Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically ~~and posted on its corporate Web site, if any,~~ every Interactive Data File required to be submitted ~~and posted~~ pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit ~~and post~~ such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☒☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The number of outstanding shares of the Registrant’s Common Stock as of ~~July 27, 2018~~April 30, 2019 was ~~45,342,653~~46,320,773 shares.

	June 30,			December 31,			March 31,			December 31,
	2018			2017			2019			2018
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	103,203		$	79,223		$	56,168		$	60,698
Short-term investments		313,812			86,873			181,377			248,933
Restricted cash - short-term		194			194			194			194
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		7,861			5,900			13,091			11,664
Total current assets		425,070			172,190			250,830			321,489
Property and equipment, net		66,075			44,129			58,119			68,576
Operating lease assets								14,041			—
Restricted cash - long-term		1,200			1,200			1,200			1,200
Other assets		362			260			536			574
Total assets	$	492,707		$	217,779		$	324,726		$	391,839

Liabilities and stockholders’ equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	6,545		$	14,711		$	6,168		$	3,719
Accrued compensation		5,276			5,664			7,459			10,636
Accrued research and development expenses		6,661			4,006			6,194			19,210
Other current liabilities		8,752			3,265			5,354			6,414
Total current liabilities		27,234			27,646			25,175			39,979
Long-term liabilities		12,974			12,269
Operating lease liabilities - long-term								14,437			—
Other long-term liabilities								1,180			13,003
Total liabilities		40,208			39,915			40,792			52,982

Commitments and contingencies (Note 7)
Commitments and contingencies (Note 8)

Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock—$0.0001 par value, 500,000 shares authorized as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017; 45,334 and 30,730 shares issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively		5			3
Common stock—$0.0001 par value, 500,000 shares authorized as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018; 46,307 and 45,951 shares issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively								5			5
Additional paid-in capital		841,975			474,662			877,133			866,541
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(505	)		(151	)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)								38			(340	)
Accumulated deficit		(388,976	)		(296,650	)		(593,242	)		(527,349	)
Total stockholders’ equity		452,499			177,864			283,934			338,857
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	492,707		$	217,779		$	324,726		$	391,839

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,						Three Months Ended March 31,
	2018			2017			2018			2017			2019			2018
Operating expenses:
Research and development	$	33,387		$	18,296		$	61,847		$	35,837		$	48,668		$	28,460
General and administrative		19,236			9,613			33,228			18,233			19,223			13,992
Total operating expenses		52,623			27,909			95,075			54,070			67,891			42,452
Loss from operations		(52,623	)		(27,909	)		(95,075	)		(54,070	)		(67,891	)		(42,452	)
Interest and other income, net		1,743			481			2,752			990			1,634			1,009
Loss before provision for income taxes		(50,880	)		(27,428	)		(92,323	)		(53,080	)
Provision for income taxes		3			—			3			2
Net loss	$	(50,883	)	$	(27,428	)	$	(92,326	)	$	(53,082	)		(66,257	)		(41,443	)
Other comprehensive loss:
Unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale securities		19			38			(354	)		69			378			(373	)
Comprehensive loss	$	(50,864	)	$	(27,390	)	$	(92,680	)	$	(53,013	)	$	(65,879	)	$	(41,816	)
Net loss per common share:
Basic and diluted net loss per common share	$	(1.15	)	$	(0.94	)	$	(2.20	)	$	(1.82	)	$	(1.44	)	$	(1.05	)

Weighted-average shares outstanding used to calculate basic and diluted net loss per common share		44,379			29,247			42,001			29,152			46,124			39,596

								Accumulated
	Common				Additional			Other						Total
	Stock				Paid-in			Comprehensive			Accumulated			Stockholders’
For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2019	Shares		Amount		Capital			Loss			Deficit			Equity
Balance as of December 31, 2018		45,951	$	5	$	866,541		$	(340	)	$	(527,349	)	$	338,857
Effect of the adoption of ASC topic 842 (Leases)		—		—		—			—			364			364
Balance as of January 1, 2019		45,951	$	5	$	866,541		$	(340	)	$	(526,985	)	$	339,221
RSU settlements, net of shares withheld		197		—		(4,575	)		—			—			(4,575	)
Issuance of common stock pursuant to employee stock awards		159		—		2,898			—			—			2,898
Stock-based compensation expense		—		—		12,269			—			—			12,269
Net loss		—		—		—			—			(66,257	)		(66,257	)
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities		—		—		—			378			—			378
Balance as of March 31, 2019		46,307	$	5	$	877,133		$	38		$	(593,242	)	$	283,934

								Accumulated
	Common				Additional			Other						Total
	Stock				Paid-in			Comprehensive			Accumulated			Stockholders’
For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018	Shares		Amount		Capital			Loss			Deficit			Equity
Balance as of December 31, 2017		30,730	$	3	$	474,662		$	(151	)	$	(296,650	)	$	177,864
Issuance of common stock through underwritten offerings, net of commissions and offering costs of $526		12,604		1		293,288			—			—			293,289
RSU settlements, net of shares withheld		250		—		(3,363	)		—			—			(3,363	)
Issuance of common stock pursuant to employee stock awards		309		—		6,196			—			—			6,196
Stock-based compensation expense		—		—		7,014			—			—			7,014
Net loss		—		—		—			—			(41,443	)		(41,443	)
Unrealized loss on available-for-sale securities		—		—		—			(373	)		—			(373	)
Balance as of March 31, 2018		43,893	$	4	$	777,797		$	(524	)	$	(338,093	)	$	439,184

	Six months ended June 30,						Three Months Ended March 31,
	2018			2017			2019			2018
Operating activities
Net loss	$	(92,326	)	$	(53,082	)	$	(66,257	)	$	(41,443	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Stock-based compensation expense		15,013			11,003			12,269			7,014
Amortization of investment premiums and discounts		(756	)		459
Accretion of investment discounts								(458	)		(217	)
Depreciation and amortization expense		1,064			428			1,648			333
Non-cash interest expense		125			—			—			64
Asset retirement obligation accretion expense		16			—			17			—
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		(1,961	)		(725	)		(1,434	)		(189	)
Operating lease assets								331			—
Other assets		(102	)		(74	)		38			160
Accounts payable		(207	)		253			2,672			(2,119	)
Accrued compensation		(388	)		(483	)		(3,177	)		(1,352	)
Accrued research and development expenses		2,655			(337	)		(13,016	)		2,330
Other current liabilities		2,545			160			(2,572	)		544
Long-term liabilities		66			63
Operating lease liabilities								(261	)		—
Other long-term liabilities								—			53
Net cash used in operating activities		(74,256	)		(42,335	)		(70,200	)		(34,822	)
Investing activities
Purchases of short-term investments		(357,647	)		(112,395	)		(7,427	)		(292,467	)
Sales of short-term investments								12,512			35,890
Maturities of short-term investments		51,984			115,349			63,307			26,468
Sales of short-term investments		79,126			51,711
Purchases of property and equipment		(27,257	)		(4,341	)		(796	)		(19,808	)
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities		(253,794	)		50,324
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities								67,596			(249,917	)
Financing activities
Proceeds from sale of common stock in underwritten offerings, net		293,290			—			—			293,290
Proceeds from issuance of common stock from "at-the-market" facility, net		47,586			9,326
Taxes paid related to net share settlement of restricted stock units								(4,575	)		(3,364	)
Proceeds from employee stock awards		14,857			495			2,747			6,186
Taxes paid related to net share settlement of restricted stock units		(3,431	)		(341	)
Principal payments on capital lease obligations		(272	)		—			(98	)		(101	)
Net cash provided by financing activities		352,030			9,480
Increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		23,980			17,469
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities								(1,926	)		296,011
(Decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash								(4,530	)		11,272
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period		80,617			48,162			62,092			80,617
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	$	104,597		$	65,631		$	57,562		$	91,889
Non-cash investing and financing activities
Property and equipment purchases included in accounts payable and other accrued liabilities	$	5,078		$	2,502		$	666		$	4,105
Facility lease financing obligations	$	441		$	10,870
Property & equipment acquired under capital leases	$	191		$	—
Capitalized lease obligations							$	—		$	441
Interest capitalized during construction period for build-to-suit lease transaction							$	—		$	77
Asset retirement cost	$	88		$	—		$	—		$	88
Interest capitalized during construction period for build-to-suit lease transaction	$	77		$	95
Supplemental cash flow disclosure
Cash paid for interest	$	67		$	—
Receivable for options exercised							$	151		$	10

Atara Biotherapeutics, Inc. (“Atara”, “we”, “our” or “the Company”) was incorporated in August 2012 in Delaware. Atara is a leading off-the-shelf, allogeneic T-cell immunotherapy company that is developing novel treatments for patients with cancer, autoimmune and viral diseases. The Company’s “off-the-shelf”, or allogeneic, T-cells are engineered from donors with healthy immune function and allow for rapid delivery from inventory to patients without a requirement for pretreatment. Atara’s We have several T-cell immunotherapies in clinical development and are ~~designed to precisely recognize and eliminate cancerous~~progressing a next-generation allogeneic chimeric antigen receptor T-cell, or ~~diseased cells without affecting normal, healthy cells.~~ CAR T, program.

We licensed rights to T-cell product candidates from Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (“MSK”) in June 2015 and licensed rights related to our next-generation CAR T programs from MSK in May 2018 and December 2018 and from Moffitt Cancer Center in August 2018. Additionally, we licensed rights to know-how and technology from ~~QIMR Berghofer~~the Council of the Queensland Institute of Medical Research ~~Institute~~ (“QIMR Berghofer”) in October 2015, September 2016 and ~~September 2016.~~June 2018. See Note 6 for further information.

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) and follow the requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) for interim reporting. As permitted under those rules, certain footnotes or other financial information that are normally required by U.S. GAAP can be condensed or omitted. These condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the Company’s annual consolidated financial statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, except that the presentation of total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash has been conformed to current period presentation. In the opinion of management, the condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, which are necessary for a fair statement of the Company’s consolidated financial information. The results of operations for the six-month period ended June 30, 2018 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year or any other future period. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2017 has been derived from audited consolidated financial statements at that date but does not include all of the information required by U.S. GAAP for complete consolidated financial statements.

We have incurred significant operating losses since inception and have relied on public and private equity financings to fund our operations. As of ~~June 30, 2018,~~March 31, 2019, we had an accumulated deficit of ~~$389.0~~$593.2 million. As we continue to incur losses, our transition to profitability will depend on the successful development, approval and commercialization of product candidates and on the achievement of sufficient revenues to support our cost structure. We may never achieve profitability, and unless and until we do, we will need to continue to raise additional capital. Management expects that our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments will be sufficient to fund our planned operations to mid-2020.

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Atara and ~~Other Uncertainties~~

~~We place cash~~its wholly-owned subsidiaries and ~~cash equivalents~~have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) and the requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) for interim reporting. As permitted under those rules, certain footnotes or other financial information that are normally required by U.S. GAAP can be condensed or omitted. These condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the Company’s annual consolidated financial statements included in the ~~custody~~Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, except for the recognition of operating lease assets and operating lease liabilities effective January 1, 2019, in accordance with newly-adopted accounting pronouncements relating to leases as discussed below. In the opinion of management, the condensed consolidated financial ~~institutions that management believes~~statements reflect all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, which are ~~of high credit quality, the amount of which at times, may be in excess~~necessary for a fair presentation of the ~~amount insured by~~Company’s consolidated financial statements. The results of operations for the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. We also have short-term investments in money market funds, U.S. Treasury, government agency and corporate debt obligations, commercial paper and asset-backed securities, which can be subject to certain credit risk. However, we mitigate the risks by investing in high-grade instruments, limiting our exposure to any one issuer, and monitoring the ongoing creditworthinessthree month period ended March 31, 2019 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year or any other future period. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2018 has been derived from audited consolidated financial ~~institutions and issuers.~~

~~We are subject to certain risks and uncertainties and believe~~statements at that ~~changes in any~~date but does not include all of the ~~following areas could have a material adverse effect on future~~information required by U.S. GAAP for complete consolidated financial position or results of operations: our ability to obtain future financing; regulatory approval and market acceptance of, and reimbursement for, our product candidates, if approved; performance of third-party clinical research organizations and manufacturers upon which we rely; development of sales channels; protection of our intellectual property; litigation or claims against us based on intellectual property, patent, product, regulatory or other factors; and our ability to attract and retain employees necessary to support our growth.statements.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates, assumptions, and judgments that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Significant estimates relied upon in preparing these financial statements include estimates related to clinical trial and other accruals, stock-based compensation expense ~~construction costs~~ and income taxes. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

We lease office space in multiple locations. ~~In addition,~~We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating leases are included in operating lease assets, other current liabilities, and operating lease liabilities on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet; we ~~recently constructed~~recognize lease expense for these leases on a ~~manufacturing facility~~straight-line basis over the lease term. Finance leases are included in ~~Thousand Oaks, California under~~property and equipment, other current liabilities, and other long-term liabilities on our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Operating lease assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of future payments. The incremental borrowing rate for our leases is determined based on lease term and currency in which lease payments are made, adjusted for impacts of collateral. The operating lease asset also includes any lease payments made and excludes lease incentives and initial direct costs incurred. Lease expense for minimum lease payments is recognized on a ~~non-cancelable~~straight-line basis over the lease ~~agreement. The~~term.

Our facilities and equipment operating leases ~~are~~have lease and non-lease components and we have made a policy election to account for the lease and non-lease components as a single lease component.

Through December 31, 2018, the leases were reviewed for classification as operating, capital or ~~capital~~build-to-suit leases. For operating leases, rent iswas recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease period. For capital leases, we ~~record~~recorded the leased asset with a corresponding liability for principal and interest. Payments ~~are~~were recorded as reductions to these liabilities with interest being charged to interest expense in our condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

We analyzed the nature of the renovations and our involvement during the construction period of our manufacturing facility and determined that we ~~are~~were the deemed “owner” of the construction project during the construction period. As a result, we ~~are~~were required to capitalize the fair value of the building as well as the construction costs incurred on our condensed consolidated balance sheet along with a corresponding financing liability for landlord-paid construction costs (i.e. “build-to-suit” accounting).

Once construction iswas complete, the Company ~~considers~~considered the requirements for sale-leaseback accounting treatment, including evaluating whether all risks of ownership have been transferred back to the landlord, as evidenced by a lack of continuing involvement in the leased property. IfSince the arrangement ~~does~~did not qualify for sale-leaseback accounting treatment, the building asset ~~remains~~remained on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets at its historical cost, and such asset iswas depreciated over its estimated useful life. The Company ~~bifurcates~~bifurcated its lease payments into a portion allocated to the building and a portion allocated to the parcel of land on which the building has been built. The portion of the lease payments allocated to the land iswas treated for accounting purposes as operating lease payments, and therefore iswas recorded as rent expense in the condensed consolidated statements of ~~operations.~~operations and comprehensive loss. The portion of the lease payments allocated to the building iswas further bifurcated into a portion allocated to interest expense and a portion allocated to reduce the build-to-suit lease obligation. The initial recording of these assets and liabilities iswere classified as non-cash investing and financing items, respectively, for purposes of the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows.

~~ARO are legal obligations associated with the retirement of long-lived assets pertaining to leasehold improvements. These liabilities are initially recorded at fair value~~ The build-to-suit asset and ~~the related asset retirement costs are capitalized by increasing the carrying amount~~corresponding lease obligation was derecognized upon adoption of the ~~related assets by~~new lease standard as we did not control the ~~same amount as~~building during the liability. Asset retirement costs are subsequently depreciated over the useful lives of the related assets. Subsequent to initial recognition, the Company records period-to-period changes in the ARO liability resulting from the passage of time and revisions to either the timing or the amount of the original estimate of undiscounted cash flows. The Company derecognizes ARO liabilities when the related obligations are settled.construction period.

~~In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-02,~~ ~~Leases (Topic 842)~~, which is intended to increase the transparency and comparability in the reporting of leasing arrangements by generally requiring leased assets and liabilities to be recorded on the balance sheet. The new standard is effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. We have not yet determined the potential effect the new standard will have on our consolidated financial statements.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. ASU 2016-13 requires that expected credit losses relating to financial assets measured on an amortized cost basis and available-for-sale debt securities be recorded through an allowance for credit losses. ASU 2016-13 limits the amount of credit losses to be recognized for available-for-sale debt securities to the amount by which carrying value exceeds fair value and also requires the reversal of previously recognized credit losses if fair value increases. The new standard will be effective for us on January 1, ~~2020. Early~~2020, with early adoption ~~will be available~~permitted on January 1, 2019. We have not yet determined the potential effect the new standard will have on our consolidated financial statements.

In ~~February~~August 2018, the FASB issued ASU ~~2018-02,~~No. 2018-15, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract ~~Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income~~(ASU 2018-15), which ~~allows a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings~~clarifies the accounting for ~~adjustments to tax effects that were originally recorded~~implementation costs in other comprehensive income due to changes in the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate resulting from the enactment of the U.S. tax reform legislation, commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "Tax Act"). cloud computing arrangements. The new standard is effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those fiscal years beginning after December 15, ~~2018,~~2019, with early adoption permitted. We have not yet determined the potential effect the new standard will have on our consolidated financial statements.

~~In March 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-05,~~ ~~Income Taxes (Topic 740) Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118~~, to insert the SEC's interpretive guidance from Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 into the income tax accounting codification under U.S. GAAP. The ASU permits companies to use provisional amounts for certain income tax effects of the Tax Act during a one-year measurement period. The provisional accounting impacts for the Company may change in future reporting periods until the accounting analysis is finalized, which we expect to complete within the measurement period in accordance with SAB 118.

OnWe adopted ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), as of January 1, ~~2018,~~2019, using the ~~Company adopted two~~optional transition method, which allows for the initial application of the new accounting ~~standards issued by~~standard at the ~~FASB that clarify presentation~~adoption date and ~~classification~~the recognition of a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings as of the beginning of the period of adoption. In addition, we elected the package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance within the new standard, which among other things, allowed us to carry forward the historical lease classification. In addition, we elected the hindsight practical expedient to determine the lease term for existing leases.

Adoption of the new standard resulted in the ~~statement~~recording of ~~cash flows~~additional operating lease assets and operating lease liabilities of approximately $14.3 million and $15.3 million, respectively, as of January 1, 2019. This was partially offset by de-recognition of the build-to-suit asset and corresponding lease obligation of approximately $10.3 million for our Thousand Oaks manufacturing facility lease as we did not control the building during the construction period (see Note 7). The cumulative effect adjustment to the opening balance of accumulated deficit was a decrease of $0.4 million. The standard did not have a significant impact on ~~a retrospective basis. As a result~~our condensed consolidated statements of ~~adoption, amounts generally described as restricted cash~~operations and ~~restricted cash equivalents are now presented with cash~~comprehensive loss, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash ~~equivalents when reconciling~~flow for the ~~beginning-of-period~~three months ended March 31, 2019 and end-of-period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. As a result of adoption, cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported on the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows now includes restricted cash of $1.4 million, $1.4 million, and $0.2 million as of December 31, 2017, June 30, 2017, and December 31, 2016, respectively, as well as previously reported cash and cash equivalents.2018.

Basic net loss per common share is calculated by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period, without consideration of common share equivalents. Diluted net loss per common share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock and common share equivalents outstanding for the period. Common share equivalents are only included in the calculation of diluted net loss per common share when their effect is dilutive.

Potential dilutive securities, which include, unvested restricted stock units (“RSUs”), vested and unvested options to purchase common stock and shares to be issued under our employee stock purchase plan (“ESPP”) have been excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share as the effect is antidilutive. Therefore, the denominator used to calculate both basic and diluted net loss per common share is the same in all periods presented.

The following table represents the potential common shares issuable pursuant to outstanding securities as of the related period end dates that were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per common share as their inclusion would have an antidilutive effect:

	As of June 30,				As of March 31,
	2018		2017		2019		2018
Unvested RSUs		1,797,702		1,801,397		1,860,374		1,899,505
Vested and unvested options		5,718,914		4,482,620		6,842,443		5,466,825
ESPP share purchase rights		9,366		11,562		37,538		60,317
Total		7,525,982		6,295,579		8,740,355		7,426,647

Our financial assets are measured at fair value on a recurring basis using the following hierarchy to prioritize valuation inputs, in accordance with applicable GAAP:

We review the fair value hierarchy classification on a quarterly basis. Changes in the ability to observe valuation inputs may result in a reclassification of levels of certain securities within the fair value hierarchy. We recognize transfers into and out of levels within the fair value hierarchy in the period in which the actual event or change in circumstances that caused the transfer occurs. There have been no transfers between Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 in any periods presented.

Financial assets and liabilities are considered Level 2 when their fair values are determined using inputs that are observable in the market or can be derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data such as pricing for similar securities, recently executed transactions, cash flow models with yield curves, and benchmark securities. In addition, Level 2 financial instruments are valued using comparisons to like-kind financial instruments and models that use readily observable market data as their basis. U.S. Treasury, government agency and corporate debt obligations, commercial paper and asset-backed securities are valued primarily using market prices of comparable securities, bid/ask quotes, interest rate yields and prepayment spreads and are included in Level 2.

Financial assets and liabilities are considered Level 3 when their fair values are determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques, and at least one significant model assumption or input is unobservable. We have no Level 3 financial assets or liabilities.

The following tables summarize the estimated fair value and related valuation input hierarchy of our available-for-sale securities as of each period end:

		Total			Total			Total			Total				Total			Total		Total			Total
		Amortized			Unrealized			Unrealized			Estimated				Amortized			Unrealized		Unrealized			Estimated
As of June 30, 2018:	Input Level	Cost			Gain			Loss			Fair Value
		(in thousands)
Money market funds	Level 1	$	58,908		$	—		$	—		$	58,908
U.S. Treasury obligations	Level 2		170,458			5			(146	)		170,317
Government agency obligations	Level 2		16,868			—			(33	)		16,835
Corporate debt obligations	Level 2		133,960			9			(308	)		133,661
Commercial paper	Level 2		17,463			—			—			17,463
Asset-backed securities	Level 2		13,661			1			(33	)		13,629
Certificate of deposit	Level 2		1,500			—			—			1,500
Total available-for-sale securities			412,818			15			(520	)		412,313
Less amounts classified as cash equivalents			(98,499	)		(2	)		—			(98,501	)
Amounts classified as short-term investments		$	314,319		$	13		$	(520	)	$	313,812

		Total			Total			Total			Total
		Amortized			Unrealized			Unrealized			Estimated
As of December 31, 2017:	Input Level	Cost			Gain			Loss			Fair Value
As of March 31, 2019:														Input Level	Cost			Gain		Loss			Fair Value
		(in thousands)													(in thousands)
Money market funds	Level 1	$	68,730		$	—		$	—		$	68,730		Level 1	$	25,338		$	—	$	—		$	25,338
U.S. Treasury obligations	Level 2		39,068			—			(28	)		39,040		Level 2		94,616			42		(17	)		94,641
Government agency obligations	Level 2		4,749			—			(21	)		4,728		Level 2		8,351			1		(14	)		8,338
Corporate debt obligations	Level 2		46,532			2			(98	)		46,436		Level 2		86,373			80		(45	)		86,408
Commercial paper	Level 2		1,592			—			—			1,592		Level 2		7,439			—		—			7,439
Asset-backed securities	Level 2		4,122			—			(6	)		4,116		Level 2		9,679			—		(9	)		9,670
Total available-for-sale securities			164,793			2			(153	)		164,642				231,796			123		(85	)		231,834
Less amounts classified as cash equivalents			(77,769	)		—			—			(77,769	)			(50,457	)		—		—			(50,457	)
Amounts classified as short-term investments		$	87,024		$	2		$	(153	)	$	86,873			$	181,339		$	123	$	(85	)	$	181,377

															Total			Total		Total			Total
															Amortized			Unrealized		Unrealized			Estimated
As of December 31, 2018:														Input Level	Cost			Gain		Loss			Fair Value
															(in thousands)
Money market funds														Level 1	$	38,708		$	—	$	—		$	38,708
U.S. Treasury obligations														Level 2		111,164			4		(80	)		111,088
Government agency obligations														Level 2		15,206			1		(32	)		15,175
Corporate debt obligations														Level 2		121,017			15		(217	)		120,815
Commercial paper														Level 2		12,935			—		—			12,935
Asset-backed securities														Level 2		11,894			—		(31	)		11,863
Total available-for-sale securities																310,924			20		(360	)		310,584
Less amounts classified as cash equivalents																(61,651	)		—		—			(61,651	)
Amounts classified as short-term investments															$	249,273		$	20	$	(360	)	$	248,933

The amortized cost and fair value of our available-for-sale securities by contractual maturity were as follows:

	As of June 30, 2018				As of December 31, 2017				As of March 31, 2019				As of December 31, 2018
	Amortized		Estimated		Amortized		Estimated		Amortized		Estimated		Amortized		Estimated
	Cost		Fair Value		Cost		Fair Value		Cost		Fair Value		Cost		Fair Value
	(in thousands)				(in thousands)				(in thousands)				(in thousands)
Maturing within one year	$	339,803	$	339,500	$	151,938	$	151,852	$	216,066	$	216,062	$	287,755	$	287,469
Maturing in one to five years		73,015		72,813		12,855		12,790		15,730		15,772		23,169		23,115
Total available-for-sale securities	$	412,818	$	412,313	$	164,793	$	164,642	$	231,796	$	231,834	$	310,924	$	310,584

As of ~~June 30, 2018,~~March 31, 2019, certain available-for-sale securities had been in a continuous unrealized loss position, each for less than twelve months. As of this date, no significant facts or circumstances were present to indicate a deterioration in the creditworthiness of the respective issuers, and the Company has no requirement or intention to sell these securities before maturity or recovery of their amortized cost basis. During the three ~~and six~~ months ended ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2019 and 2018 ~~and 2017~~, we did not recognize any other-than-temporary impairment losses.

In addition, restricted cash collateralized by money market funds is a financial asset measured at fair value and is a Level 1 financial instrument under the fair value hierarchy. As of ~~June 30, 2018~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2017,~~2018, restricted cash ~~totaled~~was $1.4 ~~million and $1.4 million, respectively.~~million.

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash within the condensed consolidated balance sheets that sum to the total of the same such amounts in the condensed consolidated statement of cash flows:

	June 30,		December 31,		March 31,		December 31,
	2018		2017		2019		2018
	(in thousands)				(in thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents		103,203		79,223	$	56,168	$	60,698
Restricted cash - short term		194		194		194		194
Restricted cash - long term		1,200		1,200		1,200		1,200
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	104,597	$	80,617	$	57,562	$	62,092

	June 30,			December 31,			March 31,			December 31,
	2018			2017			2019			2018
	(in thousands)						(in thousands)
Leasehold improvements	$	32,309		$	623		$	48,888		$	47,609
Build-to-suit asset (see Note 7)								—			10,686
Construction in progress		19,192			40,797			4,259			4,682
Build-to-suit asset (see Note 7)		10,686			—
Computer equipment and software								3,211			3,049
Lab equipment		2,751			2,156			3,345			3,019
Machinery equipment		1,120			885
Machinery and equipment								3,131			2,980
Furniture and fixtures		1,628			536			1,842			1,628
Computer equipment and software		798			477
		68,484			45,474
Property and equipment, gross								64,676			73,653
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization		(2,409	)		(1,345	)		(6,557	)		(5,077	)
Property and equipment, net	$	66,075		$	44,129		$	58,119		$	68,576

Construction in progress represents capitalized costs for our manufacturing facility in Thousand Oaks, California and capitalizable costs incurred for development of internal use software. Depreciation and amortization expense was ~~$0.7~~$1.6 million and ~~$0.2~~$0.3 million for the three months ended ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2019 and 2018, ~~and 2017, respectively and $1.1 million and $0.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017,~~ respectively.

MSK Agreements – In September 2014, the Company entered into an exclusive option agreement with MSK under which it had the right to acquire the exclusive worldwide license rights to three clinical stage T-cell therapies from MSK. In June 2015, we ~~exercised an option to enter~~entered into an exclusive license agreement with MSK for three clinical stage T-cell therapies. In connection with the execution of the ~~license~~ agreement, the Company paid $4.5 millionin cash to ~~MSK, which~~ ~~was recorded as research and development expense in our condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.~~MSK.

We are required to make additional payments of up to $33.0 million to MSK based on achievement of specified regulatory and sales-related milestones, as well as mid-single-digit percentage tiered royalty payments based on future sales of products resulting from the development of the licensed product candidates, if any. In addition, under certain circumstances, we are required to make certain minimum annual royalty payments to MSK, which are creditable against earned royalties owed for the same annual period. We are also required to pay a low double-digit percentage of any consideration we receive for sublicensing the licensed rights. The license agreement expires on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis on the later of: (i) expiration of the last licensed patent rights related to each licensed product, (ii) expiration of any market exclusivity period granted by law with respect to each licensed product, and (iii) a specified number of years after the first commercial sale of the licensed product in each country. Upon expiration of the license agreement, Atara will retain non-exclusive rights to the licensed products.

In December 2018, we licensed additional technology from MSK. In connection with the effectiveness of this license agreement, we made upfront cash payments of $12.5 million in the first quarter of 2019, which were recorded as research and development expense in our consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss in the fourth quarter of 2018. We are obligated to make additional milestone payments based on achievement of specified development, regulatory and sales-related milestones as well as mid-single-digit percentage tiered royalty payments based on future sales of products resulting from the development of the licensed product candidates, if any.

QIMR Berghofer Agreements – In October 2015, we entered into an exclusive license agreement and a research and development collaboration agreement with QIMR Berghofer. In consideration for the exclusive license, the Company paid $3.0 million in cash to QIMR Berghofer.

Under the terms of the license agreement, we obtained an exclusive, worldwide license to develop and commercialize allogeneic ~~cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (“CTL”)~~T-cell therapy programs utilizing technology and know-how developed by QIMR Berghofer. In consideration for the exclusive license, we paid $3.0 million in cash to QIMR Berghofer, which was recorded as research and development expense in our statement of operations and comprehensive loss in the fourth quarter of 2015. In September 2016, the exclusive license agreement and research and development collaboration agreement were amended and restated. Under the amended and restated agreements, we obtained an exclusive, worldwide license to develop and commercialize additional ~~CTL~~T-cell programs as well as the option to license additional technology in exchange for $3.3 million in cash, which was recorded as research and development expense in our condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss in the third quarter of 2016. We exercised this option in June 2018. The amended and restated license agreement also provides for various milestone and royalty payments to QIMR Berghofer based on future product sales, if any.

Under the terms of the amended and restated research and development collaboration agreement, we are also required to reimburse the cost of agreed-upon development activities related to programs developed under the collaboration. These payments are expensed on a straight-line basis over the related development periods resulting in research and development expense of $1.3 million and $0.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively and $2.4 million and $1.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.periods. The agreement also provides for various milestone payments to QIMR Berghofer based on achievement of certain developmental and regulatory milestones.

From time to time, we have entered into other license and collaboration agreements with other parties. For example, we licensed additional rights related to our next-generation CAR T programs from MSK in May 2018 and from Moffitt Cancer Center in August 2018, and agreed to collaborate in connection with each of these licenses.

Milestones and royalties under each of the above agreements are contingent upon future events and will be recorded as expense when it is probable that the milestones will be achieved or royalties are due. As of ~~June 30, 2018~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2017,~~2018, there were no outstanding obligations for milestones and royalties ~~to MSK~~under our license and ~~QIMR Berghofer.~~ collaboration agreements.

Cognate Agreement – - In August 2015, Atara entered into a Development and Manufacturing Services Agreement (the “Manufacturing Agreement”) with Cognate Bioservices, Inc. (“Cognate”). The Manufacturing Agreement was amended in December 2017 to provide for additional rights for Atara in relation to the conduct of the services and amended again in May 2018 to modify certain financial provisions with respect to manufacturing services. Pursuant to the Manufacturing Agreement, Cognate provides process development and manufacturing services for certain Atara product candidates. Atara may terminate the Manufacturing Agreement for convenience on 6 months written notice to Cognate, or immediately if Cognate is unable to perform the Services or fails to obtain or maintain certain necessary approvals. The Manufacturing Agreement includes standard mutual termination rights for uncured breach or insolvency, or a force majeure event preventing the performance of Services for at least ninety days. The Manufacturing Agreement also includes standard provisions in the case of termination or cancellation of any specific manufacturing services.

~~Potential payments related to our license and collaboration agreements, including milestone and royalty payments, are detailed in Note 6.~~

~~We may enter into contracts in the normal course of business with clinical research organizations~~ ~~for clinical trials, with contract manufacturing~~ ~~organizations for~~ ~~clinical supplies, and with other vendors for pre-clinical studies, supplies and other services for our operating purposes. These contracts generally provide for termination on~~ ~~notice. As of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, there were no amounts accrued related to termination charges for minimum purchase volumes not being met.~~

We lease our corporate headquarters in South San Francisco, California under a non-cancellable lease agreement that expires in April 2021. In connection with the lease, we are required to maintain a letter of credit in the amount of $0.2 million to the landlord, which expires and is renewed every 12 months, and is classified as restricted cash in our condensed consolidated balance sheet. ~~We also~~In November 2018, we entered into a lease agreement for additional office space in ~~Westlake Village,~~Thousand Oaks, California ~~under a lease agreement~~ that expires in April 2019. Also, in fourth quarter of 2017, we entered into multiple agreements to lease certain equipment that have been accounted for as capital leases. The terms of the lease agreements range between 2-3 years.

Rent expense was $0.5 million and $0.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively and $1.0 million and $0.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

In February 2017, we entered into a lease agreement for approximately 90,580 square feet of office, lab and cellular therapy manufacturing space in Thousand Oaks, California. The initial 15-year term of the lease commenced on February 15, 2018, upon the substantial completion of landlord’s work as defined under the agreement. The contractual obligations during the initial term are $16.4 million in aggregate. We have the option to extend the lease for two additional periods of ten and nine years, respectively, after the initial term. In connection with the lease, we were required to issue a letter of credit in the amount of $1.2 million to the landlord, which iswas recorded as long-term restricted cash in our condensed consolidated balance sheet.

Based on the terms of the lease agreement and ~~due to~~on our involvement in certain aspects of the construction, we were deemed the owner of the building ~~(for accounting purposes only)~~ during the construction period in accordance with U.S. ~~GAAP.~~GAAP in effect prior to January 1, 2019. Under this build-to-suit lease arrangement, we recognized construction in progress based on all construction costs incurred by both us and the landlord. We also recognized a financing obligation equal to all costs funded by the landlord.

~~As of June 30, 2018, due~~Due to completion of the construction by the landlord and not having ~~failed~~met the criteria for sale-lease back accounting, we transferred the $10.3 million of landlord’s construction costs previously capitalized as construction in progress to a build-to-suit asset, and have recognized a corresponding long-term financing obligation for the same amount in long-term liabilities in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

In addition, we recorded $0.3 million of capitalized interest during the construction period through December 31, 2018. A portion of the monthly lease payment iswas allocated to land rent and recorded as an operating lease expense and the non-interest portion of the amortized lease payments to the landlord related to rent of the building iswas applied to the lease financing liability.

Future minimum payments under our operating, finance and capital leases as of December 31, 2018 were as follows:

	Operating Leases			Finance Leases		Capital Leases
Years Ending December 31,		(in thousands)
2019	$		1,107	$	934	$	540
2020			1,666		962		234
2021			1,555		991		29
2022			1,337		1,020		—
2023			1,375		1,051		—
Thereafter			3,122		11,458		—
Total minimum payments	$		10,162	$	16,416	$	803
Less: amount representing interest							65
Present value of capital lease obligations							738
Less: current portion							490
Capital lease obligation, net of current portion						$	248

Rent expense under operating leases for the three months ended March 31, 2018 was 0.4 million.

The maturities of lease liabilities under our operating and finance leases as of March 31, 2019 were as follows:

The Company’s ~~ARO~~Asset Retirement Obligation (“ARO”) consists of a contractual requirement to remove the tenant improvements at our manufacturing facility in Thousand Oaks, California and restore the facility to a condition specified in the lease agreement. The Company records an estimate of the fair value of its ARO in long-term liabilities in the period incurred. The fair value of the ARO is also capitalized as construction in progress. The fair value of our ARO was estimated by discounting projected cash flows over the estimated life of the related assets using our credit adjusted risk-free rate.

Potential payments related to our license and collaboration agreements, including milestone and royalty payments, are detailed in Note 6.

We may enter into contracts in the normal course of business with clinical research organizations for clinical trials, with contract manufacturing organizations for clinical supplies, and with other vendors for pre-clinical studies, supplies and other services for our operating purposes. These contracts generally provide for termination on notice. As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, there were no amounts accrued related to contract termination charges.

In the normal course of business, we enter into contracts and agreements that contain a variety of representations and warranties and provide for indemnification for certain liabilities. The exposure under these agreements is unknown because it involves claims that may be made against us in the future but have not yet been made. To date, we have not paid any claims or been required to defend any action related to our indemnification obligations. However, we may record charges in the future as a result of these indemnification obligations. We also have indemnification obligations to our directors and executive officers for specified events or occurrences, subject to some limits, while they are serving at our request in such capacities. There have been no claims to date and we believe the fair value of these indemnification agreements is minimal. Accordingly, we did not record liabilities for these agreements as of ~~June 30, 2018~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2017.~~2018.

From time to time, we may be involved in legal proceedings, as well as demands, claims and threatened litigation, which arise in the normal course of our business or otherwise. The ultimate outcome of any litigation is uncertain and unfavorable outcomes could have a negative impact on our results of operations and financial condition. Regardless of outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of the defense costs, diversion of management resources and other factors. We are not currently involved in any material legal proceedings.

~~In January 2018, we completed an underwritten public offering~~Our authorized capital stock consists of ~~7,675,072~~520,000,000 shares, all with a par value of $0.0001 per share, of which 500,000,000 shares are designated as common stock and 20,000,000 shares are designated as preferred stock. There were no shares of ~~common~~preferred stock ~~at an offering price~~outstanding as of ~~$18.25 per share~~March 31, 2019 and ~~received net proceeds of $131.4 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses payable by us. Further, in March~~December 31, 2018 we completed an underwritten public offering of 4,928,571 shares of common stock at an offering price of $35.00 per share and received net proceeds of $161.9 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses payable by us..

In ~~March 2017,~~February 2019, we entered into a sales agreement, ~~(the “ATM Facility”)~~or the ATM Facility, with Cowen and Company LLC (“Cowen”), which provides for the sale, in our sole discretion, of shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to ~~$75.0~~$100.0 million through Cowen, as our sales agent. ~~We pay Cowen a commission of up to 3.0% of the gross sales proceeds of any common stock sold under the ATM Facility.~~ The issuance and sale of these shares by us pursuant to the ATM Facility are deemed “at the market” offerings ~~and are available~~as defined in Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, as ~~amended.~~

amended (the “Securities Act”), and are registered under the Securities Act. We will pay a commission of up to 3.0% of gross sales proceeds of any common stock sold under the ATM Facility. During the three ~~and six~~ months ended ~~June 30, 2018,~~March 31, 2019, we ~~sold an aggregate of 1,007,806~~did not sell any shares of common stock under the ATM ~~facility, at an average price of approximately $48.52 per share, for gross proceeds of $48.9 million and net proceeds of $47.6 million, after deducting commissions and other offering expenses.~~Facility. As of ~~June 30, 2018, $6.1~~March 31, 2019, $100.0 million of common stock remained available to be sold under this facility, subject to certain conditions as specified in the agreement.

Under the terms of the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (“2014 EIP”), we may grant stock options, restricted stock awards (“RSAs”) and RSUs to employees, directors, consultants and other service providers. RSUs typically require settlement by the earlier of seven to ten years from the date of grant or the service termination (or, for RSUs granted prior to February 2014, two years following the service termination date). Stock options are granted at prices no less than 100% of the estimated fair value of the shares on the date of grant as determined by the board of directors, provided, however, that the exercise price of an option granted to a 10% shareholder cannot be less than 110% of the estimated fair value of the shares on the date of grant. Options granted to employees and non-employees generally vest over four years and expire in seven to ten years. As of ~~June 30, 2018,~~March 31, 2019, a total of ~~10,851,962~~12,251,242 shares of common stock were reserved for issuance under the 2014 EIP, of which ~~3,958,128~~4,188,091 shares were available for future grant and ~~6,893,834~~8,063,151 shares were subject to outstanding options and RSUs.

In February 2018, we adopted the 2018 Inducement Plan (“~~2018 IP”~~Inducement Plan”), under which we may grant options, stock appreciation rights, RSAs and RSUs to new employees. As of ~~June 30, 2018,~~March 31, 2019, 1,250,000 shares of common stock were reserved for issuance under the ~~2018 IP,~~Inducement Plan, of which ~~882,500~~720,000 shares were available for future grant and ~~367,500~~530,000 shares were subject to outstanding options and RSUs.

The fair value of RSUs is determined as the closing stock price on the date of grant. The weighted average grant date fair value of RSUs granted ~~was $36.69 and $15.78 for~~during the ~~six~~three months ended ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2019 and 2018 was $38.42 and ~~2017,~~$35.80, respectively. As of ~~June 30, 2018,~~March 31, 2019, there was ~~$37.5~~$55.2 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to RSUs that is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of ~~2.8~~2.9 years. The aggregate intrinsic value of the RSUs outstanding as of ~~June 30, 2018~~March 31, 2019 was ~~$66.2~~$73.9 million.

The following is a summary of RSU activity under our 2014 EIP and Inducement Plan:

Under our RSU net settlement procedures, for most of our employees, we withhold shares at settlement to cover the minimum payroll withholding tax obligations. During the ~~six~~three months ended ~~June 30, 2018,~~March 31, 2019, we settled ~~380,034~~316,473 shares underlying RSUs, of which ~~233,836~~289,348 shares underlying RSUs were net settled by withholding ~~87,954~~118,747 shares. The value of the RSUs withheld was ~~$3.4~~$4.6 million, based on the closing price of our common stock on the settlement date. During the ~~six~~three months ended ~~June 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2018, we settled ~~253,399~~336,240 shares underlying RSUs, of which ~~49,691~~229,854 shares underlying RSUs were net settled by withholding ~~21,201~~86,359 shares. The value of the RSUs withheld was ~~$0.3~~$3.4 million, based on the closing price of our common stock on the settlement date. The value of RSUs withheld in each period was remitted to the appropriate taxing authorities and has been reflected as a financing activity in our condensed consolidated statements of cash flows.

The following is a summary of stock option activity under our 2014 EIP and ~~2018 IP.~~Inducement Plan. The table below also includes the activity relating to options for 275,000 shares of our common stock ~~options~~ which were issued in 2017 outside of these ~~plans:~~plans:

Shares

Weighted Average
Exercise Price

Weighted Average
Remaining
Contractual Term
(Years)

Aggregate Intrinsic
Value
(in thousands)

Outstanding as of December 31, 2017

5,229,648

$
21.06

Granted

1,578,750

38.48

Exercised

(622,982
)

22.37

Forfeited or expired

(466,502
)

35.32

Outstanding as of June 30, 2018

5,718,914

$
24.56

5.4

$
74,744

Vested and expected to vest as of
June 30, 2018

5,718,914

$
24.56

5.4

$
74,744

Exercisable as of June 30, 2018

2,037,856

$
21.89

4.3

$
30,678

	Shares			Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2018		6,276,999		$	28.15
Granted		928,675		$	38.12
Exercised		(159,355	)	$	18.18
Forfeited or expired		(203,876	)	$	27.94
Outstanding as of March 31, 2019		6,842,443		$	29.74		5.6	$	71,329
Vested and expected to vest as of March 31, 2019		6,842,443		$	29.74		5.6	$	71,329
Exercisable as of March 31, 2019		2,423,097		$	22.23		3.9	$	42,615

Aggregate intrinsic value represents the difference between the closing stock price of our common stock on ~~June 30, 2018~~March 31, 2019 and the exercise price of outstanding, in-the-money options. As of ~~June 30, 2018,~~March 31, 2019, there was ~~$52.8~~$83.7 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to stock options that is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of ~~3.0~~3 years.

Options for ~~622,982~~159,355 and 309,497 shares of our common stock were exercised during the ~~six~~three months ended ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2019 and 2018, with an intrinsic value of ~~$11.3 million. No options were exercised during the six months ended June 30, 2017.~~$3.1 million and $4.9 million, respectively. As we believe it is more likely than not that no stock option related tax benefits will be realized, we do not record any net tax benefits related to exercised options.

The fair value of each option issued was estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes valuation model. The following table summarizes the weighted-average assumptions used as inputs to the Black-Scholes model, and resulting weighted-average grant date fair values of stock options granted to employees during the periods indicated:

							Three Months Ended March 31,
	Six months ended June 30, 2018			Six months ended June 30, 2017			2019			2018
Assumptions:
Expected term (years)		4.6			4.5			5.7			4.5
Expected volatility		73.5	%		66.0	%		78.3	%		74.0	%
Risk-free interest rate		2.6	%		1.8	%		2.5	%		2.5	%
Expected dividend yield		0.0	%		0.0	%		0.0	%		0.0	%
Fair Value:
Weighted-average estimated grant date fair value per share	$	22.79		$	8.89		$	25.66		$	20.39
Options granted		1,578,750			770,900			928,675			719,950
Total estimated grant date fair value	$	35,980,000		$	6,853,000		$	23,830,000		$	14,680,000

The estimated fair value of stock options that vested in the ~~six~~three months ended ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2019 and 2018 ~~and 2017~~ was ~~$8.2~~$12.0 million and ~~$7.4~~$3.3 million, respectively.

~~As of June 30, 2018, there were 943,338 shares available for purchase under the~~Our 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“2014 ESPP”). allows eligible employees to purchase our common stock at 85% of the lower of its fair market value at (i) the beginning of a 12-month offering period, or (ii) at the end of one of the two related 6-month purchase periods. No participant in the 2014 ESPP may purchase shares of common stock valued at more than $25,000 per calendar year. The Company recorded $0.2 million and $0.1 million of expense related to the 2014 ESPP in the ~~six~~three months ended ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2019 and 2018, ~~and 2017,~~ respectively. ~~77,100 and 43,962~~No shares were purchased under the 2014 ESPP during the ~~six~~three months ended ~~June 30, 2018~~March 31, 2019 and ~~2017, respectively.~~2018.

As of March 31, 2019, there was $0.2 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to the ESPP that is expected to be recognized by the end of second quarter of 2019.

The 2014 ESPP provides for annual increases in the number of shares available for issuance thereunder on the first business day of each fiscal year, beginning with 2015 and ending in 2024, equal to the lower of (i) one percent of the number of shares of our common stock outstanding as of such date, (ii) 230,769 shares of our common stock, or (iii) a lesser number of shares as determined by our board of directors. As of March 31, 2019, there were 1,142,014 shares available for purchase under the 2014 ESPP.

The following shares of common stock were reserved for future issuance as of ~~June 30, 2018:~~March 31, 2019:

Total stock-based compensation expense related to all employee and non-employee stock awards was as follows:

	Three months ended June 30,				Six months ended June 30,				Three months ended March 31,
	2018		2017		2018		2017		2019		2018
	(in thousands)				(in thousands)				(in thousands)
Research and development	$	3,384	$	1,983	$	6,316	$	4,124	$	6,065	$	2,932
General and administrative		4,614		3,673		8,697		6,879		6,204		4,082
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	7,998	$	5,656	$	15,013	$	11,003	$	12,269	$	7,014

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our ~~unaudited~~ condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended ~~June 30, 2018.~~March 31, 2019. This discussion and other parts of this Quarterly Report contain forward-looking statements that involve risk and uncertainties, such as statements of our plans, objectives, expectations and intentions. As a result of many factors, including those factors set forth in the “Risk Factors” section of this Quarterly Report, our actual results could differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis.

Atara Biotherapeutics is a leading off-the-shelf, allogeneic T-cell immunotherapy company that is developing novel treatments for patients with cancer, autoimmune and viral diseases. The Company's off-the-shelf, or allogeneic, T-cells are bioengineered from donors with healthy immune function and allow for rapid delivery from inventory to patients without a requirement for pretreatment. Atara'sWe have several T-cell immunotherapies in clinical development and are ~~designed~~progressing a next-generation allogeneic chimeric antigen receptor T-cell, or CAR T, program.

Our T-cell immunotherapy ~~in development, tabelecleucel (formerly known as ATA129), is being developed for~~platform includes the ~~treatment of patients with Epstein-Barr virus, or~~ ~~EBV, associated post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder, or EBV+ PTLD,~~ ~~who have failed rituximab,~~ ~~as well as other EBV associated hematologic and solid tumors, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma, or NPC. Off-the-shelf ATA188~~capability to progress both allogeneic and autologous ~~or patient-derived, ATA190, the Company's~~programs and is potentially applicable to a broad array of targets and diseases. Our off-the-shelf, allogeneic T-cell ~~immunotherapies using~~ a complementary targeted antigen recognition technology, target specific EBV antigens believed to be important for the potential treatment of multiple sclerosis, or MS. Atara's clinical pipeline also includes ATA520 targeting Wilms Tumor 1, or ~~WT1, ATA230 directed against cytomegalovirus, or CMV, and ATA621 directed against the BK and JC viruses.~~

~~Our technology~~platform allows for rapid delivery of a T-cell immunotherapy product that has been manufactured in advance and stored in inventory, with each manufactured lot of cells providing therapy for numerous potential patients. This differs from autologous treatments, in which each patient’s own cells must be extracted, modified outside the body and then delivered back to the patient. We utilize a proprietary cell selection algorithm to select the appropriate set of cells for use based on a patient’s unique immune ~~profile, and, unlike many other T-cell programs, there~~profile. This matching process is ~~neither a requirement for pre-treatment before~~designed to allow our cells ~~are~~to be administered ~~nor~~without the pre-treatment that is ~~there extended~~required for some therapies and to reduce monitoring following administration. ~~For example, in our ongoing trials with our~~

Atara’s most advanced ~~product candidate, tabelecleucel, patients are monitored for one to two hours following receipt of tabelecleucel. Our~~ T-cell immunotherapy, ~~platform~~tab-cel^® (tabelecleucel), is ~~applicable to a broad array of targets and diseases. With more than 200~~in Phase 3 development for patients ~~treated across the platform, we~~with Epstein-Barr virus, or EBV, associated post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder, or EBV+ PTLD, who have ~~observed clinical proof of concept across both viral and non-viral targets in conditions ranging from liquid~~failed rituximab or rituximab plus chemotherapy, as well as other EBV-associated hematologic malignancies and solid tumors, ~~to infectious and autoimmune diseases. We have also observed a safety profile characterized by few treatment-related serious adverse events,~~including nasopharyngeal carcinoma, or ~~SAEs, and no evidence of cytokine release syndrome to date.~~

~~Our T-cell immunotherapy product candidates are engineered from cells donated by healthy individuals~~NPC. Discussions with normal immune function. Once cells are collected from a donor, they are bioengineered to expand those T-cells that recognize the antigens of interest. The resulting expanded T-cells are then characterized and held as inventory. From inventory, these cells can be selected, distributed and prepared for infusion in a partially human leukocyte antigen, or HLA, matched patient in approximately 3-5 days. Following administration, our T-cells home to their target, undergo target-controlled proliferation, eliminate diseased cells and eventually recede. Target-controlled proliferation means that our T-cells expand in number when they encounter diseased cells in a patient’s body that express the antigen the cells are designed to recognize.

We have two technology platforms. One of our technology platforms was developed from more than a decade of experience at MSK. The other was developed at QIMR Berghofer, in Australia. We licensed rights to certain know-how and T-cell product candidates from MSK in June 2015. In May 2018, we entered into an agreement to expand our collaboration with MSK to the development of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) immunotherapies. Our most advanced product candidate, tabelecleucel, targets EBV. Tabelecleucel received Breakthrough Therapy Designation, or BTD, from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, and ~~Priority Medicines, or PRIME, designation from the~~ European Medicines Agency, or EMA, regarding the development of tab‑cel^® are ongoing and our intention is ~~currently being evaluated as monotherapy in two Phase 3 trials~~to reach alignment on a global regulatory strategy for ~~the treatment of~~ patients with EBV+ PTLD. Outcomes of these discussions are expected in the first half of 2019.

We ~~believe~~plan to submit a tab‑cel^® EU conditional marketing authorization, or CMA, application based on initial Phase 3 results in 2020. To ensure the integrity of the ongoing, open-label tab-cel^® Phase 3 studies, we anticipate disclosing initial top-line EBV+ PTLD results following acceptance of the EMA CMA application.

In the fourth quarter of 2018, we initiated a Phase 1/2 study of tab-cel^® in combination with Merck’s anti-PD-1 (programmed death receptor-1) therapy, KEYTRUDA^® (pembrolizumab), in patients with platinum-resistant or recurrent EBV-associated NPC. The study is currently enrolling patients in the U.S.

Atara is also developing T-cell immunotherapies targeting EBV antigens believed to be important for the potential treatment of multiple sclerosis, or MS (ATA188 and ATA190). In the fourth quarter of 2017, we initiated an open label, single arm, multi-center, multi-national Phase 1 study with ATA188 for patients with progressive MS, or PMS, and patients are currently being enrolled in the U.S. and Australia. We expect initial safety results from this study will be presented in June 2019 and additional safety and efficacy results will be presented in the second half of 2019. Further, we plan to initiate a randomized ATA190 study in PMS patients in the second half of 2019.

Atara’s pipeline also includes next-generation CAR T immunotherapies for patients with hematologic malignancies and solid tumors, autoimmune and viral diseases, including ATA2271 targeting mesothelin, which is partnered with MSK; ATA2321 for patients with acute myeloid leukemia, or AML, and ATA2431 for patients with B-cell lymphomas, which are partnered with Moffitt; and an internal allogeneic CD19 program, ATA3219, for patients with B-cell lymphomas.

In March 2019, at the American Association for Cancer Research, or AACR, Annual Meeting, our collaborators at MSK presented Phase 1 clinical results for their autologous mesothelin-target CAR T immunotherapy that ~~tabelecleucel~~included safety data, anti-tumor responses, and combination data with a PD-1 checkpoint inhibitor. The results further support our planned development of a next-generation, mesothelin-targeted CAR T immunotherapy using MSK’s novel 1XX CAR signaling domain and PD-1 dominant negative receptor, or DNR, checkpoint inhibition technologies for patients with mesothelin-associated solid tumors. We plan to prioritize mesothelin CAR T development and anticipate that this program will be the first CAR T program to enter the clinic, with an IND expected in 2020.

Additionally, at the AACR Annual Meeting, we presented off-the-shelf, allogeneic CAR T platform preclinical proof-of-concept results demonstrating that our EBV-specific T cell platform has the potential to be efficiently engineered to generate off-the-shelf, allogeneic CAR T immunotherapies with favorable characteristics.

In addition to the ~~first commercially available off-the-shelf~~core programs described above, we also have a diverse pipeline of other programs including ATA621 directed against the BK and JC viruses, ATA368 for patients with human papillomavirus, or HPV, associated cancers, ATA520 for patients with Wilms Tumor 1, or WT1, associated cancers and ATA230 directed against cytomegalovirus, or CMV, related diseases.

In June 2018, we opened our dedicated and expandable Atara T-cell ~~immunotherapy~~Operations and Manufacturing facility, or ATOM, in Thousand Oaks, California. ATOM has the flexibility to produce multiple T-cell and CAR T immunotherapies and integrates research and process science to enable rapid development. The research and development and process and analytical development labs at ATOM are currently supporting preclinical development activities. ATOM is designed to global regulatory standards, and the ~~first FDA~~required commissioning and ~~EMA approved therapy for EBV+ PTLD. With a European conditional marketing authorization application planned for the first half of 2019~~qualification activities to support clinical and ~~U.S. biologics licensing applications planned following the completion of one of our ongoing Phase 3 trials, we~~commercial production are ~~currently developing the infrastructure~~expected to ~~commercialize tabelecleucel globally~~be completed in EBV+ PTLD. We are also evaluating the potential utility of tabelecleucel in patients with other EBV associated cancers, such as NPC, to continue its development into solid tumors. Additional product candidates derived from the collaboration with MSK are being developed to treat various cancers and severe viral infections.

In October 2015 and September 2016, we licensed rights to certain know-how and technology from QIMR Berghofer that are complementary to those we licensed from MSK. This know-how and technology uses targeted antigen recognition to create off-the-shelf T-cell immunotherapy product candidates applicable to a variety of diseases, including autoimmune conditions such as MS. We are also working with QIMR Berghofer on the development of EBV and other virally targeted T-cells. Through this technology, we are expanding the role of immunotherapy beyond oncology and viral infections to autoimmune disease. Our most advanced off-the-shelf T-cell product candidate utilizing this technology, ATA188, targets select antigens of EBV and is currently being evaluated in a Phase 1 trial in an initial cohort for the treatment of patients with progressive MS. In connection with the initial license from QIMR Berghofer, we received an option to exclusively license an autologous version of ATA188, also known as ATA190, which recently demonstrated clinical activity in a Phase 1 trial in progressive MS. We expect to broadly explore the utility of our targeted antigen recognition technology in EBV and other virally driven diseases, and additional product candidates derived from our collaboration with QIMR Berghofer are being developed.2019.

In ~~August 2015,~~addition to ATOM, we ~~entered into~~also work with Cognate Bioservices, Inc., or Cognate, pursuant to a Development and Manufacturing Services Agreement, ~~(the “Manufacturing Agreement”) with Cognate Bioservices, Inc. (“Cognate”). The~~or Manufacturing Agreement, that we entered into in August 2015 and which was amended in December 2017 ~~to provide for additional rights for Atara in relation to the conduct of the services~~ and ~~amended again in~~ May ~~2018 to modify certain financial provisions with respect to manufacturing services.~~2018. Pursuant to the Manufacturing Agreement, Cognate provides process development and manufacturing services for certain of our product candidates. Atara may terminate the Manufacturing Agreement for convenience on 6 months written notice to Cognate, or immediately if Cognate is unable to perform the Services or fails to obtain or maintain certain necessary approvals. The Manufacturing Agreement includes standard mutual termination rights for uncured breach or insolvency, or a force majeure event preventing the performance of Services for at least ninety days. The Manufacturing Agreement also includes standard provisions in the case of termination or cancellation of any specific manufacturing services.

We believe that Atara is a leading allogeneic T-cell immunotherapy company with a robust oncology pipeline and potentially transformative T-cell immunotherapies for MS and other viral diseases. With tabelecleucel poised to potentially become the first off-the-shelf T-cell therapy approved in the U.S. and E.U. and a robust pipeline of high potential candidates, our ambition is to be recognized as the leader in off-the-shelf T-cell immunotherapy.

Since its discovery as the first human oncovirus, EBV has been implicated in the development of a wide range of diseases, including lymphomas and other cancers. EBV is widespread in human populations and persists as a lifelong, asymptomatic infection. In healthy individuals, a small percentage of T-cells are devoted to keeping EBV in check. In contrast, immunocompromised patients, such as those undergoing hematopoietic cell transplants, or HCT, or solid organ transplants, or SOT, have a reduced ability to control EBV. Left without appropriate immune surveillance, EBV transformed cells can, in some patients, proliferate and cause an aggressive, life-threatening cancer called ~~EBV+ PTLD~~.

~~Our most advanced T-cell immunotherapy product candidate, tabelecleucel, is an allogeneic EBV-specific T-cell immunotherapy that is currently being investigated for the treatment of patients with~~ ~~EBV+ PTLD~~ ~~who have failed rituximab. In February 2015, the FDA granted tabelecleucel BTD in the treatment of patients with~~ ~~EBV+ PTLD~~ ~~after HCT~~ ~~who have failed rituximab~~. BTD is an FDA process designed to accelerate the development and review of drugs intended to treat a serious condition when early trials show that the drug may be substantially better than current treatment. In October 2016, tabelecleucel was accepted into the EMA PRIME regulatory pathway for the same indication, providing enhanced regulatory support. In addition, tabelecleucel has received orphan status in the United States and European Union for the treatment of patients with ~~EBV+ PTLD~~ following HCT or SOT. In December 2016, we announced that we had reached agreement with the FDA on the designs of two Phase 3 trials for tabelecleucel intended to support approval in two separate indications, the treatment of ~~EBV+ PTLD~~ ~~following HCT and SOT in patients~~ ~~who have failed rituximab~~. In December 2017, following discussion with the FDA of manufacturing and comparability data generated on material manufactured by our contract manufacturing organization, we initiated these trials in the United States. We expect to expand these trials geographically to include clinical sites outside the United States.

~~The Phase 3 MATCH trial (EBV+ PTLD~~ ~~following HCT) is a multicenter, open label, single arm trial designed to enroll approximately 35 patients with~~ ~~EBV+ PTLD~~ ~~following HCT~~ ~~who have failed rituximab. The Phase 3 ALLELE trial (EBV+ PTLD~~ following SOT) is a multicenter, open label trial with two non-comparative cohorts. Each cohort is designed to enroll approximately 35 patients. The first cohort will include patients who previously received rituximab monotherapy, and the second cohort will include patients who previously received rituximab plus chemotherapy. Both cohorts are enrolling concurrently. The primary endpoint of both the MATCH and ALLELE trials is confirmed best objective response rate, or ORR, defined as the percent of patients achieving either a complete or partial response to treatment with tabelecleucel confirmed after the initial tumor assessment showing a response. Secondary endpoints for both trials include duration of response, overall survival, safety, quality of life metrics, and other measures to evaluate its health economic impact. A safety committee will meet periodically to monitor for safety. Initial results from the first tabelecleucel Phase 3 study, or cohort in the case of ALLELE, are expected to be available in the first half of 2019.

We are also pursuing marketing approval of tabelecleucel in the European Union. In March 2016, the EMA issued a positive opinion for orphan drug designation for tabelecleucel for the treatment of patients with ~~EBV+ PTLD. In October 2016, the EMA Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use and the Committee for Advanced Therapies granted tabelecleucel access to the EMA’s~~ ~~recently established PRIME regulatory initiative for the treatment of patients with~~ ~~EBV+ PTLD~~ ~~following HCT~~ ~~who have failed rituximab~~. PRIME provides early enhanced regulatory support to facilitate regulatory applications and accelerate the review of medicines that address a high unmet need. In January 2017, we received parallel scientific advice from the EMA’s Scientific Advice Working Group and several national Health Technology Assessment agencies in the EU, including those in the United Kingdom, Germany and France. Based on these discussions, we plan to submit an application for Conditional Marketing Authorization, or CMA, of tabelecleucel in the treatment of patients with ~~EBV+ PTLD~~ ~~following HCT~~ ~~who have failed rituximab~~ ~~in the first half of 2019. The CMA will be based on clinical data from Phase 1 and 2 trials conducted at MSK and supported by available data from our Phase 3 MATCH and ALLELE trials in patients with~~ ~~EBV+ PTLD~~ ~~after HCT and SOT~~ ~~who have failed rituximab, which will be ongoing at the time of filing.~~

NPC, is a type of head and neck cancer that is primarily EBV associated. Standard treatment for NPC includes radiation therapy with or without platinum-based chemotherapy. In the setting of metastatic disease after the failure of chemotherapy, median survival is approximately five to 11 months based on historical data, and there are no approved therapeutic agents available to treat this disease today. In April 2017, we entered into an agreement with Merck (known as MSD outside of the United States and Canada) to provide drug supply for a trial sponsored and conducted by us to evaluate tabelecleucel in combination with Merck’s anti-PD-1 (programmed death receptor-1) therapy, KEYTRUDA ® (pembrolizumab), in patients with platinum-resistant or recurrent EBV-associated NPC. The Phase 1/2 trial will evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and preliminary efficacy of the combination and is planned for initiation in the second half of 2018.

MS is a chronic disorder of the central nervous system, or CNS, that disrupts the myelination and normal functioning of the brain, optic nerves and spinal cord through inflammation and tissue loss. The evolution of MS results in an increasing loss of both physical and cognitive (e.g., memory) function. This has a substantial negative impact on the approximately 2.3 million people worldwide affected by MS.

There are two categories of MS: progressive MS, or PMS; and relapsing-remitting MS, or RRMS. PMS is a severe form of MS with few therapeutic options. Within PMS there are two types of MS: secondary progressive MS, or SPMS; and primary progressive MS, or PPMS. According to the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, there are approximately one million people affected by PMS. Both types of PMS are characterized by persistent progression and worsening of MS symptoms and physical disability over time. PPMS occurs when the patient has a disease course characterized by steady and progressive worsening after disease onset. SPMS initially begins as RRMS, but once patients have continuous progression of their disease, they have developed SPMS. This is distinct from RRMS, where patients have flares of the disease that are followed by periods of recovery and quiescence during which the disease does not progress.

There is a strong biologic connection between EBV and MS. EBV is present in nearly all patients with MS. For example, in an international study of patients with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), a CNS demyelinating event isolated in time that is compatible with the possible future development of MS, only one patient out of 1,407 was seronegative for, or not infected with, EBV. In addition, in separate studies, clear differences in location and frequency of EBV infected B-cells and plasma cells were evident between the brains of MS patients and the brains of patients without MS. In these studies, the EBV infected B-cells and plasma cells were in close proximity to areas of active demyelination. Studies suggest that EBV positive B-cells and plasma cells in the CNS have the potential to catalyze an autoimmune response and the MS pathophysiology. In patients with MS, their T-cells may be unable to control EBV positive B-cells and plasma cells so that B-cells and plasma cells could then accumulate in the brain and generate antibodies that attack and destroy myelin, the protective layer that insulates nerves in the brain and spinal cord. This loss of myelin ultimately leads to MS symptoms. MS disease course has also been shown to correlate with measures of EBV activity. The role of B-cells in MS is supported by the recent approval by the FDA of ocrelizumab for PPMS which broadly targets B-cells through their expression of a cell surface marker known as CD20. Low vitamin D also suppresses T-cells and is associated with MS.

Our second T-cell immunotherapy product candidate, ATA188, is an off-the-shelf EBV-specific T-cell that utilizes a targeted antigen recognition technology that enables the T-cells we administer to selectively identify cells expressing the EBV antigens that we believe are important for the potential treatment of MS. We are also developing an autologous version of this product candidate that we call ATA190. ATA190 utilizes the same approach to targeted antigen recognition as ATA188. These product candidates are designed to selectively target only those cells which are EBV positive while sparing those that are not. We believe that eliminating only EBV positive B-cells, including plasma cells, has the potential to benefit some patients with MS through enhanced efficacy and a better side-effect profile. In October 2015, we obtained an exclusive, worldwide license to develop and commercialize allogeneic T-cell immunotherapy product candidates targeting EBV, including ATA188, utilizing technology and know-how developed by QIMR Berghofer. In connection with this license, we also received an option to exclusively license the autologous version of EBV product candidates, including ATA190, which we exercised in June 2018.

In the fourth quarter of 2017, we initiated an open label, single arm, multi-center, multi-national Phase 1 trial with allogeneic ATA188 for patients with MS and in January 2018 announced that we received clearance of our investigational new drug, or IND, application from the FDA to proceed with patient enrollment at U.S. sites. In the first quarter of 2018, we initiated this study in the U.S. The primary objective of this Phase 1 trial is to assess the safety of ATA188 in patients followed for at least one year after the first dose. Key secondary endpoints in the trial include measures of clinical improvement such as Expanded Disability Status Scale, or EDSS, and annualized relapse rate, or ARR, as well as MRI imaging. The trial is expected to enroll a total of 60 patients across the United States, Australia and Europe: 30 patients with PMS, either PPMS or SPMS, and 30 patients with RRMS. We expect to announce initial results from our ATA188 Phase 1 trial in patients with PMS in the first half of 2019.

In addition, based on the Phase 1 clinical results observed to date with ATA190, we believe the continued development of ATA190 will enhance our understanding of the potential therapeutic utility of targeting EBV in the treatment of MS and further inform and complement our development of ATA188. We plan to initiate, in 2019, a randomized clinical study of ATA190 in patients with PMS.

Our third T-cell immunotherapy product candidate, ATA520, is an off-the-shelf WT1 specific T-cell immunotherapy, that targets cancers expressing the antigen WT1 and is currently in Phase 1 clinical trials. WT1 is an intracellular protein that is overexpressed in a number of cancers, including hematological malignances as well as solid tumors. Given the advances of our EBV-related pipeline programs in NPC and MS, as well as the opportunity to pursue a conditional marketing authorization in the E.U. for tabelecleucel, we expect to initiate an additional clinical trial with ATA520 following the further process development of ATA520 as well as the clinical and regulatory advancement of tabelecleucel and our MS related programs.

Our fourth T-cell immunotherapy product candidate, ATA230, is an off-the-shelf CMV specific T-cell immunotherapy, that is in Phase 2 clinical trials for refractory CMV infection that occurs in some patients who have received an HCT or SOT or are otherwise immunocompromised. Recently, the FDA granted orphan drug designation for ATA230 for the treatment of CMV viremia and disease in immunocompromised patients as well as Rare Pediatric Disease Designation for the treatment of congenital CMV infection. The EMA has also granted us orphan status for ATA230 for CMV infection in patients with impaired cell-mediated immunity. Given the opportunity to pursue a CMA in the E.U. for tabelecleucel, we have decided to prioritize our EBV related programs ahead of ATA230 at this time, and plan to further evaluate our development strategy for ATA230 later in 2018.

Through our ongoing collaboration with QIMR Berghofer, we recently developed a new T-cell immunotherapy product candidate, ATA621, for BK and JC virus associated diseases. These two viruses are closely related and there are no available antiviral agents approved for use in BK or JC associated diseases. JC virus is associated with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, or PML, which occurs in transplant, HIV and cancer patients as well as in patients treated with other immunosuppressive therapies, including certain therapies utilized for the treatment of MS. BK virus is associated with hemorrhagic cystitis, or BKVHC, which mainly occurs following HCT or cyclophosphamide treatment as well as BK virus associated nephropathy, or BKVAN, which is a disease most commonly associated with kidney transplant. We are currently conducting IND enabling manufacturing process development and plan to initiate a Phase 1 trial with ATA621 in 2019.

We have a limited operating history. Since our inception in 2012, we have devoted substantially all of our resources to identify, acquire and develop our product candidates, including conducting preclinical ~~studies~~ and clinical ~~trials~~studies, acquiring or manufacturing materials for clinical studies, constructing our manufacturing facility and providing general and administrative support for these operations.

Our net losses were $66.3 million and $41.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. As of March 31, 2019, we had an accumulated deficit of $593.2 million. Substantially all of our net losses have resulted from costs incurred in connection with our research and development programs and from general and administrative expenses associated with our operations. As of March 31, 2019, our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments totaled $237.5 million, which we intend to use to fund our operations.

We have never generated revenues and have incurred losses since inception. We do not expect to receive any revenues from any product candidates that we develop until we obtain regulatory approval and commercialize our products or enter into collaborative agreements with third parties.

Our net losses were $92.3 million and $53.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. As of June 30, 2018, we had an accumulated deficit of $389.0 million. Substantially all of our net losses have resulted from costs incurred in connection with our research and development programs and from general and administrative expenses associated with our operations. As of June 30, 2018, our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments totaled $417.0 million, which we intend to use to fund our operations.

The largest component of our total operating expenses since inception has been our investment in research and development activities, including the preclinical and clinical development of our product candidates. Research and development expenses consist primarily of compensation and benefits for research and development employees, including stock-based compensation; expenses incurred under agreements with contract research organizations and investigative sites that conduct ~~clinical trials~~preclinical and ~~preclinical~~clinical studies; the costs of acquiring and manufacturing clinical ~~trial~~study materials and other supplies; payments under licensing and research and development agreements; other outside services and consulting costs; and an allocation of facilities, information technology and overhead expenses. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred.

We plan to increase our research and development expenses as we continue the development of our product candidates. Our current planned research and development activities include the following:

In addition, we believe it is important to invest in the development of new product candidates to continue to build the value of our product candidate pipeline and our business. We plan to continue to advance our most promising early product candidates into preclinical development with the objective to advance these early-stage programs to human clinical ~~trials~~studies over the next several years.

Our expenditures on current and future preclinical and clinical development programs are subject to numerous uncertainties in timing and cost to completion. The duration, costs, and timing of clinical ~~trials~~studies and development of our product candidates will depend on a variety of factors, including:

The process of conducting the necessary clinical research to obtain approval from the FDA ~~approval~~and other regulators is costly and time consuming and the successful development of our product candidates is highly uncertain. The risks and uncertainties associated with our research and development projects are discussed more fully in the section of this report titled “1A. Risk Factors.” As a result of these risks and uncertainties, we are unable to determine with any degree of certainty the duration and completion costs of our research and development projects, or if, when, or to what extent we will generate revenues from the commercialization and sale of any of our product candidates that obtain regulatory approval. We may never succeed in achieving regulatory approval for any of our product candidates.

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of compensation and benefits for legal, human resources, finance, commercial and other general and administrative employees, including stock-based compensation; outside professional service costs, including legal, patent, human resources, audit and accounting services; other outside services and consulting ~~costs;~~costs, including those related to pre-commercial activities; and allocated information technology and facilities costs. We anticipate that our general and administrative expenses will continue to increase in the future as we increase our headcount to support our continued research and development and the potential commercialization of one or more of our product candidates.

Interest and other income, net consists primarily of interest earned on our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments.

~~There have been no significant changes during~~Except for the ~~six months ended June 30, 2018~~adoption of ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), effective January 1, 2019 to our critical accounting policies and significant judgments and estimates, as disclosed in Note 2 to our condensed consolidated financial statements, there have been no significant changes during the three months ended March 31, 2019, from those disclosed in our management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2017.~~2018 filed with the SEC on February 26, 2019.

On December 22, 2017, President Trump signed into law new tax legislation, or the Tax Act, which significantly reforms the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. As of June 30, 2018, we have made a reasonable estimate of the effects on our existing deferred taxes and related disclosures for the reduction in corporate tax rate and adjustments to the expected deductibility of executive compensation. Due to current year taxable losses and our federal valuation allowance position, we did not recognize any income tax expense or benefit as a result of enactment of the Tax Act. Due to accumulated foreign deficits the Company does not expect a current inclusion in U.S. federal taxable income for the transition tax on earnings of controlled foreign corporations.

The SEC staff has issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118, Income Tax Accounting Implications of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (SAB 118), which allows us to record provisional amounts during a measurement period not to extend beyond one year of the enactment date. We consider the key estimates on the deferred tax remeasurement and the impact of the changes to the deductibility of executive compensation to be provisional due to expected forthcoming guidance from federal and state tax authorities, our continuing analysis of final year-end data and tax positions, as well as further guidance expected for the associated income tax accounting. During the six months ended June 30, 2018, we did not make any adjustments to the provisional amounts included in the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2017. We expect to complete our analysis within the measurement period in accordance with SAB 118.

We are an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act, or JOBS Act, and therefore we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various public company reporting requirements. As an “emerging growth company”,

However, we are choosing to irrevocably opt out of the extended transition periods available under the JOBS Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards. We will remain an “emerging growth company” for up to five years, although we will cease to be an “emerging growth company” upon the earliest of: (1) December 31, 2019; (2) the last day of the first fiscal year in which our annual gross revenues are $1.07 billion or more; (3) the date on which we have, during the previous rolling three-year period, issued more than $1 billion in non-convertible debt securities; and (4) the date on which we are deemed to be a “large accelerated filer” as defined in the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. We will be deemed a “large accelerated filer” as of the end of the fourth quarter of 2018 as our public float as of June 29, 2018 was greater than $700 million.

Comparison of the Three ~~and Six~~ Months Ended ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2019 and 2018 ~~and 2017~~

Research and development expenses consisted of the following costs, by program, in the periods presented:

Three months ended June 30,

Increase

Six months ended June 30,

Increase

2018

2017

(Decrease)

2018

2017

(Decrease)

(in thousands)

(in thousands)

Tabelecleucel

$
8,089

$
7,714

$
375

$
17,134

$
14,898

$
2,236

ATA188, ATA190 and other program expenses

6,855

1,712

5,143

11,179

3,880

7,299

Employee and overhead costs

18,443

8,870

9,573

33,534

17,059

16,475

Total research and development

$
33,387

$
18,296

$
15,091

$
61,847

$
35,837

$
26,010

	Three Months Ended March 31,				Increase
	2019		2018		(Decrease)
	(in thousands)
Tab-cel^® expenses	$	11,639	$	9,814	$	1,825
ATA188, ATA190 and other program expenses		6,106		3,555		2,551
Employee and overhead expenses		30,923		15,091		15,832
Total research and development expenses	$	48,668	$	28,460	$	20,208

~~Tabelecleucel~~ ~~costs~~Tab-cel^® expenses were ~~$8.0~~$11.6 million ~~and $17.1 million in~~for the three ~~and six-month periods~~months ended ~~June 30, 2018,~~March 31, 2019 as compared to ~~$7.7~~$9.8 million ~~and $14.9 million in~~for the comparative ~~2017 periods.~~2018 period. The ~~increases between the periods were~~increase in 2019 was primarily due to higher clinical ~~trial,~~study, manufacturing and outside service costs related to the two Phase 3 clinical ~~trials~~studies of ~~tabelecleucel~~tab-cel^® in patients with EBV+ PTLD who have failed rituximab,. which were initiated in December 2017 and Phase 2 NPC study that was initiated in the fourth quarter of 2018. We anticipate that ~~tabelecleucel~~ ~~costs~~tab-cel^® expenses will continue to increase ~~in 2018~~for the remainder of 2019 due to continued enrollment and study site activation in these studies including preparation for the ~~two Phase 3 clinical trials.~~addition of study sites in Europe.

ATA188, ATA190 and other program ~~costs~~expenses were ~~$6.9~~$6.1 million ~~and $11.2 million in~~for the three ~~and six-month periods~~months ended ~~June 30, 2018,~~March 31, 2019 as compared to ~~$1.7~~$3.6 million ~~and $3.9 million in~~for the comparative ~~2017 periods.~~2018 period. The ~~increases between the periods were~~increase in 2019 was primarily related to increased clinical ~~trial,~~study, manufacturing and other outside service costs related to the Phase 1 clinical ~~trial~~study of ATA188 for patients with progressive MS and ~~the exercise of the option to license~~startup activities for ATA190 ~~the autologous version of ATA188.~~clinical program. We anticipate that ATA188, ATA190 and other program costs will ~~continue to~~remain relatively stable for the remainder of 2019. While we expect an increase in ~~2018 due~~expenses related to ~~an increase in~~ manufacturing activity, the continued development of our manufacturing processes, clinical study activities, including the initiation of a randomized clinical study of ATA190, and ~~the~~ development ~~of products obtained from~~related to our ~~collaboration~~collaborations with QIMR ~~Berghofer.~~Berghofer and MSK, we expect these increases to be offset by a decrease in license fees incurred in 2018 not anticipated to recur in 2019.

Employee and overhead ~~costs~~expenses were ~~$18.4~~$30.9 million ~~and $33.5 million in~~for the three ~~and six-month periods~~months ended ~~June 30, 2018~~March 31, 2019 as compared to ~~$8.9~~$15.1 million ~~and $17.1 million in~~for the comparative ~~2017 periods.~~2018 period. The ~~increases between the three-month periods were~~increase was primarily due to ~~a $5.4 million increase~~higher compensation-related costs from increased headcount in support of our continuing expansion of research and development activities. In particular, payroll and related costs ~~driven~~increased by ~~increased headcount, $2.1~~$9.8 million ~~increase in professional services costs, $1.8 million increase in facility related costs and a $0.3 million increase in travel and other related costs. The increases between the six-month periods were~~ primarily due to ~~a $9.7 million increase in payroll~~increased headcount. Also, facility-related costs and ~~related costs driven by increased headcount, $3.2 million increase in~~ professional services ~~costs, $2.9~~cost increased by $4.2 million ~~increase in facility related costs~~ and ~~a $0.7~~$1.8 million, ~~increase in travel and other related costs. The~~respectively. These increases ~~between the periods~~ were primarily related to our continuing expansion of research and development ~~activities and we~~activities. We anticipate that employee and overhead costs will continue to increase in future periods as we continue to expand such activities.

General and administrative expenses ~~increased to~~were $19.2 million ~~and $33.2 million in~~for the three ~~and six-month periods~~months ended ~~June 30, 2018 as~~March 31, 2019 compared to ~~$9.6~~$14.0 million ~~and $18.2 million in~~for the comparative ~~2017 periods.~~2018 period. The increase ~~between the three-month periods~~ was primarily due to a ~~$2.6~~$4.1 million increase in ~~payroll and related~~compensation-related costs driven by increased headcount, a ~~$6.1~~$2.3 million increase in professional services costs, ~~and~~partially offset by a ~~$0.9~~$1.2 million ~~increase~~decrease in ~~travel and facility related~~facility-related costs. The increases between the six-month periods was primarily due to a $8.3 million increase in professional services costs, a $5.2 million increase in payroll and related costs driven by increased headcount, and a $1.4 million increase in travel and facility related costs. The increases between the periods were primarily related to the expansion of our operations and weWe expect that general and administrative costs will continue to increase moderately in ~~2018 as we continue to expand.~~2019.

Since our inception in 2012, we have funded our operations primarily through the issuance of common and preferred stock. In January 2018, we completed an underwritten public offering of 7,675,072 shares of common stock at an offering price of $18.25 per share and received net proceeds of $131.4 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses payable by us. Further, in March 2018, we completed an underwritten public offering of 4,928,571 shares of common stock at an offering price of $35.00 per share and received net proceeds of $161.9 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses payable by us.

In ~~March 2017,~~February 2019, we entered into a sales agreement, or the ATM Facility, with Cowen and Company, LLC, or Cowen, which provides for the sale, in our sole discretion, of shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to ~~$75.0~~$100.0 million through Cowen, as our sales agent. ~~We pay Cowen a commission of up to 3.0% of the gross sales proceeds of any common stock sold under the ATM Facility.~~ The issuance and sale of these shares by us pursuant to the ATM Facility are deemed “at the market” offerings ~~and are available~~defined in Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, as ~~amended.~~

amended, or the Securities Act, and are registered under the Securities Act. We will pay a commission of up to 3.0% of gross sales proceeds of any common stock sold under the ATM Facility. During the three ~~and six~~ months ended ~~June 30, 2018,~~March 31, 2019, we ~~sold an aggregate of 1,007,806~~did not sell any shares of common stock under the ATM ~~facility, at an average price of approximately $48.52 per share, for gross proceeds of $48.9 million and net proceeds of $47.6 million, after deducting commissions and other offering expenses.~~Facility. As of ~~June 30, 2018, $6.1~~March 31, 2019, the full $100.0 million of common stock remained available to be sold under this facility, subject to certain conditions as specified in the agreement.

We have incurred losses and negative cash flows from operations in each year since inception. As of ~~June 30, 2018,~~March 31, 2019, we had an accumulated deficit of ~~$389.0~~$593.2 million. We do not expect to receive any revenues from any product candidates that we develop until we obtain regulatory approval and commercialize our products. As such, we anticipate that we will continue to incur losses the foreseeable future. We expect that our research and development and general and administrative expenses will continue to increase and, as a result, we will need additional capital to fund our operations, which we may raise through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, other third-party funding, marketing and distribution arrangements and other collaborations, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements. We may borrow funds on terms that may include restrictive covenants, including covenants that restrict the operation of our business, liens on assets, high effective interest rates and repayment provisions that reduce cash resources and limit future access to capital markets. In addition, we expect to continue to opportunistically seek access to the equity capital markets to support our development efforts and operations, including by utilizing our ATM Facility. To the extent that we raise additional capital by issuing equity securities, our stockholders may experience substantial dilution. To the extent that we raise additional funds through collaboration or partnering arrangements, we may be required to relinquish some of our rights to our technologies or rights to market and sell our products in certain geographies, grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us, or issue equity that may be substantially dilutive to our stockholders.

Cash in excess of immediate requirements is invested in accordance with our investment policy, primarily with a view to liquidity and capital preservation. Currently, our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments are held in bank and custodial accounts and consist of money market funds, U.S. Treasury, government agency and corporate debt obligations, commercial paper and asset-backed ~~securities. Management expects~~securities. We expect that our existing cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments as of ~~June 30, 2018~~March 31, 2019 will be sufficient to fund our planned operations to mid-2020.

Our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments balances as of the dates indicated were as follows:

	June 30,		December 31,		March 31,		December 31,
	2018		2017		2019		2018
	(in thousands)				(in thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents	$	103,203	$	79,223	$	56,168	$	60,698
Short-term investments		313,812		86,873		181,377		248,933
Total cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments	$	417,015	$	166,096	$	237,545	$	309,631

Comparison of the ~~Six~~Three Months Ended ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2019 and 2018 ~~and 2017~~

The following table details the primary sources and uses of cash for each of the periods set forth below:

	Six months ended June 30,						Three Months Ended March 31,
	2018			2017			2019			2018
	(in thousands)						(in thousands)
Net cash provided by (used in):
Operating activities	$	(74,256	)	$	(42,335	)	$	(70,200	)	$	(34,822	)
Investing activities		(253,794	)		50,324			67,596			(249,917	)
Financing activities		352,030			9,480			(1,926	)		296,011
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	23,980		$	17,469
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash							$	(4,530	)	$	11,272

Net cash used in operating activities was ~~$74.3~~$70.2 million in the 2019 period as compared to $34.8 million in the 2018 ~~period as compared to $42.3 million in the 2017~~ period. The ~~decrease~~increase of ~~$31.9~~$35.4 million was primarily due to a ~~$39.2~~$24.8 million increase in net loss and a ~~$1.2~~$16.8 million decrease ~~in the amortization of investment premiums and discounts, partially offset by a $3.8 million increase~~ in operating assets and liabilities, partially offset primarily by a ~~$4.0~~$5.3 million increase in stock-based compensation and a ~~$0.6~~$1.3 million increase in depreciation ~~expense, and a $0.1 million increase in non-cash interest~~ expense.

Net cash provided by investing activities in the 2019 period consisted primarily of $63.3 million received from maturities and $12.5 million from sales of available-for-sale securities, partially offset by $7.4 million used to purchase available-for-sale securities and $0.8 million in purchases of property and equipment. Net cash used in investing activities in the 2018 period consisted primarily of ~~$357.6~~$292.5 million used to purchase available-for-sale securities and ~~$27.3~~$19.8 million in purchases of property and equipment, partially offset by ~~$52.0~~$26.5 million received from maturities and ~~$79.1~~$35.9 million from sales of available-for-sale securities.

Net cash ~~provided by investing~~used in financing activities ~~during~~in the ~~2017~~2019 period consisted ~~primarily~~ of ~~$115.4~~$4.6 million ~~received from maturities~~of taxes paid related to the net share settlement of RSUs and ~~$51.7~~$0.1 million ~~from sales of available-for-sale securities,~~in principal payments on our capital lease obligations, partially offset by ~~$112.4~~$2.7 million ~~used to purchase available-for-sale securities and $4.3 million in purchases~~ of ~~property and equipment.~~

net proceeds from employee stock transactions. Net cash provided by financing activities in the 2018 period consisted of $293.3 million of aggregate net proceeds from the underwritten public offerings in January and March 2018 ~~$47.6 million of net proceeds from the ATM facility~~ and ~~$14.9~~$6.2 million of net proceeds from employee stock transactions, partially offset by $3.4 million of taxes paid related to the net share settlement of ~~restricted stock~~RSUs and ~~$0.3~~$0.1 million on principal payments on our capital lease obligations. Net cash provided by financing activities in the 2017 period consisted of $9.3 million of net proceeds from the ATM facility and $0.5 million of net proceeds from employee stock transactions, partially offset by $0.3 million of taxes paid related to the net share settlement of restricted stock.

To date, we have not generated any revenue from product sales. We do not know when, or if, we will generate any revenue from product sales. We do not expect to generate significant revenue from product sales unless and until we obtain regulatory approval of and commercialize one of our current or future product candidates. We anticipate that we will continue to generate losses for the foreseeable future, and we expect the losses to increase as we continue the development of and seek regulatory approvals for our product candidates and begin to commercialize any approved products. We are subject to all of the risks inherent in the development of new products, and we may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other unknown factors that may adversely affect our business. We anticipate that we will need to raise substantial additional funding in connection with our continuing and expected expansion of our operations.

We expect that our existing cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments will be sufficient to fund our planned operations to mid-2020. In order to complete the process of obtaining regulatory approval for any of our ~~lead~~ product ~~candidate~~candidates and to build the sales, marketing and distribution infrastructure that we believe will be necessary to commercialize our ~~lead~~ product ~~candidate,~~candidates, if approved, we will require substantial additional funding.

We have based our projections of operating capital requirements on assumptions that may prove to be incorrect and we may use all of our available capital resources sooner than we expect. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with research, development and commercialization of pharmaceutical products, we are unable to estimate the exact amount of our operating capital requirements. Our future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including, but not limited to:

We lease our corporate headquarters in South San Francisco, California under a non-cancellable lease agreement for approximately 13,670 square feet of office space. The lease expires in April 2021.

In January 2015, we entered into a non-cancellable lease agreement for office and laboratory space in Westlake Village, California. The lease expired in April 2019.

In February 2017, we entered into a lease agreement for ATOM, consisting of approximately 90,580 square feet of office, lab and cellular therapy manufacturing space in Thousand Oaks, California. The initial 15-year term of this lease commenced in February 2018, upon the substantial completion of landlord’s work as defined under the agreement. The contractual obligations during the initial term are $16.4 million in aggregate. We have the option to extend this lease for two additional periods of ten and nine years, respectively, after the initial term. In connection with this lease, we were required t o issue a letter of credit in the amount of $1.2 million to the landlord, which is recorded as long-term restricted cash in our condensed consolidated balance sheet.

In November 2018, we entered into a lease agreement for approximately 51,160 square feet of office space in Thousand Oaks, California. The initial term of this lease expires in February 2026. The contractual obligations during the initial term are $8.5 million in aggregate. We have the option to extend the lease for an additional period of five years after the initial term.

Aggregate future minimum commitments for our leases as of December 31, 2018 are as follows:

Aggregate future minimum commitments for our leases as of March 31, 2019 are as follows:

The above amounts exclude potential milestone and royalty payments related to our license and collaboration agreements, as the achievement of these milestones is currently not fixed and determinable.

We may also enter into contracts in the normal course of business with clinical research organizations for clinical studies, with contract manufacturing organizations for clinical supplies, and with other vendors for preclinical studies and supplies and other services and products for operating purposes. These contracts generally provide for termination on notice. Payments in the table above are based on current operating forecasts, which are subject to change, and do not include any termination fees.

We did not have during the periods presented, and we do not currently have, any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined in the rules and regulations of the SEC.

~~Future minimum payments under our operating, capital and finance leases as of June 30, 2018 was $20.1 million.~~

Item 3. ~~Quantitative~~Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

During the ~~six~~three months ended ~~June 30, 2018,~~March 31, 2019, there were no material changes to our interest rate risk disclosures, market risk disclosures and foreign currency exchange rate risk disclosures reported in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2017.~~2018 filed with the SEC on February 26, 2019.

Under the supervision of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act as of ~~June 30, 2018.~~March 31, 2019. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of ~~June 30, 2018~~March 31, 2019 to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely discussion regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any disclosure controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.

Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer (the person performing a similar function to that of the Principal Financial and Accounting Officer for this purpose), does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures and our internal controls will prevent all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can only provide reasonable assurances that the objectives of the control system are met. The design of a control system reflects resource constraints; the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because there are inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been or will be detected. As these inherent limitations are known features of the financial reporting process, it is possible to design into the process safeguards to reduce, though not eliminate, these risks. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns occur because of simple error or mistake. Controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the control. The design of any system of controls is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events. While our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives, there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all future conditions. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or deterioration in the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

We intend to review and evaluate the design and effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures on an ongoing basis and to improve our controls and procedures over time and to correct any deficiencies that we may discover in the future. While our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of ~~June 30, 2018,~~March 31, 2019, the design of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act, was effective, future events affecting our business may cause us to significantly modify our disclosure controls and procedures.

There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rules 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the ~~six~~three months ended ~~June 30, 2018~~March 31, 2019 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. ~~You~~Investors should carefully consider all of the risk factors and uncertainties described below, in addition to the other information contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including the section of this report titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our condensed consolidated ~~and combined~~ financial statements and related notes, together with our other filings made from time to time with the SECbefore investing in our common stock.

The risks described below may not be the only ones relating to our company and additional risks that we currently believe are immaterial may also affect us. If any of ~~the following~~these risks, including those described below, materialize, our business, competitive position, reputation, financial condition, ~~and~~ results of operations, cash flows and future prospects could be seriously harmed. In these circumstances, the market price of our common stock could decline, and ~~you~~investors may lose all or a part of ~~your~~their investment.

We have incurred substantial losses since our inception and anticipate that we will continue to incur substantial and increasing losses for the foreseeable future.

We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company. Investment in biopharmaceutical product development is highly speculative because it entails substantial upfront capital expenditures and significant risk that a product candidate will fail to prove effective, gain regulatory approval or become commercially viable. We do not have any products approved by regulatory authorities and have not generated any revenues from product sales or otherwise to date, and have incurred significant research, development and other expenses related to our ongoing operations and expect to continue to incur such expenses. As a result, we have not been profitable and have incurred significant operating losses in every reporting period since our inception. For the ~~six~~three months ended ~~June 30, 2018,~~March 31, 2019, we reported a net loss of ~~$92.3~~$66.3 million and we had an accumulated deficit of ~~$389.0~~$593.2 million as of ~~June 30, 2018.~~March 31, 2019.

We do not expect to generate revenues for the foreseeable future, if at all. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future. We anticipate these losses to increase as we continue to research, develop and seek regulatory approvals for our product candidates and any additional product candidates we may acquire, in-license or develop, and potentially begin to commercialize product candidates that may achieve regulatory approval. We may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other unknown factors that may adversely affect our business. The size of our future net losses will depend, in part, on the rate of future growth of our expenses and our ability to generate revenues. If any of our product candidates fails in clinical ~~trials~~studies or does not gain regulatory approval, or if approved, fails to achieve market acceptance, we may never become profitable. Even if we achieve profitability in the future, we may not be able to sustain profitability in subsequent periods. We anticipate that our expenses will increase in the future as we continue to invest in research and development of our existing product candidates, investigate and potentially acquire new product candidates and expand our manufacturing and commercialization activities.

We have a limited operating history, which may make it difficult ~~for you~~ to evaluate the success of our business to date and to assess our future viability.

Our company was formed in August 2012. Our operations to date have been limited to organizing and staffing our company, acquiring product and technology rights and conducting product development activities for our product candidates. We have not yet demonstrated our ability to successfully complete any Phase 2 or Phase 3 clinical ~~trials,~~studies, obtain regulatory approval, consistently manufacture a commercial scale product or arrange for a third party to do so on our behalf, or conduct sales and marketing activities necessary for successful commercialization for any of our product candidates. In addition, the adoptive immunotherapy technology underlying our T-cell product candidates, including our next-generation CAR T programs, is new and largely unproven. Any predictions about our future success, performance or viability, particularly in view of the rapidly evolving ~~cancer~~ immunotherapy field, may not be as accurate as they could be if we had a longer operating history or approved products on the market.

In addition, as a young business, we may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other known and unknown factors. We will need to transition at some point from a company with a research and development focus to a company capable of supporting commercial activities. We may not be successful in such a transition. We expect our financial condition and operating results to continue to fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year due to a variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control. Accordingly, any of our quarterly or annual periods’ results are not indicative of future operating performance.

We currently have no source of revenues. We may never generate revenues or achieve profitability.

To date, we have not generated any revenues from product sales or otherwise. Even if we are able to successfully achieve regulatory approval for our product candidates, we do not know when we will generate revenues or become profitable, if at all. Our ability to generate revenues from product sales and achieve profitability will depend on our ability to successfully commercialize products, including any of our current product candidates, and other product candidates that we may develop, in-license or acquire in the future. Our ability to generate revenues and achieve profitability also depends on a number of additional factors, including our ability to:

Our revenues for any product candidate for which regulatory approval is obtained will be dependent, in part, upon the size of the markets in the territories for which we gain regulatory approval, the accepted price for the product, the ability to get reimbursement at any price, and whether we own the commercial rights for that territory. If the number of our addressable disease patients is not as significant as we estimate, the indication approved by regulatory authorities is narrower than we expect, or the reasonably accepted population for treatment is narrowed by competition, physician choice or treatment guidelines, we may not generate significant revenues from sales of ~~such~~our products, even if approved. In addition, we anticipate incurring significant costs associated with commercializing any approved product candidate. As a result, even if we generate revenues, we may not become profitable and may need to obtain additional funding to continue operations. If we fail to become profitable or are unable to sustain profitability on a continuing basis, then we may be unable to continue our operations at planned levels and may be forced to reduce our operations.

We will require substantial additional financing to achieve our goals, and a failure to obtain this necessary capital when needed could force us to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or commercialization efforts.

We expect to expend substantial resources for the foreseeable future to continue the clinical development and manufacturing of our T-cell immunotherapy product candidates, and the advancement and expansion of our preclinical research pipeline. We also expect to continue to expend resources for the development and manufacturing of product candidates and the technology we have licensed or have an exclusive right to license from ~~QIMR Berghofer, including ATA188 and ATA190, which are in development for the treatment of MS.~~our partners. These expenditures will include costs associated with research and development, potentially acquiring or licensing new product candidates or technologies, conducting preclinical ~~studies~~ and clinical ~~trials~~studies and potentially obtaining regulatory approvals and manufacturing products, as well as marketing and selling products approved for sale, if any. Under the terms of our license agreements with each of ~~MSK and QIMR Berghofer,~~our partners, we are obligated to make payments upon the achievement of certain development, regulatory and commercial milestones. We will also need to make significant expenditures to develop a commercial organization capable of sales, marketing and distribution for any products, if any, that we intend to sell ourselves in the markets in which we choose to commercialize on our own. In addition, other unanticipated costs may arise. Because the design and outcome of our ongoing, planned and anticipated clinical ~~trials~~studies is highly uncertain, we cannot reasonably estimate the actual amounts necessary to successfully complete the development and commercialization of our product candidates.

We believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments will be sufficient to fund our planned operations ~~into~~to mid-2020. As of ~~June 30, 2018,~~March 31, 2019, we had total cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments of ~~$417.0~~$237.5 million. However, our operating plan may change as a result of many factors currently unknown to us, and we may need additional funds sooner than planned. In addition, we may seek additional capital due to favorable market conditions or strategic considerations even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans.

We do not have any committed external source of funds. Additional funds may not be available when we need them on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all. If adequate funds are not available to us on a timely basis, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate preclinical studies, clinical ~~trials~~studies or other development activities for one or more of our product candidates or delay, limit, reduce or terminate our establishment of sales, marketing and ~~marketing~~distribution capabilities or other activities that may be necessary to commercialize our product candidates.

Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our existing stockholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights to our product candidates on terms that are unfavorable ~~terms~~ to us.

We may seek additional capital through a variety of means, including through private and public equity offerings and debt financings. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, ~~your~~the ownership interest of existing stockholders will be diluted, and the terms may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect ~~your~~the rights ~~as a stockholder.~~of stockholders. Debt financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take certain actions, ~~such as~~including incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures, entering into licensing arrangements, or declaring dividends. If we raise additional funds from third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies or product candidates, or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financing when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or commercialization efforts for our product candidates, or grant to others the rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ~~ourselves.~~ourselves or take other actions that are adverse to our business.

We are ~~very~~ early in our development efforts and have only a small number of product candidates in clinical development. All of our other product candidates are still in preclinical development. If we or our collaborators are unable to successfully develop and commercialize product candidates or experience significant delays in doing so, our business may be materially harmed.

We are ~~very~~ early in our development efforts, and only a small number of our product candidates are in clinical development. ~~All~~The majority of our ~~other~~ product candidates are currently in preclinical development. We have invested ~~substantially all of our efforts and financial~~substantial resources in identifying and developing potential product candidates, ~~and~~ conducting preclinical and clinical studies, ~~clinical trials~~manufacturing activities and ~~manufacturing activities.~~preparing for the potential commercial launch of our product candidates. Our ability to generate revenues, which we do not expect will occur for ~~many~~several years, if ever, will depend heavily on the successful development and eventual commercialization of our product candidates. The success of our product candidates will depend on ~~several~~many factors, including the following:

If we do not achieve one or more of these factors in a timely manner or at all, we could experience significant delays or an inability to successfully develop and commercialize our product candidates, which could materially harm our business.

Our future success is dependent on the regulatory approval of our product candidates.

We do not have any products that have gained regulatory approval. Currently, our ~~only~~ clinical-stage product candidates ~~are tabelecleucel, for which we recently initiated Phase 3 clinical trials in the United States,~~include tab-cel^®, ATA188 ~~which is in a Phase 1 clinical trial, ATA190, which is in a Phase 1 clinical trial conducted by QIMR~~ ~~Berghofer,~~and ~~ATA230, which is in Phase 2 clinical trials.~~ATA190. Our business is substantially dependent on our ability to obtain regulatory approval for, and, if approved, to successfully commercialize our product candidates in a timely manner.

We cannot commercialize product candidates in the ~~United States~~U.S. without first obtaining regulatory approval for the product from the FDA; similarly, we cannot commercialize product candidates outside of the ~~United States~~U.S. without obtaining regulatory approval from comparable foreign regulatory authorities. Before obtaining regulatory approvals for the commercial sale of any product candidate for a target indication, we must demonstrate with substantial evidence gathered in preclinical ~~studies~~ and clinical ~~trials, generally including two well-controlled Phase 3 trials,~~studies, that the product candidate is safe and effective for use for that target indication and that the manufacturing facilities, processes and controls are adequate with respect to such product ~~candidate.~~candidate to assure safety, purity and potency.

The time required to obtain approval by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities is unpredictable but typically takes many years following the commencement of preclinical ~~studies~~ and clinical ~~trials~~studies and depends upon numerous factors, including the substantial discretion of the regulatory authorities. In addition, approval policies, regulations, or the type and amount of clinical data necessary to gain approval may change during the course of a product candidate’s clinical development and may vary among jurisdictions. We have not obtained regulatory approval for any product candidate and it is possible that none of our existing product candidates or any future product candidates will ever obtain regulatory approval.

Our product candidates could fail to receive regulatory approval from the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority for many reasons, including:

The FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority may require more information, including additional preclinical or clinical data to support approval, which may delay or prevent approval and our commercialization plans, or we may decide to abandon the development program. If we were to obtain approval, regulatory authorities may approve any of our product candidates for fewer or more limited indications than we request (including failing to approve the most commercially promising indications), may grant approval contingent on the performance of costly post-marketing clinical ~~trials,~~studies, or may approve a product candidate with a label that does not include the labeling claims necessary or desirable for the successful commercialization of that product candidate.

In addition, the clinical study requirements of the FDA, EMA and other regulatory agencies and the criteria these regulators use to determine the safety and efficacy of a product candidate are determined according to the type, complexity, novelty and intended use and market of the potential products. The regulatory approval process for novel product candidates, such as our novel T-cell product candidates and next-generation CAR T programs, can be more complex and consequently more expensive and take longer than for other, better known or extensively studied pharmaceutical or other product candidates. Approvals by the EMA and FDA for existing autologous CAR T therapies, such as Novartis’s Kymriah and Gilead’s Yescarta, may not be indicative of what these regulators may require for approval of our therapies. Moreover, our product candidates may not perform successfully in clinical studies or may be associated with adverse events that distinguish them from that which have previously been approved, such as existing autologous CAR T therapies. For instance, allogeneic product candidates may result in adverse events not experienced with autologous products.

In January 2019, the U.S. federal government entered a prolonged shutdown suspending services deemed non-essential, including certain activities of the FDA, and U.S. politicians have expressed interest in future similar shutdowns as a negotiating tactic. Our development and commercialization activities could be harmed or delayed by a similar shutdown of the U.S. federal government in the future, which may significantly delay the FDA’s ability to timely review and process any submissions we have filed or may file or cause other regulatory delays.

Even if a product candidate were to successfully obtain approval from the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities, any approval might contain significant limitations related to use restrictions for specified age groups, warnings, precautions or contraindications, or may be subject to burdensome post-approval study or risk management requirements. If we are unable to obtain regulatory approval for one of our product candidates in one or more jurisdictions, or any approval contains significant limitations, we may not be able to obtain sufficient funding to continue the development of that product or generate revenues attributable to that product candidate. Also, any regulatory approval of our current or future product candidates, once obtained, may be withdrawn.

Our T-cell immunotherapy product candidates and our next-generation CAR T programs represent new therapeutic approaches that could result in heightened regulatory scrutiny, delays in clinical development or delays in or our inability to achieve regulatory approval, commercialization or ~~commercialization~~payor coverage of our product candidates.

Our future success is dependent on the successful development of T-cell immunotherapies and our next-generation CAR T programs in general and our development product candidates in particular. Because these programs, particularly our pipeline of allogenic T-cell product candidates that are bioengineered from donors, represent a new approach to immunotherapy for the treatment of cancer and other diseases, developing and commercializing our product candidates subject us to a number of challenges, including:

We cannot be sure that the manufacturing processes used in connection with our T-cell immunotherapy product candidates will yield a sufficient supply of satisfactory products that are safe, pure and ~~effective,~~potent, comparable to those T-cells produced by ~~MSK or QIMR Berghofer~~our partners historically, scalable or profitable.

Moreover, actual or perceived safety issues, including adoption of new therapeutics or novel approaches to treatment, may adversely influence the willingness of subjects to participate in clinical ~~trials,~~studies, or if approved by applicable regulatory authorities, of physicians to subscribe to the novel treatment mechanics. The FDA or other applicable regulatory authorities may ask for specific post-market requirements, and additional information informing benefits or risks of our products may emerge at any time prior to or after regulatory approval.

Physicians, hospitals and third-party payors often are slow to adopt new products, technologies and treatment practices that require additional upfront costs and training. Physicians may not be willing to undergo training to adopt this novel therapy, may decide the therapy is too complex to adopt without appropriate training or not cost-efficient, and may choose not to administer the therapy. Based on these and other factors, hospitals and payors may decide that the benefits of this new therapy do not or will not outweigh its costs.

The results of preclinical studies or earlier clinical ~~trials~~studies are not necessarily predictive of future results. Our existing product candidates in clinical ~~trials,~~studies, and any other product candidate we advance into clinical ~~trials,~~studies, may not have favorable results in later clinical ~~trials~~studies or receive regulatory approval.

Success in preclinical studies and early clinical ~~trials~~studies does not ensure that later clinical ~~trials~~studies will generate adequate data to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of an investigational drug. ALikewise, a number of companies in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, including those with greater resources and experience than us, have suffered significant setbacks in clinical ~~trials,~~studies, even after seeing promising results in earlier preclinical studies or clinical trials. For example, in December 2015, we announced that our Phase 2 proof-of-concept trial of PINTA 745 did not meet its primary endpoint even though earlier clinical trials and preclinical studies had indicated that it might be effective to treat protein energy wasting in patients with end stage renal disease.studies. Despite the results reported in earlier preclinical studies or clinical ~~trials~~studies for our product candidates, we do not know whether the clinical ~~trials~~studies we may conduct will demonstrate adequate efficacy and safety to result in regulatory approval to market ~~tabelecleucel, ATA520,~~tab-cel^®, ATA188 or ATA190, ~~ATA230~~any product candidates resulting from our next-generation CAR T programs or any of our other product candidates in any particular jurisdiction. T

~~abelecleucel~~Tab-cel^® has been predominantly evaluated in a single-center ~~trial~~studies under investigator-sponsored INDs held by MSK and in our EAP, utilizing a different response criteria and endpoints from those we may utilize in later clinical ~~trials.~~studies. For example, the primary endpoint of both the MATCH and ALLELE ~~trials~~studies is ~~confirmed~~“confirmed best objective response ~~rate~~rate” defined as the percent of patients achieving either a complete or partial response to treatment with ~~tabelecleucel~~tab-cel^® confirmed after the initial tumor assessment showing a response. In contrast, neither the prior MSK ~~trials~~studies nor our EAP ~~trial~~study protocol require response confirmation. The findings may not be reproducible in late phase ~~trials~~studies we conduct. For instance, the current protocols for our MATCH and ALLELE studies are

designed to rule out a 20% ORR as the null hypothesis. This means that if the lower bound of the 95% confidence interval on ORR among patients receiving at least one dose of tab-cel^® exceeds 20% at the end of the study, then the study would be expected to meet the primary endpoint for the treatment of PTLD. For example, assuming enrollment of 35 patients in MATCH, an observed ORR above approximately 37% would be expected to meet the primary endpoint. ALLELE is currently designed such that each of the two cohorts will be analyzed separately with respect to the primary endpoint and, as an example, with 35 patients enrolled in either cohort, an observed ORR above approximately 37% would be expected to meet the primary endpoint. In addition, due to the nature of clinical study protocols, the study protocol is subject to further negotiation and discussion with regulators, and, with the approval of regulators, we may, for example, adjust the number of patients or submit a filing on the basis of interim data from a subset of the required patients, both of which could impact the required ORR.

For regulatory approvals of tab-cel^®, we plan on using independent radiologist and/or oncologist assessment of responses which may not correlate with the ~~investigator reported~~investigator-reported assessments. In addition, the Phase 2 clinical ~~trials~~studies with ~~tabelecleucel~~tab-cel^® enrolled a heterogeneous group of patients with a variety of EBV-associated malignancies, including ~~but not limited to~~ EBV+ PTLD after HCT and EBV+ PTLD after SOT. These Phase 2 ~~trials~~studies were not prospectively designed to evaluate the efficacy of ~~tabelecleucel~~tab-cel^® in the treatment of a single disease state for which we may later seek approval. If conditional marketing authorization is granted from the European Commission, we may be subject to ongoing obligations, including the need to provide additional clinical data at a later stage to confirm a positive benefit/risk balance.

Moreover, final ~~trial~~study results may not be consistent with interim ~~trial~~study results. Efficacy data from prospectively designed ~~trials~~studies may differ significantly from those obtained from retrospective subgroup analyses. In addition, clinical data obtained from a clinical ~~trial~~study with an ~~autologous~~allogeneic product candidate such as ATA188 may not yield the same or better results ~~with~~as compared to an ~~allogeneic~~autologous product ~~candidate.~~candidate such as ATA190. If later-stage clinical ~~trials~~studies do not produce favorable results, our ability to achieve regulatory approval for any of our product candidates may be adversely impacted. Even if we believe that we have adequate data to support an application for regulatory approval to market any of our product candidates, the FDA or other regulatory authorities may not agree and may require that we conduct additional clinical ~~trials.~~studies.

Interim “top line” and preliminary data from our clinical studies that we may announce or share with regulatory authorities from time to time may change as more patient data become available and are subject to audit and verification procedures that could result in material changes in the final data.

From time to time, we may announce or share with regulatory authorities interim “top line” or preliminary data from our clinical studies. Interim data from clinical studies that we may complete are subject to the risk that one or more of the clinical outcomes may materially change as patient enrollment continues and more patient data become available. Preliminary or “top line” data also remain subject to audit and verification procedures that may result in the final data being materially different from the preliminary data we previously announced. As a result, interim and preliminary data should be viewed with caution until the final data are available. Adverse differences between preliminary or interim data and final data could impact the regulatory approval of, and significantly harm the prospects of any product candidate that is impacted by the applicable data.

Clinical drug development involves a lengthy and expensive process with an uncertain outcome.

Clinical testing is expensive and can take many years to complete, and its outcome is inherently uncertain. Failure can occur at any time during the clinical ~~trial~~study process. Product candidates in later stages of clinical ~~trials~~studies may fail to show the desired safety and efficacy traits despite having progressed through preclinical and clinical ~~trials.~~studies.

We may experience delays in our ongoing or future clinical ~~trials~~studies and we do not know whether clinical ~~trials~~studies will begin or enroll subjects on time, will need to be redesigned or will be completed on schedule, if at all. There can be no assurance that the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities will not put clinical ~~trials~~studies of any of our product candidates on clinical hold in the future. Clinical ~~trials~~studies may be delayed, suspended or prematurely terminated for a variety of reasons, such as:

Patient enrollment, a significant factor in the timing of clinical ~~trials,~~studies, is affected by many factors ~~including~~ including:

As an example, we activated additional clinical sites over the course of 2018 and increased HLA coverage during this period. As a result, enrollment in our studies was limited in the early part of 2018 and increased through the course of the year as we increased clinical sites and HLA coverage. However, in May 2019, we announced that enrollment in our Phase 3 studies of tab-cel® for patients with EBV+ PTLD was proceeding slower than anticipated. Many of our product candidates are designed to treat rare diseases, and as a result the pool of potential patients with respect to a given disease is small. We may not be able to initiate or continue to support clinical ~~trials~~studies of ~~tabelecleucel,~~tab-cel®, ATA188, ~~ATA520, ATA230~~ATA190 or any ~~future~~other product candidates if we are unable to locate and enroll a sufficient number of eligible participants in these ~~trials~~studies as required by the FDA or other regulatory authorities. Even if we are able to enroll a sufficient number of patients in our

clinical ~~trials,~~studies, if the pace of enrollment is slower than we expect, the development costs for our product candidates may increase and the completion of our ~~trials~~studies may be delayed or our ~~trials~~studies could become too expensive to complete. The CMA will be based on clinical data from Phase 1 and 2 trials conducted at MSK and dependent on certain available data from our Phase 3 trials in EBV+ PTLD who have failed rituximab after HCT and SOT. The Phase 3 data that will be submitted as support for the CMA will require a certain number of patients to be enrolled and evaluated in the ongoing trial prior to the time of filing.

We rely on CROs, other vendors and clinical ~~trial~~study sites to ensure the proper and timely conduct of our clinical ~~trials,~~studies, and while we have agreements governing their committed activities, we have limited influence over their actual performance.

If we experience delays or quality issues in the conduct, completion or termination of any clinical ~~trial~~study of our product candidates, the approval and commercial prospects of such product candidate will be harmed, and our ability to generate product revenues from such product candidate will be delayed. In addition, any delays in completing our clinical ~~trials~~studies will increase our costs, slow down our product candidate development and approval process and jeopardize our ability to commence product sales and generate revenues. Any delays in completing our clinical ~~trials~~studies for our product candidates may also decrease the period of commercial exclusivity. In addition, many of the factors that could cause a delay in the commencement or completion of clinical ~~trials~~studies may also ultimately lead to the denial of regulatory approval of our product candidates.

Our product candidates, the methods used to deliver them or their dosage levels may cause undesirable side effects or have other properties that could delay or prevent their regulatory approval, limit the commercial profile of an approved label or result in significant negative consequences following any regulatory approval.

Undesirable side effects caused by our product candidates, their delivery methods or dosage levels could cause us or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt clinical ~~trials~~studies and could result in a more restrictive label or the delay or denial of regulatory approval by the FDA or other comparable foreign regulatory authority. ~~For example, hypoxia has been observed in some patients receiving ATA230 for the treatment of their CMV pneumonitis.~~ As a result of safety or toxicity issues that we may experience in our clinical ~~trials,~~studies, we may not receive approval to market any product candidates, which could prevent us from ever generating revenues or achieving profitability. Results of our ~~trials~~studies could reveal an unacceptably high severity and incidence of side ~~effects.~~effects, or side effects outweighing the benefits of our product candidates. In such an event, our ~~trials~~studies could be suspended or terminated and the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities could order us to cease further development of or deny approval of our product candidates for any or all targeted indications. The drug-related side effects could affect patient recruitment or the ability of enrolled subjects to complete the ~~trial~~study or result in potential product liability claims. ~~Any of these occurrences may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, cash flows and future prospects.~~

Additionally, if any of our product candidates receives regulatory approval, and we or others later identify undesirable side effects caused by such product, a number of potentially significant negative consequences could result, including that:

Any of these events could diminish the usage or otherwise limit the commercial success of our product candidates and prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the ~~particular~~affected product candidate, if ~~approved.~~approved by applicable regulatory authorities.

We may not be able to obtain or maintain orphan drug exclusivity for our product candidates.

Regulatory authorities in some jurisdictions, including the ~~United States~~U.S. and Europe, may designate drugs for relatively small patient populations as orphan drugs. Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may designate a product as an orphan drug if it is a drug intended to treat a rare disease or condition, which is generally defined as a patient population of fewer than 200,000 individuals annually in the ~~United States.~~U.S. Both the FDA and the EMA have granted us orphan ~~status~~designation for ~~tabelecleucel~~tab-cel^® for EBV+ PTLD after HCT or SOT. EMA has granted us orphan status for ATA230 for CMV infection in patients with impaired cell-mediated immunity and FDA has granted us orphan status for the ATA230 for the treatment of CMV viremia and disease in immunocompromised patients.

Generally, if a product with an orphan drug designation subsequently receives the first regulatory approval for the indication for which it has such designation, the product is entitled to a period of marketing exclusivity, which precludes the EMA or the FDA from approving another marketing application for the same drug for that time period. The applicable period is seven years in the ~~United States~~U.S. and ten years in Europe. The European exclusivity period can be reduced to six years if a drug no longer meets the criteria for orphan drug designation or if the drug is sufficiently profitable so that market exclusivity is no longer justified. Orphan drug exclusivity may be lost if the FDA or EMA determines that the request for designation was materially defective or if the manufacturer is unable to assure sufficient quantity of the drug to meet the needs of patients with the rare disease or condition.

Even if we obtain orphan drug exclusivity for a product, that exclusivity may not be maintained or effectively protect the product from competition because different drugs can be approved for the same condition. Even after an orphan drug is approved, the FDA can subsequently approve a new drug for the same condition if the FDA concludes that the later drug is clinically superior in that it is shown to be safer, more effective or makes a major contribution to patient care.

Breakthrough Therapy Designation by the FDA may not lead to a faster development or regulatory review or approval process and it does not increase the likelihood that our product candidates will receive marketing approval.

Although we have obtained Breakthrough Therapy Designation, or BTD, for tab-cel^® for EBV+ PTLD, this may not lead to faster development or regulatory review and does not increase our likelihood of success. A breakthrough therapy is defined as a drug or biologic that is intended, alone or in combination with one or more other drugs or biologics, to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition and preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the drug, or biologic in our case, may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints, such as substantial treatment effects observed early in clinical development. For product candidates that have been designated as breakthrough therapies, interaction and communication between the FDA and the sponsor of the study can help to identify the most efficient path for clinical development while minimizing the number of patients placed in ineffective control regimens. Biologics designated as breakthrough therapies by the FDA may also be eligible for priority review.

Designation as a breakthrough therapy is within the discretion of the FDA. Receipt of a BTD for a product candidate may not result in a faster development process, review or approval compared to drugs considered for approval under non-expedited the FDA review procedures and does not assure ultimate approval by the FDA. In addition, the FDA may later decide that the product no longer meets the conditions for qualification and rescind BTD or decide that the time period for FDA review or approval will not be shortened.

Failure to obtain regulatory approval in international jurisdictions would prevent our product candidates from being marketed abroad.

In addition to regulations in the ~~United States,~~U.S., to market and sell our products in the European Union, many Asian countries and other jurisdictions, we must obtain separate regulatory approvals and comply with numerous and varying regulatory ~~requirements.~~requirements, both from a clinical and manufacturing perspective. The approval procedure varies among countries and can involve additional testing. The time required to obtain approval may differ substantially from that required to obtain FDA approval. The regulatory approval process outside the ~~United States~~U.S. generally includes all of the risks associated with obtaining FDA approval. Clinical ~~trials~~studies accepted in one country may not be accepted by regulatory authorities in other countries. In addition, many countries outside the ~~United States~~U.S. require that a product be approved for reimbursement before it can be approved for sale in that country. A product candidate that has been approved for sale in a particular country may not receive reimbursement approval in that country. We may not be able to obtain approvals from regulatory authorities or payor authorities outside the ~~United States~~U.S. on a timely basis, if at all. Approval by the FDA does not ensure approval by regulatory or payor authorities in other countries or jurisdictions, and approval by one regulatory or payor authority outside the ~~United States~~U.S. does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries or jurisdictions or by the FDA. We may not be able to file for regulatory approvals and may not receive necessary approvals to commercialize our products in any market. If we are unable to obtain approval of any of our product candidates by regulatory or payor authorities in the European Union, Asia or elsewhere, the commercial prospects of that product candidate may be significantly ~~diminished, our business prospects could decline and this could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.~~diminished.

Even if our product candidates receive regulatory approval, they may still face future development and regulatory difficulties.

Even if we obtain regulatory approval for a product candidate, it would be subject to ongoing requirements by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities governing the manufacture, quality control, further development, labeling, packaging, storage, distribution, adverse event reporting, safety surveillance, import, export, advertising, promotion, recordkeeping and reporting of safety and other post-marketing information. These requirements include submissions of safety and other post-marketing information and reports, registration, as well as continued compliance by us and/or our contract manufacturing organizations, or CMOs, and CROs for any post-approval clinical ~~trials~~studies that we conduct. The safety profile of any product will continue to be closely monitored by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities after approval. If the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities become aware of new safety information after approval of any of our product candidates, they may require labeling changes or establishment of a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy, impose significant restrictions on a product’s indicated uses or marketing or impose ongoing requirements for potentially costly post-approval studies or post-market surveillance.

In addition, manufacturers of drug products and their facilities are subject to initial and continual review and periodic inspections by the FDA and other regulatory authorities for compliance with current good manufacturing practices, or cGMP, current Good Clinical Practices, or GCP, current good tissue practices, or cGTP, and other regulations. If we or a regulatory agency discover previously unknown problems with a product, such as adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or problems with the facility where the product is manufactured, a regulatory agency may impose restrictions on that product, the manufacturing facility or us, including requiring recall or withdrawal of the product from the market or suspension of manufacturing. If we, our product candidates or the manufacturing facilities for our product candidates fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements, a regulatory agency may:

The occurrence of any event or penalty described above may inhibit our ability to successfully commercialize our ~~products and generate revenues.~~products.

Advertising and promotion of any product candidate that obtains approval in the ~~United States~~U.S. will be heavily scrutinized by the FDA, the Department of Justice, or the DOJ, the Office of Inspector General of the ~~Department of Health and Human Services, or~~ HHS, state attorneys general, members of the U.S. Congress and the public. Additionally, advertising and promotion of any product candidate that obtains approval outside of the ~~United States~~U.S. will be heavily scrutinized by comparable foreign ~~regulatory authorities.~~entities and stakeholders. Violations, including actual or alleged promotion of our products for unapproved or off-label uses, are subject to enforcement letters, inquiries and investigations, and civil and criminal sanctions by the ~~FDA.~~FDA or comparable foreign bodies. Any actual or alleged failure to comply with labeling and promotion requirements may ~~have a negative impact on our business.~~result in fines, warning letters, mandates to corrective information to healthcare practitioners, injunctions, or civil or criminal penalties.

Regulations, guidelines and recommendations published by various government agencies and organizations may affect the use of our product candidates.

~~Although~~Changes to regulations, recommendations or other guidelines advocating alternative therapies for the indications we treat could result in decreased use of our products. For example, although treatment with ~~EBV specific~~EBV-specific T-cells is recognized as a recommended treatment for persistent or progressive EBV+ PTLD as set forth in the 2017 National Comprehensive Cancer Network Guidelines, future guidelines from governmental agencies, professional societies, practice management groups, private health/science foundations and other organizations ~~involved in various diseases may relate~~could lead to ~~such matters as~~decreased ability of developing our product ~~usage, dosage, and route of administration and use of related~~candidates, or ~~competing therapies. Changes to these recommendations or other guidelines advocating alternative therapies could result in~~ decreased use of our ~~product candidates, which may adversely affect our results of operations.~~products once approved by applicable regulatory authorities.

We may not successfully identify, acquire, develop or commercialize new potential product candidates.

Part of our business strategy is to expand our product candidate pipeline by identifying and validating new product candidates, which we may develop ourselves, in-license or otherwise acquire from others. In addition, in the event that our existing product candidates do not receive regulatory approval or are not successfully commercialized, then the success of our business will depend on our ability to expand our product pipeline through in-licensing or other acquisitions. We may be unable to identify relevant product candidates. If we do identify such product candidates, we may be unable to reach acceptable terms with any third party from which we desire to in-license or acquire them.

We may not realize the benefits of strategic alliances that we may form in the ~~future.~~future or of potential future product acquisitions or licenses.

We may desire to form strategic alliances, create joint ventures or collaborations, or enter into licensing arrangements with third parties or acquire products or business, in each case that we believe will complement or augment our existing business. These relationships or transactions, or those like them, may require us to incur nonrecurring and other charges, increase our near- and long-term expenditures, issue securities that dilute our existing stockholders, reduce the potential profitability of the products that are the subject of the relationship or disrupt our management and business. In addition, we face significant competition in seeking appropriate strategic alliances and transactions and the negotiation process is time-consuming and ~~complex.~~complex and there can be no assurance that we can enter into any of these transactions even if we desire to do so. Moreover, we may not be successful in our efforts to establish a strategic alliance or other alternative arrangements for any future product candidates and programs because our research and development pipeline may be insufficient, our product candidates and programs may be deemed to be at too early a stage of development for collaborative effort and third parties may not view our product candidates and programs as having the requisite potential to demonstrate safety and efficacy. If we license products or acquire businesses, we may not be able to realize the benefit of such transactions if we are unable to successfully integrate them with our existing operations and company culture. We cannot be certain that, following a ~~strategic transaction or license, we will achieve the revenues or specific net income that justifies such transaction.~~positive benefit/risk profile. Any delays in entering into new strategic alliances agreements related to our product candidates could also delay the development and commercialization of our product candidates and reduce their competitiveness even if they reach the market.

If we license products or acquire businesses, we may not be able to realize the benefit of these transactions if we are unable to successfully integrate them with our existing operations and company culture. We cannot be certain that, following an acquisition or license, we will achieve the financial or strategic results that would justify the transaction.

We are subject to a multitude of manufacturing risks, any of which could substantially increase our costs and limit supply of our product candidates.

~~Concurrent~~Concurrently with the license of our existing product candidates, we acquired manufacturing process know-how and, ~~certain~~in some cases, and inventory of process intermediates ~~as well as certain supplies intended for~~and clinical ~~use,~~materials, from ~~MSK and QIMR Berghofer. To facilitate the manufacture of additional drug product for~~ our ~~Phase 3 clinical trials using the MSK~~partners. Transferring manufacturing processes, testing and ~~process know-how, we undertook the process of transferring this know-how to our CMO. Transferring manufacturing testing and processes and~~associated know-how is complex and involves review and incorporation of both documented and undocumented processes that may have evolved over time. In addition, transferring production to different facilities may require utilization of new or different processes to meet the specific requirements of a given facility. WeEach stage is retroactively and concurrently verified to be compliant with appropriate regulations. As a result, there is a risk that all relevant know-how was not adequately transferred to us from our ~~CMOs will~~partners or that previous execution was not compliant with applicable regulations.

In addition, we need to conduct significant development and scale-up work to transfer these processes and manufacture each of our product candidates for various studies, ~~trials~~clinical studies and commercial launch readiness. ~~We cannot be certain that all relevant know-how has been adequately incorporated into~~To the extent we elect to transfer manufacturing ~~process until the completion of studies (and the related evaluations) intended~~within our network, we are required to demonstrate that the ~~comparability of material previously produced by MSK with that generated by our CMO.~~product manufactured in the new or “receiving” facility is comparable to the product manufactured in the original or “sending” facility. The inability to ~~manufacture~~demonstrate to each of the applicable regulatory authorities that comparable drug product ~~by us or our CMO~~was manufactured could delay the ~~continued~~ development of our product candidates. ~~Although we believe we have manufactured material that is comparable to that previously produced by MSK, the FDA, EMA, and other comparable regulatory authorities may not agree.~~

The processes by which our product candidates are manufactured were initially developed by ~~MSK or QIMR Berghofer~~our partners for clinical purposes. We ~~and our CMO~~ intend to evolve ~~these~~the existing processes ~~for more~~with our partners to support advanced clinical ~~trials or commercialization.~~studies and commercialization requirements. Developing commercially viable manufacturing processes is a difficult and uncertain task, and there are risks associated with scaling to the level required for advanced clinical ~~trials~~studies or commercialization, including cost overruns, potential problems with process scale-up, process reproducibility, stability issues, consistency and timely availability of reagents or raw materials. The manufacturing facilities in which our product candidates will be made could be adversely affected by earthquakes and other natural disasters, equipment failures, labor shortages, power failures, and numerous other factors.

~~Additionally, the process of manufacturing cellular therapies is complex, highly regulated and subject to several risks, including but not limited to:~~

Any adverse developments affecting manufacturing operations for our product candidates may result in lot failures, inventory shortages, shipment delays, ~~inventory shortages, lot failures,~~product withdrawals or recalls or other interruptions in the supply of our drug product which could delay the development of our product candidates. We may also have to write off inventory, incur other charges and expenses for supply of drug product that fails to meet specifications, undertake costly remediation efforts, or seek more costly manufacturing alternatives. Inability to meet the demand for our product candidates could damage our reputation and the reputation of our products among physicians, healthcare payors, patients or the medical community that supports our product development efforts, including hospitals and ~~cancer treatment centers, which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our results of operations.~~outpatient clinics.

We intend to manufacture at least a portion of our product candidates ourselves. Delays in ~~building,~~ commissioning and receiving regulatory approvals for our manufacturing facility could delay our development plans and thereby limit our ability to generate revenues.

In ~~February 2017,~~June 2018, we ~~entered into a lease to build a manufacturing~~opened our Atara T-cell Operations and Manufacturing, or ATOM, facility in Thousand Oaks, ~~California, which we intend~~California. The research and development and process and analytical development labs are operationally supporting preclinical development activities. The facility commissioning and qualification activities required to ~~use~~support ATOM production were completed in Q4 2018. Product specific qualifications are ongoing to ~~manufacture preclinical~~support both clinical and ~~clinical trial materials for our product candidates. This new manufacturing facility is~~commercial production and are expected to be completed ~~to support clinical production~~ in 2019. ~~This project may result in unanticipated delays and cost more than expected due to a number of factors, including regulatory requirements.~~ If the appropriate regulatory ~~approval~~approvals for the new facility isare delayed, we may not be able to manufacture sufficient quantities of our drug candidates, which would limit our development activities and our opportunities for growth.

In addition to the similar manufacturing risks described in ~~"Risks~~“Risks Related to Our Dependence on Third Parties,"” our manufacturing facility will be subject to ongoing, periodic inspection by the FDA, EMA or other comparable regulatory agencies to ensure compliance with cGMP and GTP. Our failure to follow and document our adherence to ~~such cGMP and GTP~~these regulations or other regulatory requirements may lead to significant delays in the availability of products for clinical or, in the future, commercial use, may result in the termination of or a hold on a clinical ~~trial,~~study, or may delay or prevent filing or approval of commercial marketing applications for our product candidates. We also may encounter problems with the following:

Failure to comply with applicable regulations could also result in sanctions being imposed on us, including fines, injunctions, civil penalties, a requirement to suspend or put on hold one or more of our clinical ~~trials,~~studies, failure of regulatory authorities to grant marketing approval of our drug candidates, delays, suspension or withdrawal of approvals, license revocation, seizures or recalls of drug candidates, operating restrictions and criminal prosecutions, any of which could harm our business.

Developing advanced manufacturing techniques and process controls is required to fully utilize our facility. ~~Advances~~Without further investment, advances in manufacturing techniques may render our facility and equipment inadequate or ~~obsolete, without further investment.~~obsolete.

~~In order to produce our~~A number of the product candidates in ~~the quantities that we believe will be required~~our portfolio, if approved by applicable regulatory authorities, may require significant commercial supply to meet ~~anticipated~~ market ~~demand of any of our drug candidates if approved,~~demand. In these cases, we ~~will~~may need to increase, or ~~"scale~~“scale up,"” the production process by a significant factor over the initial level of production. If we are unable to do so, are delayed, or if the cost of this scale up is not economically feasible for us or we cannot find a third-party supplier, we may not be able to produce our product candidates in a sufficient quantity to meet future demand.

If our sole clinical or commercial manufacturing facility or our CMO is damaged or destroyed or production at these facilities is otherwise interrupted, our business ~~and prospects~~ would be negatively affected.

If any manufacturing facility in our manufacturing ~~facility or CMO~~network, or the equipment in these facilities, is either is damaged or destroyed, we may not be able to quickly or inexpensively replace our manufacturing capacity or replace it at all. In the event of a temporary or protracted loss of ~~this~~a facility or its equipment, we may not be able to transfer manufacturing to a third ~~party.~~party in the time required to maintain supply. Even if we could transfer manufacturing to a third party, the shift would likely be expensive and time-consuming, particularly since the new facility would need to comply with the necessary regulatory requirements ~~and we would need~~or may require regulatory approval before selling any products manufactured at that facility. Such an event could delay our clinical ~~trials~~studies or reduce our commercial product sales.

Currently, we maintain insurance coverage against damage to our property and to cover business interruption and research and development restoration expenses. However, our insurance coverage may not reimburse us, or may not be sufficient to reimburse us, for any expenses or losses we may suffer. We may be unable to meet our requirements for our product candidates if there were a catastrophic event or failure of our current manufacturing facility or processes.

~~We rely~~Maintaining clinical and commercial timelines is dependent on our end-to-end supply chain network to support manufacturing; if we experience problems with our third ~~parties to conduct~~party suppliers we may delay development and/or commercialization of our ~~preclinical studies and clinical trials. If these third parties~~product candidates.

We do not ~~successfully carry out their contractual duties or meet expected deadlines, or if we lose any of our CROs, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or commercialize~~currently manufacture our product candidates ~~on a timely basis, if at all.~~

~~We have relied upon~~in our own facilities and plan to continue to rely upon third-party CROs and contractors to monitor and manage data for our ongoing preclinical and clinical programs. For example, our collaborating investigators at MSK manage the conduct of the ongoing clinical trials for ATA520 as well as perform the analysis, publication and presentation of data and results related to this program and the historical phase 1/2 tabelecleucel and ATA230 programs. We alsowe rely on ~~studies previously conducted by MSK. Our collaborating investigators at QIMR Berghofer manage the conduct of the ongoing clinical trials for ATA190. We are utilizing a CRO for~~ our ~~EAP trial of tabelecleucel and for~~CMO or our ~~open Phase 3 trials for~~ ~~EBV+ PTLD~~ ~~after HCT and SOT. We rely on these parties~~partners for the execution of our preclinical studies and clinical trials, and we control only some aspects of their activities. Nevertheless, we are responsible for ensuring that each of our trials is conducted in accordance with the applicable protocol and legal, regulatory and scientific standards, and our reliance on the CROs does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities. We also rely on third parties to assist in conducting our preclinical studies in accordance with Good Laboratory Practices, or GLP, and the Animal Welfare Act requirements. We and our CROs are required to comply with federal regulations, GCP, which are international standards meant to protect the rights and health of patients that are enforced by the FDA, the Competent Authorities of the Member States of the European Economic Area and comparable foreign regulatory authorities for all of our products in clinical development, and cGTP, which are standards designed to ensure that cell and tissue based products are manufactured in a manner designed to prevent the introduction, transmission and spread of communicable diseases. Regulatory authorities enforce GCP and cGTP through periodic inspections of trial sponsors, principal investigators and trial sites. If we, or any of our partners or CROs, fail to comply with applicable GCP or cGTP, the clinical data generated in our clinical trials may be deemed unreliable and the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving our regulatory applications. We cannot assure you that upon inspection by a given regulatory authority, such regulatory authority will determine that any of our clinical trials comply with GCP or cGTP requirements. In addition, our clinical trials must be conducted with product produced under cGMP and cGTP requirements. We are also required to register ongoing clinical trials and post the results of completed clinical trials on a government-sponsored database, clinicaltrials.gov, within a specified timeframe. Failure to comply with these regulations may require us to repeat preclinical studies and clinical trials, which would delay the regulatory approval process and result in adverse publicity.

Our CROs are not our employees, and except for remedies available to us under our agreements with such CROs, we cannot control whether or not they devote sufficient time and resources, including experienced staff, to our ongoing clinical, nonclinical and preclinical programs. They may also have relationships with other entities, some of which may be our competitors. If CROs do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or obligations or meet expected deadlines or if the quality or accuracy of the clinical data they obtain is compromised due to the failure to adhere to our clinical protocols, regulatory requirements or for other reasons, our clinical trials may be extended, delayed or terminated and we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or successfully commercialize our product candidates. CRO or contractor errors could cause our results of operations and the commercial prospects for our product candidates to be harmed, our costs to increase and our ability to generate revenues to be delayed.

Our internal capacity for clinical trial execution and management is limited and therefore we have relied on third parties. Outsourcing these functions involves risk that third parties may not perform to our standards, may not produce results or data in a timely manner or may fail to perform at all. Other data from studies or trials previously conducted by MSK or QIMR Berghofer may emerge in the future. In addition, the use of third-party service providers requires us to disclose our proprietary information to these parties, which could increase the risk that this information will be misappropriated. We currently have a small number of employees

which limits the internal resources we have available to identify and monitor our third party providers. To the extent we are unable to identify and successfully manage the performance of third-party service providers in the future, our business may be adversely affected. Though we carefully manage our relationships with our CROs, there can be no assurance that we will not encounter challenges or delays in the future or that these delays or challenges will not have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and prospects.

Our CROs have the right to terminate their agreements with us in the event of an uncured material breach. In addition, some of our CROs have an ability to terminate their respective agreements with us if it can be reasonably demonstrated that the safety of the subjects participating in our clinical trials warrants such termination, if we make a general assignment for the benefit of our creditors or if we are liquidated. Identifying, qualifying and managing performance of third-party service providers can be difficult, time consuming and cause delays in our development programs. In addition, there is a natural transition period when a new CRO commences work and the new CRO may not provide the same type or level of services as the original provider. If any of our relationships with our third-party CROs terminate, we may not be able to enter into arrangements with alternative CROs or to do so timely or on commercially reasonable terms.

We have limited experience manufacturing our product candidates on a clinical scale and no experience manufacturing on a commercial scale. We are, and expect to continue to be, dependent on third parties for the manufacturingproduction of our product candidates and ~~our supply chain, and if we experience problems with any of these third parties,~~ the ~~manufacturing of our product candidates could be delayed.~~

We do not currently operate our own facilities for the manufacturing of our product candidates. In the case of tabelecleucel, we currently rely on our CMO for the production of this product candidate and the acquisitionacquisitions of materials incorporated in or used in the manufacturing or testing of ~~these~~our product candidates. In the case of ATA230, we currently rely on MSK for the production of this product candidate and acquisition of the materials incorporated in or used in the manufacturing or testing. In the case of ATA520, we currently rely on our CMO for the production of this product candidate. In the case of ATA188 and ATA190, we currently rely on an affiliate of QIMR Berghofer for the production of these product candidates and acquisition of the materials incorporated in or used in the manufacturing or testing. Our CMOs or partners are not our employees, and except for remedies available to us under our agreements with ~~such~~our CMOs or partners, we cannot directly control whether or not they devote sufficient time and resources, including experienced staff, to the manufacturing of supply for our ongoing clinical, nonclinical and preclinical programs.

To meet our projected supply needs for clinical and commercial materials to support our activities through regulatory approval and commercial manufacturing of tab-cel^®, ATA188, ATA190, ~~ATA520 and ATA230,~~any product candidates resulting from our next-generation CAR T programs or any other product candidates, we will need to transition the manufacturing of ~~such~~these materials to a CMO ~~and/~~or our own ~~facility, and such CMOs or~~facility. Regardless of where production occurs, we will need to develop relationships with suppliers of critical starting materials or ~~other materials,~~reagents, increase the scale of production and demonstrate comparability of the material produced at these facilities to the material that was previously produced. Transferring manufacturing processes and know-how is complex and involves review and incorporation of both documented and undocumented processes that may have evolved over time.

In addition, transferring production to different facilities may require utilization of new or different processes to meet the specific requirements of a given facility. We would expect additional comparability work will also need to be conducted to support the transfer of certain manufacturing processes and process improvements. We cannot be certain that all relevant know-how and data has been adequately incorporated into the manufacturing process until the completion of studies (and the related evaluations) intended to demonstrate the comparability of material previously produced with that generated by our CMO. For example, we generated and evaluated data from new material manufactured by our CMO and identified certain assays that need refinement prior to initiating the Phase 3 ~~trials.~~studies of tab-cel^®. We have generated comparability data ~~using our refined assays and~~from the cell lines produced by our CMO ~~which~~using our refined assays and believe this data ~~we believe~~ supports the demonstration of comparability, and we recently initiated the Phase 3 ~~trials~~studies in the U.S. following discussions with FDA.

If we are not able to successfully transfer ~~this know-how~~ and produce comparable product candidates, our ability to further develop and manufacture our product candidates may be negatively impacted. We

While the addition of the ATOM facility provides us with future flexibility within our manufacturing network, we still may need to identify additional CMOs for continued production of supply for some or all of our product candidates. ~~In addition, given~~Given the nature of our manufacturing processes, ~~for our T-cell immunotherapy product candidates,~~ the number of CMOs who possess the requisite skill and capability to manufacture our T-cell immunotherapy product candidates is limited. We have not yet identified alternate suppliers in the event the current CMOs that we utilize are unable to scale production, or if we otherwise experience any problems with them. ~~In February 2017, we entered into a lease agreement to build our own~~ cellular therapy manufacturing facility in Thousand Oaks, CA. At this facility, we intend to build the requisite quality and production systems to manufacture our product candidates for clinical or commercial use, if approved.

Manufacturing cellular therapies is complicated and tightly regulated by the FDA and comparable regulatory authorities around the world, and although alternative third-party suppliers with the necessary manufacturing and regulatory expertise and facilities exist, it could be expensive and take a significant amount of time to arrange for alternative suppliers, transfer manufacturing procedures to these alternative suppliers, and demonstrate comparability of material produced by such new suppliers. New manufacturers of any product would be required to qualify under applicable regulatory requirements. These manufacturers may not be able to manufacture our product candidates at costs, or in sufficient quantities, or in a timely manner necessary to complete development of our product candidates or make commercially successful products. If we are unable to arrange for alternative third-party manufacturing sources, or

to do so on commercially reasonable terms or in a timely manner, we may not be able to complete development of our product candidates, or market or distribute them. In addition, should the FDA or comparable regulatory authorities not agree with our product candidate specifications and comparability assessments for these materials, further clinical development of our product candidate could be substantially delayed and we would incur substantial additional expenses.

Reliance on third-party manufacturers entails risks to which we would not be subject if we manufactured product candidates ourselves, including reliance on the third party for regulatory compliance and quality assurance, the possibility that the third-party manufacturer does not maintain the financial resources to meet its obligations under the manufacturing agreement, the possibility of breach of the manufacturing agreement by the third party because of factors beyond our control, including a failure to manufacture our product candidates or any products we may eventually commercialize in accordance with our specifications, misappropriation of our proprietary information, including our trade secrets and know-how, and the possibility of termination or nonrenewal of the agreement by the third party, based on its own business priorities, at a time that is costly or damaging to us. In addition, the FDA and other regulatory authorities require that our product candidates and any products that we may eventually commercialize be manufactured according to cGMP, cGTP and similar regulatory jurisdictional standards. These requirements include, among other things, quality control, quality assurance and the maintenance of records and documentation. The FDA or similar foreign regulatory agencies may also implement new standards at any time or change their interpretations and enforcement of existing standards for manufacture, packaging or testing of products. We have limited control over our manufacturers’ compliance with these regulations and ~~standards.~~standards and although we monitor our manufacturers, we depend on them to provide honest and accurate information. Any failure by our third-party manufacturers to comply with cGMP or cGTP or failure to scale up manufacturing processes, including any failure to deliver sufficient quantities of product candidates in a timely manner, could lead to a delay in, or failure to obtain, regulatory approval of any of our product candidates. In addition, such failure could be the basis for the FDA to issue a warning letter, withdraw approvals for product candidates previously granted to us, or take other regulatory or legal action, including recall or seizure of outside supplies of the product candidate, total or partial suspension of production, suspension of ongoing clinical ~~trials,~~studies, refusal to approve pending applications or supplemental applications, detention or product, refusal to permit the import or export of products, injunction or imposing civil and criminal penalties.

We depend on third party suppliers for key materials used to produce our product candidates. Any significant disruption in our supplier relationships could harm our business. Any significant delay in the supply of a product candidate for an ongoing clinical ~~trial~~study could considerably delay initiation or completion of our clinical ~~trials,~~studies, product testing and potential regulatory approval of our product candidates. If weraw materials or ~~our CMOs are unable~~components cannot be purchased or fail to ~~purchase key materials after regulatory approval has been obtained for our product candidates,~~meet approved specifications, the commercial launch of our product candidates could be delayed, or there could be a shortage in supply, which could impair our ability to generate revenues from the sale of our product candidates.

If we are unable to obtain and maintain sufficient intellectual property protection for our product candidates, or if the scope of the intellectual property protection is not sufficiently broad, our ability to commercialize our product candidates successfully and to compete effectively may be adversely affected.

We rely upon a combination of patents, trademarks, trade secrets and confidentiality agreements – both that we own or possess or that are owned or possessed by our partners that are in-licensed to us – to protect the intellectual property related to our technology and product candidates. ~~The T-cell immunotherapy~~When we refer to “our” technologies, inventions, patents, patent applications or other intellectual property rights, we are referring to both the rights that we own or possess as well as those that we in-license, many of which are critical to our intellectual property protection and our business. For example, the product candidates and platform technology we have licensed from ~~MSK and QIMR Berghofer~~our partners are protected primarily by patent or patent applications of our partners that we have licensed and as confidential know-how and trade secrets. If the intellectual property that we dorely on is not adequately ~~protect our intellectual property,~~protected, competitors may be able to use our technologies and erode or negate any competitive advantage we may ~~have, which could harm our business and ability to achieve profitability.~~ have.

The patentability of inventions and the validity, enforceability and scope of patents in the biotechnology field is ~~generally~~ uncertain because it involves complex legal, scientific and factual considerations, and it has in recent years been the subject of significant litigation. Moreover, the standards applied by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, and ~~non-US~~non-U.S. patent offices in granting patents are not always applied uniformly or predictably. For example, there is no uniform worldwide policy regarding patentable subject matter or the scope of claims allowable in biotechnology patents.

~~Consequently, the patent applications that we own or in-license may fail to result in issued patents with claims that cover our product candidates in the United States or in other countries.~~ There is no assurance that all potentially relevant prior art relating to our patents and patent applications is known to us or has been found in the instances where searching was done. We may be unaware of prior art that could be used to invalidate an issued patent or prevent a pending patent application from issuing as a patent. There also may be prior art of which we are aware, but which we do not believe affects the validity or enforceability of a claim of one of our patents or patent applications, which may, nonetheless, ultimately be found to affect the validity or enforceability of such claim. As a consequence of these and other factors, our patent applications may fail to result in issued patents with claims that cover our product candidates in the U.S. or in other countries.

Even if patents have issued or do successfully issue from patent applications, and even if ~~such~~these patents cover our product candidates, third parties may challenge the validity, enforceability or scope thereof, which may result in ~~such~~these patents being narrowed, invalidated or held to be unenforceable. No assurance can be given that if challenged, our patents would be declared by a court to be valid or enforceable. ~~Furthermore, even~~

Even if ~~they are~~ unchallenged, our patents and patent applications or other intellectual property rights may not adequately protect our intellectual property, provide exclusivity for our product candidates or prevent others from designing around our claims. There is no guarantee that we will be able to obtain a license from this other entity on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. If this entity licenses its rights elsewhere, our competitors might gain access to this intellectual property. Also, theThe possibility exists that others will develop products on an independent basis which have the same effect as our product candidates and which do not infringe our patents or other intellectual property rights, or that others will design around the claims of patents that we have had issued that cover our product candidates. If the breadth or strength of protection provided by ~~the~~our patents and patent applications ~~we hold, license or pursue~~ with respect to our product candidates is threatened, it could jeopardize our ability to commercialize our product ~~candidates.~~ candidates and dissuade companies from collaborating with us.

We may also desire to seek a license from a third party who owns intellectual property that may be useful for providing exclusivity for our product candidates, or for providing the ability to develop and commercialize a product candidate in an unrestricted manner. There is no guarantee that we will be able to obtain a license from such a third party on commercially reasonable terms, or at all.

In addition, the USPTO and various foreign governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other similar provisions during the patent application process. While an inadvertent lapse can in many cases be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules, there are situations in which noncompliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. ~~Any of these outcomes could have an adverse impact on~~

If patent applications that we hold or in-license with respect to our technology or product candidates fail to issue, if their breadth or strength of protection is threatened, or if they fail to provide meaningful exclusivity for our product candidates, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us. Wepartners have filed a number of patent applications covering our product candidates or methods of using or making those product candidates. We cannot offer any assurances about which, if any, patents will be issued with respect to these pending patent applications, the breadth of any such patents that are ultimately issued or whether any issued patents will be found invalid and unenforceable or will be threatened by third parties. Any successful challenge to these patents or any other patents owned by or exclusively licensed to us could deprive us of rights necessary for the successful commercialization of any product candidate that we or our collaborators may develop. Because patent applications in the ~~United States~~U.S. and most other countries are confidential for a period of time after filing, and some remain so until issued, we cannot be certain that we or our partners were the first to file any patent application related to a product candidate. ~~Furthermore, if third parties have filed such patent applications that have never had a claim with an effective filing date on~~We or ~~after March 16, 2013, an interference proceeding in the United States can be initiated by the USPTO to determine who was the first to invent any of the subject matter covered by the patent claims of~~ our ~~applications or patents. Similarly, we could become involved in derivation proceedings before the USPTO to determine inventorship with respect to our patent applications. We may become involved in~~ ~~inter partes~~ ~~review or post-grant review proceedings in the USPTO regarding our intellectual property rights. We~~partners may also become involved in ~~opposition~~ proceedings inregarding our patents, including patent infringement lawsuits, interference or derivation proceedings, oppositions, and inter partes and post-grant review proceedings before the USPTO the European Patent Office ~~or counterpart offices in~~and other ~~jurisdictions regarding our intellectual property rights.~~non-U.S. patent offices.

~~In addition,~~Even if granted, patents have a limited lifespan. In the ~~United States,~~U.S., the natural expiration of a patent generally occurs 20 years after it is filed. Although various extensions may be available if certain conditions are met, the life of a patent and the protection it affords is limited. If we encounter delays in our clinical ~~trials~~studies or in obtaining regulatory approvals, the period of time during which we could exclusively market any of our product candidates under patent protection, if approved, could be reduced. Even if patents covering our product candidates are obtained, once the patent life has expired for a product, we may be vulnerable to competition from biosimilar ~~products. Any loss of patent protection could have a material adverse impact on our business. We~~products, as we may be unable to prevent competitors from entering the market with a product that is similar or identical to our product ~~candidates, which could harm our business and ability to achieve profitability.~~candidates.

Furthermore, the research resulting in certain of our licensed patent rights and technology was funded by the U.S. government. As a result, the government has certain rights ~~such as march-in rights,~~ to ~~such~~these patent rights and technology. When new technologies are developed with government funding, the government generally obtains certain rights in any resulting patents, including a non-exclusive license authorizing the government to practice the invention for or on behalf of the ~~United States.~~U.S. These rights may permit the government to disclose ~~our~~ confidential information on which we rely to third parties and to exercise march-in rights to use or allow third parties to use our licensed technology. The government can exercise its march-in rights if it determines that action is necessary because we fail to achieve practical application of the government-funded technology, because action is necessary to alleviate health or safety needs, to meet requirements of federal regulations or to give preference to U.S. industry. In addition, our rights in ~~such~~any inventions that result from government-funded research may be subject to certain requirements to manufacture products embodying ~~such~~these inventions in the ~~United States. Any exercise by the government of such rights could harm our competitive position, business, results of operations, financial condition and future prospects.~~U.S.

If we are sued for infringing the intellectual property rights of third parties, ~~such~~the resulting litigation could be costly and time-consuming and could prevent or delay our development and commercialization efforts.

Our commercial success depends, in part, on us and our ~~collaborators~~partners not infringing the patents and proprietary rights of third parties. There is a substantial amount of litigation and other adversarial proceedings, both within and outside the ~~United States,~~U.S., involving patent and other intellectual property rights in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, including patent infringement lawsuits, interference or derivation proceedings, oppositions, and inter partes and post-grant review proceedings before the USPTO and non-U.S. patent offices. Numerous U.S. and non-U.S. issued patents and pending patent applications owned by third parties exist in the fields in which we are developing and may develop our product candidates. As the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries expand and more patents are issued, the risk increases that our product candidates may be subject to claims of infringement of third parties’ patent rights, as it may not always be clear to industry participants, including us, which patents cover various types of products or methods of use. The coverage of patents is subject to interpretation by the courts, and the interpretation is not always uniform or predictable.

Third parties may assert infringement claims against us based on existing or future intellectual property rights, alleging that we are employing their proprietary technology without authorization. There may be third-party patents or patent applications with claims to materials, formulations, methods of manufacture or methods for treatment related to the use or manufacturing of our product candidates that we failed to identify. For example, applications filed before November 29, 2000, and certain applications filed on or after that date that will not be filed outside the United States, remain confidential until issued as patents. Except for the preceding exceptions, patent applications in the United States and elsewhere are generally published only after a waiting period of approximately 18 months after the earliest filing date. Therefore, patent applications covering our product candidates could have been filed by others without our ~~knowledge. In addition,~~knowledge, since these applications generally remain confidential for some period of time after their filing date. Even pending patent applications that have been published, including some of which we are aware, could be later amended in a manner that could cover our product candidates or their use or manufacture. WeIn addition, we may ~~analyze~~have analyzed patents or patent applications of ~~our competitors~~third parties that we believe are relevant to our activities and believe that we are free to operate in relation to any of our product candidates, but our competitors may obtain issued claims, including in patents we consider to be unrelated, which may block our efforts or potentially result in any of our product candidates or our activities infringing ~~such~~their claims.

If we or our partners are sued for patent infringement, we would need to demonstrate that our product candidates, products and methods either do not infringe the patent claims of the relevant patent or that the patent claims are invalid, and we may not be able to do this. Proving that a patent is invalid is ~~difficult. For example, in the United States, proving invalidity in a district court proceeding requires a showing of clear~~difficult and convincing evidence to overcome the presumption of validity enjoyed by issued patents, and proving invalidity in an inter partes review proceeding in the USPTO requires a showing of a preponderance of the evidence. Eveneven if we are successful in ~~these~~the relevant proceedings, we may incur substantial costs and the time and attention of our management and scientific personnel could be diverted ~~which could have a material adverse effect on us.~~from other activities. If any issued third-party patents were held by a court of competent jurisdiction to cover aspects of our materials, formulations, methods of manufacture or methods for treatment, we could be forced, including by court order, to cease developing, manufacturing or commercializing the relevant product candidate until ~~such~~the relevant patent expired. Alternatively, we may desire or be required to obtain a license from such third party in order to use the infringing technology and to continue developing, manufacturing or marketing the infringing product candidate. However, we may not be able to obtain any required license on commercially reasonably terms, or at all. Even if we were able to obtain a license, the rights may be nonexclusive, which could result in our competitors gaining access to the same intellectual property licensed to us. ~~Ultimately,~~

We may face claims that we ~~could~~misappropriated the confidential information or trade secrets of a third party. If we are found to have misappropriated a third party’s trade secrets, we may be prevented from commercializing a product candidate, or be forced to cease some aspect of our business operations, if, as a result of actual or threatened patent infringement claims, we are unable to enter into licenses on acceptable terms. This could harm our business significantly.

~~Parties making claims against us may obtain injunctive or other equitable relief,~~further using these trade secrets, which could ~~effectively block~~limit our ability to ~~further~~ develop ~~and commercialize one or more of~~ our product candidates.

Defending against intellectual property claims ~~of patent infringement or misappropriation of trade secrets~~ could be costly and time consuming, regardless of the outcome. Thus, even if we were to ultimately prevail, or to settle ~~at an early stage, such~~before a final judgment, any litigation could burden us with substantial unanticipated costs. In addition, litigation or threatened litigation could result in significant demands on the time and attention of our management team, distracting them from the pursuit of other company business. During the course of any intellectual property litigation, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, rulings on motions, and other interim proceedings in the litigation and these announcements may have negative impact on the perceived value of our product candidates, programs or intellectual property. In the event of a successful intellectual property claim ~~of infringement~~ against us, we may have to pay substantial damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees if we are found to have willfully infringed a patent, or to redesign our infringing product candidates, which may be impossible or require substantial time and monetary expenditure. In addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel and the parties making claims against us may obtain injunctive or other equitable relief, which could impose limitations on the conduct of our business. We may also elect to enter into license agreements in order to settle patent infringement claims prior to litigation, and any ~~such~~of these license ~~agreement~~agreements may require us to pay royalties and other fees that could be significant.

~~We may face claims that we misappropriated~~ As a result of all of the ~~confidential information~~foregoing, any actual or trade secrets of a third party. If we are found to have misappropriated a third party’s trade secrets, we may be prevented from further using such trade secrets, which could limit our ability to develop our product candidates. We are not aware of any material threatened or pending claims related to these matters, but in the future litigation may be necessary to defend against such claims. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property ~~rights~~claim could prevent us from developing or ~~personnel. Even if we are successful in defending against such~~

~~claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be~~commercializing a ~~distraction~~product candidate or force us to management. During the course of any patent or other intellectual property litigation, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, rulings on motions, and other interim proceedings in the litigation. If securities analysts or investors regard these announcements as negative, the perceived valuecease some aspect of our ~~product candidates, programs or intellectual property could be diminished. Accordingly, the market price of our common stock may decline.~~business operations.

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

Filing, prosecuting, enforcing and defending patents on all of our product candidates in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive. Our ~~or our licensors’~~ intellectual property rights in certain countries outside the ~~United States~~U.S. may be less extensive than those in the ~~United States.~~U.S. In addition, the laws of certain foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as laws in the ~~United States.~~U.S. Consequently, we and our ~~licensors~~partners may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our ~~and our licensors’~~ inventions in countries outside the ~~United States,~~U.S., or from selling or importing infringing products made using our ~~and our licensors’~~ inventions in and into the ~~United States~~U.S. or other jurisdictions. Competitors may use our ~~and our licensors’~~ technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection or where we do not have exclusive rights under the relevant ~~patent(s)~~patents to develop their own products and, further, may export ~~otherwise infringing~~otherwise-infringing products to territories where we and our ~~licensors~~partners have patent protection but where enforcement is not as strong as that in the ~~United States.~~U.S. These infringing products may compete with our product candidates in jurisdictions where we or our ~~licensors~~partners have no issued patents or where we do not have exclusive rights under the relevant ~~patent(s),~~patents, or our patent claims and other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from so competing.

Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection, particularly those relating to biopharmaceuticals, which could make it difficult for us and our ~~licensors~~partners to stop the infringement of our ~~and our licensors’~~ patents or marketing of competing products in violation of our ~~and our licensors’ proprietary~~intellectual property rights generally. Proceedings to enforce our ~~and our licensors’~~ patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our attention from other aspects of our business, could put our ~~and our licensors’~~ patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly, could put our ~~and our licensors’~~ patent applications at risk of not issuing, and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us or our ~~licensors.~~partners. We or our ~~licensors~~partners may not prevail in any lawsuits that we or our licensors initiate, and even if we or our licensors are successful the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful.

We have in-licensed a significant portion of our intellectual property from ~~MSK and QIMR Berghofer.~~our partners. If we breach any of our license agreements with ~~MSK or QIMR Berghofer,~~these partners, we could lose the ability to continue the development and potential commercialization of one or more of our product candidates.

We hold rights under license agreements with our partners, including MSK, ~~and~~ QIMR Berghofer and Moffitt that are important to our business. Our discovery and development platform is built, in part, around patent rights in-licensed from ~~MSK and QIMR Berghofer.~~our partners. Under our existing license agreements, we are subject to various obligations, including diligence obligations with respect to development and commercialization activities, payment obligations upon achievement of certain milestones and royalties on product ~~sales, as well as other material obligations.~~sales. If there is any conflict, dispute, disagreement or issue of nonperformance between us and our counterparties regarding our rights or obligations under ~~the~~these license agreements, including any ~~such~~ conflict, dispute or disagreement arising from our failure to satisfy diligence or payment obligations, ~~under any such agreement,~~ we may be liable to pay damages and our counterparties may have a right to terminate the affected license. The ~~loss~~termination of any license agreement with one of our ~~license agreements~~partners could materially adversely affect our ability to ~~proceed to~~ utilize the ~~affected~~ intellectual property that is subject to that license agreement in our drug discovery and development efforts, our ability to enter into future collaboration, licensing and/or marketing agreements for one or more affected product candidates and our ability to commercialize the affected product candidates. ~~The risks described elsewhere pertaining to~~Furthermore, a disagreement under any of these license agreements may harm our ~~patents and other intellectual property rights also apply to~~relationship with the ~~intellectual property rights that we license, and any failure by us or our licensors to obtain, maintain and enforce these rights~~partner, which could have ~~a material adverse effect~~negative impacts on other aspects of our business.

We may become involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our intellectual property, which could be expensive, time-consuming and unsuccessful and have a material adverse effect on the success of our ~~business and on our stock price.~~business.

Third parties may infringe our patents ~~the patents of our licensors,~~ or misappropriate or otherwise violate our ~~or our licensor’s~~ intellectual property rights. Our ~~and our licensor’s~~ patent applications cannot be enforced against third parties practicing the technology claimed in ~~such~~these applications unless and until a patent issues from ~~such~~the applications, and then only to the extent the issued claims cover the technology. In the future, we or our ~~licensors~~partners may elect to initiate legal proceedings to enforce or defend our or our ~~licensors’~~partners’ intellectual property rights, to protect our or our ~~licensor’s~~partners’ trade secrets or to determine the validity or scope of our intellectual property ~~rights we own or control.~~rights. Any claims that we or our partners assert against perceived infringers could also provoke these parties to assert counterclaims against us or our partners alleging that we or our partners infringe their intellectual property rights or that our intellectual property rights are invalid. ~~In addition, third parties may initiate legal proceedings against us or our licensors to challenge the validity or scope of intellectual~~

property rights we own or control. The proceedings can be expensive and time-consuming. Many of our or our licensor’s adversaries in these proceedings may have the ability to dedicate substantially greater resources to prosecuting these legal actions than we or our licensors can. Accordingly, despite our or our licensors’ efforts, we or our licensors may not be able to prevent third parties from infringing upon or misappropriating intellectual property rights we own or control, particularly in countries where the laws may not protect our rights as fully as in the United States. Litigation could result in substantial costs and diversion of management resources, which could harm our business and financial results. In addition, in an infringement proceeding, a court may decide that a patent owned by or licensed to us is invalid or unenforceable, in whole or in part, or may refuse to stop the other party from using the technology at issue on the grounds that our or our licensors’ patents do not cover the technology in question. An adverse result in any litigation proceeding could put one or more of our or our licensors’ patents at risk of being invalidated, held unenforceable or interpreted narrowly.

Interference or derivation proceedings provoked by third parties, brought by us or our ~~licensors or collaborators,~~partners, or brought by the USPTO or any ~~non-US~~non-U.S. patent authority may be necessary to determine the priority of inventions or matters of inventorship with respect to our patents or patent applications. We or our partners may also become involved in other proceedings, such as reexamination or opposition proceedings, inter partes review, post-grant review or other ~~preissuance~~pre-issuance or post-grant proceedings in the USPTO or its foreign counterparts relating to our intellectual property or the intellectual property of others. An unfavorable outcome in any ~~such proceeding~~of these proceedings could require us or our ~~licensors~~partners to cease using the related technology and commercializing our product candidates, or to attempt to license rights to it from the prevailing party. Our business could be harmed if the prevailing party does not offer us or our ~~licensors~~partners a license on commercially reasonable terms if any license is offered at all. Even if we or our licensors obtain a license, it may be non-exclusive, thereby giving our competitors access to the same technologies licensed to us or our licensors. In addition, if the breadth or strength of protection provided by our ~~or our licensor’s~~ patents and patent applications is threatened, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to license, develop or commercialize current or future product candidates.

Any intellectual property proceedings can be expensive and time-consuming. Our or our partners’ adversaries in these proceedings may have the ability to dedicate substantially greater resources to prosecuting these legal actions than we or our partners can. Accordingly, despite our or our partners’ efforts, we or our partners may not be able to prevent third parties from infringing upon or misappropriating our intellectual property rights, particularly in countries where the laws may not protect our rights as fully as in the U.S. Even if we ~~successfully defend such litigation or proceeding,~~are successful in the relevant proceedings, we may incur substantial costs and ~~it may distract~~the time and attention of our management and scientific personnel could be diverted from other ~~employees.~~activities. We could be found liable for monetary damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees, if we are found to have willfully infringed a patent. In addition, in an infringement proceeding, a court may decide that one or more of our patents is invalid or unenforceable, in whole or in part, or may refuse to stop the other party from using the technology at issue on the grounds that our patents do not cover the technology in question. An adverse result in any litigation proceeding could put one or more of our patents at risk of being invalidated, held unenforceable or interpreted narrowly.

Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments. ~~If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of shares of our common stock.~~

~~Changes in patent law could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our product candidates.~~

As is the case with other biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, our success is heavily dependent on intellectual property, particularly patents. Obtaining and enforcing patents in the biopharmaceutical industry involves both technological and legal complexity, and obtaining and enforcing biopharmaceutical patents are costly, time-consuming, and inherently uncertain. The Supreme Court has ruled on several patent cases in recent years, either narrowing the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances or weakening the rights of patent owners in certain situations. In addition to increasing uncertainty with regard to our and our licensors’ ability to obtain patents in the future, this combination of events has created uncertainty with respect to the value of patents once obtained. Depending on future decisions by the U.S. Congress, the federal courts and/or the USPTO, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that may weaken our and our licensors’ ability to obtain new patents or to enforce existing patents and patents we and our licensors or collaborators may obtain in the future.

Patent reform legislation that has occurred could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our and our licensors’ patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our or our licensors’ issued patents.

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets and other proprietary information, the value of our technology could be materially adversely affected and our business could be harmed.

In addition to seeking the protection afforded by patents, we rely on trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to protect proprietary know-how that is not patentable or that we elect not to patent, processes for which patents are difficult to enforce, and other elements of our technology, discovery and development processes that involve proprietary know-how, information or technology that is not covered by patents. The T-cell immunotherapy product candidates and platform technology we have licensed from ~~MSK and QIMR Berghofer~~our partners are protected primarily as confidential know-how and trade secrets. Any disclosure to or misappropriation by third parties of our confidential proprietary information could enable competitors to quickly duplicate or surpass our technological achievements, including by enabling them to develop and commercialize products substantially similar to or competitive with our product candidates, thus eroding our competitive position in the market.

Trade secrets can be difficult to protect. We seek to protect our proprietary technology and processes, in part, by entering into confidentiality agreements and invention assignment agreements with our employees, consultants, and outside scientific advisors, contractors and collaborators. These

agreements are designed to protect our proprietary information. Although we use reasonable efforts to protect our trade secrets, our employees, consultants, contractors, or outside scientific advisors might intentionally or inadvertently disclose our trade secrets or confidential, proprietary information to competitors. In addition, competitors may otherwise gain access to our trade secrets or independently develop substantially equivalent information and techniques. If any of our confidential proprietary information were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor, we would have no right to prevent such competitor from using that technology or information to compete with us, which could harm our competitive position.

Enforcing a claim that a third party illegally obtained and is using any of our trade secrets is expensive and time consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, the laws of certain foreign countries do not protect proprietary rights such as trade secrets to the same extent or in the same manner as the laws of the ~~United States.~~U.S. Misappropriation or unauthorized disclosure of our trade secrets to third parties could impair our competitive advantage in the market and could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our commercial success depends upon attaining significant market acceptance of our product candidates, if approved, among physicians, patients, healthcare payors and ~~cancer treatment centers.~~the medical community, including hospitals and outpatient clinics.

Even if we obtain regulatory approval for any of our product candidates that we may develop or acquire in the future, the product may not gain market acceptance among physicians, healthcare payors, patients or the medical community that supports our product development efforts, including ~~cancer treatment centers.~~hospitals and outpatient clinics. Market acceptance of any of our product candidates for which we receive approval depends on a number of factors, including:

If any of our product candidates are approved but fail to achieve market acceptance among physicians, patients, healthcare payors or cancer treatment centers, we will not be able to generate significant revenues, which would compromise our ability to become profitable.

Even if we are able to commercialize our product candidates, the products may not receive coverage and adequate reimbursement from third-party payors in the ~~United States~~U.S. and in other countries in which we seek to commercialize our products, which could harm our business.

Our ability to commercialize any product successfully will depend, in part, on the extent to which coverage and adequate reimbursement for these products and related treatments will be available from government health administration authorities, private health insurers and other organizations.

Government authorities and third-party payors, such as private health insurers and health maintenance organizations, determine which medications they will cover and establish reimbursement levels. A primary trend in the healthcare industry is cost containment. Government authorities and third-party payors have attempted to control costs by limiting coverage and the amount of reimbursement for particular medications. Increasingly, third-party payors are requiring that drug companies provide them with predetermined discounts from list prices and are challenging the prices charged for medical products. Third-party payors may also seek additional clinical evidence, beyond the data required to obtain regulatory approval, demonstrating clinical benefits and value in specific patient populations before covering our products for those patients. We cannot be sure that coverage and adequate reimbursement will be available for any product that we commercialize and, if reimbursement is available, what the level of reimbursement will be. Coverage and reimbursement may impact the demand for, or the price of, any product candidate for which we obtain regulatory ~~approval. If reimbursement is not available or is available only at limited levels, we may not be able~~approval, and ultimately our ability to successfully commercialize any product candidate for which we obtain regulatory approval.

There may be significant delays in obtaining coverage and reimbursement for newly approved drugs, and coverage may be more limited than the purposes for which the drug is approved by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities. Moreover, eligibility for coverage and reimbursement does not imply that any drug will be paid for in all cases or at a rate that covers our costs, including research, development, manufacture, sale and distribution. Interim reimbursement levels for new drugs, if applicable, may also not be sufficient to cover our costs and may only be temporary. Reimbursement rates may vary according to the use of the drug and the clinical setting in which it is used, may be based on reimbursement levels already set for lower cost drugs and may be incorporated into existing payments for other services. Net prices for drugs may be reduced by mandatory discounts or rebates required by government healthcare programs or private payors and by any future relaxation of laws that presently restrict imports of drugs from countries where they may be sold at lower prices than in the ~~United States.~~U.S. Third-party payors in the ~~United States~~U.S. often rely upon Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own reimbursement policies. Our inability to promptly obtain coverage and profitable reimbursement rates from both government-funded and private payors for any approved products that we develop could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, our ability to raise capital needed to commercialize products and our overall financial condition.

Recently enacted and future legislation, including potentially unfavorable pricing regulations or other healthcare reform initiatives, may increase the difficulty and cost for us to obtain regulatory approval of and commercialize our product candidates and affect the prices we may obtain.

The regulations that govern, among other things, regulatory approvals, coverage, pricing and reimbursement for new drug products vary widely from country to country. In the ~~United States~~U.S. and some foreign jurisdictions, there have been a number of legislative and regulatory changes and proposed changes regarding the healthcare system that could prevent or delay regulatory approval of our product candidates, restrict or regulate post-approval activities and affect our ability to successfully sell any product candidates for which we obtain regulatory approval. In particular, in March 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, collectively, the Affordable Care Act, was enacted, which substantially changes the way health care is financed by both governmental and private insurers, and significantly impacts the U.S. pharmaceutical industry. The Affordable Care Act and its implementing regulations, among other things, addressed a new methodology by which rebates owed by manufacturers under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program are calculated for certain drugs and biologics, including our product candidates, ~~that are inhaled, infused, instilled, implanted or injected,~~ increased the minimum Medicaid rebates owed by manufacturers under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program, extended the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program to utilization of prescriptions of individuals enrolled in Medicaid managed care organizations, subjected manufacturers to new annual fees and taxes for certain branded prescription drugs, provided incentives to programs that increase the federal government’s comparative effectiveness research and established a new Medicare Part D coverage gap discount program, in which manufacturers must agree to offer 50% (and 70% starting January 1, 2019) point-of-sale discounts off negotiated prices of applicable brand drugs to eligible beneficiaries during their coverage gap period, as a condition for the manufacturer’s outpatient drugs to be covered under Medicare Part D.program.

Other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted in the ~~United States~~U.S. since the Affordable Care Act was enacted. In August 2011, the Budget Control Act of 2011, among other things, created measures for spending reductions by the U.S. Congress. A Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction, tasked with recommending a targeted deficit reduction of at least $1.2 trillion for the years 2013 through 2021, was unable to reach required goals, thereby triggering the legislation’s automatic reduction to several government programs. This includes aggregate reductions of Medicare payments to providers of 2% per fiscal year, which went into effect in April 2013, and, due to subsequent legislative amendments, will remain in effect through 2027 unless additional Congressional action is taken. In January 2013, ~~President Obama signed into law~~ the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, or the ATRA, was enacted which, among other things, further reduced Medicare payments to several providers, including hospitals and ~~cancer treatment centers,~~outpatient clinics, and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments to providers from three to five years.

There have been, and likely will continue to be, legislative and regulatory proposals at the foreign, federal and state levels directed at broadening the availability of healthcare and containing or lowering the cost of healthcare. We cannot predict the initiatives that may be adopted in the future. The continuing efforts of the government, insurance companies, managed care organizations and other payors of healthcare services to contain or reduce costs of healthcare and/or impose price controls may adversely affect:

~~Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare or other government programs may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payors, which may adversely affect our future profitability.~~ Since its enactment, there have been judicial and Congressional challenges to numerous ~~provisions~~elements of the Affordable Care Act, as well as ~~recent~~ efforts by both the ~~Trump administration~~executive and legislative branches of the federal government to repeal or replace certain aspects of the Affordable Care Act. ~~Since January 2017,~~For example, the President ~~Trump has~~ signed ~~two~~ Executive Orders designed to delay the implementation of certain provisions of the Affordable Care Act or otherwise circumvent some of the requirements for health insurance mandated by the Affordable Care Act. ~~Concurrently,~~In addition, the U.S. Congress has considered legislation that would repeal or repeal and replace all or part of the Affordable Care Act. While the U.S. Congress has not passed comprehensive repeal legislation, ~~two bills affecting the implementation~~it has enacted laws that modify certain provisions of ~~certain taxes under the~~ ~~Affordable Care Act have been enacted. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 includes a provision repealing, effective January 1, 2019, the tax-based shared responsibility payment imposed by~~ the Affordable Care Act, ~~on certain individuals who fail~~such as removing penalties, starting January 1, 2019, for not complying with the Affordable Care Act’s individual mandate to ~~maintain qualifying~~carry health coverage for all or part of a year that is commonly referred to as the “individual mandate”. Additionally, on January 22, 2018, President Trump signed a continuing resolution on appropriations for fiscal year 2018 that delayedinsurance, delaying the implementation of certain mandated fees, under the Affordable Care Act, including the so-called “Cadillac” tax on certain high cost employer-sponsored insurance plans, the annual fee imposed on certain health insurance providers based on market share, and the medical device excise tax on non-exempt medical devices. Further, the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018, among other things, amends the Affordable Care Act, effective January 1, 2019, to increase from 50 percent to 70 percentincreasing the point-of-sale discount that is owed by pharmaceutical manufacturers who participate in Medicare Part DD. In December 2018, a Texas U.S. District Court Judge ruled that the Affordable Care Act is unconstitutional in its entirety because the “individual mandate” was repealed by Congress as part of the Tax Cuts and ~~to close~~Jobs Act of 2017, or the ~~coverage gap in most Medicare drug plans, commonly referred to~~Tax Act. The Texas U.S. District Court Judge, as well as the ~~“donut hole”.~~presidential administration and the CMS, have stated that the ruling will have no immediate effect pending appeal of the decision, but the presidential administration has indicated that it plans to file a brief in support of the Texas U.S. District Court decision. It is unclear how this decision, subsequent appeals, and other efforts to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act will impact the Affordable Care Act and our business. The U.S. Congress may consider and adopt other legislation to repeal and replace all or certain elements of the Affordable Care Act. Any ~~repeal~~other executive, legislative or judicial action to “repeal and ~~replace legislation~~replace” all or part of the Affordable Care Act may have the effect of limiting the amounts that government agencies will pay for healthcare products and services, which could result in reduced demand for our products or additional pricing pressure, or may lead to significant deregulation, which could make the introduction of competing products and technologies much easier. Policy changes, including potential modification or repeal of all or parts of the Affordable Care Act or the implementation of new health care legislation, could result in significant changes to the health care system which ~~could have a material adverse effect on~~may adversely affect our business ~~results~~in unpredictable ways.

There have been, and likely will continue to be, legislative and regulatory proposals at the foreign, federal and state levels directed at broadening the availability of ~~operations~~healthcare and ~~financial condition.~~containing or lowering the cost of healthcare. We cannot predict the initiatives that may be adopted in the future. The continuing efforts of governments, insurance companies, managed care organizations and other payors of healthcare services to contain or reduce costs of healthcare, including by imposing price controls, may adversely affect the demand for our product candidates for which we obtain regulatory approval and our ability to set a price that we believe is fair for our products. Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare or other government programs may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payors.

Legislative and regulatory proposals have been made to expand post-approval requirements and restrict sales and promotional activities for pharmaceutical products. We cannot be sure whether additional legislative changes will be enacted, or whether the FDA or foreign regulations, guidance or interpretations will be changed, or what the impact of ~~such~~these changes on the regulatory approvals of our product candidates, if any, may be. In the ~~United States,~~U.S., the European Union and other potentially significant markets for our product candidates, government authorities and third-party payors are increasingly attempting to limit or regulate the price of medical products and services, particularly for new and innovative products and therapies, which has resulted in lower average selling prices. For example, in the ~~United States,~~U.S., there have been several recent Congressional inquiries and proposed and enacted federal and state legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to drug pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for drugs. AtAdditionally, in May 2018, the U.S. presidential administration laid out a “Blueprint” to lower drug prices and reduce out of pocket costs of drugs that contains additional proposals to increase manufacturer competition, increase the negotiating power of certain federal ~~level,~~healthcare programs, incentivize manufacturers to lower the ~~Trump administration’s budget proposal for fiscal year~~list price of their products and reduce the out of pocket costs of drug products paid by consumers. HHS has started the process of soliciting feedback on some of these measures and, at the same time, is immediately implementing others under its existing authority. In January 2019, ~~contains further drug price control measures that could be enacted during~~ the ~~2019 budget process or in~~HHS Office of Inspector General proposed modifications to U.S. federal healthcare Anti-Kickback Statute safe harbors which, among other ~~future legislation, including, for example, measures~~things, will affect rebates paid by manufacturers to ~~permit~~ Medicare Part D plans, the purpose of which is to ~~negotiate~~further reduce the ~~price~~cost of ~~certain drugs under Medicare Part B,~~drug products to ~~allow~~consumers. Although some ~~states to negotiate drug prices under Medicaid,~~of these and ~~to eliminate cost sharing for generic drugs for low-income patients. While any proposed measures will~~other proposals may require ~~authorization through~~ additional ~~legislation~~authorization to become effective, ~~the U.S.~~members of Congress and the ~~Trump~~presidential administration have ~~each~~ indicated that itthey will continue to seek new legislative ~~and/~~or administrative measures to control drug costs. At the state level, legislatures have increasingly passed legislation and implemented regulations designed to control pharmaceutical and biological product pricing, including price or

patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing. Furthermore, the increased emphasis on managed healthcare in the ~~United States~~U.S. and on country and regional pricing and reimbursement controls in the European Union will put additional pressure on product pricing, reimbursement and usage, which may adversely affect our future product ~~sales and results of operations.~~sales. These pressures can arise from rules and practices of managed care groups, judicial decisions and governmental laws and regulations related to Medicare, Medicaid and healthcare reform, pharmaceutical reimbursement policies and pricing in general.

In addition, there is significant uncertainty regarding the reimbursement status of newly approved healthcare products. We may need to conduct expensive pharmacoeconomic studies in order to demonstrate the cost-effectiveness of our products. If third-party payors do not consider our products to be cost-effective compared to other therapies, the payors may not cover our products after approved as a benefit under their plans or, if they do, the level of payment may not be sufficient to allow us to sell our products on a profitable basis.

Price controls may be imposed in foreign markets, which may adversely affect our future profitability.

In some countries, particularly member states of the European Union, the pricing of prescription drugs is subject to governmental control. In these countries, pricing negotiations with governmental authorities can take considerable time after receipt of regulatory approval for a product. In addition, there can be considerable pressure by governments and other stakeholders on prices and reimbursement levels, including as part of cost containment measures. Political, economic and regulatory developments may further complicate pricing negotiations, and pricing negotiations may continue after reimbursement has been obtained. Reference pricing used by various European Union member states and parallel distribution, or arbitrage between low-priced and high-priced member states, can further reduce prices. In some countries, we, or our collaborators, may be required to conduct a clinical ~~trial~~study or other studies that compare the cost-effectiveness of our product candidates to other available therapies in order to obtain or maintain reimbursement or pricing approval. Publication of discounts by third-party payors or authorities may lead to further pressure on the prices or reimbursement levels within the country of publication and other countries. If reimbursement of our products is unavailable or limited in scope or amount, or if pricing is set at unsatisfactory levels, our business could be adversely affected.

We face substantial competition, which may result in others discovering, developing or commercializing products before or more successfully than we do.

We face competition from numerous pharmaceutical and biotechnology enterprises, as well as from academic institutions, government agencies and private and public research institutions for our current product candidates. Our commercial opportunities will be reduced or eliminated if our competitors develop and commercialize products that are safer, more effective, have fewer side effects or are less expensive than any products that we may develop. Additionally, our commercial opportunities will be reduced or eliminated if novel upstream products or changes in treatment protocols reduce the overall incidence or prevalence of our current or future target diseases. Competition could result in reduced sales and pricing pressure on our product candidates, if approved ~~which in turn would reduce our ability to generate meaningful revenues and have a negative impact on our results of operations.~~by applicable regulatory authorities. In addition, significant delays in the development of our product candidates could allow our competitors to bring products to market before us and impair any ability to commercialize our product candidates.

There are currently no ~~FDA~~FDA- or ~~EMA approved~~EMA-approved products for the treatment of EBV+ PTLD. However, some ~~approved~~marketed products and therapies are used off-label in the treatment of EBV+ PTLD, such as rituximab and combination chemotherapy regimens. In addition, a number of companies and academic institutions are developing drug candidates for EBV+ PTLD and other ~~EBV associated~~EBV-associated diseases including: ~~Cell Medica Ltd.~~Viracta Therapeutics, Inc., which is conducting ~~Phase 2 clinical trials for~~ ~~baltaleucel-T, an autologous EBV specific T-cell therapy in post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder, Viracta Therapeutics, Inc., Viracta, which has initiated~~a Phase 1b/2 clinical ~~trials~~study for nanatinostat (formerly named tractinostat, ~~(VRx-3996)~~or VRx-3996) in combination with antiviral drug valganciclovir in relapsed/refractory EBV+⁺lymphomas, ~~and Viracyte,~~ViraCyte, LLC, which is conducting a Phase 2 clinical ~~trial~~study for Viralym-M^TM , an allogeneic, multi-virus T-cell product that targets five viruses including ~~EBV. In addition,~~EBV and Tessa Therapeutics Pte Ltd. ~~is developing TT10, an autologous EBV specific T-cell therapy,~~, or Tessa, which ~~is currently being evaluated in Phase 3 clinical trials for the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.~~

~~Drug therapies approved or commonly used for CMV infection include antiviral compounds such as ganciclovir, valganciclovir, cidofovir and foscarnet and Merck’s recently approved Prevymis~~ ^TM (letermovir), a DNA terminase inhibitor. In addition, a number of companies and academic institutions are developing drug candidates for CMV infection and other CMV-associated diseases. These companies and academic institutions are in various stages of development with their product candidates. Shire Plc which is conducting Phase 3 clinical trials of maribavir, a UL97 protein kinase inhibitor and Vical Inc., recently announced ASP0113, a therapeutic bivalent plasma DNA CMV vaccine being evaluated in patients undergoing an allogeneic stem cell transplant, failed to meet primary or secondary endpoints in Phase 3 clinical trials. In addition, Helocyte, Inc., is conducting two Phase 2 clinical trials for a CMV MVA-vaccine and a CMV peptide vaccine in patients undergoing an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant; a monoclonal antibody combination therapy; Merck is conducting Phase 2 clinical trials for V160, a CMV DNA vaccine; VBI Vaccines Inc., has completed Phase 1 clinical trials for VBI-1501A, an eVLP vaccine; Hookipa Biotech, is conducting Phase 1 clinical trials for HB101, a bivalent vaccine, ViraCyte, is conducting Phase 1 clinical trials for Viralym-C, a CMV-specific allogeneic cell therapy product; Fate Therapeutics is conducting a Phase ~~1/2 clinical trial for ProTmune, a small molecule programmed mobilized peripheral blood graft; Chimerix is conducting Phase~~ 1 clinical ~~trials for intravenous brincidofovir (BCV IV), a nucleotide analog and Moderna Therapeutics is conducting Phase 1 clinical trials for mRNA-1647,~~study of MABEL CTLs, an ~~mRNA based prophylactic vaccine.~~off-the-shelf, allogeneic T-cell therapy in relapsed/refractory EBV+ lymphomas.

Competition in the MS market is high with ~~fourteen~~at least seventeen therapies, including ~~two~~three generics, approved for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) in the U.S. and European Union. There are many ~~U.S. and international~~ competitors in the RRMS market, including major multi-national fully-integrated pharmaceutical companies and established biotechnology companies. Most recently, ~~Ocrevus®~~Mayzent® (siponimod), marketed by ~~F. Hoffmann-La Roche, was~~Novartis and Mavenclad® (cladribine), marketed by EMD Serono were approved for the treatment of relapsing forms of MS in the U.S. ~~and European Union.~~ There are numerous ~~other~~ development candidates in Phase 3 ~~trials~~studies for RRMS including Novartis’ anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody ofatumumab; ~~Biogen’s BIIB098 (formerly Alkermes’ ALKS 8700);~~TG Therapeutics’ anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody ublituximab and J&J/Actelion’s next-generation sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) agonist ponesimod. ~~Celgene recently received~~There are also several therapeutic candidates awaiting FDA and/or EMA regulatory approval including Biogen’s diroximel fumarate (trade name - Vumerity, a ~~Refusal to File letter from the FDA regarding~~next-generation oral fumarate) and Celgene’s ozanimod, an ~~S1PR~~S1PR1 and S1PR5 ~~agonist, in relapsing MS, however, they have stated they will resubmit their regulatory filing in 2019.~~agonist.

~~Only three~~Six therapies have been approved for the treatment of progressive MS. ~~Recently, Ocrevus® was~~Ocrevus^® is approved in the U.S. and ~~European Union~~EU for the treatment of primary progressive MS (PPMS). ~~Extavia®~~Extavia^® (marketed by Novartis) and ~~Betaseron®~~Betaseron^® (marketed by Bayer AG) are approved in the European Union for the treatment of secondary progressive MS (SPMS). ~~Few therapies have been~~Mayzent® (siponimod), marketed by Novartis and Mavenclad® (cladribine), marketed by EMD Serono, were most recently approved for ~~progressive MS because many candidates have failed during clinical trial testing. In~~the treatment of active SPMS in the U.S., Prior to the approvals of Mayzent and Mavenclad in 2019, there iswas only one drug (mitoxantrone) approved to treat SPMS in the U.S., which is now generic. ~~Novartis has initiated the submission of siponimod for US approval in SPMS and plans to launch in first half 2019. Filing for EU approval is planned to follow later in 2018.~~

The SPMS and PPMS markets have active development pipelines and additional novel agents could be approved in the future. Several development candidates are being evaluated in ~~trials including a number of~~ Phase 3 ~~programs:~~studies for progressive forms of MS including primary and secondary progressive MS. These are MedDay’s MD-1003, a concentrated form of biotin, and AB Science’s masitinib, a tyrosine kinase ~~inhibitor, are pursuing both SPMS & PPMS.~~inhibitor. Medicinova’s ~~MN166(ibudilast)~~ibudilast (MN166), a non-selective PDE inhibitor is in Phase 2 ~~trials~~studies for ~~PPMS.~~primary and secondary progressive MS.

~~Several products~~There are currently two CAR-T therapies approved ~~for~~in the ~~treatment~~U.S. and EU, Novartis’ Kymriah (tisagenlecleucel) and Gilead/Kite’s Yescarta (axicabtagene ciloleucel). However, given the explosion of ~~relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (MM)~~innovation in this area, there are more than 100 CAR T’s in development including ~~immunomodulatory drugs (IMIDs) such as Thalomid~~^® ~~(Celgene Corporation), Revlimid~~^® ~~(Celgene Corporation)~~at least 35 which are allogeneic and ~~Pomalyst~~^® ~~(Celgene Corporation); monoclonal antibodies such as Darzalex~~^® ~~(Janssen Research & Development, LLC)~~off-the-shelf cell therapies. Depending on the diseases that we target in the future, we may face competition from both CAR-T therapies and ~~Empliciti~~^® ~~(Bristol Myers Squibb); and proteasome inhibitors such as Velcade~~^® ~~(Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) and Kyprolis~~^® ~~(Amgen Inc.).~~

~~A number~~other modalities (e.g. small molecules, antibodies) in the indication of companies and institutions are pursuing development programs for relapsed or refractory MM. These development programs include drug candidates being evaluated in clinical trials as a monotherapy or in combination with other approved agents. In addition, many groups are developing novel T-cell therapies such as autologous CAR T-cell or autologous TCR T-cell candidates. These include bluebird bio, Inc., which is conducting Phase 2 clinical trials testing bb2121, an anti-BCMA CART; Gilead Sciences, Inc., which is testing KTE-585, an anti-BCMA CART in Phase 1 clinical trials; Juno Therapeutics, which is testing an anti-BCMA CART in Phase 1 clinical trials; Autolus Limited, which is testing AUTO-2, a bi-specific anti-BCMA/TACI CART in Phase 1 clinical trials and Adaptimmune Therapeutics PLC, which is testing an anti-NY-ESO TCR in Phase 1/2 clinical trials.interest.

Many of the approved or commonly used drugs and therapies for our current or future target diseases, including EBV+ PTLD~~, CMV,~~ and MS, ~~and relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma~~ are ~~well-established~~well established and are widely accepted by physicians, patients and third-party payors. Some of these drugs are branded and subject to patent protection, and other drugs and nutritional supplements are available on a generic basis. Insurers and other third-party payors may encourage the use of generic products or specific branded products. We expect that, if any of ~~these~~our product candidates isare approved, itthey will be priced at a significant premium over competitive generic products. This pricing premium may make it difficult for us to differentiate ~~these~~our products from currently approved or commonly used therapies and impede adoption of our ~~product,~~products, which may adversely impact our business. In addition, many companies are developing new therapeutics, and we cannot predict what the standard of care will become as our products continue in clinical development.

Many of our competitors or potential competitors have significantly greater established presence in the market, financial resources and expertise in research and development, manufacturing, preclinical testing, conducting clinical ~~trials,~~studies, obtaining regulatory approvals and marketing approved products than we do, and as a result may have a competitive advantage over us. Smaller or early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, ~~particularly~~including through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies or if they are acquired by larger companies. These third parties compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific, commercial and management personnel, establishing clinical ~~trial~~study sites and patient registration for clinical ~~trials,~~studies, as well as in acquiring technologies and technology licenses complementary to our programs or advantageous to our business.

As a result of these factors, these competitors may obtain regulatory approval of their products before we are able to obtain patent protection or other intellectual property rights, which will limit our ability to develop or commercialize our product candidates. Our competitors may also develop drugs that are safer, more effective, more widely used and cheaper than ours, and may also be more successful than us in manufacturing and marketing their products. These appreciable advantages could render our product candidates obsolete or noncompetitive before we can recover the expenses of development and commercialization.

~~Mergers~~We expect the product candidates we develop will be regulated as biological products, or biologics, and ~~acquisitions~~therefore they may be subject to competition sooner than anticipated.

The Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009, or BPCIA, was enacted as part of the Affordable Care Act to establish an abbreviated pathway for the approval of biosimilar and interchangeable biological products. The regulatory pathway establishes legal authority for the FDA to review and approve biosimilar biologics, including the possible designation of a biosimilar as “interchangeable” based on its similarity to an approved biologic. Under the BPCIA, an application for a biosimilar product cannot be approved by the FDA until 12 years after the reference product was approved under a BLA. The law is complex and is still being interpreted and implemented by the FDA. As a result, its ultimate impact, implementation, and meaning are subject to uncertainty. While it is uncertain when processes intended to implement BPCIA may be fully adopted by the FDA, any of these processes could have a material adverse effect on the future commercial prospects for our biological products.

We believe that any of the product candidates we develop that is approved in the ~~pharmaceutical~~U.S. as a biological product under a BLA should qualify for the 12-year period of exclusivity. However, there is a risk that this exclusivity could be shortened due to congressional action or otherwise, or that the FDA will not consider the subject product candidates to be reference products for competing products, potentially creating the opportunity for generic competition sooner than anticipated. Moreover, the extent to which a biosimilar, once approved, will be substituted for any one of the reference products in a way that is similar to traditional generic substitution for non-biological products is not yet clear, and ~~biotechnology industries may result in even more resources being concentrated among~~will depend on a ~~smaller~~ number of ~~our competitors. Smaller~~marketplace and other early stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. These third parties compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific, management and commercial personnel, establishing clinical trial sites and patient registration for clinical trials, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our programs.regulatory factors that are still developing.

In addition, the approval of a biologic product biosimilar to one of our products could have a material adverse impact on our business as it may be significantly less costly to bring to market and may be priced significantly lower than our products.

If we are unable to establish sales and marketing capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to market and sell our product candidates, we may be unable to generate any revenue.

We are at ~~the earliest stages~~any early stage of establishing an organization that will be responsible for the sale, marketing and distribution of pharmaceutical products and the cost of establishing and maintaining such an organization may exceed the cost-effectiveness of doing so. In order to market any products that may be approved by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities, we must build our sales, marketing, managerial and other non-technical capabilities or make arrangements with third parties to perform these services. There are significant risks involved in building and managing a sales organization, including our ability to hire, retain and incentivize qualified individuals, generate sufficient sales leads, provide adequate training to sales and marketing personnel and effectively manage a geographically dispersed sales and marketing team. Any failure or delay in the development of our internal sales, marketing and distribution capabilities would adversely impact the commercialization of these products. If we are unable to establish adequate sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, whether independently or with third parties, we may not be able to generate product revenues and may not become profitable. We will be competing with many companies that currently have extensive and well-funded sales and marketing operations. Without a sufficiently scaled, appropriately timed and trained internal commercial organization or the support of a third party to perform sales and marketing functions, we may be unable to compete successfully against these more established companies. If we are not successful in commercializing our current or future product candidates either on our own or through collaborations with one or more third parties, our future product revenue will suffer and we would incur significant additional losses.

We ~~will~~may need to grow the size of our organization, and we may experience difficulties in managing this growth.

As of ~~June 30, 2018,~~March 31, 2019, we had ~~267~~321 employees. We ~~need~~have made the decision to grow the size of our organization in order to support our continued development and potential commercialization of our product candidates. In particular, we ~~will~~may need to add substantial numbers of additional personnel and other resources to support our development and potential commercialization of our product candidates. As our development and commercialization plans and strategies continue to develop, or as a result of any future acquisitions, our need for additional managerial, operational, manufacturing, sales, marketing, financial and other resources will increase. Our management, personnel and systems currently in place may not be adequate to support this future growth. Future growth would impose significant added responsibilities on members of management, including:

As our operations expand, we will also need to manage additional relationships with various strategic partners, suppliers and other third parties. Our future financial performance and our ability to commercialize our product candidates and to compete effectively will depend, in part, on our ability to manage any future growth effectively. To that end, we must be able to manage our development efforts and preclinical ~~studies~~ and clinical ~~trials~~studies effectively and hire, train and integrate additional management, research and development, manufacturing, administrative and sales and marketing personnel. Our failure to accomplish any of these tasks could prevent us from successfully growing our company.

Our future success depends on our ability to identify and hire a new Chief Executive Officer, to retain our executive officers and to attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel.

~~We are highly dependent upon our personnel, including~~ Isaac E. Ciechanover, M.D., our President and Chief Executive ~~Officer. Our employment agreement with Dr.~~Officer, announced that he will step down as our President and Chief Executive Officer, effective as of the earlier of June 30, 2019 or the date of his successor’s appointment. While our Board of Directors has undertaken a search to find a chief executive officer to succeed Mr. Ciechanover, ~~is at-will~~the inability to effectively identify a suitable successor could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We are highly dependent upon our executive officers and ~~does not prevent him from terminating his employment with us at any time. The~~other key employees and the loss of the services of ~~Dr. Ciechanover~~any of our executive officers or other key employees, including scientific, technical or management personnel, could impede the achievement of our ~~research, development and commercialization~~corporate objectives.

Our ~~future growth and~~ success ~~depend~~depends on our ability to recruit, retain, manage and motivate our employees. ~~The loss of~~Although we enter into employment agreements or offer letters with our employees, these documents provide for “at-will” employment, which means that any ~~member~~ of our ~~senior management team~~employees could leave our employment at any time, with or ~~the inability to hire or retain experienced management~~without notice. Competition for skilled personnel ~~could compromise~~in our industry and geographic regions is intense and may limit our ability to execute our business plan and harm our operating results. Because of the specialized scientific and managerial nature of our business, we rely heavily on our ability to attract and retain qualified scientific, technical and managerial personnel. The competition for qualified personnel in the pharmaceutical field is intense and as a result, we may be unable to continue to attracthire and retain qualified personnel ~~necessary for the development~~on acceptable terms or at all. To induce valuable employees to remain at our company, in addition to salary and cash incentives, we have provided equity awards that vest over time. The value to employees of equity awards may be significantly affected by movements in our ~~business.~~stock price that are beyond our control and may at any time be insufficient to counteract more lucrative offers from other companies.

Our relationships with customers and third-party payors will be subject to applicable anti-kickback, fraud and abuse, privacy and other laws and regulations, which could expose us to criminal sanctions, civil penalties, contractual damages, reputational harm and diminished profits and future earnings.

Healthcare providers, physicians and third-party payors will play a primary role in the recommendation and prescription of any product candidates for which we obtain regulatory approval. Our current and future arrangements with third-party payors and customers may expose us to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations that may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we conduct research and would market, sell and distribute our products. As a pharmaceutical company, even though we do not and will not control referrals of healthcare services or bill directly to Medicare, Medicaid or other third-party payors, federal and state healthcare laws and regulations pertaining to fraud and abuse and patients’ rights are and will be applicable to our business. Restrictions under applicable federal and state healthcare laws and regulations that may affect our ability to operate include the following:

Efforts to ensure that our business arrangements with third parties ~~will~~ comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations will involve substantial costs. It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices ~~may~~do not comply with current or future statutes, regulations or case law involving applicable ~~fraud and abuse or other~~ healthcare laws and regulations. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other governmental regulations, ~~that may apply to us,~~ we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, imprisonment, exclusion from ~~government funded~~government-funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, disgorgement, additional reporting requirements ~~and/~~or oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or similar agreement, ~~to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws,~~ and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations. If any physicians or other healthcare providers or entities with whom we expect to do business are found to not be in compliance with applicable laws, they may be subject to criminal, civil or administrative sanctions, including exclusions from ~~government funded~~government-funded healthcare programs.

Our employees may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements, which could cause significant liability for us and harm our reputation.

We are exposed to the risk of employee fraud or other misconduct, including intentional failures to comply with FDA regulations or similar regulations of comparable foreign regulatory authorities, provide accurate information to the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities, comply with manufacturing standards we have established, comply with federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws and regulations and similar laws and regulations established and enforced by comparable foreign regulatory authorities, report financial information or data accurately or disclose unauthorized activities to us. Employee misconduct could also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of clinical ~~trials,~~studies, which could result in regulatory sanctions and serious harm to our reputation. It is not always possible to identify and deter employee misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business and results of operations, including the imposition of significant fines or other sanctions.

Product liability lawsuits against us could cause us to incur substantial liabilities and to limit commercialization of any products that we may develop.

We face an inherent risk of product liability exposure related to the testing of our product candidates in human clinical ~~trials~~studies and will face an even greater risk if we commercially sell any products that we may develop. Product liability claims may be brought against us by subjects enrolled in our clinical ~~trials,~~studies, patients, healthcare providers or others using, administering or selling our products. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against claims that our product candidates or products caused injuries, we could incur substantial liabilities. Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:

We currently hold product liability insurance coverage at a level that we believe is customary for similarly situated companies and adequate to provide us with insurance coverage for foreseeable risks, but which may not be adequate to cover all liabilities that we may incur. ~~Insurance coverage is increasingly expensive.~~ We may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in an amount adequate to satisfy any liability that may arise. We intend to expand our insurance coverage for products to include the sale of commercial products if we obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates in development, but we may be unable to obtain commercially reasonable product liability insurance for any products that receive regulatory approval. Large judgments have been awarded in class action lawsuits based on drugs that had unanticipated side effects. A successful product liability claim or series of claims brought against us, particularly if judgments exceed our insurance coverage, could decrease our cash and adversely affect our business.

If we and our third-party manufacturers fail to comply with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, we could become subject to fines or penalties or incur costs that could have a material adverse effect on the success of our business.

We and our third-party manufacturers are subject to numerous environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including those governing laboratory procedures and the handling, use, storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes. Our operations involve the use of hazardous and flammable materials, including chemicals and biological materials. Our operations also produce hazardous waste products. We generally contract with third parties for the disposal of these materials and wastes. We cannot eliminate the risk of contamination or injury from these materials. In the event of contamination or injury resulting from our or our third-party manufacturers’ use of hazardous materials, we could be held liable for any resulting damages, and any liability could exceed our resources. We also could incur significant costs associated with civil or criminal fines and penalties.

Although we maintain workers’ compensation insurance to cover us for costs and expenses we may incur due to injuries to our employees resulting from the use of hazardous materials with a policy limit that we believe is customary for similarly situated companies and adequate to provide us with insurance coverage for foreseeable risks, this insurance may not provide adequate ~~cover age~~coverage against potential liabilities. We do not maintain insurance for environmental liability or toxic tort claims that may be asserted against us in connection with our storage or disposal of biological or hazardous materials.

In addition, we may incur substantial costs in order to comply with current or future environmental, health and safety laws and regulations. These current or future laws and regulations may impair our research, development or production efforts. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations also may result in substantial fines, penalties or other sanctions, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Our business and operations would suffer in the event of computer system failures or security breaches.

Our internal computer systems, and those of ~~MSK, QIMR Berghofer,~~our partners, our CROs, our CMOs, and other business vendors on which we rely, are vulnerable to damage from computer viruses, unauthorized access, natural disasters, fire, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures. We exercise little or no control over these third parties, which increases our vulnerability to problems with their systems. If such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a material disruption of our drug development programs. For example, the loss of clinical ~~trial~~study data from completed, ongoing or planned clinical ~~trials~~studies could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. To the extent that any disruption or security breach results in a loss of or damage to our data or applications, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability, the further development of our product candidates could be delayed and our business could be otherwise adversely affected.

The ~~recently passed comprehensive~~U.S. tax reform bill passed in 2017 could adversely affect our business and financial condition.

On Legislation or other changes in tax laws could lead to or increase our tax liability and adversely affect our after-tax profitability. For example, The Tax Act was enacted in the U.S. on December 22, ~~2017, President Trump signed into law new tax legislation, or the~~2017. Given our valuation allowance position, The Tax Act ~~which~~ ~~significantly reforms the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.~~is not expected to have a significant impact on our effective tax rate, cash tax expenses or net deferred tax assets. The Tax Act among other things, contains significant changes to corporate taxation, including reduction of the corporate tax rate from a top marginal rate of 35% to a flat rate of 21%; limitation of the tax deduction for interest expense to 30% of adjusted earnings (except for certain small businesses); limitation of the deduction of net operating losses generated in tax years beginning after December 31, 2017 to 80% of taxable income, indefinite carryforward of net operating losses generated in tax years after 2018 and elimination of net operating loss carrybacks; changes in the treatment of ~~offshore~~offshore earnings regardless of whether they are repatriated; current inclusion in U.S. federal taxable income of certain earnings of controlled foreign corporations, mandatory capitalization of research and development expenses beginning in 2022; immediate deductions for certain new investments instead of deductions for depreciation expense over time; further deduction limits on executive compensation; and modifying, repealing and creating many other business deductions and credits, including the reduction in the orphan drug credit from 50% to 25% of qualifying ~~expenditures~~.expenditures. We ~~continue to examine the impact this tax reform legislation may~~ have oncompleted our ~~business. Notwithstanding the reduction in the corporate income tax rate,~~evaluation of the overall impact of ~~the~~The Tax Act ~~is uncertain~~on our effective tax rate and balance sheet through year end and reflected the amounts in our financial statements. The Tax Act may have significant impacts in future periods and our business and financial condition could be adversely affected. The future impact of ~~this tax reform~~the Tax Act on holders of our common stock is also uncertain and could be adverse. This periodic report does not discuss any such tax legislation or the manner in which it might affect us or our stockholders in the future. We urge our stockholders to consult with their legal and tax advisors with respect to such legislation.

Our ability to use net operating loss carryforwards to offset future taxable income, and our ability to use tax credit carryforwards, may be subject to certain limitations.

Our ability to use our federal and state net operating losses, or NOLs, to offset potential future taxable income and related income taxes that would otherwise be due is dependent upon our generation of future taxable income, and we cannot predict with certainty when, or whether, we will generate sufficient taxable income to use all of our NOLs.

As of December 31, ~~2017,~~2018, we reported U.S. federal and ~~state~~ s tateNOLs of approximately ~~$76.0~~$293.9 million and ~~$231.4~~$449.8 million, respectively. ~~These~~Our federal NOLs generated prior to 2018 aggregating to $77.1 million will continue to be governed by the NOL tax rules as they existed prior to the adoption of the ~~new~~ Tax Act, which means that generally they will expire 20 years after they were generated if not used prior thereto. Many states have similar ~~laws.~~laws, and our state NOLs will begin to expire in 2032. Accordingly, these federal and state NOLs could expire unused and be unavailable to offset future income tax liabilities. Under the newly enacted Tax Act, federal NOLs incurred in 2018 and in future years may be carried forward indefinitely, but the deductibility of such federal NOL’s is limited to 80% of current year taxable income. ~~It is uncertain if and to what extent various~~Not all states ~~will~~ conform to the ~~newly enacted federal tax law.~~ Tax Act and other states have varying conformity to the Tax Act.

In addition, under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, our ability to utilize these NOLs and other tax attributes, such as federal tax credits, in any taxable year may be limited if we have experienced an “ownership change.” Generally, a Section 382 ownership change occurs if one or more stockholders or groups of stockholders who owns at least 5% of a corporation’s ~~stock~~st ock increases its ownership by more than 50 percentage points over its lowest ~~ownership~~ownership percentage within a three-year testing ~~period~~.period. Similar rules may apply under state tax ~~laws~~.laws. We completed a Section 382 study of transactions in our stock through December 31, ~~2017~~2018 and concluded that we have experienced an ownership ~~change~~changes since inception that we believe under Section 382 of the Code will result in limitations in our ability to use certain of our NOLs and credits. In addition, we may experience future ownership changes as a result of future offerings or other changes in the ownership of our stock, some of which are beyond our control. As a result, the amount of the NOLs and tax credit carryforwards presented in our financial statements could be limited and, in the case of ~~NOL’s~~NOLs generated in 2017 and before, may expire unused. Any such material limitation or expiration of our ~~NOL’s~~NOLs may harm our future operating results by effectively increasing our future tax obligations.

Business disruptions could seriously harm our future revenues and financial condition and increase our costs and expenses.

Our operations could be subject to earthquakes, power shortages, telecommunications failures, water shortages, floods, hurricanes, typhoons, fires, extreme weather conditions, medical epidemics and other natural or manmade disasters or business interruptions, for which we are predominantly self-insured. Two of our corporate locations are located in California, an area prone to ~~earthquakes.~~earthquakes and fires. The occurrence of any of these business disruptions could seriously harm our operations and financial condition and increase our costs and expenses. We rely on third-party manufacturers to produce our product candidates. Our ability to obtain clinical supplies of product candidates could be disrupted, if the operations of these suppliers are affected by a man-made or natural disaster or other business interruption. The ultimate impact on us, our significant suppliers and our general infrastructure is unknown, but our operations and financial condition could suffer in the event of a major earthquake, fire or other natural disaster.

Our stock price has been and will likely continue to be volatile and may decline regardless of our operating performance.

Our stock price has fluctuated in the past and can be expected to be volatile in the future. From ~~October 16, 2014, the first date of trading of our common stock,~~January 1, 2017 through ~~June 30, 2018,~~March 31, 2019, the reported sale price of our common stock has fluctuated between ~~$9.66~~$11.80 and ~~$65.56~~$54.45 per share. The stock market in general and the market for biotechnology companies in particular have experienced extreme volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. As a result of this volatility, investors may experience losses on their investment in our common stock. The market price of our common stock may be influenced by many factors, including the following:

We In addition, the stock markets in general, and the markets for biotechnology and pharmaceutical stocks in particular, have experienced significant volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. For example, negative publicity regarding drug pricing and price increases by pharmaceutical companies has negatively impacted, and may ~~be subject~~continue to ~~securities litigation, which is expensive~~negatively impact, the markets for biotechnology and pharmaceutical stocks. Likewise, as a result of significant changes in U.S. social, political, regulatory and economic conditions or in laws and policies governing foreign trade and health care spending and delivery, including the possible repeal and/or replacement of all or portions of the Affordable Care Act or changes in tariffs and other restrictions on free trade stemming from U.S. and foreign government policies, or for other reasons, the financial markets could ~~divert management attention.~~

~~The~~experience significant volatility that could also negatively impact the markets for biotechnology and pharmaceutical stocks. These market fluctuations may adversely affect the trading price of our common ~~stock has been volatile, and in~~stock.

In the past, class action litigation has often been instituted against companies ~~that~~whose securities have experienced periods of volatility in ~~the~~ market ~~price of their stock have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of~~price. Any such litigation ~~in the future. Securities litigation~~brought against us could result in substantial costs and divert ~~our~~ management’s attention ~~from other business concerns,~~and resources, which could ~~seriously harm~~result in delays of our ~~business.~~clinical studies or commercialization efforts.

Our principal stockholders and management own a significant percentage of our stock and will be able to exert significant control over matters subject to stockholder approval.

Our executive officers, directors and principal stockholders own a significant portion of our outstanding ~~voting~~common stock. These stockholders may be able to determine the outcome of all matters requiring stockholder approval. For example, these stockholders may be able to control elections of directors, amendments of our organizational documents, or approval of any merger, sale of assets, or other major corporate transaction. This may prevent or discourage unsolicited acquisition proposals or offers for our common ~~stock that you may feel are in your best interest as one of our stockholders.~~stock. The interests of ~~this group of~~our significant stockholders may not always coincide with ~~your interests or~~ the interests of other stockholders and they may act in a manner that advances their best interests and not necessarily those of other stockholders, including seeking a premium value for their common stock, and might affect the ~~prevailing~~ market price for our common stock.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market could cause our stock price to fall.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market could occur at any time. These sales, or the perception in the market that the holders of a large number of shares intend to sell shares, could reduce the market price of our common stock. Moreover, certain holders of shares of our common stock will have rights, subject to certain conditions, to require us to file registration statements covering their shares or to include their shares in registration statements that we may file for ourselves or other stockholders. We have registered and intend to continue to register all shares of common stock that we may issue under our equity compensation plans. Once we register these shares, they can be freely sold in the public market upon issuance, subject to volume limitations applicable to affiliates.

WeEffective December 31, 2018, we are no longer an “emerging growth company,” and the reduced reporting requirements applicable to “emerging growth companies” no longer apply, which increases our costs as a result of being a public company and places additional demands on management.

Effective December 31, 2018, we were no longer classified as an “emerging growth company” ~~and are taking advantage of reduced disclosure and governance requirements applicable to emerging growth companies, which could result in our common stock being less attractive to investors.~~

~~We are an “emerging growth company,”~~ as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act, or JOBS ~~Act, and~~Act. As such, we ~~are taking advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements~~will incur significant additional expenses that ~~are applicable to other public companies that are~~we did not ~~emerging growth companies including, but not limited to, not being required to comply~~previously incur in complying with ~~the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of~~ the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and rules implemented by the SEC. Because we are no longer being classified as an “emerging growth company”, the cost of compliance with Section 404 has required, and will continue to require, us to incur substantial accounting expense and expend significant management time on compliance-related issues as we implement additional corporate governance practices and comply with reporting requirements. Moreover, if we or our independent registered public accounting firm identifies deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting that are deemed to be material weaknesses, we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by the SEC or other regulatory authorities, which would require additional financial and management resources.

Furthermore, investor perceptions of our company may suffer if, in the future, material weaknesses are found, and this could cause a decline in the market price of our stock. Irrespective of compliance with Section 404, any failure of our internal control over financial reporting could have a material effect on our stated operating results. If we are unable to implement these changes effectively or efficiently, it could harm our operations, financial reporting or financial results and could result in an adverse opinion on internal control from our independent registered public accounting firm.

In addition, we have previously taken advantage of the JOBS Act’s reduced disclosure ~~obligations~~requirements applicable to “emerging growth companies” regarding executive compensation ~~in our periodic reports and proxy statements,~~ and exemptions from the requirements of holding ~~a nonbinding~~ advisory ~~vote~~say-on-pay votes on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we will rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile. We may take advantage of these reporting exemptions untilcompensation. Since we are no longer an emerging growth company, which in certain circumstances could be for up to five years from the date of our initial public offering. We will cease to be an “emerging growth company” upon the earliest of: (1) December 31, 2019; (2) the last day of the first fiscal year in which our annual gross revenues are $1 billion or more; (3) the date on which we have, during the previous rolling three-year period, issued more than $1 billion in non-convertible debt securities; and (4) the date on which we are deemed to be a “large accelerated filer” as defined in the Exchange Act. We will be deemed a “large accelerated filer” as of the end of the fourth quarter of 2018 as our public float as of June 29, 2018 was $700 million or greater.

~~Our status~~classified as an “emerging growth ~~company” under the JOBS Act may make it more difficult~~company,” we are no longer eligible for such reduced disclosure requirements and exemptions and as such, we are required to ~~raise capital as~~hold a say-on-pay vote and ~~when~~a say-on-frequency vote at our 2019 annual meeting of stockholders. As a result, we ~~need it.~~

~~Because of the exemptions from various reporting requirements provided to us~~expect that because we are no longer classified as an “emerging growth ~~company”~~company,” we ~~may be less attractive~~will require additional attention from management with respect to ~~investors~~our disclosures and ~~it may be difficult for us to raise additional capital as~~will incur increased costs, which could include higher legal fees, accounting fees, consultant fees and ~~when we need it. Investors may be unable to compare our business~~fees associated with other companies in our industry if they believe that our financial accounting is not as transparent as other companies in our industry. If we are unable to raise additional capital as and when we need it, our financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.investor relations activities, among others.

We have incurred and will continue to incur increased costs as a result of being a public company and our management expects to devote substantial time to public company compliance programs.

As a public company, we have incurred and will continue to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses. We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, which require, among other things, that we file with the SEC annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to our business and financial condition. In addition, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, as well as rules subsequently adopted by the SEC and The Nasdaq Stock Market to implement provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, impose significant requirements on public companies, including requiring establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls and changes in corporate governance practices. Further, pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, the SEC has adopted and will adopt additional rules and regulations, such as mandatory “say on pay” voting requirements, that ~~will~~now apply to ~~us when we cease to be an emerging growth company.~~us. Stockholder activism, the current political environment and the potential for future regulatory reform may lead to substantial new regulations and disclosure obligations, which may lead to additional compliance costs and impact the manner in which we operate our business in ways we cannot currently anticipate.

The rules and regulations applicable to public companies have substantially increased our legal and financial compliance costs and make some activities more time-consuming and costly. To the extent these requirements divert the attention of our management and personnel from other business concerns, they could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The increased costs will decrease our net income or increase our net loss and may require us to reduce costs in other areas of our business or increase the prices of our products or services.

Because we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our capital stock in the foreseeable future, capital appreciation, if any, will be ~~your~~the sole source of potential ~~gain.~~gain for our stockholders.

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain all of our future earnings, if any, to finance the growth and development of our business. In addition, the terms of any future debt agreements may preclude us from paying dividends. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock will be ~~your~~the sole source of gain for our stockholders for the foreseeable future.

Future sales and issuances of our common stock or rights to purchase common stock, including pursuant to our equity incentive plans, could result in additional dilution of the percentage ownership of our stockholders and could cause our stock price to fall.

We expect that significant additional capital will be needed in the future to continue our planned operations. To raise capital, we may sell substantial amounts of common stock or securities convertible into or exchangeable for common ~~stock.~~stock in one or more transactions at prices and in a manner we determine from time to time. These future issuances of common stock or common stock-related securities, together with the exercise of outstanding options and any additional shares issued in connection with acquisitions or in-licenses, if any, may result in material dilution to our investors. Such sales may also result in material dilution to our existing stockholders, and new investors could gain rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock.

Pursuant to our equity incentive plans, our compensation committee is authorized to grant equity-based incentive awards to our employees, non-employee directors and consultants. Future grants of RSUs, options and other equity awards and issuances of common stock under our equity incentive plans will result in dilution and may have an adverse effect on the market price of our common stock.

Some ~~provisions~~terms of our charter documents and Delaware law may have anti-takeover effects that could discourage an acquisition of us by others, even if an acquisition would be beneficial to our stockholders and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management.

~~Provisions in our~~Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, or ~~certificate~~Certificate of ~~incorporation,~~Incorporation, and amended and restated bylaws, or ~~bylaws,~~Bylaws, as well as ~~provisions of~~ Delaware law, could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us or increase the cost of acquiring us, even if doing so would benefit our stockholders, or remove our current management. These include ~~provisions that will:~~terms that:

~~These provisions~~factors listed above may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our board of directors, who are responsible for appointing the members of our management. ~~For example, our board is divided into three classes. Each class has a three-year term. These classes make it more difficult to replace a majority of our directors in a short period of time. Because~~

In addition, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by ~~the provisions of~~ Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which may discourage, delay or prevent someone from acquiring us or merging with us whether or not it is desired by or beneficial to our stockholders. Under Delaware law, a corporation may not, in general, engage in a business combination with any holder of 15% or more of its capital stock unless the holder has held the stock for three years or, among other things, the board of directors has approved the transaction. Any ~~provision~~term of our ~~amended and restated certificate~~Certificate of ~~incorporation~~Incorporation or ~~amended and restated bylaws~~Bylaws or Delaware law that has the effect of delaying or deterring a change in control could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our common stock and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our common stock.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us orand our business. In the event securities or industry analysts who cover us downgrade our stock or publish ~~inaccurate or~~ unfavorable research about us or our business, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our stock could decrease, which might cause our stock price and trading volume to decline.

Item 2. ~~Unregistered~~Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

~~101.LAB~~

~~XBRL Labels Linkbase Document~~

~~101.PRE~~

~~XBRL Presentation Linkbase Document~~

~~101.DEF~~

~~XBRL Definition Linkbase Document.~~

Exhibit

Incorporated by Reference

Filed

No.

Description of Exhibit

Form

File No.

Exhibit

Filing Date

Herewith

3.1

Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Atara Biotherapeutics, Inc.

S-1

333-196936

3.2

6/20/2014

3.2

Amended and Restated Bylaws of Atara Biotherapeutics, Inc.

S-1

333-196936

3.4

6/20/2014

4.1

Form of Atara Biotherapeutics, Inc. Common Stock Certificate.

S-1/A

333-196936

4.1

7/10/2014

4.2

Investor Rights Agreement of Atara Biotherapeutics, Inc., dated March 31, 2014.

S-1

333-196936

4.2

6/20/2014

31.1

Certification by Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

31.2

Certification by Principal Financial and Accounting Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.1(1)

Certifications of Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial and Accounting Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C Section 1350 as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

101.INS

XBRL Instance Document

101.SCH

XBRL Schema Document

101.CAL

XBRL Calculation Linkbase Document

101.LAB

XBRL Labels Linkbase Document

101.PRE

XBRL Presentation Linkbase Document

101.DEF

XBRL Definition Linkbase Document.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, Atara Biotherapeutics, Inc. has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

Delaware		46-0920988
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
611 Gateway Blvd., Suite 900 South San Francisco, CA		94080
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)

Large accelerated filer	☐☒	Accelerated filer	☒☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐ ~~(Do not check if a small reporting company)~~	~~Smaller~~Small reporting company	☐
Emerging growth company	☒☐

		Page
PART I.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.	Financial Statements (Unaudited)	3

	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets	3

	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss	4

	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity	5

	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	56

	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	67

Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	1618

Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	2526

Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	2526

PART II.	OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	2627

Item 1A.	Risk Factors	2627

Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	5758
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	5758
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	5758
Item 5.	Other Information	5758
Item 6.	Exhibits	5859

	Signatures	60

	Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2019
	(in thousands)

Operating lease cost:
Operating lease cost	$	725
Short-term lease cost		195
Total operating lease cost	$	920
Finance lease cost:
Amortization expense	$	83
Interest on lease liabilities		17
Total finance lease cost	$	100

	Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2019
	(in thousands, except lease term and discount rate)
Supplemental Cash Flows Information
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows for operating leases	$	654
Operating cash flows for finance leases		17
Financing cash flows for finance leases		98

Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term
Operating Leases	10.0 years
Finance Leases	1.2 years
Weighted Average Discount Rate
Operating leases		10.2	%
Finance leases		9.5	%

	Operating Leases			Finance Leases
Periods Ending December 31,	(in thousands)
Remaining 2019	$	1,436		$	423
2020		2,659			236
2021		2,524			30
2022		2,388			—
2023		2,456			—
Thereafter		14,535			—
Total lease payments	$	25,998		$	689
Less: amount representing interest	$	(10,918	)	$	(49	)
Present value of lease liabilities	$	15,080		$	640

Balance as of March 31, 2019
Other current liabilities	$	643		$	444
Operating lease liabilities		14,437			—
Other long-term liabilities		—			196
Total	$	15,080		$	640

	(in thousands)
Balance as of December 31, 2017	$	580
Liabilities incurred during the period		88
Accretion expense		16
Balance as of June 30, 2018	$	684

	ARO Liability
	(in thousands)
Balance as of December 31, 2018	$	717
Accretion expense		17
Balance as of March 31, 2019	$	734

	RSUs
	Shares			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested as of December 31, 2017		1,685,000		$	16.90
Granted		788,987		$	36.69
Forfeited		(310,352	)	$	20.23
Vested		(365,933	)	$	15.11
Unvested as of June 30, 2018		1,797,702		$	25.38
Vested and unreleased		3,384
Outstanding as of June 30, 2018		1,801,086

	RSUs
	Shares			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested as of December 31, 2018		1,405,460		$	26.94
Granted		814,493		$	38.42
Forfeited		(45,206	)	$	33.82
Vested		(314,373	)	$	23.59
Unvested as of March 31, 2019		1,860,374		$	32.36
Vested and unreleased		—
Outstanding as of March 31, 2019		1,860,374		$	32.36

	Total Shares Reserved
2014 Equity Incentive Plan		~~10,851,962~~12,251,242
2018 Inducement Plan		1,250,000
2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan		~~943,338~~1,142,014
Options granted outside the equity plans		~~258,666~~109,666
Total reserved shares of common stock		~~13,303,966~~14,752,922

	Payments Due by Period
					Less than						More than
		Total			1 Year		1-3 Years		3-5 Years		5 Years
	(in thousands)
Operating lease obligations	$		10,162	$		1,107	$	3,221	$	2,712	$	3,122
Finance lease obligations			16,416			934		1,953		2,071		11,458
Capital lease obligations			803			540		263		—		—
Total contractual obligations	$		27,381	$		2,581	$	5,437	$	4,783	$	14,580

	ATARA BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.
Date: ~~August 1, 2018~~May 9, 2019
		By:	/s/ Isaac Ciechanover
		Isaac Ciechanover
		President and Chief Executive Officer
		(Duly Authorized Officer and Principal
		Executive Officer)
		By:	/s/ Utpal Koppikar
		Utpal Koppikar
		Chief Financial Officer
		(Duly Authorized Officer and Principal
		Financial and Accounting Officer)