Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☒☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of ~~November 1, 2019,~~April 23, 2020, the registrant had ~~99,406,356~~147,399,273 shares of common stock, $0.01 par value per share, outstanding.

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, or this Report, contains forward-looking statements, including, without limitation, in the sections captioned “Risk Factors,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and elsewhere. Any and all statements contained in this Report that are not statements of historical fact may be deemed forward-looking statements. Terms such as “will”, “may,” “might,” “would,” “should,” “could,” “project,” “estimate,” “pro forma,” “predict,” “potential,” “strategy,” “anticipate,” “attempt,” “develop,” “plan,” “help,” “believe,” “continue,” “intend,” “expect,” “future” and terms of similar import (including the negative of any of the foregoing) may be intended to identify forward-looking statements. However, not all forward-looking statements may contain one or more of these identifying terms. Forward-looking statements in this Report may include, without limitation, statements regarding (i) the plans and objectives of management for future operations, including plans or objectives relating to the development of products, (ii) a projection of income (including income/loss), earnings (including earnings/loss) per share, capital expenditures, dividends, capital structure or other financial items, (iii) our future financial performance, including any such statement contained in a discussion and analysis of financial condition by management or in the results of operations included pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, and (iv) the assumptions underlying or relating to any statement described in points (i), (ii) or (iii) above.

The forward-looking statements are not meant to predict or guarantee actual results, performance, events or circumstances and may not be realized because they are based upon our current projections, plans, objectives, beliefs, expectations, estimates and assumptions and are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties and other influences, many of which we have no control over. Actual results and the timing of certain events and circumstances may differ materially from those described by the forward-looking statements as a result of these risks and uncertainties. Factors that may influence or contribute to the inaccuracy of the forward-looking statements or cause actual results to differ materially from expected or desired results may include, without limitation:

Any forward-looking statements in this Report reflect our current views with respect to future events or to our future financial performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from current expectations include, among other things, those listed under Part II, Item 1A, titled “Risk Factors” and discussed elsewhere in this Report, and in Part I, Item 1A, titled “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, ~~2018.~~2019. Given these uncertainties, you are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. We disclaim any obligation to update the forward-looking statements contained in this Report to reflect any new information or future events or circumstances or otherwise, except as required by law.

This Report also contains estimates, projections and other information concerning our industry, our business, and the markets for certain devices, including data regarding the estimated size of those markets. Information that is based on estimates, forecasts, projections, market research or similar methodologies is inherently subject to uncertainties and actual events or circumstances may differ materially from events and circumstances reflected in this information. Unless otherwise expressly stated, we obtained this industry, business, market and other data from reports, research surveys, studies and similar data prepared by market research firms and other third parties, industry, medical and general publications, government data and similar sources.

	September 30, 2019			December 31, 2018			March 31, 2020			December 31, 2019
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	90,756		$	167,432		$	190,208		$	226,783
Accounts receivable		33,301			36,867			21,490			16,817
Inventory		59,622			49,462			55,031			55,031
Deposits on purchased inventory		4,883			8,142			4,235			6,457
Deferred cost of revenue		3,056			9,736			3,554			3,466
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		4,672			6,045			5,849			3,310
Total current assets		196,290			277,684			280,367			311,864
Property and equipment, net		23,437			13,958			23,570			23,399
Restricted cash		1,442			1,933			1,860			1,404
Intangible assets, net		57			—			54			55
Right-of-use assets		12,254			—			11,175			11,720
Other assets		2,255			1,395			1,717			1,577
TOTAL ASSETS	$	235,735		$	294,970		$	318,743		$	350,019
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	11,648		$	10,207		$	7,232		$	13,739
Accrued liabilities		18,835			9,983			16,310			21,390
Customer deposits		10,746			19,968			16,307			9,662
Operating lease liability, current		2,139			—			2,332			2,264
Current portion of long-term debt								6,222			1,556
Deferred revenue, current		9,644			13,731			9,861			10,457
Total current liabilities		53,012			53,889			58,264			59,068
Deferred revenue, net of current portion		4,516			5,744			3,193			3,553
Long-term debt		55,489			55,364			49,375			53,995
Warrant liabilities		3,194			11,844			2,504			5,373
Operating lease liability, noncurrent		11,067			—			9,865			10,479
Other long-term liabilities		562			820			1,528			1,377
TOTAL LIABILITIES		127,840			127,661			124,729			133,845
Commitments and contingencies (Note 6)
Stockholders’ equity:
Convertible preferred stock, par value of $0.01 per share; 10,000,000 shares authorized at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018; no shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018		—			—
Common stock, par value of $0.01 per share; 300,000,000 shares authorized at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018; 99,405,805 and 96,332,023 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018		984			952
Preferred stock, par value of $0.01 per share; 10,000,000 shares authorized at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019; no shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019								—			—
Common stock, par value of $0.01 per share; 300,000,000 shares authorized at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019; 147,396,985 and 147,191,695 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019								1,464			1,462
Additional paid-in capital		590,878			565,334			739,258			733,888
Accumulated deficit		(483,967	)		(398,977	)		(546,708	)		(519,176	)
TOTAL STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY		107,895			167,309			194,014			216,174
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY	$	235,735		$	294,970		$	318,743		$	350,019

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,						Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019			2018			2019			2018			2020			2019
Revenue:
Product	$	18,696		$	16,492		$	65,475		$	57,237		$	11,470		$	18,874
Service		2,048			1,056			5,482			2,706			2,661			1,291
Distribution rights		118			118			356			356			119			119
Total revenue		20,862			17,666			71,313			60,299			14,250			20,284
Cost of revenue:
Product		18,521			15,199			63,368			49,564			13,129			22,033
Service		1,767			2,103			9,489			4,732			3,228			3,615
Total cost of revenue		20,288			17,302			72,857			54,296			16,357			25,648
Gross margin		574			364			(1,544	)		6,003			(2,107	)		(5,364	)
Operating expenses:
Research and development		5,641			4,347			17,135			12,506			6,337			5,031
Selling and marketing		7,297			3,384			19,845			10,024			5,823			4,885
General and administrative		19,381			16,721			49,888			37,070			15,788			15,109
Total operating expenses		32,319			24,452			86,868			59,600			27,948			25,025
Loss from operations		(31,745	)		(24,088	)		(88,412	)		(53,597	)		(30,055	)		(30,389	)
Interest income		484			2			1,391			6			695			220
Interest expense		(1,069	)		(1,974	)		(2,902	)		(5,758	)		(1,038	)		(759	)
Other income (expense), net		11,499			(6,792	)		4,933			(307	)		2,866			(2,433	)
Loss before provision for income taxes	$	(20,831	)	$	(32,852	)	$	(84,990	)	$	(59,656	)	$	(27,532	)	$	(33,361	)
Provision for income taxes		—			—			—			—			—			—
Net loss and comprehensive loss	$	(20,831	)	$	(32,852	)	$	(84,990	)	$	(59,656	)	$	(27,532	)	$	(33,361	)
Amortization of beneficial conversion feature related to Series A convertible preferred stock	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	(2,728	)
Net loss attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted	$	(20,831	)	$	(32,852	)	$	(84,990	)	$	(62,384	)
Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$	(0.21	)	$	(0.39	)	$	(0.87	)	$	(0.82	)	$	(0.19	)	$	(0.34	)
Weighted-average common shares used to compute net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted		99,039,789			84,920,996			97,763,964			76,185,346			147,457,116			96,741,309

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements

Condensed Consolidated Statements of ~~Convertible Preferred Stock and~~ Stockholders’ Equity

	Common Stock
	Shares		Amount		Additional Paid-in Capital			Accumulated Deficit			Total Stockholders’ Equity
Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
Balance at December 31, 2019		147,191,695	$	1,462	$	733,888		$	(519,176	)	$	216,174
Issuance of common stock from option exercises		2,870		—		2			—			2
Stock-based compensation		—		—		5,501			—			5,501
Issuance of common stock from releases of restricted stock units		202,420		2		(2	)		—			—
Tax withholding paid on behalf of employees for stock-based awards		—		—		(131	)		—			(131	)
Net loss		—		—		—			(27,532	)		(27,532	)
Balance at March 31, 2020		147,396,985	$	1,464	$	739,258		$	(546,708	)	$	194,014


	Common Stock
	Shares		Amount		Additional Paid-in Capital			Accumulated Deficit			Total Stockholders’ Equity
Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
Balance at December 31, 2018		96,332,023	$	952	$	565,334		$	(398,977	)	$	167,309
Issuance of common stock from option exercises		588,120		7		2,877			—			2,884
Stock-based compensation		—		—		4,552			—			4,552
Issuance of common stock from warrant exercises		12,955		—		—			—			—
Reclassification of warrant liability to additional paid-in capital upon warrant exercises		—		—		92			—			92
Net loss		—		—		—			(33,361	)		(33,361	)
Balance at March 31, 2019		96,933,098	$	959	$	572,855		$	(432,338	)	$	141,476

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

Convertible Preferred Stock

Common Stock

Shares

Amount

Additional
Paid-in
Capital

Shares

Amount

Additional
Paid-in
Capital

Accumulated
Deficit

Total
Stockholders’
Equity

Three Months Ended September 30, 2019

Balance at June 30, 2019

—

$
—

$
—

98,259,203

$
973

$
585,080

$
(463,136
)

$
122,917

Issuance of common stock from option exercises

—

—

—

517,624

5

1,433

—

1,438

Stock-based compensation

—

—

—

—

—

4,910

—

4,910

Issuance of common stock from releases of restricted stock units

—

—

—

335,863

3

(3
)

—

—

Tax withholding paid on behalf of employees for stock-based awards

—

—

—

—

—

(2,410
)

—

(2,410
)
Issuance of common stock from warrant exercises

—

—

—

293,115

3

(3
)

—

—

Reclassification of warrant liability to additional paid-in capital upon warrant exercises

—

—

—

—

—

1,871

—

1,871

Net loss

—

—

—

—

—

—

(20,831
)

(20,831
)
Balance at September 30, 2019

—

$
—

$
—

99,405,805

$
984

$
590,878

$
(483,967
)

$
107,895

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019

Balance at December 31, 2018

—

$
—

$
—

96,332,023

$
952

$
565,334

$
(398,977
)

$
167,309

Issuance of common stock from option exercises

—

—

—

2,219,251

23

9,618

—

9,641

Stock-based compensation

—

—

—

—

—

14,369

—

14,369

Issuance of common stock from releases of restricted stock units

—

—

—

390,332

4

(4
)

—

—

Tax withholding paid on behalf of employees for stock-based awards

—

—

—

—

—

(2,410
)

—

(2,410
)
Issuance of common stock from warrant exercises

—

—

—

464,199

5

(5
)

—

—

Reclassification of warrant liability to additional paid-in capital upon warrant exercises

—

—

—

—

—

3,976

—

3,976

Net loss

—

—

—

—

—

—

(84,990
)

(84,990
)
Balance at September 30, 2019

—

$
—

$
—

99,405,805

$
984

$
590,878

$
(483,967
)

$
107,895

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net loss	$	(27,532	)	$	(33,361	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		1,463			946
Stock-based compensation		5,501			4,552
Accretion on asset retirement obligation		20			7
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities		(2,869	)		3,120
Loss on disposal of property and equipment		12			—
Amortization of debt discount and interest accrual		177			141
Product upgrade reserve		(1,260	)		5,601
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable		(4,673	)		9,435
Inventory		—			(15,795	)
Deposits on purchased inventory		2,222			500
Deferred cost of revenue		(952	)		4,628
Prepaid expenses and other assets		(2,680	)		(3,009	)
Accounts payable		(6,415	)		7,048
Accrued expenses and other long-term liabilities		(3,702	)		1,278
Customer deposits and deferred revenue		5,689			(8,744	)
Net cash used in operating activities		(34,999	)		(23,653	)
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Purchases of property and equipment		(451	)		(1,249	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(451	)		(1,249	)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Payment of offering costs related to common stock public offering		(539	)		—
Payment of debt issuance cost		—			(168	)
Proceeds from the exercise of stock options		2			2,884
Payments for taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards		(132	)		—
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities		(669	)		2,716
NET (DECREASE) IN CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH		(36,119	)		(22,186	)
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH — BEGINNING OF PERIOD		228,187			169,365
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH — END OF PERIOD	$	192,068		$	147,179
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION:
Cash paid for interest	$	1,070		$	750
Cash paid for taxes	$	—		$	7
SUPPLEMENTAL NON-CASH INVESTING AND FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Fair value of common stock warrants reclassified from liability to additional paid-in capital upon exercise	$	—		$	92
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities	$	—		$	492
Transfer of property and equipment from inventory and deferred cost of revenue	$	864		$	246
Purchases of property and equipment in accounts payable and accrued liabilities	$	986		$	615
Offering costs included in accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	191		$	—

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

~~Condensed Consolidated Statements of Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders’ Equity~~

Convertible Preferred Stock

Common Stock

Shares

Amount

Additional
Paid-in
Capital

Shares

Amount

Additional
Paid-in
Capital

Accumulated
Deficit

Total
Stockholders’
Equity

Three Months Ended September 30, 2018

Balance at June 30, 2018

—

$
—

$
—

75,188,832

$
741

$
386,610

$
(349,385
)

$
37,966

Issuance of common stock from option exercises

—

—

—

1,210,169

12

2,844

—

2,856

Stock-based compensation

—

—

—

—

—

7,179

—

7,179

Issuance of common stock from releases of restricted stock units

—

—

—

26,388

—

—

—

—

Issuance of common stock from warrant exercises

—

—

—

121,834

1

(1
)

—

—

Issuance of common stock from at-the-market offering (net of offering cost of $10,631)

—

—

—

18,648,649

187

161,682

—

161,869

Reclassification of warrant liability to additional paid-in capital upon warrant exercises

—

—

—

—

—

342

—

342

Net loss

—

—

—

—

—

—

(32,852
)

(32,852
)
Balance at September 30, 2018

—

$
—

$
—

95,195,872

$
941

$
558,656

$
(382,237
)

$
177,360

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018

Balance at December 31, 2017

—

$
—

$
—

67,653,974

$
666

$
321,174

$
(319,853
)

$
1,987

Issuance of common stock from option exercises

—

—

—

1,607,108

16

3,555

—

3,571

Stock-based compensation

—

—

—

—

—

10,052

—

10,052

Issuance of common stock from releases of restricted stock units

—

—

—

38,856

—

—

—

—

Issuance of common stock from warrant exercises

—

—

—

123,607

1

(1
)

—

—

Issuance of common stock upon direct registered offering (net of offering cost of $177)

—

—

—

4,090,000

41

30,052

—

30,093

Issuance of preferred Series A stock upon direct registered offering

3,000,581

30

22,177

—

—

2,728

(2,728
)

22,207

Issuance of common stock warrants in connection with direct registered offering

—

—

—

—

—

6,623

—

6,623

Conversion of Series A preferred stock into common stock

(3,000,581
)

(30
)

(22,177
)

3,000,581

30

22,177

—

—

Issuance of common stock from at-the-market offering (net of offering cost of $10,637)

—

—

—

18,681,746

187

161,954

—

162,141

Reclassification of warrant liability to additional paid-in capital upon warrant exercises

—

—

—

—

—

342

—

342

Net loss

—

—

—

—

—

—

(59,656
)

(59,656
)
Balance at September 30, 2018

—

$
—

$
—

95,195,872

$
941

$
558,656

$
(382,237
)

$
177,360

~~The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.~~

Nine Months Ended September 30,

2019

2018

CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:

Net loss

$
(84,990
)

$
(59,656
)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:

Depreciation and amortization

3,156

2,561

Stock-based compensation

14,369

10,052

Accretion on asset retirement obligation

22

26

Change in fair value of warrant liabilities

(4,674
)

(116
)
Loss on disposal of property and equipment

—

1

Amortization of debt discount and interest accrual

472

2,703

Product upgrade reserve

4,431

—

Changes in operating assets and liabilities:

Accounts receivable

3,566

(2,351
)
Inventory

(10,514
)

(22,412
)
Deposits on purchased inventory

3,259

1,478

Deferred cost of revenue

1,951

2,327

Prepaid expenses and other assets

852

(2,262
)
Accounts payable

1,231

(4,067
)
Accrued expenses and other long-term liabilities

4,774

6,732

Customer deposits and deferred revenue

(14,537
)

(12,445
)
Net cash used in operating activities

(76,632
)

(77,429
)
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:

Purchases of property and equipment

(7,541
)

(2,814
)
Purchase of intangible asset

(57
)

—

Net cash used in investing activities

(7,598
)

(2,814
)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:

Proceeds from common stock public offering, gross

—

172,500

Payment of offering costs related to common stock public offering

—

(10,631
)
Proceeds from at-the-market offering of common stock, gross

—

278

Payment of offering costs related to at-the-market offering of common stock

—

(6
)
Proceeds from direct registered offering, gross

—

59,100

Payment of offering costs related to direct registered offering

—

(177
)
Payment of debt issuance cost

(168
)

—

Proceeds from the exercise of stock options

9,641

3,571

Payments for taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards

(2,410
)

—

Net cash provided by financing activities

7,063

224,635

NET (DECREASE) INCREASE IN CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH

(77,167
)

144,392

CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH — BEGINNING OF PERIOD

169,365

58,532

CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH — END OF PERIOD

$
92,198

$
202,924

SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION:

Cash paid for interest

$
2,879

$
3,055

Cash paid for taxes

$
7

$
—

SUPPLEMENTAL NON-CASH INVESTING AND FINANCING ACTIVITIES:

Fair value of common stock warrants reclassified from liability to additional paid-in capital upon exercise

$
3,976

$
342

Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities

$
1,647

$
—

Transfer of property and equipment from inventory and deferred cost of revenue

$
4,446

$
1,700

Purchases of property and equipment in accounts payable and accrued liabilities

$
491

$
129

~~The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.~~

ViewRay, Inc., or ViewRay or the Company, and its wholly-owned subsidiary ViewRay Technologies, Inc., designs, manufactures and markets MRIdian, an MR Image-Guided radiation therapy system to simultaneously image and treat cancer patients.

Since inception, ViewRay Technologies, Inc. has devoted substantially all of its efforts towards research and development, initial selling and marketing activities, raising capital and the manufacturing, shipment and installation of MRIdian systems. In May 2012, ViewRay Technologies, Inc. was granted clearance from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, to sell MRIdian with Cobalt-60. In November 2013, ViewRay Technologies, Inc. received its first clinical acceptance of a MRIdian with Cobalt-60 at a customer site, and the first patient was treated with that system in January 2014. ViewRay Technologies, Inc. has had the right to affix the CE mark to MRIdian with Cobalt-60 in the European Economic Area since November 2014. In September 2016, the Company received the rights to affix the Conformité Européene, or CE, mark to MRIdian Linac, and in February 2017, the Company received 510(k) clearance from the FDA to market MRIdian Linac. In February 2019, the Company received 510(k) clearance from the FDA for advancements in MRI and Functional imaging (T1/T2/DWI and 8 FPS cine) and High-Speed MLC.

The Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the basis of the Company continuing as a going ~~concern.~~concern for a reasonable period of time. The Company’s principal sources of liquidity are cash flows from public and private offerings and available borrowings under its term loan agreement, as well as cash receipts from its sales of MRIdian systems. These have historically been sufficient to meet working capital needs, capital expenditures, operating expenses, and debt service obligations. During the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, the Company incurred a net loss from operations of ~~$85.0~~$27.5 million and used cash in ~~operating activities~~operations of ~~$76.6~~$35.0 million. The Company believes that its existing cash balance of ~~$90.8~~$190.2 million as of ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, together with anticipated cash proceeds from sales of MRIdian systems will be sufficient to provide liquidity to fund its ~~operations~~obligations for at least the next 12 months.

The condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, or U.S. GAAP, and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC. The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of ViewRay, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiary, ViewRay Technologies, Inc. All inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

In the opinion of management, all adjustments, including normal recurring adjustments, considered necessary for a fair presentation of the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, have been included. The results of operations for the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, ~~2019~~2020 or any future period. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and their notes should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, ~~2018.~~2019.

Effective January 1, ~~2019,~~2020, the Company adopted the Financial Accounting Standards Board ~~or FASB,~~(FASB) Accounting Standards ~~Codification, or ASC, Topic 842, or Topic 842,~~ ~~Leases,~~ Update (ASU) 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820), which is intended to improve fair value and defined benefit disclosure requirements by ~~using a modified retrospective transition approach. The adoption of Topic 842 had no impact on~~removing disclosures that are not cost-beneficial, clarifying disclosures' specific requirements, and adding relevant disclosure requirements. No significant changes were made to our fair value disclosures in the ~~Company’s prior period~~notes to the consolidated financial ~~statements. Refer~~statements in order to ~~Note 6, Commitments and Contingencies for further information and related disclosures.~~comply with ASU 2018-13.

The significant accounting policies used in preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements are disclosed in the notes to consolidated financial statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, ~~2018~~2019 filed with the SEC on March ~~15, 2019,~~12, 2020, and have not changed significantly since that ~~filing, except for the January 1, 2019 adoption of the new accounting guidance Topic 842,~~ ~~Leases~~, and the second quarter 2019 change in the recognition of certain revenue resulting from changes in facts and circumstances. Refer to the Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements below and to Note 6, Commitments and Contingencies, and Note 7, Revenue, for further information and related disclosures.filing.

In ~~August 2018,~~December 2019, the FASB issued ~~Accounting Standards Update, or~~ ASU No. ~~2018-13,~~ ~~Fair Value Measurement~~2019-12, "Income Taxes (Topic ~~820)~~740): ~~Disclosure Framework- Changes~~Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes". Topic 740 reduces complexity in certain areas of accounting for income taxes and makes minor improvements to the ~~Disclosure Requirements~~codification. The ASU removes certain exceptions for ~~Fair Value Measurement,~~ recognizing deferred taxes for investments, performing intraperiod allocation and calculating income taxes in interim periods. The ASU also adds guidance to ~~modify the disclosure requirements on fair value measurements~~reduce complexity in ~~Topic 820.~~certain areas, including recognizing deferred taxes for tax goodwill and allocating taxes to members of a consolidated group. The amendments in this ASU ~~2018-13 is~~will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, ~~2019, and~~2020, including interim periods ~~therein. The Company is allowed to early adopt either the entire standard or only the provisions that eliminate or modify the requirements of Topic 820.~~within those fiscal years. The Company is evaluating the impact of this update on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. The ASU is intended to provide temporary optional expedients and exceptions to the U.S. GAAP guidance on contract modifications and hedge accounting to ease the financial reporting burdens related to the expected market transition from the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) and other interbank offered rates to alternative reference rates. This guidance is effective beginning on March 12, 2020, and the Company may elect to apply the amendments prospectively through December 31, 2022. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this guidance may have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

~~In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02,~~ ~~Leases~~, and issued subsequent amendments to the initial guidance in September 2017 within ASU 2017-13, in January 2018 within ASU 2018-01, in July 2018 within ASU 2018-10 and ASU 2018-11, and in March 2019 within ASU 2019-01 (collectively, Topic 842). Topic 842 supersedes Topic 840, Leases, and requires lessees to recognize on their balance sheets all leases, with the exception of short-term leases, as a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability measured at the present value of the lease payments. Leases will be classified as finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern and classification of expense recognition in the income statement. The new standard requires expanded disclosures regarding leasing arrangements. Effective January 1, ~~2019,~~2020, the Company adopted ~~Topic 842 using a modified retrospective transition approach by applying~~FASB ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurements (Topic 820). Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement. The standard eliminates certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements for all entities, requires public entities to disclose certain new ~~standard to all leases existing at~~information, and modifies some disclosure requirements. As the ~~date~~result of ~~initial application and not restating comparative periods. There was no cumulative-effect adjustment recorded to retained deficit upon adoption.~~

~~Topic 842 provides several optional practical expedients in transition. The Company elected to use~~ the package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance, which allows the Company not to reassess its prior conclusions about lease identification, lease classification and initial direct costs for any leases that existed prior to January 1, 2019. The Company did not elect to use the other practical expedients provided.

~~Upon~~ adoption the Company ~~recognized~~is no longer required to disclose (1) the ~~right-of-use assets~~amount of and ~~operating lease liabilities totaling approximately $11.9 million~~the reasons for transfers between Level 1 and $12.6 million, respectively, to reflect the present value of remaining lease payments under existing lease arrangements with no impact to the opening balance of retained deficit as a result of adoption. The difference between the leased assets and lease liabilities represents the existing deferred rent liabilities balance, resulting from historical straight-lining of operating leases, which was effectively reclassified upon adoption to reduce the measurementLevel 2 of the ~~leased assets.~~

~~In determining~~fair value hierarchy, (2) the ~~present~~policy for timing of transfers between levels, and (3) the valuation process for Level 3 fair value ~~of lease payments,~~measurements. Additionally, the Company ~~uses~~is required to disclose (1) the ~~rate implicit~~changes in unrealized gains and losses for the period included in other comprehensive income (loss) for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements held at the end of the reporting period and (2) the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements. No significant changes were made to our fair value disclosures in the ~~lease or when such rate is not readily available, we utilize our incremental borrowing rate based on~~notes to the information available at the lease commencement date. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the expected lease term. In determining the expected lease term, the Company may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that it will exercise any such option. For more information on the impact of adoption and the disclosures required by the new standard, refer to Note 6, Commitments and Contingencies.

~~In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-07,~~ ~~Compensation~~—~~Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements toNonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting~~, which expands the scope of Topic 718 to include share-based payment transactions for acquiring goods and services from nonemployees. The Company adopted ASU 2018-07 on January 1, 2019, and the adoption did not have a material impact on its condensed consolidated financial statements ~~and related disclosures.~~

in order to comply with ASU 2018-13. Refer to Note 4, Fair Value of Financial Instruments.

Depreciation and amortization expense related to property and equipment were ~~$1.2~~$1.5 million and $0.9 million during the three months ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2020 and 2019, ~~and 2018, and $3.2 million and $2.5 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018,~~ respectively.

In September 2019, the Company entered into a licensing agreement (the “License”) with VU University Medical Center, or VUmc, whereby VUmc granted the Company a worldwide exclusive license to developed strategies for fast stereotactic MR-guided adaptive radiation therapy for $57 thousand. The License is amortized on a straight-line basis over ten years. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, there was no intangible assets amortization expense.

Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis in the balance sheets are categorized based upon the level of judgment associated with the inputs used to measure their fair values. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The standard describes a fair value hierarchy based on three levels of inputs, of which the first two are considered observable and the last unobservable, as follows:

Level 1—~~Quoted~~Observable inputs that reflect unadjusted quoted prices ~~in active markets~~ for identical assets or ~~liabilities.~~liabilities traded in active markets.

Level 2—Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or ~~indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets~~indirectly.

Level 3—Inputs that are ~~not active; or other~~generally unobservable. These inputs may be used with internally developed methodologies that ~~are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term~~result in management’s best estimate of ~~the assets or liabilities.~~

~~Level 3—Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the~~ fair ~~value of the assets or liabilities.~~value.

The assets’ or liabilities’ fair value measurement level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

The Company’s financial instruments that are carried at fair value mainly consist of Level 1 assets and Level 3 liabilities. Level 1 assets include highly liquid bank deposits and money market funds, which were not material at ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 and December 31, ~~2018.~~2019. Level 3 liabilities that are measured on a recurring basis relate to the 2017 and 2016 Placement Warrants, as described in Note 9. Placement warrant liabilities are valued using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Generally, increases (decreases) in the fair value of the underlying stock, volatility and estimated term would result in a directionally similar impact to the fair value of the warrants (see Note 9). During the three months ended March 31, 2020, no warrants were exercised. During the three months ended March 31, 2019, warrants to purchase 21,571 shares of common stock were exercised and the aggregate fair value upon exercise of $0.1 million was reclassified from liabilities to additional paid-in-capital.

The gains and losses from re-measurement of Level 3 financial liabilities are recorded as part of other income (expense), net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. During the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company recorded a gain of ~~$13.5~~$2.9 million and a ~~gain of $8.6 million, respectively, related to the change in fair value of the 2017 and 2016 Placement Warrants. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company recorded a~~ loss of ~~$6.7 million and a gain of $0.4~~$3.1 million, respectively, related to the change in fair value of the 2017 and 2016 Placement Warrants. There were no transfers between Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 in any periods presented.

The following table sets forth the fair value of the Company’s financial liabilities by level within the fair value hierarchy (in thousands):

The following table sets forth a summary of the changes in fair value of the Company’s Level 3 financial liabilities (in thousands):

In December 2018, the Company entered into a term loan agreement, or the SVB Term Loan, with Silicon Valley Bank, for a principal amount of $56.0 million. The SVB Term Loan has a maturity date of December 1, 2023 and bears interest at a rate of 6.30% per annum to be paid monthly over the term of the loan. Beginning on December 1, 2020 (or June 1, 2021, if the Company achieves a trailing twelve-month revenue of at least a specified amount and elects to apply such later date), the Company will make thirty-six equal monthly payments of principal (or thirty equal payments, if the Company so elects). In addition, upon repayment of the SVB Term Loan in full, the Company will make a final payment equal to 3.15% of the original aggregate principal amount of the SVB Term Loan.

The Company used the proceeds of the SVB Term Loan and cash on hand to repay in full its outstanding obligations under its then outstanding term loan, or the CRG Term Loan, and to pay fees and expenses related thereto. The Company accounted for the termination of the CRG Term Loan as a debt extinguishment and recorded a debt extinguishment loss of $2.4 million from the difference between the net carrying amount of debt and the amount paid. The debt extinguishment loss includes $0.3 million in write-offs of unamortized debt discount and debt issuance costs associated with the CRG Term Loan.

The Company received net proceeds ~~from the SVB Term Loan~~ of $55.4 million after related legal and consulting fees totaling $0.6 million. Such fees are accounted for as debt discount and issuance costs and presented as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of debt on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Debt discount, issuance costs and the final payment are amortized or accreted as interest expense over the term of the loan using the effective interest method.

The SVB Term Loan requires that the Company maintain a minimum cash balance in accounts at Silicon Valley Bank or one of its affiliates or else comply with a liquidity ratio and/or a minimum revenue financial covenant. On December 31, 2019, we entered into the First Amendment (the Amendment) to the SVB Term Loan. The Amendment, among other things, amended the SVB Term Loan to (i) suspend testing of the minimum revenue financial covenant for the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2019, (ii) provide for the minimum trailing twelve-month revenue thresholds under the minimum revenue financial covenant for periods ending on the last day of fiscal quarters in fiscal years subsequent to 2020 to be determined annually at the greater of (a) a 25% cushion to revenue forecasts provided by the Company to SVB and (b) 10% year-over-year annual growth, unless otherwise agreed, (iii) increase the minimum liquidity ratio financial covenant from 1.50:1.00 to 1.75:1.00 and (iv) increase the prepayment premium from 1.00% to 2.00% for amounts prepaid under the SVB Term Loan prior to the maturity date thereof, subject to certain exceptions.

The SVB Term Loan is secured by substantially all assets of the Company, except that the collateral does not include any intellectual property held by the Company, provided, however, the collateral shall include all accounts and proceeds of such intellectual property.

The SVB Term Loan contains customary representations and warranties and customary affirmative and negative covenants applicable to the Company and its subsidiaries, including, among other things, restrictions on indebtedness, liens, investments, mergers, dispositions, prepayment of other indebtedness, dividends and other distributions and transactions with affiliates. The SVB Term Loan also contains financial covenants that require the Company to maintain a minimum cash balance in accounts maintained at Silicon Valley Bank or one of its affiliates or else comply with a liquidity ratio and/or a minimum revenue target.

The SVB Term Loan includes standard events of default, including, among other things, subject in certain cases to customary grace periods, thresholds and notice requirements, the Company’s failure to fulfill its obligations under the SVB Term Loan or the occurrence of a material adverse change in the Company's business, operations, or condition (financial or otherwise). In the event of default by the Company under the SVB Term Loan, Silicon Valley Bank would be entitled to exercise its remedies thereunder, including the right to accelerate the debt, upon which the Company may be required to repay all amounts then outstanding under the SVB Term Loan, which could harm the Company's financial condition.

The Company’s scheduled future payments on the SVB Term Loan at ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 are as follows (in thousands):

The Company leases office space in Oakwood Village, Ohio, Mountain View, California and Denver, Colorado under noncancelable operating lease agreements. The Company leases and occupies approximately 19,800 square feet of office space in Oakwood Village, Ohio, which expires in October 2021.

In June 2014, the Company entered into an office lease agreement to lease approximately 25,500 square feet of office space located in Mountain View, California, with an original expiration date of November 2019. In June 2018, the Company entered into an amendment to extend the term of the lease agreement through July 2025.

In April 2018, the Company entered into a lease agreement to lease approximately 24,600 square feet of additional office space located in Mountain View, California. The lease commenced in December 2018 and will expire in December 2025. The Company has the option to extend the term of the lease for a period of up to five years.

In May 2019, the Company entered into a sub-lease agreement to lease approximately 19,800 square feet of office space located in Denver, Colorado. The sub-lease commenced in June 2019 and will expire in May 2021.

In recognition of the right-of-use assets and the related lease liabilities, ~~with the exception of the Oakwood Village, Ohio lease,~~ the options to extend the lease term have not been included as the Company is not reasonably certain that it will exercise any such option. At ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, the weighted-average remaining lease term in years is ~~5.6~~5.1 years and the weighted-average discount rate used is 7.7%.

~~During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, the~~The Company recognized the following lease costs arising from lease ~~transactions:~~transactions (in thousands):

~~During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the~~The Company recognized the following cash flow transactions arising from lease ~~transactions:~~transactions (in thousands):

At ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, the future payments and interest expense for the operating leases are as ~~follows:~~

~~The rent expense for operating leases for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 using the accounting guidance in effect at that time was $0.5 million and $0.9 million, respectively.~~

~~At December 31, 2018, the future minimum payments for the operating leases were as~~ follows (in thousands):

In the normal course of business, the Company may become involved in legal proceedings. The Company will accrue a liability for legal proceedings when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Significant judgment is required to determine both probability and the estimated amount. When only a range of possible loss can be established, the most probable amount in the range is accrued. If no amount within this range is a better estimate than any other amount within the range, the minimum amount in the range is accrued.

On September 10, 2019, a complaint for patent infringement was filed by Varian Medical Systems, Inc., in U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California against the Company. Captioned Varian Medical Systems, Inc., v. ViewRay, Inc., the complaint alleges that the Company infringes two related patents, U.S. Patent Nos. 8,637,841 (the “’841 Patent”) and 9,082,520 (the “’520 Patent”). and seeks injunctive relief and monetary damages. The Company filed its answer on November 1, 2019. The matter is presently in discovery. The Company believes the allegations in the complaint are without merit and intends to vigorously defend the litigation.

On September 13, 2019, a class action complaint for violation of federal securities laws was filed in U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Ohio against the Company, its chief executive officer, chief ~~science~~scientific officer and former chief financial officer. ~~Captioned Corwin~~On December 19, 2019, the court appointed Plymouth County Retirement Association as the lead plaintiff and on February 28, 2020, the lead plaintiff filed an amended complaint asserting securities fraud claims against ViewRay, our chief executive officer, chief operating officer, chief scientific officer, and our former chief executive officer and former chief financial officer. Now captioned Plymouth County Retirement Assoc. v. ViewRay, Inc., et ~~al.,~~al, the amended complaint, purportedly brought on behalf of all purchasers of the Company’s common stock between March ~~15, 2019 and August 8, 2019,~~10, 2018 until January 13, 2020, alleges that the Company violated federal securities laws by issuing materially false and misleading statements that failed to disclose adverse facts concerning the Company’s business, operations, and financial ~~results.~~results and seeks damages, interest, and other relief. The Company believes the allegations in the complaint are without merit and intends to vigorously defend the litigation.

Given the early stage of each of the litigation matters described above, at this time we are unable to reasonably estimate possible losses or form a judgment that an unfavorable outcome is either probable or remote. However, litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties, and one or more unfavorable outcomes in any claim or litigation against us could have a material adverse effect for the period in which they are resolved and on our business generally. In addition, regardless of their merits or their ultimate outcomes, lawsuits and legal proceedings are costly, divert management attention and may materially adversely affect our reputation, even if resolved in our favor.

At ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, the Company had ~~$4.9~~$2.7 million in outstanding firm purchase commitments.

The Company derives revenue primarily from the sale of MRIdian systems and related services as well as support and maintenance services on sold systems. Revenue is categorized as product revenue, service revenue and distribution rights revenue.

The following table presents revenue disaggregated by type and geography (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,				Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018		2019		2018		2020		2019
U.S.
Product	$	6,107	$	6,187	$	28,394	$	25,775	$	1,618	$	—
Service		1,140		566		3,094		1,464		1,466		634
Total U.S. revenue	$	7,247	$	6,753	$	31,488	$	27,239	$	3,084	$	634

Outside of U.S. ("OUS")
Product	$	12,589	$	10,305	$	37,081	$	31,462	$	9,852	$	18,874
Service		908		490		2,388		1,242		1,195		657
Distribution rights		118		118		356		356		119		119
Total OUS revenue	$	13,615	$	10,913	$	39,825	$	33,060	$	11,166	$	19,650

Total
Product	$	18,696	$	16,492	$	65,475	$	57,237	$	11,470	$	18,874
Service		2,048		1,056		5,482		2,706		2,661		1,291
Distribution rights		118		118		356		356		119		119
Total revenue	$	20,862	$	17,666	$	71,313	$	60,299	$	14,250	$	20,284

The Company frequently enters into sales arrangements that include multiple performance obligations. Such performance obligations mainly consist of (i) sale of MRIdian systems, which generally includes installation and embedded software, and (ii) product support, which includes extended service and maintenance. For such arrangements, the Company allocates revenue to each performance obligation based on its relative standalone selling price. The standalone selling price, or SSP, is determined based on observable prices at which the Company separately sells the products and services. If an SSP is not directly observable, the Company will estimate the SSP considering market conditions or internally approved pricing guidelines related to the performance obligations.

~~Beginning in~~Product revenue is derived primarily from the ~~second quarter~~sales of ~~2019, the Company determined~~MRIdian systems. The system contains both software and non-software components that the MRIdian system and installation of the MRIdian system, which had previously been one performance obligation, are now two performance obligations as they are capable of being distinct and are distinct within the context of the system contracts. This change occurred due primarily to changes in facts and circumstances, whereby there are now readily available resources outside the Company that can perform the system installations.together deliver essential functionality.

Additionally, certain revenue contracts have terms that result in the control of the system transferring to the customer upon delivery and inspection, as opposed to historically upon customer acceptance. For contracts in which control of the system transfers upon delivery and inspection, the Company recognizes revenue for the systems at the point in time when delivery and inspection by the customer has occurred. For these same contracts, the Company recognizes installation revenue over the period of installation as the installation services are performed and control is transferred to the customer. For all contracts in which control ~~continues to transfer~~transfers upon ~~post-implementation~~post-installation customer acceptance, revenue for the system and installation ~~will continue to be~~are recognized upon customer acceptance.

Certain customer contracts with distributors do not require ViewRay to complete installation at the ultimate user site, and the distributors may either perform the installation themselves or hire another party to perform the installation. For sales of MRIdian systems for which the Company is not responsible for installation, revenue recognition generally occurs when the entire system is ~~delivered and inspected,~~shipped, which is when the control of the system is transferred to the customer.

Service revenue is derived primarily from maintenance services. The maintenance and support service is a stand-ready obligation which is performed over the term of the arrangement and, as a result, service revenue is recognized ratably over the service period as the customers benefit from the service throughout the service period.

In ~~connection with~~December 2014, the Company entered into a distribution agreement ~~entered into in December 2014, between the Company and~~with Itochu Corporation orpursuant to which it appointed Itochu ~~the Company received a distribution fee of $4.0 million in three installments from Itochu for serving~~ as ~~the Company’s~~its exclusive distributor for the promotion, sale and delivery of its MRIdian ~~systems~~products within Japan. In consideration of the exclusive distribution rights granted, the Company received $4.0 million, which was recorded as deferred revenue. Starting in August 2016, the ~~Company started recognizing~~ distribution rights revenue is recognized ratably over the remaining term of the ~~exclusive~~ distribution agreement of approximately 8.5 years. A time-elapsed method is used to measure progress because control is transferred evenly over the remaining contractual period.The distribution rights revenues were $0.1 million for each of the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, and $0.4 million for each of the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

The timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections results in short-term and long-term trade receivables, customer deposits, deferred revenues and deferred cost of revenue on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Trade receivables are recorded at the original invoiced amount, net of an estimated allowance for ~~doubtful accounts.~~credit losses. Trade credit is generally extended on a short-term basis. The Company occasionally provides for long-term trade credit for its maintenance services so that the period between when the services are rendered to its customers and when the customers pay for that service is within one year. Thus, the Company’s trade receivables do not bear interest or contain a significant financing component. Long-term trade receivables of ~~$0.2~~$0.3 million and ~~$0.4~~$0.2 million were reported within other assets in the condensed consolidated balance sheets at ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 and at December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, respectively. These amounts are billed in accordance with the terms of the customer contracts to which they relate and are expected to be collected ~~three~~two to ~~four~~three years from the date of invoice as the underlying maintenance services are rendered. At times, billing occurs subsequent to revenue recognition, resulting in an unbilled receivable which represents a contract asset. This contract asset is recorded as an unbilled receivable and reported as part of accounts receivable on the ~~condensed~~ consolidated balance sheets.

Trade receivables are periodically evaluated for collectability based on past credit history of the respective customers and their current financial condition. Changes in the estimated collectability of trade receivables are included in the results of operations for the period in which the estimate is revised. Trade receivables that are deemed uncollectible are offset against the estimated allowance for ~~doubtful accounts.~~credit losses. The Company generally does not require collateral for trade receivables. There were no estimated allowances for ~~doubtful accounts~~credit losses recorded at ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 or December 31, ~~2018.~~2019.

Customer deposits represent payments received in advance of system installation. For domestic and international sales, advance payments received prior to inventory shipments are recorded as customer deposits. Advance payments are subsequently reclassified to deferred revenue upon inventory shipment. All customer deposits, including those that are expected to be a deposit for more than one year, are classified as current liabilities based on consideration of the Company’s normal operating cycle (the time between acquisition of the inventory components and the final cash collection from customers on these inventory components) which is in excess of one year.

Deferred revenue consists of deferred product revenue and deferred service revenue. Deferred product revenue arises from timing differences between the fulfillment of contract obligations and satisfaction of all revenue recognition criteria consistent with the Company’s revenue recognition policy. Deferred service revenue results from the advance billing for services to be delivered over a period of time. Deferred revenues expected to be realized within one year or normal operating cycle are classified as current liabilities.

Deferred cost of revenue consists of cost for inventory items that have been shipped, but revenue recognition has not yet occurred. Deferred cost of revenue is included as part of current assets as the corresponding deferred product revenue is expected to be realized within one year or the Company’s normal operating cycle.

During the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2020, the Company recognized $3.3 million of revenues that was included in the deferred revenue balance at the beginning of the reporting period. During the three months ended March 31, 2019, the Company recognized ~~$2.4~~$7.9 million ~~and $11.9 million, respectively,~~ of revenues that were included in the deferred revenue balance at the beginning of ~~each reporting period. During~~ the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company recognized $12.2 million and $18.3 million, respectively, of revenues that were included in the deferred revenue balance at the beginning of each reporting period.

The Company records revenue from customers in an amount that reflects the transaction price it expects to be entitled to after transferring control of those goods or services. The Company estimates the transaction price at contract inception, including any variable consideration, and updates the estimate each reporting period for any changes. There were no amounts recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2020 from performance obligations satisfied in the prior period. For the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2019, the Company recognized ~~$0.0 million and~~ $0.9 million ~~respectively,~~ in revenue from performance obligations satisfied in athe prior period. ~~The cumulative catch-up adjustment resulted from a change in transaction price related to variable consideration that was constrained in prior periods.~~

On August 14, 2018, the Company entered into an underwriting agreement with Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC and Jefferies LLC, as representatives of several underwriters, or the ~~“Underwriters”,~~August 2018 Underwriters, in connection with the issuance and sale of 16,216,217 shares of the Company’s common stock at a public offering price of $9.25 per share. In addition, the Company granted the August 2018 Underwriters a 30-day option to purchase up to 2,432,432 additional shares of common stock on the same terms, which the August 2018 Underwriters exercised in full. The Company completed the offering on August 17, 2018 ~~under which it~~and received aggregate net proceeds of approximately $161.9 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses payable by the Company.

On December 3, 2019, the Company entered into an underwriting agreement with Piper Jaffray & Co., as representatives of several underwriters, or the December 2019 Underwriters, in connection with the issuance and sale of 41,550,000 shares of our common stock at a public offering price of $3.13 per share. In addition, the Company granted the December 2019 Underwriters a 30-day option to

purchase up to 6,232,500 additional shares of common stock on the same terms, which the December 2019 Underwriters exercised in full. The Company completed the offering on December 6, 2019 and received aggregate net proceeds of approximately $138.4 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses payable by the Company.

In February 2018, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement pursuant to which it sold (i) 4,090,000 shares of its common stock; (ii) 3,000,581 shares of its Series A convertible preferred stock and (iii) warrants to purchase 1,418,116 shares of its common stock, or the 2018 Offering Warrants, for total gross proceeds of $59.1 million, or the March 2018 Direct Registered Offering. The March 2018 Direct Registered Offering was closed on March 5, 2018. The 2018 Offering Warrants have an exercise price of $8.31 per share, became exercisable upon issuance and expire in March 2025.

In September 2016, the Company completed the final closing of a private placement offering, or the 2016 Private Placement, through which it sold (i) 4,602,506 shares of its common stock and (ii) warrants that provide the warrant holders the right to purchase 1,380,745 shares of common stock, or the 2016 Placement Warrants, and raised total gross proceeds of $13.8 million. The 2016 Placement Warrants have an exercise price of $2.95 per share, are exercisable at any time at the option of the holder and expire seven years from the date of issuance.

In January 2017, the Company completed the final closing of a private placement offering, or the 2017 Private Placement, through which it sold (i) 8,602,589 shares of its common stock and (ii) warrants that provide the warrant holders the right to purchase 1,720,512 shares of its common stock, or the 2017 Placement Warrants, and raised total gross proceeds of $26.1 million. The 2017 Placement Warrants have an exercise price of $3.17 per share, became exercisable in July 2017 and expire in January 2024.

In January ~~2017, the Company filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC, which included a base prospectus~~ covering the offering, issuance and sale of up to a maximum aggregate offering of $75.0 million of the Company’s common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants, purchase contracts and/or units. In January and April 2017, the Company agreed to sell up to a cumulative $50.0 million of its common stock in accordance with the terms of a sales agreement with ~~FBR Capital Markets & Co., pursuant to an at-the-market offering program in accordance with Rule 415(a)(4) under the Securities Act. In January~~ 2019, the Company filed a registration statement with the SEC which covers the offering, issuance and sale of up to a maximum aggregate offering price of $250.0 million of our common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants, purchase contracts and/or units, including up to $100.0 million of the Company’s common shares that may be sold pursuant to the Company’s at-the-market offering program with ~~FBR.~~

AsFBR Capital Markets & Co. (“FBR”). The shares in the December 2019 Public Offering of ~~September 30,~~Common stock were sold pursuant to the January 2019 registration statement and did not impact the $100.0 million of our common shares pursuant to our at-the-market offering program with FBR. The Company has not sold ~~approximately $40.4 million~~any securities under ~~this at-the-market offering program. During~~ the ~~nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company sold approximately $0.3 million under this~~2019 registration statement pursuant to its at-the-market offering program.

In connection with a debt financing in December 2013, the Company issued warrants to purchase 128,231 shares of its common stock with an exercise price of $5.84 per share. These warrants ~~were exercised during~~are exercisable any time at the ~~three months ended September 30,~~option of the holder until December 16, 2023. In August 2019, ~~and~~ the Company issued 36,457 shares of its common stock upon the net exercise of 128,231 2013 Placement Warrants. All of the ~~128,231 warrants. None~~December 2013 Placement Warrants have been exercised and none of ~~these~~the warrants ~~remained~~are outstanding at ~~September 30, 2019.~~March 31, 2020.

In connection with the merger of the Company and ViewRay Technologies, Inc. in July 2015, or the Merger, in July and August 2015, the Company conducted a private placement offering ~~during~~as part of which the Company issued warrants, or the 2015 Placement Warrants, that provide the warrant holder the right to purchase 198,760 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $5.00 per share. The 2015 Placement Warrants are exercisable at any time at the option of the holder until the five-year anniversary of its date of issuance. ~~Prior to September 30, 2019,~~During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company issued 92,487 shares of its common stock upon the net exercise of 159,010 shares of the 2015 Placement Warrants. The remaining 39,750 shares of the 2015 Placement Warrants have not been exercised and remained outstanding at ~~September 30, 2019.~~March 31, 2020.

In connection with the March 2018 Direct Registered Offering, the Company issued warrants to purchase 1,418,116 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $8.31 per ~~share, or the 2018 Offering Warrants.~~share. The 2018 Offering Warrants became exercisable upon issuance and expire in March 2025. None of the 2018 Offering Warrants have been exercised to date and they all remained outstanding at ~~September 30, 2019.~~March 31, 2020.

As separate classes of securities were issued in a bundled transaction, the gross proceeds from the March 2018 Direct Registered Offering of $59.1 million ~~was~~were allocated to common stock, Series A convertible preferred stock and the 2018 Offering Warrants based on their respective relative fair value upon issuance. The aggregate fair value of the 2018 Offering Warrants of $7.4 million was estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following ~~weighted-average~~ assumptions: ~~expected term of seven years, expected volatility of 62.5%, risk-free interest rate of 2.8% and expected dividend yield of 0%.~~

The allocated proceeds from the 2018 Offering Warrants of $6.6 million was recorded in additional paid-in-capital.

In connection with ~~private placement offerings in~~the 2017 and 2016 Private Placements, the Company issued warrants that provide the warrant holder the right to purchase 1,720,512 and 1,380,745 shares of common ~~stock warrants, or the~~stock. The 2017 and 2016 Placement Warrants ~~which~~ contain protection whereby the warrant holders will have the right to receive cash in the amount equal to the Black-Scholes value of the warrants upon the occurrence of a ~~Change~~change of ~~Control,~~control, as defined in the ~~2017 and 2016 Placement Warrants.~~warrant agreement. The 2017 and 2016 Placement Warrants were accounted for as a liability at the date of issuance and are adjusted to fair value at each balance sheet date, with the change in fair value recorded as a component of other income (expense), net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The key terms of the 2017 and 2016 Placement Warrants are as follows:

During the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company recorded a gain of ~~$13.5~~$2.9 million and a ~~gain of $8.6 million, respectively, related to the change in fair value of the 2016 and 2017 Placement Warrants. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company recorded a~~ loss of ~~$6.7 million and a gain of $0.4~~$3.1 million, respectively, related to the change in fair value of the 2016 and 2017 Placement Warrants. The fair value of the 2016 and 2017 Placement Warrants at ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 and December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, respectively, was estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and the following weighted-average assumptions:

A summary of the Company’s stock option activity and related information is as follows:

Options Outstanding

Shares
Available
for Grant

Number
of Stock
Options
Outstanding

Weighted-
Average
Exercise
Price

Weighted-
Average
Remaining
Contractual Life
(Years)

Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value

(In thousands)

Balance at December 31, 2018

1,908,626

11,603,708

$
6.64

7.6

$
10,151

Additional options authorized

3,853,280

Options granted

(2,624,505
)

2,624,505

8.19

Options exercised

—

(2,219,251
)

4.34

Options canceled

553,585

(553,585
)

6.73

Withheld shares to pay for taxes on RSU released shares

253,986

RSUs granted

(708,144
)

RSUs canceled

70,732

Balance at September 30, 2019

3,307,560

11,455,377

$
7.58

7.9

$
1,011

Vested and exercisable at September 30, 2019

4,575,393

$
6.25

6.2

$
1,010

Vested and expected to vest at September 30, 2019

10,793,250

$
7.38

7.7

$
1,010

				Options Outstanding
	Shares Available for Grant			Number of Stock Options Outstanding			Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
											(In thousands)
Balance at December 31, 2019		948,415			11,165,846		$	7.44		7.6	$	1,907
Additional options authorized		5,887,667
Options granted		(194,500	)		194,500			2.41
Options exercised		—			(2,870	)		0.75
Options cancelled		944,524			(944,524	)		7.13
Withheld shares to pay for taxes on released RSUs		45,913
RSUs granted		(4,178,620	)
RSUs forfeited		292,145
Balance at March 31, 2020		3,745,544			10,412,952		$	7.37		7.4	$	865
Vested and exercisable at March 31, 2020					5,437,954		$	6.52		6.4	$	799
Vested and expected to vest at March 31, 2020					10,011,820		$	7.31		7.4	$	857

The weighted-average grant date fair value of options granted to employees ~~were $4.71~~was $1.46 and ~~$5.02~~$4.78 per share during the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2020 and 2019, ~~and 2018,~~ respectively. The grant date fair values of options vested ~~were $11.4~~was $3.0 million and ~~$4.3~~$1.2 million during the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2020 and 2019, ~~and 2018,~~ respectively.

Aggregate intrinsic value represents the difference between the estimated fair value of the underlying common stock and the exercise price of outstanding, in-the-money options. The aggregate intrinsic values of options exercised ~~were $7.8~~was $0.0 million and ~~$11.6~~$1.9 million during the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2020 and 2019, ~~and 2018,~~ respectively.

At ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, total unrecognized compensation cost related to stock options granted to employees, net of estimated forfeitures, was ~~$29.0~~$21.9 million which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of ~~2.9~~2.5 years.

The determination of the fair value of stock options on the date of grant using an option-pricing model is affected by the estimated fair value of the Company’s common stock, as well as assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables. The variables used to calculate the fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model include actual and projected employee stock option exercise behaviors, expected price volatility of the Company’s common stock, the risk-free interest rate and expected dividends. Each of these inputs is subjective and generally requires significant judgment to determine.

The fair value of employee stock options is estimated at the date of grant using a Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions:

From time to time, the Company grants Restricted Stock Units, or RSUs, to its ~~Board~~board of ~~Directors~~directors and certain employees for their services. ~~The RSUs granted to~~Certain board members ~~are either fully vested upon issuance or~~elected RSUs in lieu of retainer and committee service fees, which vest over a period of time from the grant date and will be released and settled upon termination of the board member’s services or the occurrence of a change in control event. In January ~~2019,~~2020, the Company granted RSUs to its Board of Directors as part of the director compensation program. These RSUs granted to board members vest in full on the date of our Annual Meeting of Stockholders. In ~~March 2019,~~January 2020, the Company ~~began granting~~granted RSUs to ~~certain~~the Company’s CEO that vest annually at 42% on the first anniversary date of the grant, and 29% on the second and third anniversary date of the grant. In January and March of 2020, the Company granted RSUs to several employees. These RSUs vest in equal annual installments over ~~either two or~~ three years from the grant date and are subject to the participants continuing service to the Company over that period. The fair value of RSUs is based on the closing market price of the Company’s common stock on the grant date.

The total grant date fair value of RSUs awarded was ~~$5.5~~$12.9 million for the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2019.~~March 31, 2020. The total fair value of RSUs vested was ~~$5.9~~$1.9 million for the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2019. During~~March 31, 2020. The total grant date fair value of RSUs awarded was $5.0 million for the ~~nine~~three months ended September 30, 2019, the RSUs that vested were net share settled such that the Company withheld shares with value equivalent to the employees’ obligation for the applicable income and other employment taxes and remitted the cash to the appropriate taxing authorities.March 31, 2019. The total ~~shares withheld were approximately~~ ~~0.3~~ ~~million and were based on the~~fair value of ~~the~~ RSUs ~~on their respective vesting dates as determined by the Company’s closing stock price. Total payments for the employees’ tax obligations to taxing authorities were $2.4~~vested was $0.1 million for the ~~nine~~three months ended September 30, 2019 and are reflected as a financing activity within the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. These net share settlements reduced the number of shares that would have otherwise been issued as a result of the vesting and did not represent an expense to the Company. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company granted 1.8 million shares of RSUs and recorded $1.2 million in stock-based compensation expense related to the issuance of RSUs.March 31, 2019.

As of ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, total unrecognized stock-based compensation cost related to RSUs was ~~$12.7~~$25.2 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of ~~1.9~~2.3 years. ~~As of September 30, 2019, 1,617,702~~At March 31, 2020, we expect 7,546,191 RSUs ~~are expected~~ to vest.

Total stock-based compensation expense recognized in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss is classified as follows (in thousands):

~~During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, there was no stock-based compensation expense capitalized as a component of inventory or recognized in cost of revenue.~~ Stock-based compensation relating to stock-based awards granted to consultants was insignificant during the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 and ~~2018.~~2019.

Due to the current operating losses, the Company recorded zero income tax expense during the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2020 and 2019, ~~and 2018,~~ respectively. During these periods, the Company’s activities were limited to U.S. federal and state tax jurisdictions, as it does not have any significant foreign operations. The federal and state effective tax rate before valuation allowance is approximately 24% for the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2019.~~March 31, 2020.

Due to the Company’s history of cumulative losses and after considering all the available objective evidence, management concluded that it is not more likely than not that all of the Company’s net deferred tax assets will be ~~realized.~~realized in the future. Accordingly, the Company’s deferred tax assets, which include net operating loss, or NOL, carryforwards and tax credits related primarily to research and development, continue to be subject to a valuation allowance as of ~~September 30, 2019.~~March 31, 2020. The Company expects to continue to maintain a full valuation allowance until there is sufficient evidence to support recoverability of its deferred tax assets.

The Company had unrecognized tax benefits of ~~$2.1~~$2.6 million and ~~$1.6~~$2.2 million at ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 and December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, respectively. The reversal of the uncertain tax benefits would not affect the effective tax rate to the extent that the Company continues to maintain a full valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets. Unrecognized tax benefits may change during the next 12 months for items that arise in the ordinary course of business.

Interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters are recognized as a component of income tax expense. At ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 and December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, there were no accrued interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions.

On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) was signed into law. The CARES Act includes provisions relating to refundable payroll tax credits, deferment of the employer portion of certain payroll taxes, net operating loss carryback periods, alternative minimum tax credit refunds, modifications to the net interest deduction limitations and technical corrections to tax depreciation methods for qualified improvement property. The enactment of the CARES Act did not result in any material adjustments to our income tax provision for the three months ended March 31, 2020.

Since the Company was in a loss position for all periods presented, diluted net loss per common share is the same as basic net loss per common share for all periods presented, because the inclusion of all potential common shares outstanding would have an anti-dilutive effect. The following weighted-average common stock equivalents were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share for the periods presented, because including them would have an anti-dilutive effect:

In December 2004, the Company entered into a licensing agreement with the University of Florida Research Foundation, or UFRF, whereby UFRF granted the Company a worldwide exclusive license to certain of UFRF’s patents in exchange for 33,652 shares of common stock and a 1% royalty, with a minimum $0.1 million royalty payment per quarter, from sales of products developed and sold by the Company utilizing the licensed patents. Minimum royalty payments in any calendar year are credited against earned royalties for such calendar year. Royalty expenses based on 1% of net sales were ~~$0.6~~$0.1 million and ~~$0.5~~$0.2 million during the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2020 and 2019, ~~and 2018,~~ respectively, and were recorded as product cost of revenue.

22In November 2019, the Company entered into a distribution agreement with Chindex Shanghai International Trading Company Limited, or Chindex, which became effective in February 2020. Chindex is a subsidiary of Fosun International Limited, or Fosun. Kevin Xie, Ph.D., a member of the Company’s board of directors, was previously designated by Fosun for election to the board pursuant to a Securities Purchase Agreement related to the Company’s 2017 direct registered offering of common stock.

Under the distribution agreement, Chindex will act as the Company’s distributor and regulatory agent for the sale and delivery of its MRIdian products within the People’s Republic of China, excluding Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan. The distribution agreement has an initial term of five years with an option to renew for an additional five years. Under the distribution agreement, the Company will supply its products and services to Chindex based on an agreed upon price between the Company and Chindex. In accordance with the agreement, Chindex agreed to pay ViewRay an upfront fee, portions of which may be refundable under certain conditions, of $3.5 million, payable in three installments: (i) the first installment of $1.5 million due approximately 60 days after the effectiveness of the distribution agreement; (ii) the second installment of $1.0 million due on the first anniversary from the effective date of the agreement; and (iii) the third installment of $1.0 million due on the second anniversary from the effective date of the agreement. No amounts have been received as of March 31, 2020.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The interim financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, and the related Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, contained in the Annual Report filed with the SEC on March ~~15, 2019.~~12, 2020. In addition to historical information, this discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. These forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties, including those under “Risk Factors” in this Quarterly Report and the Annual Report that could cause actual results or events to differ materially from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.

Unless otherwise indicated, references in this section to “ViewRay,” “we,” “us,” “our” and “the Company” refer to ViewRay, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiary, ViewRay Technologies, Inc.

As a result of the merger of the Company and ViewRay Technologies, Inc. in July 2015, or the Merger, and the change in business and operations of the Company, a discussion of the past financial results of the Company is not pertinent, and under applicable accounting principles the historical financial results of ViewRay Technologies, Inc., the accounting acquirer, prior to the Merger are considered the historical financial results of the Company.

The following discussion highlights ~~ViewRay’s~~our results of operations and the principal factors that have affected our financial condition as well as our liquidity and capital resources for the periods described and provides information that management believes is relevant for an assessment and understanding of the statements of financial condition and results of operations presented herein. The following discussion and analysis are based on ~~ViewRay’s~~our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements contained in this Quarterly Report, which we have prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. You should read the discussion and analysis together with such condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto.

We design, manufacture and market the ViewRay MRIdian®. The MRIdian is an innovative system that integrates high quality radiation therapy with simultaneous magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). There are two generations of the MRIdian: the first generation MRIdian with Cobalt-60 based radiation beams and the second generation MRIdian Linac, with more advanced linear accelerator or ‘linac’ based radiation beams.

The MRIdian combines MRI and external-beam radiation therapy to simultaneously image and treat cancer patients. MRI is a broadly used imaging tool that has the ability to clearly differentiate between types of soft tissue. In contrast, X-ray or computed tomography (CT), the most commonly used imaging technologies in radiation therapy today, are often unable to distinguish soft tissues such as the tumor and critical organs. MRIdian integrates MRI technology, radiation delivery and our proprietary software to clearly See the soft tissues, Shape the dose to accommodate for changes in anatomy and Strike the target precisely using real-time targeting throughout the treatment. The MRIdian system is Sized to fit into standard radiation therapy vaults without having to remove ceiling or walls. These capabilities allow MRIdian to deliver radiation to the tumor accurately, while reducing the radiation amount delivered to nearby healthy tissue, as compared to other radiation therapy treatments currently available. We believe this will lead to improved patient outcomes and reduced treatment-related side effects.

Both generations of the MRIdian have received 510(k) marketing clearance from the ~~US Food and Drug Administration, or~~ FDA and permission to affix the CE mark.

MRIdian is the first radiation therapy solution that enables simultaneous radiation treatment delivery and real-time MRI imaging of a patient’s internal anatomy. It generates high-quality images that differentiate between the targeted tumor, surrounding soft tissue and nearby critical organs. MRIdian also records the level of radiation dose that the treatment area has received, enabling physicians to adapt the prescription between treatments, as needed. We believe this improved visualization and accurate dose recording will enable better treatment, improve patient outcomes and reduce side effects. Key benefits to users and patients include: improved imaging and patient alignment; the ability to adapt the patient’s radiation treatments to changes while the patient is still on the treatment table, or “on-table adaptive treatment planning”; MRI-based motion management; and an accurate recording of the delivered radiation dose. Physicians have already used MRIdian to treat a broad spectrum of radiation therapy patients with more than 45 different types of cancer, as well as patients for whom radiation therapy was previously not an option.

At ~~September 30, 2019, six~~March 31, 2020, four MRIdian with Cobalt-60 systems and 2632 MRIdian Linac systems are in operation at 3034 customers worldwide ~~(12~~(15 in the United States and 1819 outside the United States). In addition, seven MRIdian Linacs have been delivered to ~~customers.~~customers that are in varying stages of deployment.

We currently market MRIdian through a direct sales force in North America. In the rest of the world, we market MRIdian through a hybrid model of both a direct sales force and distribution network. We market MRIdian to a broad range of worldwide customers, including university research and teaching hospitals, community hospitals, private practices, government institutions and freestanding cancer centers. As with the traditional linac market, our sales and revenue ~~cycle~~cycles vary based on the particular customer and can be lengthy, sometimes lasting up to 18 to 24 months (or more) from initial customer contact to order contract execution. Following execution of ~~a sales~~an order contract, it generally takes nine to 15 months for a customer to customize an existing facility or construct a new vault. Upon the commencement of installation at a customer’s facility, it typically takes approximately 6050 to 90 days for us to install MRIdian and perform on-site testing of the system, including the completion of acceptance test ~~procedures~~.procedures.

We generated total revenue of ~~$20.9~~$14.3 million and ~~$17.7~~$20.3 million, and had net losses of ~~$20.8~~$27.5 million and ~~$32.9~~$33.4 million, during the three months ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2020 and 2019, ~~and 2018, respectively. We generated total revenue of $71.3 million and $60.3 million, and net losses of $85.0 million and $59.7 million, during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018,~~ respectively.

We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and increasing operating losses for the foreseeable future. We expect our expenses will increase substantially in connection with our ongoing activities, as we:

Accordingly, we may seek to fund our operations through public or private equity, debt financings or other sources. However, we may be unable to raise additional funds or enter into such other arrangements when needed on favorable terms or at all. Our failure to raise capital or enter into such other arrangements as and when needed would have a negative impact on our financial condition and our ability to develop enhancements to and integrate new technologies into MR Image-Guided radiation therapy systems.

The coronavirus pandemic, the likely resulting recession and its follow-on effects has impacted and will likely continue to impact business activity across industries worldwide, including ViewRay.

Due to pandemic-related factors like the delays in service from our global supply chain partners and restrictions imposed by government agencies and our customers in response to the spread of coronavirus, we have experienced delays in installation of systems in Asia and Europe. Similarly, our ability to conduct commercial efforts with our customers have been and are likely to continue to be disrupted as customers have suspended in-person sales calls and turned their focus to dealing with the impact of the coronavirus on their operations. Should the impact of coronavirus result in a global recession, our ability to conduct our business and to access capital markets could be materially impacted; and capital equipment sales, which make up the majority of our revenue, may take longer than other areas of the economy in a recovery, which may have a material impact on our business. The coronavirus pandemic continues to develop rapidly, and additional impacts may arise that we are not aware of currently.

New orders are defined as the sum of gross product orders, representing MRIdian contract price, recorded in backlog during the period. Backlog is the accumulation of all orders for which revenue has not been recognized and which we consider valid. Backlog includes customer deposits or letters of credit, except when the sale is to a customer where a deposit is not deemed necessary or customary. Deposits received are recorded in a customer deposit liability account on the balance sheet. Orders may be revised or cancelled according to their terms or upon mutual agreement between the parties. Therefore, it is difficult to predict with certainty the amount of backlog that will ultimately result in revenue. The determination of backlog includes objective and subjective judgment about the likelihood of an order contract becoming revenue. We perform a quarterly review of backlog to verify that outstanding orders in backlog remain valid, and based upon this review, orders that are no longer expected to result in revenue are removed from backlog. Among other criteria to consider for a transaction to be in backlog, we must possess both an outstanding and effective written agreement for the delivery of a MRIdian signed by a customer with a minimum customer deposit or a letter of credit requirement except when the sale is to a customer where a deposit is not deemed necessary or customary (i.e. sale to a government entity, a large hospital, group of hospitals or cancer care group that has sufficient credit, sales via tender awards, or indirect channel sales that have signed contracts with end-customers). We decide whether to remove or add back an order from or to our backlog by evaluating the following criteria: changes in customer or distributor plans or financial conditions; the customer’s or distributor’s continued intent and ability to fulfill the order contract; changes to regulatory requirements; the status of regulatory approval required in the customer’s jurisdiction, if any; the length of time the order has been on our backlog; and other reasons for potential cancellation of order contracts.

During the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, we received four new orders for MRIdian systems, ~~and upgrade orders to replace Cobalt-60 systems~~ totaling ~~$97.3~~$22.6 million. At ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, we had total backlog of ~~$230.7~~$230.8 million.

Product Revenue. Product revenue consists of revenue recognized from sales of MRIdian systems, as well as optional components, such as additional planning workstations and body coils.

Following execution of an order contract, it generally takes nine to 15 months for a customer to customize an existing facility or construct a new vault for the purchased system. Upon the commencement of installation at a customer’s facility, it typically takes approximately 6050 to 90 days to complete the installation and on-site testing of the system, including the completion of ~~acceptance~~customer test procedures. On-site training can take up to multiple weeks and can be conducted concurrently with installation and acceptance testing. Order contracts generally include customer deposits upon execution of the agreement, and in certain cases, additional amounts due at shipment or commencement of installation, and final payment due generally upon customer acceptance.

Beginning in the second quarter of 2019, for new contracts in which control of the system transfers upon delivery and inspection, the Company recognizes revenue for the system at the point in time when delivery and inspection has occurred. For these same contracts, the Company recognizes installation revenue over a period of time as control of the installation services are transferred. For all contracts in which control continues to transfer upon post-installation customer acceptance, revenue for the system and installation will continue to be recognized upon customer acceptance. For sales of MRIdian systems for which we are not responsible for installation, revenue is recognized when the entire system is delivered, which is when the control of the system is transferred to the customer.

Service Revenue. Our contracts typically include service warranty at no additional costs for one year. In addition, we offer multi-year, post-installation maintenance and support contracts that provide various levels of service support, which enables our customers to select the level of on-going support services, including parts and labor, which they require. These post-installation contracts are for a period of one to five years and provide services ranging from on-site parts and labor, and preventative maintenance to labor only with a longer response time. We also offer technology upgrades to our MRIdian systems, when and if available, for an additional fee. Service revenue is recognized ratably over the term during which the contracted services are provided.

Distribution Rights Revenue. In December 2014, we entered into a distribution agreement with Itochu Corporation, or Itochu, pursuant to which we appointed Itochu as our exclusive distributor for the promotion, sale and delivery of MRIdian products within Japan. As consideration for the exclusive distribution rights granted, we received $4.0 million, which was recorded as deferred revenue and since August 2016, distribution rights revenue has been recognized ratably over the remaining term of the distribution agreement, which expires in December 2024. A time-elapsed method is used to measure progress because the control is transferred evenly over the contractual period.

Product Cost of Revenue. Product cost of revenue primarily consists of the cost of materials, installation and services associated with the manufacturing and installation of MRIdian systems, and royalty payments to the University of Florida Research Foundation. Product cost of revenue also includes lower of cost or net realizable value inventory, or LCNRV, adjustments if the carrying value of the inventory is greater than its net realizable value. There was no LCNRV charge for the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 and ~~2018.~~2019.

We expect our materials, installation and service costs to decrease as we continue to scale our operations, improve product designs and work with our third-party suppliers to lower costs. We expect to continue to lower costs and increase sales prices as we transition to MRIdian Linac.

Service Cost of Revenue. Service cost of revenue is comprised primarily of personnel costs, training and travel expenses to service and perform maintenance on installed MRIdian systems. Service cost of revenue also includes the costs of replacement parts under maintenance and support contracts.

Research and Development. Research and development expenses consist primarily of compensation and related costs for personnel, including stock-based compensation, employee benefits and travel expenses. Other significant research and development costs arise from third-party consulting services, laboratory supplies, research materials, medical equipment, computer equipment and licensed technology, and related depreciation and amortization. We expense research and development costs as incurred. As we continue to invest in improving MRIdian and developing new technologies, we expect our research and development expenses to increase.

Selling and Marketing. Selling and marketing expenses consist primarily of compensation and related costs for our direct sales force, sales management, and marketing and customer support personnel, and include stock-based compensation, employee benefits and travel expenses. Selling and marketing expenses also include costs related to trade shows and marketing programs. We expense selling and marketing costs as incurred. We expect selling and marketing expenses to increase in future periods as we expand our sales force and our marketing and customer support organizations and increase our participation in trade shows and marketing programs.

General and Administrative. Our general and administrative expenses consist primarily of compensation and related costs for our operations, finance, human resources, regulatory, and other administrative personnel, and include stock-based compensation, employee benefits and travel expenses. In addition, general and administrative expenses include third-party consulting, legal, audit, accounting services, quality and regulatory functions and facilities costs, and gain or loss on the disposal of property and equipment. We expect our general and administrative expenses to increase as our business grows and as we invest in the development of our MRIdian Linac.

Interest income consists primarily of interest income received on our cash and cash equivalents.

Interest expense consists primarily of interest and amortization related to our SVB Term Loan.

Other income (expense), net consists primarily of changes in the fair value of the 2017 and 2016 Placement Warrants and foreign currency exchange gains and losses.

The outstanding 2017 and 2016 Placement Warrants are re-measured to fair value at each balance sheet date with the corresponding gain or loss from the adjustment recorded as a component of other income (expense), net.

The following tables set forth our results of operations for the periods presented:

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,						Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019			2018			2019			2018			2020			2019
	(in thousands)												(in thousands)
Revenue:
Product	$	18,696		$	16,492		$	65,475		$	57,237		$	11,470		$	18,874
Service		2,048			1,056			5,482			2,706			2,661			1,291
Distribution rights		118			118			356			356			119			119
Total revenue		20,862			17,666			71,313			60,299			14,250			20,284
Cost of revenue:
Product		18,521			15,199			63,368			49,564			13,129			22,033
Service		1,767			2,103			9,489			4,732			3,228			3,615
Total cost of revenue		20,288			17,302			72,857			54,296			16,357			25,648
Gross margin		574			364			(1,544	)		6,003			(2,107	)		(5,364	)
Operating expenses:
Research and development		5,641			4,347			17,135			12,506			6,337			5,031
Selling and marketing		7,297			3,384			19,845			10,024			5,823			4,885
General and administrative		19,381			16,721			49,888			37,070			15,788			15,109
Total operating expenses:		32,319			24,452			86,868			59,600			27,948			25,025
Loss from operations		(31,745	)		(24,088	)		(88,412	)		(53,597	)		(30,055	)		(30,389	)
Interest income		484			2			1,391			6			695			220
Interest expense		(1,069	)		(1,974	)		(2,902	)		(5,758	)		(1,038	)		(759	)
Other income (expense), net		11,499			(6,792	)		4,933			(307	)		2,866			(2,433	)
Loss before provision for income taxes		(20,831	)		(32,852	)		(84,990	)		(59,656	)		(27,532	)		(33,361	)
Provision for income taxes		—			—			—			—			—			—
Net loss	$	(20,831	)	$	(32,852	)	$	(84,990	)	$	(59,656	)	$	(27,532	)	$	(33,361	)

Comparison of the Three Months Ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2020 and 2019 ~~and 2018~~

Total revenue during the three months ended ~~September 30, 2019 increased~~March 31, 2020 decreased by ~~$3.2~~$6.0 million compared to the three months ended ~~September 30, 2018.~~March 31, 2019. The ~~increase~~decrease was primarily due to a ~~$2.2~~$7.4 million ~~increase~~decrease in product revenue and offset by a ~~$1.0~~$1.4 million increase in service revenue during the three months ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 compared to the three months ended ~~September 30, 2018.~~March 31, 2019.

Product Revenue. Product revenue ~~increased~~decreased by ~~$2.2~~$7.4 million during the three months ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 compared to the three months ended ~~September 30, 2018.~~March 31, 2019. The ~~increase~~decrease was primarily due to the ~~increase in average selling price related to the three~~revenue recognized on one fewer MRIdian Linac ~~systems recognized~~system in the three months ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 as compared to the three ~~MRIdian Linac systems recognized in~~months ended March 31, 2019. In addition, for the three months ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2019, the Company recognized $0.9 million in revenue from performance obligations satisfied in 2018.

Service Revenue. Service revenue increased by ~~$1.0~~$1.4 million during the three months ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 compared to the three months ended ~~September 30, 2018~~March 31, 2019 primarily due to the increase in installed base.

Distribution Rights Revenue. Distribution rights revenue remained flat, as expected based on the ratable recognition of revenue over the term of this agreement, during the three months ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 compared to the three months ended ~~September 30, 2018.~~March 31, 2019.

Product Cost of Revenue. Product cost of revenue ~~increased~~decreased by ~~$3.3~~$8.9 million during the three months ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 compared to the three months ended ~~September 30, 2018~~March 31, 2019. The ~~increase~~decrease was ~~primarily~~ attributable to ~~a $1.6 million increase in installation costs and a $1.3 million increase in costs of materials in~~one fewer MRIdian Linac system recognized during the three months ended ~~September 30, 2019~~ asMarch 31, 2020 compared to the three months ended ~~September 30, 2018.~~March 31, 2019. In addition, total cost of revenue in the three months ended March 31, 2019 was impacted by approximately $7.0 million of charges, primarily driven by higher than anticipated installation costs related to historical upgrade commitments. The $7.0 million includes $5.6 million of one-time charges and $1.4 million of expenses.

Service Cost of Revenue. Service cost of revenue ~~decreased~~increased by ~~$0.3~~$0.4 million during the three months ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 compared to the three months ended ~~September 30, 2018~~March 31, 2019 primarily due to ~~a decrease~~the increase in installed based for the ~~service inventory parts consumed to service MRIdian Linac systems previously installed.~~three months ended March 31, 2020.

Research and Development. Research and development expenses during the three months ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 increased by $1.3 million compared to the three months ended ~~September 30, 2018.~~March 31, 2019. The increase was primarily attributable to an $0.8 million increase in personnel expense ~~related~~due to an increase in headcount and a ~~$0.5~~$0.3 million increase in facilities costs.

Selling and Marketing. Selling and marketing expenses during the three months ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 increased by ~~$3.9~~$0.9 million compared to the three months ended ~~September 30, 2018. This~~March 31, 2019. The increase was primarily attributable to a ~~$2.3~~$0.9 million increase in personnel expense, ~~related~~which includes $0.6 million of severance pay to ~~the increase in~~ our ~~direct salesforce,~~former Chief Commercial Officer and a ~~$0.9~~$0.2 million increase in ~~travel expense from the increasing salesforce and a $0.7 million increase in marketing expense.~~employee commissions.

General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses during the three months ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 increased by ~~$2.7~~$0.7 million compared to the three months ended ~~September 30, 2018.~~March 31, 2019. This increase was primarily driven by a ~~$3.2~~$0.9 million increase in ~~consulting~~legal costs and ~~other professional services,~~ a ~~$1.2~~$0.3 million increase in ~~travel costs, and a $0.5 million increase in office expenses.~~personnel expense. The increases were partially offset by a ~~$2.3~~$0.4 million decrease in ~~stock-based compensation expense.~~travel costs and a $0.2 million decrease in consulting and other professional services.

Interest ~~expense decreased~~income increased by $0.5 million during the three months ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 compared to the three months ended ~~September 30, 2018,~~March 31, 2019 primarily due to ~~the lower interest rate of~~an increase in invested funds in 2020.

Interest expense related to the SVB Term Loan asincreased by $0.3 million during the three months ended March 31, 2020 compared to the ~~CRG Term Loan, which was paid off in December 2018.~~three months ended March 31, 2019.

Other income (expense), net during the three months ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 consisted primarily of a ~~$11.6~~$2.9 million decrease in the fair value of warrant liabilities related to the 2017 and 2016 Placement Warrants as a result in the reduction of the Company’s stock ~~price and the warrants exercised during the three months ended September 30, 2019.~~price. Other income (expense), net during the three months ended ~~September 30, 2018~~March 31, 2019 consisted primarily of a ~~$6.7~~$3.1 million ~~change~~increase in fair value of warrant liabilities related to the 2017 and 2016 Placement ~~Warrants.~~

Total revenue during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 increased by $11.0 million compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The increase was primarily due to a $8.2 million increase in product revenue and a $2.8 million increase in service revenue during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018.

~~Product Revenue.~~ Product revenue increased by $8.2 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The increase was due to revenue recognized on one more MRIdian Linac system in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018 coupled with an increased average selling price.

~~Service Revenue.~~ ~~Service revenue increased by $2.8 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018 due to the increase in installed base.~~

~~Distribution Rights Revenue.~~ Distribution rights revenue remained flat, as expected based on the ratable recognition of revenue over the term of the agreement, during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018.

~~Product Cost of Revenue.~~ ~~Product cost of revenue increased by $13.8 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018. Product cost of revenue in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was impacted by~~ cost of revenue recognized on one more MRIdian Linac system. The total cost of revenue in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was also impacted by approximately $6.9 million of charges, primarily driven by higher than anticipated installation costs related to historical upgrade commitments. The $6.9 million includes $5.5 million of one-time charges and $1.4 million of expenses.

~~Service Cost of Revenue.~~ Service cost of revenue increased by $4.8 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018 primarily due to timing of services and increase in installed base for the nine months ended September 30, 2019.

~~Research and Development.~~ Research and development expenses during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 increased by $4.6 million, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The increase was primarily attributable to a $3.6 million increase in personnel expense related to an increase in headcount and a $1.0 million increase in facilities costs.

~~Selling and Marketing.~~ ~~Selling~~and marketing expenses during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 increased by $9.8 million, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018. This increase was primarily attributable to a $6.8 million increase in personnel expense related to the increase in our direct salesforce, a $1.7 million increase in travel expense from the aforementioned increased salesforce and a $1.1 million increase in marketing expense.

~~General and Administrative.~~ General and administrative expenses during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 increased by $12.8 million, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018. This increase was primarily driven by a $7.1 million increase in personnel expense related to an increase in headcount, which included a $3.7 million increase in stock-based compensation expense for the increased headcount and executives hired since the third quarter of 2018. Additionally, we incurred a $4.0 million increase in consulting costs, a $1.5 million increase in travel expense from the aforementioned increase in headcount, a $1.0 million increase in various office expenses, and a $0.6 million increase in facilities cost. These increases were partially offset by ~~a $1.3 million reduction in legal costs as there were no equity offerings during the nine months ended September 30, 2019.~~

Interest expense decreased during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018, due to the lower interest rate of the SVB Term Loan as compared to the CRG Term Loan, which was paid off in December 2018.

~~Other income (expense), net during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 consisted~~ primarily of a $4.7 million decrease in the fair value of warrant liabilities related to the 2017 and 2016 Placement Warrants as a result in the reduction of the Company’s stock price and the warrants exercised during the nine months ended September 30, 2019, and $0.9 million of income related to insurance proceeds. Other income (expense), net during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 consisted primarily of a $0.4 million change in the fair value of warrant liabilities related to the 2017 and 2016 Placement Warrants.

Since our inception in 2004, we have incurred significant net losses and negative cash flows from operations. During the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2020 and 2019, ~~and 2018,~~ we had net losses of ~~$85.0~~$27.5 million and ~~$59.7~~$33.4 million, respectively. At ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 and December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, we had an accumulated deficit of ~~$484.0~~$546.7 million and ~~$399.0~~$519.2 million, respectively.

At ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 and December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, we had cash and cash equivalents of ~~$90.8~~$190.2 million and ~~$167.4~~$226.8 million, respectively. To date, we have financed our operations principally through offerings of our capital stock, issuances of warrants, issuances of convertible promissory notes, use of term loans and receipts of customer deposits for new orders and payments from customers for systems installed and delivered. We may, from time to time, seek to raise capital through a variety of sources, including the public equity market, private equity financing, and public or private debt. In March 2018, we issued common stock, Series A convertible preferred stock and warrants to purchase common stock in the March 2018 Direct Registered Offering for gross proceeds of $59.1 million. In May 2018, we raised additional aggregate gross proceeds of $0.3 million through our at-the-market offering program under which we sold 33,097 shares of our common stock at an average sale price of $8.41 per share. In August 2018,December 2019, we raised aggregate gross proceeds of ~~$172.5~~$149.6 million via a public offering, in which we sold approximately ~~18.6~~47.8 million shares of our common stock at a price of ~~$9.25~~$3.13 per share. In December 2018, we entered into the SVB Term Loan for a principal amount of $56.0 million. We used the proceeds from the SVB Term Loan and cash on hand to repay in full our obligations under the outstanding CRG Term Loan. We expect that our existing cash and cash equivalents, together with proceeds from the sales of MRIdian systems, will enable us to conduct our planned operations for at least the next 12 months.

However, the coronavirus pandemic and the likely resulting recession and its follow-on effects are impacting and will likely continue to impact our business activities. For further discussion, see the section titled “Impact of the Coronavirus Disease” included above. We have initiated a contingency plan with the goal to reduce our cash usage by approximately $30 million during the remainder of 2020, largely through reductions in operating expense, working capital and company-wide salary reductions.

In January 2019, we filed a registration statement with the SEC which covers the offering, issuance and sale of up to a maximum aggregate offering price of $250.0 million of our common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants, purchase contracts and/or units, including up to $100.0 million of our common shares pursuant to our at-the-market offering program with FBR. The shares in the December 2019 Public Offering of Common stock were sold pursuant to the January 2019 registration statement and did not impact the $100.0 million of our common shares pursuant to our at-the-market offering program with FBR.

We could potentially use our available financial resources sooner than we currently expect, and we may incur additional indebtedness to meet future operating needs. Adequate additional funding may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. In addition, although we anticipate being able to obtain additional financing, we may be unable to do so. Our failure to raise capital as and when needed could have significant negative consequences for our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our future capital requirements and the adequacy of available funds will depend on many factors, including those set forth in the section titled “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods presented (in thousands):

We have historically experienced cash outflows as we developed MRIdian with Cobalt-60 and MRIdian Linac and expanded our business. Our primary source of cash flow from operating activities is cash receipts from customers including sales of MRIdian systems and, to a lesser extent, up-front payments from customers. Our primary uses of cash from operating activities are amounts due to vendors for purchased components and employee-related expenditures.

During the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2020, cash used in operating activities was $35.0 million, resulting from our net loss of $27.5 million, a $10.5 million net decrease in our operating assets and liabilities, and offset by aggregate non-cash charges of $3.0 million.

During the three months ended March 31, 2019, cash used in operating activities was ~~$76.6~~$23.7 million, as a result of our net loss of ~~$85.0~~$33.4 million, a $4.7 million net change in our operating assets and ~~the~~liabilities, and offset by aggregate non-cash charges of ~~$17.8~~$14.4 million. ~~Our~~

Cash used in investing activities ~~during~~for the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2020 and 2019 of ~~$7.6~~$0.5 million ~~resulted primarily from $7.5~~and $1.2 million, ~~of capital expenditures to purchase property and equipment.~~

~~Cash used in investing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 of $2.8 million~~respectively, resulted from capital expenditures to purchase property and equipment.

During the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, financing activities ~~provided $7.1~~used $0.7 million in cash, consisting primarily of ~~$9.7~~$0.5 stock offering costs.

During the three months ended March 31, 2019, financing activities provided $2.7 million in cash, consisting primarily of $2.9 million from the exercise of stock ~~options, partially offset by cash used to pay taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards of $2.4 million.~~options.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, financing activities provided $224.6 million in cash, consisting of $172.5 million in gross proceeds from the August 2018 Public Offering of Common Stock, $59.1 million gross proceeds from the March 2018 Direct Registered Offering, $0.3 million gross proceeds from our at-the-market offering program and $3.6 million proceeds from the exercise of stock options, partially offset by offering costs of $10.6 million for the August 2018 Public Offering of Common Stock and $0.2 million for the March 2018 Direct Registered Offering.

In December 2018, we entered into a term loan agreement, or the SVB Term Loan, with Silicon Valley Bank, for a principal amount of $56.0 million. The SVB Term Loan has a maturity date of December 1, 2023 and bears interest at a rate of 6.30% per annum to be paid monthly over the term of the loan. Beginning on December 1, 2020 (or June 1, 2021, if the Company achieves a trailing twelve-month revenue of at least ~~a specified amount~~$215.0 million from January 1, 2019 to December 1, 2020 and elects to apply such later date), the Company will make thirty-six equal monthly payments of principal (or thirty equal payments, if the Company so elects). In addition, upon repayment of the SVB Term Loan in full, the Company will make a final payment equal to 3.15% of the original aggregate principal amount of the SVB Term Loan.

On December 31, 2019, we entered into the First Amendment (the Amendment) to the SVB Term Loan. The Amendment, among other things, amended the SVB Term Loan to (i) suspend testing of the minimum revenue financial covenant for the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2019, (ii) provide for the minimum trailing twelve-month revenue thresholds under the minimum revenue financial covenant for periods ending on the last day of fiscal quarters in fiscal years subsequent to 2020 to be determined annually at the greater of (a) a 25% cushion to revenue forecasts provided by the Company to SVB and (b) 10% year-over-year annual growth, unless otherwise agreed, (iii) increase the minimum liquidity ratio financial covenant from 1.50:1.00 to 1.75:1.00 and (iv) increase the prepayment premium from 1.00% to 2.00% for amounts prepaid under the SVB Term Loan prior to the maturity date thereof, subject to certain exceptions.

The SVB Term Loan is secured by substantially all assets of the Company, except that the collateral does not include any intellectual property held by the Company, provided, however, the collateral does include all accounts and proceeds of such intellectual property.

We were in compliance with all financial covenants under the SVB Term Loan at ~~September 30, 2019.~~March 31, 2020.

We did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements as of ~~September 30, 2019. As of~~March 31, 2020 and December 31, ~~2018, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements except for our operating leases.~~2019. Additionally, there were no material changes to our contractual obligations described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March ~~15, 2019, except for the changes to operating lease obligations due to the adoption of Topic 842,~~ 12, 2020~~Leases.~~. ~~See the section entitled “Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – Note 6 – Commitments and Contingencies” in the condensed consolidated financial statements.~~

For our contractual obligations that are expected to have an effect on our liquidity and cash flow, see section “Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – Note 6 – Commitments and Contingencies” in the condensed consolidated financial statements and “Note 5 – Debt” in the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Our condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in ~~accordance~~conformity with U.S. ~~GAAP. The preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements~~GAAP, which requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, ~~expenses and related disclosures.~~expenses. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our estimates and assumptions are based on historical experience and on various other ~~assumptions~~factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Our actual results could differ from these estimates.

~~With the exception of the adoption of Topic 842,~~ ~~Leases~~, and change in the recognition of certain revenue resulting from changes in facts and circumstances (see the section entitled “Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in the condensed consolidated financial statements), thereThere have been no significant changes to our accounting policies during the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, as compared to the critical accounting policies described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March ~~15, 2019.~~12, 2020. We believe that the accounting policies discussed in that Annual Report are critical to understanding our historical and future performance, as these policies relate to the more significant areas involving management’s judgments and estimates.

We are an “emerging growth company” within the meaning of the JOBS Act. Section 107 of the JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards. Thus, an emerging growth company can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected not to avail ourselves of this extended transition period and, as a result, we will adopt new or revised accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required for other public companies that are not emerging growth companies.

We review new accounting standards to determine the expected financial impact, if any, that the adoption of each new standard will have. For the recently issued and adopted accounting standards that we believe may have an impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements, see the section entitled “Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Item 3. ~~Quantitative~~Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Our management, with the participation of our chief executive officer, or CEO, and interim chief financial officer, or interim CFO, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or Exchange Act), as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Based on that evaluation, our CEO and interim CFO have concluded that as of ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, our disclosure controls and procedures are designed at a reasonable assurance level and are effective to provide reasonable assurance that information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and that such required information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our CEO and interim CFO, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in management’s evaluation pursuant to Rules 13a-15(d) or 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act during the ~~third~~first quarter of ~~2019~~2020 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.

On September 10, 2019, a complaint for patent infringement was filed by Varian Medical Systems, Inc., in U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California against the Company. Captioned Varian Medical Systems, Inc., v. ViewRay, Inc., the complaint alleges that the Company infringes two related patents, U.S. Patent Nos. 8,637,841 (the “’841 Patent”) and 9,082,520 (the “’520 Patent”). and seeks injunctive relief and monetary damages. The Company filed its answer on November 1, 2019. The matter is presently in discovery. We believe the allegations in the complaint are without merit and intend to vigorously defend the litigation.

On September 13, 2019, a class action complaint for violation of federal securities laws was filed in U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Ohio against the Company, our chief executive officer, chief ~~science~~scientific officer and former chief financial officer. ~~Captioned Corwin~~On December 19, 2019, the court appointed Plymouth County Retirement Association as the lead plaintiff and on February 28, 2020, the lead plaintiff filed an amended complaint asserting securities fraud claims against ViewRay, our chief executive officer, chief operating officer, chief scientific officer, and our former chief executive officer and former chief financial officer, Now captioned Plymouth County Retirement Assoc. v. ViewRay, Inc., et al., the amended complaint, purportedly brought on behalf of all purchasers of our common stock between ~~March 15, 2019 and August 8, 2019,~~May 10, 2018 until January 13, 2020, alleges that we violated federal securities laws by issuing materially false and misleading statements that failed to disclose adverse facts concerning the Company’s business, operations, and financial ~~results.~~results and seeks damages, interest, and other relief. We believe the allegations in the complaint are without merit and intend to vigorously defend the litigation.

The information under the caption “Commitments and Contingencies” in Note 6 of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q is incorporated herein by reference.

~~There~~Except with respect to the risk factor set forth below, there have been no material changes in our risk factors from those disclosed in Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for our fiscal year ended December 31, ~~2018.~~2019. If any of the risks discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K are realized, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

The coronavirus disease has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization and has spread to many parts of the world and will adversely affect our business operations and financial condition.

The coronavirus disease has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization, or WHO, and has spread to many parts of the world and will adversely affect our business operations and financial condition. The outbreak continues to grow globally and government and private sector responsive actions will adversely affect our business operations. It is impossible to predict the effect and potential spread of the coronavirus globally.

Should the coronavirus continue to spread, our business plans will be further materially delayed or interrupted. Our sales and revenue cycles, including MRIdian orders, deliveries and installation, as well as our other business operations, are likely to be significantly delayed as we experience adverse impacts, including but not limited to our teammates, global supply chain partners, transportation service providers, and customers. For example, along with delays in service from our global supply chain partners, we have experienced delays in installation of systems in Asia and Europe due to the restrictions imposed by government agencies and our customers in response to the spread of coronavirus. Similarly, our ability to conduct commercial efforts with our customers have been and are likely to continue to be disrupted as customers have suspended in-person sales calls and turned their focus to dealing with the impact of coronavirus on their operations. We have initiated a contingency plan with the goal to reduce our cash usage by approximately $30 million during the remainder of 2020, largely through reductions in operating expense, working capital and company-wide salary reductions; however, if our business operations continue to be adversely impacted by the spread of coronavirus, our costs associated with operating our business could be significantly higher than planned, which may have a material impact on our business. The coronavirus could also further adversely impact our teammate population, as well as our near-term and long-term revenues, earnings and cash flow and may require significant additional expenditures to mitigate such impacts. Should the impact of coronavirus result in a global recession, our ability to conduct our business and to access capital markets could be materially impacted; and capital equipment sales, which make up the majority of our revenue, may take longer than other areas of the economy in a recovery, which may have a material impact on our business. This situation continues to develop rapidly, and additional impacts may arise that we are not aware of currently.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.

Delaware		42-1777485
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
2 Thermo Fisher Way Oakwood Village, OH		44146
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)

			Page

PART I.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION

	Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements		3

Item 1.	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements		4

	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets		4

	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss		5

	Condensed Consolidated Statements of ~~Convertible Preferred Stock and~~ Stockholders’ Equity		6

	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows		87

	Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	98

Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	2321

Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	3329

Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	3329

PART II.	OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	3430

Item 1A.	Risk Factors	3431

Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	3431

Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	3431

Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	3431

Item 5.	Other Information	3431

Item 6.	Exhibits	3532

	Signatures	3633

	September 30, 2019			December 31, 2018			March 31, 2020			December 31, 2019
Prototype	$	12,512		$	12,425		$	16,525		$	16,419
Machinery and equipment		15,588			12,654			15,891			15,816
Leasehold improvements		5,055			4,600			6,720			6,718
Furniture and fixtures		998			636			1,295			1,284
Software		1,389			1,250			1,389			1,389
Construction in progress		8,806			148			5,598			4,176
Property and equipment, gross		44,348			31,713			47,418			45,802
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization		(20,911	)		(17,755	)		(23,848	)		(22,403	)
Property and equipment, net	$	23,437		$	13,958		$	23,570		$	23,399

	September 30, 2019		December 31, 2018		March 31, 2020		December 31, 2019
Accrued payroll and related benefits	$	7,094	$	5,047	$	6,134	$	9,577
Accrued accounts payable		2,683		3,626		4,716		4,764
Payroll withholding tax, sales and other tax payable		3,378		782		1,070		1,066
Accrued legal, accounting and professional fees		375		360		1,276		1,175
Product upgrade reserve		3,794		—		2,534		3,794
Other		1,511		168		580		1,014
Total accrued liabilities	$	18,835	$	9,983	$	16,310	$	21,390

	September 30, 2019			December 31, 2018			March 31, 2020			December 31, 2019
Deferred revenue:
Product	$	3,654		$	9,623		$	3,026		$	3,141
Service		7,991			6,981			7,751			8,473
Distribution rights		2,515			2,871			2,277			2,396
Total deferred revenue		14,160			19,475			13,054			14,010
Less: current portion of deferred revenue		(9,644	)		(13,731	)		(9,861	)		(10,457	)
Noncurrent portion of deferred revenue	$	4,516		$	5,744		$	3,193		$	3,553

	Convertible Preferred Stock						Common Stock
	Shares		Amount		Additional Paid-in Capital		Shares		Amount		Additional Paid-in Capital			Accumulated Deficit			Total Stockholders’ Equity
Three Months Ended September 30, 2019
Balance at June 30, 2019		—	$	—	$	—		98,259,203	$	973	$	585,080		$	(463,136	)	$	122,917
Issuance of common stock from option exercises		—		—		—		517,624		5		1,433			—			1,438
Stock-based compensation		—		—		—		—		—		4,910			—			4,910
Issuance of common stock from releases of restricted stock units		—		—		—		335,863		3		(3	)		—			—
Tax withholding paid on behalf of employees for stock-based awards		—		—		—		—		—		(2,410	)		—			(2,410	)
Issuance of common stock from warrant exercises		—		—		—		293,115		3		(3	)		—			—
Reclassification of warrant liability to additional paid-in capital upon warrant exercises		—		—		—		—		—		1,871			—			1,871
Net loss		—		—		—		—		—		—			(20,831	)		(20,831	)
Balance at September 30, 2019		—	$	—	$	—		99,405,805	$	984	$	590,878		$	(483,967	)	$	107,895

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
Balance at December 31, 2018		—	$	—	$	—		96,332,023	$	952	$	565,334		$	(398,977	)	$	167,309
Issuance of common stock from option exercises		—		—		—		2,219,251		23		9,618			—			9,641
Stock-based compensation		—		—		—		—		—		14,369			—			14,369
Issuance of common stock from releases of restricted stock units		—		—		—		390,332		4		(4	)		—			—
Tax withholding paid on behalf of employees for stock-based awards		—		—		—		—		—		(2,410	)		—			(2,410	)
Issuance of common stock from warrant exercises		—		—		—		464,199		5		(5	)		—			—
Reclassification of warrant liability to additional paid-in capital upon warrant exercises		—		—		—		—		—		3,976			—			3,976
Net loss		—		—		—		—		—		—			(84,990	)		(84,990	)
Balance at September 30, 2019		—	$	—	$	—		99,405,805	$	984	$	590,878		$	(483,967	)	$	107,895

	At September 30, 2019								At March 31, 2020
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
2017 Placement Warrants Liability	$	—	$	—	$	2,408	$	2,408	$	—	$	—	$	1,896	$	1,896
2016 Placement Warrants Liability		—		—		786		786		—		—		608		608
Total	$	—	$	—	$	3,194	$	3,194	$	—	$	—	$	2,504	$	2,504

	At December 31, 2018								December 31, 2019
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
2017 Placement Warrants Liability	$	—	$	—	$	7,115	$	7,115	$	—	$	—	$	1,330	$	1,330
2016 Placement Warrants Liability		—		—		4,729		4,729		—		—		4,043		4,043
Total	$	—	$	—	$	11,844	$	11,844	$	—	$	—	$	5,373	$	5,373

Year Ended December 31,
The remainder of 2019	$	—
2020		1,555
The remainder of 2020				$	1,555
2021		18,667			18,667
2022		18,667			18,667
2023		17,111			17,111
2024					—
Total future principal payments		56,000			56,000
Less: unamortized debt discount		(511	)		(403	)
Carrying value of long-term debt		55,489			55,597
Less: current portion		—			(6,222	)
Long-term portion	$	55,489		$	49,375

		Three Months Ended September 30, 2019				Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
Operating lease cost		$	782			$	2,085

			Three Months Ended March 31,
	For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019		2020		2019
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities	$	1,742	$	783	$	514
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities		1,647		—		492

Year Ending December 31,	Future Payments
The remainder of 2019	$	710
2020		3,148
2021		2,831
2022		2,496
2023		2,571
2024		2,604
Thereafter		1,924
Total undiscounted cash flows	$	16,284
Less: imputed interest		(3,078	)
Present value of lease liabilities	$	13,206

Year Ending December 31,	Future Minimum Payments		Future Payments
2019	$	2,070
2020		2,353
The remainder of 2020			$	2,364
2021		2,424		2,831
2022		2,496		2,497
2023		2,571		2,571
Thereafter		4,532
Total future minimum payments	$	16,446
2024				2,604
2025				1,924
Total undiscounted cash flows			$	14,791
Less: imputed interest				(2,594	)
Present value of lease liabilities			$	12,197

	Upon Issuance
Common Stock Warrants:
Expected term (in years)		7.0
Expected volatility (%)	62.5%
Risk-free interest rate (%)	2.8%
Expected dividend yield (%)	0%

	Issuance Date	Term	Exercise Price Per Share		Warrants Exercised during the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019		Warrants Outstanding at September 30, 2019		Issuance Date	Term	Exercise Price Per Share		Warrants Exercised during the Three Months Ended March 31, 2020		Warrants Outstanding at March 31, 2020
2017 Placement Warrants	January 2017	7 years	$	3.17		90,642		1,618,890	January 2017	7 years	$	3.17		—		1,618,890
2016 Placement Warrants	August and September 2016	7 years	$	2.95		593,352		537,263	August and September 2016	7 years	$	2.95		—		537,263
Total						683,994		2,156,153						—		2,156,153

	RSUs					RSUs
	Number of Shares			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Number of Shares			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested at December 31, 2018		1,736,234		$	9.65
Unvested at December 31, 2019							4,379,777		$	5.14
RSUs granted		708,144			7.79		4,178,620			3.09
RSUs vested		(631,252	)		9.40		(263,565	)		7.08
Unvested at September 30, 2019		1,813,126		$	9.13
RSUs forfeited							(292,145	)		3.57
Unvested at March 31, 2020							8,002,687		$	4.06
Vested and unreleased		104,173					131,576
Outstanding at September 30, 2019		1,917,299
Outstanding at March 31, 2020							8,134,263

	VIEWRAY, INC.

Dated: ~~November 12, 2019~~May 1, 2020	By:	/s/ Scott Drake
	Name:	Scott Drake
	Title:	Chief Executive Officer
		(Principal Executive Officer)




Dated: ~~November 12, 2019~~May 1, 2020	By:	/s/ Brian Knaley
	Name:	Brian Knaley
	Title:	Senior Vice President and Interim Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial Officer)

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