounting Estimates

We prepare our consolidated financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). The notes to our consolidated financial statements include disclosures about our significant accounting policies. These accounting policies require us to make certain judgments and estimates in reporting our operating results and our assets and liabilities. See Part II, Item 7, “Application of Critical Accounting ~~Estimate”~~Estimates” and Part II, Item 8, Note 1, “Significant Accounting and Reporting Policies” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2021,~~2022, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February ~~22, 2022,~~14, 2023, for additional information about our critical accounting estimates.

~~Table of Contents~~

Cautionary Notice Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including the exhibits hereto, contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements are based on the current beliefs and expectations of TransUnion’s management and are subject to significant risks and uncertainties. Actual results may differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements. Any statements made in this report that are not statements of historical fact, including statements about our beliefs and expectations, are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements include information concerning possible or assumed future results of operations, including descriptions of our business plans and strategies. These statements often include words such as “anticipate,” “expect,” “guidance,” “suggest,” “plan,” “believe,” “intend,” “estimate,” “target,” “project,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “may,” “will,” “forecast,” “outlook,” “potential,” “continues,” “seeks,” “predicts,” or the negatives of these words and other similar expressions.

Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements, or that could materially affect our financial results or such forward-looking statements include:

•macroeconomic effects and changes in market conditions, including the ~~effects~~impact of ~~the COVID-19 pandemic;~~

•~~the duration~~inflation, risk of ~~the COVID-19 pandemic and the timing of the economic recovery following the COVID-19 pandemic;~~

•~~the prevalence and severity of variants of the COVID-19 virus and the effectiveness of vaccines against those variants;~~

•~~the war in Ukraine and escalating geopolitical tensions as a result of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine;~~

•~~macroeconomic~~recession, and industry trends and adverse developments in the debt, consumer credit and financial services markets;

•our ability to provide competitive services and prices;

Table of Contents

•our ability to retain or renew existing agreements with large or long-term customers;

•our ability to maintain the security and integrity of our data;

•our ability to deliver services timely without interruption;

•our ability to maintain our access to data sources;

•government regulation and changes in the regulatory environment;

•litigation or regulatory proceedings;

•~~regulatory oversight of “critical activities”;~~

•our ability to effectively manage our costs;

•economic and political stability in the United States and international markets where we operate;

•the war in Ukraine and escalating geopolitical tensions as a result of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine;

•the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, including the prevalence and severity of variants;

•our ability to effectively develop and maintain strategic alliances and joint ventures;

•our ability to timely develop new services and the market’s willingness to adopt our new services;

•our ability to manage and expand our operations and keep up with rapidly changing technologies;

•our ability to acquire businesses, ~~including any recently announced business acquisitions,~~ successfully secure financing for our acquisitions, timely consummate our acquisitions, successfully integrate the operations of our acquisitions, control the costs of integrating our acquisitions and realize the intended benefits of such acquisitions;

•~~our ability to consummate the sale of our recently announced divestiture on a timely basis or at all;~~

•our ability to protect and enforce our intellectual property, trade secrets and other forms of unpatented intellectual property;

•our ability to defend our intellectual property from infringement claims by third parties;

•the ability of our outside service providers and key vendors to fulfill their obligations to us;

•further consolidation in our end-customer markets;

•the increased availability of free or inexpensive consumer information;

•losses against which we do not insure;

•our ability to make timely payments of principal and interest on our indebtedness;

•our ability to satisfy covenants in the agreements governing our indebtedness;

•our ability to maintain our liquidity;

•share repurchase plans; and

•our reliance on key management personnel.

~~Table of Contents~~

There may be other factors, many of which are beyond our control, that may cause our actual results to differ materially from the forward-looking statements, including factors disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2021~~2022, and any subsequent Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q or Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, and in this report under the sections entitled “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of ~~Operations” in this report.~~Operations.” You should evaluate all forward-looking statements made in this report in the context of these risks and uncertainties.

The forward-looking statements contained in this report speak only as of the date of this report. We undertake no obligation to publicly release the result of any revisions to these forward-looking statements to reflect the impact of events or circumstances that may arise after the date of this report.

ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

There have been no other material changes from the quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2021.~~2022.

In the normal course of business we are exposed to market risk, primarily from changes in variable interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates, which could impact our results of operations and financial position. We manage the exposure to this market risk through our regular operating and financing activities. We may use derivative financial instruments, such as foreign currency and interest rate hedges, but only as a risk management tool and not for speculative or trading purposes.

Interest Rate Risk

Our Senior Secured Credit Facility consists of Senior Secured Term Loans and a $300.0 million Senior Secured Revolving ~~Credit Facility.~~Line of Credit. Interest rates on these borrowings are based, at our election, on LIBOR or an alternate base rate, subject to floors,

Table of Contents

plus applicable margins based on applicable net leverage ratios. As of December 31, 2022, essentially all of our outstanding debt was variable-rate debt. We currently have several interest rate hedge instruments that effectively fixes our LIBOR exposure on approximately ~~68%~~71.1% of our outstanding debt. Based on the amount of unhedged outstanding variable-rate debt, we have a material exposure to interest rate risk. In the future, our exposure to interest rate risk may change due to changes in the amount borrowed, changes in interest rates, or changes in the amount we have hedged. The amount of our outstanding debt, and the ratio of fixed-rate debt to variable-rate debt, can be expected to vary as a result of future business requirements, market conditions or other factors. During the first quarter of 2023, a 10% change in the average LIBOR rates utilized in the calculation of our actual interest expense would have increased our interest expense by $7.4 million.

See Part I, Item 1, “Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements,” Note ~~10,~~11, “Debt,” for additional information about interest rates on our debt.

Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk

A substantial majority of our revenue, expense and capital expenditure activities are transacted in U.S. dollars. However, we transact business in a number of foreign currencies, including British pounds sterling, the South African rand, the Canadian dollar, the Indian rupee, the Colombian peso and the Brazilian real. In reporting the results of our foreign operations, we benefit from a weaker U.S. dollar and are adversely affected by a stronger U.S. dollar relative to the foreign currencies.

We are required to translate the assets and liabilities of our foreign subsidiaries that are measured in foreign currencies at the applicable period-end exchange rate in our consolidated balance sheets. We are required to translate revenue and expenses at the average exchange rates prevailing during the year in our consolidated statements of income. The resulting translation adjustment is included in other comprehensive income, as a component of stockholders’ equity. Transaction gains and losses that arise from exchange rate fluctuations on transactions denominated in a currency other than the functional currency are included in other income and expense as incurred.

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report. The term “disclosure controls and procedures” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms.

Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate,

~~Table of Contents~~

to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives, and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at a reasonable assurance level.

Changes in Internal Controls over Financial Reporting

During the quarter covered by this report, there have been no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal controls over financial reporting.

Table of Contents

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

None.

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

General

Refer to Part I, Item 3, “Legal Proceedings,” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2021,~~2022, and Part II, Item 1, “Legal Proceedings” of all subsequently filed Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, including this Quarterly Report, and Part I, Item 1, Note 1618 “Contingencies,” of this Quarterly Report for a full description of our material pending legal and regulatory matters.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

~~The following discussion supplements~~

In addition to the ~~discussion of risk~~other information included in this report, you should carefully consider the factors ~~affecting the Company as set forth~~discussed in Part I, Item 1A ~~"Risk~~“Risk Factors” included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2021,~~2022, and any subsequently filed Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, as well as the factors identified under “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” at the end of Part I, Item 2 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, which could materially affect our business, financial condition or future results. The risks described in these reports are not the only risks facing TransUnion. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial may also materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and operating results.

~~Risks Related to Laws, Regulations and Government Oversight:~~

The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau has supervisory and examination authority over our business and may initiate enforcement actions and litigation with regard to our compliance with federal consumer protection laws, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The CFPB has broad authority over our business. This includes authority to issue regulations under federal consumer financial protection laws, such as under FCRA and other laws applicable to us and our financial customers. The CFPB is authorized to prevent “unfair, deceptive or abusive acts or practices” through its regulatory, supervisory and enforcement authority.

In 2012, credit reporting companies like us became subject to a federal supervision program for the first time under the CFPB’s authority to supervise and examine certain non-depository institutions that are “larger participants” of the consumer credit reporting market. The CFPB conducts examinations and investigations, and may issue subpoenas and bring civil actions in federal court for violations of the federal consumer financial laws including FCRA. In these proceedings, the CFPB can seek relief that includes: rescission or reformation of contracts, restitution, disgorgement of profits, payment of damages, limits on activities and civil money penalties of up to $1.0 million per day for knowing violations. The CFPB conducts periodic examinations of us and the consumer credit reporting industry, which could result in new regulations or enforcement actions or proceedings. Actions by the CFPB could result in requirements to alter or cease offering affected products and services, making them less attractive and restricting our ability to offer them.

For example, in January 2017, as part of an agreed settlement with the CFPB, we agreed among other things, to implement certain practice changes in the way we advertise, market and sell products and services offered directly to consumers. In June 2021, we received a Notice and Opportunity to Respond and Advise (“NORA”) letter from the CFPB, informing us that the CFPB’s Enforcement Division was considering whether to recommend that the CFPB take legal action against us and certain of our executive officers. The NORA letter alleged that we failed to comply with and timely implement the Consent Order issued by the CFPB in January 2017 (the “Consent Order”), and further alleged additional violations related to Consumer Interactive Inc.’s marketing practices. On September 27, 2021, the Enforcement Division advised us that it had obtained authority to pursue an enforcement action. On April 12, 2022, after failed settlement negotiations with the CFPB related to the matter, the CFPB filed a lawsuit against us and our former President of Consumer Interactive in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois alleging that we violated the Consent Order, engaged indeceptive acts and practices in marketing TransUnion Credit Monitoring, provided substantial assistance to TransUnion Interactive, Inc. in violating the Consent Order and the law, failed to obtain signed written authorizations from consumers before debiting their bank accounts for the TransUnion Credit Monitoring product and illegally diverted consumers from their free annual file disclosure into paid subscription products. We continue to believe that our marketing practices are lawful and appropriate and that we have been, and remain, in compliance with the Consent Order, and we will vigorously defend against allegations to the contrary in such proceedings. As of March 31, 2022, we have an accrual of ~~$56.0~~ million recorded in connection with this matter and there is a reasonable possibility that a loss in excess of the amount accrued may be incurred, and such an outcome could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition, however, any possible loss or range of loss in excess of the amount accrued is not reasonably estimable at this time. In addition, we will incur increased costs litigating this matter. See Part I, Item 1, Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 16, “Contingencies,” for information regarding our legal proceedings.

~~Table of Contents~~

Recently, the consumer reporting industry has been subject to heightened scrutiny. Based in part on public comments by CFPB officials, we believe that this trend is likely to continue and could result in more regulatory and legislative scrutiny~~of the practices of our industry and additional regulatory enforcement actions and litigation, which could adversely affect the Company’s business and results of operations.~~

Our compliance costs and legal and regulatory exposure could increase materially if we are targeted by the CFPB for additional enforcement actions, or if the CFPB or other regulators enact new regulations, change regulations that were previously adopted, modify through supervision or enforcement past regulatory guidance, or interpret existing regulations in a manner different or stricter than have been previously interpreted. For example, the CFPB recently issued guidance that indicates increased focus on consumer reporting agencies’ compliance with the accuracy and dispute obligations under the FCRA with respect to rental information. Although we have committed resources to enhancing our risk and compliance programs, actions by the CFPB or other regulators against us or our current or former executives could result in increased operating costs, reputational harm, payment of damages and civil monetary penalties, injunctive relief and/or restitution, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

~~Risks Related to Technology and Cybersecurity~~

Data security and integrity are critically important to our business, and cybersecurity incidents, including cyberattacks, breaches of security, unauthorized access to or disclosure of our intellectual property or confidential information, business disruption, or the perception that confidential information is not secure, could result in a material loss of business, regulatory enforcement, substantial legal liability and/or significant harm to our reputation.

As a global consumer credit reporting agency and provider of risk and information solutions, we collect, store and transmit a large amount of sensitive and confidential consumer information on over one billion consumers, including financial information, personally identifiable information and protected health information. We operate in an environment of significant risk of cybersecurity incidents resulting from unintentional events or deliberate attacks by third parties or insiders, which may involve exploiting highly obscure security vulnerabilities or sophisticated attack methods. These cyberattacks can take many forms, but they typically have one or more of the following objectives, among others:

•~~obtain unauthorized access to confidential consumer information;~~

•~~manipulate or destroy data; or~~

•~~disrupt, sabotage or degrade service on our systems.~~

We experience numerous attempts to access our computer systems, software, networks, data and other technology assets on a daily basis. To date, none of these attempts has resulted in a material data incident or otherwise had any material impact on our business, operations or financial results. However even immaterial incidents may require us to devote significant attention to these issues. For example, in March 2022, a criminal third party obtained access to a TransUnion South Africa server and certain customer personally identifiable information through misuse of an authorized client’s credentials. We promptly initiated our response processes, implemented technical containment measures, engaged cybersecurity and forensic experts and launched an investigation.~~As a precautionary measure, TransUnion South Africa~~ ~~temporarily took certain elements of our services offline, all of which have been resumed. We continue to work with law enforcement and regulators related to this matter.~~

The security and protection of non-public consumer information is TransUnion’s top priority. We devote significant resources to maintain and regularly upgrade the wide array of physical, technical, and contractual safeguards we employ to provide security around the collection, storage, use, access and delivery of information we have in our possession. We cannot assure you that our systems, databases and services will not be compromised or disrupted in the future, whether as a result of deliberate attacks by malicious actors, breaches due to employee error or malfeasance, or other disruptions during the process of upgrading or replacing computer software or hardware, power outages, computer viruses, telecommunication or utility failures or natural disasters or other catastrophic events. We work to monitor and develop our information technology networks and infrastructure to prevent, detect, address and mitigate the risk of unauthorized access, misuse, computer viruses and other events that could have a security impact.

Further, it is possible that we may acquire a company that has experienced a security incident that the acquired company has yet to discover, investigate and remediate. It is possible that neither the acquired company nor TransUnion may identify the issue in a timely manner and the event could spread more broadly to other parts of TransUnion during the integration effort.

Highly publicized cybersecurity incidents, including the data incident announced by Equifax on September 7, 2017, and more recently, the December 13, 2020 announcement by SolarWinds that its software supply chain was compromised, have heightened consumer, legislative and regulatory awareness of cybersecurity risks.~~These events continue to embolden individuals or groups to target our systems more aggressively.~~

~~Table of Contents~~

The preventive actions we take to address cybersecurity risk, including protection of our systems and networks, may be insufficient to repel or mitigate the effects of cyberattacks in the future as it may not always be possible to anticipate, detect or recognize threats to our systems, or to implement effective preventive measures against all cybersecurity risks. This is because, among other things:

•~~the techniques used in cyberattacks change frequently and may not be recognized until after the attacks have succeeded;~~

•cyberattacks can originate from a wide variety of sources, including sophisticated threat actors involved in organized crime, sponsored by nation-states, or linked to terrorist or hacktivist organizations; and

•~~third parties may seek to gain access to our systems either directly or using equipment or security passwords belonging to employees, customers, third-party service providers or other users.~~

Unauthorized disclosure, loss or corruption of our data or inability of our customers to access our systems could disrupt our operations, subject us to substantial regulatory and legal proceedings and potential liability, result in a material loss of business and/or significantly harm our reputation.

We may not be able to immediately address the consequences of a cybersecurity incident because a successful breach of our computer systems, software, networks or other technology assets could occur and persist for an extended period of time before being detected due to, among other things:

•~~the breadth and complexity of our operations and the high volume of transactions that we process;~~

•~~the large number of customers, counterparties and third-party service providers with which we do business;~~

•~~the proliferation and increasing sophistication of cyberattacks;~~

•~~the possibility that a malicious third party compromises the software, hardware or services that we procure from a service provider unbeknownst to both the provider and to TransUnion; and~~

•~~the possibility that a third party, after establishing a foothold on an internal network without being detected, might obtain access to other networks and systems.~~

The extent of a particular cybersecurity incident and the steps that we may need to take to investigate it may not be immediately clear, and it may take a significant amount of time before such an investigation can be completed and full and reliable information about the incident is known. While such an investigation is ongoing, we may not necessarily know the extent of the harm or how best to remediate it, and certain errors or actions could be repeated or compounded before they are discovered and remediated, any or all of which could further increase the costs and consequences of a cybersecurity incident.

Due to concerns about data security and integrity, a growing number of legislative and regulatory bodies have adopted consumer notification and other requirements in the event that consumer information is accessed by unauthorized persons and additional regulations regarding the use, access, accuracy and security of such data are possible. In the United States, we are subject to federal and state laws that provide for more than 50 disparate notification regimes. In the event of unauthorized access, our failure to comply with the complexities of these various regulations could subject us to regulatory scrutiny and additional liability.

~~Risks Related to Global Operations~~

~~The ongoing military action between Russia and Ukraine could adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.~~

On February 24, 2022, Russian military forces invaded Ukraine, and sustained conflict and disruption in the region is likely. Although the length, impact and outcome of the ongoing war in Ukraine is highly unpredictable, this conflict could lead to significant market and other disruptions, including significant volatility in commodity prices and supply of energy resources, instability in financial markets, supply chain interruptions, political and social instability, changes in consumer or purchaser preferences as well as increase in cyberattacks and espionage.

Russia’s recognition of two separatist republics in the Donetsk and Luhansk regions of Ukraine and subsequent military action against Ukraine have led to an unprecedented expansion of sanction programs imposed by the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom, Canada, Switzerland, Japan and other countries against Russia, Belarus, the Crimea Region of Ukraine, the so-called Donetsk People’s Republic and the so-called Luhansk People’s Republic, including, among others:

•blocking sanctions against some of the largest state-owned and private Russian financial institutions (and their subsequent removal from the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (“SWIFT”) payment system) and certain Russian businesses, some of which have significant financial and trade ties to the European Union;

~~Table of Contents~~

•~~blocking sanctions against Russian and Belarusian individuals, including the Russian President, other politicians and those with government connections or involved in Russian military activities; and~~

•blocking of Russia’s foreign currency reserves as well as expansion of sectoral sanctions and export and trade restrictions, limitations on investments and access to capital markets and bans on various Russian imports.

The situation is rapidly evolving as a result of the conflict in Ukraine, and the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom and other countries may implement additional sanctions, export controls or other measures against Russia, Belarus and other countries, regions, officials, individuals or industries in the respective territories. Such sanctions and other measures, as well as the existing and potential further responses from Russia or other countries to such sanctions, tensions and military actions, could adversely affect the global economy and financial markets and could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are actively monitoring the situation in Ukraine and assessing its impact on our business, including our business partners and customers. To date we have not experienced any material interruptions in our infrastructure, supplies, technology systems or networks needed to support our operations. We have no way to predict the progress or outcome of the conflict in Ukraine or its impacts in Ukraine, Russia or Belarus as the conflict, and any resulting government reactions, are rapidly developing and beyond our control. The extent and duration of the military action, sanctions and resulting market disruptions could be significant and could potentially have substantial impact on the global economy and our business for an unknown period of time. Any of the above mentioned factors could affect our business, financial condition and operating results. Any such disruptions may also magnify the impact of other risks described in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

(a) Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

Not applicable.

(b) Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.


		(a) Total Number of Shares Purchased	(b) Average Price Paid Per Share		(c) Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs	(d) Approximate Dollar Value, in millions, of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs(1)			(a) Total Number of Shares Purchased	(b) Average Price Paid Per Share		(c) Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs	(d) Approximate Dollar Value, in millions, of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs(1)
January 1 to January 31	January 1 to January 31	10,647	$	111.10	—	$	166.5	January 1 to January 31	2,500	$	56.75	—	$	166.5
February 1 to February 28	February 1 to February 28	281,069	98.02		—	$	166.5	February 1 to February 28	108,417	68.44		—	$	166.5
March 1 to March 31	March 1 to March 31	84	91.81		—	$	166.5	March 1 to March 31	2,162	64.30		—	$	166.5
Total	Total	291,800			—			Total	113,079	$	68.10	—

Shares shown in column (a) above consist of shares that were repurchased from employees for withholding taxes on options exercised and restricted stock units vesting pursuant to the terms of the Company's equity compensation plans and net settled.

(1) On February 13, 2017, our board of directors authorized the repurchase of up to $300.0 million of common stock over the next three years. On February 8, 2018, our board of directors removed the three-year time limitation. Prior to the second quarter of 2018, we had purchased approximately $133.5 million of common stock under the program and may purchase up to an additional $166.5 million. Additional repurchases may be made from time to time at management’s discretion at prices management considers to be attractive through open market purchases or through privately negotiated transactions, subject to availability. Open market purchases will be conducted in accordance with the limitations set forth in Rule 10b-18 of the Exchange Act and other applicable legal requirements.

4946

Table of Contents

ITEM 6. EXHIBITS




3.1						Third Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of TransUnion (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1.2 to TransUnion’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 18, 2020).

3.2						~~Third~~Fourth Amended and Restated Bylaws of TransUnion amended as of ~~May 12, 2020~~November 18, 2022 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit ~~3.2~~3.1 to TransUnion’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed ~~May 18, 2020)~~November 23, 2022).

10.1**						TransUnion 2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan Award Agreement, as amended, with respect to Restricted Stock Units.

10.2**						TransUnion 2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan Award Agreement, as amended, with respect to Performance Share Units.

10.3**						TransUnion 2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan Award Agreement, as amended, with respect to Restricted Stock (Outside Directors).

31.1**						TransUnion Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

31.2**						TransUnion Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32**						TransUnion Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

101.SCH**						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.

101.CAL**						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.

101.LAB**						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.

101.PRE**						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.

101.DEF**						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.

104						The cover page from this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, ~~2022,~~2023, formatted in Inline XBRL (included with Exhibit 101 attachments).

** Filed or furnished herewith.

5047

Table of Contents

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

TransUnion

April ~~26, 2022~~25, 2023

/s/ Todd M. Cello

Todd M. Cello

Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer

(Principal Financial ~~Officer and Principal Accounting~~ Officer)

April 25, 2023

/s/ Jennifer A. Williams

Jennifer A. Williams

Senior Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer
(Principal Accounting Officer)

5148


			Page
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION			4
ITEM 1. UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS			4
Consolidated Balance Sheets			4
Consolidated Statements of Income			5
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income ~~(Loss)~~			6
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows			7
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity			8
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements			9
ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS			2826
ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK			44
ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES			4445
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION			46
ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS			46
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS			46
ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS			4946
ITEM 6. EXHIBITS			5047
SIGNATURES			5148


	December 1, 2021
(in millions)	Neustar		Sontiq		Total
Purchase price1:	$	3,095.2	$	642.6	$	3,737.8

Assets acquired:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	122.7	$	17.8	$	140.4
Trade accounts receivable	118.7		10.3		129.0
Other current assets	24.6		1.4		26.0
Right of use lease assets	83.2		2.4		85.6
Property, plant and equipment	42.3		5.2		47.5
Identifiable intangible assets	1,513.0		235.9		1,748.9
Goodwill1,2	1,880.4		447.2		2,327.5
Other assets	5.4		0.2		5.6
Total assets acquired	$	3,790.4	$	720.2	$	4,510.5

Liabilities assumed:
Accounts payable	$	29.1	$	7.5	$	36.6
Other current liabilities	158.4		4.7		163.1
Deferred revenue	49.3		19.1		68.5
Operating lease liabilities	87.8		2.4		90.1
Other liabilities	14.7		0.1		14.7
Deferred tax liabilities1	355.9		43.9		399.8
Total liabilities assumed	$	695.2	$	77.6	$	772.7

Net assets acquired:	$	3,095.2	$	642.6	$	3,737.8