Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company”, and “emerging growth company” in rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes☐ No ☒

	March 31, 2019			December 31, 2018			March 31, 2020			December 31, 2019
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	20,872		$	27,709		$	26,437		$	28,747
Restricted cash		9,165			7,003			9,281			4,646
Accounts receivable, net
Third parties		68,747			71,034
Related parties		898			583
Accounts receivable - trade, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $417 as of March 31, 2020 and $393 as of December 31, 2019								86,270			96,865
Other receivables								10,020			8,124
Suppliers and others		13,053			12,923
Related parties		4			65
Contract assets								3,128			16,680
Inventories		39,718			33,868			39,912			35,439
Contract assets		17,160			11,381
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		4,706			4,185			5,974			4,185
Total current assets		174,323			168,751			181,022			194,686
Property, plant and equipment, net		6,124			5,518			6,716			6,769
Right-of-use assets from operating leases		21,193			—			18,778			20,469
Goodwill		3,977			3,977			3,977			3,977
Intangible assets, net		16,530			5,649			11,464			12,381
Deferred tax assets		2,685			2,752			2,364			1,622
Long-term restricted cash		611			936
Other assets		3,883			2,424			5,053			6,243
Total assets	$	229,326		$	190,007		$	229,374		$	246,147
Liabilities, Stockholders’ Equity and Non-controlling Interest
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable - trade							$	35,634		$	38,427
Third parties	$	37,199		$	36,865
Related parties		592			1,743
Short-term debt - bank and trade facilities		25,081			31,762			12,323			17,484
Other payables								1,966			3,278
Third parties		1,905			1,792
Related parties		2,119			1,281
Contract liabilities - current		3,563			8,511			3,305			3,567
Operating lease liabilities - current		4,261			—			4,005			4,201
Accrued and other liabilities		13,056			11,517			10,203			12,844
Total current liabilities		87,776			93,471			67,436			79,801
Long-term debt
Bank and trade facilities		21,201			—			—			9,937
Related party		9,118			14,142			27,348			9,096
Contract liabilities - non-current		1,875			1,801			3,152			3,230
Deferred tax liabilities		1,041			—
Operating lease liabilities - non-current		18,103			—			16,667			18,154
Pension liabilities		12,394			—			15,768			17,671
Other long-term liabilities		1,721			2,739			1,714			1,710
Total liabilities		153,229			112,153			132,085			139,599
Commitments and contingencies (Note 14)
Stockholders’ equity and non-controlling interest:
Common stock, authorized 36,000 shares, 16,596 and 16,587 shares outstanding as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 at $0.001 par value		16			16
Commitments and contingencies (Note 15)
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock, authorized 36,000 shares, 21,513 and 21,419 shares outstanding as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, at $0.001 par value								21			21
Additional paid-in capital		94,017			93,192			141,191			139,700
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(1,316	)		(192	)		(5,918	)		(3,939	)
Accumulated deficit		(17,415	)		(15,777	)		(38,005	)		(29,234	)
Total stockholders’ equity		75,302			77,239			97,289			106,548
Non-controlling interest		795			615
Total stockholders’ equity and non-controlling interest		76,097			77,854
Total liabilities, stockholders’ equity and non-controlling interest	$	229,326		$	190,007
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity							$	229,374		$	246,147

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive ~~Income (Loss)~~Loss

	Three Months Ended						Three Months Ended
	March 31,						March 31,
	2019			2018			2020			2019
Net revenue:
Third parties	$	73,234		$	57,906		$	47,318		$	73,234
Related parties		855			1,598			162			855
Total net revenue		74,089			59,504			47,480			74,089
Cost of revenue:
Products and services - third parties		48,172			36,206			30,956			48,172
Products and services - related parties		639			1,410			133			639
Amortization of intangible assets		408			153			396			408
Total cost of revenue		49,219			37,769			31,485			49,219
Gross profit		24,870			21,735			15,995			24,870
Operating expenses:
Research and product development		10,184			8,977			9,600			10,184
Selling, marketing, general and administrative		15,039			12,394			13,617			15,039
Amortization of intangible assets		472			131			372			472
Total operating expenses		25,695			21,502			23,589			25,695
Operating income (loss)		(825	)		233
Operating loss								(7,594	)		(825	)
Interest income		88			86			70			88
Interest expense		(871	)		(323	)		(643	)		(871	)
Other income (loss), net		228			140
Income (loss) before income taxes		(1,380	)		136
Loss on extinguishment of debt								(1,369	)		—
Other income, net								760			228
Loss before income taxes								(8,776	)		(1,380	)
Income tax (benefit) provision		77			(5	)		(5	)		77
Net income (loss)		(1,457	)		141
Net loss								(8,771	)		(1,457	)
Net income attributable to non-controlling interest		181			34			—			181
Net income (loss) attributable to DASAN Zhone Solutions, Inc.	$	(1,638	)	$	107
Net loss attributable to DASAN Zhone Solutions, Inc.								(8,771	)		(1,638	)

Foreign currency translation adjustments		(1,124	)		318			(3,435	)		(1,124	)
Comprehensive income (loss)		(2,581	)		459
Comprehensive income attributable to non-controlling interest		180			64
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to DASAN Zhone Solutions, Inc.	$	(2,761	)	$	395
Actuarial gain								1,456			—
Comprehensive loss								(10,750	)		(2,581	)
Comprehensive loss attributable to non- controlling interest								—			180
Comprehensive loss attributable to DASAN Zhone Solutions, Inc.							$	(10,750	)	$	(2,761	)

Basic and diluted net income (loss) per share attributable to DASAN Zhone Solutions, Inc.	$	(0.10	)	$	0.01
Weighted average shares outstanding used to compute basic net income (loss) per share		16,593			16,416
Weighted average shares outstanding used to compute diluted net income (loss) per share		16,593			16,626
Net loss per share attributable to DASAN Zhone Solutions, Inc.
Basic							$	(0.41	)	$	(0.10	)
Diluted							$	(0.41	)	$	(0.10	)
Weighted average shares outstanding used to compute basic net loss per share								21,474			16,593
Weighted average shares outstanding used to compute diluted net loss per share								21,474			16,593

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity and Non-Controlling Interest

Common stock

Additional
paid-in

Accumulated
other
comprehensive

Accumulated

Total
stockholders

Non-
controlling

Total
stockholders'
equity and
non-controlling

Shares

Amount

capital

income (loss)

deficit

equity

interest

interest

For the Three-Month Period
   Ended March 31, 2019:

��

Balance as of December 31,
   2018

16,587

$
16

$
93,192

$
(192
)

$
(15,777
)

$
77,239

$
615

$
77,854

Exercise of stock options and
   restricted stock grant

9

—

97

—

—

97

—

97

Stock-based compensation

—

—

728

—

—

728

—

728

Net loss

—

—

—

—

(1,638
)

(1,638
)

181

(1,457
)
Other comprehensive loss

—

—

—

(1,124
)

—

(1,124
)

(1
)

(1,125
)
Balance as of March 31, 2019

16,596

$
16

$
94,017

$
(1,316
)

$
(17,415
)

$
75,302

$
795

$
76,097

For the Three-Month Period
   Ended March 31, 2018:

Balance as of December 31,
   2017

16,410

$
16

$
90,198

$
1,871

$
(18,852
)

$
73,233

$
534

$
73,767

ASC 606 opening balance
   adjustment

—

—

—

—

342

342

—

342

Exercise of stock options and
   restricted stock grant

21

—

111

—

—

111

—

111

Stock-based compensation

—

—

363

—

—

363

—

363

Net income

—

—

—

—

107

107

34

141

Other comprehensive loss

—

—

—

257

—

257

30

287

Balance as of March 31, 2018

16,431

$
16

$
90,672

$
2,128

$
(18,403
)

$
74,413

$
598

$
75,011

	Common stock				Additional paid-in		Accumulated other comprehensive			Accumulated			Total stockholders'			Non- controlling			Total stockholders' equity and non- controlling
	Shares		Amount		capital		income (loss)			deficit			equity			interest			interest
For the Three-Month Period Ended March 31, 2020:
Balance as of December 31, 2019		21,419	$	21	$	139,700	$	(3,939	)	$	(29,234	)	$	106,548		$	—		$	106,548
Exercise of stock options and restricted stock grant		94		—		709		—			—			709			—			709
Stock-based compensation		—		—		782		—			—			782			—			782
Net loss		—		—		—		—			(8,771	)		(8,771	)		—			(8,771	)
Other comprehensive loss		—		—		—		(1,979	)		—			(1,979	)		—			(1,979	)
Balance as of March 31, 2020		21,513	$	21	$	141,191	$	(5,918	)	$	(38,005	)	$	97,289		$	—		$	97,289

For the Three-Month Period Ended March 31, 2019:
Balance as of December 31, 2018		16,587	$	16	$	93,192	$	(192	)	$	(15,777	)	$	77,239		$	615		$	77,854
Stock-based compensation		9		—		825		—			—			825			—			825
Net loss		—		—		—		—			(1,638	)		(1,638	)		181			(1,457	)
Other comprehensive loss		—		—		—		(1,124	)		—			(1,124	)		(1	)		(1,125	)
Balance as of March 31, 2019		16,596	$	16	$	94,017	$	(1,316	)	$	(17,415	)	$	75,302		$	795		$	76,097

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

	Three Months Ended						Three Months Ended
	March 31,						March 31,
	2019			2018			2020			2019
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss)	$	(1,457	)	$	141
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Net loss							$	(8,771	)	$	(1,457	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash Provided by (used in) operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		1,417			699			1,256			1,417
Loss on extinguishment of debt								1,343			—
Amortization of deferred financing costs		73			—			141			73
Bargain purchase gain on acquisition		(334	)		—			—			(334	)
Stock-based compensation		825			363			782			825
Provision for inventory write-down		14			434			1,421			14
Allowance for doubtful accounts		223			(130	)		24			223
Provision for sales returns	218			185				(231	)		218
Unrealized loss (gain) on foreign currency transactions		(95	)		20
Unrealized gain on foreign currency transactions								(1,983	)		(95	)
Deferred taxes		19			(183	)		(820	)		19
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable		7,930			(9,184	)		9,109			7,930
Contract assets								14,129			(6,967	)
Inventories		3,828			(7,781	)		(7,048	)		3,828
Contract assets		(6,967	)		—
Prepaid expenses and other assets		(207	)		(1,918	)		(3,285	)		(207	)
Accounts payable		(3,966	)		6,013			(1,261	)		(3,966	)
Contract liabilities								(275	)		(5,166	)
Accrued and other liabilities		(1,331	)		(1,484	)		(3,937	)		(1,331	)
Contract liabilities		(5,166	)		(703	)
Net cash used in operating activities		(4,976	)		(13,528	)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities								594			(4,976	)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Proceeds from disposal of property, plant and equipment and other assets		—			1
Purchases of property, plant and equipment		(109	)		(86	)		(560	)		(109	)
Acquisition of business, net of cash acquired		(4,697	)		—			—			(4,697	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(4,806	)		(85	)		(560	)		(4,806	)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Repayments of short-term borrowings		(17,052	)		(8,250	)
Proceeds from short-term borrowings and line of credit								1,307			4,324
Repayments of short-term borrowings and line of credit								(4,167	)		—
Proceeds from long-term borrowings								—			25,000
Repayments of borrowings								(13,125	)		(17,052	)
Proceeds from related party term loan								18,361			—
Repayments of related party term loan		(5,000	)		—			—			(5,000	)
Proceeds from short-term borrowings and line of credit		4,324			18,849
Proceeds from long-term borrowings		25,000			—
Proceeds from related party term loan		—			6,064
Deferred financing costs		(2,184	)		—			—			(2,184	)
Proceeds from issuance of common stock		—			111
Proceeds from exercise of stock options								709			—
Net cash provided by financing activities		5,088			16,774			3,085			5,088
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash		(306	)		110			(873	)		(306	)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash		(5,000	)		3,271
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period		35,648			31,412
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	$	30,648		$	34,683
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash								2,246			(5,000	)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period								33,635			35,648
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period							$	35,881		$	30,648

Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash to statement of financial position							$	26,437		$	20,872
Cash and equivalents	$	20,872		$	23,158
Cash and cash equivalents								9,281			9,165
Restricted cash		9,165			10,118			163			611
Long-term restricted cash		611			1,407		$	35,881		$	30,648
	$	30,648		$	34,683
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Shares of the Company's common stock held in escrow								—			—
Cash paid during the period for:
Interest - bank and trade facilities							$	424		$	642
Interest - related party							$	152		$	173
Income taxes							$	1,504		$	589

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

DASAN Zhone Solutions, Inc. (referred to, collectively with its subsidiaries, as “DZS” or the “Company”) is a global provider of ultra-broadband network access solutions and communications platforms deployed by advanced Tier 1, 2 and 3 service providers and enterprise customers. The Company provides a wide array of reliable, cost-effective networking technologies, including broadband access, Ethernet switching, mobile backhaul, Passive Optical LAN and software-defined networks, to a diverse customer base that includes more than ~~900~~1,200 customers in more than 80120 countries worldwide.

DZS was incorporated under the laws of the state of Delaware in June 1999, under the name Zhone Technologies, Inc. On September 9, 2016, the Company acquired Dasan Network Solutions, Inc., a California corporation (“DNS”), through the merger of a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company with and into DNS, with DNS surviving as a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company (the “Merger”). At the effective time of the Merger, all issued and outstanding shares of capital stock of DNS held by DASAN Networks, Inc. (“DNI”) were canceled and converted into the right to receive shares of the Company's common stock in an amount equal to 58% of the issued and outstanding shares of the Company's common stock immediately following the Merger. In connection with the Merger, the Company changed its name from Zhone Technologies, Inc. to DASAN Zhone Solutions, Inc.

The Company is headquartered in ~~Oakland,~~Alameda, California with flexible in-house production facilities in Seminole, Florida and ~~Hanover,~~Hannover, Germany, ~~(acquired as part of the Keymile Acquisition in January 2019),~~ and contract manufacturers located in China, India, Korea and Vietnam. The Company also maintains offices to provide sales and customer support at global locations. On March 2, 2020, the Company announced its plans to relocate its corporate headquarters from Alameda, California to Plano, Texas and to establish a new U.S.-based Engineering Center of Excellence in Plano.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”), assuming the Company will continue as a going concern.

Although the Company had net income of $2.8 million and $1.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had a net loss of $1.5 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2019 and has incurred significant losses in prior years. As of March 31, 2019, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $17.4 million and working capital of $86.5 million. As of March 31, 2019, the Company had $20.9 million in cash and cash equivalents, which included $12.2 million in cash balances held by its international subsidiaries, and $57.5 million in aggregate principal amount of short-term debt obligations, other long-term debt and long-term related-party borrowings. In addition, as of March 31, 2019, the Company had $12.3 million committed as security for letters of credit under its revolving credit facilities, leaving $21.7 million in aggregate borrowing availability under these facilities.

The Company’s ability to meet its obligations as they become due in the ordinary course of business for the next twelve (12) months will depend on its ability to (i) achieve forecasted results, (ii) access capital under its existing or new credit facilities and/or raise additional capital through debt or equity financing from public and/or private capital markets and (iii) effectively manage inventory procurement. If the Company cannot access or raise additional capital when needed, its operations and prospects could be negatively affected. Management’s belief that the Company will be able to achieve forecasted results assumes that, among other things, the Company will continue to be successful in implementing its business strategy and that there will be no material adverse development in its business, liquidity or capital requirements. If one or more of these factors do not occur as expected, it could cause the Company to fail to meet its obligations as they come due.

Based on the Company's current plans and current business conditions, the Company believes that its existing cash, cash equivalents and available credit facilities will be sufficient to satisfy its anticipated cash requirements for at least the next twelve (12) months.

DNI owned approximately 57.2% of the outstanding shares of the Company's common stock as of March 31, 2019. As long as DNI and its affiliates hold shares of the Company's common stock representing at least a majority of the votes, DNI will be able to freely nominate and elect all the members of the Company's board of directors, subject to applicable requirements under Nasdaq listing rules and applicable laws. The directors elected by DNI will have the authority to make decisions affecting the Company's capital structure, including the issuance of additional capital stock or options, the incurrence of additional indebtedness, the implementation of stock repurchase programs, and the declaration of dividends. The interests of DNI may not coincide with the interests of the Company's other stockholders or with holders of the Company's indebtedness. DNI’s ability to control all matters submitted to the Company's stockholders for approval limits the ability of other stockholders to influence corporate matters and, as a result, the Company may take actions that the Company's other stockholders or holders of the Company's indebtedness do not view as beneficial. See Note 11 and Note 14 to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information.

For a complete description of what the Company believes to be the critical accounting policies and estimates used in the preparation of its unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, refer to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 108 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. These financial statements include the accounts of the Company, its wholly owned subsidiaries and a subsidiary in which it had a controlling interest. All inter-company transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring adjustments) that, in the opinion of management, are necessary for a fair presentation of the results for the interim periods presented. ~~All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.~~ The results of operations for the current interim period are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the current year or any other period. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements of the Company and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2018~~2019 filed with the Securities and Exchange ~~Commission.~~Commission (“SEC”) on March 24, 2020. For a complete description of what the Company believes to be the critical accounting policies and estimates used in the preparation of its unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, refer to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP, assuming the Company will continue as a going concern.

The Company had net loss of $8.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, and a net loss of $13.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. Additionally, the Company incurred significant losses in years prior to 2019. As of March 31, 2020, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $38.0 million and working capital of $113.5 million. As of March 31, 2020, the Company had $26.4 million in cash and cash equivalents, which included $8.7 million in cash balances held by its international subsidiaries, and $39.7 million in aggregate principal debt of which $12.3 million was reflected in current liabilities.

The Company’s ability to meet its obligations as they become due in the ordinary course of business for the next twelve (12) months will depend on its ability to (i) achieve forecasted results of operations, (ii) access funds approved under existing or new credit facilities and/or raise additional capital through sale of the Company’s common stock to the public, and (iii) effectively manage working capital requirements. If the Company cannot raise additional funds when it needs or wants them, its operations and prospects could be negatively affected. Management’s belief that it will achieve forecasted results of operations assumes that, among other things, the Company will continue to be successful in implementing its business strategy. If one or more of these factors do not occur as expected, it could cause the Company to fail to meet its obligations as they come due.

In December 2019, a strain of coronavirus, now known as COVID-19, was reported to have surfaced in Wuhan, China. Since that time, the widespread and sustained transmission of the virus has reached global pandemic status. In response to the pandemic, many national and international health agencies have recommended, and many countries and state, provincial and local governments have implemented, various measures, including travel bans and restrictions, limitations on public and private gatherings, business closures or operating restrictions, social distancing, and shelter-in-place orders. The health effects of the pandemic and the above measures taken in response thereto have had an effect on the global economy in general and has materially impacted and will likely continue to impact the Company’s financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Given the ongoing and dynamic nature of the virus and the worldwide response related thereto, it is difficult to predict the full impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on our business. Due to the uncertainty around the future economic impact of the pandemic, the fair value measurements used in the Company’s impairment assessments could be negatively impacted and could result in future impairments of goodwill, intangibles and other long-lived assets. During the quarter ended March 31, 2020, the Company’s revenues declined relative to its prior expectations, in part due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The impact of a continued COVID-19 outbreak or sustained measures taken to limit or contain the outbreak could continue to have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

Based on the Company's current plans and current business conditions, as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the Company believes that its existing cash, cash equivalents and available credit facilities will be sufficient to satisfy its anticipated cash requirements for at least the next twelve months from the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

The preparation of the condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

The following table presents the revenues by source (in ~~thousand)~~thousands):

The following summarizes required disclosures about geographical concentrations ~~and revenue by products and services~~ (in thousands):

The Company records contract assets when it has a right to consideration and records accounts receivable when it has an unconditional right to consideration. Contract liabilities consist of cash payments received (or unconditional rights to receive cash) in advance of fulfilling performance obligations.

The opening and closing balances of contract assets and contract liabilities related to contracts with customers are as follows:

The decrease in contract liabilities during the three months ended March 31, 2020 was primarily due to the revenue recognition criteria being met for previously deferred revenue, partially offset by invoiced amounts that did not yet meet the revenue recognition criteria. The amount of revenue recognized in the three months ended March 31, 2020 that was included in the prior period contract liability balance was $1.7 million. This revenue consists of services provided to customers who had been invoiced prior to the current year.

The decrease in contract assets during the three months ended March 31, 2020 was primarily due to billed products and services during the period.

Financial instruments, which potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk, consist primarily of cash, ~~and~~ cash equivalents and restricted cash which totaled ~~$20.9~~$35.9 million at March 31, ~~2019, as well as the Company’s PNC Facility (defined below), under which the Company had aggregate borrowing availability of $15.0~~2020, including $12.9 million ~~as of March 31, 2019.~~held by its international subsidiaries. Cash and cash equivalents consist ~~principally~~ of financial deposits and money market ~~accounts. Cash and cash equivalents~~accounts that are principally held with various domestic and international financial institutions with high credit standing.

The Company’s customers include competitive and incumbent local exchange carriers, competitive access providers, internet service providers, wireless carriers and resellers serving these markets. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers and generally does not require collateral. Allowances are maintained for potential doubtful accounts.

For the three months ended March 31, 2020, two customer accounted for 14% and 10% of net revenue, respectively. For the three months ended March 31, 2019, ~~and 2018,~~ no ~~single~~ customer accounted for 10% ~~or more~~ of net revenue.

As of March 31, ~~2019, no single customer~~2020, two customers each represented ~~10% or more~~19% of net accounts receivable. As of December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, two ~~(2)~~ customers represented ~~11%~~18% and ~~10%~~11% of net accounts receivable, ~~respectively.~~respectively, of net accounts receivable.

As of March 31, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, receivables from customers in countries other than the United States represented ~~92%~~96% and ~~88%~~94%, respectively, of net accounts receivable.

The Company allocates the fair value of purchase consideration to the tangible ~~assets acquired, liabilities assumed~~ and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values. The excess of the fair value of purchase consideration over the fair values of these identifiable assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill. When determining the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, management makes significant estimates and assumptions, especially with respect to intangible assets and certain tangible assets such as inventory.

Critical estimates in valuing certain tangible and intangible assets include but are not limited to future expected cash flows from the underlying assets and discount rates. Management’s estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions believed to be reasonable, but which are inherently uncertain and unpredictable and, as a result, actual results may differ from estimates.

The Company provides certain defined benefit pension plans to employees in ~~Germany.~~Germany and Japan. Pension accounting is intended to reflect the recognition of future benefit costs over the employees' average expected future service to the Company based on the terms of the plans and investment and funding decisions. To estimate the impact of these future payments and the Company’s decisions concerning funding of these obligations, the Company is required to make assumptions using actuarial concepts within the framework of U.S. GAAP. ~~Two~~The critical ~~assumptions are~~assumption is the discount ~~rate and the expected long-term return on plan assets.~~rate. Other important assumptions include expected future salary increases, expected future increases to benefit payments, expected retirement dates, employee turnover, retiree mortality rates and portfolio composition. The Company evaluates these assumptions at least ~~annually.~~annually, or more frequently when certain qualifying events occur.

In ~~February~~June 2016, ~~the~~ FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial ~~Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-02,~~ ~~Leases~~Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments ~~as modified subsequently by ASUs 2018-01, 2018-10, 2018-11, 2018-20 and 2019-01 (“ASC 842”)~~, which ~~introduces the recognition of lease assets and lease liabilities by lessees for those leases classified as operating leases under previous guidance. ASU 2016-02~~ requires ~~that lease arrangements longer than 12 months’ result in an entity recognizing an asset and liability, among other changes.~~

The Company adopted the new standard on January 1, 2019, the first day of fiscal 2019 using the modified retrospective approach whereby the cumulative effect of adoption was recognized on the adoption date and prior periods were not restated. There was no net cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings as of January 1, 2019 as a result of this adoption. ASC 842 sets out the principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of leases.

~~The Company has elected a certain package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance within ASC 842. Those practical expedients are as follows:~~

The Company applies significant judgment in considering all relevant factors that create an economic benefit (e.g., contract-based, asset-based, entity-based, and market-based, among others) as of the commencement date in determining the initial lease term and future lease payments. For example, the Company exercises judgment in determining whether renewal periods will be exercised during the initial measurement process. If the Company believes it will exercise the renewal option, and the lease payments associated with the renewal periods are known or calculable, such renewal lease payments would be included in the initial measurement of the lease liability. Otherwise, even if the Company believes that it will exercise the renewal period, if the renewal payments are unknown or not calculable, they would not be included until they become known or calculable at which time the Company would remeasure the remaining lease payments similar to a lease modification.

Adoption of the standard resulted in the balance sheet recognition of right of use assets and lease liabilities of approximately $21.2 million and $22.4 million, respectively as of January 1, 2019. Adoption of the standard did not materially impact the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) and cash flows. See Note 13 in the notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

~~In February 2018,~~May 2019, the FASB issued ASU ~~2018-02,~~No. 2018-19, ~~Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income. The amendments in this update allow a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income~~Codification Improvements to ~~retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts~~Topic 326, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses, ASU No. 2019-04, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses, and ~~Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”). The adoption of this standard on January 1, 2019 did not have a material impact~~ASU No. 2019-05, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Targeted Transition Relief, which provided additional implementation guidance on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements, since the Company did not elect to reclassify the income tax effects of 2017 Tax Act from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings.

~~Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Post-Retirement Benefit Cost~~

~~In March 2017, the FASB~~previously issued ~~ASU 2017-07,~~ ~~Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Post-Retirement Benefit Cost~~. The ASU requires the Company to disaggregate the service cost component from the other components of net periodic benefit costs and requires the Company to present the other components of net periodic benefit cost in other income, net. The standard is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 31, 2017, and retrospective application is required. The Company adopted this guidance during the first quarter of 2019 without any retrospective adjustments since the underlying pension obligations were acquired through Keymile Acquisition in 2019. The interest cost, which is the only component of net period post-retirement cost, is recognized in Other income (loss), net in the condensed consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss).

~~In January 2017, FASB issued ASU 2017-04,~~ ~~Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment, which simplifies the accounting for goodwill impairment.~~ASU. The updated guidance is effective for the Company on January 1, ~~2020,~~2022, and ~~will be adopted accordingly.~~requires a modified retrospective adoption method. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently assessing the potential impact of adopting this new guidance on its ~~consolidated financial statements.~~

~~On August 28, 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13,~~ ~~Fair Value Measurement~~ (Topic 820), which removes, modifies, and adds certain disclosure requirements related to fair value measurements in ASC 820. The Company is currently assessing the potential impact of adopting this new guidance on itscondensed consolidated financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-14, Disclosure Framework-Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans, which amends ASC 715 to add, remove, and clarify disclosure requirements related to defined benefit pension and other postretirement plans. The updated guidance is effective for the Company on January 1, 2021, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently assessing the potential impact of adopting this new guidance on its condensed consolidated financial statements.

On January 3, 2019, ZTI Merger Subsidiary III Inc., a Delaware corporation and a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company (“ZTI”), acquired all of the outstanding shares of Keymile GmbH (“Keymile”), a limited liability company organized under the laws of Germany, from Riverside KM Beteiligung GmbH (“Riverside”), a limited liability company organized under the laws of Germany, pursuant to a share purchase agreement (the “Keymile Acquisition”).

~~The allocation~~ for a final adjusted acquisition price of the purchase price was based upon a preliminary valuation, and the Company’s estimates and assumptions are subject to refinement, within the measurement period (up to one year from the Acquisition Date)$9.3 million. ~~Measurement period adjustments, with the corresponding adjustment to the bargain purchase, will be recorded in the reporting period in which the adjustment to the provisional amounts are determined.~~

The aggregate cash purchase price paid for all of the shares of Keymile and certain of its subsidiaries, was €10,250,000 (approximately $11.8 million). The Company also assumed pension obligations of approximately $12.7 million, net of pension assets of $3.5 million. Following the closing of the ~~Keymile Acquisition,~~acquisition, Keymile became ~~the Company’s~~a wholly owned ~~subsidiary.~~ ~~The Keymile Acquisition~~ ~~agreement~~ also provides for a lockbox mechanism such that normal operations are observed by Keymile management and any excess cash flows generated from operating activities for the period from October 1, 2018 to December 31, 2018 remains with Keymile, with the Company as the beneficiary, as the purchaser of Keymile. At December 31, 2018, cash received from the lockbox mechanism amounted to $2.5 million.

On October 1, 2018, as a condition for the Keymile Acquisition, Riverside extended a €4.0 million ($4.6 million, which represents the cash and cash equivalents and short-term debt, in the table below) as working capital loan to Keymile. The working capital loan bears interest at a rate of 3.5% per annum and is scheduled for repayment in two equal installments in April and November 2019.

Keymile is a leading solution provider and manufacturer of telecommunication systems for broadband access. The Company believes Keymile strengthens its portfolio of broadband access solutions, which now includes a series of multi-service access platforms for FTTx network architectures, including ultra-fast broadband copper access based on VDSL/Vectoring and G. Fast technology.

~~A summary~~subsidiary of the ~~preliminary estimated purchase price allocation to the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed is as follows (in thousands):~~

The following summarizes the preliminary estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the date of acquisition for the acquisition consummated during the three-month period ended March 31, 2019 (in thousands):

Company. The purchase price allocation resulted in the recognition of ~~a gain on bargain purchase~~goodwill of approximately ~~$0.3~~$1.0 million which was included in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) for the quarter ended March 31, 2019. The gain on bargain purchase was the result of the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired exceeding the purchase price paid for the Keymile Acquisition which was reduced by the lockbox mechanism.

~~The estimated weighted average useful lives of the acquired property, plant~~ and ~~equipment is 5 years. Depreciation is calculated using straight-line method.~~

~~The following table represents the preliminary estimated fair value and useful lives of identifiable intangible assets acquired:~~

The Company valued the customer relationships using the Income Approach, specifically the Multi-Period Excess Earnings Method (“MPEEM”). As of the valuation date, there was value attributable to Keymile’s existing customer relationships. Keymile’s key customer base is made up of independent telecommunication service providers and network operators, a base of customers that have seen growth since 2012. Keymile is seen as a market leader and historically has had low customer attrition. In addition, switching costs are considered to be high due to the disruption of switching platforms as well as the additional training necessary.

The Company utilized the Relief from Royalty Method (“RFRM”) to value the tradename and developed technology. The RFRM assumes that the value of the asset equals the amount a third party would pay to use the asset and capitalize on the related benefits of the asset. Therefore, a revenue stream for the asset is estimated, and then an appropriate royalty rate is applied to the forecasted revenue to estimate the pre-tax income associated with the asset. The pre-tax income is then tax-effected to estimate the after-tax net income associated with the asset. Finally, the after tax net income is discounted to the present value using an appropriate rate of return that considers both the risk of the asset and the associated cash flow estimates.

The unaudited pro forma information for the periods set forth below gives effect to the Keymile Acquisition as if it had occurred as of January 1, 2018. The unaudited pro forma financial information has been prepared by management for illustrative purposes only and does not purport to represent what the results of operations ~~financial condition or other financial information~~of Keymile are consolidated with the Company subsequent to the date of acquisition. During the fourth quarter of 2019, the Company recognized an impairment charge for the full amount of the ~~Company would have been if~~goodwill recognized in the Keymile Acquisition had occurred on January 1, 2018 or what such results or financial condition will be for any future periods. The unaudited pro forma financial information is based on estimates and assumptions and on the information available at the time of the preparation thereof. These estimates and assumptions may change, be revised or prove to be materially different, and the estimates and assumptions may not be representative of facts existing at the time of the Keymile Acquisition. The pro forma adjustments primarily relate to acquisition related costs, amortization of acquired intangibles and interest expense related to financing arrangements. Below is the pro forma financial information (in thousands):

The Company utilizes a fair value hierarchy that is intended to increase consistency and comparability in fair value measurements and related disclosures. The fair value hierarchy is based on inputs to valuation techniques that are used to measure fair value that are either observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect assumptions market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability based on market data obtained from independent sources while unobservable inputs reflect a reporting entity’s pricing based upon their own market assumptions. The fair value hierarchy consists of the following three levels:

The following financial instruments are not measured at fair value on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~the consolidated balance sheet as of~~ December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, but require disclosure of their fair values: cash and cash equivalents, ~~short-term investments,~~restricted cash, accounts ~~receivable,~~and other receivables, accounts payable, accrued liabilities, lease liabilities and debt. The carrying values of financial instruments ~~(Level 3)~~ such as cash and cash equivalents, ~~short-term investments,~~restricted cash, accounts ~~receivable~~ and other receivables, accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximate their fair values based on their short-term nature. The carrying value of the Company's lease liabilities and debt ~~(Level 3)~~ approximates their fair values based on the current rates available to the Company for debt of similar terms and maturities.

As of March 31, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, the Company's cash and cash equivalents ~~comprised~~consisted of financial deposits. Restricted cash consisted primarily of cash restricted for performance bonds, warranty bonds and collateral for ~~borrowings.~~borrowings, and Long term restricted cash is included in other assets. Long term restricted cash was $0.2 million as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

Balance sheet detail as of March 31, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018 was~~2019 is as follows (in thousands):

Inventories asconsisted of ~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 were as follows~~the following (in thousands):

Inventories provided as collateral for borrowings from Export-Import Bank of Korea amounted to ~~$8.2~~$6.4 million and ~~$9.5~~$6.7 million as of March 31, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, respectively.

Property, plant and equipment asconsisted of ~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 were as follows~~the following (in thousands):

Depreciation expense associated with property, plant and equipment for the three months ended March 31, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~March 31, 2018~~2019 was $0.5 million ~~and $0.4 million,~~for each period, respectively.

The Company receives grants from various government entities mainly to support capital expenditures. Such grants are deferred and are generally refundable to the extent the Company does not utilize the funds for qualifying expenditures. Once earned, the Company records the grants as a contra amount to the assets and amortizes such amount over the useful lives of the related assets as a reduction to depreciation expense.

Goodwill ~~as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018~~ was as follows (in thousands):

As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the net carrying value of goodwill is all attributable to the Company’s US reporting unit. As of March 31, 2020, the Company performed a goodwill impairment assessment for the US reporting unit, due to operating losses incurred by the US reporting unit during the first quarter of 2020 amid the worldwide effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. The fair value of the US reporting unit was estimated using an equal weighting of the guideline company and discounted cash flow methods. During the quarter ended March 31, 2020, the Company also refined its estimated cost allocations between the US reporting unit and the Korea and German reporting units to more appropriately estimate the projected cash flows expected to be generated from each of the Company’s reporting units used in the valuation models. The refinements in cost allocations had no impact on the Company’s segment conclusions and would not have impacted the 2019 annual goodwill impairment conclusions.

During the quarter ended March 31, 2020, the Company also refined its estimated cost allocations between the US reporting unit and the Korea and German reporting units to more appropriately estimate the projected cash flows expected to be generated from each of the Company’s reporting units used in the valuation models. The refinements in cost allocations had no impact on the Company’s segment conclusions and would not have impacted the 2019 annual goodwill impairment conclusions.

The Company did not recognize any impairment ~~loss on~~of goodwill during the three months ended March 31, ~~2019 and 2018.~~2020 or 2019.

Intangible assets asconsisted of ~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 were as follows~~the following (in thousands):

~~Intangible assets as of March 31, 2019 includes the technology acquired through Keymile Acquisition (Note 2).~~

Amortization expense associated with intangible assets for each of the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 ~~and 2018~~ was ~~$0.9~~$0.8 million ~~and $0.3 million, respectively.~~

The following table presents the future amortization expense of the Company’s intangible assets as of March 31, 2020 (in thousands):

The following tables summarize the Company’s debt ~~as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018~~ (in thousands):

~~PNC Bank Facility~~The future principal maturities of our Term Loans for each of the next five years are as follows (in thousands):

On February 27, 2019, the Company and ZTI (collectively, the “Borrowers”), and certain direct and indirect subsidiaries of the Borrowers, as guarantors, entered into ~~that certain~~a Revolving Credit, Term Loan, Guaranty and Security Agreement (the “Domestic Credit Agreement”) and ~~that certain~~an Export-Import Revolving Credit, Guaranty and Security Agreement (the “Ex-Im Credit Agreement,” and together with the Domestic Credit Agreement, the “Credit Agreements”), in each case with PNC Bank, National Association (“PNC”) and Citibank, N.A. as lenders, and PNC as agent for the lenders (the “PNC ~~Facility”~~Credit Facilities”), which replaced the Company’s former senior secured credit facilities with Wells Fargo Bank (the “Former WFB Facility”). We refer to such transactions and the agreements referenced above as the “PNC Credit Facilities.”

The PNC Credit ~~Agreements provide~~Facilities provided for a ~~$25.0~~$25 million term loan and a ~~$15.0~~$15 million revolving line of credit (including subfacilities for Ex-Im transactions, letters of credit and swing loans). with a $10 million incremental increase option. The amount the Company iswas able to borrow on the revolving line of credit at any time iswas based on eligible accounts receivable and other conditions, less certain reserves. Borrowings under the PNC ~~Facility bear~~Credit Facilities bore interest at ~~the Company’s option, at either (i)~~ a ~~base~~floating rate equal to either the ~~highest of the federal funds rate plus 0.50%, PNC’s~~PNC prime rate or ~~the daily LIBOR rate plus 1.00%, or (ii)~~ the LIBOR rate for the applicable ~~interest~~ period, ~~subject to~~plus a ~~floor~~margin that was based on the type of 1.00% (with respect to the term loans only), plus in each case, an applicable margin. The applicable margin for term loans is 5.00% for base rate loans and 6.00% for LIBOR rate loans, and the applicable margin for borrowings under the revolving line of credit is 1.50% for base rate loans and 2.50% for LIBOR rate loans.advance.

The Company used a portion of the funds borrowed from the term loan under the PNC Credit ~~Agreements~~Facilities to (i) repay $5.0 million ~~in principal amount~~ of existing ~~related-party~~related party indebtedness with ~~DNI~~Dasan Networks, Inc., the Company’s largest stockholder Dasan Networks, Inc. (“DNI”) plus accrued interest, (ii) repay $1.5 million ~~in outstanding borrowings under the Company’s former~~ revolving line of credit outstanding balance plus accrued interest and fees and cash collateralize $3.6 million in outstanding letters of credit under the Former WFB Facility, and (iii) repay $5.6 million in short-term debt in Korea and Japan. The ~~Company intends to use the remaining funds for ongoing working capital needs. Obligations~~Company’s obligations under the PNC Credit ~~Agreements are~~Facilities were secured by substantially all of the personal property assets of the ~~Borrowers~~Company and ~~the~~its subsidiaries that ~~guarantee~~were co-borrowers or guarantors under the PNC Credit ~~Agreements,~~Facilities, including their intellectual property.

The ~~maturity date under the~~PNC Credit ~~Agreements is~~Facilities had a three-year term and was scheduled to mature on February 27, 2022. The PNC Credit Facilities contemplated repayment of the term loan ~~under the Credit Agreements is repayable~~ in ~~eight~~ quarterly installments ~~of $625,000 beginning June 30, 2019, followed by quarterly installments of $937,500 beginning on June 30, 2021, with all remaining unpaid principal and accrued interest due on~~over the ~~maturity date.~~

The Credit Agreements contain certain covenants, limitations, and conditions with respect to the Borrowers and their subsidiaries, including a maximum leverage ratio, a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio, and a minimum liquidity covenant, as well as financial reporting obligations, and customary events of default. If an event of default occurs, the agent and lenders will be entitled to take various actions, including requiring the immediate repayment of all outstanding amounts under the Credit Agreements, terminating commitments to make additional advances and selling the assetsterm of the ~~Borrowers and their subsidiary guarantors to satisfy the obligations under the Credit Agreements. The Company was in compliance~~loan, with the ~~covenants under~~balance of the ~~Credit Agreements as~~term loan and revolving line of ~~March 31, 2019.~~credit due at maturity.

As of ~~March~~December 31, 2019, the Company had ~~$25.0~~$13.1 million in outstanding term loan borrowings under ~~its~~the PNC ~~Facility,~~term loan, and no outstanding borrowings under the revolving line of credit. The interest rate on the term loan was 8.12%at December 31, 2019.

On March 26, 2020, the Company paid the outstanding term loan borrowings in full and terminated the PNC ~~Facility was 8.63% at~~Credit Facilities. In association with this debt repayment, the Company recorded a loss on extinguishment of debt of $1.4 million during the three months ended March 31, 2019. Deferred financing cost of $2.1 million as of March 29, 2019 has been netted against the aggregate principal amount of the PNC term loan in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2019.

On February 27, 2019, in connection with the entry into the PNC Facility, the Company repaid $1.5 million in principal amount of outstanding borrowings plus accrued interest and fees under the Former WFB Facility, cash collateralized $3.6 million outstanding letters of credit under the Former WFB Facility. On February 27, 2019, the Company also terminated the Former WFB Facility. There was no outstanding balance as of March 31, 2019.

On October 1, 2018, as a condition for the Keymile Acquisition, Riverside, the former stockholder of Keymile extended a €4.0 million ($4.5 million as of March 31, 2019) working capital loan to Keymile. The working capital loan bears interest at a rate of 3.5% per annum and is scheduled for repayment in two equal installments. The first payment of $2.2 million was made in April 2019 and the balance is due in November 2019. 2020.

Certain of the Company's foreign subsidiaries have entered into various financing arrangements with foreign banks and other lending institutions consisting primarily of revolving lines of credit, trade facilities, term loans and export development loans. These facilities are renewed as they mature and are generally secured by a security interest in certain assets of the applicable foreign subsidiaries and supported by guarantees given by DNI or third parties. Payments under such facilities are made in accordance with the given lender’s amortization schedules.

As of March 31, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, the Company had an aggregate outstanding balance of ~~$18.9~~$12.3 million and ~~$24.8~~$15.8 million, respectively, under such financing arrangements. The maturity dates and interest rates per annum applicable to outstanding borrowings under these financing arrangements are listed in the tables below (amount in thousands).

As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company had ~~$6.7~~$1.7 million and $4.6 million in outstanding borrowings, respectively, and ~~$5.6~~$1.2 million and $0.8 million committed as security for letters of credit under the Company's $19.0 million credit ~~facilities~~facility with certain foreign banks.

AsIn February 2016, DNS California borrowed $1.8 million from DNI for capital investment with an interest rate of ~~December 31, 2018,~~4.6% per annum, payable annually. On February 27, 2019, in connection with the entry into the PNC Credit Facilities, the Company ~~had $5.5 million in outstanding borrowings and $2.6 million committed as security for letters~~amended the terms of ~~credit under~~this loan to extend the ~~Company's $19.0 million credit facilities with certain foreign banks.~~

~~See Note 11 Related-Party Transactions for a discussion of related-party debt.~~

The Company provides certain defined benefit pension plans in Germany for active and former employees of Keymile and their surviving dependents. These benefits were promised upon an employee either reaching retirement age or becoming disabled. Benefits paid depend on an employee’s years of service and annual earnings. These plans were frozen as of September 30, 2003 and have not been offeredrepayment date to new employees after that date. Employees who were already covered by such plans ceased earning benefits under such plans from the freeze date forward. The benefit obligations are determined separately for each plan by estimating the present value of future benefits that employees have earned in prior periods. Given that all plans are frozen; the Company does not have any current service costs to recognize within its defined benefit obligation or pension expense.

The only component of pension expense relates to $0.1 million of interest expense on the defined benefit pension plans, which is recognized in Other income (loss), net in the condensed consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss). The interest expense is determined by multiplying the defined benefit obligation by the discount rate used to determine the defined benefit obligation. Actuarial gains and losses from changes in assumptions are included in Other comprehensive loss in the condensed consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss).

~~The following key actuarial assumptions were made in determining the benefit obligation:~~

May 27, 2022. As of March 31, ~~2019, the Company’s employee benefit obligations under the defined benefit plans is approximately $12.4~~2020, $1.8 million ~~net of pensions assets of $3.5 million which is under a reinsurance contract policy. As of March 31, 2019, there were no cash contributions on the defined benefit plans.~~

~~Non-controlling interests for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 were as follows (in thousands):~~

In ~~connection with the Merger, on~~ September 9, 2016, ~~the Company~~we entered into a loan agreement with DNI for a $5.0 million unsecured subordinated term loan ~~facility, which was fully drawn.~~facility. The term loan ~~matures~~was scheduled to mature in September 2021 and iswas pre-payable at any time by the Company without premium or penalty. The interest rate under this facility was 4.6% per annum. In February 2019, ~~the Company~~we repaid the term loan in full plus accrued interest in connection with the entry into the PNC ~~Facility.~~Credit Facilities, thereby terminating the loan agreement.

In ~~February 2016,~~March 2018, DNS Korea borrowed ~~$1.8~~$5.8 million from DNI ~~for capital investment,~~of which ~~amount~~$4.5 million was ~~outstanding as~~repaid on August 8, 2018. The loan bears interest at a rate of 4.6%. On February 27, 2019, in connection with the entry into the PNC Credit Facilities, the w amended the terms of this loan to extend the repayment date to May 27, 2022. As of March 31, ~~2019. The~~2020, $1.3 million remained outstanding.

In December 2018, we entered into a Loan Agreement with DNI for a $6.0 million term loan with an interest rate as of ~~March 31, 2019 under this facility was~~ 4.6% per annum. On February 27, 2019, in connection with the entry into the PNC ~~Facility, the Company amended the terms of this loan to extend the repayment date to May 27, 2022.~~

~~On December 27, 2018, the Company entered into a Loan Agreement with DNI, for a $6.0 million term loan, which amount was outstanding as of March 31, 2019 with an interest rate of 4.6% per annum.~~ ~~On February 27, 2019, in connection with the entry into the PNC Facility, the Company~~Credit Facilities, we amended the terms of the term loan to extend the repayment date tountil May 27, 2022 and to terminate any security granted to DNI with respect to such term ~~loan~~.

In March 2018, Dasan Network Solutions, Inc., a company incorporated under the laws of Korea (“DNS Korea”) borrowed KRW6.5 billion ($5.8 million) from DNI, of which KRW5.0 billion ($4.5 million) was repaid on August 8, 2018.loan. As of March 31, ~~2019, KRW1.5~~2020, $6.0 million remained outstanding.

The modifications resulting from the amendments described in the four preceding paragraphs were limited to the extension of the maturity dates and removal of the collateral on the outstanding term loans with DNI. There were no fees paid to DNI or external costs otherwise incurred in connection with these modifications.

On March 5, 2020, DNS Korea, the our wholly-owned, indirect subsidiary entered into a Loan Agreement with DNI (the “March 2020 DNI Loan”). The March 2020 DNI Loan was negotiated and approved on behalf of the Company and its subsidiaries by a special committee of the Board of Directors of the Company (the “Special Committee”) consisting of directors determined to be independent from DNI. The March 2020 DNI Loan consists of a term loan in the amount of KRW 22.4 billion ($18.5 million USD) with interest payable semi-annually at an annual rate of 4.6% and maturing on March 11, 2022. No principal payments are due on the March 2020 DNI Loan until the maturity date, but DNS Korea may prepay the loan, or a portion thereof, without penalty.

As security for the March 2020 DNI Loan (and other existing loans between DNI and DNS Korea and/or DNS California), (i) DNS California, a wholly-owned, direct subsidiary of the Company and the sole stockholder of DNS Korea, agreed to pledge the outstanding shares of DNS Korea to DNI and (ii) DNS Korea granted a security interest in its personal property assets, accounts receivable and intellectual property assets to DNI. The March 2020 DNI Loan includes certain covenants consisting of financial reporting obligations, a maintenance covenant whereby DNS Korea agreed to maintain a minimum stockholders’ equity value in an amount equal to or greater than KRW 43.3 billion ($35.8 million USD), and customary events of default. If an event of default occurs and is not remedied within the applicable cure period, DNI will be entitled to take various actions, including requiring the immediate repayment of all outstanding amounts under the March 2020 DNI Loan and selling the shares or assets of DNS Korea.

DNS Korea loaned the funds borrowed under the March 2020 DNI Loan to the Company, and the Company utilized a portion of such funds to repay in full and terminate the PNC Credit Facilities.

As of March 31, 2020, we had had borrowings of $27.3 million in outstanding from DN. The outstanding balance at March 31, 2020 consisted of the March 2020 DNI Loan of KRW 22.4 billion ($18.5 million USD), a $6.0 million unsecured subordinated term loan facility which matures in March 2022, a $1.8 million loan for capital investment which matures in May 2022, and KRW 1.5 billion ($1.3 million) ~~remained outstanding. The~~outstanding under a secured loan ~~bears~~from DNS Korea which matures in May 2022. All four loans bear interest at a rate of 4.6%~~, and is secured by certain accounts receivable of DNS Korea.~~ ~~On February 27, 2019, in connection with the entry into the PNC Facility, the Company amended the terms of this loan to extend the repayment date to May 27, 2022.~~ per annum.

Interest expense on these ~~related-party~~related party borrowings was ~~$0.1~~$0.2 million and ~~$0.2~~$0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

The Company sponsors defined benefit plans for its employees in Keymile. Defined benefit plans provide pension benefits based on compensation and years of service. These plans were frozen as of September 30, 2003 and have not been offered to new employees after that date. The Company has recorded the underfunded status as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, as a long-term liability on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. The accumulated benefit obligation for the plans were $15.8 and $17.7 million as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company performed a voluntary interim measurement of the plan obligations, due to a significant increase in the discount rate since the last annual measurement date on December 31, 2019, and ~~2018, respectively.~~recorded an actuarial gain on pension plan of $1.5 million, as reflected on the unaudited condensed consolidated statement of comprehensive loss.

The Company holds life insurance contracts, with the Company as beneficiary, in the amount of $3.3 million as of March 31, 2020, related to individuals under the pension plans. These insurance contracts are classified as other assets on the Company’s consolidate consolidated balance sheet. The Company intends to use any proceeds from these policies to fund the pension plans. However, since the Company is the beneficiary on these policies, these assets have not been designated pension plan assets.

The weighted average assumptions used in determining the benefit obligation related to the plans are as follows:

On July 31, 2019, the Company acquired the remaining 30.94% non-controlling interest of DZS Japan.

As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company had $27.3 million and $9.1 million, respectively, outstanding from related party borrowings from DNI. See Note 7 Debt for further information about the Company’s related party debt.

Sales, ~~and purchases,~~ cost of revenue, manufacturing (included in cost of revenue), research and product development, selling, marketing, general and administrative, interest expense and other expenses to and from related parties were as follows (in thousands) for the three months ended March 31, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018 were as follows (in thousands):~~March 31, 2019:

Three Months Ended March 31, 2019

Counterparty

DNI
ownership
Interest

Sales

Cost of
revenue

Manufacturing
(cost of
revenue)

Research
and product
development

Selling,
marketing,
general and
administrative

Interest
expense

Other
expenses

DNI (Parent Company)

N/A

$
722

$
535

$
—

$
—

$
998

$
141

$
89

Tomato Soft Ltd.

100%

—

—

30

—

—

—

—

Tomato Soft (Xi'an) Ltd.

100%

—

—

—

121

—

—

—

CHASAN Networks Co.,
Ltd.

100%

—

—

278

21

—

—

161

HANDYSOFT, Inc.

17.63%

91

23

—

—

2

—

—

J-Mobile Corporation

90.47%

42

81

—

—

—

—

—

$
855

$
639

$
308

$
142

$
1,000

$
141

$
250

		Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
Counterparty	DNI ownership interest	Sales		Cost of revenue		Manufacturing (cost of revenue)*		Research and product development		Selling, marketing, general and administrative		Interest expense		Other expenses
DNI	N/A	$	162	$	133	$	—	$	—	$	571	$	151	$	86
DASAN Ventures	33%		—		—		8		33		38		—		—
		$	162	$	133	$	8	$	33	$	609	$	151	$	86

		Three Months Ended March 31, 2018															Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
Counterparty	DNI ownership Interest	Sales		Cost of revenue		Manufacturing (cost of revenue)		Research and product development		Selling, marketing, general and administrative		Interest expense		Other expenses		DNI ownership interest	Sales		Cost of revenue		Manufacturing (cost of revenue)*		Research and product development		Selling, marketing, general and administrative		Interest expense		Other expenses
DNI (Parent Company)	N/A	$	1,246	$	1,123	$	—	$	—	$	1,022	$	196	$	66
DNI																N/A	$	722	$	535	$	—	$	—	$	998	$	141	$	89
Tomato Soft Ltd.	100%		—		—		19		—		—		—		—	100%		—		—		30		—		—		—		—
Tomato Soft (Xi'an) Ltd.	100%		—		—		10		154		—		—		—	100%		—		—		—		121		—		—		—
CHASAN Networks Co., Ltd.	100%		—		—		324		18		—		—		—
DASAN FRANCE	100%		202		177		—		—		—		—		—
CHASAN Networks Co., Ltd																100%		—		—		278		21		—		—		161
HANDYSOFT, Inc.	17.63%		150		110		—		—		—		—		—	18%		91		23		—		—		2		—		—
J-Mobile Corporation																90%		42		81		—		—		—		—		—
		$	1,598	$	1,410	$	353	$	172	$	1,022	$	196	$	66		$	855	$	639	$	308	$	142	$	1,000	$	141	$	250

The Company has entered into sales agreements with DNI and certain of its subsidiaries. Sales and cost of revenue to DNI, ~~and~~ DASAN France, DASAN INDIA Private Limited, and D-Mobile, represent finished goods produced by the Company that are sold to these related parties who sell the Company's products in Korea, France, India and ~~France,~~Taiwan, respectively.

The Company has entered into an agreement with CHASAN Networks Co., Ltd. to provide manufacturing and research and development services for the Company. Under the agreement with CHASAN Networks., Ltd., the Company is charged a cost plus 7% fee for the manufacturing and development of certain deliverables.

The Company has entered into an agreement with Tomato Soft ~~Ltd.,~~Ltd, a wholly owned subsidiary of DNI, to provide manufacturing and research and development services for the Company.

The Company has entered into an agreement with Tomato Soft (Xi'an) Ltd. to provide research and development services for the Company. Under the agreement with Tomato Soft (Xi'an) Ltd., the Company is charged an expected annual fee of ~~$0.8~~$0.7 million for the development of certain deliverables.

On September 9, 2016, DZS acquired DNS California, through the merger of a wholly owned subsidiary of Zhone Technologies, Inc. with and into DNS California, with DNS California surviving as our wholly owned subsidiary (the “Merger”). Prior to the Merger, as DNS California was then a wholly owned subsidiary of DNI, DNI had sales agreements with certain customers on ~~DNS'~~DNS California's behalf. Since the Merger, due to these prior sales agreements, the Company has entered into an agreement with DNI in which DNI acts as a sales channel to these customers. Sales to DNI necessary for DNI to fulfill agreements with its customers are recorded net of royalty fees in ~~related-party~~related party revenue.

The Company shares office space with DNI and certain of DNI's subsidiaries. Prior to the Merger, DNS California, then a wholly owned subsidiary of DNI, shared human resources, treasury and other administrative support with DNI. As such, the Company entered into certain service sharing agreements with DNI and certain of its subsidiaries for the shared office space and shared administrative services. Expenses related to rent and administrative services are allocated to the Company based on square footage occupied and headcount, respectively.

Other expenses to related parties represent expenses to DNI for its payment guarantees relating to the Company's borrowings. The Company pays DNI a guarantee fee which is calculated as 0.9% of the guaranteed amount. Refer to Note 14 Commitments and Contingencies for more details about obligations guaranteed by DNI.

Balances of receivables and payables arising from sales and purchases of goods and ~~services~~serviced with related parties as of March 31, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018~~2019 were included in the following balance sheet captions on the unaudited consolidated balance sheet, as follows (in thousands):

As of March 31, 2019

Counterparty

DNI
ownership
Interest

Account
receivables

Other
receivables

Deposits
for lease *

Long-
term
debt

Accounts
payable

Other
Payables

Accrued
and other
liabilities**

DNI (parent company)

N/A

$
810

$
—

$
722

$
9,118

$
500

$
2,068

$
141

Tomato Soft Ltd.

100%

—

—

—

—

—

10

—

Tomato Soft (Xi'an) Ltd.

100%

—

—

—

—

—

41

—

CHASAN Networks
Co., Ltd.

100%

—

—

—

—

90

—

—

HANDYSOFT, Inc.

18%

88

—

—

—

2

—

—

DASAN FRANCE

100%

—

4

—

—

—

—

—

$
898

$
4

$
722

$
9,118

$
592

$
2,119

$
141

		As of March 31.2020
Counterparty	DNI ownership interest	Account receivables		Other receivables		Deposits for lease *		Long- term debt		Accounts payable		Other payables		Accrued and other liabilities
DNI	N/A	$	28	$	30	$	672	$	27,348	$	180	$	57	$	118
DASAN Ventures	33%		—		—		—		—		—		28		—
		$	28	$	30	$	672	$	27,348	$	180	$	85	$	118

As of December 31, 2018

Counterparty

DNI
Ownership
Interest

Account
receivables

Other
receivables

Deposits
for lease*

Loan
Payable

Accounts
payable

Other
payables

Accrued
and other
liabilities**

DNI (parent company)

N/A

$
—

$
—

$
735

$
14,142

$
1,000

$
1,231

$
169

Tomato Soft Ltd.

100%

—

—

—

—

—

9

—

Tomato Soft (Xi'an)
Ltd.

100%

—

—

—

—

—

41

—

D-Mobile

N/A

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Able

100%

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Dasan France

100%

280

65

—

—

—

—

—

Handysoft, Inc.

14.77%

303

—

—

—

654

—

—

Chasan Networks Co.,
Ltd.

100%

—

—

—

—

89

—

—

$
583

$
65

$
735

$
14,142

$
1,743

$
1,281

$
169

		As of December 31, 2019
Counterparty	DNI ownership interest	Account receivables		Other receivables		Deposits for lease*		Loan Payable		Accounts payable		Other payables		Accrued and other liabilities
DNI	N/A	$	—	$	32	$	709	$	9,096	$	—	$	1,475	$	119
Tomato Soft Ltd.	100%		—		—		—		—		—		10		—
Tomato Soft (Xi'an), Ltd	100%		—		—		—		—		—		45		—
Chasan Networks Co., Ltd.	100%		—		—		—		—		96		—		—
		$	—	$	32	$	709	$	9,096	$	96	$	1,530	$	119

The related party receivables and payables balances are reflected in the respective balance sheet captions noted in the table headers above, other than:

Basic net income ~~(loss)~~ per share attributable to DASAN Zhone Solutions, Inc. is computed by dividing the net income ~~(loss)~~ attributable to DASAN Zhone Solutions, Inc. for the period by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. The calculation of diluted net income ~~(loss)~~ per share attributable to DASAN Zhone Solutions, Inc. gives effect to common stock equivalents; however, potential common ~~equivalent shares~~stock equivalents are excluded if their effect is antidilutive. Potential common ~~equivalent shares~~stock equivalents are composed of incremental shares of common ~~equivalent shares~~stock issuable upon the exercise of stock options and the vesting of restricted stock units.

~~Basic~~ In periods when a net loss is reported, all common stock equivalents are excluded from the calculation because they would have an anti-dilutive effect, meaning the loss per share would be reduced. Therefore, in periods when a loss is ~~the same as diluted net~~reported, basic and dilutive loss per share ~~for~~are the ~~three months ended March 31, 2019 because the effects of stock options and restricted stock units would have been anti-dilutive.~~same.

The following table is a reconciliation of the numerator and denominator in the basic and diluted net ~~income (loss)~~loss per share calculation (in thousands, except per share data): for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and March 31, 2019:

~~The first quarter of 2019 excluded 333 thousand stock options at a weighted average exercise price of $12.63 from diluted net income per share because their effect would have been antidilutive.~~

The Company leases certain properties and buildings (including manufacturing facilities, warehouses, and office spaces) and equipment under various arrangements which provide the right to use the underlying asset and require lease payments for the lease term. The Company’s lease portfolio consists of operating leases which expire at various dates through 2027. ~~At March 31, 2019, the Company had no outstanding finance leases.~~

The Company determines if an arrangement contains a lease at inception on January 1, 2019. The Company evaluates each service contract upon inception to determine whether it is, or contains, a lease. Such determination is made by applying judgment in evaluating each service contract within the context of the 5-step decision making process under ASC 842. The key concepts of the 5-step decision making process that the Company evaluated can be summarized as: (1) is there an identified physical asset; (2) does the Company have the right to substantially all the economic benefits from the asset throughout the contract period; (3) does the Company control how and for what purpose the asset is used; (4) does the Company operate the asset; and (5) did the Company design the asset in a way that predetermines how it will be used.

Assets and liabilities related to operating leases are included in the condensed consolidated balance sheet as right-of-use assets from operating leases, operating lease liabilities - current and operating lease liabilities - non-current.

Operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. Many of the Company’s lease agreements contain renewal options; however, the Company does not recognize right-of-use assets or lease liabilities for renewal periods unless it is determined that the Company is reasonably certain of renewing the lease at inception or when a triggering event occurs. Some of the Company’s lease agreements contain rent escalation clauses, rent holidays, capital improvement funding or other lease concessions.

The Company recognizes minimum rental expense on a straight-line basis based on the fixed components of a lease arrangement. The Company amortizes this expense over the term of the lease beginning with the date of initial possession, which is the date lessor makes an underlying asset available for use. Variable lease components represent amounts that are not fixed in nature and are not tied to an index or rate, and are recognized as incurred.

In determining its right-of-use assets and lease liabilities, the Company applies a discount rate to the minimum lease payments within each lease agreement. ASC 842 requires the Company to use the rate of interest that a lessee would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment. The Company determines the incremental borrowing rate for each lease based primarily on its lease term and the economic environment of the applicable country or region. When the Company cannot readily determine the discount rate implicit in the lease agreement, the Company utilizes incremental borrowing rate based on the most recent debt facilities interest rates.

For the measurement and classification of its lease agreements, the Company groups lease and non-lease components into a single lease component for all underlying asset classes. Variable lease payments include payments for non-lease components of maintenance costs. The components of lease expense ~~are~~were as ~~follows:~~follows for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively (in thousands):

Supplemental cash flow information related to the Company’s operating leases was as follows for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, ~~was as follows:~~respectively (in thousands):

The following table presents the ~~lease balances within the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet,~~ weighted average remaining lease term and weighted average discount rates related to the Company’s operating leases as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, ~~(in thousands):~~respectively:

The following table presents the maturity of the Company’s operating lease liabilities as of March 31, ~~2019~~2020 (in thousands):

On AsMarch 2, 2020, the Company announced its plans to relocate its corporate headquarters from Oakland, California to Plano, Texas and establish a new U.S.-based Engineering Center of ~~December 31, 2018,~~Excellence in Plano. On February 24, 2020, in connection with the ~~estimated future~~planned relocation of the Company headquarters to Plano, the Company entered into two separate sublease agreements for office and laboratory space in Plano, TX. The commencement date of these leases is expected to occur in the second quarter of 2020. On the commencement date of these leases, the Company will recognize an aggregate of approximately $1.2 million in right-of-use assets and operating lease payments under non-cancelable operating leases as defined under the previous lease accounting guidance of ASC Topic 840, for the following five fiscal years and thereafter are as follows (in thousands):liabilities in connection with these leases.

The Company accrues warranty costs based on historical trends for the expected material and labor costs to provide warranty services. Warranty periods are generally one to five years from the date of shipment. The following table reconciles changes in the Company’s accrued warranties and related costs included in accrued and other liabilities (in thousands) for the three months ended March 31, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018 (in thousands):~~March 31, 2019:

In the normal course of operations, from time to time, the Company arranges for the issuance of various types of surety bonds, such as bid and performance bonds, which are agreements under which the surety company guarantees that the Company will perform in accordance with contractual or legal obligations. As of March 31, ~~2019,~~2020, the Company had ~~$9.6~~$7.3 million of surety bonds guaranteed by third parties.

~~The Company has agreements with various contract manufacturers which include non-cancellable inventory purchase commitments.~~ The Company’s inventory purchase commitments typically allow for cancellation of orders 30 days in advance of the required inventory availability date as set by the Company at time of order. However, the Company has agreements with various contract manufacturers which include non-cancellable inventory purchase commitments. The amount of non-cancellable purchase commitments outstanding, net of reserve, was ~~$3.1~~$5.6 million as of March 31, ~~2019.~~2020.

The Company has certain royalty commitments associated with the shipment and licensing of certain products. Royalty expense is generally based on a dollar amount per unit shipped or a percentage of the underlying revenue and is recorded in cost of revenue.

The following table sets forth payment guarantees of the Company's indebtedness and other obligations as of March 31, ~~2019 (in thousands)~~2020 that have been provided by third parties and DNI. DNI owns approximately ~~57.2%~~44.1% of the outstanding shares of the Company's common ~~stock:~~stock. The amount guaranteed exceeds the principal amounts of outstanding obligations due to collateral requirements by the banks.

~~Legal Proceedings~~*The Company is generally responsible for warranty liabilities for a period of two years with respect to major product sales and has, therefore, contracted for surety insurance for a portion of the warranty liabilities.

From time to time, the Company is subject to various legal proceedings, claims and litigation arising in the ordinary course of business. While the outcome of these matters is currently not determinable, the Company records an accrual for legal contingencies that it has determined to be probable to the extent that the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. The Company does not expect that the ultimate costs to resolve these matters will have a material adverse effect on its consolidated financial position, or results of ~~operations.~~operations or cash flows. However, litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties, and unfavorable rulings could occur. If an unfavorable ruling were to occur, there exists the possibility of a material adverse impact on the results of operations and cash flows of the reporting period in which the ruling occurs, or future periods.

Income tax expense (benefit) ~~expense~~ for the three months ended March 31, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018~~2019 was approximately ~~$0.1~~$0.0 million and ~~$0.0~~$0.1 million respectively, on pre-tax loss of $8.8 million and $1.4 million, ~~and pre-tax income of $0.1 million,~~ respectively.

As of March 31, ~~2019,~~2020, the income tax rate varied from the United States statutory income tax rate primarily due to valuation allowances in the United States and ~~the mix of earnings~~taxable income generated by some of the Company’s ~~wholly owned~~wholly-owned foreign subsidiaries.

The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits, including interest and penalties, at March 31, ~~2019~~2020 was ~~$0.8 million. The amount of tax benefits that would impact the effective income tax rate, if recognized, is $0.1~~$1.0 million. There were no significant changes to unrecognized tax benefits during the ~~quarters~~quarter ended March 31, ~~2019 and 2018.~~2020. The Company does not anticipate any significant changes with respect to unrecognized tax benefits within the next 12 months.

On March 27, 2020, the “Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security (CARES) Act” was signed into law. The Act includes provisions relating to refundable payroll tax credits, deferment of the employer portion of certain payroll taxes, net operating loss carryback periods, alternative minimum tax credit refunds, modifications to the net interest deduction limitations and technical corrections to tax depreciation methods for qualified improvement property. The Company is currently analyzing the impact of these changes and therefore an estimate of the impact to income taxes is not yet available.

The Company is a global provider of ultra-broadband network access solutions and communications platforms deployed by advanced Tier 1, 2 and 3 service providers and enterprise customers. There are no segment managers who are held accountable for operations, operating results and plans for levels or components below the Company unit level. Accordingly, the Company is considered to be in a single reporting segment and operating unit structure. The Company’s chief operating decision maker is the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, who reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis accompanied with disaggregated revenues by geographic region for purposes of making operating decisions and assessing financial performance.

The Company attributes revenue from customers to individual countries based on location shipped. Refer to Note 1(e) Revenue disaggregation information, for the required disclosures about geographical concentrations and revenue by products and services and geography.

The Company's property, plant and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation, were located in the following geographical areas (in thousands) as of March 31, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018 (in thousands):~~2019:

As used in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, unless the context suggests otherwise, the terms “DZS,” “we,” “our” and “us” refer to DASAN Zhone Solutions, Inc. and its subsidiaries.

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” contains forward-looking statements regarding future events and our future results that are subject to the safe harbors created under the Securities Act of 1933 (the “Securities Act”) and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”). These statements are based on current expectations, estimates, forecasts, and projections about the industries in which we operate, and reflect the beliefs and assumptions of our management as of the date hereof.

We use words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “forecast,” “goal,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “project,” “seek,” “should,” “target,” “will,” “would,” variations of such words, and similar expressions to identify forward-looking statements. In addition, statements that refer to projections of earnings, revenue, costs or other financial items in future periods; anticipated growth and trends in our business, industry or key markets; cost synergies, growth opportunities and other potential financial and operating benefits of ~~our acquisitions, including our~~the Merger and the acquisition of ~~Keymile GmbH (the “Keymile Acquisition”);~~Keymile; future growth and revenues from our products; our plans and our ability to refinance or repay our existing indebtedness prior to the applicable maturity dates; our ability to access other capital to fund our future operations; future economic conditions and performance; the impact of the global outbreak of COVID-19; the impact of interest rate and foreign currency fluctuations; the anticipated relocation of our corporate headquarters to Texas; anticipated performance of products or services; competition; plans, objectives and strategies for future ~~operations; anticipated cash contribution requirements for~~operations, including our ~~non-U.S. defined benefit pension plans;~~pursuit or strategic acquisitions and our continued investment in research and development; other characterizations of future events or ~~circumstances,~~circumstances; and all other statements that are not statements of historical fact, are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Securities Act and the Exchange Act. ~~Readers are cautioned~~Although we believe that ~~these~~the assumptions underlying the forward-looking statements are ~~only predictions~~reasonable, we can give no assurance that our expectations will be attained. Factors which could have a material adverse effect on our operations and are subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions that are difficult to predict, including those identified under the heading “Risk Factors” in Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the SEC). Ourfuture prospects or which could cause actual results ~~may~~to differ materially ~~and adversely~~ from ~~those expressed in any forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause such a difference~~our expectations include, but are not limited ~~to,~~to:

We are a global provider of ultra-broadband network access solutions and communications platforms deployed by advanced Tier 1, 2 and 3 service providers and enterprise customers. We ~~provide~~operate in a ~~wide array of reliable, cost-effective networking technologies to a diverse customer base that includes more than 900 customers in more than 80 countries worldwide.~~single reporting segment. We research, develop, test, sell, manufacture and support ~~platforms~~communications equipment in five major areas: broadband access, ~~mobile backhaul,~~ Ethernet switching, ~~with Software Defined Networking (“SDN”) capabilities, new enterprise solutions based on~~mobile fronthaul/backhaul, Passive Optical LAN ~~(“POL”),~~ and ~~new generation~~SDN/NFV solutions:

As of March 31, ~~2019,~~2020, we employed over ~~670~~830 personnel ~~worldwide,~~worldwide. We consider the relationships with our employees to be positive. Competition for technical personnel in our industry is intense. We believe that our future success depends in part on our continued ability to hire, assimilate and retain qualified personnel. To date, we believe that we have been successful in recruiting qualified employees, but there is no assurance that we will continue to be successful in the future.

On March 2, 2020, the Company announced its plans to relocate its corporate headquarters from California to Plano, Texas and establish a new U.S.-based Engineering Center of Excellence in Plano. In connection with the planned relocation, the Company entered into sublease agreements with Huawei Technologies, Inc. and Futurewei Technologies, Inc. to sublease an aggregate of approximately 16,300 square feet located at Legacy Place, 5700 Tennyson Parkway, Plano, Texas.

On March 5, 2020, DNS Korea entered into a Loan Agreement with DNI, pursuant to which DNS Korea borrowed KRW 22.4 billion ($18.5 million USD) from DNI. DNS Korea subsequently loaned all of such borrowed funds to the Company, a portion of which ~~approximately half are engineers or engaged in research~~were used to repay and ~~development.~~

~~On January 3, 2019, ZTI Merger Subsidiary III Inc., a Delaware corporation and our wholly owned subsidiary (“ZTI”), acquired all of~~terminate the outstanding shares of Keymile GmbH, a limited liability company organized under the laws of Germany (“Keymile”). The aggregate cash purchase price paid for all of the shares of Keymile and certain of its subsidiaries was €10,250,000 (approximately $11.8 million). We also assumed pension obligations of approximately $12.7 million, net of pension assets of $3.5 million. Following the closing of the acquisition, Keymile became our wholly-owned subsidiary.PNC Credit Facilities.

For a complete description of what we believe to be the critical accounting policies and estimates used in the preparation of our unaudited condensed consolidated financial Statements, refer to Note 1(j), Recent Accounting Pronouncements, in the notes to our audited consolidated financial statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, as supplemented by Note 1(j), Recent Accounting Pronouncements, in the notes to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

We list in the table below the historical condensed consolidated statement of comprehensive ~~income (loss)~~loss as a percentage of total net revenue for the periods indicated.

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,						Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019			2018			2020			2019
Net revenue:
Third parties		99	%		97	%		100	%		99	%
Related parties		1	%		3	%		—			1	%
Total net revenue		100	%		100	%		100	%		100	%
Cost of revenue:
Products and services - third parties		65	%		61	%		65	%		65	%
Products and services - related parties		1	%		2	%		—			1	%
Amortization of intangible assets		0	%		0	%		1	%		—
Total cost of revenue		66	%		63	%		66	%		66	%
Gross profit		34	%		37	%		34	%		34	%
Operating expenses:
Research and product development		14	%		15	%		20	%		14	%
Selling, marketing, general and administrative		20	%		21	%		29	%		20	%
Amortization of intangible assets		1	%		0	%		1	%		1	%
Total operating expenses		35	%		36	%		50	%		35	%
Operating income (loss)		-1	%		1	%
Operating loss								(16	)%		(1	)%
Interest income		0	%		0	%		—			—
Interest expense		-1	%		-1	%		(1	)%		(1	)%
Loss on extinguishment of debt								(3	)%		—
Other income (loss), net		0	%		0	%		2	%		—
Income (loss) before income taxes		-2	%		0	%
Income tax (benefit) provision		0	%		0	%
Net income (loss)		-2	%		0	%
Loss before income taxes								(18	)%		(2	)%
Income tax provision								—			—
Net loss								(18	)%		(2	)%
Net income attributable to non-controlling interest		0	%		0	%		—			—
Net income (loss) attributable to DASAN Zhone Solutions, Inc.		-2	%		0	%
Foreign currency translation adjustments		-2	%		1	%
Comprehensive income (loss)		-4	%		1	%
Comprehensive income attributable to non-controlling interest		0	%		0	%
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to DASAN Zhone Solutions, Inc.		-4	%		1	%
Net loss attributable to DASAN Zhone Solutions, Inc.								(18	)%		(2	)%

The following table presents our ~~net revenue for products and services for~~revenues by source (in millions):

For the three months ended March 31, ~~2019 and 2018 is summarized below (in millions):~~

~~Net~~2020, product revenue ~~increased~~decreased by ~~25%~~42% or ~~$14.6~~$28.9 million ~~for the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared~~ to $40.7 million from $69.6 million in the same period last year. For the three months ended March 31, ~~2019, product~~2020, service revenue increased by ~~23%~~51% or ~~$12.9~~$2.3 million to ~~$69.6~~$6.8 million from ~~$56.7~~$4.5 million in the same period last year. The ~~increase~~decrease in product revenue during the period was primarily ~~due an increase in product sales, resulting~~attributable to impacts from the ~~combined impact of the Keymile Acquisition,~~worldwide COVID-19 pandemic, which resulted in disruptions to our supply chain, as well as decreased business operations by certain of our ~~broadened geographical base and product offerings.~~

Service revenue represents revenue from maintenance and other services associated with product shipments. For the three months ended March 31, 2019, service revenue increased by 61% or $1.7 million to $4.5 million from $2.8 million in the same period last year. customers. The increase in service revenue was primarily ~~due~~related to ~~the Keymile Acquisition.~~a greater number of products under contract for maintenance and extended warranty.

Information about our net revenue for North America and international markets is summarized below (in millions):

From a geographical perspective, the decrease in net revenue for the three months ended March 31, ~~2019~~2020 was attributable to declining revenue in all regions except for Korea, and ~~2018 is summarized below (in millions):~~was largely attributed to impacts from the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in disruptions to our supply chain and decreased business operations by certain of our customers.

For the three months ended March 31, 2019, net revenue increased 25% or $14.6 million to $74.1 million from $59.5 million for the same period last year. The increase in net revenue for three months ended March 31, 2019 was primarily due to increased revenues in the Europe, Middle East and Africa (EMEA) region due to the Keymile Acquisition, as well as increased revenues in Korea and the Other Asia Pacific regions. This increase was partially offset by the decline in revenue in the North America due to change in the buying pattern of certain customers.

Across ~~international~~non-U.S. markets, net revenue for the three months ended March 31, ~~2019 increased 51%~~2020 decreased 39% or ~~$21.6~~$24.5 million to $39.1 million from $63.6 million from ~~$42.0 million for~~ the same period last year, and represented ~~86%~~82% of total net revenue compared with ~~71%~~86% during the same period of ~~2018.~~2019. The ~~increases~~decrease in international net revenue ~~were~~was primarily ~~related~~attributed to impacts from the ~~Keymile Acquisition, which increased revenues in EMEA, and increased product sales in the Other Asia Pacific, primarily in India and Vietnam.~~worldwide COVID-19 pandemic.

For the three months ended March 31, ~~2019~~2020 two customer accounted for 14% and ~~for~~10% of net revenue, respectively. For the three months ended March 31, ~~2018,~~2019, no ~~customers represented~~customer accounted for more 10% ~~or more~~ of net revenue. ~~However, we~~

We anticipate that our results of operations in any given period may depend to a large extent on sales to a small number of large ~~accounts.~~customers. As a result, our revenue for any quarter may be subject to significant volatility based upon changes in orders from one or a small number of key customers.

Total cost of revenue ~~increased 30%~~decreased 36% or ~~$11.4~~$17.7 million to $31.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to $49.2 million for the three months ended March 31, ~~2019, compared to $37.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018.~~2019. Total cost of revenue was 66% of net revenue for each of the ~~first quarter of 2019, compared to 63% in the first quarter of 2018. The increases in total cost of revenue, as a percentage of sales, were primarily due to the Keymile Acquisition,~~three months ended March 31, 2020 and ~~increased product sales to certain Asia Pacific customers.~~March 31, 2019.

We expect that in the future our cost of revenue as a percentage of net revenue will vary depending on the mix and average selling prices of products sold. In addition, continued competitive and economic pressures could cause us to reduce our prices, adjust the carrying values of our inventory, or record inventory expenses relating to discontinued products and excess or obsolete inventory.

Research and product development expenses ~~increased 13%~~decreased 6% or ~~$1.2~~$0.6 million to $9.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to $10.2 million for the three months ended March 31, ~~2019 compared to $9.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018.~~2019. As a percentage of sales, research and product development expenses were ~~14% in~~20% for the ~~first quarter of 2019,~~three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to ~~15% in~~14% for the ~~first quarter of 2018. The increase in research and product development expenses was primarily due to the Keymile Acquisition.~~ three months ended March 31, 2019.

We intend to continue to invest in research and product development to attain our strategic product development objectives, while seeking to manage the associated costs through expense controls.

Selling, marketing, general and administrative expenses ~~increased 21%~~include personnel costs for sales, marketing, administration, finance, information technology, human resources and general management as well as legal and accounting expenses, rent, utilities, trade show expenses and related travel costs.

Selling, marketing, general and administrative expenses decreased 9% or ~~$2.6~~$1.4 million to $13.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to $15.0 million for the three months ended March 31, ~~2019, compared to $12.4 million for~~2019. The decrease in selling, marketing, general and administrative costs in the three months ended March 31, ~~2018.~~2020 relative to the same period in 2019 is largely due to restructuring activities, including reductions in force, undertaken during 2019. As a percentage of sales, selling, marketing, general and administrative expenses were ~~20% and 21% as of~~29% for the three months ended March 31, ~~2019 and 2018, respectively.~~2020, compared to 20% for the three months ended March 31, 2019. The increase in selling, marketing, general and administrative ~~expenses was primarily~~costs as a percentage of sales in the period relative to the first quarter of 2019 is due to the ~~Keymile Acquisition.~~lower overall level of revenues in the three months ended March 31, 2020.

Income tax ~~(benefit)~~benefit for the three months ended March 31, 2020 was approximately $5,000, compared to income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2019 ~~and 2018 was approximately~~of $0.1 million, ~~and $0.0 million, respectively,~~ on pre-tax loss of ~~$1.4~~$8.8 million and ~~pre-tax income of $0.1~~$1.4 million, respectively. As of March 31, ~~2019,~~2020, the income tax rate varied from the United States statutory income tax rate, primarily due to valuation allowances in the United States and ~~the mix of earnings~~taxable income generated by ~~our wholly owned~~some of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries.

In managing our business and assessing our financial performance, we supplement the information provided by our U.S. GAAP results with adjusted earnings before stock-based compensation, interest, taxes, and depreciation, or Adjusted EBITDA, a ~~non-GAAP~~non-U.S. GAAP financial measure. We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) plus (i) interest expense, net, (ii) provision (benefit) for taxes, (iii) depreciation and amortization, (iv) stock-based compensation, and (v) the impact of material ~~non-recurring~~ transactions or events that we believe are not indicative of our core operating performance, such as merger and acquisition transaction costs, ~~or a~~inventory valuation step-up amortization, purchase price adjustments, restructuring and other charges, goodwill impairment, bargain purchase gain, gain (loss) on sale of assets, or impairment of ~~fixed assets.~~long-lived assets or loss on debt extinguishment, any of which may or may not be recurring in nature. We believe that the presentation of Adjusted EBITDA enhances the usefulness of our financial information by presenting a measure that management uses internally to monitor and evaluate our operating performance and to evaluate the effectiveness of our business strategies. We believe Adjusted EBITDA also assists investors and analysts in comparing our performance across reporting periods on a consistent basis because it excludes the impact of items that we do not believe reflect our core operating performance.

Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool. Some of these limitations are:

Because of these limitations, Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for net income (loss) or any other performance measures calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP or as a measure of liquidity. Management understands these limitations and compensates for these limitations by relying primarily on our U.S. GAAP results and using Adjusted EBITDA only as a supplemental measure.

Set forth below is a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA and net income, ~~(loss) to Adjusted EBITDA,~~ which we consider to be the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure to Adjusted EBITDA (in thousands):

For a complete description of what we believe to be the critical accounting policies and estimates used in the preparation of our unaudited condensed consolidated financial Statements, refer to Note 1, Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, in the notes to our audited consolidated financial statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, as supplemented by Note 1, Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, in the notes to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Our operations are financed through a combination of our existing cash, cash equivalents, available credit facilities, and sales of equity and debt instruments, based on our operating requirements and market conditions.

~~Although we~~The following table summarizes the information regarding our cash and cash equivalents and working capital (in thousands):

The Company had net ~~income~~loss of ~~$2.8 million and $1.2~~$8.8 million for the ~~years~~three months ended ~~December~~March 31, ~~2018~~2020 and ~~2017, we had~~ a net loss of ~~$1.5~~$13.3 million for the ~~quarter~~year ended ~~March~~December 31, ~~2019 and have~~2019. Additionally, the Company incurred significant losses in years prior ~~years.~~to 2019. As of March 31, ~~2019, we~~2020, the Company had an accumulated deficit of ~~$17.4~~$38.0 million and working capital of ~~$86.5~~$113.6 million. As of March 31, ~~2019, we~~2020, the Company had ~~$20.9~~$26.4 million in cash and cash equivalents, which included ~~$12.2~~$8.7 million in cash balances held by ~~our~~its international subsidiaries, and ~~$57.5~~$39.7 million in aggregate principal ~~amount~~debt of ~~short-term debt obligations, other long-term debt and long-term related-party borrowings. In addition, as of March 31, 2019, we had~~which $12.3 million ~~committed as security for letters of credit under our revolving credit facilities, leaving $21.7 million~~was reflected in ~~aggregate borrowing availability under these facilities.~~current liabilities.

However, we ~~plan~~continue to focus on cost management, operating efficiency and restrictions on discretionary spending. In addition, if necessary, we may sell assets, issue debt or equity securities or purchase credit insurance. We may also reduce the scope of our planned product development, reduce sales and marketing efforts and reduce our operations in low margin regions, including reductions in headcount. In March 2020, as described below under the ~~first quarter~~header March 2020 DNI Loan, we entered into a Loan Agreement with DNI, and used a portion of ~~2019, we refinanced our former Wells Fargo Bank senior secured facilities with a new term loan~~such funds to repay in full and ~~revolving line of~~terminate the Company’s existing credit facility with PNC Bank. Based on our current plans and current business conditions, as ~~described more fully in Note 8~~of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, we believe that these measures along with our existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to satisfy our anticipated cash requirements for at least the ~~accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements.~~next twelve (12) months from the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Our ability to meet our obligations as they become due in the ordinary course of business for the next twelve (12) months will depend on our ability (i) to ~~(i)~~ achieve forecasted results of operations, (ii) access ~~capital~~funds under ~~our existing or~~ new credit facilities and/or raise additional capital through ~~debt or equity financing from~~sale of our common stock to the public, ~~and/or private capital markets~~ and (iii) effectively manage ~~inventory procurement.~~working capital requirements. If we cannot ~~access or~~ raise additional ~~capital~~funds when ~~needed,~~we need or wants them, our operations and prospects could be negatively affected. ~~Management’s belief~~While we believe that we ~~will be able~~are likely to achieve forecasted results ~~assumes that, among other things,~~of operations if we ~~will continue to be~~are successful in implementing our business, ~~strategy and that there will be no~~the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic provides great uncertainty with respect to our future operations, could result in a material ~~adverse development~~decline in our ~~business, liquidity or capital requirements. If one or more of these factors do not occur as expected, it~~operating cash flows and could cause us to fail to meet our obligations as they come due.

~~Based~~In December 2019, a strain of coronavirus, now known as COVID-19, was reported to have surfaced in Wuhan, China. Since that time, the widespread and sustained transmission of the virus has reached global pandemic status. In response to the pandemic, many national and international health agencies have recommended, and many countries and state, provincial and local governments have implemented, various measures, including travel bans and restrictions, limitations on public and private gatherings, business closures or operating restrictions, social distancing, and shelter-in-place orders. The health effects of the pandemic and the above measures taken in response thereto have had an effect on the global economy in general and has materially impacted and will likely continue to impact the Company’s financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Given the ongoing and dynamic nature of the virus and the worldwide response related thereto, it is difficult to predict the full impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on our ~~current plans~~business. During the quarter ended March 31, 2020, the Company’s revenues declined relative to its prior expectations, in part due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to the uncertainty around the future economic impact of the pandemic, the fair value measurements used in the Company’s impairment assessments could be negatively impacted and ~~current~~could result in future impairments of goodwill, intangibles and other long-lived assets. The impact of a continued COVID-19 outbreak or sustained measures taken to limit or contain the outbreak could continue to have a material adverse effect on our business, ~~conditions, we believe that our existing~~financial condition, results of operations, and cash ~~cash equivalents and available credit facilities will be sufficient to satisfy our anticipated cash requirements for at least the next twelve (12) months.~~flows.

Net cash provided by operating activities increased by $5.6 million to $0.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 from net cash used in operating activities ~~decreased by $8.5 million to~~of $5.0 million for the three months ended March 31, ~~2019 from $13.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018.~~2019. The improvement in cash from changes in operating assets and liabilities was primarily due to collection accounts ~~receivable at quarter-end.~~receivables, including amounts reflected in contract assets.

Net cash used in investing activities ~~increased~~decreased by ~~$4.7~~$4.2 million to $0.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 from $4.8 million for the three months ended March 31, ~~2019 from $0.1~~2019. This decrease was primarily due to the acquisition of Keymile in 2019.

Cash provided by financing activities totaled $3.1 million for the three months ended March 31, ~~2018. This increase was~~2020 and consisted primarily ~~due to~~of proceeds from a related party loan, partially offset by a net outflow associated with the ~~paid purchase price as a result~~repayment of the ~~Keymile Acquisition of $11.8 million, net of cash received from the Keymile Acquisition of $7.1 million.~~

~~Net~~PNC credit facility. This compared to cash provided by financing activities ~~was~~of $5.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to $16.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018. This decrease was primarily due to extinguishment of certain debts of $22.1 million offset by proceeds from short-term and long-term borrowings of $29.3 million, primarily from the PNC Facility (defined below).

Our primary source of liquidity comes from our cash, ~~and~~ cash equivalents and restricted cash, which totaled ~~$20.9~~$35.9 million at March 31, ~~2019, as well as our PNC Bank Facility, under which we had aggregate revolving line availability of $15.0 million as of March 31, 2019.~~2020. Our cash and cash equivalents as of March 31, ~~2019~~2020 included ~~$12.2~~$12.9 million in cash balances held by our international subsidiaries.

On February 27, 2019, ~~DZS and ZTI (collectively,~~ the ~~“Borrowers”),~~Company and certain ~~direct and indirect~~of its subsidiaries ~~of the Borrowers, as guarantors,~~(as co-borrowers or guarantors) entered into that certain Revolving Credit, Term Loan, Guaranty and Security Agreement ~~(the “Domestic Credit Agreement”)~~ and that certain Export-Import Revolving Credit, Guaranty and Security Agreement, ~~(the “Ex-Im Credit Agreement,” and together with the Domestic Credit Agreement, the “Credit Agreements”),~~ in each case with PNC Bank, National Association (“~~PNC”~~PNC Bank”) and Citibank, N.A. as lenders, and PNC as agent for the ~~lenders (the~~lenders. We refer to such transactions and the agreements referenced above as the “PNC ~~Facility”), which replaced our former senior secured credit facilities with Wells Fargo Bank (the “Former WFB Facility”)~~Credit Facilities”.

The PNC Credit ~~Agreements provide~~Facilities provided for a ~~$25.0~~$25 million term loan and a ~~$15.0~~$15 million revolving line of credit (including subfacilities for Ex-Im transactions, letters of credit and swing loans). with a $10 million incremental increase option. The amount ~~we are~~the Company was able to borrow on the revolving line of credit at any time iswas based on eligible accounts receivable and other conditions, less certain reserves. Borrowings under the PNC ~~Facility bear~~Credit Facilities bore interest at ~~our option, at either (i)~~ a ~~base~~floating rate equal to either the ~~highest of the federal funds rate plus 0.50%, PNC’s~~PNC prime rate or ~~the daily LIBOR rate plus 1.00%, or (ii)~~ the LIBOR rate for the applicable ~~interest~~ period, ~~subject~~plus a margin that was based on the type of advance.

The PNC Credit Facilities had a three-year term and were scheduled to ~~a floor~~mature on February 27, 2022. The PNC Credit Facilities contemplated repayment of ~~1.00% (with respect to~~ the term ~~loans only), plus~~loan in ~~each case, an applicable margin. The applicable margin for~~quarterly installments over the term ~~loans is 5.00% for base rate loans~~of the loan, with the balance of the term loan and ~~6.00% for LIBOR rate loans, and the applicable margin for borrowings under the~~ revolving line of credit ~~is 1.50% for base rate loans and 2.50% for LIBOR rate loans.~~due at maturity.

The Company used a portion of the ~~funds borrowed from~~proceeds of the ~~term loan~~March 2020 DNI Loan to repay in full and terminate the PNC Credit Facilities. Covenants under the ~~Credit Agreements to (i) repay $5.0 million in principal amount of existing related-party indebtedness with~~March 2020 DNI ~~plus accrued interest, (ii) repay $1.5 million in outstanding borrowings plus accrued interest and fees and cash collateralize $3.6 million in outstanding letters of credit~~Loan are significantly less restrictive than under the ~~Former WFB Facility, and (iii) repay $5.6 million short-term debt in Korea and Japan. We intend to use the remaining funds for ongoing working capital needs. Obligations under the~~PNC Credit ~~Agreements are secured by substantially all of the personal property assets of the Borrowers and the subsidiaries that guarantee the Credit Agreements, including their intellectual property.~~

The maturity date under the Credit Agreements is February 27, 2022. The term loan under the Credit Agreements is repayable in eight quarterly installments of $625,000 beginning June 30, 2019, followed by quarterly installments of $937,500 beginning on June 30, 2021, with all remaining unpaid principal and accrued interest due on the maturity date.

The Credit Agreements contain certain covenants, limitations, and conditions with respect to the Borrowers and their subsidiaries, including a maximum leverage ratio, a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio, and a minimum liquidity covenant, as well as financial reporting obligations, and customary events of default. If an event of default occurs, the agent and lenders will be entitled to take various actions, including requiring the immediate repayment of all outstanding amounts under the Credit Agreements, terminating commitments to make additional advances and selling the assets of the Borrowers and their subsidiary guarantors to satisfy the obligations under the Credit Agreements. We were in compliance with the covenants under the Credit Agreements as of March 31, 2019.

As of March 31, 2019, we had $25 million in outstanding term loan borrowings under its PNC Facility, and no outstanding borrowings under the revolving line of credit. The interest rate on the PNC Facility was 8.63% at March 31, 2019.

On February 27, 2019, in connection with the entry into the PNC Facility, we repaid $1.5 million in principal amount of outstanding borrowings plus accrued interest and fees under the Former WFB Facility, cash collateralized $3.6 million outstanding letters of credit under the Former WFB Facility, and terminated the Former WFB Facility.

On October 1 2018, as a condition for the Keymile Acquisition, the former stockholder of Keymile extended a €4.0 million ($4.5 million as of March 31, 2019) working capital loan to Keymile. The working capital loan bears interest at a rate of 3.5% per annum and is scheduled for repayment in two equal installments. The first payment of $2.2 million was made in April 2019 and the balance is due in November 2019.Facilities.

Certain of our foreign subsidiaries have entered into various financing arrangements with foreign banks and other lending institutions consisting primarily of revolving lines of credit, trade facilities, term loans and export development loans. These facilities are renewed ~~as they mature~~on an annual basis and are generally secured by a security interest in certain assets of the applicable foreign subsidiaries and supported by guarantees given by DNI or third parties. Payments under such facilities are made in accordance with the given lender’s amortization schedules. As of March 31, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, we had an aggregate outstanding balance of ~~$18.9~~$12.3 million and ~~$24.8~~$15.8 million, respectively, under such financing arrangements, and the interest rate per annum applicable to outstanding borrowings under these financing arrangements ranged from 0% to ~~6.74%~~3.05% as of March 31, ~~2019.~~2020.

In connection with the Merger, on September 9, 2016, we entered into a loan agreement with DNI for a $5.0 million unsecured subordinated term loan facility, which was fully drawn. The term loan matures in September 2021 and is pre-payable at any time by us without premium or penalty. The interest rate under this facility was 4.6% per annum. In February 2019, we repaid the term loan in full plus accrued interest in connection with the entry into the PNC Facility.

In February 2016, DNS California borrowed $1.8 million from DNI for capital investment which amount was outstanding as of March 31, 2019. The interest rate as of March 31, 2019 under this facility was 4.6% per annum. On February 27, 2019, in connection with the entry into the PNC Facility, we amended the terms of this loan to extend the repayment date until May 27, 2022.

~~On December 27, 2018, we entered into a Loan Agreement with DNI for a $6.0 million term loan, which amount was outstanding as of March 31, 2019~~ with an interest rate of 4.6% per annum. On February 27, 2019, in connection with the entry into the PNC ~~Facility, we~~Credit Facilities, the Company amended the terms of this loan to extend the repayment date to May 27, 2022. As of March 31, 2020, the $1.8 million remained outstanding.

In September, 2016, the Company entered into a loan agreement with DNI for a $5.0 million unsecured subordinated term loan facility. The term loan was scheduled to mature in September 2021 and was pre-payable at any time by the Company without premium or penalty. The interest rate under this facility was 4.6% per annum. In February 2019, the Company repaid the term loan in full plus accrued interest in connection with the entry into the PNC Credit Facilities, thereby terminating the loan agreement.

In March 2018, DNS Korea borrowed $5.8 million from DNI, of which $4.5 million was repaid on August 8, 2018. The loan bears interest at a rate of 4.6%. On February 27, 2019, in connection with the entry into the PNC Credit Facilities, the Company amended the terms of this loan to extend the repayment date to May 27, 2022. As of March 31, 2020, $1.3 million remained outstanding.

In December, 2018, the Company entered into a loan agreement with DNI, for a $6.0 million term loan with an interest rate of 4.6% per annum. On February 27, 2019, in connection with the entry into the PNC Credit Facilities, the Company amended the terms of the term loan to extend the repayment date ~~until~~to May 27, 2022 and to terminate any security granted to DNI with respect to such term loan.

~~On March 27, 2018, DNS Korea borrowed KRW6.5 billion ($5.8 million) from DNI, of which KRW5.0 billion ($4.5 million) was repaid on August 8, 2018.~~ As of March 31, ~~2019, KRW1.5~~2020, the $6.0 million remained outstanding.

On March 5, 2020, DNS Korea, the Company’s wholly-owned, indirect subsidiary entered into a Loan Agreement with DNI (the “March 2020 DNI Loan”). The March 2020 DNI Loan was negotiated and approved on behalf of the Company and its subsidiaries by a special committee of the Board of Directors of the Company (the “Special Committee”) consisting of directors determined to be independent from DNI. The March 2020 DNI Loan consists of a term loan in the amount of KRW 22.4 billion ($18.5 million USD) with interest payable semi-annually at an annual rate of 4.6% and maturing on March 11, 2022. No principal payments are due on the March 2020 DNI Loan until the maturity date, but DNS Korea may prepay the loan, or a portion thereof, without penalty.

As security for the March 2020 DNI Loan (and other existing loans between DNI and DNS Korea and/or DNS California), (i) DNS California, a wholly-owned, direct subsidiary of the Company and the sole stockholder of DNS Korea, agreed to pledge the outstanding shares of DNS Korea to DNI and (ii) DNS Korea granted a security interest in its personal property assets, accounts receivable and intellectual property assets to DNI. The March 2020 DNI Loan includes certain covenants consisting of financial reporting obligations, a maintenance covenant whereby DNS Korea agreed to maintain a minimum stockholders’ equity value in an amount equal to or greater than KRW 43.3 billion ($35.8 million), and customary events of default. If an event of default occurs and is not remedied within the applicable cure period, DNI will be entitled to take various actions, including requiring the immediate repayment of all outstanding amounts under the March 2020 DNI Loan and selling the shares or assets of DNS Korea.

DNS Korea loaned the funds borrowed under the March 2020 DNI Loan to the Company, and the Company used a portion of such funds to repay in full and terminate the PNC Credit Facilities, described below.

As of March 31, 2020, the Company had borrowings of $27.3 million outstanding from DNI. The outstanding balance at March 31, 2020 consisted of the March 2020 DNI Loan of KRW 22.4 billion ($18.5 million USD), a $6.0 million unsecured subordinated term loan facility which matures in May 2022, a $1.8 million loan for capital investment which matures in May 2022, and KRW 1.5 billion ($1.3 million) ~~remained outstanding. The~~outstanding under a secured loan ~~bears~~to DNS Korea which matures in May 2022. All four loans bear interest at a rate of 4.6%, and is secured by certain accounts receivable of DNS Korea. On February 27, 2019, in connection with the entry into the PNC Facility, we amended the terms of this loan to extend the repayment date until May 27, 2022. per annum.

Interest expense on these ~~related-party~~related party borrowings was $0.2 million and $0.1 million ~~and $0.2 million for~~during the three months ended March 31, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018,~~2019, respectively.

Our fixed commitments for cash expenditures consist primarily of payments under operating leases, inventory purchase commitments, and payments of principal and interest for debt obligations.

From time to time, we may provide or commit to extend credit or credit support to our customers. This financing may include extending the terms for product payments to customers. Any extension of financing to our customers will limit the capital that we have available for other uses.

Our accounts receivable, while not considered a primary source of liquidity, represent a concentration of credit risk because a significant portion of the accounts receivable balance at any point in time typically consists of a relatively small number of customer account balances. As of March 31, ~~2019, no customer accounted for 10% or more~~2020, two customers each represented 19% of net accounts receivable, respectively, and receivables from customers in countries other than the United States represented ~~92%~~96% of net accounts receivable. We do not currently have any material commitments for capital expenditures, or any other material commitments aside from operating leases for our facilities, inventory purchase commitments and debt.

At March 31, ~~2019,~~2020, our future contractual commitments by fiscal year were as follows (in thousands):

Payments due by period

Total

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

Thereafter

Operating leases payments

$
26,376

$
3,892

$
4,317

$
3,993

$
3,860

$
3,732

$
6,582

Other lease payments

726

465

226

35

—

—

—

Purchase commitments

3,137

3,137

—

—

—

—

—

Foreign debts

23,393

23,393

—

—

—

—

—

PNC debt

25,000

1,875

2,500

3,437

17,188

—

—

Long-term debt-related party

9,118

—

—

—

9,118

—

—

Royalty obligations

144

144

—

—

—

—

—

Total future contractual
commitments

$
87,894

$
32,906

$
7,043

$
7,465

$
30,166

$
3,732

$
6,582

			Payments due by period
	Total		2020		2021		2022		2023		2024		Thereafter
Operating lease payments	$	25,436	$	3,890	$	5,090	$	4,691	$	4,273	$	3,842	$	3,650
Short-term debt		12,323		12,323		—		—		—		—		—
Purchase commitments		5,565		5,565		—		—		—		—		—
Long-term debt - related party		27,348		—		—		27,348		—		—		—
Total future contractual commitments	$	70,672	$	21,778	$	5,090	$	32,039	$	4,273	$	3,842	$	3,650

~~The~~Future minimum operating lease ~~amounts shown~~obligations in the table above ~~represent~~include primarily ~~off-balance sheet arrangements. For operating lease commitments, a liability is generally not recorded on~~payments for our ~~balance sheet unless the facility represents an excess facility for~~office locations and manufacturing, research and development locations, which ~~an estimate~~expire at various dates through 2025. See Note 14 “Leases” of the ~~facility exit costs has been recorded~~Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for further discussion regarding our ~~balance sheet, net of estimated sublease income. For~~ operating leases that include contractual commitments for operating expenses and maintenance, estimates of such amounts are included based on current rates. Payments made under operating leases will be treated as rent expense for the facilities currently being utilized.leases.

The purchase commitments shown above represent non-cancellable inventory purchase commitments as of March 31, ~~2019.~~2020.

~~Our short-term~~The debt obligations have been recorded as liabilities on our balance sheet, and as of March 31, 2019 are comprised of $18.9 million in outstanding borrowings under the credit facilities of our foreign subsidiaries, $2.5 million in outstanding borrowings under the PNC Facility and $4.5 million in outstanding borrowings under a working capital loan from the former stockholder of Keymile. Theobligation amount shown above represents scheduled principal repayments, ~~under the facilities,~~ but not the associated interest payments which may vary based on changes in market interest rates. ~~At March 31, 2019,~~See Note 7 “Debt” of the ~~interest rate per annum applicable~~Notes to outstanding borrowings under the trade facilities of our foreign subsidiaries ranged from 0% to 6.74% and was 8.63% under the PNC Facility and 3.5% for the working capital loan. See above under "Cash Management" for further information about these facilities.

As of March 31, 2019, we had an aggregate of $9.1 million in outstanding borrowings from DNI, which consisted of a $6.0 million unsecured subordinated term loan facility which matures in May 2022, a $1.8 million loan for capital investment which matures in May 2022, and KRW 1.5 billion ($1.3 million) outstanding under a secured loan to DNS Korea which matures in May 2022. All three loans bear interest at a rate of 4.6% per annum.

~~See above under “Cash Management” for further information about our related-party debt.~~

~~Please refer to Note 1(j) to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements~~Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in ~~Part I, Item 1 of~~ this Quarterly Report on Form ~~10-Q.~~10-Q for further discussion regarding our debt agreements.

Financial instruments which potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, and accounts receivable. Cash and cash equivalents consist principally of financial deposit and money market accounts. Cash and cash equivalents are principally held with various domestic and international financial institutions with high credit standing. We perform ongoing credit evaluations of our customers and generally do not require collateral. Allowances are maintained for potential doubtful accounts.

We anticipate that our results of operations in any given period may depend to a large extent on sales to a small number of large accounts. As a result, our revenue for any quarter may be subject to significant volatility based upon changes in orders from one or a small number of key customers.

~~For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, no single customer accounted for 10% or more of net revenue.~~

As of March 31, 2019, no single customer represented 10% or more of net accounts receivable. As of December 31, 2018, two (2) customers represented 11% and 10% of net accounts receivable, respectively.

~~As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, receivables from customers in countries other than the United States represented 92% and 88%, respectively, of net accounts receivable.~~

Our exposure to market risk for changes in interest rates relates primarily to our variable rate outstanding debt. As of March 31, 2019, our outstanding variable-interest debt balance was $43.9 million, which consisted of principal amount of borrowings under the short-term credit facilities of our foreign subsidiaries and borrowings under the PNC Facility (all of which bear interest at a variable rate). As of March 31, 2019, amounts borrowed under our short-term credit facilities bore interest ranging from 0% to 6.74%, and amounts borrowed under the PNC Facility bore interest at 8.63%. Assuming the outstanding balance on our variable rate debt remains constant over a year, a 1% increase in the interest rate would decrease pre-tax income and cash flow by approximately $0.4 million. In addition, as of March 31, 2019, we had an aggregate of $13.6 million in outstanding borrowings from DNI and Riverside (all of which bear interest at a fixed rate of 4.6% and 3.5%, respectively).

We transact business in various foreign countries, and a significant portion of our assets is located in Korea. We have sales operations throughout Asia, Europe, the Middle East and Latin America. We are exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk associated with foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities, primarily intercompany receivables and payables. Accordingly, our operating results are exposed to changes in exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and those currencies.

We have performed a sensitivity analysis as of March 31, 2019 using a modeling technique that measures the impact on the balance sheet arising from a hypothetical 10% adverse movement in the levels of foreign currency exchange rates relative to the U.S. dollar, with all other variables held constant. The sensitivity analysis indicated that a hypothetical 10% adverse movement in foreign currency exchange rates would result in a foreign exchange loss of $5.3 million at March 31, 2019. This sensitivity analysis assumes a parallel adverse shift in foreign currency exchange rates, which do not always move in the same direction. Actual results may differ materially.Not required.

We are required to maintain disclosure controls and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving the objective that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted pursuant to the ~~Securities~~ Exchange Act ~~of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”)~~ is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our ~~Chief Executive Officer~~principal executive officer and ~~Chief Financial Officer,~~principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosures. Our disclosure controls and procedures include those components of our internal control over financial reporting intended to provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financials in accordance with U.S. GAAP. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.

As required by Rule 13a-15(b) under the Exchange Act, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of ~~the design and operation of~~ our disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, ~~2019,~~2020, the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. The evaluation was done under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our ~~Chief Executive Officer~~principal executive officer and principal financial officer. In the course of the evaluation of our ~~Chief Financial Officer. Based upon this evaluation,~~disclosure controls and procedures, our ~~Chief Executive Officer~~principal executive officer and ~~Chief Financial Officer~~principal financial officer concluded that, because of the unresolved material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting ~~that existed as of December 31, 2016 and that have not yet been remediated,~~ as described below, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of March 31, 2020.

In connection with the Company’s annual evaluation of its internal control over financial reporting conducted in accordance with SEC Rule 13a-15(c), the Company’s management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, identified a material weakness in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting, and as a result thereof, determined that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2019.

A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the registrant’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. ~~Based on~~Management determined that the results of the independent investigation and due to the incorrect application of generally accepted accounting principles that resulted in material misstatements and a restatement of our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, management identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016 which continued to exist at December 31, 2018. Specifically, weCompany did not maintain ~~an effective control environment as there was an insufficient~~a sufficient complement of personnel with appropriate accounting knowledge, experience and ~~competence, resulting~~training in ~~incorrect~~the application of ~~generally accepted~~US GAAP, including accounting ~~principles. This material weakness contributed to~~for significant unusual transactions. In addition, the ~~following material weaknesses. We~~Company did not maintain an effective control environment as it did not appropriately identify internal controls over ~~our financial close process.~~inventory valuation and revenue. Also, weManagement determined that the Company did not design and maintain effective controls over the financial closing process, including controls surrounding monitoring and review of ~~supporting information~~the activity of its foreign subsidiaries.

We continue to ~~determine~~evaluate and assess the ~~completeness~~design and accuracy of the accounting for complex transactions, specifically related to the business combination that occurred on September 9, 2016, which resulted in an incorrect application of generally accepted accounting principles that resulted in material misstatements and a restatement of our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for the three and nine months period ended September 30, 2016. Additionally, these material weaknesses could result in a misstatement in the financial statements that would result in a material misstatement in the annual or interim consolidated financial statements that would not be prevented or detected.

In light of the material weakness described above, and based on the criteria set forth in Internal Control —Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO), our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2018.

~~As of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, we are re-assessing the design~~operation of our controls and ~~modifying~~are taking steps to modify processes related to the accounting for significant and unusual transactions as well as enhancing monitoring and oversight controls in the application of accounting guidance related to such transactions. In connection therewith, we have hired and we anticipate that we will hire additional accounting personnel with relevant skills, training and experience, and conduct further training of our accounting and finance personnel.

Except as described above, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during our last fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. ~~Integration activities related to the Keymile Acquisition may lead us to modify certain internal controls in future periods.~~

Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent or detect all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. The design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Further, because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Controls can also be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls is based in part on certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Projections of any evaluation of controls effectiveness to future periods are subject to risks. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or deterioration in the degree of compliance with policies or procedures.

We are subject to various legal proceedings, claims and litigation arising in the ordinary course of business. While the outcome of these matters is currently not determinable, we do not expect that the ultimate costs to resolve these matters will have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position or results of operations. However, litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties, and unfavorable rulings could occur. If an unfavorable ruling were to occur, there exists the possibility of a material adverse impact on the financial position, results of operations and cash flows of the period in which the ruling occurs, or future periods.

~~In addition to~~An investment in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks described below and the other information ~~set forth~~ in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 and in other filings we make with the SEC before making an investment decision. Our business, prospects, financial condition, or operating results could be harmed by any of these risks, as well as other risks not currently known to us or that we currently consider immaterial. If any of such risks and uncertainties actually occurs, our business, financial condition or operating results could differ materially from the plans, projections and other forward-looking statements included in the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and elsewhere in this report and in our other public filings. The trading price of our common stock could decline due to any of these risks, and, as a result, you ~~should carefully~~may lose all or part of your investment.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a material impact on our business and could have a further material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on our first quarter 2020 results, resulting in decreased revenues, and may continue to have a significant impact on our results for the remainder of 2020 and beyond, as we have experienced a negative impact on our global supply chain and softer product demand due to the effects of the pandemic. Given the ongoing and dynamic nature of the virus and the worldwide response related thereto, it is difficult to predict the full impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on our business. The impact of a continued COVID-19 outbreak or sustained measures taken to limit or contain the outbreak could continue to have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

Our suppliers and contract manufacturers could fail to provide equipment or service on a timely basis as a result of disruption to the global supply chain due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. If such failures occur, we may be unable to provide products and services as and when requested by our customers, or we may be unable to continue to maintain or upgrade our networks. Because of the cost and delays that can be associated with transitioning from one supplier to another, our business could be substantially disrupted if we were required to, or chose to, replace the products or services of one or more major suppliers with products or services from another source, especially if the replacement became necessary on short notice. Any such disruption could increase our costs, decrease our operating efficiencies and have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

The extent to which the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic impacts us will depend on numerous evolving factors and future developments that we are not able to predict, including:

A sustained shelter-in-place order could adversely impact our operations and workforce, and remote working conditions could increase our susceptibility to a data breach.

In response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, many local and state governments, including the state of California where our corporate headquarters are presently located, have instituted emergency restrictions that have substantially limited the operation of non-essential businesses and the activities of individuals. As a result, the majority of our workforce is working remotely from their homes. Remote working conditions may negatively affect our workforce’s productivity, result in disruptions to workflow and operations or make it more difficult for us to maintain proper internal controls over our financial reporting. Further, while we have taken steps to ensure the security of our data and to prevent security breaches, including through the use of authentications and VPNs, many of these measures are being deployed for the first time on a widespread and sustained basis, and there is no guarantee the data security and privacy safeguards we have put in place will be completely effective or that we will not encounter some of the common risks associated with employees accessing Company data and systems remotely. As a result, we may be required to expend significant capital and other resources to protect against security breaches or to alleviate problems caused by security breaches.

Many of our customers operate in industries that have been disproportionately impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, and the virus’s negative impact on their financial conditions and results of operations could have an adverse impact on our revenue.

While the industry in which we operate has not directly impacted to the same extent as other industries, many of our customers in our Enterprise FiberLAN™ business operate in industries such as hospitality, education and stadiums/facilities management, each of which has been greatly impacted by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and the protective measures put in place by the local and state governments of the regions in which they operate, such as shelter-in-place orders, business closures, travel restrictions and cancellations of large events. The adverse impacts that the virus and the accompanying protective measures have on our customers may influence their ability to purchase our products and solutions, make payments under their contracts with us, or it may lower their demand for our products and solutions as they take measures to cut costs and protect their businesses. As a result, our revenue may decline, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic could have a negative impact on the health of our employees which could be disruptive to our business and operations and may negatively impact productivity.

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has spread rapidly throughout the United States and the other regions in which we operate. As of March 31, 2020, there have been more than 900,000 positive tests for COVID-19 across the globe, with approximately 200,000 in the United States. The longer the pandemic continues, the more likely it is that one or more of our employees could contract the virus. If the virus spreads over a large portion of our workforce, it could have a material adverse effect on our operations. Additionally, if any of our executive officers were to test positive for COVID-19, it could have an adverse effect on our operations, including increased responsibilities for other executives, disruptions in operations or the inability of our executives to focus on essential Company business.

In addition, depending on the extent and duration of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, we may be subject to significant increases in healthcare costs if a significant number of our personnel become infected with COVID-19 and require medical treatment. As a result, any significant increases in healthcare costs as a result of COVID-19 or otherwise could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have applied for government assistance under the CARES Act and a small business aid program administered by the German government. There can be no assurance that we or our subsidiaries will qualify for assistance under these or other programs. If we or our subsidiaries do qualify, there is no certainty as to the amount of assistance we will receive.

The CARES Act was enacted on March 27, 2020 and is an approximate $2 trillion emergency economic stimulus package passed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The CARES Act includes broad sweeping provisions including direct financial assistance to Americans in the form of one-time payments to individuals; aid to certain eligible businesses in the form of loans and grants; efforts to stabilize the U.S. economy and keep Americans employed in general; and support for healthcare professionals, patients and hospitals. Also included in the CARES Act are numerous income tax provisions including changes to the Net Operating Loss (“NOL”) rules and the business interest expense deduction rules under Internal Revenue Code Section 163(j). Factors that could affect our ability to receive funding include the finalization of regulations under the CARES Act and exhaustion of available funds, among other factors. Due to the recent enactment of this legislation, there is a high degree of uncertainty around its implementation and we continue to assess the potential impacts of this legislation on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. While the Company has made application for aid under the CARES Act and may make future application under other provisions of the act, there can be no assurance that we will receive any aid or funding under the CARES Act.

Additionally, the Company has applied for a loan under the German COVID-19 government aid package and may evaluate and consider application under other COVID-19 related foreign and domestic aid programs in the future. There can be no assurances that the Company will be approved for aid under any of these programs, and if approved, whether funding will be available at all or on conditions that are acceptable to the Company. While we may receive financial, tax or other relief and other benefits under and as a result of these assistance programs or others, it is not possible to estimate at this time the extent or impact of any such relief.

As of March 31, 2020, the aggregate principal amount of our outstanding indebtedness was $39.7 million, consisting of $12.3 million in principal amount of outstanding borrowings under our short-term debt obligations and $27.4 million in long-term related party borrowings. On March 5, 2020, DASAN Network Solutions, Inc., a corporation organized under the laws of the Republic of Korea, and an indirect, wholly owned subsidiary of the Company (“DNS Korea”) entered into a Loan Agreement with DNI, pursuant to which DNS Korea borrowed KRW 22.4 billion ($18.5 million USD) from DNI (the “March 2020 DNI Loan”). DNS Korea loaned such borrowed funds to the Company, a portion of which were used to repay and terminate the Company’s prior credit facilities with PNC Bank, National Association.

In the event of a default and acceleration of our obligations under the March 2020 DNI Loan, we may not be able to obtain replacement financing at all or on commercially reasonable terms or on terms that are acceptable to us. Our level of indebtedness could have important consequences and could materially and adversely affect us in a number of ways, including:

The agreements governing the March 2020 DNI Loan and the instruments governing our other indebtedness contain certain covenants, limitations, and conditions with respect to the Company and its subsidiaries, including financial reporting obligations and customary events of default and require that certain of our assets be pledged as collateral for such loans. These terms, conditions and collateral requirements could restrict our ability to operate our business. If an event of default occurs under the March 2020 DNI Loan, DNI will be entitled to take various actions, including requiring the immediate repayment of all outstanding amounts borrowed under the March 2020 DNI Loan and seizing and/or selling the assets of the Company and the subsidiary guarantors to satisfy the obligations under the March 2020 DNI Loan.

We cannot assure you that we will be able to generate cash flow in amounts sufficient to enable us to service our debt or to meet our working capital and capital expenditure requirements. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow from operations or to borrow sufficient funds to service our debt, we may be required to sell assets, reduce capital expenditures, purchase credit insurance or obtain additional financing. We cannot assure you that we will be able to engage in any of these actions on reasonable terms, if at all.

We may need additional capital, and we cannot be certain that additional financing will be available.

We need sufficient capital to fund our ongoing operations and may require additional financing in the future to expand our business, acquire assets or repay or refinance our existing debt. Our ability to obtain financing will depend, among other things, on our development efforts, business plans, operating performance and condition of the capital markets at the time we seek financing, any of which have been and may continue to be adversely impacted by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. We cannot assure you that additional financing will be available to us on favorable terms when required, or at all. Additionally, while there are no covenants in the March 2020 DNI Loan restricting our ability, or the ability of our subsidiaries, to borrow additional funds, the collateral requirements under the March 2020 DNI Loan may make it difficult to for us to obtain additional secured financing. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of equity, equity-linked or debt securities, those securities may have rights, preferences or privileges senior to the rights of our common stock, and our stockholders may experience dilution.

If we need additional capital and cannot raise it on acceptable terms, we may not be able to, among other things:

Our failure to do any of these things could seriously harm our business, financial condition, liquidity and operating results. In addition, we may be required to reduce the scope of our planned product development and sales and marketing efforts beyond the reductions that we have previously taken, and reduce operations in low margin regions, including reductions in headcount, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity.

We may not have the liquidity to support our future operations and capital requirements.

As of March 31, 2020, we had approximately $26.4 million in cash and cash equivalents, including $8.7 million in cash balances held by our international subsidiaries. If our operating performance does not improve, and we are unable to raise additional capital (as discussed in the prior risk factor), we may be unable to adequately fund our existing operations. Our current liquidity condition exposes us to the following risks:

Our current liquidity condition could be further harmed, and we may incur significant losses or expend significant amounts of capital if:

To meet our liquidity needs and to finance our capital expenditures and working capital needs for our business, we may be required to raise substantial additional capital, reduce our operations (including through the sale of assets or expense reduction measures) or both.

We have experienced significant losses and we may incur losses in the future. If we fail to generate sufficient revenue to sustain our profitability, our stock price could decline.

We had a net loss of $8.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, and a net loss of $13.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. Additionally, we have incurred significant losses in years prior to 2019. We have an accumulated deficit of $38.0 million as of March 31, 2020. We have significant fixed expenses and expect that we will continue to incur substantial manufacturing, research and product development, sales and marketing, customer support, administrative and other expenses in connection with the operation of our business. In addition, we may be required to spend more on research and product development than originally budgeted to respond to industry trends. We may also incur significant new costs related to acquisitions and the integration of new technologies and other acquisitions that may occur in the future. We may not be able to adequately manage costs and expenses or achieve or maintain adequate operating margins. As a result, our ability to sustain profitability in future periods will depend on our ability to generate and sustain higher revenue while maintaining reasonable costs and expense levels. If we fail to generate sufficient revenue to sustain profitability in future periods, we may continue to incur operating losses, which could be substantial, and our stock price could decline.

Our future operating results are difficult to predict, and our stock price may continue to be volatile.

As a result of a variety of factors discussed in ~~Part I, "Item 1A, Risk Factors”~~this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, our revenues for a particular quarter are difficult to predict. Our revenue and operating results may vary significantly from quarter to quarter due to a number of factors, many of which are outside of our control. The primary factors that could affect our results of operations include the following:

Any of the foregoing factors, or any other factors discussed elsewhere herein or in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity that could adversely affect our stock price. Further, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in severe disruption and volatility in the financial markets. We anticipate that our stock price and trading volume may be volatile in the future, whether due to the factors described above, volatility in public stock markets generally or otherwise.

In connection with the Keymile Acquisition, we assumed certain of Keymile’s liabilities, which could ~~materially affect~~harm our business, operations, financial condition, ~~or future results. There have been no material changes~~and liquidity.

Pursuant to the ~~risk factors described~~definitive agreement for the Keymile Acquisition, we assumed certain of Keymile’s liabilities, including tax and pension liabilities, and any liabilities that may arise related to breaches of representations and warranties made by Keymile in connection with a prior sale of assets by Keymile that survive through 2022. Although the definitive agreement for the Keymile Acquisition entitles us to indemnification for certain losses incurred related to those assumed liabilities, our right to indemnification from the Keymile sellers is limited by the survival period of the representations and warranties included in the ~~"Risk Factors" section~~Keymile Acquisition definitive agreement and recovery is limited in amount to the purchase price of Keymile, or EUR 10.3 million. Additionally, our ~~Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. The risks described in~~rights to recovery against such losses is limited under our ~~Annual Report on Form 10-K~~and third party provided warranty and indemnity liability insurance coverage of up to EUR 35.3 million. If such claims or losses exceed such amount, or if they are not indemnifiable under the ~~only risks facing~~Keymile Acquisition definitive agreement, any such losses could negatively impact our ~~company. Additional risks~~financial situation. In addition, our closing of the Keymile Acquisition could give rise to substantial tax liabilities under German law, which could negatively impact our financial condition and ~~uncertainties not currently known to us~~liquidity.

Strategic acquisitions or investments that we have made or that we ~~currently deem~~could pursue or make in the future may disrupt our operations and harm our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity.

As part of our business strategy, we have made investments in and acquired other companies, including Keymile in 2019, that we believe are complementary to our core business. In the future we may continue to make investments in or acquire other companies or complementary solutions or technologies. Any such acquisition or investment may divert the attention of management and cause us to incur various expenses in identifying, investigating, and pursuing suitable opportunities, whether or not the transactions are completed, and may result in unforeseen operating difficulties and expenditures. These transactions could also result in dilutive issuances of equity securities, the incurrence of debt or assumption of liabilities, and increase our risk of litigation exposure, which could adversely affect our operating results. In addition, if the resulting business from such a transaction fails to meet our expectations, our operating results, business, and financial condition may suffer or we may be ~~immaterial also~~exposed to unknown risks or liabilities.

Additionally, any significant acquisition would require the consent of our lenders. Any failure to receive such consent could delay or prohibit us from acquiring companies that we believe could enhance our business. Furthermore, we may dedicate significant time and capital resources in the pursuit of acquisition opportunities and may be unable to find and identify desirable acquisition targets or business opportunities or be successful in entering into an agreement with any particular strategic partner.

Upon the closing of any acquisition transaction, we will need to integrate the acquired organization and its products and services with our legacy operations. The integration process may be expensive, time-consuming and a strain on our resources and our relationships with employees, customers, distributors and suppliers, and ultimately may not be successful. The benefits or synergies we may expect from the acquisition of complementary or supplementary businesses may not be realized to the extent or in the time frame we initially anticipated. Mergers and acquisitions of high-technology companies are inherently subject to increased risk and to many factors outside of our control, and we cannot be certain that our previous or future acquisitions will be successful and will not materially adversely affect our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity. Any failure to successfully acquire and integrate acquired organizations and their products and services could seriously harm our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity.

Some of the risks that could affect our ability to successfully integrate acquired businesses, including Keymile’s telecommunication systems business, include those associated with:

We have material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, and we cannot provide assurances that these weaknesses will be effectively remediated or that additional material weaknesses will not occur in the future. If our internal control over financial reporting or our disclosure controls and procedures are not effective, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results, prevent fraud or file our periodic reports in a timely manner, which may cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information and which may lead to a decline in our stock price.

We are responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. We assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, the end of our fiscal year. In making this assessment, management used the criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on our assessment, we have concluded that, as of December 31, 2019, our internal control over financial reporting was not effective because of the unremediated material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting described below.

Management determined that the Company did not maintain a sufficient complement of personnel with appropriate accounting knowledge, experience and training in the application of generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”), including accounting for significant unusual transactions. In addition, the Company did not maintain an effective control environment as it did not appropriately identify internal controls over inventory valuation and revenue. Also, management determined that the Company did not design and maintain effective controls over the financial closing process, including controls surrounding monitoring and review of the activity of its foreign subsidiaries. These material weaknesses could result in a misstatement in the financial statements that would result in a material misstatement in the annual or interim consolidated financial statements that would not be prevented or detected.

If we are not able to correct material weaknesses or deficiencies in internal controls in a timely manner, our ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information accurately and within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms will be adversely affected. Such a result could negatively impact the market price and trading liquidity of our common stock, weaken investor confidence in our reported financial information, subject us to civil and criminal investigations and penalties, and generally materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.

The long and variable sales cycles for our products could cause revenue and operating results to vary significantly from quarter to quarter.

The target customers for our products have substantial and complex networks that they traditionally expand in large increments on a periodic basis. Accordingly, our marketing efforts are focused primarily on prospective customers that may purchase our products as part of a large-scale network deployment. Our target customers typically require a lengthy evaluation, testing and product qualification process. Throughout this process, we are often required to spend considerable time and incur significant expenses educating and providing information to prospective customers about the uses and features of our products. Even after a company makes the final decision to purchase our products, it could deploy our products over extended periods of time. The timing of deployment of our products varies widely, and depends on a number of factors, including our customers’ skill sets, geographic density of potential subscribers, the degree of configuration and integration required to deploy our products, and our customers’ ability to finance their purchase of our products as well as their operations. As a result of any of these factors, our revenue and operating results could vary significantly from quarter to quarter.

The market we serve is highly competitive and we may not be able to compete successfully.

Competition in communications equipment markets is intense. These markets are characterized by rapid change, converging technologies and a migration to networking solutions that offer superior advantages. We are aware of many companies in related markets that address particular aspects of the features and functions that our products provide. Currently, our primary competitors in our core business include ADTRAN, Calix, Huawei, Nokia and ZTE, among others. In our FiberLAN business, our competitors include Cisco, Nokia and Tellabs. In our Ethernet switching business, our competitors include Cisco, and Juniper. We also may face competition from other communications equipment companies or other companies that may enter our markets in the future. In addition, a number of companies have introduced products that address the same network needs that our products and solutions address, both domestically and internationally. Many of our competitors have longer operating histories, greater name recognition, larger customer bases and greater financial, technical, sales and marketing resources than we do and may be able to undertake more extensive marketing efforts, adopt more aggressive pricing policies and provide more customer financing than we can. In particular, we are encountering price-focused competitors from Asia, especially China, which places pressure on us to reduce our prices. If we are forced to reduce prices in order to secure customers, we may be unable to sustain gross margins at desired levels or achieve profitability. Competitive pressures could result in increased pricing pressure, reduced profit margins, increased sales and marketing expenses and failure to increase, or the loss of, market share, any of which could reduce our revenue and adversely affect our financial results. Moreover, our competitors may foresee the course of market developments more accurately than we do and could develop new technologies that render our products less valuable or obsolete.

If we are unable to compete successfully against our current and future competitors, we may have difficulty obtaining or retaining customers, and we could experience price reductions, order cancellations, increased expenses and reduced gross margins, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity.

If demand for our products and solutions does not develop as we anticipate, then our business operations, financial condition, and liquidity will be adversely affected.

Our future revenue depends significantly on our ability to successfully develop, enhance and market our products and solutions to our target markets. Most network service providers have made substantial investments in their current infrastructure, and they may elect to remain with their current architectures or to adopt new architectures in limited stages or over extended periods of time. A decision by a customer to purchase our products will involve a significant capital investment. We must convince our service provider customers that they will achieve substantial benefits by deploying our products for future upgrades or expansions. We may experience difficulties with product reliability, partnering, and sales and marketing efforts that could adversely affect our business and divert management attention and resources from our core business. We do not know whether a viable market for our products and solutions will develop or be sustainable in our businesses. If these markets do not develop or develop more slowly than we expect, including as a result of conditions created by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity will be materially harmed.

We depend upon the development of new products and enhancements to existing products, and if we fail to predict and respond to emerging technological trends and customers’ changing needs, our operating results and market share may suffer.

The markets for our products are characterized by rapidly changing technology, evolving industry standards, changes in end-user requirements, frequent new product introductions and changes in communications offerings from network service provider customers. Our future success depends on our ability to anticipate or adapt to such changes and to offer, on a timely and cost-effective basis, products that meet changing customer demands and industry standards. We may not have sufficient resources to successfully and accurately anticipate customers’ changing needs and technological trends, manage long development cycles or develop, introduce and market new products and enhancements. The process of developing new technology is complex and uncertain, and if we fail to develop new products or enhancements to existing products on a timely and cost-effective basis, or if our new products or enhancements fail to achieve market acceptance, our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity would be materially adversely affected.

Because our products are complex and are deployed in complex environments, our products may have defects that we discover only after full deployment by our customers, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We produce highly complex products that incorporate leading-edge technology, including both hardware and software. Software often contains defects or programming flaws that can unexpectedly interfere with expected operations. In addition, our products are complex and are designed to be deployed in large quantities across complex networks. Because of the nature of these products, they can only be fully tested when completely deployed in large networks with high amounts of traffic, and there is no assurance that our pre-shipment testing programs will be adequate to detect all defects. As a result, our customers may discover errors or defects in our hardware or software, or our products may not operate as expected. If we are unable to cure a product defect, we could experience damage to our reputation, reduced customer satisfaction, loss of existing customers and failure to attract new customers, failure to achieve market acceptance, reduced sales opportunities, loss of revenue and market share, increased service and warranty costs, diversion of development resources, legal actions by our customers, and increased insurance costs. Defects, integration issues or other performance problems in our products could also result in damages to our customers, financial or otherwise. Our customers could seek damages for related losses from us, which could seriously harm our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity. A product liability claim brought against us, even if unsuccessful, would likely be time consuming and costly. The occurrence of any of these problems would seriously harm our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity.

Increased tariffs on products and goods that we purchase from off-shore sources (particularly Chinese sources) and changes in international trade policies and relations could have an adverse effect on our customers and operating results.

The pricing of our products to customers and our ability to conduct business with certain customers can be affected by changes in U.S. and other countries’ trade policies. For example, while a trade deal was signed between the U.S. and China on January 15, 2020 that signals a cooling of tensions between the U.S. and China over trade, concerns over the stability of bilateral trade relations remain. Before the trade deal, the United States had recently imposed tariffs on a wide-range of products and goods manufactured in China that are directly or indirectly imported into the United States. In response, various countries and economic regions announced plans or intentions to impose retaliatory tariffs on a wide-range of products they import from the United States. Any newly imposed, announced and threatened U.S. tariffs and retaliatory tariffs could have the effect of increasing the cost of materials we use to manufacture certain products, which could result in lower margins. The tariffs could also result in disruptions to our supply chain, as suppliers struggle to fill orders from companies trying to purchase goods in bulk ahead of announced tariffs. Although we believe that the incremental costs to us of recent tariffs was immaterial, if new tariffs are imposed or if new tariffs apply to additional categories of components used in our manufacturing activities, and if we are unable to pass on the costs of tariffs to our customers, our operating results would be harmed. In addition, changes in the political environment, governmental policies, international trade policies and relations, or U.S.-China relations could result in revisions to laws or regulations or their interpretation and enforcement, trade sanctions, or retaliatory actions by China in response to U.S. actions, which could have an adverse effect on our customers, business plans and operating results.

Sales to communications service providers are especially volatile, and weakness in sales orders from this industry could harm our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity.

Sales activity in the service provider industry depends upon the stage of completion of expanding network infrastructures, the availability of funding, and the extent to which service providers are affected by regulatory, economic and business conditions in the country of operations. Although some service providers may be increasing capital expenditures over the depressed levels that have prevailed over the last few years, weakness in orders from this industry could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity. Changes in technology, competition, overcapacity, changes in the service provider market, regulatory developments, adverse economic effects caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and constraints on capital availability have had a material adverse effect on many of our service provider customers, with many of these customers going out of business or substantially reducing their expansion plans. These conditions have materially harmed our business and operating results, and we expect that some or all of these conditions may continue for the foreseeable future. Finally, service provider customers typically have longer implementation cycles; require a broader range of services including design services; demand that vendors take on a larger share of risks; often require acceptance provisions, which can lead to a delay in revenue recognition; and expect financing from vendors. All these factors can add further risk to business conducted with service providers.

We rely on contract manufacturers for a portion of our manufacturing requirements.

We rely on contract manufacturers to perform a portion of the manufacturing operations for our products. These contract manufacturers build products for other companies, including our competitors. In addition, we do not have contracts in place with some of these providers and may not be able to effectively manage those relationships. We cannot be certain that our contract manufacturers will be able to fill our orders in a timely manner. We face a number of risks associated with this dependence on contract manufacturers including reduced control over delivery schedules, the potential lack of adequate capacity during periods of excess demand, poor manufacturing yields and high costs, quality assurance, increases in prices, and the potential misappropriation of our intellectual property. We have experienced in the past, and may experience in the future, problems with our contract manufacturers, such as inferior quality, insufficient quantities and late delivery of products.

A shortage of adequate component supply or manufacturing capacity could increase our costs or cause a delay in our ability to fulfill orders, and our failure to estimate customer demand properly could result in excess or obsolete component inventories that could adversely affect our gross margins.

Occasionally, we may experience a supply shortage, or a delay in receiving, certain component parts as a result of strong demand for the component parts and/or capacity constraints or other problems experienced by suppliers. If shortages or delays persist, the price of these components may increase, or the components may not be available at all, and we may also encounter shortages if we do not accurately anticipate our needs. Conversely, we may not be able to secure enough components at reasonable prices or of acceptable quality to build new products in a timely manner in the quantities or configurations needed. Accordingly, our revenue and gross margins could suffer until other sources can be developed. Our operating results would also be adversely affected if, anticipating greater demand than actually develops, we commit to the purchase of more components than we need. Furthermore, as a result of binding price or purchase commitments with suppliers, we may be obligated to purchase components at prices that are higher than those available in the current market. In the event that we become committed to purchase components at prices in excess of the current market price, our gross margins could decrease. In the past we experienced component shortages that adversely affected our financial results and, in the future, may continue to experience component shortages.

We depend on a limited source of suppliers for several key components. If we are unable to obtain these components on a timely basis, we will be unable to meet our customers’ product delivery requirements, which would harm our business.

We currently purchase several key components from a limited number of suppliers. If any of our limited source of suppliers become insolvent, cease business or experience capacity constraints, work stoppages or any other reduction or disruption in output, they may be unable to meet our delivery schedules. Our suppliers may enter into exclusive arrangements with our competitors, be acquired by our competitors, stop selling their products or components to us at commercially reasonable prices, refuse to sell their products or components to us at any price or be unable to obtain or have difficulty obtaining components for their products from their suppliers. If we do not receive critical components from our limited source of suppliers in a timely manner, we will be unable to meet our customers’ product delivery requirements. Any failure to meet a customer’s delivery requirements could materially adversely affect our business, operations, and financial condition and liquidity and could materially damage customer relationships.

The loss of a key customer or a significant deterioration in the financial condition of a key customer could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations.

The Company’s revenue is dependent on several key customers. A loss of one or more of the Company’s key customers, or a dispute or litigation with one of these key customers could affect adversely our revenue and results of operations. A significant deterioration in the financial condition or bankruptcy filing of a key customer could affect adversely the Company’s business, results of operations, and financial condition.

In addition, the Company is subject to credit risk associated with the concentration of accounts receivable from its key customers. As of March 31, 2020, two (2) customers each represented 19% of net accounts receivable, respectively. As of December 31, 2019, two (2) customers represented 18% and 11% of net accounts receivable. If one or more of the Company’s top customers were to become bankrupt or insolvent or otherwise were unable to pay for the products and services provided by the Company, including as a result of conditions created by the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company may incur significant write-offs of accounts receivable or incur other impairment charges, which may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations.

We have experienced significant turnover with respect to our executives and our board, and our business could be adversely affected by these and other transitions in our senior management team or if any future vacancies cannot be filled with qualified replacements in a timely manner.

We experienced significant turnover on our executive team and board in both 2018 and 2019, including the departure of our former Chief Financial Officer. As a result of this turnover, our remaining management team has been required to take on increased responsibilities, which could divert attention from key business areas. If we continue to experience similar turnover in the future, we may be unable to timely replace the talent and skills of our management team and directors.

Management transitions are often difficult and inherently cause some loss of institutional knowledge, which could negatively affect our results of operations and financial condition. Our ability to execute our business strategies may be adversely affected by the uncertainty associated with these transitions and the time and attention from the board and management needed to fill any future vacant roles could disrupt our business. If we are unable to successfully identify and attract adequate replacements for future vacancies in our management roles in a timely manner, we could experience increased employee turnover and harm to our business, growth, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. We face significant competition for executives with the qualifications and experience we seek.

Further, we cannot guarantee that we will not face similar turnover in the future. Our senior management’s knowledge of our business and industry would be difficult to replace, and any further turnover could negatively affect our business, growth, financial conditions, results of operations and cash flows.

Decreased effectiveness of share-based compensation could adversely affect our ability to attract and retain employees.

We have historically used equity incentives, including stock options, as a key component of our employee compensation program in order to align the interests of our employees with the interests of our stockholders, encourage employee retention and provide competitive compensation and benefit packages. If the trading price of our common stock declines, this would reduce the value of our share-based compensation to our present employees and could adversely affect our ability to retain existing or attract prospective employees. Difficulties relating to obtaining stockholder approval of equity compensation plans could also make it harder or more expensive for us to grant share-based payments to employees in the future.

Our success largely depends on our ability to retain and recruit key personnel, and any failure to do so could harm our ability to meet key objectives.

Our future success depends upon the continued services of our Chief Executive Officer and other key employees, and our ability to identify, attract and retain highly skilled technical, managerial, sales and marketing personnel who have critical industry experience and relationships that we rely on to build and operate our business. The loss of the services of any of our key employees, including our Chief Executive Officer, could delay the development and production of our products and negatively impact our ability to maintain customer relationships, which could harm our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity. Moreover, our historical inability to attract and retain sufficient qualified accounting personnel with expertise in U.S. GAAP has adversely affected our ability to maintain an effective system of internal controls and our ability to produce reliable financial reports, which could materially and adversely affect our business.

Many of our products are designed to include software or other intellectual property licensed from third parties. It may be necessary in the future to seek or renew licenses relating to various elements of the technology used to develop these products. We cannot assure you that our existing or future third-party licenses will be available to us on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. Our inability to maintain or obtain any third-party license required to sell or develop our products and product enhancements could require us to obtain substitute technology of lower quality or performance standards, or at greater cost.

We generally rely on a combination of copyrights, patents, trademarks and trade secret laws and commercial agreements containing restrictions on disclosure and other appropriate terms to protect our intellectual property rights. We enter into confidentiality, employee, contractor and commercial agreements with our employees, consultants and corporate partners, and control access to and distribution of our proprietary information and use of our intellectual property and technology. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, unauthorized parties, including those affiliated with foreign governments, may attempt to copy or otherwise obtain and use our products, technology or intellectual property. Monitoring unauthorized use of our technology and intellectual property is difficult, and we do not know whether the steps we have taken will prevent unauthorized use of our technology, particularly in foreign countries or jurisdictions where laws may not protect our proprietary rights as extensively as in the United States. We cannot assure you that our pending, or any future, patent applications will be granted, that any existing or future patents will not be challenged, invalidated, or circumvented, or that any existing or future patents will be enforceable or that infringement by third parties will even be detected. While we are not dependent on any individual patents, if we are unable to protect our proprietary rights, we may find ourselves at a competitive disadvantage to others who need not incur the substantial expense, time and effort required to create the innovative products.

There are additional risks to our intellectual property as a result on our international business operations.

We may face risks to our technology and intellectual property as a result of our conducting strategic business discussions outside of the United States, and particularly in jurisdictions that do not have comparable levels of protection of corporate proprietary information and assets such as intellectual property, trademarks, trade secrets, know-how and customer information and records. While these risks are common to many companies, conducting business in certain foreign jurisdictions, housing technology, data and intellectual property abroad, or licensing technology to joint ventures with foreign partners may have more significant exposure. For example, we have shared intellectual properties with entities in China, South Korea, India, Thailand, and Vietnam pursuant to confidentiality agreements in connection with discussions on potential strategic collaborations, which may expose us to material risks of theft of our proprietary information and other intellectual property, including technical data, manufacturing processes, data sets or other sensitive information. For example, our technology may be reverse engineered by the parties or other parties, which could result in our patents being infringed or our know-how or trade secrets stolen. The risk can be by direct intrusion wherein technology and intellectual property is stolen or compromised through cyber intrusions or physical theft through corporate espionage, including with the assistance of insiders, or via more indirect routes.

Claims that our current or future products or components contained in our products infringe the intellectual property rights of others may be costly and time consuming to defend and could adversely affect our ability to sell our products.

The communications equipment industry is characterized by the existence of a large number of patents and frequent claims and related litigation regarding patent, copyright, trademark and other intellectual property rights, that may relate to technologies and related standards that are relevant to us. From time to time, we receive correspondence from companies claiming that our products are using technology covered by or related to the intellectual property rights of these companies and inviting us to discuss or demanding licensing or royalty arrangements for the use of the technology or seeking payment for damages, injunctive relief and other available legal remedies through litigation. These companies also include third-party non-practicing entities (also known as patent trolls) that focus on extracting royalties and settlements by enforcing patent rights through litigation or the threat of litigation. These companies typically have little or no product revenues and therefore our patents could provide little or no deterrence against such companies filing patent infringement lawsuits against us. In addition, third parties have initiated and could continue to initiate litigation against our manufacturers, suppliers, distributors or even our customers alleging infringement or misappropriation of their proprietary rights with respect to existing or future products, or components of our products. For example, various proceedings were commenced against Broadcom Inc. (“Broadcom”), a manufacturer of products for the wireless and broadband communications industry, and other parties alleging patent infringement in various jurisdictions, and in some cases the courts issued rulings adverse to Broadcom enjoining Broadcom from offering, distributing, using or importing products that include the challenged intellectual property. In February 2020, a federal jury found that Broadcom, among others, must pay $1.1 billion to the California Institute of Technology for infringing upon patents. Although we are not party to these proceedings, adverse rulings or injunctive relief awarded against Broadcom or other key suppliers of components for our products could result in delays or stoppages in the shipment of affected components, or require us to recall,

modify or redesign our products containing such components. Regardless of the merit of claims against us or our manufacturers, suppliers, distributors or customers, intellectual property litigation can be time consuming and costly, and result in the diversion of the attention of technical and management personnel. Any such litigation could force us to stop manufacturing, selling, distributing, exporting, incorporating or using products or components that include the challenged intellectual property, or to recall, modify or redesign such products. In addition, if a party accuses us of infringing upon its proprietary rights, we may have to enter into royalty or licensing agreements, which may not be available on terms acceptable to us, if at all. If we are unsuccessful in any such litigation, we could be subject to significant liability for damages and loss of our proprietary rights. Any of these events or results could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity.

Our collection, processing, storage, use, and transmission of personal data could give rise to liabilities as a result of governmental regulation, increasing legal requirements.

We collect, process, store, use, and transmit personal data on a daily basis. Personal data is increasingly subject to legal and regulatory protections around the world, which vary widely in approach and which possibly conflict with one another. In recent years, for example, U.S. legislators and regulatory agencies, such as the Federal Trade Commission, as well as U.S. states have increased their focus on protecting personal data by law and regulation and have increased enforcement actions for violations of privacy and data protection requirements. The European Commission also recently approved and adopted the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), a recent data protection law, which became effective in May 2018. These data protection laws and regulations are intended to protect the privacy and security of personal data that is collected, processed, and transmitted in or from the relevant jurisdiction. The GDPR established new requirements applicable to the processing of personal data, affords new data protection rights to individuals and imposes significant penalties for data breaches. Individuals also have a right to compensation under the GDPR for financial or non-financial losses. Implementation of and compliance with these laws and regulations may be more costly or take longer than we anticipate, or could otherwise adversely affect our business operations, which could negatively impact our financial position or cash flows. Any failure to comply with applicable regulations could also result in regulatory enforcement actions against us, subject us to negative publicity and significant penalties and ultimately cause an adverse effect on our business.

If we experience a significant disruption in, or breach in security of, our information technology systems, our business could be adversely affected.

We rely on several centralized information technology systems to provide products and services, maintain financial records, process orders, manage inventory, process shipments to customers and operate other critical functions. If we experience a prolonged system disruption in the information technology systems that involve our interactions with customers or suppliers, it could result in the loss of sales and customers and significant incremental costs, which could adversely affect our business. In addition, our information technology systems could be susceptible to damage, disruptions or shutdowns due to power outages, hardware failures, computer viruses, attacks by computer hackers, telecommunication failures, user errors, catastrophes or other unforeseen events. Furthermore, security breaches of our information technology systems could result in the misappropriation or unauthorized disclosure of confidential information belonging to the company or our employees, partners, customers or suppliers, which could result in significant financial, legal or reputational damage to the Company. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, a large portion of our workforce is working remotely, and such remote working could exacerbate any of the foregoing risks.

Compliance or the failure to comply with current and future environmental regulations could cause us significant expense.

We are subject to a variety of federal, state, local and foreign environmental regulations. If we fail to comply with any present or future regulations, we could be subject to liabilities, the suspension of production or prohibitions on the sale of our products. In addition, such regulations could require us to incur other significant expenses to comply with environmental regulations, including expenses associated with the redesign of any non-compliant product. From time to time new regulations are enacted, and it is difficult to anticipate how such regulations will be implemented and enforced and the impact that they could have on our operations or results. For example, in 2003 the European Union enacted the Restriction on the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive and the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive, for implementation in European Union member states. We are aware of similar legislation that is currently in force or has been considered in the U.S., as well as other countries, such as Japan and China. Implementation of and compliance with these laws may be costly or could otherwise adversely affect our business operations, which could negatively impact our financial position or cash flows. Our failure to comply with any such regulatory requirements or contractual obligations could result in us being liable for costs, fines, penalties or third-party claims, and could jeopardize our ability to conduct business in countries or jurisdictions where such regulations apply.

Failure to comply with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar laws associated with our international activities could subject us to significant civil or criminal penalties.

Failure to comply with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act could subject us to significant civil or criminal penalties. A significant portion of our revenues is generated from sales outside of the United States. As a result, we are subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (the “FCPA”). The FCPA generally prohibits U.S. companies and their intermediaries from making corrupt payments to foreign officials for the purpose of obtaining or keeping business or otherwise obtaining favorable treatment and requires companies to maintain adequate record-keeping and internal accounting practices to accurately reflect the transactions of the company. The FCPA applies to companies, individual directors, officers, employees and agents. Under the FCPA, U.S. companies may be held liable for the corrupt actions taken by employees, strategic or local partners or other representatives. If we or our intermediaries fail to comply with the requirements of the FCPA or similar legislation, governmental authorities in the U.S. and elsewhere could seek to impose civil and/or criminal fines and penalties which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flow.

Our business and future operating results are subject to global economic and market conditions.

Market turbulence and weak economic conditions, including those caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as concerns about energy costs, geopolitical issues, the availability and cost of credit, business and consumer confidence, and unemployment could impact our business in a number of ways, including:

Potential deferment of purchases and orders by customers: Uncertainty about global economic conditions could cause consumers, businesses and governments to defer purchases in response to flat revenue budgets, tighter credit, decreased cash availability and weak consumer confidence. Accordingly, future demand for our products could differ materially from our current expectations.

Customers’ inability to obtain financing to make purchases and/or maintain their business: Some of our customers require substantial financing in order to finance their business operations, including capital expenditures on new equipment and equipment upgrades, and make purchases from us. The potential inability of these customers to access the capital needed to finance purchases of our products and meet their payment obligations to us could adversely impact our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity. While we monitor these situations carefully and attempt to take appropriate measures to protect ourselves, including factoring credit arrangements to financial institutions, it is possible that we may have to defer revenue until cash is collected or write-down or write-off uncollectible accounts. Such write-downs or write-offs, if large, could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity. If our customers become insolvent due to market and economic conditions or otherwise, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity.

Negative impact from increased financial pressures on third-party dealers, distributors and retailers: We make sales in certain regions through third-party dealers, distributors and retailers. These third parties may be impacted, among other things, by a significant decrease in available credit. If credit pressures or other financial difficulties result in insolvency for these third parties and we are unable to successfully transition end customers to purchase our products from other third parties, or from us directly, it could adversely impact our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity.

Negative impact from increased financial pressures on key suppliers: Our ability to meet customers’ demands depends, in part, on our ability to obtain timely and adequate delivery of quality materials, parts and components from our suppliers. Certain of our components are available only from a single source or limited sources. If certain key suppliers were to become capacity constrained or insolvent, it could result in a reduction or interruption in supplies or a significant increase in the price of supplies and adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, credit constraints of key suppliers could result in accelerated payment of accounts payable by us, impacting our cash flow.

We may experience material adverse impacts on our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity as a result of weak or recessionary economic or market conditions in the United States, Korea, Germany, or the rest of the world.

Due to the international nature of our business, political or economic changes or other factors in a specific country or region could harm our future revenue, costs and expenses and financial condition.

We currently have significant operations in India, Korea, and Vietnam, as well as sales and technical support teams in various locations around the world. We continue to consider opportunities to expand our international operations in the future. The successful management and expansion of our international operations requires significant human effort and the commitment of substantial financial resources. Further, our international operations may be subject to certain risks, disruptions and challenges that could materially harm our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity, inclu ding:

In addition, some of our customer purchase agreements are governed by foreign laws and regulations, which may differ significantly from the laws and regulations of the United States. We may be limited in our ability to enforce our rights under these agreements and to collect damages, if awarded. Any of these factors could harm our existing international operations and business or impair our ability to continue expanding into international markets.

We conduct significant business in Korea, Japan, India, Vietnam, Europe, Middle East and Latin America, all of which subject us to foreign currency exchange rate risk.

We have in the past and may in the future undertake a hedging program to mitigate the impact of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations. The use of such hedging activities may not offset any or more than a portion of the adverse financial effects of unfavorable movements in foreign currency exchange rates over the limited time the hedges are in place. Moreover, the use of hedging instruments may introduce additional risks if we are unable to structure effective hedges with such instruments, which could adversely affect our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity. As such, our results of operations and our cash flows could be impacted by changes in foreign currency exchange rates.

Natural disasters, public health crises, political crises, and other catastrophic events or other events outside of our control may damage our facilities or the facilities of third parties on which we depend, and could materially impact our supply chain and the operations of our customers and suppliers.

Our global headquarters are located in California near major geologic faults that have experienced earthquakes in the past. An earthquake or other natural disaster or power shortages or outages could disrupt operations or impair critical systems. Any of these disruptions or other events outside of our control could affect our business negatively, harming our operating results. In addition, in the event any of our facilities or the facilities of our suppliers, contract manufacturers, third-party service providers, or customers, is affected by natural disasters, such as earthquakes, tsunamis, power shortages or outages, floods or monsoons, public health crises, such as pandemics and epidemics, including the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic to the extent not already occurring, political crises, such as terrorism, war, political instability or other conflict, or other events outside of our control, our business and operating results could suffer. Disasters occurring at our or our vendors’ facilities also could impact our reputation.

The telecommunications networking business requires the application of complex revenue and expense recognition rules and the regulatory environment affecting generally accepted accounting principles is uncertain. Changes in financial accounting standards or practices may cause adverse, unexpected financial reporting fluctuations and harm our business.

The nature of our business requires the application of complex revenue and expense recognition rules and the current regulatory environment affecting U.S. GAAP is uncertain. Significant changes in U.S. GAAP could affect our financial statements going forward and may cause adverse, unexpected financial reporting fluctuations and harm our operating results. U.S. GAAP is subject to interpretation by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and various bodies formed to promulgate and interpret appropriate accounting principles. In addition, we have in the past and may in the future need to significantly change our customer contracts, accounting systems and processes when we adopt future or proposed changes in accounting principles. The cost and effect of these changes may negatively impact our results of operations during the periods of transition.

Changes in government regulations related to our business could harm our operations, financial condition, and liquidity.

Our operations are subject to various laws and regulations, including those regulations promulgated by the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”). The FCC has jurisdiction over the entire communications industry in the United States and, as a result, our existing and future products and our customers’ products are subject to FCC rules and regulations. Changes to current FCC rules and regulations and future FCC rules and regulations could negatively affect our business. Non-compliance with the FCC’s rules and regulations would expose us to potential enforcement actions, including monetary forfeitures, and could damage our reputation among potential customers. The uncertainty associated with future FCC decisions may cause network service providers to delay decisions regarding their capital expenditures for equipment for broadband services. In addition, international regulatory bodies establish standards that may govern our products in foreign markets. The SEC has adopted disclosure rules regarding the use of “conflict minerals” mined from the Democratic Republic of Congo and adjoining countries and procedures regarding a manufacturer’s efforts to prevent the sourcing of such conflict minerals. These rules may have the effect of reducing the pool of suppliers who can supply “conflict free” components and parts, and we may not be able to obtain “conflict free” products or supplies in sufficient quantities for our operations. Also, we may face reputational challenges with our customers, stockholders and other stakeholders if we are unable to sufficiently verify the origins for the conflict minerals used in our products. In addition, governments and regulators in many jurisdictions have implemented or are evaluating regulations relating to cyber security, privacy and data protection, which can affect the markets and requirements for networking and communications equipment. We are unable to predict the scope, pace or financial impact of government regulations and other policy changes that could be adopted in the future, any of which could negatively impact our operations and costs of doing business. Because of our smaller size, legislation or governmental regulations can significantly increase our costs and affect our competitive position. Changes to or future domestic and international regulatory requirements could result in postponements or cancellations of customer orders for our products and services, which could harm our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity. Further, we cannot be certain that we will be successful in obtaining or maintaining regulatory approvals that could, in the future, be required to operate our business.

Industry consolidation may lead to increased competition and could harm our operating results.

There has been a trend toward industry consolidation in the communications equipment market for several years. We expect this trend to continue as companies attempt to strengthen or hold their market positions in an evolving industry and as companies are acquired or are unable to continue operations. We believe that industry consolidation may result in stronger competitors that are better able to compete as sole-source vendors for customers. This could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity. Furthermore, rapid consolidation could result in a decrease in the number of customers we serve. The loss of a major customer could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity.

DNI owns a significant amount of our outstanding common stock and has the ability to exert significant influence or control over any matters that require stockholder approval, including the election of directors and the approval of certain transactions, and DNI’s interests may conflict with our interests and the interests of other stockholders.

As of March 31, 2020, DNI owned approximately 44.1% of the outstanding shares of our common stock, representing a significant amount of the votes entitled to be cast by the holders of our outstanding common stock at a stockholder meeting. Due to its significant ownership percentage of our common stock, DNI has the ability to substantially influence or control the outcome of any matter submitted for the vote of our stockholders, including the election of directors and the approval of certain transactions. The interests of DNI may conflict with the interests of our other stockholders or with holders of our indebtedness and may cause us to take actions that our other stockholders or holders of our indebtedness do not view as beneficial.

DNI’s large concentration of stock ownership may make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us or discourage a third party from seeking to acquire us. Any potential third-party acquirer would most likely need to negotiate any such transaction with DNI, and the interests of DNI with respect to such transaction may be different from the interests of our other stockholders or with holders of our indebtedness.

Additionally, two of the Company’s directors serve as executive officers of DNI – Min Woo Nam is the Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of Directors of DNI and Choon Yul Yoo is the Chief Operating Officer of DNI. Messrs. Nam and Yoo owe fiduciary duties to us and, in addition, have duties to DNI. As a result, these directors may face real or apparent conflicts of interest with respect to matters affecting both us and DNI.

Our amended and restated bylaws provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the sole and exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders (except for causes of action arising under the federal securities laws), which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or employees.

Our amended and restated bylaws ~~(our~~(the “Bylaws”) provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the sole and exclusive forum for:

These exclusive forum provisions may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and other employees. If a court were to find the exclusive forum provision in our Bylaws to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving the dispute in other jurisdictions, which could seriously harm our business. For example, theThe Supreme Court ~~of Chancery~~ of the State of Delaware recently determined that the exclusive forum provision of federal district courts of the United States for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act is ~~not~~ enforceable. ~~However, this decision~~

The limitation of liability and indemnification provisions could harm our stockholders’ investments and discourage them from suing our directors for breach of their fiduciary duties.

The limitation of liability and indemnification provisions in our Certificate of Incorporation, as restated, may discourage stockholders from bringing a lawsuit against directors for breach of their fiduciary duties. They may also reduce the likelihood of derivative litigation against directors and officers, even though an action, if successful, might benefit us and our stockholders. A stockholder’s investment may be ~~reviewed~~harmed to the extent we pay the costs of settlement and ~~ultimately overturned~~damage awards against directors and officers pursuant to these indemnification provisions. Insofar as indemnification for liabilities under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers or persons controlling us pursuant to the foregoing provisions, we have been informed that in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable. There is no pending litigation or proceeding naming any of our directors or officers as to which indemnification is being sought, nor are we aware of any pending or threatened litigation that may result in claims for indemnification by any director or officer.

There is a limited public market for our common stock. The average daily trading volume in our common stock during the ~~Delaware Supreme Court.~~3 months ended March 31, 2020 was approximately 67,000 shares per day. We cannot provide assurances that a more active trading market will develop or be sustained. As a result of low trading volume in our common stock, the purchase or sale of a relatively small number of shares of our common stock could result in significant price fluctuations and it may be difficult for holders to sell their shares without depressing the market price of our common stock.

DNI, our largest stockholder, owned 9.5 million shares of our common stock as of March 31, 2020 and has the right to require us to register, from time to time, the resale of those shares with the SEC. If DNI were to exercise its registration rights, its shares would become eligible for resale upon registration without restriction as to volume limitations. Our stock price could suffer a significant decline as a result of any sudden increase in the number of shares sold in the public market or market perception that the increased number of shares available for sale will exceed the demand for our common stock.

We do not expect to declare or pay dividends in the foreseeable future, as we anticipate that we will invest future earnings in the development and growth of our business. Therefore, holders of our common stock will not receive any return on their investment unless they sell their securities, and holders may be unable to sell their securities on favorable terms or at all.

Future issuances of additional equity securities could result in dilution of existing stockholders’ equity ownership.

We may determine from time to time to issue additional equity securities to raise additional capital, support growth, or, as we have in recent years, to make acquisitions. Further, we may issue stock options, grant restricted stock awards or other equity awards to retain, compensate and/or motivate our employees and directors. These issuances of our securities could dilute the voting and economic interests of existing stockholders.

The exhibits required to be filed with this quarterly report on Form 10-Q are listed in the Exhibit Index attached hereto and are incorporated herein by reference.

Pursuant to the ~~retirements~~requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

Delaware		22-3509099
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

~~7195 Oakport Street~~1350 South Loop Road, Suite 130 ~~Oakland,~~Alameda, California		~~94621~~94502
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip code)

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered

Common stock, $0.001 par value	DZSI	The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐☒
Non-accelerated filer	☒☐	Smaller reporting company	☒
		Emerging growth company	☐


~~Title of each class~~	~~Trading~~ ~~Symbol(s)~~	~~Name of each exchange on which registered~~
~~Common stock, $0.001 par value~~	~~DZSI~~	~~The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC~~
As of May 5, ~~2019,~~2020 there were ~~16,607,157~~21,513,373 shares outstanding of the registrant’s common stock, $0.001 par value.

		Page
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.	Financial Statements	3
	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets	3
	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive ~~Income (Loss)~~Loss	4
	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity and Non-Controlling Interest	5
	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	6
	Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	7
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	2623
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	3432
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	3432

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	3633
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	3633
Item 5.	Other Information	50
Item 6.	Exhibits	3750
	Signatures	3852

	Contract Assets			Contract Liabilities
December 31, 2019	$	16,680		$	6,797
March 31, 2020		3,128			6,457
Decrease	$	(13,552	)	$	(340	)

Purchase consideration
Cash consideration	$	11,776
Working capital adjustment: cash received from lockbox mechanism		(2,497	)
Adjusted purchase consideration	$	9,279

Allocation of purchase consideration
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	4,582
Accounts receivable - trade, net		6,820
Other receivables		798
Inventories		9,943
Property, plant and equipment		983
Other assets		163
Intangible assets		12,030
Accounts payable - trade		(3,303	)
Short-term debt		(4,582	)
Contract liabilities		(364	)
Accrued liabilities		(3,614	)
Deferred tax liabilities		(1,071	)
Pension obligations		(12,656	)
Other long term liabilities		(116	)
Bargain purchase gain		(334	)
Total purchase consideration	$	9,279

	Estimated Fair Value (in thousands)		Estimated Useful Life
Intangible assets acquired
Customer relationship	$	3,667	5 years
Trade name		3,208	5 years
Technology - developed core		5,155	5 years
Total intangible assets	$	12,030

	Pro Forma Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019			2018
Pro forma net revenues	$	74,089		$	69,835
Pro forma net income (loss) attributable to DASAN Zhone Solutions, Inc.		(1,301	)		121

	March 31, 2019			December 31, 2018
Gross accounts receivable	$	70,189		$	71,945
Less: allowance for doubtful accounts		(544	)		(328	)
Total accounts receivable, net	$	69,645		$	71,617

	March 31, 2019		December 31, 2018
Beginning balance	$	3,977	$	3,977
Less: accumulated impairment		—		—
Ending balance	$	3,977	$	3,977

	March 31, 2020			December 31, 2019
Gross carrying amount	$	4,980		$	4,980
Less: accumulated impairment		(1,003	)		(1,003	)
Goodwill, net	$	3,977		$	3,977

	March 31, 2019							March 31, 2020
	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net
Developed technology	$	8,109	$	(1,822	)	$	6,287	$	7,900	$	(3,335	)	$	4,565
Customer relationships		8,830		(1,572	)		7,258		8,727		(2,642	)		6,085
Backlog		2,179		(2,179	)		—
Trade name		3,142		(157	)		2,985		1,320		(506	)		814
Total intangible assets	$	22,260	$	(5,730	)	$	16,530
Total intangible assets, net								$	17,947	$	(6,483	)	$	11,464


Remainder of 2020	$	2,299
2021		2,862
2022		2,454
2023		2,454
2014		524
Thereafter		871
Total	$	11,464

Weighted average remaining life:
Developed technology	3.7 years
Customer relationships	5.7 years
Trade name	4.3 years

	Three Months Ended				Three Months Ended
	March 31,				March 31,
	2019		2018		2020		2019
Revenue by geography:
United States	$	9,578	$	16,551	$	7,598	$	9,578
Canada		923		971		767		923
Total North America		10,501		17,522		8,365		10,501
Latin America		6,585		7,958		2,241		6,585
Europe, Middle East, Africa		18,414		7,486		12,447		18,414
Korea		15,851		12,124		9,624		15,851
Other Asia Pacific		22,738		14,414		14,803		22,738
Total International		63,588		41,982		39,115		63,588
Total	$	74,089	$	59,504	$	47,480	$	74,089

	As of March 31, 2019
	Short-term			Long-term			Total
PNC Bank Facility	$	2,500		$	22,500		$	25,000
Working Capital Loan		4,488			—			4,488
Bank and Trade Facilities - Foreign Operations		18,905			—			18,905
Related Party		—			9,118			9,118
	$	25,893		$	31,618		$	57,511
Less: unamortized deferred financing costs on the PNC Bank Facility		(812	)		(1,299	)		(2,111	)
	$	25,081		$	30,319		$	55,400

	As of December 31, 2018						December 31, 2019
	Short-term		Long-term		Total		Short-term			Long-term			Total
Wells Fargo Bank Facility	$	7,000		—	$	7,000
PNC Credit Facilities							$	2,500		$	10,625		$	13,125
Bank and Trade Facilities - Foreign Operations		24,762		—		24,762		15,779			—			15,779
Related Party		—		14,142		14,142		—			9,096			9,096
	$	31,762	$	14,142	$	45,904	$	18,279		$	19,721		$	38,000
Less: unamortized deferred financing costs on the PNC Credit Facilities								(795	)		(688	)		(1,483	)
							$	17,484		$	19,033		$	36,517

Year ended December 31, 2020	$	12,323
2021		—
2022		27,348
2023		—
2024		—
Thereafter		—
Total	$	39,671

		~~March 31,~~ ~~2019~~
~~Discount rate~~		~~1.70%~~
~~Rate of pension increase~~		~~1.70%~~
~~Retirement age~~		~~62-64 years~~

Periodic benefit costs were as follows (in thousands):
	March 31, 2020		March 31, 2019
Interest costs	$	38	$	100
Net amortization costs		5		—
Period costs	$	43	$	100

	March 31, 2020	December 31, 2019
Discount rate	1.5%	0.9%
Rate of pension increase	1.7%	1.7%

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019
Beginning non-controlling interests	$	615
Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests		181
Foreign currency translation adjustments (OCI)		(1	)
Ending non-controlling interests	$	795

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 (in thousands)		March 31, 2020		March 31, 2019
Operating lease cost	$	1,123	$	1,410	$	1,123
Variable lease cost		164		158		164
Short-term lease cost				36		101
Total net lease cost	$	1,287	$	1,604	$	1,388

Lease Assets and Liabilities
Assets:
Right-of-use assets from operating leases	$	21,193

Liabilities:
Operating lease liabilities - current	$	4,261
Operating lease liabilities - non-current		18,103
Total operating lease liabilities	$	22,364

Weighted average remaining lease term	3.48 years
Weighted average discount rate		6	%

Remainder of 2019	$	3,892
2020		4,317
Remainder of 2020				$	3,793
2021		3,993			4,825
2022		3,860			4,417
2023		3,732			3,991
2024					3,553
Thereafter		6,582			3,376
Total operating lease payments	$	26,376			23,955
Less: imputed interest		(4,012	)		(3,283	)
Total operating lease liabilities	$	22,364		$	20,672

	Operating Leases
Year ending December 31:
2019	$	4,100
2020		3,005
2021		2,590
2022		2,664
2023		2,494
Thereafter		5,929
Total minimum lease payments	$	20,782

Exhibit Number		Description

2.1		Share Transfer Agreement dated as of July 31, 2019 by and between Handysoft, Inc. and DASAN Zhone Solutions, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on August 5, 2019).

10.1		~~Revolving Credit, Term~~ Loan ~~Guaranty~~Agreement dated March 3, 2020 and ~~Security Agreements, dated~~entered into as of ~~February 27, 2019,~~March 4, 2020 by and ~~among~~between DASAN ~~Zhone~~Networks, Inc. and DASAN Network Solutions, Inc. ~~various of its subsidiaries and PNC Bank, National Association and Citibank, N.A~~(Korea) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 10, 2020).

10.2		~~Export-Import Revolving Credit, Guaranty and Security~~Intellectual Property Pledge Agreement dated March 3, 2020 and entered into as of ~~February 27, 2019,~~March 4, 2020 by and ~~among~~between DASAN ~~Zhone~~Networks, Inc. and DASAN Network Solutions, Inc. ~~various of its subsidiaries PNC Bank, National Association and Citi Bank, N.A.~~(Korea) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 10, 2020).

10.3		~~Amendment 1 to Loan~~Share Pledge Agreement dated ~~February 25, 2019,~~March 3, 2020 and entered into as of March 4, 2020 by and ~~between~~among DASAN Networks, Inc. ~~and Dasan~~, DASAN Network Solutions, Inc. ~~under existing loan agreement for KRW6.5 billion~~(Korea) and DASAN Network Solutions, Inc. (California) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 10, 2020).

10.4		~~Amendment 1 to Loan~~ Agreement of Sublease dated February ~~25, 2019,~~24, 2020 by and between ~~DASAN~~Huawei Technologies USA, Inc. and Dasan Zhone Solutions, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 2, 2020).

10.5		Agreement of Sublease dated February 24, 2020 by and between Futurewei Technologies, Inc. and Dasan ~~Networks,~~Zhone Solutions, Inc.~~, under existing loan agreement for $6.0 million~~ (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 2, 2020).

31.1		Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a)

31.2		Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a)

32.1		Section 1350 Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer
~~101.INS~~		~~XBRL Instance Document~~
101.SCH		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema

101.CAL		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase

101.DEF		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase

101.LAB		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase

101.PRE		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase

	DASAN ZHONE SOLUTIONS, INC.

Date: May ~~10, 2019~~11, 2020
	By:	/s/ IL YUNG KIM
	Name:	Il Yung Kim
	Title:	President and Chief Executive Officer

	By:	/s/ ~~MICHAEL GOLOMB~~THOMAS J. CANCRO
	Name:	~~Michael Golomb~~Thomas J. Cancro
	Title:	Chief Financial Officer ~~Corporate~~and Treasurer
		(Principal Financial and ~~Corporate Secretary~~
		Accounting Officer)