Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 12b-2). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of ~~October~~April 15, ~~2019,~~2020, there were ~~945,922,482~~956,447,359 shares of the Registrant’s Class A common stock outstanding.

Zynga, the Zynga logo and other trademarks or service marks of Zynga appearing in this report are the property of Zynga Inc. Trade names, trademarks and service marks of other companies appearing in this report are the property of their respective holders.

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward looking statements reflecting our current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements related to industry prospects, our future economic performance including anticipated revenues and expenditures, results of operations or financial position, and other financial items, our business plans and objectives, including our growth strategies and intended product releases, the impact of the ongoing coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and our response to it, and may include certain assumptions that underlie the forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements often include words such as “outlook,” “projected,” “intends,” “will,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “target,” “expect,” and statements in the future tense are generally forward-looking.

We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy, short-term and long-term business operations and objectives, and financial needs. The achievement or success of the matters covered by such forward-looking statements involves significant risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including those described in “Part II. Item 1A. Risk Factors” of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment and industry. New risks may also emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all of the risks related to our business and operations, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking events and circumstances discussed in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q may not occur and actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated, predicted or implied in the forward-looking statements.

Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee that the future results, levels of activity, performance or events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur, and reported results should not be considered as an indication of future performance. Given these risks and uncertainties, readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements.

Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements for any reason to conform these statements to actual results or to changes in our expectations.

	September 30,			December 31,			March 31,			December 31,
	2019			2018			2020			2019
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	589,446		$	544,990		$	552,421		$	423,323
Short-term investments		790,776			36,232			708,513			938,173
Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $0 at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018		149,507			91,630
Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $401 at March 31, 2020 and $0 at December 31, 2019								166,065			140,078
Restricted cash		55,006			35,006			30,006			30,006
Prepaid expenses		22,817			26,914			31,311			27,533
Other current assets		15,907			12,505			15,830			16,557
Total current assets		1,623,459			747,277			1,504,146			1,575,670
Long-term investments		66,018			—			173,305			175,300
Goodwill		1,437,900			934,187			1,436,305			1,460,933
Intangible assets, net		247,299			118,600			215,758			233,005
Property and equipment, net		24,118			266,557			31,362			25,826
Right-of-use assets		139,048			—			132,305			136,972
Prepaid expenses		26,752			30,774			33,998			37,815
Other non-current assets		13,420			49,308			15,242			15,093
Total assets	$	3,578,014		$	2,146,703		$	3,542,421		$	3,660,614
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	25,953		$	26,811		$	18,564		$	27,799
Income tax payable		5,817			4,895			3,106			649
Deferred revenue		401,844			191,299			451,740			432,962
Debt		—			100,000
Operating lease liabilities		15,278			—			16,043			15,753
Other current liabilities		315,891			156,829			308,385			314,805
Total current liabilities		764,783			479,834			797,838			791,968
Convertible senior notes, net		564,309			—			576,666			570,456
Deferred revenue		965			1,586			1,618			567
Deferred tax liabilities, net		27,873			16,087			39,118			33,479
Non-current operating lease liabilities		132,225			—			126,036			130,301
Other non-current liabilities		149,424			52,586			145,566			158,413
Total liabilities		1,639,579			550,093			1,686,842			1,685,184
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock (Class A), $0.00000625 par value, and additional paid in capital - authorized shares: 2,020,517; shares outstanding: 945,762 shares as of September 30, 2019 and 861,111 as of December 31, 2018		3,873,712			3,504,713
Common stock, $0.00000625 par value and additional paid in capital - authorized shares: 2,020,517; shares outstanding: 955,826 shares as of March 31, 2020 and 950,042 as of December 31, 2019								3,927,962			3,898,695
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)		(152,610	)		(118,439	)		(155,891	)		(125,935	)
Accumulated deficit		(1,782,667	)		(1,789,664	)		(1,916,492	)		(1,797,330	)
Total stockholders’ equity		1,938,435			1,596,610			1,855,579			1,975,430
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	3,578,014		$	2,146,703		$	3,542,421		$	3,660,614

	Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended						Three Months Ended
	September 30,						September 30,						March 31,
	2019			2018			2019			2018			2020			2019
Revenue:
Online game	$	281,651		$	167,716		$	722,523		$	493,949		$	344,360		$	200,164
Advertising and other		63,642			65,527			194,673			164,571			59,407			65,239
Total revenue		345,293			233,243			917,196			658,520			403,767			265,403
Costs and expenses:
Cost of revenue		133,859			78,592			382,374			221,816			146,202			121,643
Research and development		137,487			71,124			401,461			199,340			197,845			161,880
Sales and marketing		120,836			55,613			336,376			159,346			123,171			102,011
General and administrative		26,774			23,144			73,517			71,977			28,203			21,504
Total costs and expenses		418,956			228,473			1,193,728			652,479			495,421			407,038
Income (loss) from operations		(73,663	)		4,770			(276,532	)		6,041			(91,654	)		(141,635	)
Interest income		6,597			1,421			7,929			5,031			5,525			443
Interest expense		(6,728	)		(133	)		(10,158	)		(147	)		(6,955	)		(1,263	)
Other income (expense), net		313,757			4,147			321,009			10,167			(2,330	)		3,375
Income (loss) before income taxes		239,963			10,205			42,248			21,092			(95,414	)		(139,080	)
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes		9,880			5			(3,177	)		6,194			8,511			(10,252	)
Net income (loss)	$	230,083		$	10,200		$	45,425		$	14,898		$	(103,925	)	$	(128,828	)

Net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders:
Basic	$	0.24		$	0.01		$	0.05		$	0.02		$	(0.11	)	$	(0.14	)
Diluted	$	0.24		$	0.01		$	0.05		$	0.02		$	(0.11	)	$	(0.14	)

Weighted-average common shares used to compute net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders:
Basic		943,350			860,988			935,701			863,062			952,502			926,230
Diluted		973,830			887,228			970,801			890,146			952,502			926,230

	Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended						Three Months Ended					��
	September 30,						September 30,						March 31,
	2019			2018			2019			2018			2020			2019
Net income (loss)	$	230,083		$	10,200		$	45,425		$	14,898		$	(103,925	)	$	(128,828	)
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Change in foreign currency translation adjustment		(30,666	)		(3,141	)		(34,304	)		(9,863	)		(28,915	)		6,963
Net change in unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale marketable debt securities, net of tax		82			42			133			150			(1,041	)		14
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax		(30,584	)		(3,099	)		(34,171	)		(9,713	)		(29,956	)		6,977
Comprehensive income (loss)	$	199,499		$	7,101		$	11,254		$	5,185		$	(133,881	)	$	(121,851	)

											Accumulated																		Accumulated
	Class A Common Stock				Additional Paid-In			Treasury			Other Comprehensive			Accumulated			Total Stockholders'			Class A Common Stock				Additional Paid-In		Treasury			Other Comprehensive			Accumulated			Total Stockholders'
	Shares		Amount		Capital			Stock			Income (Loss)			Deficit			Equity			Shares		Amount		Capital		Stock			Income (Loss)			Deficit			Equity
Balances at December 31, 2018		861,111	$	5	$	3,504,708		$	—		$	(118,439	)	$	(1,789,664	)	$	1,596,610
Balances at December 31, 2019																					950,042	$	6	$	3,898,689	$	—		$	(125,935	)	$	(1,797,330	)	$	1,975,430
Exercise of stock options and ESPP		5,097		—		5,304			—			—			—			5,304			2,511		—		8,802		—			—			—			8,802
Vesting of ZSUs, net of tax withholdings		2,487		—		—			(11,010	)		—			—			(11,010	)
Acquisition-related common stock issuance		63,795		1		253,902			—			—			—			253,903
Vesting of RSUs, net of tax withholdings																					3,273		—		—		(14,836	)		—			—			(14,836	)
Stock-based compensation expense		—		—		18,773			—			—			—			18,773			—		—		20,465		—			—			—			20,465
Retirements of treasury stock		—		—		—			11,010			—			(11,010	)		—			—		—		—		14,836			—			(14,836	)		—
Adoption of ASU 2016-13																					—		—		—		—			—			(401	)		(401	)
Net income (loss)		—		—		—			—			—			(128,828	)		(128,828	)		—		—		—		—			—			(103,925	)		(103,925	)
Other comprehensive income (loss)		—		—		—			—			6,977			—			6,977			—		—		—		—			(29,956	)		—			(29,956	)
Balances at March 31, 2019		932,490	$	6	$	3,782,687		$	—		$	(111,462	)	$	(1,929,502	)	$	1,741,729
Exercise of stock options and ESPP		3,885		—		1,727			—			—			—			1,727
Vesting of ZSUs, net of tax withholdings		3,849		—		—			(16,610	)		—			—			(16,610	)
Stock-based compensation expense		—		—		21,355			—			—			—			21,355
Retirements of treasury stock		—		—		—			16,610			—			(16,610	)		—
Equity component of convertible senior notes		—		—		114,974			—			—			—			114,974
Purchase of capped calls related to issuance of convertible senior notes		—		—		(73,830	)		—			—			—			(73,830	)
Net income (loss)		—		—		—			—			—			(55,830	)		(55,830	)
Other comprehensive income (loss)		—		—		—			—			(10,564	)		—			(10,564	)
Balances at June 30, 2019		940,224	$	6	$	3,846,913		$	—		$	(122,026	)	$	(2,001,942	)	$	1,722,951
Exercise of stock options and ESPP		1,452		—		5,490			—			—			—			5,490
Vesting of ZSUs, net of tax withholdings		4,086		—		—			(10,808	)		—			—			(10,808	)
Stock-based compensation expense		—		—		21,339			—			—			—			21,339
Retirements of treasury stock		—		—		—			10,808			—			(10,808	)		—
Equity component of convertible senior notes		—		—		(36	)		—			—			—			(36	)
Net income (loss)		—		—		—			—			—			230,083			230,083
Other comprehensive income (loss)		—		—		—			—			(30,584	)		—			(30,584	)
Balances at September 30, 2019		945,762	$	6	$	3,873,706		$	—		$	(152,610	)	$	(1,782,667	)	$	1,938,435
Balances at March 31, 2020																					955,826	$	6	$	3,927,956	$	—		$	(155,891	)	$	(1,916,492	)	$	1,855,579

										Accumulated
	Class A Common Stock				Additional Paid-In		Treasury			Other Comprehensive			Accumulated			Total Stockholders'
	Shares		Amount		Capital		Stock			Income (Loss)			Deficit			Equity
Balances at December 31, 2018		861,111	$	5	$	3,504,708	$	—		$	(118,439	)	$	(1,789,664	)	$	1,596,610
Exercise of stock options and ESPP		5,097		—		5,304		—			—			—			5,304
Vesting of RSUs, net of tax withholdings		2,487		—		—		(11,010	)		—			—			(11,010	)
Acquisition-related common stock issuance		63,795		1		253,902		—			—			—			253,903
Stock-based compensation expense		—		—		18,773		—			—			—			18,773
Retirements of treasury stock		—		—		—		11,010			—			(11,010	)		—
Net income (loss)		—		—		—		—			—			(128,828	)		(128,828	)
Other comprehensive income (loss)		—		—		—		��			6,977			—			6,977
Balances at March 31, 2019		932,490	$	6	$	3,782,687	$	—		$	(111,462	)	$	(1,929,502	)	$	1,741,729

Accumulated

Class A, B and C
Common Stock

Additional
Paid-In

Treasury

Other
Comprehensive

Accumulated

Total
Stockholders'

Shares

Amount

Capital

Stock

Income (Loss)

Deficit

Equity

Balances at December 31, 2017

870,660

$
5

$
3,426,500

$
—

$
(93,497
)

$
(1,691,768
)

$
1,641,240

Exercise of stock options and ESPP

1,510

—

3,311

—

—

—

3,311

Vesting of ZSUs, net of tax
   withholdings

2,748

—

—

(6,364
)

—

—

(6,364
)
Stock-based compensation expense

—

—

14,113

—

—

—

14,113

Repurchases of common stock

(11,306
)

—

—

(41,175
)

—

—

(41,175
)
Retirements of treasury stock

—

—

—

47,539

—

(47,539
)

—

Adoption of ASU 2014-09

—

—

—

—

—

4,024

4,024

Net income (loss)

—

—

—

—

—

5,609

5,609

Other comprehensive income (loss)

—

—

—

—

23,107

—

23,107

Balances at March 31, 2018

863,612

$
5

$
3,443,924

$
—

$
(70,390
)

$
(1,729,674
)

$
1,643,865

Exercise of stock options and ESPP

458

—

844

—

—

—

844

Vesting of ZSUs, net of tax
   withholdings

3,013

—

—

(7,609
)

—

—

(7,609
)
Stock-based compensation expense

—

—

17,369

—

—

—

17,369

Repurchases of common stock

(6,902
)

—

—

(24,243
)

—

—

(24,243
)
Retirements of treasury stock

—

—

—

31,852

—

(31,852
)

—

Net income (loss)

—

—

—

—

—

(911
)

(911
)
Other comprehensive income (loss)

—

—

—

—

(29,721
)

—

(29,721
)
Balances at June 30, 2018

860,181

$
5

$
3,462,137

$
—

$
(100,111
)

$
(1,762,437
)

$
1,599,594

Exercise of stock options and ESPP

1,767

—

4,771

—

—

—

4,771

Vesting of ZSUs, net of tax
   withholdings

2,150

—

—

(5,389
)

—

—

(5,389
)
Stock-based compensation expense

—

—

18,754

—

—

—

18,754

Repurchases of common stock

(2,241
)

—

—

(8,393
)

—

—

(8,393
)
Retirements of treasury stock

—

—

—

13,782

—

(13,782
)

—

Net income (loss)

—

—

—

—

—

10,200

10,200

Other comprehensive income (loss)

—

—

—

—

(3,099
)

—

(3,099
)
Balances at September 30, 2018

861,857

$
5

$
3,485,662

$
—

$
(103,210
)

$
(1,766,019
)

$
1,616,438

	Nine Months Ended						Three Months Ended
	September 30,						March 31,
	2019			2018			2020			2019
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss)	$	45,425		$	14,898		$	(103,925	)	$	(128,828	)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		59,818			29,363			18,862			21,080
Stock-based compensation expense		61,467			50,236			20,465			18,773
(Gain) loss from sale of building, investments and other assets and foreign currency, net		(314,093	)		497
(Accretion) and amortization on marketable debt securities, net		(2,231	)		(2,043	)
(Gain) loss from investments, foreign currency and sale of assets, net								923			154
(Accretion) amortization on marketable debt securities, net								(1,900	)		(153	)
Noncash lease expense		6,773			—			4,188			1,449
Noncash interest expense		7,094			—			6,210			—
Noncash consideration received		—			(1,494	)
Change in deferred income taxes and other		(22,167	)		(1,809	)		5,353			(20,374	)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable, net		(32,436	)		7,302			(27,294	)		(30,001	)
Prepaid expenses and other assets		3,509			(14,833	)		1,362			3,318
Accounts payable		(2,839	)		(18,613	)		(8,971	)		(14,293	)
Deferred revenue		206,154			43,758			20,713			86,474
Income tax payable		(5,142	)		(5,180	)		2,459			(5,361	)
Operating lease and other liabilities		157,447			(23,770	)		26,369			69,309
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities		168,779			78,312			(35,186	)		1,547
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of investments		(873,624	)		(267,435	)		(471,025	)		(29,756	)
Maturities of investments		40,500			384,300			605,444			8,500
Sales of investments		14,928			9,999			96,808			4,987
Acquisition of property and equipment		(18,799	)		(7,505	)		(8,546	)		(5,058	)
Proceeds from sale of building and other property and equipment, net		580,626			33
Proceeds from sale of property and equipment, net								26			46
Business acquisitions, net of cash acquired and restricted cash held in escrow		(301,816	)		(222,075	)		—			(299,357	)
Release of restricted cash escrow from business combinations		(10,000	)		(22,800	)
Other investing activities, net		—			375			(1,045	)		—
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		(568,185	)		(125,108	)		221,662			(320,638	)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of debt, net		672,152			—
Purchase of capped calls		(73,830	)		—
Taxes paid related to net share settlement of stockholders' equity awards		(38,428	)		(19,363	)		(14,836	)		(11,010	)
Repurchases of common stock		—			(73,811	)
Proceeds from issuance of common stock		12,521			8,925			8,802			4,939
Repayment of debt		(101,364	)		—			—			(1,364	)
Acquisition-related contingent consideration payment		(12,900	)		—			(48,100	)		—
Other financing activities, net		(324	)		—			—			(326	)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		457,827			(84,249	)		(54,134	)		(7,761	)

Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		6,035			(3,179	)		(3,244	)		11,605

Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		64,456			(134,224	)		129,098			(315,247	)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period		579,996			405,677			453,329			579,996
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period	$	644,452		$	271,453		$	582,427		$	264,749

Noncash investing activity:
Noncash investing activities:
Acquisition-related common stock issuance	$	253,903		$	—		$	—		$	253,903
Software acquired as noncash consideration		—			1,494

Noncash financing activities:
Unsettled stock option exercise							$	—		$	365

Zynga Inc. (“Zynga,” “we” or the “Company”) is a leading provider of social game services. We develop, market and operate social games as live services played on mobile platforms, such as Apple’s iOS and Google’s Android, and social networking ~~sites~~platforms, such as ~~Facebook.~~Facebook and Snapchat. Generally, all of our games are free to play, and we generate substantially all of our revenue through the sale of in-game virtual items and advertising services. Our operations are headquartered in San Francisco, California, and we have several operating locations in the U.S. as well as various international office locations in North America, Asia and Europe.

We completed our initial public offering in December 2011 and our Class A common stock is listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “ZNGA.”

The accompanying interim consolidated financial statements are presented in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). The interim consolidated financial statements include the operations of the Company and its owned subsidiaries. All ~~significant~~ intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in the consolidation.

The accompanying interim consolidated financial statements and these related notes should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2018.~~2019.

The accompanying interim consolidated balance sheets as of ~~September 30, 2019 and December~~March 31, ~~2018,~~2020, the interim consolidated statements of operations, statements of comprehensive income (loss) ~~and~~, statements of stockholders’ equity ~~for the three~~ and ~~nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, the~~ statements of cash flows for the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2020 and 2019 ~~and 2018~~ and the notes to interim consolidated financial statements are unaudited. These unaudited interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. In management’s opinion, the unaudited interim consolidated financial statements include all adjustments of a normal recurring nature necessary for the fair presentation of the Company’s statement of financial position and operating results for the periods presented. The results for the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of the results expected for the full fiscal year or any other future period.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts in the interim consolidated financial statements and notes thereto. Significant estimates and assumptions reflected in the financial statements include, but are not limited to, the estimated average playing period of payers that we use for revenue recognition, useful lives of property and equipment and intangible assets, accrued liabilities, income taxes, the fair value of assets and liabilities acquired through business combinations, contingent consideration obligations, the discount rate used in discounting our operating lease liabilities, the interest rate used in calculating the present value of the initial liability component of our convertible senior notes, stock-based compensation expense and evaluation of recoverability of goodwill, intangible assets and long-lived assets. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, there was 0 significant impact from discontinued games or from changes in our estimated average playing period of payers that required adjusting the recognition period of deferred revenue generated in prior periods.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we recognized $0.9 million of online game revenue and income from operations from games that have been discontinued as there is 0 further performance obligation. This change in estimate did not impact our reported earnings per share in the nine months ended September 30, 2018. For the three months ended September 30, 2018, there were no discontinued games that required adjusting the recognition period of deferred revenue generated in prior periods. Further, there were 0 changes in our estimated average playing period of payers that required adjusting the recognition period of deferred revenue generated in prior periods for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018.

In ~~August 2018,~~December 2019, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2019-12, “Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes”, which simplifies certain aspects of the accounting for income taxes by removing certain exceptions to the general principles and also clarifying and amending existing guidance to improve consistent application. The ASU requires a retrospective, modified retrospective or prospective transition approach for individual aspects of ASU 2019-12 and is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2020, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently assessing this standard’s impact on the consolidated financial statements.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments”, which requires the measurement and recognition of expected credit losses for financial assets held at amortized cost and replaces the existing incurred loss impairment model with an expected loss methodology, which will result in earlier recognition of credit losses. We adopted the ASU on January 1, 2020 by recording a $0.4 million cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings and a corresponding allowance for expected credit losses against our opening accounts receivable.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, “Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract”, which aligns the accounting for implementation costs incurred with a cloud computing arrangement accounted for as a service arrangement with the guidance in ASC Topic 350-40, Internal-Use Software todetermine which implementation costs should be capitalized. ~~The~~We adopted ASU ~~permits either~~2018-15 on January 1, 2020 through a prospective ~~or retrospective~~ transition approach, ~~and is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019,~~ with ~~early adoption permitted. The Company does not expect the adoption will have a~~no material impact to our consolidated financial ~~statements, but the Company is finalizing its assessment of the standard’s impact.~~statements.

~~In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02,~~ ~~“Leases (Topic 842)”~~ (“ASC Topic 842”) which requires a lessee to recognize assets and liabilities on the balance sheet for leases with lease terms greater than 12 months. For lessors, accounting for leases remains substantially the same as in prior periods. We adopted ASC Topic 842 on January 1, 2019 using the alternative transition approach provided in ASU 2018-11, ~~“Leases (Topic 842) – Targeted Improvements”, which allows initial application of the new standard by recognizing a cumulative-effect adjustment on the adoption date.~~

The adoption of ASC Topic 842 on January 1, 2019 resulted in the recognition of right-of-use assets of $9.1 million, which includes the elimination of our remaining prepaid rent and deferred rent balances, current operating lease liabilities of $7.6 million and non-current operating lease liabilities of $12.4 million. The adoption of ASC Topic 842 did not impact our consolidated statement of operations or consolidated statement of cash flows.

~~ASC Topic 842 also amends the provisions of ASC Topic 420~~ ~~– Exit or Disposal Obligations~~ ~~to eliminate the concept of cease-use lease liabilities and instead, requires companies to evaluate leases for impairment in accordance~~ ~~ASC 360 – Property, Plant, and Equipment~~. Accordingly, upon adoption, we derecognized our $10.9 million restructuring cease-use liability related to our Q2 2015 restructuring plan and simultaneously recognized an operating lease liability for an equal amount, with no associated right-of-use asset.

~~As part of the adoption, the new standard allows a number of practical expedients and exemptions. At transition, we elected the following:~~

~~There was no impact to our financial statements as a result of adopting ASC Topic 842. ASU 2018-11,~~ ~~“Leases (Topic 842) – Targeted Improvements”~~ also provides lessors with a practical expedient to not separate nonlease components from the associated lease component, similar to the expedient provided for lessees. However, the lessor practical expedient is limited to circumstances in which the nonlease component or components otherwise would be accounted for under the new revenue guidance and both (i) the timing and pattern of transfer are the same for the nonlease component(s) and associated lease component and (ii) the lease component, if accounted for separately, would be classified as an operating lease. We have elected this practical expedient.

~~Refer to Note 6 – “Leases” for further details on our lease arrangements as a lessee and lessor.~~

The following table presents our revenue disaggregated by platform (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,				Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018		2019		2018		2020		2019
Online game:
Mobile	$	265,836	$	149,095	$	672,449	$	431,952	$	328,671	$	182,833
Other⁽¹⁾		15,815		18,621		50,074		61,997		15,689		17,331
Online game total	$	281,651	$	167,716	$	722,523	$	493,949	$	344,360	$	200,164
Advertising and other:
Mobile		61,742		63,371		188,665		155,860		58,318		63,260
Other⁽¹⁾		1,900		2,156		6,008		8,711		1,089		1,979
Advertising and other total	$	63,642	$	65,527	$	194,673	$	164,571	$	59,407	$	65,239
Total revenue	$	345,293	$	233,243	$	917,196	$	658,520	$	403,767	$	265,403

The following table presents our revenue disaggregated based on the geographic location of our payers (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,				Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018		2019		2018		2020		2019
United States	$	212,567	$	153,752	$	578,828	$	432,289	$	243,250	$	172,061
All other countries⁽¹⁾		132,726		79,491		338,368		226,231		160,517		93,342
Total revenue	$	345,293	$	233,243	$	917,196	$	658,520	$	403,767	$	265,403

Durable virtual items accounted for ~~76%~~77% of online game revenue in the three months ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 and ~~58%~~66% of online game revenue in the same period of the prior year. Consumable virtual items accounted for ~~24%~~23% of online game revenue in the three months ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 and ~~42%~~34% of online game revenue in the same period of the prior year. The estimated weighted-average life of durable virtual items was 9ten months for ~~the both~~ the three months ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 and ~~2018.~~

~~Durable virtual items accounted for 72% of online game revenue in the~~ nine months ~~ended September 30, 2019 and 55% of online game revenue in~~for the same period of the prior year. Consumable virtual items accounted for 28% of online game revenue in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 45% of online game revenue in the same period of the prior year. The estimated weighted average life of durable virtual items was 9 months for both the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018.

We receive payments from our customers based on the payment terms established in our contracts. Payments for online game revenue are required at time of purchase, are non-refundable and relate to non-cancellable contracts that specify our performance obligations. Such payments are initially recorded to deferred revenue and are recognized into revenue as we satisfy our performance obligations. Further, payments made by our players are collected by payment processors and remitted to us generally within ~~30 days.~~45 days of invoicing. Our right to the payments collected on our behalf are unconditional and therefore recorded as accounts receivable, net of the associated payment processing fees.

Payments for advertising arrangements are due based on the contractually stated payment terms. The contract terms generally require payment within 30 to 60 days subsequent to the end of the month. Our right to payment from the customer is unconditional and therefore recorded as accounts receivable.

During the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, we recognized ~~$19.9~~$236.1 million ~~and $187.7 million, respectively,~~ of revenue that was included in the current deferred revenue balance on December 31, ~~2018.~~2019.

The increase in accounts receivable, net during the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 was primarily driven by sales on account during the period exceeding cash collections of current period and previously due ~~amounts, supplemented by an increase in accounts receivable related to the acquisition of Small Giant Games Oy (“Small Giant”).~~amounts. The increase in deferred revenue during the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 was primarily driven by the sale of virtual items during the period exceeding revenue recognized from the satisfaction of our performance ~~obligations, which includes the contribution from Small Giant.~~obligations.

Substantially all of our unsatisfied performance obligations relate to contracts with an original expected length of one year or less.

The following tables summarize the amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses and fair value of our short-term and long-term ~~investments~~debt securities as of ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 and December 31, ~~2018~~2019 (in thousands):

	September 30, 2019									March 31, 2020
			Gross		Gross							Gross		Gross
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized			Aggregate		Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized			Aggregate
	Cost		Gains		Losses			Fair Value		Cost		Gains		Losses			Fair Value
Short-term investments:
Short-term debt securities:
Corporate debt securities	$	680,672	$	158	$	(17	)	$	680,813	$	587,718	$	129	$	(432	)	$	587,415
U.S. government and government agency debt securities		107,999		3		(10	)		107,992
Certificates of deposit and time deposits		1,971		—		—			1,971
Foreign certificates of deposit and time deposits											77,847		—		—			77,847
Total	$	790,642	$	161	$	(27	)	$	790,776	$	665,565	$	129	$	(432	)	$	665,262

Long-term investments:
Long-term debt securities:
Corporate debt securities	$	8,022	$	19	$	—		$	8,041	$	118,770	$	154	$	(671	)	$	118,253
U.S. government and government agency debt securities		57,995		7		(25	)		57,977		54,994		58		—			55,052
Total	$	66,017	$	26	$	(25	)	$	66,018	$	173,764	$	212	$	(671	)	$	173,305

	December 31, 2018								December 31, 2019
			Gross		Gross						Gross		Gross
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized		Aggregate		Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized			Aggregate
	Cost		Gains		Losses		Fair Value		Cost		Gains		Losses			Fair Value
Short-term investments:
Short-term debt securities:
Corporate debt securities	$	36,230	$	2	$	—	$	36,232	$	814,817	$	148	$	(19	)	$	814,946
U.S. government and government agency debt securities										25,000		—		—			25,000
Foreign certificates of deposit and time deposits										53,786		—		—			53,786
Total	$	36,230	$	2	$	—	$	36,232	$	893,603	$	148	$	(19	)	$	893,732

Long-term debt securities:
Corporate debt securities									$	108,171	$	118	$	(1	)	$	108,288
U.S. government and government agency debt securities										66,979		33		—			67,012
Total									$	175,150	$	151	$	(1	)	$	175,300

As of ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, all of our short-term ~~investments~~debt securities have contractual maturities of one year or less and all of our long-term ~~investments~~debt securities have contractual maturities between one and two years.

Changes in market interest rates, credit risk of borrowers and overall market liquidity, amongst other factors, cause our short-term debt investments to fall below their cost basis, resulting in unrealized losses. As of ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2020, we had unrealized losses of $1.1 million related to our debt securities that had a fair value of $239.8 million. As of December 31, 2019 our unrealized losses related to debt securities were less than $0.1 million. As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, 0ne of our investments were in a continuous unrealized loss position for more than 12 months.

As of March 31, 2020, we did not consider any of our short-term or long-term ~~investments~~debt securities to be ~~other-than-temporarily~~ impaired. We do not intend to sell, nor do we believe it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell, any of the securities in an unrealized loss position. When evaluating our ~~investments~~debt securities for ~~other-than-temporary~~ impairment, we review factors such as the ~~length of time and~~ extent to which the fair value ~~has been below its~~is less than the amortized cost basis, changes in interest rates since the purchase of the security, the financial condition of the issuer, ~~our ability and intent to hold~~including changes in credit ratings, the remaining payment terms of the security, as well as any adverse conditions specifically related to ~~maturity and whether it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell~~ the ~~investment before recovery~~security, the issuer’s industry or its geographic area.

The net loss recognized as a component of other income (expense), net in our consolidated statement of operations associated with our mutual fund equity investments totaled $0.9 million during the ~~amortized cost basis.~~three months ended March 31, 2020. The Company held 0 equity investments during the three months ended March 31, 2019.

~~Our~~The composition of our financial assets ~~consist~~and liabilities as of ~~cash equivalents, short-term~~March 31, 2020 and ~~long-term investments and accounts receivable, net. Cash equivalents, short-term investments and long-term investments, which consist~~December 31, 2019 among the three levels of ~~money market funds, corporate debt securities, U.S. government and government agency debt securities and~~ ~~certificates of deposit and time deposits, are reported at fair value. Accounts receivable, net are stated at the net realizable amount, which approximates fair value.~~

Our financial liabilities consist of accounts payable and accrued liabilities, contingent consideration obligations and our debt. Accounts payable and accrued liabilities are stated at the invoiced or estimated payout amount, respectively, and approximate fair value. Contingent consideration obligations, which are the result of business acquisitions, are reported at fair value. With respect the fair value ofhierarchy are as follows (in thousands):

	March 31, 2020
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	246,052	$	—	$	—	$	246,052
Corporate debt securities		—		29,990		—		29,990
Foreign certificates of deposit and time deposits		—		4,786		—		4,786
Short-term investments:
Corporate debt securities		—		587,415		—		587,415
Foreign certificates of deposit and time deposits		—		77,847		—		77,847
Mutual funds		—		43,251		—		43,251
Long-term investments:
Corporate debt securities		—		118,253		—		118,253
U.S. government and government agency debt securities		—		55,052		—		55,052
Total financial assets	$	246,052	$	916,594	$	—	$	1,162,646

Liabilities:
Contingent consideration	$	—	$	—	$	318,500	$	318,500
Total financial liabilities	$	—	$	—	$	318,500	$	318,500

	December 31, 2019
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	625	$	—	$	—	$	625
Corporate debt securities		—		151,770		—		151,770
Foreign certificates of deposit and time deposits		—		3,260		—		3,260
Short-term investments:
Corporate debt securities		—		814,946		—		814,946
U.S. government and government agency debt securities		—		25,000		—		25,000
Foreign certificates of deposit and time deposits		—		53,786		—		53,786
Mutual funds		—		44,441		—		44,441
Long-term investments:
Corporate debt securities		—		108,288		—		108,288
U.S. government and government agency debt securities		—		67,012		—		67,012
Total financial assets	$	625	$	1,268,503	$	—	$	1,269,128

Liabilities:
Contingent consideration	$	—	$	—	$	320,100	$	320,100
Total financial liabilities	$	—	$	—	$	320,100	$	320,100

The following table presents the activity for the three months ended March 31, 2020 related to our ~~debt, refer to Note 10 – “Debt” for further discussion.~~Level 3 liabilities (in thousands):

As of ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, our contingent consideration obligations represent the estimated fair value of the additional consideration payable in connection with our acquisitions of Gram Games in the second quarter of 2018 and Small Giant in the first quarter of 2019.

Under the terms of ~~the Gram Games~~each acquisition, contingent consideration may be payable based on the achievement of certain future ~~profitability~~ performance targets during each annual period following the respective acquisition date for a total of three years, with no maximum limit as to the contingent consideration achievable. WeFor both acquisitions, we estimated the acquisition date fair value and each subsequent ~~reporting period fair values~~measurement of the contingent consideration obligation using a Monte Carlo simulation. The table below outlines the significant unobservable inputs used in estimating the fair value ~~measurement~~measurements of the Company's contingent consideration obligations at March 31, 2020, weighted by the relative fair value of each annual period’s obligation ~~were Gram Games’ projected performance, a risk-adjusted discount rate and performance volatility similar~~ to ~~industry peers.~~ the total obligation.

Changes ~~to projected performance of the acquired business could result~~in these unobservable inputs would have resulted in a higher or lower contingent consideration ~~obligation in the future. As of December 31, 2018, the estimated fair value of~~obligation.

Specific to the Gram Games ~~contingent consideration obligation was $49.0 million. As of September 30, 2019,~~acquisition, the estimated fair value of the contingent consideration obligation increased from $78.1 million as of December 31, 2019 to ~~$70.8~~$89.2 million as of March 31, 2020, primarily due to stronger than expected performance and the increased probability of achievement ~~and partially offset by a payment of $28.5 million to the former owners of Gram Games’ for its performance~~ during the ~~first annual earnout period.~~remaining performance periods. For the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, we recognized ~~$26.5~~$11.1 million ~~and $50.3 million, respectively,~~ of expense within research and development expenses in our consolidated statement of operations.

Specific to the Small Giant acquisition, contingent consideration may be payable based on the achievement of certain future profitability performance targets during each annual period following the acquisition date for a total of three years, with no maximum limit as to the contingent consideration achievable. We estimated the acquisition date and subsequent reporting period fair values of the contingent consideration obligation using a Monte Carlo simulation. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the contingent consideration obligation were Small Giant’s projected performance, a risk-adjusted discount rate and performance volatility similar to industry peers. Changes to projected performance of the acquired business could result in a higher or lower contingent consideration obligation in the future. At acquisition, the estimated fair value of the contingent consideration obligation decreased from $242.0 million as of December 31, 2019 to $229.3 million as of March 31, 2020. The decrease was ~~$98.0 million. As~~driven by a $121.6 million payment to the former owners of ~~September 30, 2019,~~Small Giant for its performance during the ~~estimated fair value of the~~first contingent consideration ~~obligation increased to $217.9 million, primarily due to~~period, partially offset by stronger than expected performance and the increased probability of ~~achievement.~~achievement during the remaining performance periods. Accordingly, for the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, we recognized ~~$34.3~~$108.9 million ~~and $119.9 million, respectively,~~ of expense within research and development expenses in our consolidated statement of operations.

We estimate fair value as the exit price, which represents the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between knowledgeable and willing market participants.

The valuation techniques used to measure the fair value of the Company’s financial instruments, all of which have counterparties with high credit ratings, were valued based on quoted market prices or model-driven valuations using significant inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market data. We use a three-tier value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:

~~Level 1 — Observable inputs that reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.~~

~~Level 2 — Includes inputs, other than Level 1 inputs, that are directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace.~~

~~Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity.~~

~~The composition of our financial assets and liabilities as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 among the three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows (in thousands):~~

September 30, 2019

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

Total

Assets:

Cash equivalents:

Money market funds

$
128,189

$
—

$
—

$
128,189

Corporate debt securities

—

179,784

—

179,784

Certificates of deposit and time deposits

—

1,831

—

1,831

Short-term investments:

Corporate debt securities

—

680,813

—

680,813

U.S. government and government agency debt
securities

—

107,992

—

107,992

Certificates of deposit and time deposits

—

1,971

—

1,971

Long-term investments:

Corporate debt securities

—

8,041

—

8,041

U.S. government and government agency debt
securities

—

57,977

—

57,977

Total financial assets

$
128,189

$
1,038,409

$
—

$
1,166,598

Liabilities:

Contingent consideration

$
—

$
—

$
288,700

$
288,700

~~The following table presents the activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 related to our Level 3 liabilities (in thousands):~~

~~We had 0 transfers between valuation levels from December 31, 2018 to September 30, 2019.~~

	September 30,			December 31,			March 31,			December 31,
	2019			2018			2020			2019
Computer equipment	$	25,554		$	20,624		$	25,469		$	25,029
Software		35,209			34,937			33,915			33,932
Land		—			89,130
Building and building improvements		—			203,873
Furniture and fixtures		11,761			10,321			12,840			11,567
Leasehold improvements		16,206			6,144			24,719			19,964
Total property and equipment, gross	$	88,730		$	365,029		$	96,943		$	90,492
Less: Accumulated depreciation		(64,612	)		(98,472	)		(65,581	)		(64,666	)
Total property and equipment, net	$	24,118		$	266,557		$	31,362		$	25,826

The following represents our property and equipment, net by location (in thousands):

	September 30,		December 31,		March 31,		December 31,
	2019		2018		2020		2019
United States	$	14,065	$	262,844	$	22,147	$	16,133
India						4,756		5,255
United Kingdom						3,086		3,223
All other countries		10,053		3,713		1,373		1,215
Total property and equipment, net	$	24,118	$	266,557	$	31,362	$	25,826

On July 1, 2019, the Company sold its San Francisco headquarters (the “Building”) and related land, including all preexisting leases between the Company and third-party tenants of the Building, to a third-party buyer for net proceeds of approximately $580.5 million (the “Building Sale”). In connection with the Building Sale, the Company de-recognized the related land, building and building improvements and all lessor related assets and liabilities, which resulted in a gain of $314.2 million within other income (expense), net in our consolidated statement of operations.

We determine if an arrangement is a lease at contract inception. If there is an identified asset in the contract (either explicitly or implicitly) and we have control over its use, the contract is (or contains) a lease. In determining if there is an identified asset, we apply judgment in assessing whether the supplier has a substantive substitution right based on the supplier’s practical ability to substitute the asset and the economic benefit to do so. If it is determined that a substantive substitution right exists, the contract is not a lease and is not accounted for under ASC Topic 842. With the respect to the servers utilized in certain of our hosting and data storage arrangements, the Company determined that a substantive substitution right existed given the location of the servers at the supplier’s premises, a lack of contractual restrictions preventing the supplier from substituting the servers throughout the period of use and the economic incentive for the supplier to substitute the servers as needed in order to efficiently handle varying levels of demand from its various customers.

In connection with the Building Sale, the Company executed a leaseback of approximately 185,000 square feet of the Building over a 12-year term, where we expect to continue operating our headquarters. The agreement provides the Company two separate options to extend the lease for eight years each and a third option to extend the lease for six years (for a total of an additional 22 years). At lease inception, the Company determined it was not reasonably certain to exercise any of the options to extend. The net initial base rent will be approximately $10.7 million for the first year of the lease and may increase by an annual amount not to exceed 3.25% per year.

Our remaining operating leases are also primarily for office facilities. Certain leases include options to extend the lease for a set number of years or early terminate the lease prior to the contractually defined expiration date. We include such extension periods in the lease term only when it is reasonably certain that they will be exercised and include such periods beyond the early termination date when it is reasonably certain the early terminations will not be exercised. As of September 30, 2019, the weighted-average remaining lease term for our operating leases was 10.1 years.

We record right-of-use assets, current operating lease liabilities and non-current operating lease liabilities in our consolidated balance sheet for operating leases with lease terms greater than 12 months. We have elected not to apply the balance sheet recognition requirements to leases with lease terms of 12 months or less (“short-term leases”). Additionally, we do not separate lease components from non-lease components and therefore allocate the entire consideration to the lease component(s).

Right-of-use assets represent our right to use an underlying asset during the lease term and operating lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of the total required fixed payments over the lease term, with the right-of-use assets further adjusted for any payments made prior to lease commencement, lease incentives received and/or initial direct costs incurred. Certain lease arrangements also include variable payments for costs such as common-area maintenance, utilities, taxes or other operating costs, which are based on a percentage of actual expenses incurred or a fluctuating rate which is unknown at the inception of the contract. These variable lease payments are excluded from the measurement of the lease liability.

In determining the present value of lease payments, we discount future lease payments using our incremental borrowing rate since the implicit rate in our various leases is unknown. The incremental borrowing rate is determined at lease commencement for each individual lease and is based on a number of factors, including relevant observable debt transactions, the current economic environment, lease term and currency in which the lease is denominated. As of September 30, 2019, the weighted-average incremental borrowing rate for our operating leases was 4.4%.

We recognize lease expense for operating leases and short-term leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Variable lease payments are recognized when the underlying uncertainty is resolved, which is generally when the obligation for those costs are incurred. These expenses are presented as operating expenses in the consolidated statement of operations. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, the components of lease expense were as follows (in thousands):

~~For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, supplemental cash and noncash information related to operating leases, excluding any transition adjustments, were as follows (in thousands):~~

As of ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, future lease payments related to our operating leases were as follows (in thousands):

Year ending December 31:	Operating Leases			Operating Leases
Remaining 2019	$	5,461
2020		21,189
Remaining 2020				$	16,335
2021		20,297			21,025
2022		16,709			17,289
2023		16,143			16,361
2024		13,844			14,109
2025					13,005
Thereafter		90,955			77,950
Total lease payments		184,598			176,074
Less: Imputed interest		(37,095	)		(33,995	)
Total lease liability balance	$	147,503		$	142,079

~~We do not have any leases that have not yet commenced that create significant rights and obligations as of September 30, 2019.~~

During the third quarter of 2018, we executed an assignment of our Oxford office lease associated with our fourth quarter 2017 restructuring plan. The original lease term ends in November ~~2022, with a lessee option to early terminate in November 2019.~~2022. All terms under the original lease were assigned in full to the assignee, with the assignee becoming primarily liable to make rental payments directly to the landlord. Further, the assignee was required to provide the landlord a security deposit equal to twelve months rent to be used by the landlord in the event of the assignee’s non-performance.

In connection with the assignment, the Company became secondarily liable in the event the assignee is unable to perform under the lease. Based on the current rent and related payments, the maximum exposure to the Company is estimated to be ~~$1.7~~$1.6 million as of ~~September 30, 2019.~~March 31, 2020. However, the lease is subject to periodic rate reviews which allow the landlord to make market adjustments to the rent and other related payments and accordingly, the maximum exposure may be greater than this amount. As of ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, the estimated fair value of this guarantee is not material.

~~As noted previously, prior~~Prior to July 1, 2019, wethe Company owned the building where ~~our~~its San Francisco headquarters is located and had operating lease arrangements with various third-party tenants for the remaining available office space. However, in connection with the ~~Building Sale,~~sale and leaseback of the building, effective July 1, 2019 (the “Building Sale”), the Company sold all preexisting leases between the Company and its tenants to the buyer. As a result, all lessor related assets and liabilities were de-recognized upon closing.

We do not separate lease components from non-lease components and therefore allocate the entire consideration in our contracts to the lease components. All of the lease and non-lease components qualify for accounting under ASC Topic 842.

For the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2019 the components of lease income were as follows, ~~(in thousands):~~

On January 2, 2019, we acquired 80% of all issued and outstanding share capital (including all rights to acquire share capital) of Small Giant, a Finnish Company, to expand our live service portfolio and new game pipeline, for total purchase consideration of $715.5 million. The remaining 20% will be acquired ratably for potential additional cash consideration payable annually based upon the achievement of specified profitability metrics by Small Giant during each of the three years following the closing. The equity rights and privileges of the remaining Small Giant shareholders lack the traditional rights and privileges associated with equity ownership and accordingly, the transaction is accounted for as if the Company acquired 100% of Small Giant on the acquisition date. The future payments associated with Zynga’s acquisition of the remaining 20% represent a contingent consideration obligation.

~~In the third quarter of 2019, we made an additional payment of $2.4 million related to customary closing working capital adjustments, bringing the total purchase consideration to $717.9 million.~~

The total purchase consideration – including the third quarter 2019 working closing capital adjustment – included $336.0 million in cash, $30.0 million of cash that was deposited into an escrow account for a period of 18 months as security for general representations and warranties, 63,794,746 shares of our Class A common stock valued at $253.9 million at the acquisition date and contingent consideration of $98.0 million at the acquisition date. We will record changes in the fair value of the contingent considerationwhich were recorded within ~~our consolidated statement of operations in each future reporting period as they occur (see Note 4 – “Fair Value Measurements” for further discussion on this estimate).~~

Additionally, in connection with the transaction, the Company executed noncompetition agreements with the management of Small Giant for a term of three years following the acquisition date. However, the acquisition date estimated fair value of the noncompetition agreements was not material.

The following table summarizes the acquisition date fair value of the tangible assets, intangible assets, liabilities assumed, contingent consideration payable and related goodwill acquired from Small Giant (in thousands):

~~The fair value of our intangible assets,~~other income (expense), net ~~was determined using a risk-adjusted, discounted cash flow model.~~

Certain amounts noted above are preliminary and subject to change during the respective measurement period (up to one year from the acquisition date) as we obtain additional information for the preliminary fair value estimates of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The primary preliminary estimates that are not yet finalized relate to certain tangible assets and liabilities assumed, identifiable intangible assets, income and non-income based taxes and residual goodwill.

Goodwill, which is non-deductible for tax purposes, represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired and is primarily attributable to the assembled workforce of the acquired business and expected synergies at the time of the acquisition. The weighted-average amortization period of the acquired intangible assets was 5.3 years at acquisition.

~~The results of operations from Small Giant have been included~~ in our consolidated statement of operations since the date of acquisition. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, Small Giant represented $62.4 million and $112.3 million of our total revenue, respectively, and reduced our consolidated net income with $6.6 million and $77.8 million of net losses, respectively. Transaction costs incurred by the Company in connection with the Small Giant acquisition, including transfer taxes and professional fees, were $7.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and were recorded within general and administrative expenses in our consolidated statements of operations.

The following table summarizes the pro forma consolidated information of the Company assuming the acquisition of Small Giant had occurred as of January 1, 2018. The unaudited pro forma information for all periods presented includes the business combination accounting effects resulting from the acquisition, including amortization for intangible assets acquired, depreciation expense for tangible assets acquired, and recognition of tax benefits primarily related to the amortization of the intangible asset deferred tax liability. The unaudited pro forma financial information as presented below is for informational purposes only and is not necessarily indicative of the results of operations that would have been achieved if the acquisition had taken place at the beginning of 2018.(in thousands):

The significant nonrecurring adjustments reflected in the pro forma consolidated information above include the reclassification of the transactions costs and the related income tax impacts incurred after the acquisition to the earliest period presented. Further, the pro forma consolidated net income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 include the $34.3 million and $119.9 million of expense, respectively, recorded to Zynga’s consolidated statement of operations related to the increase in the estimated fair value of the Small Giant contingent consideration payable.

The following table presents the changes to goodwill for the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 (in thousands):

Goodwill – December 31, 2018 ⁽¹⁾	$	934,187
Goodwill – December 31, 2019 ⁽¹⁾				$	1,460,933
Additions		531,748			—
Foreign currency translation adjustments ⁽²⁾		(28,035	)		(24,628	)
Goodwill – September 30, 2019 ⁽¹⁾	$	1,437,900
Goodwill – March 31, 2020 ⁽¹⁾				$	1,436,305

The details of our acquisition-related intangible assets as of ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 and December 31, ~~2018~~2019 are as follows (in thousands):

	September 30, 2019							March 31, 2020
	Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization			Net Book Value		Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization			Net Book Value
Developed technology	$	410,432	$	(210,099	)	$	200,333	$	411,003	$	(238,841	)	$	172,162
Trademarks, branding and domain names		63,368		(16,819	)		46,549		63,622		(20,276	)		43,346
Noncompetition agreements		8,390		(7,973	)		417		8,390		(8,140	)		250
Total	$	482,190	$	(234,891	)	$	247,299	$	483,015	$	(267,257	)	$	215,758

	December 31, 2018							December 31, 2019
	Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization			Net Book Value		Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization			Net Book Value
Developed technology	$	263,720	$	(167,664	)	$	96,056	$	415,466	$	(228,008	)	$	187,458
Trademarks, branding and domain names		32,772		(11,702	)		21,070		63,800		(18,587	)		45,213
Noncompetition agreements		8,390		(7,107	)		1,283		8,390		(8,056	)		334
Acquired lease intangibles		5,708		(5,517	)		191
Total	$	310,590	$	(191,990	)	$	118,600	$	487,656	$	(254,651	)	$	233,005

Our trademarks, branding and domain names intangible assets include $6.1 million of indefinite-lived intangible assets as of ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 and December 31, ~~2018.~~2019. The remaining assets were, and continue to be, amortized on a straight-line basis. Amortization expense related to intangible assets was ~~$16.5~~$16.4 million and ~~$50.6~~$17.6 million for the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. ~~Comparatively, amortization expense related to intangible assets was $9.3 million and $19.8 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively.~~

As of ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, the weighted-average remaining useful lives of our acquired intangible assets are ~~3.8~~3.3 years for developed technology, ~~6.0~~5.5 years for trademarks, branding and domain names, ~~1.3~~0.7 years for noncompetition agreements and ~~4.1~~3.7 years in total, for all acquired intangible assets.

As of ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, future amortization expense related to our intangible assets is expected to be recognized as shown below (in thousands):

Year ending December 31:
Remaining 2019	$	16,334
2020		65,126
Remaining 2020			$	49,003
2021		57,599		57,881
2022		50,379		50,660
2023		39,880		40,161
2024		6,657		6,693
Thereafter		5,204
2025				5,240
Total	$	241,179	$	209,638

~~On a consolidated basis,~~During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the provision for income taxes ~~increased $9.9~~was $8.5 million inand during the three months ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2019, ~~compared to~~ the ~~same period~~benefit from income taxes was $10.3 million, resulting in a net change of ~~the prior year.~~$18.8 million. The ~~increase~~net change was primarily attributable to a net increase in income tax ~~as a result of the Building Sale and an increase in expense related to the Base Erosion and Anti-Abuse Tax (“BEAT”). During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the benefit~~ from income taxes was $3.2 million and during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the provision for income taxes was $6.2 million, resulting a net change of $9.4 million. The net change was primarily attributable to a benefit generated from the post-acquisition statutory operating ~~losses~~profit from Small Giant and Gram Games and a change in our jurisdictional mix of ~~earnings, partially offset by an increase in expense related to BEAT and income tax as a result of the Building Sale.~~earnings.

On June 14, 2019, we issued $690.0 million aggregate principal amount of 0.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2024 (the “Notes”), including the initial purchasers’ exercise in full of their option to purchase an additional $90.0 million principal amount of the Notes, in a private placement to qualified institutional buyers in an offering exempt from registration under the Securities Act. The net proceeds from the issuance of the Notes was $672.2 million after deducting transaction costs.

The Notes are governed by an indenture (the “Indenture”) between us, as the issuer, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee. The Notes are senior unsecured obligations and rank senior in right of payment to all of our indebtedness that is expressly subordinated in right of payment to the Notes; equal in right of payment to all of our existing and future liabilities that are not so subordinated; effectively junior to any of our secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness; and structurally junior to all indebtedness and other liabilities of our current or future subsidiaries (including trade payables). The Indenture does not contain any financial covenants. The Notes mature on June 1, 2024 unless earlier converted, redeemed or repurchased in accordance with their term prior to the maturity date. Interest is payable semiannually in arrears on June 1 and December 1 of each year, beginning on December 1, 2019.

The Notes have an initial conversion rate of 120.3695 shares of our Class A common stock per $1,000 principal amount of Notes, which is equal to an initial conversion price of approximately $8.31 per share of our Class A common stock and is subject to adjustment in certain events. Following certain corporate events that occur prior to the maturity date or following our issuance of a notice of redemption, we will increase the conversion rate for a holder who elects to convert its Notes in connection with such corporate event or during the related redemption period in certain circumstances. Additionally, upon the occurrence of a corporate event that constitutes a “fundamental change” per the Indenture, holders of the Notes may require us to repurchase for cash all or a portion of their Notes at a purchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Notes plus accrued and unpaid interest.

Prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding March 1, 2024, the Notes will be convertible only under the following circumstances:

On or after March 1, 2024, holders of the Notes may convert all or any portion of their Notes regardless of the foregoing conditions. Upon any conversion, holders will receive cash, shares of our Class A common stock or a combination of cash and shares of our Class A common stock, at our election.

The Company may not redeem the Notes prior to June 5, 2022. On or after June 5, 2022, the Company may redeem for cash all or any portion of the Notes, at its option, if the last reported sale price of our Class A common stock has been at least 130% of the conversion price for at least 20 trading days during any 30 consecutive trading-day period ending on the immediately preceding date when the Company provides a notice of redemption. The redemption price is equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Notes to be redeemed, plus any accrued and unpaid interest.

As of ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, the conditions allowing holders of the Notes to convert have not been met and therefore the Notes are not yet convertible.

We separately accounted for the liability and equity components of the Notes. We determined the initial carrying amount of the $572.0 million liability component by calculating the present value of the cash flows using an effective interest rate of 4.1%. The interest rate was determined based on non-convertible debt offerings of similar sizes and terms by companies with similar credit ratings (Level 2 inputs). The carrying amount of the equity component, representing the conversion option, was $118.0 million and was calculated by deducting the initial carrying value of the liability component from the principal amount of the Notes as a whole. This difference represents a debt discount that is amortized to interest expense over the 5-year contractual term of the Notes using the effective interest rate method. The equity component is not remeasured as long as it continues to meet the conditions for equity classification.

We ~~allocate~~allocated transaction costs related to the issuance of the Notes to the liability and equity components using the same proportions as the initial carrying value of the Notes. Transaction costs initially attributable to the liability component were $14.8 million and are being amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over the term of the Notes. Transaction costs attributable to the equity component were $3.1 million and are accounted for consistently with the equity component of the debt.

The net carrying amount of the liability and equity components of the Notes was as follows (in thousands):

	September 30,			March 31,			December 31,
	2019			2020			2019
Liability component:
Principal	$	690,000		$	690,000		$	690,000
Unamortized debt discount		(111,686	)		(100,706	)		(106,224	)
Unamortized transaction costs		(14,005	)		(12,628	)		(13,320	)
Net carrying amount	$	564,309		$	576,666		$	570,456

Equity component, net of transaction costs	$	114,938		$	114,938		$	114,938

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2019		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019		Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
Contractual interest expense	$	431	$	504	$	431
Amortization of debt discount		5,408		6,304		5,518
Amortization of transaction costs		678		790		692
Total	$	6,517	$	7,598	$	6,641

As of ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, the estimated fair value of the Notes was ~~$687.0~~$717.9 million. We estimated the fair value based on the quoted market prices in an inactive market on the last trading day of the reporting period, which are considered Level 2 inputs.

In connection with the offering of the Notes, the Company entered into privately negotiated capped call transactions with certain counterparties (collectively, the “Capped Calls”). The Capped Calls have an initial strike price of approximately $8.31 per share, subject to certain adjustments, which corresponds to the initial conversion price of the Notes. The Capped Calls have an initial cap price of $12.54 per share, subject to certain adjustments. The Capped Calls are generally intended to reduce or offset the potential economic dilution of approximately 83.1 million shares to our Class A common stock upon any conversion of the Notes with such reduction or offset, as the case may be, subject to a cap based on the cap price. As the Capped Calls are considered indexed to our own stock and are equity classified, they are recorded in stockholders’ equity and are not accounted for as derivatives. The cost of $73.8 million incurred in connection with the Capped Calls was recorded as a reduction to additional paid-in capital.

Convertible Senior Notes and Capped Call Transactions – Impact on Earnings per Share

The 83.1 million shares underlying the conversion option of the Notes will not have an impact on our diluted earnings per share until the average market price of our Class A common stock exceeds the conversion price of $8.31 per share, as we intend and have the ability to settle the principal amount of the Notes in cash upon conversion. The Company computes the potentially dilutive impact of the shares of Class A common stock related to the Notes using the treasury stock method. Capped Calls are excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share, as they would be antidilutive under the treasury stock method.

In December 2018, the Company entered into a credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with Bank of America, N.A. that provides for a three-year revolving credit facility (the “Credit Facility”) in an initial aggregate principal amount of up to $200.0 million and is secured by a blanket lien on the Company’s ~~assets, excluding the Company’s San Francisco corporate headquarters.~~assets. In connection with the Building Sale and consistent with the terms of the Credit Facility, the borrowing capacity was reduced to $150.0 million on July 1, 2019. The Company may borrow, repay and re-borrow funds under the Credit Agreement until the third anniversary of the closing date, at which time the Credit Facility will terminate, and all outstanding revolving loans, together with all accrued and unpaid interest, must be repaid. Finally, the Company may use the proceeds of future borrowings under the Credit Facility for general corporate purposes.

At the Company’s option, revolving loans accrue interest at a per annum rate based on either (i) the base rate plus a margin ranging from 0.50% to 1.00%, determined based on the Company’s consolidated leverage ratio for the four most recent fiscal quarters (the “Consolidated Leverage Ratio”) or (ii) the LIBOR rate (for interest periods of one, two, three or six months) plus a margin ranging from 1.50% to 2.00%, determined based on the Company’s Consolidated Leverage Ratio (“LIBOR Loan”). The base rate is defined as the highest of (i) the federal funds rate, plus 0.50%, (ii) Bank of America, N.A.’s prime rate and (iii) the LIBOR rate for a one-month interest period plus 1.00%. The Company is also obligated to pay an ongoing commitment fee on undrawn amounts at a rate ranging from 0.25% to 0.35%, determined based on the Company’s Consolidated Leverage Ratio.

As of ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, we had 0 amounts outstanding under the Credit Facility.

Debt issuance costs associated with the Credit Facility were capitalized and ~~will amortize~~are amortized on a straight-line basis over the three-year term of the Credit Agreement, with the expense recorded to interest expense in our consolidated statement of operations.

	September 30,		December 31,		March 31,		December 31,
	2019		2018		2020		2019
Accrued accounts payable	$	50,419	$	22,669	$	52,805	$	41,443
Accrued compensation liability		42,069		41,554		23,031		52,495
Accrued restructuring liability		—		3,449
Contingent consideration payable		157,100		17,300		190,300		180,000
Accrued payable from acquisitions		55,000		35,000		30,000		30,000
Accrued lease incentive obligation		—		24,895
Value-added taxes payable		2,474		2,624		2,477		2,857
Other current liabilities		8,829		9,338		9,772		8,010
Total other current liabilities	$	315,891	$	156,829	$	308,385	$	314,805

~~Accrued~~Our accrued compensation liability represents employee bonus and other payroll withholding ~~expenses. Other~~expenses, while other current liabilities include various expenses that we accrue for transaction taxes, customer deposits and accrued vendor expenses.

	September 30,		December 31,		March 31,		December 31,
	2019		2018		2020		2019
Contingent consideration obligation	$	131,600	$	31,700	$	128,200	$	140,100
Accrued restructuring liability		—		7,613
Uncertain tax positions liability, including interest and penalties		15,255		10,065
Uncertain tax positions, including interest and penalties						15,061		15,851
Other non-current liabilities		2,569		3,208		2,305		2,462
Total other non-current liabilities	$	149,424	$	52,586	$	145,566	$	158,413

We recorded stock-based compensation expense related to grants of employee stock options, restricted stock units (“~~ZSUs”~~RSUs”) and ~~performance-based~~performance and market-based awards in our consolidated statements of operations as follows (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,				Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018		2019		2018		2020		2019
Cost of revenue	$	407	$	242	$	1,088	$	1,237	$	438	$	284
Research and development		12,029		12,039		35,982		31,027		10,703		11,715
Sales and marketing		3,046		2,232		8,453		6,282		3,063		2,487
General and administrative		5,857		4,241		15,944		11,690		6,261		4,287
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	21,339	$	18,754	$	61,467	$	50,236	$	20,465	$	18,773

The following table shows stock option activity for the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 (in thousands, except weighted-average exercise price and weighted-average contractual term):

	Outstanding Options									Outstanding Options
				Weighted-		Aggregate		Weighted-					Weighted-		Aggregate		Weighted-
				Average		Intrinsic Value of		Average					Average		Intrinsic Value of		Average
				Exercise		Stock Options		Contractual Term					Exercise		Stock Options		Contractual Term
	Stock Options			Price		Outstanding		(in years)		Stock Options			Price		Outstanding		(in years)
Balance as of December 31, 2018		36,185		$	2.35	$	57,510		6.23
Balance as of December 31, 2019											31,204		$	3.24	$	89,786		7.19
Granted		4,647			5.37						1,633			6.55
Forfeited, expired and cancelled		(2	)		2.80						(1	)		2.80
Exercised		(8,013	)		0.46						(1,506	)		2.92
Balance as of September 30, 2019		32,817		$	3.24	$	84,730		7.36
Balance as of March 31, 2020											31,330		$	3.43	$	107,133		7.13

The following table presents the weighted-average grant date fair value and the related assumptions used to estimate the fair value of our stock options:

	Nine Months Ended September 30,			Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019			2020
Expected term, in years		6			6
Risk-free interest rates		2.53	%		0.8	%
Expected volatility		43	%		36	%
Dividend yield		—			—
Weighted-average estimated fair value of options granted	$	2.41		$	2.35

The following table shows a summary of ~~ZSU~~RSU activity for the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020, which includes performance and market-based awards (in thousands, except weighted-average grant date fair value):

	Outstanding ZSUs							Outstanding RSUs
				Weighted-							Weighted-
				Average Grant Date		Aggregate					Average Grant Date		Aggregate
				Fair Value		Intrinsic Value of					Fair Value		Intrinsic Value of
	Shares			(per share)		Unvested ZSUs		Shares			(per share)		Unvested RSUs
Unvested as of December 31, 2018		52,482		$	3.49	$	206,254
Unvested as of December 31, 2019									40,188		$	4.23	$	245,951
Granted		12,844			5.53				16,083			6.84
Vested		(17,148	)		3.42				(5,512	)		4.22
Forfeited		(3,869	)		3.72				(935	)		4.30
Unvested as of September 30, 2019		44,309		$	4.09	$	257,878
Unvested as of March 31, 2020									49,824		$	5.08	$	341,294

On March 15, 2020, the Company granted performance-based awards to certain executive officers. The number of shares earned will range from 0% to 120% of the target number of shares granted, depending on actual operating cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2020 relative to pre-established thresholds. Shares earned (if any) based on the level of achievement will vest over a period of four years following the grant date, with 25% vesting on the one year anniversary of the grant date and the remaining quarterly thereafter, subject to continued service by the executives. The target number of shares granted totaled 0.6 million.

The Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense for the Performance RSUs using the accelerated attribution method over the requisite service period. The amount of stock-based compensation is determined based on the probability of achievement of the pre-established thresholds at each reporting period. If necessary, at each reporting period, the Company records a cumulative catch-up adjustment to reflect any revised estimates regarding the probability of achievement.

On March 15, 2020, the Company granted market-based awards to its executive officers, with two separate prescribed measurement periods. Both prescribed measurement periods began on the grant date, with the first prescribed measurement period ending on December 31, 2021 (the “Two-Year Market RSUs”) and the second period ending on December 31, 2022 (the “Three-Year Market RSUs”). The number of RSUs earned (if any) will range from 0% to 150% of the target number of shares, depending on actual achievement of specific tiers for Zynga’s total shareholder return (“TSR”) relative to the TSR of companies comprising the S&P MidCap 400 Index over the prescribed measurement periods. If Zynga’s TSR is negative during any measurement period, the number of RSUs earned is capped at 100% of the target number of shares for that prescribed measurement period.

Any shares earned will vest in three equal annual increments, beginning on March 15 of the year following the conclusion of each prescribed measurement period, subject to continued service by the executives. The target number of shares totaled 2.2 million each for the Two-Year Market RSUs and the Three-Year Market RSUs, for a total of 4.4 million target shares.

The Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense for the Market RSUs using the accelerated attribution method over the requisite service period. The amount of stock-based compensation was determined based on the estimated grant date fair value, calculated using a Monte Carlo simulation that considers the probability of achievement of the specific tiers on each of the Market RSUs. Based upon the Monte Carlo simulation, the estimated per share grant date fair value of the Two-Year Market RSUs and Three-Year Market RSUs was $7.37 and $7.41, respectively. The significant assumptions used in estimating the grant date fair value of each award include an expected volatility of 27%, a risk-free interest rate ranging from 0.5% to 0.6% and an expected dividend yield of 0. The estimated grant date fair value is not subsequently revised to consider anticipated or actual achievement during the prescribed measurement periods.

In April 2018, a share repurchase program was authorized for up to $200.0 million of our outstanding Class A common stock (the “2018 Share Repurchase Program”). The timing and amount of any stock repurchase will be determined based on market conditions, share price and other factors. The program does not require us to repurchase any specific number of shares of our Class A common stock and may be modified, suspended or terminated at any time without notice. The 2018 Share Repurchase Program is authorized to remain in effect until April 2022 and will be funded from existing cash on hand or other sources of funding as the Company may determine to be appropriate. Share repurchases under these authorizations may be made through a variety of methods, which may include open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions, block trades, accelerated share repurchase transactions, purchases through 10b5-1 plans or by any combination of such methods. During the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, 0 share repurchases were made under the 2018 Share Repurchase Program. As of ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, we had $173.8 million remaining under the 2018 Share Repurchase Program.

In November 2016, we announced that our Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program allowing us to repurchase up to $200.0 million of our outstanding shares of Class A common stock (“2016 Share Repurchase Program”). In 2018, we completed the 2016 Share Repurchase Program by repurchasing 18.2 million shares of our Class A common stock at a weighted-average price of $3.59 per share for a total of $65.4 million.

All of our stock repurchases were made through open market purchases under Rule 10b5-1 plans and subsequently retired.

The following table shows a summary of changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by component for the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 (in thousands):

On May 2, 2018, our founder, Mark Pincus, elected to convert certain outstanding shares of Class B common stock and all outstanding shares of Class C common stock controlled by Mr. Pincus and an affiliated investment entity into an equivalent number of shares of Class A common stock. As a result of Mr. Pincus’ conversion, the remaining shares of Class B common stock represented less than 10% of the total voting power of all Zynga stockholders and, accordingly, each remaining outstanding share of Class B common stock automatically converted into 1 share of Class A common stock. Each Zynga stockholder now has 1 vote per share on all matters subject to stockholder vote. Following the conversion, 0 shares of Class B or Class C common stock are outstanding and the total number of authorized shares of capital stock will be reduced to account for the elimination of the Class B and Class C common stock. Accordingly, beginning in the second quarter of 2018, the Company calculated basic and dilutive net income (loss) per share under a single-class method.

Basic net income (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding, including potential dilutive securities. In computing diluted net income (loss) per share, net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders is re-allocated to reflect the potential impact of dilutive securities, including stock options, unvested ~~ZSUs,~~RSUs, unvested ~~performance-based ZSUs~~performance and market-based RSUs and ESPP withholdings. For periods in which we have generated a net loss or there is no income attributable to common stockholders, we do not include dilutive securities in our calculation of diluted net income (loss) per share, as the impact of these awards is anti-dilutive.

The following tables set forth the computation of basic and diluted net income (loss) per share of common stock (in thousands, except per share data):

The following weighted-average employee equity awards were excluded from the ~~computation~~calculation of diluted net income (loss) per share because their effect would have been anti-dilutive for the periods presented (in thousands):

The amounts represented in the tables below reflect our minimum cash obligations for the respective calendar years based on contractual terms, but not necessarily the periods in which these costs will be expensed in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations.

We have entered into several contracts with licensors that contain minimum contractual and marketing commitments that may not be dependent on any deliverables. As of ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, future minimum contractual royalty payments due to licensors and marketing commitments for the licensed products are as follows (in thousands):

Year ending December 31:
Remaining 2019	$	14,336
2020		40,522
Remaining 2020			$	10,250
2021		160		19,250
2022		—		—
2023		10,000		10,000
Thereafter		—		—
Total	$	65,018	$	39,500

We have entered into several contracts primarily for hosting of data systems and other services. As of ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, future minimum purchase commitments that have initial or remaining non-cancelable terms are as follows (in thousands):

Year ending December 31:
Remaining 2019	$	3,618
2020		22,503
Remaining 2020			$	15,627
2021		15,958		13,209
2022		49		1,341
Thereafter		—		—
Total	$	42,128	$	30,177

Excluded from tables above is our uncertain income tax position liability of ~~$15.3~~$15.1 million, which includes interest and penalties, as the Company cannot make a reasonably reliable estimate of the period of cash settlement.

The Company is involved in legal and regulatory proceedings on an ongoing basis. Some of these proceedings are in early stages and may seek an indeterminate amount of damages. If the Company believes that a loss arising from such matters is probable and can be reasonably estimated, the Company accrues the estimated liability in its financial statements. If only a range of estimated losses can be determined, the Company accrues an amount within the range that, in its judgment, reflects the most likely outcome; if none of the estimates within that range is a better estimate than any other amount, the Company accrues the low end of the range. For proceedings in which an unfavorable outcome is reasonably possible but not probable and an estimate of the loss or range of losses arising from the proceeding can be made, the Company discloses such an estimate, if material. If such a loss or range of losses is not reasonably estimable, the Company discloses that fact. In assessing the materiality of a proceeding, the Company evaluates, among other factors, the amount of monetary damages claimed, as well as the potential impact of non-monetary remedies sought by plaintiffs that may require changes to business practices in a manner that could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s business. Legal expenses are recognized as incurred.

On September 12, 2019, we announced that an incident had occurred that may have involved player data (the “Data Incident”). Upon our discovery of the Data Incident, an investigation immediately commenced and advisors and third-party forensics firms were retained to assist. Our current belief is that, during the third quarter of 2019, outside hackers ~~may have~~ illegally accessed certain player account information and other Zynga information, and that no financial information was accessed. We have provided notifications to players, investors, regulators and other third parties, where we believe notice was required or appropriate.

Since March 3, 2020, three consumer class action complaints have been filed in connection with the Data Incident in federal court for the Northern District of California. On March 3, 2020, two plaintiffs – minor “I.C.” (acting through his parent Nasim Chaudhri) and Amy Gitre—filed a class action complaint arising out of the Data Incident (the “Chaudhri” complaint), generally alleging that Zynga failed to reasonably safeguard certain player information, including names, addresses, email addresses, passwords and more; failed to provide them with timely notification of the breach; and made unlawful representations over the safety and security of plaintiffs’ personal information. Plaintiffs allege claims against Zynga under several state law theories, including negligence, and unjust enrichment. The Chaudhri plaintiffs seek monetary relief and damages. Zynga’s response to the complaint is due May 8, 2020. The Company intends to defend itself vigorously against the claims asserted.

On March 23, 2020, plaintiffs Carol Johnson and Lisa Thomas (the “Johnson” complaint) filed a second class action complaint in the Northern District of California federal court. Similar to the Chaudhri complaint, the Johnson plaintiffs—residents of Missouri and Wisconsin—assert Zynga failed to adequately protect their personally identifiable player information (“PII”), including names, email addresses, passwords, password reset tokens, and phone numbers (among other items). Plaintiffs contend that, despite Zynga’s representations in its privacy policy that sensitive player information would be adequately protected, plaintiffs’ PII was improperly stored in plain text formatting, and inadequate encryption methods were used to store sensitive password information. Plaintiffs allege that the lack of adequate security measures caused them harm as a result of the Data Incident, and they assert numerous state law claims against Zynga, including claims for negligence, negligence per se, unjust enrichment, and declaratory relief. The Johnson plaintiffs additionally assert claims for breach of confidence, breach of contract and implied contract, violations of California’s Unfair Competition Law (“UCL”, CGL 17200, et seq.), and state-specific violations of Missouri’s Merchandising Practices Act and Wisconsin’s Deceptive Trade Practices Act. Plaintiffs seek damages, as well as declaratory and injunctive relief. Zynga’s response to the Johnson complaint is due May 26, 2020. The Company intends to defend itself vigorously against all claims.

On April 15, 2020, plaintiffs Joseph Martinez IV and Daniel Petro, residents of Colorado and Iowa, filed a third class action complaint in the Northern District of California (the “Martinez” complaint). Plaintiffs allege they are longtime Zynga players who were affected by the Data Incident. Similar to the Chaudhri and Johnson plaintiffs, the Martinez plaintiffs generally allege that Zynga failed to adequately store and protect or otherwise secure their PII, including names, email addresses, passwords, and more; that Zynga failed to protect their PII by using outdated and unlawful password encryption methods; that Zynga failed to adequately provide notice of the Data Incident; and that they have been harmed as a result of the Data Incident. Like Johnson and Chaudhri, the Martinez plaintiffs assert claims for negligence, negligence per se, and unjust enrichment, as well as contractual claims, and claims for relief under multiple state consumer protection statutes. Additionally, the Martinez plaintiffs also assert misrepresentation and omission claims under California’s false advertising law and the California Consumer Legal Remedies Act. Plaintiffs seek injunctive and monetary relief on behalf of a nationwide class. Zynga’s response to the Martinez complaint is due June 19, 2020. As with Chaudhri and Johnson, the Company intends to defend itself vigorously against all claims asserted.

At this time, we are unable to reasonably estimate the loss or range of loss, if any, arising from ~~this matter.~~any of the above-referenced matters.

The Company is, at various times, also party to various other legal proceedings and claims not previously discussed which arise in the ordinary course of business. In addition, the Company may receive notifications alleging infringement of patent or other intellectual property rights. Adverse results in any such litigation, legal proceedings or claims may include awards of substantial monetary damages, expensive legal fees, costly royalty or licensing agreements, or orders preventing us from offering certain games, features, or services, and may also result in changes in the Company’s business practices, which could result in additional costs or a loss of revenue and could otherwise harm the Company’s business. Although the results of such litigation cannot be predicted with certainty, the Company believes that the amount or range of reasonably possible losses related to such pending or threatened litigation will not have a material adverse effect on its business, operating results, cash flows, or financial condition should such litigation be resolved unfavorably.

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

You should read the following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. The following discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates and beliefs. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those discussed below and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, particularly in “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors.” The forward-looking statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are made only as of the date hereof.

The human costs of the COVID-19 pandemic have been extraordinary, straining global capabilities and forcing massive societal change. We at Zynga remain focused on monitoring and assessing the COVID-19 pandemic and global response, and prioritizing the interests of our employees and players. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our operations began to materialize towards the end of the first quarter of 2020. Specifically, beginning in late March, as more individuals throughout the world sheltered-in-place, we began experiencing higher levels of player engagement in our games from current, lapsed and new players, as well as a decline in advertising prices across the industry. Additionally, in mid-March, our global workforce transitioned to remote working as we closed our offices, without any material disruption to our day-to-day operations. Currently, our global offices remain closed and our global studios are operating remotely, while we continue to assess the impact of the pandemic on the health and safety of our employees.

While we believe that we have been able to observe certain trends, we may not be able to determine the quantifiable impact primarily attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic on our results of operations and financial performance as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and for future periods. See Part II, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” included in this Quarterly Report on form 10-Q for further discussion of the possible impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business.

We are a leading provider of social game services with approximately 6768 million average mobile monthly active users (“MAUs”) in the ~~third~~first quarter of ~~2019.~~2020. We develop, market and operate social games as live services played on mobile platforms, such as Apple’s iOS and Google’s Android, and social networking ~~sites~~platforms, such as ~~Facebook.~~Facebook and Snapchat. Generally, all of our games are free to play, and we generate substantially all of our revenue through the sale of in-game virtual items (“online game revenue”) and advertising services (“advertising revenue”).

We are a pioneer and innovator of social games and a leader in making “play” a core activity primarily on mobile devices and social networking sites. Our objective is to become the worldwide leader in play by connecting the world through games.

Consistent with our free-to-play business model, a small portion of our players have historically been payers. For example, in the ~~third~~first quarter of ~~2019, we had approximately 1.2 million~~2020, our average mobile monthly unique payers (“MUPs”)~~, who~~ represented approximately 2.9% of our average mobile monthly unique users (“MUUs”) – for more information about the uses, estimates and limitations of these and other operating metrics, please see “Key Operating Metrics” below. Because the opportunity for social interactions increases as the number of players increases, we believe that maintaining and growing our overall number of players, including the number of players who may not purchase virtual items, is important to the success of our business. As a result, we believe that the number of players who choose to purchase virtual items will continue to constitute a small portion of our overall players.

Our top three online game revenue-generating games historically have contributed to a significant portion of our revenue, though the games that represent our top three online game revenue-generating games vary over time. Our top three online game revenue-generating games accounted for ~~45%~~48%, 45% and ~~44%~~45% of our online game revenue in 2019, 2018 ~~2017~~ and ~~2016,~~2017, respectively. With respect to advertising and other revenue, our Words ~~with~~With Friends games generated a substantial portion of our advertising and other revenue in 2019, 2018 ~~2017~~ and ~~2016.~~2017.

On January 2, 2019, we acquired 80% of all issued and outstanding share capital (including all rights to acquire share capital) of Small Giant to expand our live service portfolio and new game pipeline, for total purchase consideration of $717.9 million. The remaining 20% will be acquired ratably for potential additional cash consideration payable annually based upon the achievement of specified profitability metrics by Small Giant during each of the three years following the closing. The equity rights and privileges of the remaining Small Giant shareholders lack the traditional rights and privileges associated with equity ownership and accordingly, the transaction is accounted for as if the Company acquired 100% of Small Giant on the acquisition date. The future payments associated with Zynga’s acquisition of the remaining 20% represent a contingent consideration obligation.

The total purchase consideration included $336.0 million in cash, $30.0 million of cash that was deposited into an escrow account for a period of 18 months as security for general representations and warranties, 63,794,746 shares of our Class A common stock valued at $253.9 million at the acquisition date, and contingent consideration of $98.0 million at the acquisition date.

As discussed below under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Factors Affecting Our Performance”, mobile online game revenue is recognized ratably over the estimated average playing period of payers while platform fees are expensed as incurred. Accordingly, bookings from Small Giant’s ~~Empires & Puzzles~~ will initially be deferred and recognized into revenue ratably over the estimated average playing period of payers – which we expect will continue to result in a significant increase in deferred revenue in 2019.

We operate our social games as live services that allow players to play for free. We generate revenue primarily from the sale of in-game virtual items and advertising services. Revenue growth will continue to depend largely on our ability to attract and retain players and more effectively monetize our player base through the sale of in-game virtual items and advertising. We intend to do this through the launch of new games, enhancements to current games and expansion into new markets and distribution platforms.

Online game. We provide our players with the opportunity to purchase virtual items that enhance their game-playing experience. We believe players choose to pay for virtual items for the same reasons they are willing to pay for other forms of entertainment – they enjoy the additional playing time or added convenience, the ability to personalize their own game boards, the satisfaction of leveling up and the opportunity for sharing creative expressions. We believe players are more likely to purchase virtual items when they are connected to and playing with their friends, whether those friends play for free or also purchase virtual items. Players may also elect to pay a one-time download fee to obtain certain mobile games free of third-party advertisements.

In ~~2019,~~2020, our business continued generating a ~~higher~~significant percentage of revenue and bookings through mobile ~~platforms than through the Facebook platform.~~platforms. In the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, we estimate that ~~50%, 42%~~49% and 6%46% of our revenue and ~~49%, 46%~~48% and 4%47% of our bookings were generated on Apple ~~Google~~ and ~~Facebook platforms,~~Google, respectively, while in the same period of the prior year, we estimate that 51%~~, 37%~~ and 9%40% of our revenue and ~~51%~~49%, ~~38% and 9%~~45% of our bookings were generated on Apple ~~Google~~ and ~~Facebook~~Google platforms, respectively. This information is estimated because certain payment methods we accept and certain advertising networks do not allow us to determine the platform used.

On platforms other than Facebook, players purchase our virtual items through various widely accepted payment methods offered in the games, including Apple iTunes accounts, Google Play accounts, PayPal and credit cards. For all payment transactions in our games under Facebook’s local currency-based payments program, Facebook remits to us an amount equal to 70% of the price we requested to be charged to our player.

In addition, we also incur licensing fees related to the use of intellectual property within our games and our operating margins can be affected by the mix of player purchases from games in which we own the intellectual property as compared to games in which we license certain intellectual properties. For example, we use licensed intellectual property as creative assets in games such as Game of ~~Thrones~~Thrones™ Slots Casino, Hit It Rich! Slots, Wizard of Oz Slots and Wonka’s World of Candy, and we are developing new games using licensed intellectual property for Harry Potter™ and Star Wars™. While overall bookings within these games will benefit our revenue, a shift in the mix of our revenue towards such games using licensed intellectual property could decrease our operating margins.

Advertising and other. Advertising revenue primarily includes display ~~ads,~~advertisements, engagement ~~ads~~advertisements and offers and branded virtual items and sponsorships. Other revenue primarily consists of royalties received from the licensing of our brands.

We regularly review a number of metrics, including the following key financial and operating metrics, to evaluate our business, measure our performance, identify trends in our business, prepare financial projections and make strategic decisions.

Revenue and Bookings. Bookings is a non-GAAP financial measure that is equal to revenue recognized plus or minus the change in deferred revenue during the period. We record the sale of virtual items as deferred revenue and then recognize that revenue over the estimated average playing period of payers or as the virtual items are consumed. Advertising sales consisting of certain branded virtual items and sponsorships are also initially recorded to deferred revenue and then recognized ratably over the estimated life of the branded virtual item, similar to online game revenue, or over the term of the advertising arrangement, depending on the nature of the agreement. Bookings is a fundamental top-line metric we use to manage our business, as we believe it is a useful indicator of the sales activity in a given period. Over the long-term, the factors impacting our revenue and bookings are the same. However, in the short term, there are factors that may cause revenue to exceed or be less than bookings in any period.

We use revenue and bookings to evaluate the results of our operations, generate future operating plans and assess the performance of our company. While we believe that bookings are useful in evaluating our business, this information should be considered as supplemental in nature and is not intended to be considered in isolation of, as a substitute for, or as superior to, revenue recognized in accordance with U.S. GAAP. In addition, other companies, including companies in our industry, may calculate bookings differently or not at all, which reduces its usefulness as a comparative measure.

The following table presents a reconciliation of total revenue to total bookings for each of the periods presented (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,				Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018		2019		2018		2020		2019
Reconciliation of Revenue to Bookings:
Revenue	$	345,293	$	233,243	$	917,196	$	658,520	$	403,767	$	265,403
Change in deferred revenue		49,513		15,632		213,468		43,756		21,108		94,082
Bookings	$	394,806	$	248,875	$	1,130,664	$	702,276	$	424,875	$	359,485

The following table presents a reconciliation of mobile revenue to mobile bookings for each of the periods presented (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,				Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018		2019		2018		2020		2019
Reconciliation of Mobile Revenue to Mobile Bookings:
Mobile revenue	$	327,578	$	212,466	$	861,114	$	587,812	$	386,989	$	246,093
Change in mobile deferred revenue		49,983		17,422		216,143		47,102		21,510		95,305
Mobile bookings	$	377,561	$	229,888	$	1,077,257	$	634,914	$	408,499	$	341,398

Because of these limitations, you should consider bookings along with other financial performance measures, including revenue, net income (loss) and our other financial results presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

We manage our business by tracking several operating metrics: “Mobile DAUs,” which measure daily active users of our mobile games, “Mobile MAUs,” which measure monthly active users of our mobile games, “Mobile MUUs,” which measure monthly unique users of our mobile games, “Mobile MUPs,” which measure monthly unique payers in our mobile games, and “Mobile ABPU,” which measures our average daily mobile bookings per average Mobile DAUs, each of which is recorded and estimated by our internal analytics systems. We determine these operating metrics by using internal company data based on tracking of user account activity. We also use information provided by third parties, including third party network logins provided by platform providers, to help us track whether a player logged in under two or more different user accounts is the same individual. We believe that the amounts are reasonable estimates of our user base for the applicable period of measurement and that the methodologies we employ and update from time-to-time are reasonably based on our efforts to identify trends in player behavior; however, factors relating to user activity and systems and our ability to identify and detect attempts to replicate legitimate player activity may impact these numbers.

Mobile DAUs. We define Mobile DAUs as the number of individuals who played one of our mobile games during a particular day. Under this metric, an individual who plays two different mobile games on the same day is counted as two Mobile DAUs. We use information provided by third parties to help us identify individuals who play the same mobile game to reduce this duplication. However, because we do not always have the third party network login data to link an individual who has played under multiple user accounts, a player may be counted as multiple Mobile DAUs. Average Mobile DAUs for a particular period is the average of the Mobile DAUs for each day during that period. We use Mobile DAUs as a measure of mobile audience engagement.

Mobile MAUs. We define Mobile MAUs as the number of individuals who played one of our mobile games in the 30-day period ending with the measurement date. Under this metric, an individual who plays two different mobile games in the same 30-day period is counted as two Mobile MAUs. We use information provided by third parties to help us identify individuals who play the same mobile game to reduce this duplication. However, because we do not always have the third party network login data to link an individual who has played under multiple user accounts, a player may be counted as multiple Mobile MAUs. Average Mobile MAUs for a particular period is the average of the Mobile MAUs at each month-end during that period. We use Mobile MAUs as a measure of total mobile game audience size.

Mobile MUUs. We define Mobile MUUs as the number of individuals who played one or more of our mobile games, which we were able to verify were played by the same individual in the 30-day period ending with the measurement date. An individual who plays more than one of our mobile games in a given 30-day period would be counted as a single Mobile MUU to the extent we can verify that the mobile games were played by the same individual. However, because we do not always have the third party network login data necessary to link an individual who has played under multiple user accounts in a given 30-day period, an individual may be counted as multiple Mobile MUUs. Because many of our players play more than one mobile game in a given 30-day period, Mobile MUUs are always equal to or lower than Mobile MAUs in any given time period. Average Mobile MUUs for a particular period is the average of the Mobile MUUs at each month end during that period. We use Mobile MUUs as a measure of total audience reach across our network of mobile games.

Mobile MUPs. We define Mobile MUPs as the number of individuals who made a payment in a mobile game at least once during the applicable 30-day period through a payment method for which we can quantify the number of individuals. Mobile MUPs do not include individuals who use certain payment methods for which we cannot quantify the number of unique payers. However, because we do not always have the third party network login data necessary to link an individual who has paid under multiple user accounts in a 30-day period, a player who has paid using multiple user accounts may be counted as multiple Mobile MUPs. Mobile MUPs are presented as an average of the three months in the applicable quarter. We use Mobile MUPs as a measure of the number of individuals who made payments across our network of mobile games during a 30-day period.

Mobile ABPU. We define Mobile ABPU as our total mobile bookings in a given period, divided by the number of days in that period, divided by, the average Mobile DAUs during the period. We believe that Mobile ABPU provides useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our results in the same manner as management. We use Mobile ABPU as a measure of overall monetization across all of our mobile players through the sale of virtual items and advertising.

Our business model around our social games is designed so that, as more players play our games, social interactions increase and the more valuable our games and our business become. All engaged players of our games help drive our bookings, ~~and, consequently, both~~ online game revenue and advertising revenue. Virtual items are purchased by players who are socializing with, competing against or collaborating with other players, most of whom do not buy virtual items. Accordingly, we primarily focus on the aforementioned key operating metrics, which we believe collectively best reflect key audience metrics.

Consistent with our focus on mobile gaming platforms, beginning with the first quarter of 2019, we now report these audience-related metrics based only on mobile platforms. We have ceased including our web-based games in these audience metrics as a result of their decreasing significance as part of our overall financial and operating results and the technical challenges resulting from increased volumes of apparent player activity that we are unable to reliably validate and de-duplicate, as these web-based games are generally more susceptible than mobile platforms into attempts to replicate legitimate player activity.

In order to provide our best estimates of actual player metrics, we continually evaluate our methodologies including estimating audience metrics by applying data science techniques to identify suspicious player behavior. While we devote significant time and effort to developing player metrics, our estimates may not accurately reflect the actual amount of players in a reported period and our methodologies do not consistently identify all invalid traffic in prior reporting periods.

Specifically, in the first quarter of 2019, we updated our methodologies and approaches for identifying automated attempts to replicate legitimate player activity. Our estimation of such invalid traffic can vary from period to period, and we have identified periodic spikes in such activity (for example, in December 2018 when we previously included web-based games in our audience metrics, an invalid spike in web-based ~~Zynga Poker~~ ~~player activity resulted in our exclusion of the game’s web-based audience data from that month).~~

The table below shows ~~estimated~~ average Mobile DAUs, Mobile MAUs, Mobile MUUs, Mobile MUPs and Mobile ABPU for the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 and ~~2018:~~2019:

Average ~~mobile~~ DAUs ~~were flat when comparing~~decreased in the three months ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 when compared to the same period of the prior year, ~~as the increases from~~ ~~Empires & Puzzles~~ ~~(acquired in January 2019) and~~ ~~Merge Dragons!~~ ~~were offset~~primarily driven by declines in daily audience for older mobile games,~~Zynga Poker~~, Words With Friends and games on mobile messenger platforms (e.g. Facebook Instant Games)., partially offset by contributions from Merge Magic! and our casual card games. Average mobile MAUs decreased primarily due to declines in monthly audience for ~~Zynga Poker~~, games on mobile messenger platforms, older mobile games and Words With Friends, partially offset by ~~the~~ contribution from ~~Empires & Puzzles~~Merge Magic!, our casual card games and ~~Merge Dragons!. For~~ ~~Zynga Poker~~Tiny Royale specifically, the decrease in average mobile DAUs and average mobile MAUs is partially attributed to the update made to the reporting and estimation methodologies to remove illegitimate player activity starting in the first quarter of 2019.on Snapchat.

Average mobile MUUs ~~decreased~~were flat in the three months ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 compared to the same period of the prior ~~year~~year. Average mobile MUPs decreased primarily due to a decline in ~~average Mobile MAUs from~~ ~~Words With Friends~~ ~~and~~ ~~Zynga Poker. Average mobile MUPs increased primarily due to the contribution of mobile~~ payers ~~from~~in our casual card games, ~~which were tracked in the Company's internal analytics systems for the first time beginning during the first quarter~~CSR2 and Wonka's World of ~~2019.~~Candy. Finally, mobile ABPU increased due to an increase in mobile bookings.

Although our management primarily focuses on the operating metrics above, we also monitor periodic trends in paying players of our games. The table below shows average monthly unique mobile payer bookings, average Mobile MUPs and monthly unique mobile payer bookings per Mobile MUP:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018		2020		2019
Average monthly unique mobile payer bookings (in millions)⁽¹⁾	$	48	$	45	$	50	$	48
Average Mobile MUPs (in millions)⁽²⁾		1.2		0.9		1.2		1.4
Monthly unique mobile payer bookings per Mobile MUP⁽³⁾	$	40	$	47	$	40	$	34

When comparing the three months ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 to the same period of the prior year, average monthly unique mobile payer bookings increased primarily due to the contribution from ~~the casual card games acquired in December 2017, which were tracked in the Company's internal analytics systems for the first time beginning the first quarter of 2019, and~~ Game of ~~Thrones~~Thrones™ Slots Casino, which launched in the second quarter of 2019. Average monthly unique mobile payer bookings per Mobile MUP ~~decreased~~increased due to ~~a larger increase~~the decrease in average Mobile ~~MUP relative to the~~MUPs and increase in average monthly unique mobile payer bookings.

Although we monitor our unique mobile payer metrics, we focus on monetization, including in-game advertising, of all of our players and not just those who are payers. Accordingly, we strive to enhance content and our players’ game experience to increase our bookings and ABPU, which is a measure of overall monetization across all of our players through the sale of virtual items and advertising. Future growth in audience and engagement will depend on our ability to retain current players, attract new players, launch new games and expand into new markets and distribution platforms, and the success of our network. Our operating metrics may not correlate directly to quarterly revenue or bookings trends.

Platform agreements. Our games are primarily distributed, marketed and promoted through third parties, primarily Apple’s App Store and the Google Play ~~Store and Facebook.~~Store. Virtual items for our games are purchased through the payment processing systems of these platform providers. We generate a significant portion of our revenue, bookings and players through the Apple ~~Google~~ and ~~Facebook~~Google platforms and expect to continue to do so for the foreseeable future as we launch more games for mobile devices. Apple ~~Google~~ and ~~Facebook~~Google generally have the discretion to set the amounts of their platform fees and change their platforms’ terms of service and other policies with respect to us or other developers in their sole discretion, and those changes may be unfavorable to us. These platform fees are recorded as costs of revenue as incurred, while we recognize mobile online game revenue over the average playing period of payers, which generally results in costs of revenue exceeding revenue early in the life of a new or acquired game.

Launch of new games and release of enhancements. Our revenue and bookings results have been driven by the launch of new games and the release of fresh content and new features in existing games. Our future success depends on our ability to innovate and provide fresh content to keep our existing players engaged, while also engaging new and lapsed players, and launch and monetize new titles on various platforms. Although the amount of revenue and bookings we generate from an enhancement to an existing game or launch of a new game or can vary significantly, we expect our revenue and bookings to be correlated to our success in releasing engaging content and features for our existing games and the success and timely launch of our new games. Further, revenue and bookings from many of our games may decline over time after reaching a peak of popularity and player usage. ~~We often refer to the speed of this decline as the decay rate of a game.~~ As a result of this decline in the revenue and bookings of our games, our business depends on our ability to consistently release fresh content for our existing games and launch new games that achieve significant popularity and have the potential to become franchise games.

Game monetization. We generate most of our ~~bookings~~revenue and ~~revenue~~bookings from the sale of virtual items in our games. The degree to which our players choose to pay for virtual items in our games is driven by our ability to create content and virtual items that enhance the game-play experience. Our revenue, bookings and overall financial performance are affected by the number of players and the effectiveness of our monetization of players through the sale of virtual items and advertising. ~~In addition, mobile players have historically monetized at a lower level than web.~~ The percentage of paying players may increase or decrease based on a number of factors, including growth in mobile games as a percentage of total game audience, localization of content in international markets and the availability of payment options.

Investment in game development. In order to develop new games and enhance the content and features in our existing games, we must continue to invest in a significant amount of engineering and creative resources. These expenditures generally occur in advance of the launch of a new game or the release of new content, and the resulting revenue may not equal or exceed our development costs, or the game or feature may be abandoned in its entirety. In addition, ~~as discussed below,~~ we recognize online game revenue over the average playing period of payers, which generally results in expenses exceeding revenue early in the life of a new or acquired game.

Player acquisition costs. We utilize advertising and other forms of player acquisition and retention to grow and retain our player audience. These expenditures generally relate to the promotion of new game launches and ongoing performance-based programs to drive new player acquisition and lapsed player reactivation. Over time, these acquisition and retention-related programs may become either less effective or costlier, negatively impacting our operating results. Additionally, as our player base becomes more heavily concentrated on mobile platforms, our ability to drive traffic to our games through unpaid channels may become diminished, and the overall cost of marketing our games may increase.

New market development. We are investing in new distribution channels, mobile platforms and international markets to expand our reach and grow our business. For example, we ~~have continued~~continue to ~~hire additional employees and acquire companies with experience developing mobile applications.~~expand our game publishing internationally, including the release of Empires & Puzzles in Asia during 2019. Our ability to be successful will depend on our ability to develop a successful mobile network, obtain new players and retain existing players on new and existing social networks and attract advertisers.

As we expand into new markets and distribution channels, we expect to incur headcount, marketing and other operating costs in advance of the associated revenue and bookings. Our financial performance will be impacted by our investment in these initiatives and their success.

Hiring and retaining key personnel. Our ability to compete depends in large part on our ability to hire and retain key talent and match that key talent to our current business needs. We are continually reviewing our hiring, learning and development and total rewards programs against best practices, ~~and~~ with ~~a view to~~the goal of building and retaining world class teams. ~~We also closely manage our labor costs through carefully managing team sizes, redeploying headcount, hiring in lower cost geographies and consolidating space within our facilities.~~

	Three Months Ended September 30,							Nine Months Ended September 30,							Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018		% Change			2019		2018		% Change			2020		2019		% Change
	(dollars in thousands)							(dollars in thousands)							(dollars in thousands)
Online game:
Mobile	$	265,836	$	149,095		78	%	$	672,449	$	431,952		56	%	$	328,671	$	182,833		80	%
Other⁽¹⁾		15,815		18,621		(15	)%		50,074		61,997		(19	)%		15,689		17,331		(9	)%
Online game total		281,651		167,716		68	%		722,523		493,949		46	%		344,360		200,164		72	%
Advertising and other:
Mobile		61,742		63,371		(3	)%		188,665		155,860		21	%		58,318		63,260		(8	)%
Other⁽¹⁾		1,900		2,156		(12	)%		6,008		8,711		(31	)%		1,089		1,979		(45	)%
Advertising and other total		63,642		65,527		(3	)%		194,673		164,571		18	%		59,407		65,239		(9	)%
Total revenue	$	345,293	$	233,243		48	%	$	917,196	$	658,520		39	%	$	403,767	$	265,403		52	%

Three Months Ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 Compared to Three Months Ended ~~September 30, 2018~~March 31, 2019

Total revenue increased ~~$112.1~~$138.4 million in the three months ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 as compared to the same period of the prior year, while bookings increased ~~$146.0~~$65.4 million in the three months ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 as compared to the same period of the prior year.

Mobile online game revenue increased ~~$116.7~~$145.8 million in the three months ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 as compared to the same period of the prior year, while other online game revenue decreased ~~$2.8~~$1.6 million over the same period, resulting in a net online game revenue increase of ~~$113.9~~$144.2 million.

The increase in mobile online game revenue of ~~$116.7~~$145.8 million was primarily attributable to increases in mobile revenue from Empires & Puzzles ~~of $58.5 million as it was acquired in January 2019~~ and Merge Dragons! in the amounts of ~~$54.3~~$76.4 million and $46.6 million, respectively, due to ~~the overall increase in bookings and~~ higher amortization of prior period deferred ~~revenue.~~revenue and the overall increase in bookings in these games. These increases were further supplemented by an increase in revenue from ~~Wonka’s World~~Game of ~~Candy~~Thrones Slots™ Casino and Merge Magic! in the amounts of ~~$5.4~~$14.7 million and $14.5 million as itthese games were launched in ~~November 2018~~May 2019 and ~~Words with Friends~~ ~~of $5.0 million due to the overall increase in bookings and higher amortization of prior period deferred revenue.~~September 2019, respectively. These increases were offset by ~~a decrease~~decreases in mobile online game revenue from ~~Zynga Poker~~CSR Racing 2 ~~of $4.3 million and~~ and Dawn of Titans in the amounts of ~~$2.3~~$2.6 million and $1.9 million, respectively, due to the overall decline in bookings and audience metrics in these games. The increase was further offset by a decrease in mobile online game revenue from Zynga Poker in the amount of $1.8 million due to lower amortization of prior period deferred revenue. All other mobile games accounted for the remaining net ~~increase~~decrease of $0.1 million in mobile online game revenue.

The decrease in other online game revenue of ~~$2.8~~$1.6 million was primarily attributable to ~~a decrease~~decreases in ~~web~~ revenue from FarmVille 2 of $2.3 million and from our casual card games of $0.3 million due to the overall decline in bookings in these games. All other web games accounted for the remaining net decrease of $0.2 million in other online game revenue.

For the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, there was no significant impact from discontinued games or from changes in our estimated average playing period of payers that required adjusting the recognition period of deferred revenue generated in prior periods.

~~In the three months ended September 30, 2019,~~ ~~Merge Dragons!, Empires & Puzzles~~ ~~and~~ ~~Zynga Poker~~ ~~were our top online revenue-generating games and comprised 22%, 21% and 10% respectively, of our online game revenue for the period. In the three months ended September 30, 2018,~~ ~~Zynga Poker~~, ~~CSR Racing 2~~ ~~and~~ ~~Hit It Rich! Slots~~ were our top online revenue-generating games and comprised 20%, 14% and 10%, respectively, of our online game revenue for the period. No other game generated more than 10% of online game revenue during either of these periods.

~~Durable virtual items accounted for 76% of online game revenue~~ in the ~~three months ended September 30, 2019 and 58%~~amount of online game revenue in the same period of the prior year. Consumable virtual items accounted for 24% of online game revenue in the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 42% of online game revenue in the same period of the prior year. The estimated weighted average life of durable virtual items was 9 months for both the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018.

~~Mobile advertising revenue decreased $1.6~~$2.2 million, and other advertising and other revenue decreased $0.3 million in the three months ended September 30, 2019 as compared to the same period of the prior year, resulting in a net advertising and other decrease of $1.9 million.

The decrease in mobile advertising revenue of $1.6 million was primarily due to a $7.0 million decrease in mobile in-game display ads, primarily driven by the conclusion of a strategic display ad partnership. The decrease in mobile advertising revenue was partially offset by an increase of $5.4 million in mobile in-game offers, engagement ads and other revenue, primarily driven by advertising revenue generated from Gram Games and Small Giant. Further, the increase in mobile advertising revenue from in-game offers and engagement ads was supplemented by higher average prices per advertising unit, due to a shift in our product mixture. The decrease in other advertising and other revenue of $0.3 million was due to a decrease in web advertising revenue of $0.3 million.

~~International revenue as a percentage of total revenue was 38% in the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 34% in the same period of the prior year.~~

~~Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 Compared to Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018~~

Total revenue increased $258.7 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the same period of the prior year, while bookings increased $428.4 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the same period of the prior year.

Mobile online game revenue increased $240.5 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the same period of the prior year, while other online game revenue decreased $11.9 million over the same period, resulting in a net online game revenue increase of $228.6 million.

~~The increase in mobile online game revenue of $240.5 million was primarily attributable to increases in revenue from~~ ~~Merge Dragons!~~ ~~of $124.0 million and~~ ~~Empires & Puzzles~~ ~~of $103.2 million, as these games were acquired in May 2018 and January 2019, respectively. These increases was further supplemented by an increase in revenue from~~ ~~Words with Friends~~ and our casual card games of $17.6 million and $16.4 million, respectively, due to the overall increase in bookings and higher amortization of prior period deferred revenue. These increases were offset by a decrease in revenue from ~~Zynga Poker~~ ~~of $19.0 million~~generally due to the overall decline in bookings and audience metrics in this game. All other mobile games accounted for the remaining net decrease of $1.7 million. The decrease in other online game revenue of $11.9 million was primarily attributable to a decrease in web revenue from ~~FarmVille 2~~ ~~of $7.9 million and~~ ~~Zynga Poker~~ ~~of $3.5 million due to the overall decline in bookings and audience metrics in these~~ games. All other web games accounted for ~~the remaining~~a net decrease of ~~$0.5~~$0.6 million. These decreases were offset by an increase in revenue from Game of Thrones™ Slots Casino in the amount of $1.2 million as the game launched in May 2019.

~~For the nine~~During three months ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2020 and 2019, there was no significant impact from discontinued games or from changes in our estimated average playing period of payers that required adjusting the recognition period of deferred revenue generated in prior periods.

~~For~~ In the ~~nine~~three months ended September 30, 2018, we recognized $0.9 million of online game revenue and income from operations from games that have been discontinued as there is no further service obligation. This change in estimate did not impact our reported earnings per share in the nine months ended September 30, 2018. Further, for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, there were no changes in our estimated average playing period of payers that required adjusting the recognition period of deferred revenue generated in prior periods.

~~In the nine months ended September 30, 2019,~~ ~~Merge Dragons!~~,March 31, 2020, Empires & Puzzles, ~~Zynga Poker~~ and ~~CSR Racing 2~~Merge Dragons! were our top online revenue-generating games and comprised ~~18%, 14%, 12%~~25% and ~~10%~~22%, respectively, of our online game revenue for the period. In the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2018,~~March 31, 2019, Zynga Poker, Merge Dragons! , andCSR Racing 2, ~~and~~ ~~Hit It Rich! Slots~~were our top online ~~revenue-generating~~revenue generating games and comprised ~~22%~~15%, ~~13%~~14% and ~~11%~~13%, respectively, of our online game revenue for the period.No other game generated more than 10% of online game revenue during either of these periods.

Durable virtual items accounted for ~~72%~~77% and 66% of online game revenue in the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Consumable virtual items accounted for 23% and ~~55%~~34% of online game revenue in the ~~same period of the prior year. Consumable virtual items accounted for 28% of online game revenue in the nine~~three months ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2020 and 2019, ~~and 45% of online game revenue in the same period of the prior year.~~respectively. The estimated weighted average life of durable virtual items was 9ten months ~~for both~~in the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to nine months ~~ended September 30, 2019 and 2018.~~in the same period of the prior year.

Mobile advertising revenue ~~increased $32.8~~decreased $4.9 million in the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 as compared to the same period of the prior year ~~while~~and other advertising and other revenue decreased ~~$2.7~~$0.9 million, resulting in a net advertising and other ~~increase~~revenue decrease of ~~$30.1~~$5.8 million.

The ~~increase~~decrease in mobile advertising revenue of ~~$32.8~~$4.9 million was primarily due to a ~~$16.8~~decrease in mobile in-game display advertising revenue of $8.9 million, primarily driven by the conclusion of strategic display ads partnerships. The decrease in mobile advertising revenue was partially offset by an increase of $4.0 million in mobile in-game offers, engagement ads and other revenue, primarily driven by ~~advertising revenue generated~~Empires & Puzzles and the games acquired from Gram ~~Games and Small Giant~~ Games. ~~The increase in mobile advertising was also attributed to an increase in mobile in-game display ads of $16.0 million, primarily driven by ad inventory optimizations in our~~ ~~Words With Friends~~ games. Further, the overall increase in mobile advertising revenue from in-game offers and engagement ads and in-game display ads were both supplemented by higher average prices per advertising unit, due a shift in our product mixture. The decrease in other advertising and other revenue of ~~$2.7~~$0.9 million was ~~primarily~~ due to a decrease in web advertising ~~revenue of $2.6 million. The remaining decrease in other advertising and other revenue of $0.1 million was due to the completion of third party licensing agreements during the first quarter of 2018.~~revenue.

International revenue as a percentage of total revenue was ~~37%~~40% and 35%, respectively, in the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 and ~~34% in the same period of the prior year.~~2019.

Three Months Ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 Compared to Three Months Ended ~~September 30, 2018~~March 31, 2019

Cost of revenue increased ~~$55.3~~$24.6 million in the three months ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 compared to the same period of the prior year. The increase was primarily attributable to increases of ~~$45.0~~$21.3 million in payment processing fees from increased bookings generated from mobile payment processors, ~~$7.7~~$1.9 million in ~~intangible asset amortization driven by our Small Giant and Gram Games acquisitions~~royalty expense and $1.4 million in ~~royalty expense.~~hosting costs.

~~Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 Compared to Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018~~28

Cost of revenue increased $160.6 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the same period of the prior year. The increase was primarily attributable to increases of $123.4 million in payment processing fees from increased bookings generated from mobile payment processors, $32.0 million in intangible asset amortization driven by our Small Giant and Gram Games acquisitions and $4.3 million in royalty expense.

Three Months Ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 Compared to Three Months ~~September 30, 2018~~March 31, 2019

Research and development expenses increased ~~$66.4~~$36.0 million in the three months ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 compared to the same period of the prior year. The increase was primarily attributable to a net increase of ~~$59.3~~$34.5 million in ~~the~~expense related to fair value ~~of the~~adjustments associated with our contingent consideration obligations related to our Small Giant and Gram Games ~~acquisitions,~~acquisitions. The increase was further supplemented by an increase of $2.8 million in overhead costs, primarily related to incremental rent ~~for the Building and $2.1 million in headcount-related expenses.~~

~~Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 Compared to Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018~~

~~Research and development expenses increased $202.1 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the same period~~expense as a results of the ~~prior year. The increase was primarily attributable to a net increase~~sale and leaseback of ~~$167.2 million in the fair value of the contingent consideration related to~~ our Small Giant and Gram Games acquisitions, $16.3 million in headcount-related expenses, $7.1 million in software and technology related costs, $5.0 million in stock-based compensation expense and $4.6 million in overhead costs primarily related to rent for the Building.San Francisco headquarters that occurred on July 1, 2019 (the “Building Sale”).

Three Months Ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 Compared to Three Months Ended ~~September 30, 2018~~March 31, 2019

Sales and marketing expenses increased ~~$65.2~~$21.2 million in the three months ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 compared to the same period of the prior year. The increase was primarily attributable to increases of ~~$57.6~~$17.2 million in player acquisition costs, primarily related to ~~Empires & Puzzles~~Merge Magic!, Words with Friends,Game of Thrones™ Slots Casino and Merge Dragons! ~~and the recently launched~~ ~~Game of Thrones Slots Casino~~ ~~and~~ ~~Merge Magic!~~ ~~games,~~, further supplemented by an increase of ~~$3.8 million in marketing costs and $2.5~~$1.5 million in headcount-related ~~expenses.~~expenses and $1.5 million in overhead costs primarily related to rent expense for our San Francisco headquarters.

Three Months Ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 Compared to ~~Nine~~Three Months Ended ~~September 30, 2018~~March 31, 2019

~~Sales~~General and ~~marketing~~administrative expenses increased ~~$177.0~~$6.7 million in the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 compared to the same period of the prior year. ~~The increase was primarily attributable to increases of $178.8 million in player acquisition costs, related to~~ ~~Empires & Puzzles~~, ~~Merge Dragons!~~ ~~and~~After excluding the ~~recently launched~~ ~~Game of Thrones Slots Casino~~ ~~and~~ ~~Merge Magic!~~ games, partially offset by a decrease of $15.3 million in player acquisition costs for other games. The increase was further supplemented by an increase of $5.0 million in marketing costs and $4.3 million in headcount-related expenses.

~~Three Months Ended September 30, 2019 Compared to Three Months Ended September 30, 2018~~

General and administrative expenses increased $3.6 million in the three months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the same period of the prior year. The increase was primarily attributable to an increase of $1.9 million in headcount-related expenses and $1.6 million in stock-based compensation.

~~Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 Compared to Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018~~

General and administrative expenses increased $1.5 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the same period of the prior year. The increase was primarily attributable to an increase of $10.3 million in headcount-related expenses and a net increase of $5.9 million in acquisition-related transaction costs, primarily related to our acquisition of Small Giant. These increases were offset by aone-time benefit from the ~~$10.7~~$9.7 million net settlement of the derivative litigation received and recognized ~~during~~in the first quarter of 2019, ~~as well as~~general and administrative expenses decreased $3.0 million, primarily due to a $6.6 million decrease in ~~other overhead~~acquisition related-transaction costs related ~~costs.~~to the acquisition of Small Giant, partially offset by a $2.0 million increase in stock-based compensation and a $1.2 million increase in legal expenses.

Three Months Ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 Compared to Three Months Ended ~~September 30, 2018~~March 31, 2019

Interest income increased ~~$5.2~~$5.1 million in the three months ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 compared to the same period of the prior year. The increase was primarily attributable to a higher average amount invested in ~~short-term~~short and long-term investments.

~~Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 Compared to Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018~~

Interest income increased $2.9 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the same period of the prior year. The increase was primarily attributable to a higher average amount invested in short-term investments.

Three Months Ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 Compared to Three Months Ended ~~September 30, 2018~~March 31, 2019

Interest expense increased ~~$6.6~~$5.7 million in the three months ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 compared to the same period of the prior year. The increase was primarily attributable to an increase of ~~$6.5~~$6.6 million in interest expense related to the 0.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2024 (the “Notes”) issued in June 2019, partially offset by a decrease of $1.0 million in interest expense related to our revolving credit facility that we repaid in the second quarter of 2019.

Three Months Ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 Compared to ~~Nine~~Three Months Ended ~~September 30, 2018~~March 31, 2019

~~Interest expense increased $10.0~~Other income (expense), net decreased $5.7 million in the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 compared to the same period of the prior year. The ~~increase was primarily attributable to an increase of $7.6 million in interest related to the Notes issued in June 2019 and $2.5 million related to the Credit Facility.~~

~~Three Months Ended September 30, 2019 Compared to Three Months Ended September 30, 2018~~

~~Other income (expense), net increased $309.6 million in the three months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the same period of the prior year. The increase~~decrease was primarily attributable to the ~~$314.2~~elimination of $3.0 million ~~gain recognized on the Building Sale, partially offset by the elimination~~ of net rental income as a result of the ~~sale.~~

~~Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 Compared~~Building Sale, as well as foreign exchange transaction losses, primarily due to ~~Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018~~

~~Other income (expense), net increased $310.8 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the same period~~appreciation of the ~~prior year. The increase was primarily attributable to~~U.S. Dollar against the ~~$314.2 million gain recognized on the Building Sale, partially offset by the elimination of rental income as a result of the sale.~~British Pound.

Three Months Ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 Compared to Three Months Ended ~~September 30, 2018~~March 31, 2019

The provision for (benefit from) income taxes ~~increased $9.9~~had a net change $18.8 million, ~~in the three months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the same period of the prior year. The increase was~~ primarily attributable to a net increase in income tax ~~as a result of the Building Sale and an increase in expense related to the Base Erosion and Anti-Abuse Tax (“BEAT”).~~

~~Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 Compared to Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018~~

~~The benefit~~ from income taxes was $3.2 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and the provision for income taxes was $6.2 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, resulting a net change of $9.4 million. The net change was primarily attributable to a benefit generated from the post-acquisition statutory operating ~~losses~~profit from Small Giant and Gram Games and a change in our jurisdictional mix of ~~earnings, partially offset by an increase in expense related to BEAT and income tax as a result of the Building Sale.~~earnings.

	Nine Months Ended September 30,						Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019			2018			2020			2019
	(in thousands)						(in thousands)
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Data:
Acquisition of property and equipment	$	(18,799	)	$	(7,505	)	$	(8,546	)	$	(5,058	)
Depreciation and amortization		59,818			29,363			18,862			21,080
Cash flows provided by (used in) operating activities		168,779			78,312			(35,186	)		1,547
Cash flows provided by (used in) investing activities		(568,185	)		(125,108	)		221,662			(320,638	)
Cash flows provided by (used in) financing activities		457,827			(84,249	)		(54,134	)		(7,761	)

Our principal liquidity requirements are our lease commitments, licensing and marketing commitments, hosting commitments, capital expenditure needs, including strategic purchases and acquisitions, contingent consideration payments, interest payments and principal repayments of our Notes and any share repurchase activity we choose to effect. We expect to finance our operations through cash provided by operating activities and cash on hand. However, we cannot be certain that these sources will be sufficient to finance our operations, share repurchase activity or future growth through acquisitions, thus and we may seek additional financing in the future. The recent COVID-19 pandemic has caused disruption in the capital markets, which could make additional financing more difficult and/or expensive and we may not be able to obtain such financing on terms acceptable to us or at all.

As of ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 and December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, we had cash, ~~and~~ cash equivalents and short and long-term investments of ~~approximately $589.4 million~~$1.4 billion and ~~$545.0 million,~~$1.5 billion, respectively, which consisted of cash, money market funds, corporate debt securities, U.S. government and government agency debt securities, mutual funds and foreign certificates of deposit and time deposits.

In June 2019, we issued $690.0 million aggregate principal amount of 0.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2024, with an initial conversion rate of 120.3695 shares of our common stock (equal to an initial conversion rate of $8.31 per share), subject to adjustment in some events. The Notes are senior unsecured obligations and rank senior in right of payment to all of our indebtedness that is expressly subordinated in right of payment to the notes; equal in right of payment to all of our existing and future liabilities that are not so subordinated; effectively junior to any of our secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness; and structurally junior to all indebtedness and other liabilities of our current or future subsidiaries (including trade payables). The Indenture does not contain any financial covenants.

The Notes mature on June 1, 2024 unless earlier converted, redeemed or repurchased in accordance with their term prior to the maturity date. Interest is payable semiannually in arrears on June 1 and December 1 of each year, beginning on December 1, 2019. The Company may not redeem the Notes prior to June 5, 2022.

On or after June 5, 2022, the Company may redeem for cash all or any portion of the Notes, at its option, if the last reported sale price of the Common Stock has been at least 130% of the conversion price for at least 20 trading days during any 30 consecutive trading-day period ending on the immediately preceding the date when the Company provides a notice of redemption. The redemption price is equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Notes to be redeemed, plus any accrued and unpaid interest.

As of ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, the conditions allowing holders of the Notes to convert have not been met and therefore the Notes are not yet convertible.

In connection with the offering of the Notes, the Company also entered into privately negotiated capped call ~~transactions.~~transactions (“the Capped Calls”). The Capped Calls have an initial strike price of approximately $8.31 per share, subject to certain adjustments, which corresponds to the initial conversion price of the Notes. The Capped Calls have an initial cap price of $12.54 per share, subject to certain adjustments. The capped call transactions cover, subject to anti-dilution adjustments, approximately 83.1 million shares of our Class A common stock and are expected to offset the potential economic dilution to our Class A common stock up to the initial cap price.

In December 2018, the Company entered into ~~the Credit Agreement~~a credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with Bank of America, N.A. that provides for a three-year revolving credit facility (the “Credit Facility”) in an initial aggregate principal amount of up to $200.0 million and is secured by a blanket lien on the Company’s ~~assets, excluding~~assets. In connection with the July 1, 2019 sale of the Company’s San Francisco ~~corporate headquarters. In connection with the Building Sale~~owned office building and consistent with the terms of the Credit Facility, the borrowing capacity reduced to $150.0 ~~million on July 1, 2019.~~million. The Company may borrow, repay and re-borrow funds under the Credit Agreement until the third anniversary of the closing date, at which time the Credit Facility will terminate, and all outstanding revolving loans, together with all accrued and unpaid interest, must be repaid. Finally, the Company may use the proceeds of future borrowings under the Credit Facility for general corporate purposes.

In June 2019, the Company amended the Credit Agreement to, amongst other things, (i) permit the Company to issue the Notes and enter into the Capped Calls, (ii) modify certain ~~of the~~ covenants, including the indebtedness covenant, lien covenant, investment covenant and restricted payments covenant, in connection with permitting the Notes and the transactions contemplated by the Notes, (iii) revise the maximum consolidated leverage ratio financial covenant, and (iv) remove the minimum liquidity financial covenant.

At the Company’s option, revolving loans accrue interest at a per annum rate based on either (i) the base rate plus a margin ranging from 0.50% to 1.00%, determined based on the Company’s consolidated leverage ratio for the four most recent fiscal quarters (the “Consolidated Leverage Ratio”) or (ii) the LIBOR rate (for interest periods of one, two, three or six months) plus a margin ranging from 1.50% to 2.00%, determined based on the Company’s Consolidated Leverage Ratio (“LIBOR Loan”). The base rate is defined as the highest of (i) the federal funds rate, plus 0.50%, (ii) Bank of America, N.A.’s prime rate and (iii) the LIBOR rate for a 1-month interest period plus 1.00%. The Company is also obligated to pay an ongoing commitment fee on undrawn amounts at a rate ranging from 0.25% to 0.35%, determined based on the Company’s Consolidated Leverage Ratio.

As of ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, we had no amounts outstanding under the Credit Facility.

The Credit Agreement also requires compliance with certain covenants, all of which the Company was in compliance with as of and for the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2019.~~March 31, 2020. Specifically, we are subject to the following financial covenants (certain terms used and described below are as defined and described in the Credit Agreement):

On July 1, 2019, the Company sold its San Francisco headquarters and related land, including all preexisting leases between the Company and third-party tenants of the Building, to a third-party buyer for net proceeds of approximately $580.5 million. In connection with the Building Sale, the Company de-recognized the related land, building and building improvements and all lessor related assets and liabilities, which resulted in a gain of $314.2 million within other income (expense), net in our consolidated statement of operations.

Further, the Company executed a leaseback of approximately 185,000 square feet of the Building over a 12-year term, where we expect to continue operating our headquarters. The agreement also provides the Company two separate options to extend the lease for eight years each and a third option to extend the lease for six years (for a total of an additional 22 years). The net initial base rent will be approximately $10.7 million for the first year of the lease, and may increase by an annual amount not to exceed 3.25% per year.

~~During 2018, we completed the 2016 Share Repurchase Program by repurchasing 18.2 million shares of our Class A common stock at a weighted-average price of $3.59 per share for a total of $65.4 million.~~

In April 2018, the 2018 Share Repurchase Program was authorized for up to $200.0 million of our outstanding Class A common stock. During the three ~~and six~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, no share repurchases were made and as of ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, we had $173.8 million remaining under the 2018 Share Repurchase Program. The 2018 Share Repurchase Program is authorized to remain in effect until April 2022.

After our net ~~income~~loss of ~~$45.4~~$103.9 million is adjusted to exclude certain non-cash items, operating activities ~~provided $168.8~~used $35.2 million of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash during the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2019.~~March 31, 2020. Significant non-cash, cash equivalent or restricted cash items included stock-based compensation expense of $20.5 million and depreciation and amortization of ~~$59.8 million and stock-based compensation expense of $61.5~~$18.9 million. Depreciation and amortization increased by $30.5 million primarily due to an increase in intangible asset amortization from our acquisitions in January 2019 and May 2018. Stock-based compensation expense increased $11.2 million primarily due to our acquisition of Gram Games in May 2018. Further, the ~~noncash~~non-cash expense associated with the increase in the Small Giant and Gram Games contingent consideration obligations drove a ~~$170.2~~$120.0 million ~~change~~increase in our operating liabilities for the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2019.~~March 31, 2020.

The change in our operating assets and liabilities during the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 – excluding the impact from the aforementioned increase in our contingent consideration obligations – resulted in a ~~$156.5~~$105.3 million ~~inflow~~outflow of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, primarily due to a ~~change in deferred revenue~~cash outflow of ~~$206.2 million. The cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash inflow from the change in deferred revenue was primarily due~~$73.5 million that relates to the ~~acquisition~~portion of the total acquisition-related contingent consideration payment to the former owners of Small Giant included in ~~January 2019 and strong bookings performance, primarily from Gram Games. This inflow~~operating activities. The outflow was ~~partially offset~~further supplemented by outflows from accounts receivable, net of ~~$32.4~~$27.3 million, and $15.6 million of the total acquisition-related contingent consideration payment that is included in operating activities. The cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash outflow from the change in accounts receivable net,which was primarily driven by ~~two months~~the timing of ~~outstanding accounts receivable~~cash receipts from one of our largest payment ~~processors.~~processors, as well as payment of bonuses related to 2019 company performance. These outflows were offset by inflows from deferred revenue of $20.7 million.

Investing activities ~~used $568.2~~provided $221.7 million of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash during the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2019.~~March 31, 2020. The primary inflow of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash associated with investing activities was $231.2 million of investment sales and maturities, net of purchases. The inflow of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash was partially offset by $8.5 million of capital expenditures, primarily related to leasehold improvements.

Financing activities used $54.1 million of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash during the three months ended March 31, 2020. The primary outflow of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash associated with ~~investing~~financing activities ~~was $818.2 million~~relates to the portion of ~~net purchases of investments, $301.8 million for our acquisition~~the total acquisition-related contingent consideration payment to the former owners of Small Giant ~~and $18.8 million for capital expenditures, primarily related to leasehold improvements, partially offset by $580.5 million~~included in financing activities of ~~net proceeds from the Building Sale.~~

~~Financing activities provided $457.8 million~~$48.1 million. The outflow of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash ~~during the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The primary inflow of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash associated with financing activities~~ was ~~$672.2 million related to the issuance of our Notes. The inflow of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash from financing activities was partially offset~~further supplemented by ~~an outflow from the repayment of our $100.0 million LIBOR Loan under the credit facility, the $73.8 million premium paid related to our capped call transactions and $38.4~~$14.8 million related to the taxes paid on behalf of employees related to the net settlement of equity ~~awards.~~awards, partially offset by $8.8 million of proceeds from the issuance of common stock.

We did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements during the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2019.~~March 31, 2020.

Year ending December 31:	Operating Leases		Licensor and Marketing		Other		Total		Operating Leases		Licensor and Marketing		Other		Total
Remaining 2019	$	5,461	$	14,336	$	3,618	$	23,415
2020		21,189		40,522		22,503		84,214
Remaining 2020									$	16,335	$	10,250	$	15,627	$	42,212
2021		20,297		160		15,958		36,415		21,025		19,250		13,209		53,484
2022		16,709		—		49		16,758		17,289		—		1,341		18,630
2023		16,143		10,000		—		26,143		16,361		10,000		—		26,361
2024		13,844		—		—		13,844		14,109		—		—		14,109
2025										13,005		—		—		13,005
Thereafter		90,955		—		—		90,955		77,950		—		—		77,950
Total	$	184,598	$	65,018	$	42,128	$	291,744	$	176,074	$	39,500	$	30,177	$	245,751

Our lease commitments primarily consist of operating leases for our office facilities. We do not have any finance lease obligations, and all of our property and equipment has been purchased with cash.

Licensor commitments include minimum guarantee royalty payments due to licensors for use of their brands, properties and other licensed content in our games, as well as marketing commitments for specified spend related to our marketing products.

Other commitments primarily include costs for hosting of data systems and other services. Excluded from other commitments is our uncertain income tax position liability of ~~$15.3~~$15.1 million, which includes interest and penalties, as the Company cannot make a reasonably reliable estimate of the period of cash settlement.

Under the terms of the Small Giant and Gram Games acquisitions, contingent consideration may be payable based on the achievement of certain future performance targets during each annual period following the respective acquisition date for a total of three years, with no maximum limit as to the contingent consideration achievable. During the three months ended March 31, 2020, we paid $121.6 million to the former owners of Small Giant for its performance during the first annual contingent consideration period.

As of ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, the estimated fair value of the remaining contingent obligations for Small Giant and Gram Games were ~~$217.9~~$229.3 million and ~~$70.8~~$89.2 million, ~~respectively.~~ respectively, of which $190.3 million represents a current liability.

During the third quarter of 2018, we executed an assignment of the Oxford office lease associated with our Q4 2017 restructuring plan. The original lease term ends in November ~~2022, with a lessee option to early terminate in November 2019.~~2022. All terms under the original lease were assigned in full to the assignee, with the assignee becoming primarily liable to make rental payments directly to the landlord. Further, the assignee was required to provide the landlord a security deposit equal to twelve months rent, to be used by the landlord in the event of the assignee’s non-performance.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts in our consolidated financial statements and related notes. Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements included in our previously-filed Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2018.~~2019. We have identified below our critical accounting policies and estimates that we believe require the greatest amount of judgment. These estimates and judgments have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates. The accounting policies that reflect our more significant estimates and judgments and that we believe are the most critical to fully understand and evaluate our reported financial results include the following:

Please refer to Part II, Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for our fiscal year ended December 31, ~~2018~~2019 for a more complete discussion of our critical accounting policies and estimates.

~~On June 14, 2019, we issued $690.0 million aggregate principal amount of Notes. The Notes have fixed annual interest rate of 0.25%, and, therefore, we do not have economic interest rate exposure on~~During the Notes. The fair value of the Notes changes when the market price of our stock fluctuates or interest rates change. However, we carry the Notes at face value less unamortized discount on our balance sheet and present the fair value for required disclosure purposes only.

~~Other than the discussion above, during the nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, there were no significant changes to our quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk. However, should financial market conditions worsen in the future, including from impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, investments in some financial instruments may pose risks arising from market liquidity and credit concerns, although we continue to believe that our current investment strategy has a low risk of future material impairment.

Please refer to Part II, Item 7A. “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk” included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for our fiscal year ended December 31, ~~2018~~2019 for a more complete discussion on the market risks we ~~encounter.~~encounter, as well as Part II, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” included in this Quarterly Report on form 10-Q.

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in management’s evaluation pursuant to Rules 13a-15(d) or 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act during the quarter ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. We have not experienced any material impact to our internal controls over financial reporting despite the fact that most of our employees are working remotely due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We are continually monitoring and assessing the COVID-19 situation on our internal controls to minimize the impact on their design and operating effectiveness.

In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.

For a description of our material legal proceedings, see the section titled “Legal Matters” included in Note 1514 —“Commitments and Contingencies” in Part I, Item I “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q which is incorporated by reference herein.

We have identified the following risks and uncertainties that may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or reputation. The risks described below are not the only risks we face. Additional risks not presently known to us or that we currently believe are not material may also significantly affect our business, financial condition, results of operations or reputation. Our business could be harmed by any of these risks. The trading price of our Class A common stock could decline due to any of these risks, and you may lose all or part of your investment. In assessing these risks, you should also refer to the other information contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including our consolidated financial statements and related notes.

We have marked with an asterisk (*) those risks described below that reflect changes from, or additions to, the risks described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year-ended December 31, ~~2018.~~2019.

(*) The COVID-19 pandemic and containment efforts across the globe have materially altered how individuals interact with each other and have materially affected how we and our business partners are operating, and the extent to which this situation will impact our future results of operations and overall financial performance remains uncertain.

In December 2019, a novel coronavirus disease (“COVID-19”) was reported, and in January 2020, the World Health Organization (“WHO”) declared it a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. On February 28, 2020, the WHO raised its assessment of the COVID-19 threat from high to very high at a global level due to the continued increase in the number of cases and affected countries, and on March 11, 2020, the WHO characterized COVID-19 as a pandemic. This pandemic and resulting shelter-in-place, quarantine and similar governmental orders put in place around the world have caused widespread disruption in global economies, productivity and financial markets and have materially altered the way in which we conduct our day-to-day business.

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, we have temporarily closed Zynga offices around the world (including our corporate headquarters in San Francisco, California) and implemented travel restrictions. Towards the end of the first quarter, we implemented a remote working program across our global studios and supporting locations, and we have engaged with significant vendors (such as Amazon), platform providers (such as Apple and Google), advertising partners (such as Facebook and Unity) and other business partners to understand their operating conditions and have evaluated our business disruption plans. The full extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic and the various responses to it impact our business, operations and financial results will depend on numerous evolving factors that we may not be able to accurately predict, including: the duration and scope of the pandemic, including any potential future waves of the pandemic; governmental, business and individuals’ actions that have been and continue to be taken in response to the pandemic; the availability and cost to access the capital markets; the effect on our players and their willingness and ability to pay for our games and services; disruptions or restrictions on our employees’ ability to work and travel; and interruptions related to our cloud networking and gaming infrastructure and partners, including impacts on Amazon Web Services, mobile application platform providers, advertising partners and customer service and support providers. During the COVID-19 crisis, we may not be able to provide the same level of product features and customer support that our players expect from us, which could negatively impact our business and operations. While substantially all of our business operations can be performed remotely, many of our employees are juggling additional work-related and personal challenges, including adjusting communication and work practices to collaborate remotely with work colleagues and business partners, managing technical and communication challenges of working from home on a daily basis, looking after children as a result of remote-learning and school closures, making plans for childcare during the summer and caring for themselves, family members or other dependents who are or may become ill. If we seek to access the capital markets or increase our borrowing, there can be no assurance that financing and credit may be available on attractive terms, if at all. We will continue to actively monitor the issues raised by the COVID-19 pandemic and may take further actions that alter our business operations, including as may be required by federal, state, local or foreign authorities or that we determine are in the best interests of our employees, players, partners and stockholders.

The COVID-19 pandemic and resulting shelter-in-place and similar restrictions have also led to increased player engagement from current, lapsed and new players in our games relative to our quarterly forecast and historic trends. These increases in player activity may not be indicative of our financial and operating results in future periods. The long-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on society and player behavior are highly uncertain, and while we anticipate that these levels of downloads and player engagement may not sustain over the short-term or longer-term, there is no assurance that player behavior will not decrease, including below historic levels, as the full impacts of the pandemic on society and the global economy become more clear.

In addition to the potential direct impacts to our business, the global economy has been, and is likely to continue to be, significantly weakened as a result of the actions taken in response to COVID‐19. A weakened global economy may impact our players and their purchasing decisions within our games, consumers’ buying decisions across the globe and their impact on the allocation of advertising investments, and the ability of our business partners to navigate this complex social health and economic environment, any of which could result in disruption to our business and results of our operations. We are experiencing, and may continue to experience, heightened levels of variability in the pricing of advertising both in terms of user acquisition and as it relates to our advertising revenues. If these conditions result in significant decreased pricing of advertising, the revenue we make from advertisers paying to display ads in our games may be negatively impacted, particularly if the levels of player engagement in our games are not sufficient to offset these declines, and we may experience increased pressure on our overall margins, as our revenue may consist of higher contributions of sales of in‐game virtual items.

The duration and extent of the impact from the COVID-19 pandemic depends on future developments that cannot be accurately predicted at this time, such as the severity and transmission rate of the virus, the existence of any additional waves of the pandemic, the extent and effectiveness of containment actions and the impact of these and other factors on our employees, players and business partners. If we are not able to respond to and manage the impact of such events effectively, our business may be harmed.

Our business will suffer if we are unable to entertain our players, develop new games, improve the experience of our existing games, and successfully monetize our games.

Our business depends on developing, publishing and continuing to service “free-to-play” games that consumers will download and spend time and money playing. We are primarily focused on mobile gaming, offering our games on mobile devices, including smartphones and tablets on Apple’s iOS and Google’s Android operating systems, and on social networking platforms such as ~~Facebook.~~Facebook and Snapchat. We have devoted and we expect to continue to devote substantial resources to the research, development, analytics and marketing of our games. Our development and marketing efforts are focused on ~~both~~ improving the experience of our existing games (frequently through new content and feature releases for our live services), developing new games and ~~developing new~~successfully monetizing our games. We generate revenue primarily through the sale of in-game virtual items and advertising. For games distributed through third-party platforms, we are required to share a portion of ~~our revenues~~the proceeds from in-game sales with the platform providers. Due to our focus on mobile gaming, these costs are expected to remain a significant operating expense. In order to ~~remain~~be profitable, we need to generate sufficient ~~bookings~~revenue and ~~revenues~~bookings from our existing and new game offerings to offset our ongoing development, marketing and operating costs.

Successfully monetizing “free-to-play” games is difficult, and requires that we deliver valuable and entertaining player experiences that a sufficient number of players will pay for or we are able to otherwise sufficiently monetize our games (for example, by serving in-game advertising). The success of our games depends, in part, on unpredictable and volatile factors beyond our control including consumer preferences, competing games, new mobile platforms and the availability of other entertainment experiences. If our games do not meet consumer expectations, or if they are not brought to market in a timely and effective manner, our revenue and financial performance will be negatively affected.

We focus our efforts on four categories: Action Strategy, Casual, Invest Express and Social Casino. In addition to the market factors noted above, our ability to successfully develop games for mobile platforms and their ability to achieve commercial success will depend on our ability to:

These and other uncertainties make it difficult to know whether we will succeed in continuing to develop successful live service games and launch new games and features in accordance with our operating plan. If we do not succeed in doing so, our business, financial condition, results of operations and reputation will suffer.

~~(*)~~ Our industry is intensely competitive and subject to rapid changes. If consumers prefer our competitors’ products or services over our own, our operating results could suffer.

Competition in the entertainment industry, especially the mobile gaming segment, is intense and subject to rapid changes, including changes from evolving consumer preferences and emerging technologies. Many new games are introduced in each major industry segment (mobile, ~~web,~~ PC and console), but only a relatively small number of titles account for a significant portion of total revenue in each segment. Our competitors that develop mobile and web games vary in size and include companies such as Activision Blizzard, ~~(the parent company of King Digital),~~ Aristocrat, DoubleU, Electronic Arts, ~~(EA Mobile),~~ Epic Games, Glu Mobile, Jam City, Machine Zone, Netmarble, ~~(the parent company of Kabam),~~ NetEase, ~~(NetEase Games),~~ Niantic, Nintendo, Peak Games, Playrix, Playtika, Roblox, SciPlay, ~~Supercell,~~Scopely, Take-Two Interactive Software, ~~Vivendi (the parent company of Gameloft)~~Tencent, Ubisoft and others. As we expand our global operations and gaming offerings, we increasingly face competition from online game developers and distributors who have primarily focused on specific international markets, such as Giant Interactive and Tencent in Asia, and high-profile companies with significant online presences with new and expanded gaming offerings, such as Apple, Google, Microsoft and Snap. In addition, other large companies that to date have not actively focused on mobile and social games, such as Amazon ~~Apple~~ and Facebook, may decide to develop mobile and social games, or partner with other developers. Some of these current and potential competitors have significant resources for developing or acquiring additional games, may be able to incorporate their own strong brands and assets into their games, have a more diversified set of revenue sources than we do and may be less severely affected by changes in consumer preferences, regulations or other developments that may impact our industry.

As there are relatively low barriers to entry to develop a mobile or online game, we expect new game competitors to enter the market and existing competitors to allocate more resources to develop and market competing games and applications. We also compete or will compete with a vast number of small companies and individuals who are able to create and launch games and other content for devices and platforms using relatively limited resources and with relatively limited start-up time or expertise. The proliferation of titles in these open developer channels makes it difficult for us to differentiate ourselves from other developers and to compete for players without substantially increasing our marketing expenses and development costs. As an entertainment company, we also face competition for the leisure time, attention and discretionary spending of our players from other non-gaming activities, such as social media and messaging applications, personal computer and console games, video streaming services, television, movies, sports and the Internet. Increasing competition could result in loss of players, increasing player acquisition and retention costs, and loss of talent, all of which could harm our business, financial condition or results of operations.

(*) We rely on third-party platforms such as the Apple App Store and the Google Play Store ~~and Facebook~~ to distribute our games and collect revenue. If we are unable to maintain a good relationship with such platform providers, if their terms and conditions or pricing changed to our detriment, if we violate, or if a platform provider believes that we have violated, the terms and conditions of its platform, or if any of these platforms loses market share or falls out of favor or is unavailable for a prolonged period of time, our business will suffer.

We derive a significant portion of our bookings from distribution of our games on the Apple App Store and the Google Play Store, ~~and Facebook~~ and the virtual items we sell in our games are purchased using the payment processing systems of these platform providers. ~~Additionally, we have historically acquired a significant number of our players through Facebook. In the nine~~During three months ended ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, we derived ~~50%~~49% of our revenue and ~~49%~~48% of our bookings on Apple platforms ~~42%~~and 46% of our revenue and ~~46%~~47% of our bookings on Google platforms. In response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, we have engaged with our partners at Apple, Google and other platform providers to understand their operations and have evaluated our business disruption plans. While we do not anticipate any interruption in their distribution platforms or ability to accept customer payments, any such disruptions, even temporary, may have material impacts on our business and ~~6% of our revenue and 4% of our bookings on Facebook platforms.~~operations.

We are subject to the standard policies and terms of service of third-party platforms, which govern the promotion, distribution, content and operation generally of games on the platform. Each platform provider has broad discretion to change and interpret its terms of service and other policies with respect to us and other developers, and those changes may be unfavorable to us. ~~For example, in 2018 our~~ ~~Zynga Poker~~ ~~audience was impacted by platform changes made by Facebook which impacted the players’ ability to access and log into the game.~~ A platform provider may also change its fee structure, add fees associated with access to and use of its platform, alter how we are able to advertise on the platform, change how the personal information of its users is made available to application developers on the platform, limit the use of personal information for advertising purposes, or restrict how players can share information with their friends on the platform or across platforms. For example, in December 2017, Apple revised its App Store Guidelines to require the disclosure of the odds of receiving certain types of virtual items from “loot boxes” (or similar mechanisms that offer a paid license to randomized virtual items) before customers purchase a license for the virtual items, and in May 2019 Google revised its Play Store policies to require similar disclosures. We are continuing to evaluate how Apple and Google will interpret these revisions, whether ~~Facebook and~~ other platform providers adopt similar rules, and how these ~~rule~~rules may affect our business, operations and financial results.

In addition, third-party platforms also impose certain file size limitations, which may limit the ability of players to download some of our larger games in over-the-air updates. Aside from these over-the-air file size limitations, a larger game file size could cause players to delete our games once the file size grows beyond the capacity of their devices’ storage limitations or could reduce the number of downloads of these games.

Such terms of use changes may decrease the visibility or availability of our games, limit our distribution capabilities, prevent access to our existing games, reduce the amount of ~~bookings~~revenue and ~~revenue~~bookings we may recognize from in-game purchases, increase our costs to operate on these platforms or result in the exclusion or limitation of our games on such platforms. Any such changes could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

If we violate, or a platform provider believes we have violated, its terms of service (or if there is any change or deterioration in our relationship with these platform providers), that platform provider could limit or discontinue our access to the platform. A platform provider could also limit or discontinue our access to the platform if it establishes more favorable relationships with one or more of our competitors or it determines that we are a competitor. Any limit or discontinuation of our access to any platform could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We also rely on the continued popularity, customer adoption, and functionality of third-party platforms. In the past, some of these platform providers have been unavailable for short periods of time or experienced issues with their in-app purchasing functionality. If either of these events recurs on a prolonged, or even short-term, basis or other similar issues arise that impact players’ ability to access our games, access social features or purchase a license to virtual items, our business, financial condition, results of operations or reputation may be harmed.

(*) We rely on third-party hosting and cloud computing providers, like Amazon Web Services (“AWS”), to operate certain aspects of our business. A significant portion of our game traffic is hosted by a single vendor, and any failure, disruption or significant interruption in our network or hosting and cloud services could adversely impact our operations and harm our business.

Our technology infrastructure is critical to the performance of our games and to player satisfaction, as well as our corporate functions. Our games and company systems run on a complex distributed system, or what is commonly known as cloud computing. We own, operate and maintain elements of this system, but significant elements of this system are operated by third-parties that we do not control and which would require significant time and expense to replace. We expect this dependence on third-parties to continue. We have suffered interruptions in service in the past, including when releasing new software versions or bug fixes, and if any such interruption were significant and/or prolonged it could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations or reputation.

In particular, a significant portion, if not almost all, of our game traffic, data storage, data processing and other computing services and systems is hosted by AWS. AWS provides us with computing and storage capacity pursuant to an agreement that continues until terminated by either party. The agreement requires AWS to provide us their standard computing and storage capacity and related support in exchange for timely payment by us. We have experienced, and may in the future experience, disruptions, outages and other performance problems due to a variety of factors, including infrastructure changes, human or software errors and capacity constraints. If a particular game is unavailable when players attempt to access it or navigation through a game is slower than they expect, players may stop playing the game and may be less likely to return to the game as often, if at all.

Any failure, disruption or interference with our use of hosted cloud computing services and systems provided by third-parties, like AWS, could adversely impact our business, financial condition or results of operations. In response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, we have engaged with our partners at AWS to understand their operations and have evaluated our business disruption plans. In addition, since many of the technical specialists responsible for managing disruptions to our technology infrastructure are working from home in accordance with shelter-in-place orders issued due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the time required to remedy any interruption may increase. To the extent we do not effectively respond to any such interruptions, upgrade our systems as needed and continually develop our technology and network architecture to accommodate traffic, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be adversely affected. In addition, we do not maintain insurance policies covering losses relating to our systems and we do not have business interruption insurance. Furthermore, our disaster recovery systems and those of third-parties with which we do business may not function as intended or may fail to adequately protect our critical business information in the event of a significant business interruption, which may cause interruption in service of our games, security breaches or the loss of data or functionality, leading to a negative effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

(*) Our operating results are volatile and difficult to predict, and our stock price may decline if we fail to meet the expectations of securities analysts or investors.

Our bookings, revenue, player metrics and operating results have fluctuated in the past and could vary significantly from quarter-to-quarter and year-to-year, and may fail to match our past performance or the expectations of securities analysts or investors because of a variety of factors, some of which are outside of our control. Factors that may contribute to the variability of our operating results include the risk factors listed in these “Risk Factors” and the factors discussed in the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Factors Affecting Our Performance.”

In particular, it is difficult to predict if, when, or ~~when,~~how quickly bookings from one of our games ~~will~~may begin to ~~decline,~~decline. This difficulty may be exacerbated in the ~~decay rate for any particular~~short- to intermediate-term by the recent increased levels of game ~~(i.e., the speed at which the popularity~~downloads and player ~~usage~~engagement during the COVID-19 pandemic, as there are temporarily fewer non-digital activities competing for ~~a game declines)~~our players’ leisure time, attention and discretionary spending. These levels of player activity may not sustain over the short-term or longer-term, and there is no assurance that player behavior will not decrease, including below historic levels, as the full impacts of the pandemic on society and the ~~commercial success of our new games and features. The~~global economy become more clear. In general, the success of our business depends on our ability to consistently and timely launch new games and features that achieve significant popularity and have the potential to become franchise games as bookings from our older games decline. It is difficult for us to predict with certainty when we will launch a new game as games may require longer development schedules or soft launch periods to meet our quality standards and our players’ expectations. If ~~decay rates~~declines are higher than expected in a particular quarterly period, ~~and/or~~ we experience delays in the launch of new games ~~that we expect to offset decay rates of other games~~or features and/or new games do not monetize well, we may not meet our expectations or the expectations of securities analysts or ~~investors for a given quarter.~~investors.

In addition, we recognize revenue from the sale of our virtual items in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which is complex and based on our assumptions and historical data with respect to the sale and use of various types of virtual items. In the event of changes in our assumptions or new trends in the mix of virtual items sold, the amount of revenue that we recognize in any particular period may fluctuate significantly. In addition, changes in the policies of ~~Facebook,~~ Apple, Google or other third party platforms or accounting policies promulgated by the SEC and national accounting standards bodies affecting software and virtual items revenue recognition could further significantly affect the way we report revenue related to our products. Such changes could have an adverse effect on our reported revenue, net income and earnings per share under U.S. GAAP. For example, recurring activity such as new game launches, our acquisition of games from a third party or periods of significant increased bookings can also result in increases in deferred revenue while we initially defer bookings over the estimated average playing period of payers. For further information regarding our revenue recognition policy, see the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Policies—Revenue Recognition”.

Given the rapidly evolving social game industry in which we operate, our historical operating results may not be useful in predicting our future operating results. In addition, metrics we have developed or those available from third parties regarding our industry and the performance of our games, including Mobile DAUs, Mobile MAUs, Mobile MUUs, Mobile MUPs and Mobile ABPU may not be indicative of our future financial performance.

(*) Our business will suffer if we are unable to successfully acquire or integrate acquired companies into our business or otherwise manage the growth associated with multiple acquisitions.

We have acquired games, businesses, personnel and technologies in the past, and we intend to continue to evaluate and pursue acquisitions and strategic investments. For example, in the fourth quarter of 2017, we acquired the casual card game division of Peak

Games, in the second quarter of 2018, we acquired Gram Games and in early 2019, we acquired a controlling interest in Small ~~Giant.~~Giant Games Oy (“Small Giant”). Each of these acquisitions require unique approaches to integration due to, among other reasons, the structure of the acquisitions, their locations and cultural differences among their teams and ours, and has required, and will continue to require, attention from our management team. If we are unable to obtain the anticipated benefits from these acquisitions and strategic investments, or we encounter difficulties in integrating their operations with ours, our financial condition and results of operations could be materially harmed.

The benefits of an acquisition or investment may also take considerable time to develop, and we cannot be certain that any particular acquisition or investment will produce the intended benefits, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. Our ability to grow through future acquisitions will depend on the availability of suitable acquisition and investment candidates at an acceptable cost, our ability to compete effectively to attract these candidates and the availability of financing to complete larger acquisitions. In addition, depending upon the duration and extent of shelter-in-place, travel and other business restrictions adopted by us and imposed by various governments in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we have and will continue to encounter new challenges in evaluating future acquisitions and integrating personnel, business practices and company

cultures. Acquisitions could result in potential dilutive issuances of equity securities, use of significant cash balances or incurrence of debt (and increased interest expense), contingent liabilities or amortization expenses related to intangible assets or write-offs of goodwill and/or intangible assets, which could adversely affect our results of operations and dilute the economic and voting rights of our stockholders. For more information, see Note 87 – “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, Net” in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included herein.

(*) A small number of games have generated a majority of our revenue, and we must continue to launch, innovate and enhance games that players like and attract and retain a significant number of players in order to grow our revenue and sustain our competitive position.

Historically, we have depended on a small number of games for a majority of our revenue and we expect that this dependency will continue for the foreseeable future. ~~Bookings~~Revenue and ~~revenue~~bookings from many of our games may decline over time after reaching a peak of popularity and player usage. As a result, our business depends on our ability to engage with players by consistently and timely launching new games and enhancing existing games with new content, features and events. We believe that certain games have the potential to become franchises that we plan to invest in and support with new games releases and introduction of new features to existing ~~games (such as new events within~~ ~~Zynga Poker~~, ~~Merge Dragons!~~ ~~and~~ ~~Empires & Puzzles~~).games. Constant game enhancement requires the investment of significant resources, particularly with older games, and such costs on average have increased.

It is difficult to consistently anticipate player demand on a large scale, particularly in relation to evolving player behavior and preferences in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and as we develop games in new categories or new markets, including international ~~markets and mobile platforms.~~markets. If we do not successfully launch games that attract and retain a significant number of players and extend the life of our existing games, our market share, brand and financial results will be harmed.

(*) We rely on a small portion of our total players for a substantial amount of our revenue and if we fail to grow our player base, or if player engagement declines, revenue, bookings ~~revenue~~ and operating results will be harmed.

Compared to all players who play our games in any period, only a small portion are paying players. InFor the ~~third~~first quarter of ~~2019,~~2020, we had approximately 1.2 million average Mobile MUPs (excluding payers of our Facebook Instant Games, Snapchat Game (~~Tiny Royale~~) and games acquired as part of our Gram Games and Small Giant acquisitions), who represented approximately 2.9% of our average Mobile ~~Monthly Unique Users.~~MUUs. In order to sustain and grow our revenue levels, we must attract, retain and increase the number of paying players or more effectively monetize our players through advertising and other strategies. To retain players, we must devote significant resources so that the games they play retain their interest and attract them to our other games. We might not succeed in our efforts to increase the monetization rates of our users, particularly if we are unable to retain our paying players. If we fail to grow or sustain the number of our paying players, if the rates at which we attract and retain paying players declines or if the average amount our players pay declines (whether due to financial hardship as a result of an economic downturn, such as the disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, or for any other reason), our business may not grow and our financial results will suffer.

The value of our virtual items is highly dependent on how we manage the economies in our games. If we fail to manage our game economies properly, our business may suffer.

Paying players ~~purchase a license to virtual items~~make purchases in our games because of the perceived value of these ~~goods,~~virtual items, which is dependent on the relative ease of obtaining an equivalent good by playing our game. The perceived value of these virtual items can be impacted by various actions that we take in the games including offering discounts for virtual items, giving away virtual items in promotions or providing easier non-paid means to secure these goods. Managing game economies is difficult, and relies on our assumptions and judgement. If we fail to manage our virtual economies properly or fail to promptly and successfully respond to any such disruption, our reputation may suffer and our players may be less likely to play our games and to purchase virtual items from us in the future, which would cause our business, financial condition and results of operations to suffer.

(*) Cybersecurity attacks, including breaches, computer viruses and computer hacking attacks could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations or reputation.

Cybersecurity attacks, including breaches, computer malware, ~~and~~ computer hacking and insider threats have become more prevalent in our ~~industry.~~industry, and experts have warned that the global disruption related to the COVID-19 pandemic and remote working conditions may result in increased threats and malicious activity. Any cybersecurity breach caused by hacking, which involves efforts to gain unauthorized access to information or systems, or to cause intentional malfunctions, or loss or corruption of data, software, hardware or other computer equipment, or the inadvertent transmission of computer viruses could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations or reputation. We have experienced and will continue to experience hacking attacks of varying degrees from time to time. Because of our prominence in the social game industry, we believe we are a particularly attractive target for hackers. Additionally, rapidly evolving technology and capabilities, evolving changes in the sources, capabilities and targets for cybersecurity attacks, as well as the increasing sophistication of cyber criminals increase the risk of material data compromise or business disruption.

In addition, we store sensitive information, including personal information about our employees, and our games involve the storage and transmission of players’ personal information on equipment, networks and corporate systems run by us or managed by third-parties including Amazon, Apple, Facebook, ~~Apple, Microsoft, Amazon,~~Google and ~~Google.~~Microsoft. We are subject to a number of laws, rules and regulations requiring us to provide notification to players, investors, regulators and other affected parties in the event of a security breach of certain personal data, or requiring the adoption of minimum information security standards that are often vaguely defined and difficult to practically implement. The costs of compliance with these laws, including the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation ~~(GDPR)~~(“GDPR”) and the California Consumer Privacy Act ~~(CCPA)~~of 2018 (“CCPA”), have increased and may increase in the future. Our corporate systems, third-party systems and security measures may be breached due to the actions of outside parties, employee error, malfeasance, a combination of these, or otherwise, and, as a result, an unauthorized party may obtain access to, or compromise the integrity of, our data, our employees’ data, our players’ data or any ~~third party~~third-party data we may possess. Any such security breach could require us to comply with various breach notification laws, may affect our ability to operate and may expose us to litigation, remediation and investigation costs, increased costs for security measures, loss of revenue, damage to our reputation and potential ~~liability.~~liability, each of which could be material.

OnIn September ~~12,~~ 2019, we announced that an incident had occurred that may have involved player data (the “Data Incident”). Upon our discovery of the Data Incident, an investigation was immediately commenced and leading advisors and third-party forensics firms were retained to assist. Our current belief is that, during the third quarter of 2019, outside hackers ~~may have~~ illegally accessed certain player account information and other Zynga information, and that no financial information was accessed. We ~~have~~ provided notifications to players, investors, regulators and other third parties, where we ~~believe~~believed notice was required or appropriate. ~~It is expected that we will~~We may continue to experience increased costs related to our response to the Data Incident and our efforts to further enhance our security measures. In addition, it is possible that the Data Incident may result in loss of players and partners, harm to our reputation, increased costs to maintain insurance coverage, devotion of substantial management time, litigation or regulatory enforcement, claims for indemnification obligations, future cybersecurity attacks and other potential liabilities. We are currently subject to consumer class action complaints filed in connection with the Data Incident, as further described in the section titled “Legal Matters” included in Note 14 —“Commitments and Contingencies” in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included herein. While we intend to defend ourselves vigorously against the claims asserted, we cannot anticipate the potential outcomes, costs and expenses associated with these and any future lawsuits.

~~(*)~~ We are subject to laws and regulations concerning privacy, information security, data protection, consumer protection and protection of minors, and these laws and regulations are continually evolving. Our actual or perceived failure to comply with these laws and regulations could harm our business.

We receive, store and process personal information and other player data, and we enable our players to share their personal information with each other and with third parties, including on the Internet and mobile platforms. There are numerous federal, state and local laws around the world regarding privacy and the storing, sharing, use, processing, disclosure and protection of personal information and other player data on the Internet and mobile platforms, the scope of which are changing, subject to differing interpretations, and may be inconsistent between countries or conflict with other rules.

Various government and consumer agencies have called for new regulation and changes in industry practices and are continuing to review the need for greater regulation for the collection of information concerning consumer behavior on the Internet, including regulation aimed at restricting certain targeted advertising practices. For example, the ~~European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”),~~GDPR, which became effective in May 2018, creates new individual privacy rights and imposes worldwide obligations on companies processing personal data of European Union users, which has created a greater compliance burden for us and other companies with European users, and subjects violators to substantial monetary penalties. Another example is the State of California’s passage of the ~~California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (“CCPA”),~~CCPA, which ~~will become effective in~~went into effect on January 1, 2020 and ~~will create~~created new privacy rights for consumers residing in the state. There is also increased attention being given to the collection of data from minors. For instance, the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (“COPPA”) requires companies to obtain parental consent before collecting personal information from children under the age of 13. Compliance with GDPR, CCPA, COPPA and similar legal requirements has required us to devote significant operational resources and incur significant expenses.

All of our games are subject to our privacy policy and our terms of service located in application storefronts, within our games and on our corporate website. We generally comply with industry standards and are subject to the terms of our privacy-related obligations to players and third parties. We strive to comply with all applicable laws, policies, legal obligations and certain industry codes of conduct relating to privacy and data protection, to the extent reasonably attainable. However, it is possible that these obligations may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another and may conflict with other rules or our practices. For example, foreign laws and regulations are often more restrictive than those in the U.S. In particular, the European Union and its member states traditionally have taken broader views regarding what data types are subject to data protection, and have imposed legal obligations on companies in this regard, as is the case with GDPR. It is also possible that new laws, policies, legal obligations or industry codes of conduct may be passed, or existing laws, policies, legal obligations or industry codes of conduct may be interpreted in such a way that could prevent us from being able to offer services to citizens of a certain jurisdiction or may make it costlier or more difficult for us to do so. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with our privacy policy and terms of service, our privacy-related obligations to players or other third parties, or our privacy-related legal obligations, or any compromise of security that results in the unauthorized release or transfer of personally identifiable information or other player data, may result in governmental enforcement actions, litigation or public

statements against us by consumer advocacy groups or others and could cause our players to lose trust in us, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Additionally, if third parties we work with, such as players, vendors or developers violate applicable laws or our policies, such violations may also put our players’ information at risk and could in turn have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our revenue may be harmed by the proliferation of “cheating” programs and scam offers that seek to exploit our games and players, which may negatively affect game-playing experience and our ability to reliably validate our audience metric reporting and may lead players to stop playing our games.

Unrelated third parties have developed, and may continue to develop, “cheating” programs that enable players to exploit vulnerabilities in our games, play them in an automated way, collude to alter the intended game play or obtain unfair advantages over other players who do play fairly. These programs harm the experience of players who play fairly, may disrupt the virtual economies of our games and reduce the demand for virtual items, disrupting our in-game economy. In addition, unrelated third parties have attempted to scam our players with fake offers for virtual items or other game benefits. We devote significant resources to discover, discourage and disable these cheating and scam programs and activities. If we are unable to do so quickly, our operations may be disrupted, our reputation may be damaged, players may stop playing our games and our ability to reliably validate our audience metrics may be negatively affected. These cheating programs and scam offers result in lost revenue from paying players, disrupt our in-game economies, divert time from our personnel, increase costs of developing technological measures to combat these programs and activities, increase our customer service costs needed to respond to dissatisfied players, and may lead to legal claims.

Some of our players may make sales or purchases of virtual items used in our games through unauthorized or fraudulent third-party websites, which may reduce our revenue.

Virtual items in our games have no monetary value outside of our games. Nonetheless, some of our players may make sales and/or purchases of our virtual items, such as virtual coins for our Social Slots franchise games or Zynga Poker virtual poker chips, through unauthorized third-party sellers in exchange for real currency. These unauthorized or fraudulent transactions are usually arranged on third-party websites and the virtual items offered may have been obtained through unauthorized means such as exploiting vulnerabilities in our games, from scamming our players with fake offers for virtual items or other game benefits, or from credit card fraud. We do not generate any revenue from these transactions. These unauthorized purchases and sales from third-party sellers have in the past and could in the future impede our revenue and profit growth by, among other things:

To discourage unauthorized purchases and sales of our virtual items, we state in our terms of service that the buying or selling of virtual ~~currency and virtual~~ items from unauthorized third party sellers may result in bans from our games or legal action. With a community of players in the millions, we periodically encounter such issues and expect to continue to do so. We have banned players as a result of such activities. We have also filed lawsuits against third parties attempting to “sell” virtual items from our games, particularly poker chips from Zynga Poker, outside of our games. We have also employed technological measures to help detect unauthorized transactions and continue to develop additional methods and processes by which we can identify unauthorized transactions and block such transactions. However, there can be no assurance that our efforts to detect, prevent or minimize these unauthorized or fraudulent transactions will be successful and that these actions will not increase over time.

If we do not successfully invest in, establish and maintain awareness of our brand and games, if we incur excessive expenses promoting and maintaining our brand or our games, or if our games contain defects or objectionable content, our business, financial condition, results of operations or reputation could be harmed.

We believe that establishing and maintaining our brand is critical to maintaining and creating favorable relationships with players, platform providers, advertisers and content licensors, as well as competing for key talent. Increasing awareness of our brand and recognition of our games is particularly important in connection with our strategic focus on developing games based on our own intellectual property and successfully cross-promoting our games. In addition, globalizing and extending our brand and recognition of our games requires significant investment and extensive management time to execute successfully. Although we make significant

sales and marketing expenditures in connection with the launch of our games, these efforts may not succeed in increasing awareness of our brand or the new games. If we fail to increase and maintain brand awareness and consumer recognition of our games, our potential revenues could be limited, our costs could increase and our business, financial condition, results of operations or reputation could suffer.

In addition, if a game contains objectionable content or the messaging functionality of our games is abused, we could experience damage to our reputation and brand. Despite reasonable precautions, some consumers may be offended by certain ~~of our~~ game content, the third-party advertisements displayed in ~~certain of~~ our games, or by treatment of other users. If consumers believe that a game we published or third-party advertisement displayed in a game contains objectionable content, it could harm our brand and consumers could refuse to play it and could pressure the platform providers to remove the game from their platforms. For example, we rely on third-party advertising partners to display ~~ads~~advertisements within our games, we have experienced (and may experience in the future) instances where offensive or objectionable content has been displayed in our games through our advertising partners. While this may violate the terms of our agreements with these advertising partners, our reputation and player experience may suffer. Furthermore, steps that we may take in response to such instances, such as temporarily or permanently shutting off access of such advertising partner to our network, may negatively impact our revenue in such period.

Similarly, our games may contain errors, bugs, flaws, corrupted data, defects and other vulnerabilities, some of which may only become apparent after their launch, particularly as we launch new games and rapidly release new features to existing ~~games under tight time constraints.~~games. Any such errors, flaws, defects and vulnerabilities may be exploited by cheating programs and other forms of misappropriation, disrupt our operations, adversely affect the game experience of our players, harm our reputation, cause our players to stop playing our games, divert our resources and delay market acceptance of our games, any of which could result in legal liability to us or harm our business, financial condition or results of operations.

If we are able to develop new games and features that achieve success, it is possible that these games and features could divert players of our other games without growing our overall user base, which could harm operating results.

Although it is important to our future success that we develop new games and features that are popular with players, it is possible that new games and features may reduce the amount of time players spend with our other games. In particular, we plan to continue leveraging our existing games to cross-promote new games and features, which may encourage players of existing games to divert some of their playing time and discretionary spending away from our existing games. If new games and game features do not grow our player base, increase the overall amount of time our players spend with our games, or generate sufficient new bookings to offset any declines from our other games, our ~~bookings~~revenue and ~~revenue~~bookings could be adversely affected.

(*) We derive a significant portion of our revenues from advertisements and offers that are incorporated into our free-to-play games through relationships with third parties. If we are unable to continue to compete for these advertisements and offers, or if any events occur that negatively impact our relationships with advertisers, our advertising revenues and operating results would be negatively impacted.

We derive a significant portion of our revenues though advertisements and offers we serve to players. We need to maintain good relationships with advertisers to provide us with a sufficient inventory of advertisements and offers. Online advertising, including through mobile games and other mobile applications, is an intensely competitive industry. Many large companies, such as Amazon, Facebook and Google, invest significantly in data analytics to make their websites and platforms more attractive to advertisers. In order for our advertising business to continue to succeed, we need to continue to demonstrate the reach of our player network and success of our advertising partners. If our relationship with any advertising partners terminates for any reason, or if the commercial terms of our relationships are changed or do not continue to be renewed on favorable terms, we would need to qualify new advertising partners, which could negatively impact our revenues, at least in the short term.

In addition, internet-connected devices and operating systems controlled by third parties increasingly contain features that allow device users to disable functionality that allows for the delivery of advertising on their devices. Device and browser manufacturers may include or expand these features as part of their standard device specifications. For example, when Apple announced that UDID, a standard device identifier used in some applications, was being superseded and would no longer be supported, application developers were required to update their apps to utilize alternative device identifiers such as universally unique identifier, or, more recently, identifier-for-advertising, which ~~simplify~~simplifies the process for Apple users to opt out of behavioral targeting. If users elect to utilize the opt-out mechanisms in greater numbers, our ability to deliver effective advertising campaigns on behalf of our advertisers would suffer, which could cause our business, financial condition, or results of operations to suffer.

Finally, the revenues that we derive from advertisements and offers is subject both to seasonality, as companies’ advertising budgets are generally highest during the fourth quarter and decline significantly in the first quarter of the following year, which typically negatively impacts our revenues in the first ~~quarter.~~quarter, and to the financial health of advertisers, who, as they experience downturns or uncertainty in their own business operations for various reasons, such as the economic effects resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, may decrease their advertising spending.

We have a history of net losses and our revenue, bookings and operating margins may decline. We also may incur substantial net losses in the future and may not ~~achieve or~~ sustain profitability.

The industry in which we operate is highly competitive and rapidly changing, and relies heavily on successful new product launches and continually introducing compelling content, products and services. As such, if we fail to deliver such content, products and services, do not execute our strategy successfully or if our new content launches are delayed, our revenue, bookings and audience numbers may decline, and our operating results will suffer. As of ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, we had an accumulated deficit of ~~$1.8~~$1.9 billion.

In addition, our operating margin may experience downward pressure as a result of increasing competition and the other risks discussed in this report. We expect to continue to expend substantial financial and other resources on game development, our technology stack, game engines, game technology and tools, the expansion of our network, international expansion and marketing. Our operating costs will increase and our operating margins may decline if we do not effectively manage costs, launch new products on schedule that monetize successfully and enhance our franchise games so that these games continue to monetize successfully. In addition, weak economic conditions or other factors could cause our business to further contract, requiring us to implement significant additional cost cutting measures, including a decrease in research and development and sales and marketing, which could harm our long-term prospects.

If our revenues do not increase to offset any additional expenses, if we fail to manage or experience unexpected increases in operating expenses or if we are required to take additional charges related to impairments or restructurings, our financial results and results of operations may suffer.

We rely on assumptions and estimates to calculate certain of our key metrics, and real or perceived inaccuracies in such metrics may harm our reputation and negatively affect our business.

Certain of our key metrics, including Mobile DAUs, Mobile MAUs, Mobile MUUs, Mobile MUPs, and Mobile ABPU are calculated using data tracked by our internal analytics systems based on tracking activity of user accounts. The analytics systems and the resulting data have not been independently verified. While these numbers are based on what we believe to be reasonable calculations for the applicable period of measurement, there are inherent challenges in measuring usage and user engagement across our user base and our recently acquired operations, and factors relating to user activity and systems may impact these numbers. For example, although we now only report Mobile DAUs and Mobile MAUs, for the fourth quarter of 2018, we excluded December web DAUs and MAUs for Zynga Poker and instead used an average Zynga Poker player activity for October and November 2018 due to an increased volume of apparent, web-based player activity in that game that we were unable to reliably validate and de-duplicate. The calculation of our key metrics and examples of how user activity and our systems may impact the calculation of these metrics is described in detail under the heading titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Key Measures and Metrics.”

Our accuracy in calculating these metrics is further challenged by our focus on mobile gaming. As described under the heading titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Key Measures and Metrics,” we rely on the accuracy and transparency of data provided by individuals and reported by third parties to calculate our metrics and eliminate duplication of data. For purposes of calculating Mobile MUUs and Mobile MUPs, for certain periods, we are unable to distinguish whether players of certain games are also players of our other games. As a result, we exclude players of these games from our calculation of Mobile MUUs and Mobile MUPs for those periods to avoid potential double counting.

Our advertisers and investors rely on our key metrics as a representation of our performance. We regularly review and may adjust our processes for calculating our internal metrics to improve their accuracy. If we determine that we can no longer calculate any of our key metrics with a sufficient degree of accuracy, and we cannot find an adequate replacement for the metric, our business, financial condition or results of operations may be harmed. In addition, if advertisers, platform partners or investors do not perceive our user metrics to be accurate representations of our user base or user engagement, or if we discover material inaccuracies in our user metrics, our reputation may be harmed and advertisers and platform partners may be less willing to allocate their budgets or resources to our products and services, which could negatively affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

~~Any restructuring actions and cost reduction initiatives that we undertake may not deliver the expected results and these actions may adversely affect our business.~~

We have implemented a number of restructurings during the last several years in which we implemented certain restructuring actions and cost reduction initiatives to streamline operations and improve cost efficiencies to better align our operating expenses with our revenue, including reducing our headcount, rationalizing our product pipeline, reducing marketing and technology expenditures and consolidating and closing certain facilities. We plan to continue to manage costs to better and more efficiently manage our business. Our restructuring plans and other such efforts could result in disruptions to our operations and adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We actively monitor our costs, however, if we do not fully realize or maintain the anticipated benefits of any restructuring actions and cost reduction initiatives, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be adversely affected, and additional restructuring initiatives may be necessary. In addition, we cannot be sure that the cost reduction initiatives will be as successful in reducing our overall expenses as expected or that additional costs will not offset any such reductions. If our operating costs are higher than we expect or if we do not maintain adequate control of our costs and expenses, our operating results will suffer.

In addition, our cost-cutting measures could negatively impact our business, financial condition or results of operations including but not limited to, delaying the introduction of new games, features or events, interrupting live services, impairing our control environment, delaying introduction of new technology, impacting our ability to react nimbly to game or technology issues, or impacting employee retention and morale.

(*) Our business and growth may suffer if we fail to attract, retain and motivate key personnel.

Our ability to compete and grow depends in large part on the efforts and talents of our employees and executives. Our success depends in a large part upon the continued service of our senior management ~~team. We have seen significant changes in our management~~ team, ~~in recent years,~~ including ~~the appointment of~~ Frank Gibeau, as our Chief Executive Officer, ~~the appointment of~~ Mark Pincus, as our non-Executive Chairman and ~~the appointments of~~ our Chief Financial Officer, Chief Operating Officer, President of Publishing, Chief People Officer and Chief Legal Officer. Mr. Pincus and Mr. Gibeau are both critical to our vision, strategic direction, culture, products and technology, and the continued retention of our entire senior management team is important to the success of our operating plan. We do not have employment agreements, other than offer letters, with our senior management team, and we do not maintain key-man insurance for members of our senior management team. The loss of any member of our senior management team could cause disruption and harm our business, financial condition, results of operations or reputation.

In addition, our ability to execute our strategy depends on our continued ability to identify, hire, develop, motivate and retain highly skilled employees, particularly in the competitive fields of game design, product management, engineering and ~~engineering.~~data science. These employees are in high demand, and we devote significant resources to identifying, recruiting, hiring, training, successfully integrating and retaining them. Interviewing, hiring and integrating new employees has and will continue to be particularly challenging during the COVID-19 pandemic. We have continued to experience significant turnover in our headcount, which has placed and will continue to place significant demands on our management and our operational, financial and technological infrastructure. As of ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020, approximately ~~27%~~22% of our employees had been with us for less than one year and approximately ~~50%~~47% for less than two years. As part of our global remote working plans, throughout the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic, we will devote increased efforts to maintaining the collaborative cultures of Zynga, including through the use of videoconferencing and other online communication and sharing tools, and each of our global studios and to monitoring the health, safety, morale and productivity of our employees, including new employees, as we evaluate the impacts of this changing situation on our business and employees.

We believe that two critical components of our success and our ability to retain our best people are our culture and our competitive compensation practices. ~~As we operate as a public company, we may find it difficult to maintain our entrepreneurial, execution-focused culture. In addition, recent~~Any volatility in our operating results and the trading price of our Class A common stock may cause our employee base to be more vulnerable to be targeted for recruitment by competitors. ~~Competition~~While we believe we compete favorably, competition for highly skilled employees is intense, particularly in the San Francisco Bay Area, where our headquarters is located. If we are unable to identify, hire and retain our senior management team and our key employees, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be harmed. Moreover, if our team fails to work together effectively to execute our plans and strategies on a timely basis, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be harmed.

We have historically hired a number of key personnel through acquisitions, and as competition with other game companies for attractive target companies with a skilled employee base persists and increases, we may incur significant expenses and difficulty in continuing this practice. In addition, volatility in our operating results and the trading price of our Class A common stock may negatively impact our perceived reputation and make it more difficult and more expensive to successfully retain employees through acquisitions. The loss of talented employees with experience in the assets we acquire could result in significant disruptions to our business and the integration of acquired assets and businesses. If we do not succeed in recruiting, retaining, and motivating these key employees, we may not achieve the anticipated results of acquisitions.

Our core values of focusing on our players and acting for the long-term may conflict with the short-term expectations of analysts.

We believe surprising and delighting our players is essential to our success and serves the best, long-term interests of Zynga and our stockholders. Therefore, we have made in the past and we may make in the future, significant investments or changes in strategy that we think will benefit us in the long-term, even if our decision has the potential to negatively impact our operating results in the short term. In addition, our decisions may not result in the long-term benefits that we expect, in which case the success of our games, business, financial condition or results of operations could be harmed.

If the use of mobile devices as game platforms and the proliferation of mobile devices generally do not increase, our business could be adversely affected.

The number of people using mobile Internet-enabled devices has increased dramatically over time and we expect that this trend will continue. However, the mobile market, particularly the market for mobile games, may not grow in the way we anticipate. Our future success is substantially dependent upon the continued growth of the market for mobile games. In addition, we do not currently offer our games on all mobile devices. If the mobile devices on which our games are available decline in popularity or become obsolete faster than anticipated, we could experience a decline in ~~bookings~~revenue and ~~revenue~~bookings and may not achieve the anticipated return on our development efforts. Any such declines in the growth of the mobile market or in the use of mobile devices for games could harm our business, financial condition or results of operations.

(*) Our ability to acquire and maintain licenses to intellectual property may affect our revenue and profitability. Competition for these licenses may make them more expensive and increase our costs.

While most of the intellectual property we use in our games is created by us, we also acquire rights to third-party intellectual property. For example, we use licensed intellectual property as creative assets in games such as Game of Thrones™ Slots Casino, Hit It Rich! Slots, Wizard of Oz Slots and Wonka’s World of Candy, and we are developing new games using licensed intellectual property ~~for~~such as Harry Potter™, and Star Wars™ ~~and Game of Thrones™~~.

Proprietary licenses typically limit our use of intellectual property to specific uses and for specific time periods, require time and attention of licensors in providing guidance and related approvals, and include other contractual obligations with which we must comply. We have and may continue to experience delays in working with licensors and their proprietary content as we partner with them to develop new games and features. While these delays have not been material to date, it is possible that the COVID-19 pandemic may divert executive attention and other resources from us or our licensing partners and presents other business challenges, such as dependence on the need for resources only available in physical office locations. Competition for these licenses is intense, and often results in increased advances, minimum payment guarantees and royalties that we must pay to the licensor. If we are unable to obtain and remain in compliance with the terms of these licenses or obtain additional licenses on reasonable economic terms, our revenue and profitability may be adversely impacted. In addition, use of these intellectual properties generally requires that we pay a royalty to the licensor, which decreases our profitability. If the mix of player purchases shifts towards games in which we use licensed intellectual properties increases, our overall margins may be reduced.

In addition, many of our games are built on proprietary source code of third parties, such as Unity. If we are unable to renew licenses to proprietary source code underlying our games, or the terms and conditions of these licenses change at the time of renewal our business, financial condition or results of operations could be negatively impacted. We rely on third parties, including Unity, to maintain versions of their proprietary engines that allow us to ship our games on multiple platforms. If a third party from whom we license source code discontinues support for one or more of these platforms, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be negatively impacted.

Failure to protect or enforce our intellectual property rights or the costs involved in such enforcement could harm our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We regard the protection of our trade secrets, copyrights, trademarks, service marks, trade dress, domain names, patents, and other product rights as critical to our success. We strive to protect our intellectual property rights by relying on federal, state and common law rights, as well as contractual restrictions and business practices. We enter into confidentiality and invention assignment agreements with our employees and contractors and confidentiality agreements with parties with whom we conduct business in order to limit access to, and disclosure and use of, our proprietary information. However, these contractual arrangements and business practices may not prevent the misappropriation of our proprietary information or deter independent development of similar technologies by others.

We pursue the registration of our copyrights, trademarks, service marks, domain names, and patents in the U.S. and in certain locations outside the U.S. This process can be expensive and time-consuming, may not always be successful depending on local laws or other circumstances, and we also may choose not to pursue registrations in every location depending on the nature of the project to which the intellectual property rights pertain. We may, over time, increase our investments in protecting our creative works.

Litigation may be necessary to enforce our intellectual property rights, protect our trade secrets or determine the validity and scope of proprietary rights claimed by others. For example, we have brought actions to protect our “Zynga Poker,” “Ville,” and “With Friends” franchises against third-party uses of those intellectual property assets and brands. Any litigation of this nature, regardless of outcome or merit, could result in substantial costs, adverse publicity, and diversion of management and technical resources, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. If we fail to maintain, protect and enhance our intellectual property rights, our business, financial condition or results of operations may be harmed.

Our web-based games rely on Adobe Flash, and our business and operating results could be harmed if web browsers cease to support Adobe Flash and we cannot find substitute software for our web-based games.

Our web-based games currently rely on Adobe Flash, a multimedia and software platform used to show items such as videos, graphics, games and animations on websites. In July 2017, Adobe announced that it will stop updating and distributing the Adobe Flash technology at the end of 2020. Many providers of web browsers have also communicated roadmaps for phasing out and removing Adobe Flash from their respective web-browsers by 2020. We are continuing to evaluate solutions to provide uninterrupted access to our web games~~. If we are unable to implement these solutions in time, or measures that we take disrupt our game experience, these games may become unavailable or their audiences may further decline, which would harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.~~

We are, and may in the future be, subject to intellectual property disputes, which are costly to defend and could require us to pay significant damages and could limit our ability to use certain technologies in the future.

From time to time, we have faced, and we may face in the future, allegations that we have infringed the trademarks, copyrights, patents and other intellectual property rights of third parties, including from our competitors, non-practicing entities and former employers of our personnel. Intellectual property litigation may be protracted and expensive, and the results are difficult to predict. As the result of any court judgment or settlement, we may be obligated to cancel the launch of a new game, stop offering a game or certain features of a game in a particular geographic region or worldwide, pay royalties or significant settlement costs, purchase licenses or modify our games and features, or develop substitutes.

In addition, we use open source software in our game development and expect to continue to use open source software in the future. From time to time, we may face claims from companies that incorporate open source software into their products, claiming ownership of, or demanding release of, the source code, the open source software and/or derivative works that were developed using such software, or otherwise seeking to enforce the terms of the applicable open source license. These claims could also result in litigation, require us to purchase a costly license or require us to devote additional research and development resources to change our games, any of which would have a negative effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We are involved in claims, suits, government investigations, and proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business, including actions with respect to intellectual property claims, privacy, data protection or law enforcement matters, tax matters, labor and employment claims, commercial and acquisition-related claims ~~as well as stockholder derivative actions, class action lawsuits,~~ and other matters. Such claims, suits, government investigations, and proceedings are inherently uncertain and their results cannot be predicted with certainty. Regardless of their outcomes, such legal proceedings can have an adverse impact on us because of legal costs, diversion of management and other personnel, and other factors. In addition, it is possible that a resolution of one or more such proceedings could result in liability, penalties, or sanctions, as well as judgments, consent decrees, or orders preventing us from offering certain features, functionalities, products, or services, or requiring a change in our business practices, products or technologies, which could in the future materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. See the section titled “Legal Matters” included in Note 1514 – “Commitments and Contingencies” in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included herein.

~~(*)~~ Our business is subject to a variety of U.S. and foreign laws, many of which are unsettled and still developing and which could subject us to claims or otherwise harm our business.

We are subject to a variety of laws in the U.S. and abroad that affect our business, including state and federal laws regarding consumer protection, electronic marketing, protection of minors, data protection and privacy, competition, taxation, intellectual property, export and national security, ~~that~~which are continuously evolving and developing. The scope and interpretation of the laws that are or may be applicable to us are often uncertain and may be conflicting, particularly laws outside the U.S. There is a risk that ~~these~~existing or future laws may be interpreted in a manner that is not consistent with our current practices, and could have an adverse effect on our business. It is also likely that as our business grows and evolves and our games are played in a greater number of countries, we will become subject to laws and regulations in additional jurisdictions or other jurisdictions may claim that we are required to comply with their laws and regulations.

We are potentially subject to a number of foreign and domestic laws and regulations that affect the offering of certain types of content, such as that which depicts violence, many of which are ambiguous, still evolving and could be interpreted in ways that could harm our business or expose us to liability. In addition, there are ongoing academic, political and regulatory discussions in the U.S., Europe, Australia and other jurisdictions regarding whether certain game genres, such as social casino, ~~applications~~or certain game mechanics, such as “loot boxes”, should be subject to a higher level or different type of regulation than other ~~social~~ game ~~applications~~genres or mechanics to protect consumers, in particular minors and persons susceptible to addiction, ~~to social casino games,~~ and, if so, what ~~this~~such regulation should include. For example, ~~last year~~in 2018 a court determined that a class-action plaintiff was able to state a claim that an online social casino game operated by Big Fish Games, Inc. violated a specific anti-gambling law in Washington State. Because of this ruling, several social casino gaming companies are facing class-action suits in Washington State. We disagree with this ruling and are continuing to monitor ~~this case.~~these cases and the related legislative proceedings in Washington State aimed at clarifying the applicability of the specific anti-gambling law to social casino games. If new social casino regulations are imposed, or other regulations are interpreted to apply to our social casino games, certain of (or all of) our casino-themed games may become subject to such rules and regulations and expose us to civil and criminal penalties if we do not comply. Additionally, ~~“loot box”~~loot box game mechanics have been the subject of increased public discussion – for example, Belgium and the Netherlands have recommended enforcement actions against certain companies, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission ~~(FTC)~~(“FTC”) held a public workshop on loot boxes in August 2019, ~~and~~ at least one bill has been introduced in the U.S. Senate that would regulate loot boxes in games marketed toward players under the age of ~~18.~~18 and politicians have cited loot boxes as an example of recent technology innovation where government regulation is needed. In some of our games, such as Empires & Puzzles, ~~CSR2~~CSR Racing 2, Merge Dragons!, Merge Magic! and ~~Dawn of Titans~~Zynga Poker, certain mechanics may be deemed as “loot boxes”. New regulation by the FTC, U.S. states or other international jurisdictions, which may vary significantly across jurisdictions and which we may be required to comply with, could require that these game mechanics be modified or removed from games, increase the costs of operating our games, impact player engagement and monetization or otherwise harm our business performance. It is difficult to predict how existing or new laws may be applied to these or similar game mechanics. If we become liable under these laws or regulations, we could be directly harmed, and we may be forced to implement new measures to reduce our exposure to this liability. This may require us to expend substantial resources or to modify our games, which would harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, the increased attention focused upon liability issues as a result of lawsuits and legislative proposals could harm our reputation or otherwise impact the growth of our business. Any costs incurred as a result of this potential liability could harm our business, financial condition or results of operations.

It is possible that a number of laws and regulations may be adopted or construed to apply to us in the U.S. and elsewhere that could restrict the online and mobile industries, including player privacy, advertising, taxation, content suitability, copyright, distribution and antitrust. Furthermore, the growth and development of electronic commerce and virtual items may prompt calls for more stringent consumer protection laws that may impose additional burdens on companies such as ours conducting business through the Internet and mobile devices. We anticipate that scrutiny and regulation of our industry will increase and we will be required to devote legal and other resources to addressing such regulation. For example, existing laws or new laws regarding the marketing of in-app purchases, labeling of free-to-play games, or regulation of currency, banking institutions, unclaimed property, or money transmission may be interpreted to cover our games and the virtual currency, goods or payments that we receive. If that were to occur we may be required to seek licenses, authorizations or approvals from relevant regulators, the granting of which may be dependent on us meeting certain capital and other requirements and we may be subject to additional regulation and oversight, all of which could significantly increase our operating costs. Changes in current laws or regulations or the imposition of new laws and regulations in the U.S. or elsewhere regarding these activities may lessen the growth of social game services and impair our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Continuing to expand our business to attract players in countries other than the U.S. is a critical element of our business strategy. An important part of targeting international markets is developing offerings that are localized and customized for the players in those markets. We expect to continue to expand our international operations in the future by opening new international studio locations and expanding our offerings in ~~new~~additional countries and languages. Our ability to expand our business and to attract talented employees and players in an increasing number of international markets will require considerable management attention and resources and is subject to the particular challenges of supporting a rapidly growing business in an environment of multiple languages, cultures, customs, legal systems, alternative dispute systems, regulatory systems and commercial infrastructures. We have experienced difficulties in the past and have not been successful in all the countries we have entered. Expanding our international focus may subject us to risks that we have not faced before or increase risks that we currently face, including risks associated with:

If we are unable to manage the complexity of our global operations successfully, our business, financial condition and operating results could be adversely affected. Additionally, our ability to successfully gain market acceptance in any particular market is uncertain, and the distraction of our senior management team could harm our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Any restructuring actions and cost reduction initiatives that we undertake may not deliver the expected results and these actions may adversely affect our business.

We have implemented a number of restructurings in the past in which we implemented certain restructuring actions and cost reduction initiatives to streamline operations and improve cost efficiencies to better align our operating expenses with our revenue, including reducing our headcount, rationalizing our product pipeline, reducing marketing and technology expenditures and consolidating and closing certain facilities. We plan to continue to manage costs to better and more efficiently manage our business. Our restructuring plans and other such efforts could result in disruptions to our operations and adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

The ~~vote~~exit by the United Kingdom ~~to exit~~ from the European Union could harm our business, financial condition or results of operations.

~~On March 29, 2017, the~~The United Kingdom ~~triggered Article 50 of~~left the ~~Treaty on~~ European Union ~~by notifying the European Council of its intention to withdraw from the European Union~~on January 31, 2020 (commonly referred to as “Brexit”)~~. Negotiations have commenced to determine the future terms of~~ and entered into a transition period in which the United ~~Kingdom’s relationship with~~Kingdom and the European Union are negotiating their future relationship, including the terms of trade between the ~~U.K.~~United Kingdom and the European Union. The effects of Brexit will depend on any agreements the United Kingdom makes to retain access to European Union markets ~~either during a~~after the transitional ~~period or more permanently.~~period. Brexit could lead to legal uncertainty and potentially divergent national laws and regulations as the United Kingdom determines which European Union laws to replace or replicate.

The announcement of Brexit caused (and the ~~actual exit of~~post-transition period relationship between the United Kingdom ~~from~~and the European Union is expected to cause future) significant volatility in global stock markets, which could cause our stock price to be subject to wide fluctuations, and significant fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, which will affect our financial results as we report in U.S. dollars and may affect our ability to attract and retain employees in the United Kingdom. The announcement of Brexit also created (and the ~~actual exit of~~post-transition period relationship between the United Kingdom ~~from~~and the European Union may create future) global economic uncertainty, which may cause our players to reduce the amount of money they spend on our games. The ~~actual exit of~~post-transition period relationship between the United Kingdom ~~from~~and the European Union could cause disruptions to and create uncertainty surrounding our business, including affecting our ~~NaturalMotion~~United Kingdom operations and relationships with existing and future players, suppliers and employees. Any of these effects of Brexit, and others we cannot anticipate, could harm our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Companies and governmental agencies may restrict access to ~~Facebook,~~platforms, our website, mobile applications or the Internet generally, which could lead to the loss or slower growth of our player base.

Our players generally need to access the Internet and in particular platforms such as the Apple App Store, the Google Play Store, Facebook, ~~Apple, Google and~~Snapchat or our website to play our games. Companies and governmental agencies could block access to ~~Facebook,~~any platform, our website, mobile applications or the Internet generally for a number of reasons such as security or confidentiality concerns or regulatory reasons, or they may adopt policies that prohibit employees from accessing ~~Facebook,~~ Apple, Google, Facebook and our website or ~~other~~any social ~~platforms.~~platform. If companies or governmental entities block or limit such or otherwise adopt policies restricting players from playing our games, our business could be negatively impacted and could lead to the loss or slower growth of our player base.

Changes in tax laws or tax rulings could materially affect our effective tax rates, financial position and results of operations.

The tax regimes we are subject to or operate under are unsettled and may be subject to significant change. Changes in tax laws (including in response to the COVID-19 pandemic) or tax rulings, or changes in interpretations of existing laws, could cause us to be subject to additional income-based taxes and non-income taxes (such as payroll, sales, use, value-added, digital tax, net worth, property, and goods and services taxes), which in turn could materially affect our financial position and results of operations. For example, in December 2017, the U.S. federal government enacted the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“2017 Tax Act”). The 2017 Tax Act significantly changed the existing U.S. corporate income tax laws by, among other things, lowering the corporate tax rate, implementing a partially territorial tax system, and imposing a one-time deemed repatriation toll tax on cumulative undistributed foreign earnings. Another example is the June 7, 2019 opinion issued in Altera Corp v. Commissioner by a three judge panel from the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (“Ninth Circuit”), reversing a 2015 U.S. Tax Court decision. The Ninth Circuit ruled in favor of the Commissioner, validating U.S. Treasury regulations that require parties to a qualified cost-sharing arrangement to include stock-based compensation in the cost pool. ~~On July 22, 2019, the~~The taxpayer subsequently petitioned the Ninth Circuit for a rehearing en banc, and, ~~may subsequently appeal to~~on November 12, 2019, the Ninth Circuit denied such petition. On February 10, 2020, the taxpayer requested the U.S. Supreme ~~Court.~~Court to review the Ninth Circuit’s decision. It is unclear whether the U.S. Supreme Court will review the case or when a determination will be made. As a result, the final outcome of the case is uncertain; however, if the Ninth Circuit’s opinion is upheld, our ability to offset ~~future~~2019 taxable income with net operating losses ~~would~~may be reduced. In addition, many countries in the European Union, as well as a number of other countries and organizations such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, have recently proposed or recommended changes to existing tax laws or have enacted new laws that could impact our tax obligations. Any significant changes to our future effective tax rate may result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows. For more information, see Note 98 – “Income Taxes” in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included herein.

Our income tax obligations are based in part on our corporate operating structure and intercompany arrangements, including the manner in which we develop, value, manage, and use our intellectual property and the valuation of our intercompany transactions. The tax laws applicable to our business, including the laws of the U.S. and other jurisdictions, are subject to interpretation and certain jurisdictions are aggressively interpreting their laws in new ways in an effort to raise additional tax revenue. Our existing corporate structure and intercompany arrangements have been implemented in a manner we believe is in compliance with current prevailing tax laws. However, the taxing authorities of the jurisdictions in which we operate may challenge our methodologies for valuing developed technology or intercompany arrangements, which could impact our worldwide effective tax rate and harm our financial position and results of operations. In addition, changes to our corporate structure and intercompany agreements, including through acquisitions, could impact our worldwide effective tax rate and harm our financial position and results of ~~operation.~~operations. As a result of recent changes in tax laws, we are exploring certain changes to our international tax structure, although there can be no guarantee that any modified structure will achieve our intended goals.

(*) We may require additional capital to meet our financial obligations and support business growth, and this capital might not be available on acceptable terms or at all.

We intend to continue to make significant investments to support our business growth and may require additional funds to respond to business challenges, including the need to develop new games and features or enhance our existing games, improve our operating infrastructure or acquire complementary businesses, personnel and technologies. Accordingly, we may need to engage in equity or debt financings to secure additional funds. If we raise additional funds through future issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, our existing stockholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges superior to those of holders of our Class A common stock. Any debt financing that we secure in the future could involve offering additional security interests and undertaking restrictive covenants relating to our capital raising activities and other financial and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities, including potential acquisitions. In December 2018, we entered into a credit agreement for a three-year revolving credit facility, and we must adhere to financial covenants therein. We may not be able to obtain additional financing on terms favorable to us, if at all. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted capital markets, and if we seek to access additional capital or increase our borrowing, there can be no assurance that financing and credit may be available on favorable terms, if at all. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us when we require it, our ability to continue to support our business growth and to respond to business challenges could be significantly impaired, and our business, financial condition or results of operations may be harmed.

In addition, in June 2019, we issued $690.0 million aggregate principal amount of 0.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2024 (the “Notes”). We may not have the ability to raise the funds necessary to settle conversions of the Notes in cash, to repurchase the Notes upon a fundamental change or to repay the Notes in cash at their maturity (if not earlier converted, redeemed or repurchased), and our future debt may contain limitations on our ability to pay cash upon conversions of the Notes or at their maturity or to repurchase the Notes. Holders of the Notes may require us to repurchase all or a portion of their Notes upon the occurrence of a fundamental change (as defined in the indenture under which the Notes were issued) before the maturity date at a repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any. In addition, upon conversion of the Notes, unless we elect to deliver solely shares of our Class A common stock to settle such conversion (other than paying cash in lieu of delivering any fractional share), we will be required to make cash payments in respect of the Notes being converted. Moreover, we will be required to repay the Notes in cash at their maturity unless earlier converted, redeemed or repurchased. However, we may not have enough available cash or be able to obtain financing at the time we are required to make repurchases of the Notes surrendered therefor or pay cash with respect to the Notes being converted or at their maturity.

In addition, our ability to repurchase the Notes or to pay cash upon conversions of the Notes or at their maturity may be limited by law, regulatory authority or agreements governing our future indebtedness. Our failure to repurchase the Notes at a time when the repurchase is required by the indenture or to pay cash upon conversions of the Notes or to repay the Notes at their maturity as required by the indenture would constitute a default under the indenture. A default under the indenture or the fundamental change itself could also lead to a default under agreements governing our existing and future indebtedness. Moreover, the occurrence of a fundamental change under the indenture could constitute an event of default under any such agreement. If the payment of the related indebtedness were to be accelerated after any applicable notice or grace periods, we may not have sufficient funds to repay such indebtedness and repurchase the Notes or pay cash with respect to notes being converted or at maturity of the Notes.

~~(*)~~ Provisions in the indenture for the ~~notes~~Notes may deter or prevent a business combination that may be favorable to you.

If a fundamental change occurs prior to the maturity date of the Notes, holders of the Notes will have the right, at their option, to require us to repurchase all or a portion of their Notes. In addition, if a make-whole fundamental change occurs prior to the maturity date of the Notes, we will in some cases be required to increase the conversion rate for a holder that elects to convert its Notes in connection with such make-whole fundamental change. Furthermore, the indenture for the Notes will prohibit us from engaging in certain mergers or acquisitions unless, among other things, the surviving entity assumes our obligations under the Notes. These and other provisions in the indenture could deter or prevent a third party from acquiring us even when the acquisition may be favorable to you.

~~(*)~~ We are subject to counterparty risk with respect to the capped call transactions.

The counterparties to the capped call transactions entered into in connection with the offering of the Notes are financial institutions, and we will be subject to the risk that one or more of the counterparties may default or otherwise fail to perform, or may exercise certain rights to terminate, their obligations under the capped call transactions. Our exposure to the credit risk of the counterparties will not be secured by any collateral. Global economic conditions have in the past resulted in the actual or perceived failure or financial difficulties of many financial institutions. If a counterparty to one or more capped call transactions becomes subject to insolvency proceedings, we will become an unsecured creditor in those proceedings with a claim equal to our exposure at the time under such transactions. Our exposure will depend on many factors but, generally, our exposure will increase if the market price or the volatility of our common stock increases. In addition, upon a default or other failure to perform, or a termination of obligations, by a counterparty, the counterparty may fail to deliver the shares of common stock required to be delivered to us under the capped call transactions and we may suffer adverse tax consequences or experience more dilution than we currently anticipate with respect to our common stock. We can provide no assurances as to the financial stability or viability of the counterparties.

58(*) Our investment portfolio may become impaired by deterioration of the financial markets.

Our cash equivalent and investment portfolio is invested with a goal of preserving our access to capital, and generally consists money market funds, corporate debt securities, U.S. government and government agency debt securities, mutual funds, certificates of deposit and time deposits. We follow an established investment policy and set of guidelines to monitor and help mitigate our exposure to interest rate and credit risk. The policy sets forth credit quality standards, permissible allocations of certain sectors and limits our exposure to specific investment types. Volatility in the global financial markets can negatively impact the value of our investments, and recent depressed performance in U.S. and global financial markets due to the COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted the carrying value of our investment portfolio. If financial markets experience further volatility, including due to depressed economic production and performance across the U.S. and global economies due to impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, investments in some financial instruments may pose risks arising from market liquidity and credit concerns. In addition, any disruption of the capital markets could cause our other income and expense to vary from expectations. Although we believe our current investment portfolio has a low risk of material impairment, we cannot predict future market conditions, market liquidity or credit availability, and can provide no assurance that our investment portfolio will remain materially unimpaired.

(*) The occurrence of an earthquake, or other natural disaster or other significant business interruption at or near any of our facilities could cause damage to our facilities and equipment ~~which could require us to curtail or cease~~and interfere with our operations.

Our principal offices are located in the San Francisco Bay Area, an area known for earthquakes, and are thus vulnerable to damage. All of our facilities are also vulnerable to damage from natural or manmade disasters, including power loss, fire, explosions, floods, communications failures, terrorist attacks, contagious disease outbreak (such as the COVID-19 pandemic) and similar events. If any disaster were to occur, our ability to operate our business at our facilities could be impaired and we could incur significant losses, recovery from which may require substantial time and expense.

The trading price of our Class A common stock has been, and is likely to continue to be, highly volatile and could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control. Between ~~September 30, 2018~~March 31, 2019 and ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, the trading price of our Class A common stock ranged from a low of ~~$3.32~~$5.22 per share to a high of ~~$6.65~~$7.42 per share. In addition to the factors discussed in these “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this filing, factors that may cause volatility in our share price include:

Furthermore, the stock markets have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many ~~companies.~~companies, including in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, continuing containment efforts and initiatives taken to support global economies and workers. These fluctuations often have been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. These broad market and industry fluctuations, as well as general economic, political and market conditions such as recessions, interest rate changes or international currency fluctuations, may negatively impact the market price of our Class A common stock. In the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been subject to securities class action litigation. We have been the target of this type of litigation as described in the section titled “Legal Matters” included in Note 1514 —“Commitments and Contingencies” in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included herein. Securities litigation against us could result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention from other business concerns, which could harm our business.

In addition, in November 2016, the 2016 Share Repurchase Program was authorized for up to $200.0 million of our outstanding Class A common stock. In the second quarter of 2018, we completed all purchases under the 2016 Share Repurchase Program. In April 2018, our Board of Directors authorized the 2018 Share Repurchase Program allowing us to repurchase up to an additional $200.0 million of our outstanding shares of Class A common stock. The timing and amount of any stock repurchases will be determined based on market conditions, share price and other factors. The 2018 Share Repurchase Program, which will expire in April 2022, does not require us to repurchase any specific number of shares of our Class A common stock, and may be modified, suspended or terminated at any time without notice. The 2018 Share Repurchase Program will be funded from existing cash on hand or other sources of financing as the Company may determine to be appropriate. Share repurchases under these authorizations may be made through a variety of methods, which may include open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions, block trades, accelerated share repurchase transactions, purchases through 10b5-1 plans or by any combination of such methods. Repurchases of our Class A common stock in the open market could result in increased volatility in our stock price. There is no guarantee that we will make any share repurchases under the 2018 Share Repurchase Program or otherwise in the future.

~~(*)~~ The capped call transactions may affect the value of the ~~notes~~Notes and our Class A common stock.

In connection with the issuance of the Notes, we entered into privately negotiated capped call transactions with Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC, Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC and Bank of America, N.A. The capped call transactions cover, subject to customary adjustments, the number of shares of our Class A common stock initially underlying the Notes. The capped call transactions are expected to offset the potential dilution and/or offset any cash payments we are required to make in excess of the aggregate principal amount of converted Notes, as the case may be, as a result of conversion of the Notes.

From time to time, the counterparties or their respective affiliates may modify their hedge positions by entering into or unwinding various derivatives with respect to our Class A common stock and/or purchasing or selling our Class A common stock or other securities of ours in secondary market transactions following the pricing of the Notes and prior to the maturity of the Notes (and are likely to do so during any observation period related to a conversion of the Notes). This activity could also cause or prevent an increase or a decrease in the market price of our Class A common stock or the Notes.

Certain provisions in our charter documents and under Delaware law could limit attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our Board of Directors or current management and limit the market price of our Class A common stock.

Provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may have the effect of delaying or preventing changes in our Board of Directors or management. Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws include provisions that:

These provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our Board of Directors, which is responsible for appointing the members of our management. In addition, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which generally prohibits a Delaware corporation from engaging in any of a broad range of business combinations with any “interested” stockholder for a period of three years following the date on which the stockholder became an “interested” stockholder.

Our Class A common stock price may be volatile due to third-party data regarding our games.

Third parties, such as AppData, App Annie, comScore, and Sensor Tower publish daily data about us and other social game companies with respect to downloads, DAUs and MAUs, monthly revenue, top game charts, time spent per user and other information concerning social game usage. These metrics can be volatile, particularly for specific games, and in many cases do not accurately reflect the actual levels of usage of our games across all platforms and may not correlate to our bookings or revenue from the sale of virtual items. There is a possibility that third parties could change their methodologies for calculating these metrics in the future. To the extent that securities analysts or investors base their views of our business or prospects on such third-party data, the price of our Class A common stock may be volatile and may not reflect the performance of our business.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research about our business, or publish negative reports about our business, our share price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our Class A common stock, to some extent, depends on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about our business. We do not have any control over these analysts. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our shares or lower their opinion of our shares, our share price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause our share price or trading volume to decline.

If we are unable to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in the future, the accuracy and timeliness of our financial reporting may be adversely affected.

IfWhile we have not experienced any material impact to our internal controls over financial reporting despite the fact that most of our employees are working remotely due to the COVID-19 pandemic, if we are unable to maintain adequate internal controls for financial reporting in the future due to the pandemic or any other reason, or if our auditors are unable to express an opinion as to the effectiveness of our internal controls as required pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, ~~of 2002,~~ investor confidence in the accuracy of our financial reports may be impacted or the market price of our Class A common stock could be negatively impacted.

The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources, divert management’s attention and affect our ability to attract and retain qualified Board members.

We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform Act and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, the listing requirements of the NASDAQ Global Select Market and other applicable securities rules and regulations. Compliance with these rules and regulations has increased and will continue to increase our legal and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time-consuming or costly and increase demand on our systems and resources. The Exchange Act requires, among other things, that we file annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to our business and operating results.

As a result of disclosure of information in our public filings with the SEC as required of a public company, our business and financial condition have become more visible, which we believe may result in threatened or actual litigation, including by competitors and other third parties. If such claims are successful, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be harmed, and even if the claims do not result in litigation or are resolved in our favor, these claims, and the time and resources necessary to resolve them, could divert the resources of our management and our Board members and harm our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock and do not have any plans to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any determination to pay dividends in the future will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors. Accordingly, investors must rely on sales of their Class A common stock after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize any future gains on their investments.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Stock repurchases during the ~~third~~first quarter of ~~2019,~~2020, which were all made pursuant to the 2018 Share Repurchase Program, were as follows:

~~Incorporated by Reference~~

~~Exhibit No~~.

~~Description of Exhibit~~

~~Form~~

~~File No.~~

~~Exhibit~~

~~Filing Date~~

~~Filed or~~

~~Furnished~~

~~Herewith~~

~~10.1~~*†

~~Form of Office Lease, by and between the registrant, as tenant, and BCP-CG 650 Property LLC, as landlord~~

~~8-K~~

~~001-35375~~

~~10.2~~

~~05/28/2019~~

~~10.2~~+

~~Education Cost and Retention Agreement between Zynga Inc. and Jeff Buckley~~

~~31.1~~

~~Certification of the Chief Executive Officer of Zynga Inc. pursuant to rule 13a-14 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002~~

~~31.2~~

~~Certification of the Chief Financial Officer of Zynga Inc. pursuant to rule 13a-14 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002~~

~~32.1•~~

~~Certification of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of Zynga Inc. pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002~~

~~101.INS~~

~~Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document~~

~~101.SCH~~

~~Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document~~

~~101.CAL~~

~~Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document~~

~~101.DEF~~

~~Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document~~

~~101.LAB~~

~~Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document~~

~~101.PRE~~

~~104~~

~~Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document~~

~~Cover page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)~~

Incorporated by Reference

Exhibit No.

Description of Exhibit

Form

File No.

Exhibit

Filing Date

Filed or

Furnished

Herewith

3.1

Fourth Amended and Restated Bylaws of Zynga Inc.

10-K

001-35375

3.2

02/28/2020

31.1

Certification of the Chief Executive Officer of Zynga Inc. pursuant to rule 13a-14 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

31.2

Certification of the Chief Financial Officer of Zynga Inc. pursuant to rule 13a-14 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

32.1•

Certification of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of Zynga Inc. pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

101.INS

Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document

101.SCH

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document

101.PRE

104

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

Cover page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report on to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the city of San Francisco, State of California, on ~~October 31, 2019.~~May 7, 2020.

Delaware	42-1733483
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

699 Eighth Street
San Francisco, CA	94103
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A common stock	ZNGA	Nasdaq Global Select Market

~~Title of each class~~	~~Trading Symbol(s)~~	~~Name of each exchange on which registered~~
~~Class A common stock~~	~~ZNGA~~	~~Nasdaq Global Select Market~~

			Page
Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements			1

	PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

	Item 1.	Financial Statements (Unaudited)

		Consolidated Balance Sheets as of ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 and December 31, ~~2018~~2019	2

		Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three ~~and Nine~~ Months Ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2020 and 2019 ~~and 2018~~	3

		Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the Three ~~and Nine~~ Months Ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2020 and 2019 ~~and 2018~~	4

		Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the Three ~~and Nine~~ Months Ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2020 and 2019 ~~and 2018~~	5

		Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the ~~Nine~~Three Months Ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2020 and 2019 ~~and 2018~~	76

		Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	87

	Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	2722

	Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk	4235

	Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	4235

	PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

	Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	4336

	Item 1A.	Risk Factors	4336

	Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Issuer Purchases of Equity Purchases	6156

	Item 6.	Exhibits	6257

		Signatures	6358

	March 31, 2020
	Range	Weighted Average
Bookings growth rates	0.3% – 26.2%	12.8%
Bookings volatility	15.0% – 19.0%	17.9%
Asset volatility	38.0% – 41.0%	38.8%
Net cash flow margins	24.5% – 36.5%	33.2%
Discount rates	10.5% – 14.0%	11.5%

Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
Emerging growth company	☐

											Accumulated
	Class A, B and C Common Stock					Additional Paid-In		Treasury			Other Comprehensive			Accumulated			Total Stockholders'
	Shares			Amount		Capital		Stock			Income (Loss)			Deficit			Equity
Balances at December 31, 2017		870,660		$	5	$	3,426,500	$	—		$	(93,497	)	$	(1,691,768	)	$	1,641,240
Exercise of stock options and ESPP		1,510			—		3,311		—			—			—			3,311
Vesting of ZSUs, net of tax withholdings		2,748			—		—		(6,364	)		—			—			(6,364	)
Stock-based compensation expense		—			—		14,113		—			—			—			14,113
Repurchases of common stock		(11,306	)		—		—		(41,175	)		—			—			(41,175	)
Retirements of treasury stock		—			—		—		47,539			—			(47,539	)		—
Adoption of ASU 2014-09		—			—		—		—			—			4,024			4,024
Net income (loss)		—			—		—		—			—			5,609			5,609
Other comprehensive income (loss)		—			—		—		—			23,107			—			23,107
Balances at March 31, 2018		863,612		$	5	$	3,443,924	$	—		$	(70,390	)	$	(1,729,674	)	$	1,643,865
Exercise of stock options and ESPP		458			—		844		—			—			—			844
Vesting of ZSUs, net of tax withholdings		3,013			—		—		(7,609	)		—			—			(7,609	)
Stock-based compensation expense		—			—		17,369		—			—			—			17,369
Repurchases of common stock		(6,902	)		—		—		(24,243	)		—			—			(24,243	)
Retirements of treasury stock		—			—		—		31,852			—			(31,852	)		—
Net income (loss)		—			—		—		—			—			(911	)		(911	)
Other comprehensive income (loss)		—			—		—		—			(29,721	)		—			(29,721	)
Balances at June 30, 2018		860,181		$	5	$	3,462,137	$	—		$	(100,111	)	$	(1,762,437	)	$	1,599,594
Exercise of stock options and ESPP		1,767			—		4,771		—			—			—			4,771
Vesting of ZSUs, net of tax withholdings		2,150			—		—		(5,389	)		—			—			(5,389	)
Stock-based compensation expense		—			—		18,754		—			—			—			18,754
Repurchases of common stock		(2,241	)		—		—		(8,393	)		—			—			(8,393	)
Retirements of treasury stock		—			—		—		13,782			—			(13,782	)		—
Net income (loss)		—			—		—		—			—			10,200			10,200
Other comprehensive income (loss)		—			—		—		—			(3,099	)		—			(3,099	)
Balances at September 30, 2018		861,857		$	5	$	3,485,662	$	—		$	(103,210	)	$	(1,766,019	)	$	1,616,438

Level 3 Liabilities:	Total
Contingent consideration obligation – December 31, 2019	$	320,100
Additions		—
Fair value adjustments		120,000
Payments		(121,600	)
Contingent consideration obligation – March 31, 2020	$	318,500

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019
Operating lease income	$	10,563
Variable lease income		1,103
Total lease income	$	11,666

	Total
Cash	$	34,193
Accounts receivable, net		22,974
Prepaid expenses		2,561
Intangible assets, net:
Developed technology, useful life of 5 years		155,000
Trade names, useful life of 7 years		32,000
Goodwill		531,748
Property and equipment, net		180
Right-of-use assets		883
Other non-current assets		120
Total assets acquired		779,659
Accounts payable		(1,716	)
Income tax payable		(5,623	)
Operating lease liabilities		(380	)
Other current liabilities		(16,126	)
Deferred tax liabilities, net		(37,400	)
Non-current operating lease liabilities		(503	)
Total liabilities		(61,748	)
Total purchase price consideration	$	717,911

Fair value of Zynga Stock Considerationissued⁽¹⁾		(253,903	)
Non-current contingent consideration payable		(98,000	)
Total cash consideration	$	366,008

	Foreign Currency Translation			Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Available-For-Sale Marketable Debt Securities		Total
Balance as of December 31, 2018	$	(118,441	)	$	2	$	(118,439	)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications		(34,304	)		133		(34,171	)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)		—			—		—
Net other comprehensive income (loss)		(34,304	)		133		(34,171	)
Balance as of September 30, 2019	$	(152,745	)	$	135	$	(152,610	)

Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased		Average Price Paid per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Programs⁽¹⁾		Maximum Dollar Value That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Program⁽¹⁾
July 1 - July 31, 2019		—	$	—		—	$	173,847,972
August 1 - August 31, 2019		—	$	—		—	$	173,847,972
September 1 - September 30, 2019		—	$	—		—	$	173,847,972
Total		—	$	—		—