UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒	Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the quarterly period ended ~~September 30, 2022~~March 31, 2023

☐	Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 001-09463

RLI Corp.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware		37-0889946
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

9025 North Lindbergh Drive, Peoria, IL		61615
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)

(309) 692-1000

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class	Trading Symbol	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock $0.01 par value	RLI	New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.


Large accelerated filer ☒	Accelerated filer ☐	Non-accelerated filer ☐	Smaller reporting company ☐
			Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

APPLICABLE ONLY TO CORPORATE ISSUERS:

As of ~~October 12, 2022,~~April 14, 2023, the number of shares outstanding of the registrant’s Common Stock was ~~45,378,171.~~45,554,696.

Table of Contents

Table of Contents


		Page
Part I - Financial Information		3
Item 1.	Financial Statements	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings and Comprehensive Earnings for the ~~Three and Nine-Month~~Three-Month Periods Ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2023 and 2022 ~~and 2021~~ (unaudited)	3
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of ~~September 30, 2022~~March 31, 2023 and December 31, ~~2021~~2022 (unaudited)	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the ~~Three and Nine-Month~~Three-Month Periods Ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2023 and 2022 ~~and 2021~~ (unaudited)	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the ~~Nine-Month~~Three-Month Periods Ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2023 and 2022 ~~and 2021~~ (unaudited)	6
	Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Interim Financial Statements	7
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	2422
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	3731
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	3731
Part II - Other Information		3832
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	3832
Item 1a.	Risk Factors	3832
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	3832
Item 3.	Defaults upon Senior Securities	3832
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	3832
Item 5.	Other Information	3832
Item 6.	Exhibits	3832
Signatures		3933

Table of Contents

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.Financial Statements

RLI Corp. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings and Comprehensive Earnings

(Unaudited)


	For the Three Months				For the Nine Months				For the Three Months
	Ended September 30,				Ended September 30,				Ended March 31,
(in thousands, except per share data)	2022		2021		2022		2021		2023		2022
Net premiums earned	$	291,468	$	253,389	$	843,430	$	722,984	$	307,723	$	269,152
Net investment income		21,270		17,844		57,625		50,929		27,084		17,883
Net realized gains		573,170		1,829		591,562		52,442		14,620		5,588
Net unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities		(26,414)		(2,592)		(155,218)		29,526		15,496		(27,810)
Consolidated revenue	$	859,494	$	270,470	$	1,337,399	$	855,881	$	364,923	$	264,813
Losses and settlement expenses		165,089		143,656		388,527		355,574		114,488		105,524
Policy acquisition costs		96,977		80,449		271,879		232,674		101,444		85,287
Insurance operating expenses		20,606		15,560		58,794		54,504		23,901		18,863
Interest expense on debt		2,013		1,906		6,034		5,711		2,008		2,010
General corporate expenses		2,755		2,505		8,553		9,533		4,214		3,363
Total expenses	$	287,440	$	244,076	$	733,787	$	657,996	$	246,055	$	215,047
Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated investees		(17,352)		9,043		3,061		29,407
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated investees										3,923		8,759
Earnings before income taxes	$	554,702	$	35,437	$	606,673	$	227,292	$	122,791	$	58,525
Income tax expense		114,809		6,194		121,096		43,222		23,980		10,602
Net earnings	$	439,893	$	29,243	$	485,577	$	184,070	$	98,811	$	47,923

Other comprehensive earnings (loss), net of tax		(81,248)		(12,240)		(294,392)		(41,810)		37,707		(115,581)
Comprehensive earnings	$	358,645	$	17,003	$	191,185	$	142,260	$	136,518	$	(67,658)

Basic net earnings per share	$	9.69	$	0.65	$	10.71	$	4.07	$	2.17	$	1.06
Diluted net earnings per share	$	9.61	$	0.64	$	10.61	$	4.03	$	2.15	$	1.05

Weighted average number of common shares outstanding:
Basic		45,379		45,243		45,347		45,216		45,530		45,306
Diluted		45,775		45,689		45,775		45,714		46,035		45,714

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements.

Table of Contents

RLI Corp. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(Unaudited)


	September 30,		December 31,		March 31,		December 31,
(in thousands, except share and per share data)	2022		2021		2023		2022
ASSETS
Investments and cash:
Fixed income:
Available-for-sale, at fair value	$	2,452,039	$	2,409,887	$	2,701,814	$	2,666,950
(amortized cost of $2,753,631 and allowance for credit losses of $327 at 9/30/22)
(amortized cost of $2,346,267 and allowance for credit losses of $441 at 12/31/21)
Equity securities, at fair value (cost - $327,964 at 9/30/22 and $324,501 at 12/31/21)		462,988		613,776
(amortized cost of $2,933,313 and allowance for credit losses of $465 at 3/31/23)
(amortized cost of $2,945,273 and allowance for credit losses of $339 at 12/31/22)
Equity securities, at fair value (cost - $333,229 at 3/31/23 and $328,019 at 12/31/22)						519,097		498,382
Short-term investments, at cost which approximates fair value						116,202		36,229
Other invested assets		48,837		50,501		64,134		47,922
Cash		723,511		88,804		22,769		22,818
Total investments and cash	$	3,687,375	$	3,162,968	$	3,424,016	$	3,272,301
Accrued investment income		19,355		17,505		21,118		21,259
Premiums and reinsurance balances receivable, net of allowances for uncollectible amounts of $18,478 at 9/30/22 and $18,067 at 12/31/21		201,781		167,279
Premiums and reinsurance balances receivable, net of allowances for uncollectible amounts of $18,723 at 3/31/23 and $18,696 at 12/31/22						206,445		189,501
Ceded unearned premium		137,346		130,916		119,975		138,457
Reinsurance balances recoverable on unpaid losses and settlement expenses, net of allowances for uncollectible amounts of $11,400 at 9/30/22 and $11,188 at 12/31/21		770,858		608,086
Reinsurance balances recoverable on unpaid losses and settlement expenses, net of allowances for uncollectible amounts of $10,922 at 3/31/23 and $11,250 at 12/31/22						699,915		740,089
Deferred policy acquisition costs		128,979		103,553		134,995		127,859
Property and equipment, at cost, net of accumulated depreciation of $67,911 at 9/30/22 and $75,236 at 12/31/21		50,385		52,161
Property and equipment, at cost, net of accumulated depreciation of $70,477 at 3/31/23 and $68,633 at 12/31/22						48,949		49,573
Investment in unconsolidated investees		58,105		171,311		52,398		58,275
Goodwill and intangibles		53,562		53,562		53,562		53,562
Income taxes-deferred		51,791		—		27,571		40,269
Other assets		52,128		40,961		47,275		75,923
TOTAL ASSETS	$	5,211,665	$	4,508,302	$	4,836,219	$	4,767,068

LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Liabilities
Unpaid losses and settlement expenses	$	2,322,737	$	2,043,555	$	2,286,063	$	2,315,637
Unearned premiums		786,485		680,444		801,465		785,085
Reinsurance balances payable		50,349		42,851		28,091		61,100
Funds held		100,547		89,773		102,797		101,144
Income taxes-current		132,446		3,092		15,802		—
Income taxes-deferred		—		83,509
Current portion of long-term debt		149,816		—		199,910		199,863
Long-term debt		50,000		199,676
Accrued expenses		81,066		98,274		57,480		94,869
Other liabilities		144,226		37,767		40,690		32,029
TOTAL LIABILITIES	$	3,817,672	$	3,278,941	$	3,532,298	$	3,589,727

Shareholders’ Equity
Common stock ($0.01 par value)
(Shares authorized - 200,000,000)
(68,308,385 shares issued, 45,378,171 shares outstanding at 9/30/22)
(68,219,551 shares issued, 45,289,337 shares outstanding at 12/31/21)	$	683	$	682
(68,484,910 shares issued, 45,554,696 shares outstanding at 3/31/23)
(68,399,966 shares issued, 45,469,752 shares outstanding at 12/31/22)					$	685	$	684
Paid-in capital		352,129		343,742		355,254		352,391
Accumulated other comprehensive earnings (loss)		(244,566)		49,826		(191,369)		(229,076)
Retained earnings		1,678,746		1,228,110		1,532,350		1,446,341
Deferred compensation		9,047		9,642		12,264		12,015
Less: Treasury shares, at cost (22,930,214 shares at 9/30/22 and 12/31/21)		(402,046)		(402,641)
Less: Treasury shares, at cost (22,930,214 shares at 3/31/23 and 12/31/22)						(405,263)		(405,014)
TOTAL SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY	$	1,393,993	$	1,229,361	$	1,303,921	$	1,177,341
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY	$	5,211,665	$	4,508,302	$	4,836,219	$	4,767,068

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements.

Table of Contents

RLI Corp. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity

(Unaudited)


									Accumulated
									Other
			Total						Comprehensive						Treasury
	Common		Shareholders’		Common		Paid-in		Earnings		Retained		Deferred		Shares
(in thousands, except share and per share data)	Shares		Equity		Stock		Capital		(Loss)		Earnings		Compensation		at Cost
Balance, January 1, 2021		45,142,580	$	1,135,978	$	681	$	335,365	$	108,714	$	1,084,217	$	8,292	$	(401,291)
Net earnings		—		73,012		—		—		—		73,012		—		—
Other comprehensive earnings (loss), net of tax		—		(44,747)		—		—		(44,747)		—		—		—
Deferred compensation		—		—		—		—		—		—		(366)		366
Share-based compensation		60,858		1,392		—		1,392		—		—		—		—
Dividends and dividend equivalents ($0.24 per share)		—		(10,849)		—		—		—		(10,849)		—		—
Balance, March 31, 2021		45,203,438	$	1,154,786	$	681	$	336,757	$	63,967	$	1,146,380	$	7,926	$	(400,925)
Net earnings		—		81,815		—		—		—		81,815		—		—
Other comprehensive earnings (loss), net of tax		—		15,177		—		—		15,177		—		—		—
Deferred compensation		—		—		—		—		—		—		325		(325)
Share-based compensation		19,905		1,343		1		1,342		—		—		—		—
Dividends and dividend equivalents ($0.25 per share)		—		(11,318)		—		—		—		(11,318)		—		—
Balance, June 30, 2021		45,223,343	$	1,241,803	$	682	$	338,099	$	79,144	$	1,216,877	$	8,251	$	(401,250)
Net earnings		—		29,243		—		—		—		29,243		—		—
Other comprehensive earnings (loss), net of tax		—		(12,240)		—		—		(12,240)		—		—		—
Deferred compensation		—		—		—		—		—		—		79		(79)
Share-based compensation		21,162		2,769		—		2,769		—		—		—		—
Dividends and dividend equivalents ($0.25 per share)		—		(11,319)		—		—		—		(11,319)		—		—
Balance, September 30, 2021		45,244,505	$	1,250,256	$	682	$	340,868	$	66,904	$	1,234,801	$	8,330	$	(401,329)

									Accumulated																Accumulated
									Other																Other
			Total						Comprehensive						Treasury				Total						Comprehensive						Treasury
	Common		Shareholders’		Common		Paid-in		Earnings		Retained		Deferred		Shares		Common		Shareholders’		Common		Paid-in		Earnings		Retained		Deferred		Shares
(in thousands, except share and per share data)	Shares		Equity		Stock		Capital		(Loss)		Earnings		Compensation		at Cost		Shares		Equity		Stock		Capital		(Loss)		Earnings		Compensation		at Cost
Balance, January 1, 2022		45,289,337	$	1,229,361	$	682	$	343,742	$	49,826	$	1,228,110	$	9,642	$	(402,641)		45,289,337	$	1,229,361	$	682	$	343,742	$	49,826	$	1,228,110	$	9,642	$	(402,641)
Net earnings		—		47,923		—		—		—		47,923		—		—		—		47,923		—		—		—		47,923		—		—
Other comprehensive earnings (loss), net of tax		—		(115,581)		—		—		(115,581)		—		—		—		—		(115,581)		—		—		(115,581)		—		—		—
Deferred compensation		—		—		—		—		—		—		(973)		973		—		—		—		—		—		—		(973)		973
Share-based compensation		26,605		3,049		—		3,049		—		—		—		—		26,605		3,049		—		3,049		—		—		—		—
Dividends and dividend equivalents ($0.25 per share)		—		(11,330)		—		—		—		(11,330)		—		—		—		(11,330)		—		—		—		(11,330)		—		—
Balance, March 31, 2022		45,315,942	$	1,153,422	$	682	$	346,791	$	(65,755)	$	1,264,703	$	8,669	$	(401,668)		45,315,942	$	1,153,422	$	682	$	346,791	$	(65,755)	$	1,264,703	$	8,669	$	(401,668)

																									Accumulated
																									Other
																			Total						Comprehensive						Treasury
																	Common		Shareholders’		Common		Paid-in		Earnings		Retained		Deferred		Shares
(in thousands, except share and per share data)																	Shares		Equity		Stock		Capital		(Loss)		Earnings		Compensation		at Cost
Balance, January 1, 2023																		45,469,752	$	1,177,341	$	684	$	352,391	$	(229,076)	$	1,446,341	$	12,015	$	(405,014)
Cumulative-effect adjustment from ASU 2023-02																		—		(951)		—		—		—		(951)		—		—
Net earnings		—		(2,239)		—		—		—		(2,239)		—		—		—		98,811		—		—		—		98,811		—		—
Other comprehensive earnings (loss), net of tax		—		(97,563)		—		—		(97,563)		—		—		—		—		37,707		—		—		37,707		—		—		—
Deferred compensation		—		—		—		—		—		—		276		(276)		—		—		—		—		—		—		249		(249)
Share-based compensation		52,862		2,371		1		2,370		—		—		—		—		84,944		2,864		1		2,863		—		—		—		—
Dividends and dividend equivalents ($0.26 per share)		—		(11,803)		—		—		—		(11,803)		—		—		—		(11,851)		—		—		—		(11,851)		—		—
Balance, June 30, 2022		45,368,804	$	1,044,188	$	683	$	349,161	$	(163,318)	$	1,250,661	$	8,945	$	(401,944)
Net earnings		—		439,893		—		—		—		439,893		—		—
Other comprehensive earnings (loss), net of tax		—		(81,248)		—		—		(81,248)		—		—		—
Deferred compensation		—		—		—		—		—		—		102		(102)
Share-based compensation		9,367		2,968		—		2,968		—		—		—		—
Dividends and dividend equivalents ($0.26 per share)		—		(11,808)		—		—		—		(11,808)		—		—
Balance, September 30, 2022		45,378,171	$	1,393,993	$	683	$	352,129	$	(244,566)	$	1,678,746	$	9,047	$	(402,046)
Balance, March 31, 2023																		45,554,696	$	1,303,921	$	685	$	355,254	$	(191,369)	$	1,532,350	$	12,264	$	(405,263)

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements.

Table of Contents

RLI Corp. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Unaudited)

For the Nine Months

Ended September 30,
(in thousands)

2022

2021
Net cash provided by operating activities

$
282,886

$
280,441
Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Purchase of:

Fixed income securities, available-for-sale

$
(531,894)

$
(587,910)
Equity securities

(42,490)

(117,218)
Property and equipment

(4,432)

(5,005)
Other

(7,940)

(11,938)
Proceeds from sale of:

Fixed income securities, available-for-sale

46,448

42,776
Equity securities

59,264

157,973
Equity method investments

686,666

—
Other

2,298

4,496
Proceeds from call or maturity of:

Fixed income securities, available-for-sale

176,616

296,561
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities

$
384,536

$
(220,265)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Cash dividends paid

$
(34,913)

$
(33,454)
Proceeds from stock option exercises

2,198

679
Net cash used in financing activities

$
(32,715)

$
(32,775)
Net increase in cash

$
634,707

$
27,401
Cash at the beginning of the period

88,804

62,217
Cash at September 30,

$
723,511

$
89,618


	For the Three Months
	Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2023		2022
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	69,219	$	39,014
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Purchase of:
Fixed income securities, available-for-sale	$	(180,040)	$	(107,283)
Equity securities		(6,395)		(32,678)
Property and equipment		(1,277)		(1,944)
Other		(1,392)		(3,137)
Proceeds from sale of:
Fixed income securities, available-for-sale		3,064		10,779
Equity securities		3,501		15,726
Equity method investments		14,134		—
Other		271		669
Proceeds from call or maturity of:
Fixed income securities, available-for-sale		190,303		71,971
Net proceeds from sale (purchase) of short-term investments		(79,973)		—
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	$	(57,804)	$	(45,897)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Cash dividends paid	$	(11,839)	$	(11,322)
Proceeds from stock option exercises		375		1,549
Net cash used in financing activities	$	(11,464)	$	(9,773)
Net increase in cash	$	(49)	$	(16,656)
Cash at the beginning of the period		22,818		88,804
Cash at March 31,	$	22,769	$	72,148

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements.

Table of Contents

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED INTERIM FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1.	SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

A. BASIS OF PRESENTATION

The unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (GAAP) for interim financial reporting and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all the disclosures required by GAAP for complete financial statements. As such, these unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with our ~~2021~~2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Management believes that the disclosures are adequate to make the information presented not misleading, and all normal and recurring adjustments necessary to present fairly the financial position at ~~September 30, 2022~~March 31, 2023 and the results of operations of RLI Corp. (the Company) and subsidiaries for all periods presented have been made. The results of operations for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of the operating results for a full year. Certain reclassifications were made to ~~2021~~2022 to conform to the classifications used in the current year.

The preparation of the unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions relating to the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the period. These estimates are inherently subject to change and actual results could differ significantly from these estimates.

B. ADOPTED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

~~No new~~2023-02—Investments – Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Method

The amendments in this ASU permit the use of the proportional amortization method for investments in tax credits if certain conditions are met. Under the proportional amortization method, the initial cost of an investment is amortized in proportion to the amount of tax credits and other tax benefits received, with the amortization and tax credits presented as a component of income tax expense. Under previous guidance, equity investments in tax credit structures, other than qualified affordable housing projects, were accounted for using the equity method of accounting, ~~standards applicable~~which required the presentation of income, gains and losses, and tax credits in their respective line items of the statement of earnings. This ASU allows entities to make an accounting policy election on an individual tax credit program basis for all equity investments whose primary purpose is receiving income tax credits or other income tax benefits. When the proportional amortization method is selected, this amendment also requires a liability be recognized for delayed equity contributions that are unconditional or for contingent contributions when the contingent event becomes probable.

We adopted ASU 2023-02 on January 1, 2023 using a modified-retrospective approach. Through 2022, ~~materially~~our investment in historic tax credit partnerships was presented in the balance sheet as an investment in unconsolidated investee. On January 1, 2023, the $11 million investment was moved to the other invested assets line item, an unfunded commitment for the investment was recognized by establishing a $7 million liability and increasing other invested assets, and the asset and retained earnings were reduced by $1 million to reflect the difference between applying the equity method and the proportional method since the investment was entered into. While the amortization of the investment will be presented in income tax expense going forward, rather than in equity in earnings of unconsolidated investees, the impact to net earnings will not have a material impact on our financial statements.

C. PROSPECTIVE ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

There are no prospective accounting standards which would have a material impact on our financial statements as of ~~September 30, 2022.~~March 31, 2023.

D. REINSURANCE

Ceded unearned premiums and reinsurance balances recoverable on unpaid losses and settlement expenses are reported separately as an asset, rather than being netted with the related liability, since reinsurance does not relieve the Company of our liability to policyholders. Such balances are subject to the credit risk associated with the individual reinsurer. We continually monitor the financial condition of our reinsurers and actively follow up on any past due or disputed amounts. As part of our

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monitoring efforts, we review reinsurers’ annual financial statements and Securities and Exchange Commission filings for those that are publicly traded. We also review insurance industry developments that may impact the financial condition of our reinsurers. We analyze the credit risk associated with our reinsurance balances recoverable by monitoring the AM Best and Standard & Poor’s (S&P) ratings of our reinsurers. In addition, we subject our reinsurance recoverables to detailed recoverability tests, including a segment-based analysis using the average default rating percentage by S&P rating, which assists the Company in assessing the sufficiency of its allowance. Additionally, we perform an in-depth reinsurer financial condition analysis prior to the renewal of each of our reinsurance placements.

Our policy is to charge to earnings, in the form of an allowance, an estimate of unrecoverable amounts from reinsurers. This allowance is reviewed on an ongoing basis to ensure that the amount makes a reasonable provision for reinsurance balances that we may be unable to recover. Once regulatory action (such as receivership, finding of insolvency, order of conservation or order of liquidation) is taken against a reinsurer, the paid and unpaid recoverable for the reinsurer are specifically identified and written off through use of our allowance for estimated unrecoverable amounts from reinsurers. When we write-off such a balance, it is done in full. We then re-evaluate the overall allowance and determine whether the balance is sufficient and, if needed, an additional allowance is recognized.

The allowances for uncollectible amounts on paid and unpaid reinsurance recoverables were $16.1 million and ~~$11.4~~$10.9 million, respectively, at ~~September 30, 2022.~~March 31, 2023. At December 31, ~~2021,~~2022, the amounts were $16.1 million and ~~$11.2~~$11.3 million, respectively. Changes in the allowances were due to changes in the amount of reinsurance balances outstanding, the composition of reinsurers from whom the balances were recoverable and their associated S&P default ratings. No write-offs

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or recoveries were applied to the allowances in the first ~~nine~~three months of ~~2022 and less than $0.1 million was recovered.~~2023. We have no receivables with a due date that extends beyond one year that are not included in our allowance for uncollectible amounts.

E. INTANGIBLE ASSETS

The composition of goodwill and intangible assets at ~~September 30, 2022~~March 31, 2023 and December 31, ~~2021~~2022 is detailed in the following table:


	September 30,		December 31,		March 31,		December 31,
(in thousands)	2022		2021		2023		2022
Goodwill
Surety	$	40,816	$	40,816	$	40,816	$	40,816
Casualty		5,246		5,246		5,246		5,246
Total goodwill	$	46,062	$	46,062	$	46,062	$	46,062
Intangibles
Indefinite-lived intangibles - state insurance licenses		7,500		7,500
Indefinite-lived intangibles						7,500		7,500
Total goodwill and intangibles	$	53,562	$	53,562	$	53,562	$	53,562

Annual impairment assessments were performed on our goodwill and state insurance license indefinite-lived intangible asset during the second quarter of 2022. Based upon these reviews, none of the assets were impaired. In addition, there were no triggering events as of ~~September 30, 2022~~March 31, 2023 that would suggest an updated impairment test would be needed for our goodwill and intangible assets.

F. EARNINGS PER SHARE

Basic earnings per share (EPS) is computed by dividing income available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS reflects the dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock or common stock equivalents were exercised or converted into common stock. When inclusion of these items increases the earnings per share or reduces the loss per share, the effect on earnings is anti-dilutive. Under these circumstances, the diluted net earnings or net loss per share is computed excluding these items. The following represents a reconciliation of the numerator and denominator of the basic and diluted EPS computations contained in the unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements:

For the Three Months

For the Three Months

Ended September 30, 2022

Ended September 30, 2021

Income

Shares

Per Share

Income

Shares

Per Share
(in thousands, except per share data)

(Numerator)

(Denominator)

Amount

(Numerator)

(Denominator)

Amount
Basic EPS

Earnings available to common shareholders

$
439,893

45,379

$
9.69

$
29,243

45,243

$
0.65
Effect of Dilutive Securities

Stock options and restricted stock units

—

396

—

446

Diluted EPS

Earnings available to common shareholders

$
439,893

45,775

$
9.61

$
29,243

45,689

$
0.64
Anti-dilutive securities excluded from diluted EPS

435

191

For the Nine Months

For the Nine Months

Ended September 30, 2022

Ended September 30, 2021

Income

Shares

Per Share

Income

Shares

Per Share
(in thousands, except per share data)

(Numerator)

(Denominator)

Amount

(Numerator)

(Denominator)

Amount
Basic EPS

Earnings available to common shareholders

$
485,577

45,347

$
10.71

$
184,070

45,216

$
4.07
Effect of Dilutive Securities

Stock options and restricted stock units

—

428

—

498

Diluted EPS

Earnings available to common shareholders

$
485,577

45,775

$
10.61

$
184,070

45,714

$
4.03
Anti-dilutive securities excluded from diluted EPS

459

191

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	For the Three Months						For the Three Months
	Ended March 31, 2023						Ended March 31, 2022
	Income		Shares		Per Share		Income		Shares		Per Share
(in thousands, except per share data)	(Numerator)		(Denominator)		Amount		(Numerator)		(Denominator)		Amount
Basic EPS
Earnings available to common shareholders	$	98,811		45,530	$	2.17	$	47,923		45,306	$	1.06
Effect of Dilutive Securities
Stock options and restricted stock units		—		505				—		408
Diluted EPS
Earnings available to common shareholders	$	98,811		46,035	$	2.15	$	47,923		45,714	$	1.05
Anti-dilutive securities excluded from diluted EPS				—						214

G. COMPREHENSIVE EARNINGS

Our comprehensive earnings include net earnings plus after-tax unrealized gains and losses on our available-for-sale fixed income portfolio. In reporting the components of comprehensive earnings, we used the federal statutory tax rate of 21 percent. Other comprehensive earnings (loss), as shown in the consolidated statements of earnings and comprehensive earnings, is net of tax ~~benefit~~expense of ~~$21.6~~$10 million for the ~~third~~first quarter of ~~2022,~~2023, compared to ~~$3.2~~$31 million of tax benefit for the same period in ~~2021. For the nine-month period ended September 30, 2022, other comprehensive earnings (loss) is net of tax benefit of $78.3 million, compared to $11.1 million for the same period in 2021.~~2022.

Unrealized ~~losses,~~gains, net of tax, recognized in other comprehensive earnings (loss) were ~~$294.4~~$38 million for the first ~~nine~~three months of ~~2022,~~2023, compared to ~~$41.8~~$116 million of unrealized losses, net of tax, during the same period last year. The unrealized ~~losses~~gains in the first quarter of 2023 were attributable to ~~higher~~a decline in interest rates, ~~in both periods,~~ which ~~decreased~~increased the fair value of securities held in the fixed income ~~portfolio.~~portfolio, compared to rising interest rates during the first quarter of 2022, which decreased the fair value of fixed income securities.

The following table illustrates the changes in the balance of each component of accumulated other comprehensive earnings (loss) for each period presented in the unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements:


(in thousands)	For the Three Months				For the Nine Months				For the Three Months
	Ended September 30,				Ended September 30,				Ended March 31,
Unrealized Gains/Losses on Available-for-Sale Securities	2022		2021		2022		2021		2023		2022
Beginning balance	$	(163,318)	$	79,144	$	49,826	$	108,714	$	(229,076)	$	49,826
Other comprehensive earnings (loss) before reclassifications		(82,785)		(12,114)		(296,422)		(40,307)		36,254		(115,742)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive earnings		1,537		(126)		2,030		(1,503)		1,453		161
Net current-period other comprehensive earnings (loss)	$	(81,248)	$	(12,240)	$	(294,392)	$	(41,810)	$	37,707	$	(115,581)
Ending balance	$	(244,566)	$	66,904	$	(244,566)	$	66,904	$	(191,369)	$	(65,755)
Balance of securities for which an allowance for credit losses has been recognized in net earnings					$	1,520	$	426		1,841		607

Credit losses on or the sale of an available-for-sale security results in amounts being reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive earnings (loss) to current period net earnings. The effects of reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive earnings (loss) by the respective line items of net earnings are presented in the following table:


	Amount Reclassified from Accumulated Other									Amount Reclassified from Accumulated Other
(in thousands)	Comprehensive Earnings (Loss)									Comprehensive Earnings (Loss)
	For the Three Months				For the Nine Months					For the Three Months
Component of Accumulated	Ended September 30,				Ended September 30,				Affected line item in the	Ended March 31,				Affected line item in the
Other Comprehensive Earnings (Loss)	2022		2021		2022		2021		Statement of Earnings	2023		2022		Statement of Earnings
Unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities	$	(1,912)	$	182	$	(2,684)	$	1,731	Net realized gains (losses)	$	(1,713)	$	(51)	Net realized gains (losses)
		(34)		(22)		115		171	Credit gains presented within net realized gains		(126)		(153)	Credit gains presented within net realized gains
	$	(1,946)	$	160	$	(2,569)	$	1,902	Earnings (loss) before income taxes	$	(1,839)	$	(204)	Earnings (loss) before income taxes
		409		(34)		539		(399)	Income tax (expense) benefit		386		43	Income tax (expense) benefit
	$	(1,537)	$	126	$	(2,030)	$	1,503	Net earnings (loss)	$	(1,453)	$	(161)	Net earnings (loss)

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H. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

Fair value is defined as the price in the principal market that would be received for an asset to facilitate an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. We determined the fair value of certain financial instruments based on their underlying characteristics and relevant transactions in the marketplace. We maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value.

The following are the levels of the fair value hierarchy and a brief description of the type of valuation inputs that are used to establish each level. Financial assets are classified based upon the lowest level of significant input that is used to determine fair value.

Level 1 is applied to valuations based on readily available, unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets.

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Level 2 is applied to valuations based upon quoted prices for similar assets in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets in inactive markets; or valuations based on models where the significant inputs are observable (e.g. interest rates, yield curves, prepayment speeds, default rates, loss severities) or can be corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3 is applied to valuations that are derived from techniques in which one or more of the significant inputs are unobservable.

As a part of management’s process to determine fair value, we utilize widely recognized, third-party pricing sources to determine our fair values. We have obtained an understanding of the third-party pricing sources’ valuation methodologies and inputs. The following is a description of the valuation techniques used for financial assets that are measured at fair value, including the general classification of such assets pursuant to the fair value hierarchy.

Corporate, Agencies, Government and Municipal Bonds: The pricing vendor employs a multi-dimensional model which uses standard inputs including (listed in approximate order of priority for use) benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, market bids/offers and other reference data. The pricing vendor also monitors market indicators, as well as industry and economic events. All bonds valued using these techniques are classified as Level 2. All corporate, agency, government and municipal securities are deemed Level 2.

Mortgage-backed Securities (MBS)/Commercial Mortgage-backed Securities (CMBS) and Asset-backed Securities (ABS): The pricing vendor evaluation methodology includes principally interest rate movements and new issue data. Evaluation of the tranches (non-volatile, volatile or credit sensitivity) is based on the pricing vendors’ interpretation of accepted modeling and pricing conventions. This information is then used to determine the cash flows for each tranche, benchmark yields, pre-payment assumptions and to incorporate collateral performance. To evaluate MBS and CMBS volatility, an option adjusted spread model is used in combination with models that simulate interest rate paths to determine market price information. This process allows the pricing vendor to obtain evaluations of a broad universe of securities in a way that reflects changes in yield curve, index rates, implied volatility, mortgage rates and recent trade activity. MBS/CMBS and ABS with corroborated, observable inputs are classified as Level 2. All of our MBS/CMBS and ABS are deemed Level 2.

Regulation D Private Placement Securities: All Regulation D privately-placed bonds are classified as corporate securities and deemed Level 3. The pricing vendor evaluation methodology for these securities includes a combination of observable and unobservable inputs. Observable inputs include public corporate spread matrices classified by sector, rating and average life, as well as investment and non-investment grade matrices created from fixed income indices. Unobservable inputs include a liquidity spread premium calculated based on public corporate spread and private corporate spread matrices. The quantitative detail of the liquidity spread premium is neither provided nor reasonably available to the Company. An increase to the credit spread assumptions would result in a lower fair value.

For all of our fixed income securities classified as Level 2, we periodically conduct a review to assess the reasonableness of the fair values provided by our pricing services. Our review consists of a two-pronged approach. First, we compare prices provided by our pricing services to those provided by an additional source. In some cases, we obtain prices from securities brokers and compare them to the prices provided by our pricing services. If discrepancies are found in our comparisons, we compare our prices to actual reported trade data for like securities. No changes to the fair values supplied by our pricing services have occurred as a result of our reviews. Based on these assessments, we have determined that the fair values of our Level 2 fixed income securities provided by our pricing services are reasonable.

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Equity Securities: As of ~~September 30, 2022,~~March 31, 2023, nearly all of our equity holdings were traded on an exchange. Exchange traded equities have readily observable price levels and are classified as Level 1 (fair value based on quoted market prices). Pricing for the equity securities not traded on an exchange is provided by a third-party pricing source using observable inputs are classified as Level 2. Pricing for equity securities not traded on an exchange rely on one or more unobservable inputs and are classified as Level 3.

Due to the relatively short-term nature of cash, short-term investments, accounts receivable and accounts payable, their carrying amounts are reasonable estimates of fair value. Our investments in private funds, classified as other invested assets, are measured using the investments’ net asset value per share and are not categorized within the fair value hierarchy.

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I. RISKS AND UNCERTAINTIES

Certain risks and uncertainties are inherent in our day-to-day operations. Adverse changes in the economy, including inflation; rising interest rates; volatile equity markets; and ongoing supply chain disruptions, could lower demand for our insurance products, result in increased levels of loss costs that we could not anticipate at the time we priced our coverages, or negatively impact our investment results, all of which could have an adverse effect on the profitability of our operations. The COVID-19 pandemic may result in significant disruptions in economic activity and financial markets or exacerbate the impact of other economic trends. The cumulative effects of any public health outbreak could reduce demand for our insurance policies; result in increased level of losses, settlement expenses or other operating costs; reduce the market value of invested assets held by the Company or negatively impact the fair value of our goodwill.

Catastrophe Exposures

Our catastrophe reinsurance treaty renewed on January 1, ~~2022.~~2023. We purchased limits of ~~$600~~$700 million in excess of $25 million first-dollar retention for earthquakes in California, ~~$625~~$700 million in excess of ~~$25~~$50 million first-dollar retention for earthquakes outside of California and ~~$475~~$600 million in excess of ~~$25~~$50 million first-dollar retention for all other perils, including wind. These amounts are subject to certain co-participations by the Company on losses in excess of the $25 million retentions. On May 1, 2022, we purchased $150 million of additional catastrophe reinsurance protection on top of the previously described coverage, to support growth in our catastrophe-exposed business. This increases the limits to $750 million for earthquakes in California, $775 million for earthquakes outside of California and $625 million for all other perils, including wind, all of which are still subject to $25 million first-dollar ~~retentions and certain co-participations in excess of the~~ retentions.

2. INVESTMENTS

Our investments are primarily composed of fixed income debt securities and common stock equity securities. We carry our equity securities at fair value and categorize all of our debt securities as available-for-sale, which are carried at fair value.

Realized gains and losses on disposition of investments are based on specific identification of the investments sold on the settlement date. The following is a summary of the disposition of fixed income and equity securities for the ~~nine-month~~three-month periods ended ~~September 30, 2022~~March 31, 2023 and ~~2021:~~2022:


Sales	Proceeds		Gross Realized				Net Realized		Proceeds		Gross Realized				Net Realized
(in thousands)	From Sales		Gains		Losses		Gain (Loss)		From Sales		Gains		Losses		Gain (Loss)
2022
2023
Fixed income securities - available-for-sale	$	48,559	$	286	$	(2,481)	$	(2,195)	$	3,790	$	35	$	(82)	$	(47)
Equity securities		59,264		20,410		(609)		19,801		3,501		2,417		(101)		2,316
2021
2022
Fixed income securities - available-for-sale	$	43,041	$	1,476	$	(107)	$	1,369	$	8,832	$	117	$	(31)	$	86
Equity securities		157,973		52,409		(1,787)		50,622		15,726		5,901		—		5,901

Calls/Maturities			Gross Realized				Net Realized				Gross Realized				Net Realized
(in thousands)	Proceeds		Gains		Losses		Gain (Loss)		Proceeds		Gains		Losses		Gain (Loss)
2023
Fixed income securities - available-for-sale									$	190,305	$	35	$	(40)	$	(5)
2022
Fixed income securities - available-for-sale	$	176,991	$	142	$	(55)	$	87	$	71,974	$	20	$	(13)	$	7
2021
Fixed income securities - available-for-sale	$	296,563	$	471	$	(109)	$	362

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FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

Assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of ~~September 30, 2022~~March 31, 2023 and December 31, ~~2021~~2022 are summarized below:

As of September 30, 2022

Quoted Prices in

Significant Other

Significant

Active Markets for

Observable

Unobservable

Identical Assets

Inputs

Inputs

(in thousands)

(Level 1)

(Level 2)

(Level 3)

Total
Fixed income securities - available-for-sale

U.S. government

$
—

$
340,442

$
—

$
340,442
U.S. agency

—

56,935

—

56,935
Non-U.S. government & agency

—

5,712

—

5,712
Agency MBS

—

317,029

—

317,029
ABS/CMBS/MBS*

—

241,512

—

241,512
Corporate

—

910,979

52,890

963,869
Municipal

—

526,540

—

526,540
Total fixed income securities - available-for-sale

$
—

$
2,399,149

$
52,890

$
2,452,039
Equity securities

461,392

49

1,547

462,988
Total

$
461,392

$
2,399,198

$
54,437

$
2,915,027

As of December 31, 2021

Quoted Prices in

Significant Other

Significant

Active Markets for

Observable

Unobservable

Identical Assets

Inputs

Inputs

(in thousands)

(Level 1)

(Level 2)

(Level 3)

Total
Fixed income securities - available-for-sale

U.S. government

$
—

$
134,554

$
—

$
134,554
U.S. agency

—

32,760

—

32,760
Non-U.S. government & agency

—

8,481

—

8,481
Agency MBS

—

367,187

—

367,187
ABS/CMBS/MBS*

—

264,054

—

264,054
Corporate

—

913,577

43,518

957,095
Municipal

—

645,756

—

645,756
Total fixed income securities - available-for-sale

$
—

$
2,366,369

$
43,518

$
2,409,887
Equity securities

613,712

64

—

613,776
Total

$
613,712

$
2,366,433

$
43,518

$
3,023,663

~~Non-agency asset-backed, commercial mortgage-backed and mortgage-backed securities~~

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~~The following table summarizes changes in the balance of securities whose fair value was measured using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3).~~

(in thousands)

Level 3 Securities
Balance as of January 1, 2022

$
43,518
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses)

Included in net earnings as a part of:

Net investment income

(662)
Net realized gains

(433)
Included in other comprehensive earnings (loss)

(8,350)
Total net realized and unrealized gains (losses)

$
(9,445)
Purchases

21,461
Transfers out of Level 3

(1,097)
Balance as of September 30, 2022

$
54,437
Change in unrealized gains (losses) during the period for Level 3 assets held at period-end - included in net realized gains

$
(433)
Change in unrealized gains (losses) during the period for Level 3 assets held at period-end - included in other comprehensive earnings (loss)

$
(8,350)

~~The amortized cost and fair value of available-for-sale fixed income securities by contractual maturity as of September 30, 2022 were as follows:~~

September 30, 2022
(in thousands)

Amortized Cost

Fair Value
Due in one year or less

$
206,921

$
206,327
Due after one year through five years

867,511

818,569
Due after five years through 10 years

515,276

457,011
Due after 10 years

526,093

411,591
ABS/CMBS/MBS*

637,830

558,541
Total available-for-sale

$
2,753,631

$
2,452,039

*	~~Asset-backed, commercial mortgage-backed and mortgage-backed securities~~

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	As of March 31, 2023
	Quoted Prices in		Significant Other		Significant
	Active Markets for		Observable		Unobservable
	Identical Assets		Inputs		Inputs
(in thousands)	(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		Total
Fixed income securities - available-for-sale
U.S. government	$	—	$	385,199	$	—	$	385,199
U.S. agency		—		73,659		—		73,659
Non-U.S. government & agency		—		5,952		—		5,952
Agency MBS		—		359,974		—		359,974
ABS/CMBS/MBS*		—		246,382		—		246,382
Corporate		—		1,030,739		52,761		1,083,500
Municipal		—		547,148		—		547,148
Total fixed income securities - available-for-sale	$	—	$	2,649,053	$	52,761	$	2,701,814
Equity securities		517,489		—		1,608		519,097
Total	$	517,489	$	2,649,053	$	54,369	$	3,220,911


	As of December 31, 2022
	Quoted Prices in		Significant Other		Significant
	Active Markets for		Observable		Unobservable
	Identical Assets		Inputs		Inputs
(in thousands)	(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		Total
Fixed income securities - available-for-sale
U.S. government	$	—	$	454,021	$	—	$	454,021
U.S. agency		—		73,063		—		73,063
Non-U.S. government & agency		—		5,847		—		5,847
Agency MBS		—		331,806		—		331,806
ABS/CMBS/MBS*		—		240,736		—		240,736
Corporate		—		980,676		53,654		1,034,330
Municipal		—		527,147		—		527,147
Total fixed income securities - available-for-sale	$	—	$	2,613,296	$	53,654	$	2,666,950
Equity securities		496,731		39		1,612		498,382
Total	$	496,731	$	2,613,335	$	55,266	$	3,165,332

*	Non-agency asset-backed, commercial mortgage-backed and mortgage-backed securities

The following table summarizes changes in the balance of securities whose fair value was measured using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3).


(in thousands)	Level 3 Securities
Balance as of January 1, 2023	$	55,266
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses)
Included in other comprehensive earnings (loss)		671
Sales / Calls / Maturities		(1,568)
Balance as of March 31, 2023	$	54,369
Change in unrealized gains (losses) during the period for Level 3 assets held at period-end - included in other comprehensive earnings (loss)	$	671

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The amortized cost and fair value of available-for-sale fixed income securities by contractual maturity as of March 31, 2023 were as follows:


	March 31, 2023
(in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	294,528	$	293,229
Due after one year through five years		904,163		865,507
Due after five years through 10 years		514,187		478,924
Due after 10 years		546,390		457,798
ABS/CMBS/MBS*		674,045		606,356
Total available-for-sale	$	2,933,313	$	2,701,814

*	Asset-backed, commercial mortgage-backed and mortgage-backed securities

The amortized cost and fair value of available-for-sale securities at ~~September 30, 2022~~March 31, 2023 and December 31, ~~2021~~2022 are presented in the tables below. Amortized cost does not include the ~~$18.4 million and $16.4~~$20 million of accrued interest receivable as of ~~September 30, 2022~~both March 31, 2023 and December 31, ~~2021, respectively.~~2022.


	September 30, 2022										March 31, 2023
	Cost or		Allowance		Gross		Gross				Cost or		Allowance		Gross		Gross
	Amortized		for Credit		Unrealized		Unrealized		Fair		Amortized		for Credit		Unrealized		Unrealized		Fair
(in thousands)	Cost		Losses		Gains		Losses		Value		Cost		Losses		Gains		Losses		Value
U.S. government	$	349,419	$	—	$	—	$	(8,977)	$	340,442	$	391,336	$	—	$	130	$	(6,267)	$	385,199
U.S. agency		59,048		—		9		(2,122)		56,935		75,257		—		33		(1,631)		73,659
Non-U.S. government & agency		6,798		—		—		(1,086)		5,712		6,798		—		—		(846)		5,952
Agency MBS		360,429		—		172		(43,572)		317,029		395,736		—		547		(36,309)		359,974
ABS/CMBS/MBS*		277,401		(9)		21		(35,901)		241,512		278,309		(7)		145		(32,065)		246,382
Corporate		1,067,473		(318)		47		(103,333)		963,869		1,156,944		(458)		1,344		(74,330)		1,083,500
Municipal		633,063		—		194		(106,717)		526,540		628,933		—		2,441		(84,226)		547,148
Total Fixed Income	$	2,753,631	$	(327)	$	443	$	(301,708)	$	2,452,039	$	2,933,313	$	(465)	$	4,640	$	(235,674)	$	2,701,814

	December 31, 2021										December 31, 2022
	Cost or		Allowance		Gross		Gross				Cost or		Allowance		Gross		Gross
	Amortized		for Credit		Unrealized		Unrealized		Fair		Amortized		for Credit		Unrealized		Unrealized		Fair
(in thousands)	Cost		Losses		Gains		Losses		Value		Cost		Losses		Gains		Losses		Value
U.S. government	$	127,752	$	—	$	6,846	$	(44)	$	134,554	$	462,884	$	—	$	8	$	(8,871)	$	454,021
U.S. agency		30,403		—		2,374		(17)		32,760		75,074		—		26		(2,037)		73,063
Non-U.S. government & agency		8,297		—		338		(154)		8,481		6,798		—		—		(951)		5,847
Agency MBS		362,861		—		9,277		(4,951)		367,187		373,687		—		336		(42,217)		331,806
ABS/CMBS/MBS*		264,273		—		2,120		(2,339)		264,054		276,126		(8)		62		(35,444)		240,736
Corporate		925,394		(441)		37,247		(5,105)		957,095		1,122,097		(331)		541		(87,977)		1,034,330
Municipal		627,287		—		22,750		(4,281)		645,756		628,607		—		1,265		(102,725)		527,147
Total Fixed Income	$	2,346,267	$	(441)	$	80,952	$	(16,891)	$	2,409,887	$	2,945,273	$	(339)	$	2,238	$	(280,222)	$	2,666,950

*	Non-agency asset-backed, commercial mortgage-backed and mortgage-backed securities

Allowance for Credit Losses and Unrealized Losses on Fixed Income Securities

A reversable allowance for credit losses is recognized on available-for-sale fixed income securities. Several criteria are reviewed to determine if securities in the fixed income portfolio should be included in the allowance for expected credit loss evaluation, including:

●

Changes in technology that may impair the earnings potential of the investment,

●

The discontinuance of a segment of business that may affect future earnings potential,

●

Reduction of or non-payment of interest and/or principal,

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●

Specific concerns related to the issuer’s industry or geographic area of operation,

●

Significant or recurring operating losses, poor cash flows and/or deteriorating liquidity ratios and

●

Downgrades in credit quality by a major rating agency.

If changes in interest rates and credit spreads do not reasonably explain the unrealized loss for an available-for-sale security or if any of the criteria above indicate a potential credit loss, the security is subjected to a discounted cash flow analysis. Inputs into the discounted cash flow analysis include prepayment assumptions for structured securities, default rates and recoverability rates based on credit rating. The allowance for any security is limited to the amount that the security’s fair value is below amortized cost. As of ~~September 30, 2022,~~March 31, 2023, the discounted cash flow analysis resulted in an allowance for credit losses on 18 securities. The following table presents changes in the allowance for expected credit losses on available-for-sale securities:

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	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,				Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2022		2021		2022		2021		2023		2022
Beginning balance	$	292	$	204	$	441	$	397	$	339	$	441
Increase to allowance from securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded		168		—		292		—		54		131
Reduction from securities sold during the period		(166)		—		(619)
Reductions from intent to sell securities		—		—		(17)		—		—		(17)
Net increase (decrease) from securities that had an allowance at the beginning of the period		33		22		230		(171)		72		39
Balance as of September 30,	$	327	$	226	$	327	$	226
Balance as of March 31,									$	465	$	594

During ~~2022,~~the first three months of 2023, net realized gains included ~~$0.1~~$1.7 million of losses on fixed income securities for which the cost basis was written down to fair value due to a credit event and restructuring. We recognized $0.1 million of losses on securities for which we no longer had the intent to hold until recovery ~~and the cost basis was written down to fair value. No such losses were recognized~~ during the first ~~nine months~~quarter of ~~2021.~~2022.

As of ~~September 30, 2022,~~March 31, 2023, in addition to the securities included in the allowance for credit losses, the fixed income portfolio contained ~~1,543~~1,388 securities with an unrealized loss position for which an allowance for credit losses had not been recorded. The ~~$301.7~~$236 million in associated unrealized losses represents ~~10.8~~8 percent of the fixed income portfolio’s cost basis and ~~8.2~~7 percent of total invested assets. Isolated to these securities, unrealized losses ~~increased~~decreased through the first ~~nine~~three months of ~~2022,~~2023, as interest rates ~~increased~~declined during the period. Of the total ~~1,543~~1,388 securities, ~~302~~954 have been in an unrealized loss position for 12 consecutive months or longer. The following table illustrates the total value of fixed income securities that were in an unrealized loss position as of ~~September 30, 2022~~March 31, 2023 and December 31, ~~2021~~2022 after factoring in the allowance for credit losses. All fixed income securities continue to pay the expected coupon payments and we believe we will recover the amortized cost basis of available-for-sale securities that remain in an unrealized loss position.

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	September 30, 2022						December 31, 2021						March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022
(in thousands)	< 12 Mos.		12 Mos. & Greater		Total		< 12 Mos.		12 Mos. & Greater		Total		< 12 Mos.		12 Mos. & Greater		Total		< 12 Mos.		12 Mos. & Greater		Total
U.S. government
Fair value	$	285,302	$	5,315	$	290,617	$	2,942	$	—	$	2,942	$	258,557	$	60,288	$	318,845	$	399,361	$	8,828	$	408,189
Amortized cost		293,829		5,765		299,594		2,986		—		2,986		262,101		63,011		325,112		407,340		9,720		417,060
Unrealized loss	$	(8,527)	$	(450)	$	(8,977)	$	(44)	$	—	$	(44)	$	(3,544)	$	(2,723)	$	(6,267)	$	(7,979)	$	(892)	$	(8,871)
U.S. agency
Fair value	$	30,089	$	—	$	30,089	$	1,498	$	—	$	1,498	$	26,616	$	8,940	$	35,556	$	32,987	$	2,170	$	35,157
Amortized cost		32,211		—		32,211		1,515		—		1,515		27,208		9,979		37,187		34,627		2,567		37,194
Unrealized loss	$	(2,122)	$	—	$	(2,122)	$	(17)	$	—	$	(17)	$	(592)	$	(1,039)	$	(1,631)	$	(1,640)	$	(397)	$	(2,037)
Non-U.S. government
Fair value	$	3,594	$	2,118	$	5,712	$	4,346	$	—	$	4,346	$	2,631	$	3,322	$	5,953	$	3,626	$	2,221	$	5,847
Amortized cost		3,798		3,000		6,798		4,500		—		4,500		2,702		4,097		6,799		3,798		3,000		6,798
Unrealized Loss	$	(204)	$	(882)	$	(1,086)	$	(154)	$	—	$	(154)	$	(71)	$	(775)	$	(846)	$	(172)	$	(779)	$	(951)
Agency MBS
Fair value	$	192,947	$	112,457	$	305,404	$	102,145	$	62,669	$	164,814	$	88,920	$	227,228	$	316,148	$	197,252	$	117,851	$	315,103
Amortized cost		210,448		138,528		348,976		104,336		65,429		169,765		91,195		261,262		352,457		212,776		144,544		357,320
Unrealized loss	$	(17,501)	$	(26,071)	$	(43,572)	$	(2,191)	$	(2,760)	$	(4,951)	$	(2,275)	$	(34,034)	$	(36,309)	$	(15,524)	$	(26,693)	$	(42,217)
ABS/CMBS/MBS*
Fair value	$	148,272	$	89,792	$	238,064	$	150,997	$	3,935	$	154,932	$	25,033	$	212,917	$	237,950	$	96,754	$	136,149	$	232,903
Amortized cost		165,163		108,802		273,965		153,235		4,036		157,271		25,851		244,164		270,015		104,724		163,623		268,347
Unrealized loss	$	(16,891)	$	(19,010)	$	(35,901)	$	(2,238)	$	(101)	$	(2,339)	$	(818)	$	(31,247)	$	(32,065)	$	(7,970)	$	(27,474)	$	(35,444)
Corporate
Fair value	$	773,433	$	184,317	$	957,750	$	217,791	$	53,818	$	271,609	$	383,271	$	572,886	$	956,157	$	660,830	$	323,337	$	984,167
Amortized cost		844,169		216,914		1,061,083		221,010		55,704		276,714		393,475		637,012		1,030,487		697,437		374,707		1,072,144
Unrealized loss	$	(70,736)	$	(32,597)	$	(103,333)	$	(3,219)	$	(1,886)	$	(5,105)	$	(10,204)	$	(64,126)	$	(74,330)	$	(36,607)	$	(51,370)	$	(87,977)
Municipal
Fair value	$	418,864	$	76,783	$	495,647	$	162,998	$	15,037	$	178,035	$	56,404	$	364,970	$	421,374	$	228,827	$	204,324	$	433,151
Amortized cost		493,485		108,879		602,364		166,602		15,714		182,316		56,986		448,614		505,600		255,240		280,636		535,876
Unrealized loss	$	(74,621)	$	(32,096)	$	(106,717)	$	(3,604)	$	(677)	$	(4,281)	$	(582)	$	(83,644)	$	(84,226)	$	(26,413)	$	(76,312)	$	(102,725)
Total fixed income
Fair value	$	1,852,501	$	470,782	$	2,323,283	$	642,717	$	135,459	$	778,176	$	841,432	$	1,450,551	$	2,291,983	$	1,619,637	$	794,880	$	2,414,517
Amortized cost		2,043,103		581,888		2,624,991		654,184		140,883		795,067		859,518		1,668,139		2,527,657		1,715,942		978,797		2,694,739
Unrealized loss	$	(190,602)	$	(111,106)	$	(301,708)	$	(11,467)	$	(5,424)	$	(16,891)	$	(18,086)	$	(217,588)	$	(235,674)	$	(96,305)	$	(183,917)	$	(280,222)

*	Non-agency asset-backed, commercial mortgage-backed and mortgage-backed securities

The following table shows the composition of the fixed income securities in unrealized loss positions, after factoring in the allowance for credit losses, at ~~September 30, 2022~~March 31, 2023 by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) rating and the generally equivalent Standard & Poor’s (S&P) and Moody’s ratings. The vast majority of the securities are rated by S&P and/or Moody’s.


	Equivalent	Equivalent	(dollars in thousands)								Equivalent	Equivalent	(dollars in thousands)
NAIC	S&P	Moody’s	Amortized				Unrealized		Percent		S&P	Moody’s	Amortized				Unrealized		Percent
Rating	Rating	Rating	Cost		Fair Value		Loss		to Total		Rating	Rating	Cost		Fair Value		Loss		to Total
1	AAA/AA/A	Aaa/Aa/A	$	2,084,118	$	1,840,726	$	(243,392)	80.7	%	AAA/AA/A	Aaa/Aa/A	$	2,031,998	$	1,837,626	$	(194,372)	82.5	%
2	BBB	Baa		399,832		353,124		(46,708)	15.5	%	BBB	Baa		396,016		360,851		(35,165)	14.9	%
3	BB	Ba		75,146		67,738		(7,408)	2.5	%	BB	Ba		58,153		54,496		(3,657)	1.6	%
4	B	B		65,238		61,152		(4,086)	1.3	%	B	B		38,897		37,168		(1,729)	0.7	%
5	CCC	Caa		657		543		(114)	0.0	%	CCC	Caa		2,593		1,842		(751)	0.3	%
6	CC or lower	Ca or lower		—		—		—	0.0	%	CC or lower	Ca or lower		—		—		—	0.0	%
		Total	$	2,624,991	$	2,323,283	$	(301,708)	100.0	%		Total	$	2,527,657	$	2,291,983	$	(235,674)	100.0	%

Other Invested Assets

We had ~~$48.8~~$64 million of other invested assets at ~~September 30, 2022,~~March 31, 2023, compared to ~~$50.5~~$48 million at December 31, ~~2021.~~2022. Other invested assets include investments in low income housing tax credit partnerships (LIHTC) and historic tax credit partnerships (HTC), membership in the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago (FHLBC), and investments in private funds. Our LIHTC ~~investments are carried at amortized~~and

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HTC investments are carried at amortized cost and our investment in FHLBC stock is carried at cost. Due to the nature of the LIHTC, HTC and our membership in the FHLBC, their carrying amounts approximate fair value. The private funds are carried at fair value, using each investment’s net asset value.

Our LIHTC interests had a balance of ~~$14.2~~$13 million at ~~September 30, 2022, compared to $16.6 million at~~both March 31, 2023 and December 31, ~~2021,~~2022, and recognized a total tax benefit of $0.8 million during the first quarter of 2023, compared to a total tax benefit of $0.9 million during the third quarters of 2022 and 2021. For the nine-months ended
September 30, 2022, our LIHTC interests recognized a total benefit of $2.6 million, compared to $2.7 million for the same period in ~~2021.~~2022. Our unfunded commitment for our LIHTC investments totaled ~~$1.3~~$1 million at ~~September 30, 2022~~March 31, 2023 and will be paid out in installments through 2035.

Our HTC investment had a balance of $16 million at March 31, 2023, compared to $11 million at December 31, 2022. Through 2022, the investment was accounted for as an investment in unconsolidated investee. Due to the adoption of ASU 2023-02, Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method, the investment was reclassified as an other invested asset during 2023. A total tax benefit of $1.4 million was recognized from our HTC investment during the first quarter of 2023, compared to $1.3 million in the first quarter of 2022. Our unfunded commitment for our HTC investment totaled $7 million at March 31, 2023 and is expected be paid entirely during 2023.

As of ~~September 30, 2022, $60.2~~March 31, 2023, $59 million of investments were pledged as collateral with the FHLBC to ensure timely access to the secured lending facility that ownership of FHLBC stock provides. As of ~~September 30, 2022, $50.0~~March 31, 2023, $50 million of borrowings were outstanding with the FHLBC.

Our investments in private funds totaled ~~$28.9~~$28 million ~~at September 30, 2022, compared to $28.6 million at~~as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, ~~2021,~~2022, and we had ~~$5.7~~$5 million of associated unfunded commitments at ~~September 30, 2022.~~March 31, 2023. Our interest in private funds is generally restricted from being transferred or otherwise redeemed without prior consent by the respective entities, and the timed dissolution of the partnerships would trigger redemption.

Investments in Unconsolidated Investees

We had ~~$58.1~~$52 million of investments in unconsolidated investees at ~~September 30, 2022,~~March 31, 2023, compared to ~~$171.3~~$58 million at December 31, ~~2021. Our investments accounted for under the equity method are primarily related to Maui Jim, Inc. (Maui Jim) and~~2022. At March 31, 2023, our investment in Prime Holdings Insurance Services, Inc. (Prime)~~. On September 30, 2022, we completed the sale of our investment in Maui Jim. See note 8 for more information on the sale. At September 30, 2022, our investment in Prime~~ was ~~$46.9 million. Other~~$52 million and other investments in unconsolidated investees totaled ~~$11.2~~less than $1 million. Through December 31, 2022, our $11 million ~~at September 30, 2022 and had unfunded commitments~~HTC investment was accounted for as an unconsolidated investee, but was reclassified as an other invested asset during 2023 due to the adoption of ~~$7.7 million.~~ASU 2023-02.

Cash and Short-Term Investments

Cash consists of uninvested balances in bank accounts. Short-term investments consist of investments with original maturities of 90 days or less, primarily AAA-rated government money market funds. Short-term investments are carried at cost. We had a cash and short-term investment balance of ~~$723.5~~$23 million and $116 million, respectively, at ~~September 30, 2022,~~March 31, 2023, compared to ~~$88.8~~$23 million and $36 million, respectively, at December 31, ~~2021. Cash balances increased due to the sale of our investment in Maui Jim which was completed on September 30,~~ 2022.

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3. HISTORICAL LOSS AND LAE DEVELOPMENT

The following table is a reconciliation of our unpaid losses and settlement expenses (LAE) for the first ~~nine~~three months of ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021:~~2022:


	For the Nine Months				For the Three Months
	Ended September 30,				Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2022		2021		2023		2022
Unpaid losses and LAE at beginning of year
Gross	$	2,043,555	$	1,750,049	$	2,315,637	$	2,043,555
Ceded		(608,086)		(443,729)		(740,089)		(608,086)
Net	$	1,435,469	$	1,306,320	$	1,575,548	$	1,435,469

Increase (decrease) in incurred losses and LAE
Current accident year	$	491,559	$	452,542	$	166,270	$	150,999
Prior accident years		(103,032)		(96,968)		(51,782)		(45,475)
Total incurred	$	388,527	$	355,574	$	114,488	$	105,524

Loss and LAE payments for claims incurred
Current accident year	$	(52,435)	$	(58,411)	$	(7,983)	$	(7,875)
Prior accident years		(219,682)		(172,120)		(95,905)		(82,851)
Total paid	$	(272,117)	$	(230,531)	$	(103,888)	$	(90,726)

Net unpaid losses and LAE at September 30,	$	1,551,879	$	1,431,363
Net unpaid losses and LAE at March 31,					$	1,586,148	$	1,450,267

Unpaid losses and LAE at September 30,
Unpaid losses and LAE at March 31,
Gross	$	2,322,737	$	2,033,517	$	2,286,063	$	2,081,712
Ceded		(770,858)		(602,154)		(699,915)		(631,445)
Net	$	1,551,879	$	1,431,363	$	1,586,148	$	1,450,267

For the first ~~nine~~three months of ~~2022,~~2023, incurred losses and LAE included ~~$103.0~~$52 million of favorable development on prior years’ loss ~~reserves. General~~reserves, largely from accident years 2016 and 2018 through 2022. Marine, general liability, professional services, ~~transportation,~~commercial excess, executive products, personal umbrella, surety and commercial ~~excess, marine and surety~~property were drivers of the favorable development. No products experienced significant adverse development.

For the first ~~nine~~three months of ~~2021,~~2022, incurred losses and LAE included ~~$97.0~~$45 million of favorable development on prior years’ loss ~~reserves. General~~reserves, largely from accident years 2018 through 2021. Professional services, general liability, transportation, ~~professional services, small commercial,~~ commercial excess, personal umbrella, marine, commercial property and ~~marine~~surety were drivers of the favorable development. No products experienced significant adverse development.

Actuarial models base future loss emergence on historical experience, with adjustments for current trends, and the appropriateness of these assumptions involved more uncertainty as of September 30, 2022. We expect the timing of loss emergence and ultimate loss ratios for certain coverages we underwrite will be affected as a result of COVID-19 and the related economic impact. The industry is experiencing new issues, including the postponement of civil court cases, the extension of various statutes of limitations and changes in settlement trends. Our recorded reserves include consideration of these factors, but the duration and degree to which these issues persist, along with potential legislative, regulatory or judicial actions, could result in loss reserve deficiencies and reduce earnings in future periods.

4. INCOME TAXES

Our effective tax rate for the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2022~~March 31, 2023 was ~~20.7~~19.5 percent, ~~and 20.0 percent, respectively,~~ compared to ~~17.5~~18.1 percent ~~and 19.0 percent, respectively,~~ for the same period in ~~2021.~~2022. Effective rates are dependent upon components of pretax earnings and the related tax effects. The effective tax rate was higher for the ~~three and nine-month periods~~three-month period in ~~2022,~~2023, as higher pretax income ~~resulting from the gain on our sale of Maui Jim,~~ decreased the percentage impact of tax-favored adjustments. ~~The sale of Maui Jim also resulted in a larger current income taxes payable balance as of September 30, 2022.~~

Income tax expense attributable to income from operations for the ~~three~~three-month period ended March 31, 2023 and ~~nine-month periods ended September 30,~~ 2022 ~~and 2021~~ differed from the amounts computed by applying the U.S. federal tax rate of 21 percent to pretax income by the items detailed in the below table. In interim periods, income taxes are adjusted to reflect the effective tax rate we anticipate for the year, with adjustments flowing through the other items, net line.

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items detailed in the below table. In interim periods, income taxes are adjusted to reflect the effective tax rate we anticipate for the year, with adjustments flowing through the other items, net line.


	For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2022								For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022								For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
	2022				2021				2022				2021				2023				2022
(in thousands)	Amount		%		Amount		%		Amount		%		Amount		%		Amount		%		Amount		%
Provision for income taxes at the statutory rate of 21%	$	116,487	21.0	%	$	7,442	21.0	%	$	127,401	21.0	%	$	47,731	21.0	%	$	25,786	21.0	%	$	12,290	21.0	%
Increase (reduction) in taxes resulting from:
Excess tax benefit on share-based compensation		(95)	(0.0)	%		(225)	(0.6)	%		(2,270)	(0.4)	%		(2,419)	(1.1)	%		(1,990)	(1.6)	%		(1,414)	(2.4)	%
Tax exempt interest income		(280)	(0.1)	%		(298)	(0.8)	%		(850)	(0.1)	%		(927)	(0.4)	%		(283)	(0.2)	%		(281)	(0.5)	%
Dividends received deduction		(240)	(0.0)	%		(223)	(0.6)	%		(673)	(0.1)	%		(707)	(0.3)	%		(224)	(0.2)	%		(271)	(0.5)	%
Investment tax credit		(1,181)	(0.2)	%		(801)	(2.3)	%		(3,545)	(0.6)	%		(2,404)	(1.0)	%		(513)	(0.4)	%		(1,182)	(2.0)	%
ESOP dividends paid deduction		(136)	(0.0)	%		(132)	(0.4)	%		(404)	(0.0)	%		(399)	(0.2)	%		(137)	(0.1)	%		(130)	(0.2)	%
Nondeductible expenses		34	0.0	%		642	1.8	%		608	0.1	%		1,879	0.8	%		601	0.5	%		316	0.5	%
Other items, net		220	0.0	%		(211)	(0.6)	%		829	0.1	%		468	0.2	%		740	0.5	%		1,274	2.2	%
Total tax expense	$	114,809	20.7	%	$	6,194	17.5	%	$	121,096	20.0	%	$	43,222	19.0	%	$	23,980	19.5	%	$	10,602	18.1	%

We have recorded our deferred tax assets and liabilities using the statutory federal tax rate of 21 percent. We believe it is more likely than not that all deferred tax assets will be recovered, given the carry back availability as well as the result of future operations, which will generate sufficient taxable income to realize the deferred tax asset. Unrealized losses on the investment portfolio during 2022 have moved us from a net deferred tax liability position as of December 31, 2021 to a net deferred tax asset position as of September 30, 2022.

5. STOCK BASED COMPENSATION

Our RLI Corp. Long-Term Incentive Plan (2010 LTIP) was in place from 2010 to 2015. The 2010 LTIP provided for equity-based compensation, including stock options, up to a maximum of 4,000,000 shares of common stock (subject to adjustment for changes in our capitalization and other events). Between 2010 and 2015, we granted 2,878,000 stock options under the 2010 LTIP. The 2010 LTIP was replaced in 2015.

~~In 2015, our shareholders approved the 2015 RLI Corp. Long-Term Incentive Plan~~ (2015 LTIP)~~, which~~ provides for equity-based ~~compensation and replaced the 2010 LTIP. In conjunction with the adoption of the 2015 LTIP, effective May 7, 2015, options were no longer granted under the 2010 LTIP.~~compensation. Awards under the 2015 LTIP may be in the form of restricted stock, restricted stock units, stock options (non-qualified only), stock appreciation rights, performance units as well as other stock-based awards. Eligibility under the 2015 LTIP is limited to employees and directors of the Company or any affiliate. The granting of awards under the 2015 LTIP is solely at the discretion of the board of directors. The maximum number of shares of common stock available for distribution under the 2015 LTIP is 4,000,000 shares (subject to adjustment for changes in our capitalization and other events). Since the plan’s approval in 2015, we have granted ~~3,237,225~~3,291,388 awards under the 2015 LTIP, including ~~336,805~~27,600 thus far in ~~2022.~~2023.

Compensation expense is based on the probable number of awards expected to vest. The total compensation expense related to equity awards was ~~$2.4 million and $6.2~~$2.5 million in the ~~three and nine-month periods~~three-month period ended ~~September 30, 2022, respectively,~~March 31, 2023, compared to ~~$1.6~~$1.5 million ~~and $4.8 million, respectively,~~ for the same period in ~~2021.~~2022. The total income tax benefit was $0.4 million ~~and $1.0 million~~ for the ~~three and nine-month periods~~three-month period ended ~~September 30, 2022,~~March 31, 2023, compared to $0.2 million ~~and $0.7 million, respectively,~~ for the same period in ~~2021.~~2022. Total unrecognized compensation expense relating to outstanding and unvested awards was ~~$8.2~~$5 million, which will be recognized over the weighted average vesting period of ~~2.23~~3.04 years.

Stock Options

Under the 2015 ~~LTIP, as under the 2010~~ LTIP, we grant stock options for shares with an exercise price equal to the fair market value of the shares at the date of grant (subject to adjustments for changes in our capitalization, special dividends and other events as set forth in such plans). Options generally vest and become exercisable over a five-year period and expire eight years after grant.

~~Table of Contents~~

For most participants, the requisite service period and vesting period will be the same. For participants who are retirement eligible, defined by the plan as those individuals whose age and years of service equals 75, the requisite service period is deemed to be met and options are immediately expensed on the date of grant. For participants who will become retirement eligible during the vesting period, the requisite service period over which expense is recognized is the period between the grant date and the attainment of retirement eligibility. Shares issued upon option exercise are newly issued shares.

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The following tables summarize option activity for the ~~nine-month~~three-month period ended ~~September 30, 2022:~~March 31, 2023:


				Weighted	Aggregate					Weighted	Aggregate
		Weighted		Average	Intrinsic			Weighted		Average	Intrinsic
		Average		Remaining	Value			Average		Remaining	Value
	Options	Exercise Price		Contractual Life	(in 000’s)		Options	Exercise Price		Contractual Life	(in 000’s)
Outstanding options at January 1, 2022	1,669,325	$	78.63
Outstanding options at January 1, 2023							1,695,660	$	82.42
Options granted	320,100		115.27				26,000		131.78
Options exercised	(98,967)		59.98				(142,634)		55.30
Options canceled/forfeited	(9,485)		93.40
Outstanding options at September 30, 2022	1,880,973	$	85.78	4.86	$	37,402
Exercisable options at September 30, 2022	960,605	$	71.37	3.48	$	30,181
Outstanding options at March 31, 2023							1,579,026	$	85.68	4.90	$	74,575
Exercisable options at March 31, 2023							685,407	$	71.23	3.52	$	42,273

The intrinsic value, which is the difference between the fair value and the exercise price, of options exercised was ~~$5.5~~$11 million and ~~$8.4~~$1 million during the first ~~nine~~three months of ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021,~~2022, respectively.

The fair value of options was estimated using a Black-Scholes based option pricing model with the following weighted average grant-date assumptions and weighted average fair values as of ~~September 30:~~March 31:


	2022			2021			2023			2022
Weighted-average fair value of grants	$	20.99		$	17.01		$	27.04		$	17.28
Risk-free interest rates		2.86	%		0.70	%		4.22	%		1.20	%
Dividend yield		2.50	%		2.06	%		2.54	%		2.01	%
Expected volatility		22.89	%		22.73	%		22.93	%		22.79	%
Expected option life		5.06	years		4.97	years		5.01	years		5.01	years

The risk-free rate was determined based on U.S. treasury yields that most closely approximated the option’s expected life. The dividend yield was determined based on the average annualized quarterly dividends paid during the most recent five-year period and incorporated a consideration for special dividends paid in recent history. The expected volatility was calculated based on the median of the rolling volatilities for the expected life of the options. The expected option life was determined based on historical exercise behavior and the assumption that all outstanding options will be exercised at the midpoint of the current date and remaining contractual term, adjusted for the demographics of the current year’s grant.

Restricted Stock Units

In addition to stock options, restricted stock units (RSUs) are granted with a value equal to the closing stock price of the Company’s stock on the dates the units are granted. For employees, these units generally have a three-year cliff vesting, but have an accelerated vesting feature for participants who are retirement eligible, defined by the plan as those individuals whose age and years of service equals 75. For directors, these units vest on the earlier of one year from the date of grant or the next annual shareholders meeting. In addition, the RSUs have dividend participation, which accrue as additional units and are settled with granted stock units at the end of the vesting period. ~~The total fair value of restricted stock units that vested was $2.5 million and $2.2 million during the first nine months of 2022 and 2021, respectively.~~


		Weighted
		Average
		Grant Date
	RSUs	Fair Value
Nonvested at January 1, 2023	44,208	$	109.51
Granted	1,600		133.50
Reinvested	92		129.54
Nonvested at March 31, 2023	45,900	$	110.39

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Weighted

Average

Grant Date

RSUs

Fair Value
Nonvested at January 1, 2022

45,068

$
97.67
Granted

16,705

116.60
Reinvested

291

108.78
Vested

(21,380)

93.07
Forfeited

(1,291)

76.82
Nonvested at September 30, 2022

39,393

$
108.25

6. OPERATING SEGMENT INFORMATION

Selected information by operating segment is presented in the table below. Additionally, the table reconciles segment totals to total earnings and total revenues.


	For the Three Months				For the Nine Months				For the Three Months
Revenues	Ended September 30,				Ended September 30,				Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2022		2021		2022		2021		2023		2022
Casualty	$	179,615	$	162,852	$	528,494	$	467,817	$	186,031	$	171,756
Property		80,844		60,886		222,974		168,393		88,767		67,440
Surety		31,009		29,651		91,962		86,774		32,925		29,956
Net premiums earned	$	291,468	$	253,389	$	843,430	$	722,984	$	307,723	$	269,152
Net investment income		21,270		17,844		57,625		50,929		27,084		17,883
Net realized gains		573,170		1,829		591,562		52,442		14,620		5,588
Net unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities		(26,414)		(2,592)		(155,218)		29,526		15,496		(27,810)
Total consolidated revenue	$	859,494	$	270,470	$	1,337,399	$	855,881	$	364,923	$	264,813

Net Earnings
(in thousands)	2022		2021		2022		2021		2023		2022
Casualty	$	11,329	$	22,949	$	60,418	$	74,254	$	31,831	$	27,647
Property		(8,308)		(16,558)		40,273		(8,684)		28,383		22,476
Surety		5,775		7,333		23,539		14,662		7,676		9,355
Net underwriting income	$	8,796	$	13,724	$	124,230	$	80,232	$	67,890	$	59,478
Net investment income		21,270		17,844		57,625		50,929		27,084		17,883
Net realized gains		573,170		1,829		591,562		52,442		14,620		5,588
Net unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities		(26,414)		(2,592)		(155,218)		29,526		15,496		(27,810)
General corporate expense and interest on debt		(4,768)		(4,411)		(14,587)		(15,244)		(6,222)		(5,373)
Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated investees		(17,352)		9,043		3,061		29,407
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated investees										3,923		8,759
Earnings before income taxes	$	554,702	$	35,437	$	606,673	$	227,292	$	122,791	$	58,525
Income tax expense		114,809		6,194		121,096		43,222		23,980		10,602
Net earnings	$	439,893	$	29,243	$	485,577	$	184,070	$	98,811	$	47,923

The following table further summarizes revenues by major product type within each operating segment:


	For the Three Months
Net Premiums Earned	Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2023		2022
Casualty
Commercial excess and personal umbrella	$	67,582	$	60,072
General liability		25,900		23,740
Commercial transportation		25,232		23,628
Professional services		24,357		23,555
Small commercial		17,941		16,645
Executive products		6,353		6,577
Other casualty		18,666		17,539
Total	$	186,031	$	171,756
Property
Commercial property	$	49,262	$	33,289
Marine		30,636		26,729
Other property		8,869		7,422
Total	$	88,767	$	67,440
Surety
Commercial	$	12,418	$	11,703
Miscellaneous		12,047		11,353
Contract		8,460		6,900
Total	$	32,925	$	29,956
Grand Total	$	307,723	$	269,152

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~~The following table further summarizes revenues by major product type within each operating segment:~~

For the Three Months

For the Nine Months
Net Premiums Earned

Ended September 30,

Ended September 30,
(in thousands)

2022

2021

2022

2021
Casualty

Commercial excess and personal umbrella

$
65,131

$
56,285

$
187,666

$
161,287
General liability

25,284

23,156

74,130

67,616
Commercial transportation

24,205

22,571

71,774

60,926
Professional services

24,174

22,401

71,590

66,095
Small commercial

17,005

16,301

50,463

48,302
Executive products

6,556

5,461

20,208

15,785
Other casualty

17,260

16,677

52,663

47,806
Total

$
179,615

$
162,852

$
528,494

$
467,817
Property

Commercial property

$
43,201

$
28,683

$
115,419

$
76,488
Marine

29,592

25,416

84,499

72,737
Specialty personal

6,409

5,462

18,405

15,761
Other property

1,642

1,325

4,651

3,407
Total

$
80,844

$
60,886

$
222,974

$
168,393
Surety

Commercial

$
12,057

$
11,541

$
35,423

$
33,594
Miscellaneous

10,751

11,124

33,691

32,604
Contract

8,201

6,986

22,848

20,576
Total

$
31,009

$
29,651

$
91,962

$
86,774
Grand Total

$
291,468

$
253,389

$
843,430

$
722,984

7. LEASES

Right-of-use (ROU) assets are included in the other assets line item and lease liabilities are included in the other liabilities line item of the consolidated balance sheet. We determine if a contract contains a lease at inception and recognize operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments at the commencement date. As our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of future payments. Lease agreements may include options to extend or terminate. The options are exercised at our discretion and are included in operating lease liabilities if it is reasonably certain the option will be exercised. Lease agreements have lease and non-lease components, which are accounted for as a single lease component. Operating lease cost for future minimum lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Variable lease cost is expensed in the period in which the obligation is incurred. Sublease income is recognized on a straight-line basis over the sublease term.

~~Table of Contents~~

The Company’s operating lease obligations are for branch office facilities. The components of lease expense and other lease information as of and during the ~~three~~three-month period ended March 31, 2023 and ~~nine-month periods ended September 30,~~ 2022 ~~and 2021~~ were as follows:


	For the Three Months				For the Nine Months				For the Three Months
	Ended September 30,				Ended September 30,				Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2022		2021		2022		2021		2023		2022
Operating lease cost	$	1,272	$	1,326	$	3,686	$	4,005	$	1,269	$	1,158
Variable lease cost		339		348		1,073		1,090		438		348
Sublease income		(139)		(123)		(416)		(369)		(139)		(139)
Total lease cost	$	1,472	$	1,551	$	4,343	$	4,726	$	1,568	$	1,367

Cash paid for amounts included in measurement of lease liabilities
Operating cash outflows from operating leases	$	1,387	$	1,490	$	3,987	$	4,455	$	1,398	$	1,322

ROU assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities	$	54	$	4,434	$	2,485	$	4,699	$	41	$	—

Reduction to ROU assets resulting from reduction to lease liabilities	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,250	$	200	$	—

Other non-cash reductions to ROU assets	$	—	$	48	$	73	$	48	$	—	$	73


(in thousands)	September 30, 2022			December 31, 2021			March 31, 2023			December 31, 2022
Operating lease ROU assets	$	13,749		$	14,765		$	11,412		$	12,766
Operating lease liabilities	$	15,658		$	16,905		$	12,980		$	14,499
Weighted-average remaining lease term - operating leases		4.31	years		4.52	years		4.17	years		4.21	years
Weighted-average discount rate - operating leases		2.07	%		2.02	%		2.10	%		2.11	%

Future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable leases as of ~~September 30, 2022~~March 31, 2023 were as follows:


(in thousands)	September 30, 2022		March 31, 2023
2022	$	1,448
2023		5,529	$	4,018
2024		3,552		3,586
2025		2,138		2,224
2026		1,285		1,311
2027		826		826
2028				704
Thereafter		1,589		883
Total future minimum lease payments	$	16,367	$	13,552
Less imputed interest		(709)		(572)
Total operating lease liability	$	15,658	$	12,980

8. ACQUISITONS AND DISPOSTIONS

On September 30, 2022, RLI Corp. completed the sale of its equity method investment in Maui Jim to Kering Eyewear for cash proceeds of ~~$686.6~~$687 million. ~~We recognized a~~A net realized gain of ~~$574.5~~$571 million ~~as a result~~was recognized during 2022 and the payout of the ~~sale, which was~~

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working capital escrow during the first quarter of 2023 resulted in the recognition of an additional $14 million realized gain. The gains were recorded in the net realized gain line item of the statement of earnings. In addition, we have the right to receive additional consideration based on customary post-closing working capital and other adjustments. Any gain related to the additional consideration will be recognized when received.

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Item 2.Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Forward looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 appear throughout this report. These statements relate to our current expectations, beliefs, intentions, goals or strategies regarding the future and are based on certain underlying assumptions by the Company. These forward looking statements generally include words such as “expect,” “predict,” “estimate,” “will,” “should,” “anticipate,” “believe” and similar expressions. Such assumptions are, in turn, based on information available and internal estimates and analyses of general economic conditions, competitive factors, conditions specific to the property and casualty insurance and reinsurance industries, claims development and the impact thereof on our loss reserves, the adequacy and financial security of our reinsurance programs, developments in the securities market and the impact on our investment portfolio, regulatory changes and conditions and other factors. These assumptions are subject to various risks, uncertainties and other factors, including, without limitation those set forth in “Item 1A. Risk Factors” within the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2021~~2022 and Part II within this report. Actual results could differ materially from those expressed in, or implied by, these forward looking statements. We assume no obligation to update any such statements. You should review the various risks, uncertainties and other factors listed from time to time in our Securities and Exchange Commission filings.

OVERVIEW

RLI Corp. is a U.S.-based, specialty insurance company that underwrites select property and casualty insurance through major subsidiaries collectively known as RLI Insurance Group (Group). Our focus is on niche markets and developing unique products that are tailored to customers’ needs. We hire underwriters and claim examiners with deep expertise and provide exceptional customer service and support. We maintain a highly diverse product portfolio and underwrite for profit in all market conditions. In ~~2021,~~2022, we achieved our ~~26th~~27th consecutive year of underwriting profitability. Over the ~~26-year~~27-year period, we averaged an ~~88.4~~88.2 combined ~~ratio. This drives our ability~~ratio, allowing us to provide shareholder returns infrom three ~~different ways:~~possible sources: the underwriting income itself, net investment income from our investment portfolio and long-term appreciation in our equity portfolio.

We measure the results of our insurance operations by monitoring growth and profitability across three distinct business segments: casualty, property and surety. Growth is measured in terms of gross premiums written, and profitability is analyzed through combined ratios, which are further subdivided into their respective loss and expense components.

The property and casualty insurance business is cyclical and influenced by many factors, including price competition, economic conditions, natural or man-made disasters (for example, earthquakes, hurricanes, pandemics and terrorism), interest rates, state regulations, court decisions and changes in the law. One of the unique and challenging features of the property and casualty insurance business is that coverages must be priced before costs have fully developed, because premiums are charged before claims are incurred. This requires that liabilities be estimated and recorded in recognition of future loss and settlement obligations. Due to the inherent uncertainty in estimating these liabilities, there can be no assurance that actual liabilities will equal recorded amounts. If actual liabilities differ from recorded amounts, there will be an adverse or favorable effect on net earnings.

The casualty portion of our business consists largely of commercial excess, personal umbrella, general liability, transportation and executive products coverages, as well as package business and other specialty coverages, such as professional liability and workers’ compensation for office-based professionals. We also assume a limited amount of hard-to-place risks through a quota share reinsurance agreement. The casualty business is subject to the risk of estimating losses and related loss reserves because the ultimate settlement of a casualty claim may take several years to fully develop. The casualty segment is also subject to inflation risk and may be affected by evolving legislation and court decisions that define the extent of coverage and the amount of compensation due for injuries or losses.

Our property segment is comprised primarily of commercial fire, earthquake, difference in conditions and marine coverages. We also offer select personal lines policies, including homeowners’ coverages. Property insurance results are subject to the variability introduced by perils such as earthquakes, fires, hurricanes and other storms. Our major catastrophe exposure is to losses caused by earthquakes, primarily on the West Coast, and wind storms to commercial properties throughout the Gulf and East Coast, as well as to homes we insure in Hawaii. We ~~seek to~~ limit our net aggregate exposure to a catastrophic event by ~~minimizing~~managing the total policy limits written in a particular region, purchasing reinsurance and maintaining policy terms and conditions throughout insurance cycles. We also use computer-assisted modeling techniques to provide estimates that help the Company carefully manage the concentration of risks exposed to catastrophic events.

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The surety segment specializes in writing small to ~~large-sized commercial and~~medium-sized contract surety coverages, including payment and performance bonds. We offer a variety of commercial surety bonds for medium to large-sized businesses across a broad spectrum of industries, including the financial, healthcare as well as on and offshore energy, petrochemical and refining industries. We also offer miscellaneous bonds including license and permit, notary and court bonds. Often, our surety coverages involve a statutory requirement for bonds. While these bonds typically maintain a relatively low loss ratio, losses may fluctuate due to adverse economic conditions affecting the financial viability of our ~~principals.~~insureds. The contract surety product guarantees the construction work of a commercial contractor for a specific project. Generally, losses occur due to the deterioration of a contractor’s financial condition. This line has historically produced marginally higher loss ratios than other surety lines during economic downturns.

The insurance marketplace is competitive across all of our segments. However, we believe that our business model is built to create underwriting income by focusing on sound risk selection and discipline. Our primary focus will continue to be on underwriting profitability, with a secondary focus on premium growth where we believe underwriting profit exists, as opposed to general premium growth or market share measurements.

~~GAAP, non-GAAP and~~Key Performance Measures

Throughout this quarterly report, we include certain non-generally accepted accounting principles (non-GAAP) financial measures. Management believes that these non-GAAP measures further explain the Company’s results of operations and allow for a more complete understanding of the underlying trends in the Company’s business. These measures should not be viewed as a substitute for those determined in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (GAAP). In addition, our definitions of these items may not be comparable to the definitions used by other companies.

The following is a list of ~~non-GAAP~~key performance measures found throughout this report with their definitions, relationships to GAAP measures and explanations of their importance to our operations.

Underwriting Income

Underwriting income or profit represents one measure of the pretax profitability of our insurance operations, and is derived by subtracting losses and settlement expenses, policy acquisition costs and insurance operating expenses from net premiums earned, which are all GAAP financial measures. Each of these captions is presented in the statements of earnings but is not subtotaled. However, this information is available in total and by segment in note 6 to the unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q, and in note 12 to the consolidated financial statements in our ~~2021~~2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, regarding operating segment information. The nearest comparable GAAP measure is earnings before income taxes which, in addition to underwriting income, includes net investment income, net realized gains or losses, net unrealized gains or losses on equity securities, general corporate expenses, debt costs and our portion of earnings from unconsolidated investees. A reconciliation of net earnings to underwriting income follows:


	For the Three Months				For the Nine Months				For the Three Months
	Ended September 30,				Ended September 30,				Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2022		2021		2022		2021		2023		2022
Net earnings	$	439,893	$	29,243	$	485,577	$	184,070	$	98,811	$	47,923
Income tax expense		114,809		6,194		121,096		43,222		23,980		10,602
Earnings before income taxes	$	554,702	$	35,437	$	606,673	$	227,292	$	122,791	$	58,525
Equity in (earnings) loss of unconsolidated investees		17,352		(9,043)		(3,061)		(29,407)
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated investees										(3,923)		(8,759)
General corporate expenses		2,755		2,505		8,553		9,533		4,214		3,363
Interest expense on debt		2,013		1,906		6,034		5,711		2,008		2,010
Net unrealized (gains) losses on equity securities		26,414		2,592		155,218		(29,526)		(15,496)		27,810
Net realized gains		(573,170)		(1,829)		(591,562)		(52,442)		(14,620)		(5,588)
Net investment income		(21,270)		(17,844)		(57,625)		(50,929)		(27,084)		(17,883)
Net underwriting income	$	8,796	$	13,724	$	124,230	$	80,232	$	67,890	$	59,478

Combined Ratio

The combined ratio, which is derived from components of underwriting income, is a common industry performance measure of profitability for underwriting operations and is calculated in two components. First, the loss ratio is losses and settlement expenses divided by net premiums earned. The second component, the expense ratio, reflects the sum of policy acquisition costs and insurance operating expenses divided by net premiums earned. All items included in these components of the combined ratio are presented in our GAAP consolidated financial statements. The sum of the loss and expense ratios is the combined ratio. The difference between the combined ratio and 100 reflects the per-dollar rate of underwriting income or loss.

2523

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Critical Accounting Policies

In preparing the unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements, we are required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses for the reporting period. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.

The most critical accounting policies involve significant estimates and include those used in determining the liability for unpaid losses and settlement expenses, investment valuation, recoverability of reinsurance balances, deferred policy acquisition costs and deferred taxes. For a detailed discussion of each of these policies, refer to our ~~2021~~2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

There have been no significant changes to critical accounting policies during the year.

~~IMPACT OF COVID-19~~

Our processes and controls continue to operate effectively and we have been able to maintain high service and support levels for our customers throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. As of September 30, 2022, our premium production was unaffected by the direct impacts of the pandemic. However, actuarial models base future loss emergence on historical experience, with adjustments for current trends, and the appropriateness of these assumptions still involves greater uncertainty. We expect there will be impacts to the timing of loss emergence and ultimate loss ratios for certain coverages. The industry experienced new issues throughout the pandemic, including the postponement of civil court cases, the extension of various statutes of limitations and changes in settlement trends. Our booked reserves include consideration of these factors, but the duration and degree to which these issues persist, along with potential legislative, regulatory or judicial actions, could result in loss reserve deficiencies and reduce earnings in future periods.

We continue to evaluate all aspects of our operations and are making necessary adjustments to manage our business. Our diversified portfolio of products and financial strength have allowed us to remain on solid footing. We believe we have a strong and sustainable underwriting approach that will allow us to weather the economic environment and any remaining uncertainty.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

~~Nine~~Three Months Ended ~~September 30, 2022~~March 31, 2023 Compared to ~~Nine~~Three Months Ended ~~September 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022

Net premiums earned for the Group increased 1714 percent, driven by growth from our property and casualty ~~and property~~ segments. ~~Overall~~Positive market ~~declines~~performance resulted in ~~$155.2~~$15 million of unrealized ~~losses~~gains on equity securities in the first ~~nine~~three months of ~~2022,~~2023, while ~~positive~~overall market ~~performance~~declines resulted in ~~$29.5~~$28 million of unrealized ~~gains~~losses in our equity portfolio in ~~2021.~~2022. Investment income was up 1351 percent, due to an increased average asset base and higher interest rates relative to the prior year. Realized gains during the first ~~nine~~three months of ~~2022~~2023 were comprised of ~~$19.8~~$2 million of realized gains on equity securities, primarily due to rebalancing within our equity strategies, ~~$2.7~~$2 million of realized losses on the fixed income portfolio and ~~a $574.5~~$14 million ~~gain~~of realized gains from the payout of the working capital escrow from our sale of ~~our equity method investment in~~ Maui Jim, Inc (Maui Jim). This compares to ~~$50.6~~$6 million of realized gains on the equity portfolio ~~$1.7~~and less than $1 million of realized ~~gains~~losses on the fixed income portfolio ~~and $0.1 million of other realized gains for~~in the ~~same period in 2021.~~previous year.


	For the Nine Months				For the Three Months
	Ended September 30,				Ended March 31,
Consolidated Revenues (in thousands)	2022		2021		2023		2022
Net premiums earned	$	843,430	$	722,984	$	307,723	$	269,152
Net investment income		57,625		50,929		27,084		17,883
Net realized gains		591,562		52,442		14,620		5,588
Net unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities		(155,218)		29,526		15,496		(27,810)
Total consolidated revenue	$	1,337,399	$	855,881	$	364,923	$	264,813

Net earnings for the first ~~nine~~three months of ~~2022~~2023 totaled ~~$485.6~~$99 million, compared to ~~$184.1~~$48 million for the same period in ~~2021.~~2022. The increase for ~~2022~~2023 was ~~primarily~~largely attributed to the ~~$437.7 million after tax earnings recognized from the sale of our equity method investment in Maui Jim. This gain was partially offset by $107.0~~$14 million of net after-tax realized and unrealized ~~losses~~gains on equity securities, compared to ~~$63.3~~$17 million of after-tax realized and unrealized ~~gains~~losses in ~~2021.~~2022. Underwriting results for ~~2022~~2023 were impacted by ~~$40.0 million of pretax hurricane losses and $5.0~~$4 million of pretax storm ~~losses. Comparatively, underwriting results for 2021 included $34.0 million of pretax hurricane~~ losses, ~~and $25.0~~compared to $2 million of pretax storm ~~losses.~~

~~Table~~losses in the first quarter of ~~Contents~~

2022. Results for each period benefited from favorable development on prior years’ loss reserves, which provided additional pretax earnings of ~~$103.0~~$52 million in the first ~~nine~~three months of ~~2022,~~2023, compared to ~~$97.0~~$45 million in ~~2021.~~2022.

Bonus and profit-sharing amounts earned by executives, managers and associates are predominantly influenced by corporate performance, including operating earnings, combined ratio and return on capital. Favorable development and other drivers of growth in book value will increase bonus and profit-sharing expenses, while catastrophe losses, adverse development and decreased investment portfolio returns would lead to expense reductions. These performance-related expenses affect policy acquisition, insurance operating and general corporate expenses.

Underwriting income was ~~$124.2~~$68 million on ~~an 85.3~~a 77.9 combined ratio for the first ~~nine~~three months of ~~2022,~~2023, compared to ~~$80.2~~$59 million on ~~an 88.9~~a 77.9 combined ratio in the same period of ~~2021.~~2022. The loss ratio decreased to ~~46.1~~37.2 from ~~49.2,~~39.2, due to ~~lower levels of storm losses and~~ higher levels of favorable development on prior years’ loss reserves in ~~2022.~~2023. The Group’s expense ratio ~~decreased~~increased to ~~39.2~~40.7 from ~~39.7, with 2022 benefiting from a~~38.7, as higher net earnings and growth in book value led to larger ~~earned premium base.~~levels of bonus and profit-sharing expenses in 2023. We also increased investments in our people and technology to support growth, improve customer experience and drive efficiencies, which impacted all segments.

Our equity in earnings of unconsolidated investees primarily ~~relate~~relates to our ~~investments~~investment in ~~Maui Jim, a manufacturer of high-quality sunglasses, and~~ Prime Holdings Insurance Services, Inc. (Prime), a specialty insurance company. In the first ~~nine~~three months of ~~2022, $3.1~~2023, we recognized $4 million of investee ~~losses were recorded for Maui Jim, primarily due to transaction related expenses from the sale~~

Table of ~~the company. We recognized $9.3 million of investee~~ Contents

earnings from Prime. Comparatively, the first ~~nine~~three months of ~~2021~~2022 reflected investee earnings of ~~$19.7~~$3 million from Prime and ~~$11.7~~$6 million from Maui Jim, ~~and Prime, respectively. The decrease~~a manufacturer of high-quality sunglasses. Our interest in ~~earnings from Prime is largely attributable to unrealized loss on their equity security portfolio.~~Maui Jim was sold in the third quarter of 2022.

Comprehensive earnings totaled ~~$191.2~~$137 million for the first ~~nine~~three months of ~~2022,~~2023, compared to ~~$142.3~~$68 million of comprehensive loss for the first ~~nine~~three months of ~~2021.~~2022. Other comprehensive earnings (loss) primarily included net after-tax unrealized gains and losses from the fixed income portfolio. Other comprehensive ~~loss~~earnings of ~~$294.4~~$38 million in the first ~~nine~~three months of ~~2022~~2023 was attributable to ~~higher~~lower interest rates, which ~~decreased~~increased the fair value of securities held in the fixed income portfolio. Comparatively, ~~$41.8~~$116 million of other comprehensive loss was recognized in ~~2021~~2022 as interest rates increased.

Premiums

Gross premiums written for the Group increased ~~$171.6~~$56 million for the first ~~nine~~three months of ~~2022,~~2023, compared to the same period of ~~2021.~~2022. Growth was achieved in all three segments, though the increase was largely driven by products in the property and ~~casualty~~surety segments. Net premiums earned increased ~~$120.4~~$39 million, ~~also~~ driven by products in our ~~casualty~~property and ~~property~~casualty segments.

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	Gross Premiums Written						Net Premiums Earned						Gross Premiums Written						Net Premiums Earned
	For the Nine Months						For the Nine Months						For the Three Months						For the Three Months
	Ended September 30,						Ended September 30,						Ended March 31,						Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2022		2021		% Change		2022		2021		% Change		2023		2022		% Change		2023		2022		% Change
Casualty
Commercial excess and personal umbrella	$	247,750	$	212,709	16	%	$	187,666	$	161,287	16	%	$	81,431	$	77,786	5	%	$	67,582	$	60,072	13	%
General liability		84,405		73,877	14	%		74,130		67,616	10	%		24,789		27,894	(11)	%		25,900		23,740	9	%
Commercial transportation		98,691		84,888	16	%		71,774		60,926	18	%		22,873		22,301	3	%		25,232		23,628	7	%
Professional services		79,406		74,044	7	%		71,590		66,095	8	%		26,189		24,510	7	%		24,357		23,555	3	%
Small commercial		55,529		52,784	5	%		50,463		48,302	4	%		19,959		18,138	10	%		17,941		16,645	8	%
Executive products		73,307		97,018	(24)	%		20,208		15,785	28	%		17,827		20,681	(14)	%		6,353		6,577	(3)	%
Other casualty		65,414		62,701	4	%		52,663		47,806	10	%		24,766		24,511	1	%		18,666		17,539	6	%
Total	$	704,502	$	658,021	7	%	$	528,494	$	467,817	13	%	$	217,834	$	215,821	1	%	$	186,031	$	171,756	8	%
Property
Commercial property	$	241,800	$	147,805	64	%	$	115,419	$	76,488	51	%	$	111,939	$	69,080	62	%	$	49,262	$	33,289	48	%
Marine		100,923		84,750	19	%		84,499		72,737	16	%		37,189		32,083	16	%		30,636		26,729	15	%
Specialty personal		21,338		18,127	18	%		18,405		15,761	17	%
Other property		7,468		5,914	26	%		4,651		3,407	37	%		9,718		8,435	15	%		8,869		7,422	19	%
Total	$	371,529	$	256,596	45	%	$	222,974	$	168,393	32	%	$	158,846	$	109,598	45	%	$	88,767	$	67,440	32	%
Surety
Commercial	$	39,560	$	36,988	7	%	$	35,423	$	33,594	5	%	$	15,096	$	12,663	19	%	$	12,418	$	11,703	6	%
Miscellaneous		38,394		35,866	7	%		33,691		32,604	3	%		13,347		13,362	(0)	%		12,047		11,353	6	%
Contract		27,713		22,654	22	%		22,848		20,576	11	%		9,889		7,715	28	%		8,460		6,900	23	%
Total	$	105,667	$	95,508	11	%	$	91,962	$	86,774	6	%	$	38,332	$	33,740	14	%	$	32,925	$	29,956	10	%
Grand Total	$	1,181,698	$	1,010,125	17	%	$	843,430	$	722,984	17	%	$	415,012	$	359,159	16	%	$	307,723	$	269,152	14	%

Casualty

Gross premiums written for the casualty segment were up ~~$46.5~~$2 million in the first ~~nine~~three months of ~~2022. Gross premiums from~~2023. Continued momentum with our personal umbrella distribution base and positive rate movement across a large portion of our casualty segment offset challenging conditions some lines experienced during the first quarter. As we mentioned in prior filings, we are running off our excess energy liability business, which resulted in a $5 million decrease within the commercial excess product for the quarter. Increased competition and ~~personal umbrella increased $35.0 million,~~a slowing of projects due to ~~rate increases and an expanded distribution base. Increases in new construction projects~~economic conditions led to ~~the increase in~~a further reduction for commercial excess as well as for general liability premium. Commercial transportation premium increased by $13.8 million, driven by our public transportation line, where customers put vehicles back in service on policies that were suspended throughout the first two years of the pandemic. Executiveliability. Additionally, executive products premium decreased as a result of a more competitive market, particularly with directors and officers coverages. However, the ~~exit from~~benefit of our ~~large account cyber and representations and warranties programs.~~diversified book of business is that a few products can work through challenges while the success of other products allows us to achieve positive overall results.

Property

Gross premiums written for the property segment were up ~~$114.9~~$49 million in the first ~~nine~~three months of ~~2022.~~2023. Our commercial property business was up ~~$94.0~~$43 million, as rates on wind exposures continued to increase, building valuations rose and market

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disruption provided an opportunity to grow while strengthening terms and conditions. Rate increases, improved retention and new opportunities ~~in the inland marine space~~ led to ~~$16.2~~$5 million of premium growth for our marine product.

Surety

Gross premiums written for the surety segment were up ~~$10.2~~$5 million for the first ~~nine~~three months of 2022. Contract surety benefited from new construction opportunities and larger contract values, driven by the inflation of material prices. The growth in miscellaneous surety is broad based and has been supported by our focus on customer experience and technology.2023. The expansion of existing accounts and new business resulted in increased premium for commercial surety. Contract surety benefited from new agency relationships and the continued inflation of material prices.

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Underwriting Income


	For the Nine Months				For the Three Months
	Ended September 30,				Ended March 31,
	2022		2021		2023		2022
Underwriting Income (Loss) (in thousands)
Underwriting Income (in thousands)
Casualty	$	60,418	$	74,254	$	31,831	$	27,647
Property		40,273		(8,684)		28,383		22,476
Surety		23,539		14,662		7,676		9,355
Total	$	124,230	$	80,232	$	67,890	$	59,478

Combined Ratio
Casualty		88.6		84.1		82.9		83.9
Property		81.9		105.2		68.0		66.7
Surety		74.4		83.1		76.7		68.8
Total		85.3		88.9		77.9		77.9

Casualty

The casualty segment recorded underwriting income of ~~$60.4~~$32 million in the first ~~nine~~three months of ~~2022,~~2023, compared to ~~$74.3~~$28 million for the same period last year. ~~Reserve~~Prior accident years’ reserve releases reduced loss and settlement expenses for the casualty segment by ~~$72.9~~$36 million, primarily on accident years 2018 through ~~2021.~~2022. Favorable development was widespread, with notable amounts from general liability, professional services, ~~transportation,~~commercial excess, executive products and ~~commercial excess.~~personal umbrella. In comparison, ~~$83.6~~$28 million of prior accident years’ reserves were released in the first ~~nine~~three months of ~~2021. General~~2022. Professional services, general liability, transportation, ~~professional services, small commercial,~~ commercial excess and personal umbrella were drivers of the favorable development. Offsetting the favorable development, hurricane and storm losses on casualty-oriented package policies that include property coverage resulted in $7.5 million of losses in 2022 and $4.0 million of losses in 2021.

The combined ratio for the casualty segment was ~~88.6~~82.9 in ~~2022,~~2023, compared to ~~84.1~~83.9 in ~~2021.~~2022. The segment’s loss ratio was ~~52.8~~45.5 in ~~2022, up~~2023, down from ~~48.9~~48.8 in ~~2021. Lower~~2022. Increased levels of reserve releases on prior accident years ~~and larger storm losses~~ resulted in the ~~higher~~lower loss ratio in ~~2022, while current accident year attritional losses were slightly improved.~~2023. The expense ratio for the casualty segment was ~~35.8,~~37.4, up from ~~35.2~~35.1 for the same period last year.

Property

The property segment recorded underwriting income of ~~$40.3~~$28 million for the first ~~nine~~three months of ~~2022,~~2023, compared to ~~$8.7~~$22 million ~~of underwriting loss~~ for the same period last year. Underwriting results for ~~2022~~2023 included ~~$20.8~~$13 million of favorable development on prior years’ loss and catastrophe reserves ~~across all products, $33.0~~and $4 million of ~~hurricane losses and $4.5 million of other~~ storm losses. Comparatively, the ~~2021~~2022 underwriting results included ~~$10.8~~$13 million of favorable development on prior years’ loss and catastrophe reserves ~~$32.6~~and $2.0 million of ~~hurricane losses and $22.3 million of other~~ storm losses.

Underwriting results for the first ~~nine~~three months of ~~2022~~2023 translated into a combined ratio of ~~81.9,~~68.0, compared to ~~105.2~~66.7 for the same period last year. The segment’s loss ratio was ~~44.9~~29.8 in ~~2022,~~2023, down from ~~66.3~~30.2 in ~~2021, due to lower levels of storm losses and larger reserve releases.~~2022. The segment’s expense ratio ~~decreased~~increased to ~~37.0~~38.2 in ~~2022~~2023 from ~~38.9~~36.5 in the prior ~~year, with 2022 benefiting from a larger earned premium base.~~year.

Surety

The surety segment recorded underwriting income of ~~$23.5~~$8 million for the first ~~nine~~three months of ~~2022,~~2023, compared to ~~$14.7~~$9 million for the same period last year. Both periods reflected positive current accident year underwriting performance and benefited from favorable development on prior years’ loss reserves. Results for ~~2022~~2023 included favorable development on prior

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accident years’ reserves, which decreased loss and settlement expenses for the segment by ~~$9.3 million. Comparatively, 2021 results included favorable development on prior accident years’ loss reserves, which decreased the segment’s loss and settlement expenses by $2.6 million.~~$3 million, compared to $4 million in 2022.

The combined ratio for the surety segment totaled ~~74.4~~76.7 for the first ~~nine~~three months of ~~2022,~~2023, compared to ~~83.1~~68.8 for the same period in ~~2021.~~2022. The segment’s loss ratio was ~~10.4~~10.2 in 2023, up from 4.4 in 2022 ~~down from 17.4 in 2021~~ due to ~~larger~~lower levels of prior accident year reserve releases. The expense ratio was ~~64.0, down~~66.5, up from ~~65.7~~64.4 in the prior ~~year, as 2022 had a higher earned premium base.~~year.

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Investment Income

Our investment portfolio generated net investment income of ~~$57.6~~$27 million during the first ~~nine~~three months of ~~2022,~~2023, an increase of ~~13.1~~51 percent from that reported for the same period in ~~2021.~~2022. The increase in investment income was due to higher interest rates as well as an increased average asset base relative to the prior year.

Yields on our fixed income investments for the first ~~nine~~three months of ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021~~2022 were as follows:


	2022		2021		2023		2022
Pretax Yield
Taxable	2.82	%	2.78	%	3.39	%	2.70	%
Tax-Exempt	2.67	%	2.63	%	2.79	%	2.65	%
After-Tax Yield
Taxable	2.23	%	2.20	%	2.68	%	2.13	%
Tax-Exempt	2.53	%	2.49	%	2.64	%	2.51	%

The following table depicts the composition of our investment portfolio at ~~September 30, 2022~~March 31, 2023 as compared to December 31, ~~2021:~~2022:


(in thousands)	September 30, 2022				December 31, 2021				March 31, 2023				December 31, 2022
Fixed income	$	2,452,039	66.5	%	$	2,409,887	76.2	%	$	2,701,814	78.9	%	$	2,666,950	81.5	%
Equity securities		462,988	12.6	%		613,776	19.4	%		519,097	15.1	%		498,382	15.2	%
Short-term investments										116,202	3.4	%		36,229	1.1	%
Other invested assets		48,837	1.3	%		50,501	1.6	%		64,134	1.9	%		47,922	1.5	%
Cash		723,511	19.6	%		88,804	2.8	%		22,769	0.7	%		22,818	0.7	%
Total investments and cash	$	3,687,375	100.0	%	$	3,162,968	100.0	%	$	3,424,016	100.0	%	$	3,272,301	100.0	%

We believe our overall asset allocation supports our strategy to preserve capital for policyholders, provide sufficient income to support insurance operations and effectively grow book value over a long-term investment horizon.

The fixed income portfolio increased by ~~$42.2~~$35 million in the first ~~nine~~three months of ~~2022. Positive operating cash flows were used to purchase~~2023. The fair value of our fixed income ~~securities, which offset fair value declines resulting from higher~~portfolio increased as interest ~~rates.~~rates declined during the quarter. Average fixed income duration was ~~4.7~~4.4 years at ~~September 30, 2022,~~March 31, 2023, reflecting our current liability structure and sound capital position. The equity portfolio ~~decreased~~increased by ~~$150.8~~$21 million during the first ~~nine~~three months of ~~2022, as we reduced our risk asset profile and~~2023, due to the positive performance of equity ~~markets declined over the first nine months of the year.~~markets.

Income Taxes

Our effective tax rate for the first ~~nine~~three months of ~~2022~~2023 was ~~20.0~~19.5 percent, compared to ~~19.0~~18.1 percent for the same period in ~~2021.~~2022. Effective rates are dependent upon components of pretax earnings or losses and the related tax effects. The effective tax rate was higher for the ~~first nine months of 2022,~~three-month period in 2023, as higher pretax income ~~resulting from the gain on our sale of Maui Jim,~~ decreased the percentage impact of tax-favored adjustments.

~~Three Months Ended September 30, 2022 Compared to Three Months Ended September 30, 2021~~

Net premiums earned for the Group increased 15 percent, driven by growth from our property and casualty segments. Overall market declines resulted in $26.4 million of unrealized losses on equity securities in the third quarter of 2022, compared to $2.6 million of unrealized losses during the same period in 2021. Investment income was up 19 percent, due to an increased asset base and higher interest rates relative to the prior year. Realized gains during the third quarter of 2022 were comprised of $0.6 million of realized gains on equity securities, primarily due to rebalancing within our equity strategies, $1.9 million of realized losses on the fixed income portfolio and a $574.5 million gain from the sale of equity method investment in Maui Jim. This compares to $1.7 million of realized gains on the equity portfolio, $0.2 million of realized gains on the fixed income portfolio and $0.1 million of other realized losses for the same period in 2021.

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For the Three Months

Ended September 30,
Consolidated Revenues (in thousands)

2022

2021
Net premiums earned

$
291,468

$
253,389
Net investment income

21,270

17,844
Net realized gains

573,170

1,829
Net unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities

(26,414)

(2,592)
Total consolidated revenue

$
859,494

$
270,470

Net earnings for the third quarter of 2022 totaled $439.9 million, compared to $29.2 million for the same period in 2021. The increase for 2022 was primarily attributed to the $437.7 million after tax earnings recognized from the sale of our equity method investment in Maui Jim. This gain was partially offset by $20.4 million of net after-tax realized and unrealized losses on equity securities, compared to $0.7 million of after-tax realized and unrealized losses in 2021. Underwriting results for 2022 were impacted by $40.0 million of pretax hurricane losses. Underwriting results for 2021 were impacted by $34.0 million of pretax hurricane losses and $1.0 million of pretax losses from other storms. Results for each period benefited from favorable development on prior years’ loss reserves, which provided additional pretax earnings of $33.3 million in the third quarter of 2022, compared to $29.5 million in 2021.

Underwriting income was $8.8 million on a 97.0 combined ratio for the third quarter of 2022, compared to $13.7 million on a 94.6 combined ratio in the same period of 2021. The loss ratio decreased to 56.6 from 56.7, due to larger amounts of favorable development on prior years’ loss reserves and a higher earned premium base, which offset the impact of larger catastrophe loss during the third quarter. The Group’s expense ratio increased to 40.4 from 37.9. Improved year to date results led to higher levels of bonus and profit-sharing expense. Additionally, a one-time bonus related to the sale of our investment in Maui Jim was accrued for in the third quarter.

In the third quarter of 2022, $18.0 million of investee losses were recorded for Maui Jim, primarily due to transaction related expenses from the sale of the company, and $2.9 million of investee earnings were recorded for Prime. Comparatively, the third quarter of 2021 reflected investee earnings of $5.4 million and $4.4 million from Maui Jim and Prime, respectively.

Comprehensive earnings totaled $358.6 million for the third quarter of 2022, compared to $17.0 million for the same period in 2021. Other comprehensive earnings (loss) primarily included net after-tax unrealized gains and losses from the fixed income portfolio. Other comprehensive loss of $81.2 million in the third quarter of 2022 was attributable to higher interest rates, which decreased the fair value of securities held in the fixed income portfolio. Comparatively, $12.2 million of other comprehensive loss was recognized in 2021 as interest rates increased.

~~Premiums~~

Gross premiums written for the Group increased $47.5 million for the third quarter of 2022 when compared to the same period of 2021. Growth was achieved in all three segments, though the increase was largely driven by the property segment. Net premiums earned increased $38.1 million, driven by products in our property and casualty segments.

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Gross Premiums Written

Net Premiums Earned

For the Three Months

For the Three Months

Ended September 30,

Ended September 30,

(in thousands)

2022

2021

% Change

2022

2021

% Change

Casualty

Commercial excess and personal umbrella

$
84,452

$
73,477

15
%

$
65,131

$
56,285

16
%
General liability

25,213

21,573

17
%

25,284

23,156

9
%
Commercial transportation

38,099

34,586

10
%

24,205

22,571

7
%
Professional services

27,016

25,516

6
%

24,174

22,401

8
%
Small commercial

18,592

17,573

6
%

17,005

16,301

4
%
Executive products

27,685

40,113

(31)
%

6,556

5,461

20
%
Other casualty

19,309

19,958

(3)
%

17,260

16,677

3
%
Total

$
240,366

$
232,796

3
%

$
179,615

$
162,852

10
%
Property

Commercial property

$
79,652

$
53,023

50
%

$
43,201

$
28,683

51
%
Marine

35,927

28,618

26
%

29,592

25,416

16
%
Specialty personal

7,517

6,447

17
%

6,409

5,462

17
%
Other property

2,987

2,060

45
%

1,642

1,325

24
%
Total

$
126,083

$
90,148

40
%

$
80,844

$
60,886

33
%
Surety

Commercial

$
14,330

$
13,605

5
%

$
12,057

$
11,541

4
%
Miscellaneous

12,580

11,899

6
%

10,751

11,124

(3)
%
Contract

10,391

7,798

33
%

8,201

6,986

17
%
Total

$
37,301

$
33,302

12
%

$
31,009

$
29,651

5
%
Grand Total

$
403,750

$
356,246

13
%

$
291,468

$
253,389

15
%

~~Casualty~~

Gross premiums written for the casualty segment were up $7.6 million in the third quarter of 2022. Gross premiums from commercial excess and personal umbrella increased $11.0 million, due to rate increases and an expanded distribution base. Increases in new construction projects led to the increase in general liability. Commercial transportation premium increased by $3.5 million, driven by our public transportation line, where customers put vehicles back in service on policies that were suspended throughout the first two years of the pandemic. Executive products premium was down as a result of a more competitive market and the exit from our large account cyber and representations and warranties programs.

~~Property~~

Gross premiums written for the property segment were up $35.9 million in the third quarter of 2022. Our commercial property business was up $26.6 million, as rates on wind exposures continued to increase, building valuations rose and market disruption provided an opportunity to grow while strengthening terms and conditions. Rate increases and new opportunities in the inland marine space led to $7.3 million of premium growth for our marine product.

~~Surety~~

Gross premiums written for the surety segment were up $4.0 million for the third quarter of 2022. Contract surety benefited from new construction opportunities and larger contract values, driven by the inflation of material prices. Commercial surety premium increased as a result of new business and the expansion of existing accounts.

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~~Underwriting Income~~

For the Three Months

Ended September 30,

2022

2021
Underwriting Income (Loss) (in thousands)

Casualty

$
11,329

$
22,949
Property

(8,308)

(16,558)
Surety

5,775

7,333
Total

$
8,796

$
13,724

Combined Ratio

Casualty

93.7

85.9
Property

110.3

127.2
Surety

81.4

75.3
Total

97.0

94.6

~~Casualty~~

The casualty segment recorded underwriting income of $11.3 million in the third quarter of 2022, compared to $22.9 million for the same period last year. Reserve releases reduced loss and settlement expenses for the casualty segment by $28.0 million, primarily on accident years 2016 through 2021. Products which generated the majority of the favorable development included general liability, commercial excess and executive products. In comparison, $26.0 million of reserves were released in the third quarter of 2021. Transportation, general liability and commercial excess were drivers of the favorable development. Offsetting the favorable development, hurricane and storm losses on casualty-oriented package policies that include property coverage resulted in $7.0 million of losses in 2022 and $1.6 million of losses in 2021.

The combined ratio for the casualty segment was 93.7 in 2022, compared to 85.9 in 2021. The segment’s loss ratio was 56.1 in 2022, up from 51.7 in 2021. Larger hurricane losses resulted in the higher loss ratio in 2022. The expense ratio for the casualty segment was 37.6, up from 34.2 for the same period last year, primarily due to larger bonus accruals associated with improved year to date metrics and the Maui Jim sale.

~~Property~~

The property segment recorded underwriting loss of $8.3 million for the third quarter of 2022, compared to $16.6 million of underwriting loss for the same period last year. Underwriting results for 2022 included $3.5 million of favorable development on prior years’ loss and catastrophe reserves and $33.0 million of hurricane losses. Comparatively, the 2021 underwriting results included $0.9 million of favorable development on prior years’ loss and catastrophe reserves, $32.6 million of hurricane losses and $0.7 million of storm losses.

Underwriting results for the third quarter of 2022 translated into a combined ratio of 110.3, compared to 127.2 for the same period last year. The segment’s loss ratio was 73.4 in 2022, down from 91.5 in 2021, due to larger levels of favorable development on prior years’ reserves and a higher earned premium base, which helped to offset the impact of catastrophe losses. The segment’s expense ratio increased to 36.9 in 2022 from 35.7 in the prior year.

~~Surety~~

The surety segment recorded underwriting income of $5.8 million for the third quarter of 2022, compared to $7.3 million for the same period last year. Both periods reflected positive current accident year underwriting performance. Results for 2022 included favorable development on prior accident years’ reserves, which decreased loss and settlement expenses for the segment by $1.8 million. Comparatively, 2021 results included $2.5 million of favorable development on prior accident years’ loss reserves.

The combined ratio for the surety segment totaled 81.4 for the third quarter of 2022, compared to 75.3 for the same period in 2021. The segment’s loss ratio was 16.2 in 2022, up from 12.9 in 2021 due to differences in prior accident year reserve development. The expense ratio was 65.2, up from 62.4 in the prior year.

~~Table of Contents~~

~~Investment Income~~

Our investment portfolio generated net investment income of $21.3 million during the third quarter of 2022, an increase of 19.2 percent from that reported for the same period in 2021. The increase in investment income was largely due to an increased asset base and higher interest rates relative to the prior year.

~~Yields on our fixed income investments for the third quarter of 2022 and 2021 were as follows:~~

2022

2021

Pretax Yield

Taxable

2.91
%

2.70
%
Tax-Exempt

2.69
%

2.64
%
After-Tax Yield

Taxable

2.30
%

2.13
%
Tax-Exempt

2.55
%

2.50
%

~~Income Taxes~~

Our effective tax rate for the third quarter of 2022 was 20.7 percent, compared to 17.5 percent for the same period in 2021. Effective rates are dependent upon components of pretax earnings or losses and the related tax effects. The effective rate was higher for the third quarter of 2022, as higher pretax income, resulting from the gain on our sale of Maui Jim, decreased the percentage impact of tax-favored adjustments.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

We have three primary types of cash flows: (1) cash flows from operating activities, which consist mainly of cash generated by our underwriting operations and income earned on our investment portfolio, (2) cash flows from investing activities related to the purchase, sale and maturity of investments and (3) cash flows from financing activities that impact our capital structure, such as shareholder dividend payments and changes in debt and shares outstanding.

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The following table summarizes cash flows provided by (used in) our activities for the ~~nine-month~~three-month periods ended ~~September 30, 2022~~March 31, 2023 and ~~2021:~~2022:


(in thousands)	2022		2021		2023		2022
Operating cash flows	$	282,886	$	280,441	$	69,219	$	39,014
Investing cash flows		384,536		(220,265)		(57,804)		(45,897)
Financing cash flows		(32,715)		(32,775)		(11,464)		(9,773)
Total	$	634,707	$	27,401	$	(49)	$	(16,656)

Our largest source of cash is premiums received from customers and our largest cash outflow is claim payments on insured losses. Cash flows from operating activities can vary among periods due to the timing in which these payments are made or received. Operating cash flows in the first ~~nine~~three months of ~~2022~~2023 benefited from increased premium receipts relative to the first ~~nine~~three months of 2021, but were partially offset by increased levels of loss and settlement expense payments. Investing cash flows reflects the cash received from the sale of our investment in Maui Jim at the end of the third quarter.2022.

We have ~~$199.8~~$200 million in debt outstanding. On October 2, 2013, we completed a public debt offering, issuing ~~$150.0~~$150 million in senior notes maturing September 15, 2023 (a 10-year maturity), and paying interest semi-annually at the rate of 4.875 percent per annum. The notes were issued at a discount resulting in proceeds, net of discount and commission, of ~~$148.6~~$149 million. The estimated fair value for the senior notes at ~~September 30, 2022~~March 31, 2023 was ~~$150.0~~$149 million. The fair value of our debt is estimated based on the limited observable prices that reflect thinly traded securities. Additionally, RLI Insurance Company borrowed ~~$50.0~~$50 million from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago (FHLBC) on November 10, 2021. The borrowing matures on November 10, 2023 and has an option to be paid off ~~early on November 10, 2022.~~prior to maturity. Interest is paid monthly at an annualized rate of 0.84 percent.

As of ~~September 30, 2022,~~March 31, 2023, we had cash and other investments maturing within one year of approximately ~~$929.9~~$432 million and an additional ~~$851.5~~$901 million maturing between one to five years. ~~The cash balance was elevated by the cash proceeds received from our sale of Maui Jim on September 30, 2022.~~ Whereas our strategy is to be fully invested at all times, short-term

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investments in excess of demand deposit balances are considered a component of investment activities, and thus are classified as investments in our consolidated balance sheets.

We also maintain a revolving line of credit with PNC Bank, ~~of Montreal, Chicago Branch,~~N.A., which permits us to borrow up to an aggregate principal amount of ~~$60.0~~$100 million. This facility was entered into during the first quarter of ~~2020~~2023 and replaced the previous ~~$50.0~~$60 million facility with ~~JP Morgan Chase~~ Bank ~~N.A.,~~of Montreal, Chicago Branch, which ~~was set to expire~~expired on ~~May 24, 2020.~~March 27, 2023. Under certain conditions, the line may be increased up to an aggregate principal amount of ~~$120.0~~$130 million. The facility has a three-year term that expires on ~~March 27, 2023.~~May 29, 2026. As of and during the ~~nine-month~~three-month period ended ~~September 30, 2022,~~March 31, 2023, no amounts were outstanding on either facility.

Additionally, two of our insurance companies, RLI Insurance Company (RLI Ins.) and Mt. Hawley Insurance Company, are members of the FHLBC. Membership in the Federal Home Loan Bank system provides both companies access to an additional source of liquidity via a secured lending facility. Our membership allows each insurance subsidiary to determine tenor and structure at the time of borrowing. As of ~~September 30, 2022, $60.2~~March 31, 2023, $59 million of investments were pledged as collateral with the FHLBC to ensure timely access to the secured lending facility.

We believe that cash generated by operations and investments will provide sufficient sources of liquidity to meet our anticipated needs over the next 12 to 24 months. In the event they are not sufficient, we believe cash available from financing activities and other sources will provide sufficient additional liquidity.

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We maintain a diversified investment portfolio representing policyholder funds that have not yet been paid out as claims, as well as the capital we hold for our shareholders. Invested assets at ~~September 30, 2022~~March 31, 2023 have increased ~~$524.4~~$152 million from December 31, ~~2021.~~2022. As of ~~September 30, 2022,~~March 31, 2023, our investment portfolio had the following asset allocation breakdown:


	Cost or		Fair		Unrealized		% of Total			Cost or		Fair		Unrealized		% of Total
(in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Value		Gain/(Loss)		Fair Value		Quality*	Amortized Cost		Value		Gain/(Loss)		Fair Value		Quality*
U.S. government	$	349,419	$	340,442	$	(8,977)	9.2	%	AAA	$	391,336	$	385,199	$	(6,137)	11.2	%	AAA
U.S. agency		59,048		56,935		(2,113)	1.5	%	AAA		75,257		73,659		(1,598)	2.2	%	AAA
Non-U.S. government & agency		6,798		5,712		(1,086)	0.2	%	BBB+		6,798		5,952		(846)	0.2	%	BBB+
Agency MBS		360,429		317,029		(43,400)	8.6	%	AAA		395,736		359,974		(35,762)	10.5	%	AAA
ABS/CMBS/MBS**		277,401		241,512		(35,889)	6.6	%	AA+		278,309		246,382		(31,927)	7.2	%	AA+
Corporate		1,067,473		963,869		(103,604)	26.1	%	BBB+		1,156,944		1,083,500		(73,444)	31.6	%	A-
Municipal		633,063		526,540		(106,523)	14.3	%	AA		628,933		547,148		(81,785)	16.0	%	AA
Total fixed income	$	2,753,631	$	2,452,039	$	(301,592)	66.5	%	AA-	$	2,933,313	$	2,701,814	$	(231,499)	78.9	%	AA-
Equity		327,964		462,988		135,024	12.6	%			333,229		519,097		185,868	15.1	%
Short-term investments											116,202		116,202		—	3.4	%
Other invested assets		43,738		48,837		5,099	1.3	%			60,203		64,134		3,931	1.9	%
Cash		723,511		723,511		—	19.6	%			22,769		22,769		—	0.7	%
Total portfolio	$	3,848,844	$	3,687,375	$	(161,469)	100.0	%		$	3,465,716	$	3,424,016	$	(41,700)	100.0	%

*	Quality ratings provided by Moody’s, S&P and Fitch

**	Non-agency asset-backed, commercial mortgage-backed and mortgage-backed securities

Quality is an average of each bond’s credit rating, adjusted for its relative weighting in the portfolio. As of ~~September 30, 2022,~~March 31, 2023, our fixed income portfolio had the following rating distribution:


AAA	~~40.5~~39.7	%
AA	~~18.3~~20.2	%
A	20.7	%
BBB	~~12.4~~11.7	%
BB	~~3.1~~2.8	%
B	~~2.2~~2.1	%
CCC	0.0	%
D	0.0	%
NR	2.8	%
Total	100.0	%

As of ~~September 30, 2022,~~March 31, 2023, our fixed income portfolio remained well diversified, with ~~1,639~~1,694 individual issues.

~~Table of Contents~~

Our investment portfolio has limited exposure to structured asset-backed securities. As of ~~September 30, 2022,~~March 31, 2023, we had ~~$128.2~~$132 million in ABS, which are pools of assets collateralized by cash flows from several types of loans, including home equity, credit cards, autos and structured bank loans in the form of collateralized loan obligations (CLOs).

As of ~~September 30, 2022,~~March 31, 2023, we had ~~$113.4~~$114 million in commercial mortgage-backed securities and ~~$317.0~~$360 million in mortgage-backed securities backed by government sponsored enterprises (GSEs - Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae and Ginnie Mae). Excluding the GSE-backed MBS, our exposure to ABS and CMBS was ~~6.6~~7.2 percent of our investment portfolio at quarter end.

We had ~~$963.9~~$1,084 million in corporate fixed income securities as of ~~September 30, 2022,~~March 31, 2023, which includes ~~$98.8~~$106 million invested in a high-yield credit strategy. This high-yield portfolio consists of floating rate bank loans and bonds that are below investment grade in credit quality and offer incremental yield over our core fixed income portfolio.

The municipal portfolio includes approximately 5255 percent taxable securities and 4845 percent tax-exempt securities. Approximately 8789 percent of our municipal bond portfolio maintains an ‘AA’ or better rating, while 99100 percent of the municipal bond portfolio is rated ‘A’ or better.

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Securities within the equity portfolio are well diversified and are primarily invested in broad index exchange traded funds (ETFs). Our actively managed equity strategy has a preference for dividend income and value oriented security selection with low turnover, which minimizes transaction costs and taxes throughout our long investment horizon.

As of ~~September 30, 2022,~~March 31, 2023, our equity portfolio had a dividend yield of ~~2.5~~2.2 percent, compared to ~~1.8~~1.7 percent for the S&P 500 index. Because of the corporate dividend-received-deduction applicable to our dividend income, we pay an effective tax rate of 13.1 percent on dividends, compared to 21.0 percent on taxable interest and 5.3 percent on municipal bond interest income. The equity portfolio is managed in a diversified and granular manner, with 9285 individual securities and four ETF positions. No single company exposure in the equity portfolio represents more than 1 percent of invested assets.

Other invested assets include investments in low income housing tax credit and historic tax credit partnerships, membership in the FHLBC and investments in private funds.

We had ~~$58.1~~$52 million of investments in unconsolidated investees at ~~September 30, 2022,~~March 31, 2023, compared to ~~$171.3~~$58 million at December 31, 2021. At September 30, 2022 our investment in Prime was $47.0 million. During the third quarter, we completed the sale of our equity method investment in Maui Jim to Kering Eyewear for cash proceeds of $686.6 million. We recognized net realized gains of $574.5 million as a result of the sale. As always, our top priority is to ensure we have adequate capital to support our business. However, we have demonstrated discipline in returning capital to shareholders if it exceeds our near-term needs.2022.

Our investment portfolio does not have any exposure to derivatives.

Our capital structure is comprised of equity and debt outstanding. As of ~~September 30, 2022,~~March 31, 2023, our capital structure consisted of ~~$199.8~~$200 million in long-term debt and ~~$1.4~~$1.3 billion of shareholders’ equity. Debt outstanding comprised ~~12.5~~13.3 percent of total capital as of ~~September 30, 2022.~~March 31, 2023. Interest and fees on debt obligations totaled ~~$6.0~~$2 million for the first ~~nine~~three months of ~~2022, compared to $5.7 million during the same period of 2021.~~2023 and 2022. We incurred interest expense on debt at an average annual interest rate of 3.89 percent during the first ~~nine~~three months of ~~2022, compared to 4.91 percent for the same time period during 2021.~~2023 and 2022.

We paid a regular quarterly cash dividend of $0.26 per share on ~~September~~March 20, ~~2022,~~2023, the same amount as the prior quarter. We have increased dividends in each of the last 47 years.

Our three insurance companies are subsidiaries of RLI Corp, with RLI Ins. as the first-level, or principal, insurance company. At the holding company (RLI Corp.) level, we rely largely on dividends from our insurance subsidiaries to meet our obligations for paying principal and interest on outstanding debt, corporate expenses and dividends to RLI Corp. shareholders. As discussed further below, dividend payments to RLI Corp. from our principal insurance subsidiary are restricted by state insurance laws as to the amount that may be paid without prior approval of the insurance regulatory authorities of Illinois. As a result, we may not be able to receive dividends from such subsidiary at times and in amounts necessary to pay desired dividends to RLI Corp. shareholders. On a GAAP basis, as of ~~September 30, 2022,~~March 31, 2023, our holding company had ~~$1.4~~$1.3 billion in equity. This includes amounts related to the equity of our insurance subsidiaries, which is subject to regulatory restrictions under state insurance laws. The unrestricted portion of holding company net assets is comprised primarily of investments and cash, including ~~$828.9~~$259 million in liquid assets, which was elevated by the cash proceeds received from the sale of Maui ~~Jim at~~

~~Table of Contents~~

~~the end of the quarter.~~Jim. Unrestricted funds at the holding company are available to fund debt interest, general corporate obligations and dividend payments to our shareholders. If necessary, the holding company also has other potential sources of liquidity that could provide for additional funding to meet corporate obligations or pay shareholder dividends, which include a revolving line of credit, as well as access to capital markets.

Ordinary dividends, which may be paid by our principal insurance subsidiary without prior regulatory approval, are subject to certain limitations based upon statutory income, surplus and earned surplus. The maximum ordinary dividend distribution from our principal insurance subsidiary in a rolling 12-month period is limited by Illinois law to the greater of 10 percent of RLI Ins. policyholder surplus, as of December 31 of the preceding year, or the net income of RLI Ins. for the 12-month period ending December 31 of the preceding year. Ordinary dividends are further restricted by the requirement that they be paid from earned surplus. Any dividend distribution in excess of the ordinary dividend limits is deemed extraordinary and requires prior approval from the Illinois Department of Insurance (IDOI). In the first ~~nine~~three months of ~~2022,~~2023, RLI Ins. paid ~~$13.0~~$15 million in ordinary dividends to RLI Corp. In ~~2021,~~2022, our principal insurance subsidiary paid ordinary dividends totaling ~~$70.0 million and extraordinary dividends totaling $110.0~~$13 million. As of ~~September 30, 2022, $83.1~~March 31, 2023, $135 million of the net assets of our principal insurance subsidiary were not restricted and could be distributed to RLI Corp. as ordinary dividends without prior approval from the IDOI. Because the limitations are based upon a rolling 12-month period, the amount and impact of these restrictions vary over time. In addition to restrictions from our principal subsidiary’s insurance regulator, we also consider internal models and how capital adequacy is defined by our rating agencies in determining amounts available for distribution.

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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Market risk is the risk of economic losses due to adverse changes in the estimated fair value of a financial instrument as the result of changes in equity prices, interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and commodity prices. Historically, our primary market risks have been equity price risk associated with investments in equity securities and interest rate risk associated with investments in fixed maturities. We have limited exposure to both foreign currency risk and commodity risk.

Credit risk is the potential loss resulting from adverse changes in an issuer’s ability to repay its debt obligations. We monitor our portfolio to ensure that credit risk does not exceed prudent levels. We have consistently invested in high credit quality, investment grade securities. Our fixed maturity portfolio has an average rating of AA-, with 7981 percent rated A or better by at least two nationally recognized rating organizations.

On an overall basis, our exposure to market risk has not significantly changed from that reported in our ~~2021~~2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 4.Controls and Procedures

We maintain a system of controls and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance as to the reliability of the financial statements and other disclosures included in this report, as well as to safeguard assets from unauthorized use or disposition. An evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures was performed, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures are effective, as of the end of the period covered by this report.

In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurances of achieving the desired control objective, and management necessarily is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. We believe that our disclosure controls and procedures provide such reasonable assurance.

No changes were made to our internal control over financial reporting during the last fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.Legal Proceedings – There were no material changes to report.

Item 1A. Risk Factors – There were no material changes to report.

Item 2.Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds -

Items 2(a) and (b) are not applicable.

In 2010, our Board of Directors implemented a $100 million share repurchase program. We did not repurchase any shares during ~~2022.~~2023. We have $87.5 million of remaining capacity from the repurchase program. The repurchase program may be suspended or discontinued at any time without prior notice.

Item 3.Defaults Upon Senior Securities - Not Applicable.

Item 4.Mine Safety Disclosures - Not Applicable.

Item 5.Other Information - Not Applicable.

Item 6.Exhibits


Exhibit No.	Description of Document	Reference

31.1	Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	Attached as Exhibit 31.1.

31.2	Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	Attached as Exhibit 31.2.

32.1	Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	Attached as Exhibit 32.1.

32.2	Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	Attached as Exhibit 32.2.

101	iXBRL-Related Documents	Attached as Exhibit 101.

104	Cover Page Interactive Data File	Embedded in Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.


		RLI Corp.

		/s/ Todd W. Bryant
		Todd W. Bryant
		Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial and Chief Accounting Officer)

Date: ~~October~~April 21, ~~2022~~2023

3933


	For the Three Months						For the Three Months
	Ended September 30, 2022						Ended September 30, 2021
	Income		Shares		Per Share		Income		Shares		Per Share
(in thousands, except per share data)	(Numerator)		(Denominator)		Amount		(Numerator)		(Denominator)		Amount
Basic EPS
Earnings available to common shareholders	$	439,893		45,379	$	9.69	$	29,243		45,243	$	0.65
Effect of Dilutive Securities
Stock options and restricted stock units		—		396				—		446
Diluted EPS
Earnings available to common shareholders	$	439,893		45,775	$	9.61	$	29,243		45,689	$	0.64
Anti-dilutive securities excluded from diluted EPS				435						191

	For the Nine Months						For the Nine Months
	Ended September 30, 2022						Ended September 30, 2021
	Income		Shares		Per Share		Income		Shares		Per Share
(in thousands, except per share data)	(Numerator)		(Denominator)		Amount		(Numerator)		(Denominator)		Amount
Basic EPS
Earnings available to common shareholders	$	485,577		45,347	$	10.71	$	184,070		45,216	$	4.07
Effect of Dilutive Securities
Stock options and restricted stock units		—		428				—		498
Diluted EPS
Earnings available to common shareholders	$	485,577		45,775	$	10.61	$	184,070		45,714	$	4.03
Anti-dilutive securities excluded from diluted EPS				459						191


	As of September 30, 2022
	Quoted Prices in		Significant Other		Significant
	Active Markets for		Observable		Unobservable
	Identical Assets		Inputs		Inputs
(in thousands)	(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		Total
Fixed income securities - available-for-sale
U.S. government	$	—	$	340,442	$	—	$	340,442
U.S. agency		—		56,935		—		56,935
Non-U.S. government & agency		—		5,712		—		5,712
Agency MBS		—		317,029		—		317,029
ABS/CMBS/MBS*		—		241,512		—		241,512
Corporate		—		910,979		52,890		963,869
Municipal		—		526,540		—		526,540
Total fixed income securities - available-for-sale	$	—	$	2,399,149	$	52,890	$	2,452,039
Equity securities		461,392		49		1,547		462,988
Total	$	461,392	$	2,399,198	$	54,437	$	2,915,027


	As of December 31, 2021
	Quoted Prices in		Significant Other		Significant
	Active Markets for		Observable		Unobservable
	Identical Assets		Inputs		Inputs
(in thousands)	(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		Total
Fixed income securities - available-for-sale
U.S. government	$	—	$	134,554	$	—	$	134,554
U.S. agency		—		32,760		—		32,760
Non-U.S. government & agency		—		8,481		—		8,481
Agency MBS		—		367,187		—		367,187
ABS/CMBS/MBS*		—		264,054		—		264,054
Corporate		—		913,577		43,518		957,095
Municipal		—		645,756		—		645,756
Total fixed income securities - available-for-sale	$	—	$	2,366,369	$	43,518	$	2,409,887
Equity securities		613,712		64		—		613,776
Total	$	613,712	$	2,366,433	$	43,518	$	3,023,663


(in thousands)	Level 3 Securities
Balance as of January 1, 2022	$	43,518
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses)
Included in net earnings as a part of:
Net investment income		(662)
Net realized gains		(433)
Included in other comprehensive earnings (loss)		(8,350)
Total net realized and unrealized gains (losses)	$	(9,445)
Purchases		21,461
Transfers out of Level 3		(1,097)
Balance as of September 30, 2022	$	54,437
Change in unrealized gains (losses) during the period for Level 3 assets held at period-end - included in net realized gains	$	(433)
Change in unrealized gains (losses) during the period for Level 3 assets held at period-end - included in other comprehensive earnings (loss)	$	(8,350)