Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. YES ☒ NO ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). YES ☒ NO ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b‑2 of the Exchange Act:

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b‑2 of the Exchange Act). YES ☐ NO☒

As of May ~~6, 2020,~~11, 2021, there were ~~161,694,330~~162,360,367 shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share, issued and outstanding.

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of federal securities laws. All statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q other than statements of historical fact, including statements regarding our future operating results and financial position, our business strategy and plans, products, services, and technology offerings, market conditions, growth and trends, expansion plans and opportunities, and our objectives for future operations, are forward-looking statements. The words “believe,” “may,” “will,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “expect,” “could,” “would,” “project,” “plan,” “potentially,” “preliminary,” “likely” and similar expressions, and the negative of these expressions, are intended to identify forward-looking statements. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy, short-term and long-term business operations and objectives, and financial needs. These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, including those described in Part II, Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” of our Annual Report on Form ~~10-K~~10-K/A for the year ended December 31, ~~2019.~~2020 filed May 14, 2021. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the effect of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. In light of these risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, the future events and trends discussed in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q may not occur and actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements.

~~Forward-looking statements are subject to inherent risks and uncertainties.~~ Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in forward-looking statements include, among other things:

You should not rely on forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. The events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements may not occur. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee that the future results, performance, or events and

circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur. We undertake no obligation to update any of these forward-looking statements for any reason after the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q or to conform these statements to actual results or revised expectations.

Unless the context indicates otherwise, the terms “Verra Mobility,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” as used in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q refer to Verra Mobility Corporation, a Delaware corporation, and its subsidiaries taken as a whole.

($ in thousands except per share data)

March 31,
2020

December 31,
2019

Assets

Current assets:

Cash and cash equivalents

$
113,583

$
131,513

Restricted cash

1,510

917

Accounts receivable (net of allowance for credit loss
of $10.8 million at March 31, 2020)

109,839

93,514

Unbilled receivables

16,358

20,003

Prepaid expenses and other current assets

24,616

26,491

Total current assets

265,906

272,438

Installation and service parts, net

8,022

8,841

Property and equipment, net

73,631

72,266

Operating lease assets

31,789

32,177

Intangible assets, net

409,957

434,443

Goodwill

581,730

584,150

Other non-current assets

3,094

3,111

Total assets

$
1,374,129

$
1,407,426

Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity

Current liabilities:

Accounts payable

$
39,198

$
50,825

Accrued liabilities

23,701

25,277

Current portion of long-term debt

9,104

28,779

Total current liabilities

72,003

104,881

Long-term debt, net of current portion and deferred financing costs

835,507

837,686

Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion

29,917

30,130

Payable to related party pursuant to tax receivable agreement

61,174

61,174

Asset retirement obligation

6,387

6,309

Deferred tax liabilities, net

24,472

25,716

Other long-term liabilities

269

2,183

Total liabilities

1,029,729

1,068,079

Commitments and contingencies (Note 14)

Stockholders' equity

Preferred stock, $.0001 par value

—

—

Common stock, $.0001 par value

16

16

Common stock contingent consideration

36,575

54,862

Additional paid-in capital

387,994

367,266

Accumulated deficit

(74,241
)

(80,220
)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss

(5,944
)

(2,577
)
Total stockholders' equity

344,400

339,347

Total liabilities and stockholders' equity

$
1,374,129

$
1,407,426

Three Months Ended March 31,

(In thousands, except per share data)

2020

2019

Service revenue

$
99,497

$
98,070

Product sales

17,216

391

Total revenue

116,713

98,461

Cost of service revenue

1,219

1,389

Cost of product sales

8,690

276

Operating expenses

32,259

29,338

Selling, general and administrative expenses

25,886

20,551

Depreciation, amortization and (gain) loss on disposal of assets, net

29,246

28,941

Total costs and expenses

97,300

80,495

Income from operations

19,413

17,966

Interest expense, net

12,451

16,033

Other income, net

(2,925
)

(2,207
)
Total other expenses

9,526

13,826

Income before income tax provision

9,887

4,140

Income tax provision

3,214

1,320

Net income

$
6,673

$
2,820

Other comprehensive (loss) income:

Change in foreign currency translation adjustment

(3,367
)

1,324

Total comprehensive income

$
3,306

$
4,144

Net income per share:

Basic

$
0.04

$
0.02

Diluted

$
0.04

$
0.02

Weighted average shares used in per share calculation:

Basic outstanding

160,924

156,057

Diluted outstanding

164,427

156,458

	March 31, 2021			December 31, 2020
($ in thousands except per share data)				(As restated)
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	249,605		$	120,259
Restricted cash		819			633
Accounts receivable (net of allowance for credit loss of $12.1 million and $11.5 million at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively)		192,985			168,783
Unbilled receivables		14,881			14,045
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		24,509			24,317
Total current assets		482,799			328,037
Installation and service parts, net		8,597			7,944
Property and equipment, net		67,741			70,284
Operating lease assets		30,172			29,787
Intangible assets, net		319,149			342,139
Goodwill		586,220			586,435
Other non-current assets		2,535			2,699
Total assets	$	1,497,213		$	1,367,325
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	41,334		$	34,509
Accrued liabilities		17,394			15,636
Payable to related party pursuant to tax receivable agreement, current portion		5,202			4,791
Current portion of long-term debt		6,500			9,104
Total current liabilities		70,430			64,040
Long-term debt, net of current portion		965,945			832,941
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion		28,447			27,986
Payable to related party pursuant to tax receivable agreement, net of current portion		62,667			67,869
Private placement warrant liabilities		32,933			30,866
Asset retirement obligation		6,406			6,409
Deferred tax liabilities, net		21,316			21,148
Other long-term liabilities		551			494
Total liabilities		1,188,695			1,051,753
Commitments and contingencies (Note 12)
Stockholders' equity
Preferred stock, $.0001 par value		—			—
Common stock, $.0001 par value		16			16
Common stock contingent consideration		36,575			36,575
Additional paid-in capital		375,671			373,620
Accumulated deficit		(103,765	)		(94,850	)
Accumulated other comprehensive income		21			211
Total stockholders' equity		308,518			315,572
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	1,497,213		$	1,367,325

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2020

Common
Stock

Common
Stock
Contingent

Additional
Paid-in

Accumulated

Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive

Total
Stockholders'

(In thousands)

Shares

Amount

Consideration

Capital

Deficit

Loss

Equity

Balance as of December 31, 2019

159,150

$
16

$
54,862

$
367,266

$
(80,220
)

$
(2,577
)

$
339,347

Net income

—

—

—

—

6,673

—

6,673

Cumulative effect of adoption of the CECL accounting standard, net of tax

—

—

—

—

(694
)

—

(694
)
Earn-out shares issued to Platinum Stockholder

2,500

—

(18,287
)

18,287

—

—

—

Vesting of restricted stock units ("RSUs")

42

—

—

—

—

—

—

Payment of employee tax withholding related to RSU vesting

—

—

—

(327
)

—

—

(327
)
Stock-based compensation

—

—

—

2,768

—

—

2,768

Other comprehensive loss, net of tax

—

—

—

—

—

(3,367
)

(3,367
)
Balance as of March 31, 2020

161,692

$
16

$
36,575

$
387,994

$
(74,241
)

$
(5,944
)

$
344,400

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2019

Balance as of December 31, 2018

156,057

$
16

$
73,150

$
348,017

$
(113,306
)

$
(5,821
)

$
302,056

Net income

—

—

—

—

2,820

—

2,820

Cumulative effect of adoption of the new revenue accounting standard

—

—

—

—

(257
)

—

(257
)
Adjustment to equity infusion from Gores

—

—

—

(6,205
)

—

—

(6,205
)
Adjustment to tax receivable agreement liability

—

—

—

2,940

—

—

2,940

Stock-based compensation

—

—

—

2,143

—

—

2,143

Other comprehensive gain

—

—

—

—

—

1,324

1,324

Balance as of March 31, 2019

156,057

$
16

$
73,150

$
346,895

$
(110,743
)

$
(4,497
)

$
304,821

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2021
	Common Stock				Common Stock Contingent			Additional Paid-in			Accumulated			Accumulated Other Comprehensive			Total Stockholders'
(In thousands)	Shares		Amount		Consideration			Capital			Deficit			Income (Loss)			Equity
Balance as of December 31, 2020 (as restated)		162,269	$	16	$	36,575		$	373,620		$	(94,850	)	$	211		$	315,572
Net loss		—		—		—			—			(8,915	)		—			(8,915	)
Vesting of restricted stock units ("RSUs")		91		—		—			—			—			—			—
Payment of employee tax withholding related to RSUs vesting		—		—		—			(857	)		—			—			(857	)
Stock-based compensation		—		—		—			2,908			—			—			2,908
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax		—		—		—			—			—			(190	)		(190	)
Balance as of March 31, 2021		162,360	$	16	$	36,575		$	375,671		$	(103,765	)	$	21		$	308,518

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2020

Balance as of December 31, 2019 (as restated)		159,150	$	16	$	54,862		$	346,891		$	(89,578	)	$	(2,577	)	$	309,614
Net income (as restated)		—		—		—			—			22,140			—			22,140
Cumulative effect of adoption of the credit loss accounting standard, net of tax		—		—		—			—			(694	)		—			(694	)
Earn-out shares issued to Platinum Stockholder		2,500		—		(18,287	)		18,287			—			—			—
Vesting of RSUs		42		—		—			—			—			—			—
Payment of employee tax withholding related to RSUs vesting		—		—		—			(327	)		—			—			(327	)
Stock-based compensation		—		—		—			2,768			—			—			2,768
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax		—		—		—			—			—			(3,367	)		(3,367	)
Balance as of March 31, 2020 (as restated)		161,692	$	16	$	36,575		$	367,619		$	(68,132	)	$	(5,944	)	$	330,134

							Three Months Ended March 31,
	Three Months Ended March 31,						2021			2020
($ in thousands)	2020			2019						(As restated)
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
Net income	$	6,673		$	2,820
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Net (loss) income							$	(8,915	)	$	22,140
Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		29,250			28,939			28,214			29,250
Amortization of deferred financing costs and discounts		903			1,833			1,593			903
Change in fair value of private placement warrants								2,067			(15,467	)
Loss on extinguishment of debt								5,334			—
Credit loss expense		5,356			1,270			2,402			5,356
Deferred income taxes		(682	)		(1,073	)		281			(682	)
Stock-based compensation		2,768			2,143			2,908			2,768
Installation and service parts expense		393			257			29			393
Accretion expense		64			90			53			64
(Gain) loss on disposal of assets		(4	)		2
Loss (gain) on disposal of assets								51			(4	)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable, net		(22,397	)		(8,372	)		(26,672	)		(22,397	)
Unbilled receivables		3,648			(3,797	)		(859	)		3,648
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		2,367			(1,527	)
Prepaid expenses and other assets								(262	)		2,367
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities		(11,363	)		18,413			2,330			(11,363	)
Other liabilities		(2,135	)		(3,647	)		459			(2,135	)
Net cash provided by operating activities		14,841			37,351			9,013			14,841
Cash Flows from Investing Activities:
Purchases of installation and service parts and property and equipment		(8,141	)		(9,219	)		(3,704	)		(8,141	)
Cash proceeds from the sale of assets		10			52			56			10
Net cash used in investing activities		(8,131	)		(9,167	)		(3,648	)		(8,131	)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:
Borrowings of long-term debt								996,750			—
Repayment of long-term debt		(21,951	)		(2,276	)		(865,642	)		(21,951	)
Payment of debt issuance costs		(806	)		(37	)		(5,732	)		(806	)
Payment of employee tax withholding related to RSU vesting		(327	)		—
Net cash used in financing activities		(23,084	)		(2,313	)
Payment of debt extinguishment costs								(604	)		—
Payment of employee tax withholding related to RSUs vesting								(857	)		(327	)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities								123,915			(23,084	)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents		(963	)		236			252			(963	)
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		(17,337	)		26,107
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash								129,532			(17,337	)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash - beginning of period		132,430			67,081			120,892			132,430
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash - end of period	$	115,093		$	93,188		$	250,424		$	115,093

	Three Months Ended March 31,					Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020		2019			2021		2020
Supplemental cash flow information:
Interest paid	$	11,822	$	13,890		$	6,996	$	11,822
Income taxes paid (refunded), net		319		(4,710	)
Income taxes paid, net of refunds							238		319
Supplemental non-cash investing and financing activities:
Reduction to tax receivable agreement liability		—		2,940
Purchases of installation and service parts and property and equipment in accounts payable and accrued liabilities at period-end							1,355		4,586
Accrued debt issuance costs							635		—
Accrued debt extinguishment costs							665		—
Earn-out shares issued to Platinum Stockholder		18,287		—			—		18,287
Additions to ARO, property and equipment, and other		22		28
Purchases of installation and service parts and property and equipment in accounts payable and accrued liabilities at period-end		4,586		4,084

Verra Mobility Corporation (collectively with its subsidiaries, the “Company” or “Verra Mobility”), formerly known as Gores Holdings II, Inc. (“Gores”), was originally incorporated in Delaware on August 15, 2016, as a special purpose acquisition company formed for the purpose of effecting a merger, capital stock exchange, asset acquisition, stock purchase, reorganization, or other similar business combination with one or more target businesses. On January 19, 2017, the Company consummated its initial public offering (the “IPO”), following which its shares began trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”). On June 21, 2018, Gores entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (as amended, the “Merger Agreement”) with Greenlight Holding II Corporation, PE Greenlight Holdings, LLC, AM Merger Sub I, Inc., a direct, wholly-owned subsidiary of Gores and AM Merger Sub II, LLC, a direct, wholly-owned subsidiary of Gores. On October 17, 2018, the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement (the “Business Combination”) were consummated. In connection with the closing of the Business Combination, Gores changed its name to Verra Mobility Corporation. As a result of the Business Combination, Verra Mobility Corporation became the owner, directly or indirectly, of all of the equity interests of Verra Mobility Holdings, LLC and its subsidiaries.

Verra Mobility offers integrated technology solutions and services to commercial fleets, rental car companies and state and local governments. The Company has customers located throughout the United States, Canada and Europe. The Company is organized into 2 operating segments: Commercial Services and Government Solutions (see Note ~~15)~~13).

The Commercial Services segment offers toll and violation management solutions for the commercial fleet and rental car industries by partnering with the leading fleet management and rental car companies in North America. Electronic toll payment services enable fleet drivers and rental car customers to use high-speed cashless toll lanes or all-electronic cashless toll roads. The service helps commercial fleets reduce toll management costs, while it provides rental car companies with a revenue-generating, value-added service for their customers. Electronic violation processing services reduce the cost and risk associated with vehicle-issued violations, such as toll, parking or camera-enforced tickets. Title and registration services offer title and registration processing for individuals, rental car companies and fleet management companies. In Europe, the Company provides violations processing through Euro Parking Collection plc (“EPC”) and consumer tolling services through Pagatelia S.L (“Pagatelia”).

The Government Solutions segment provides complete, end-to-end speed, red-light, ~~speed,~~ school bus stop arm and bus lane enforcement solutions. The Company’s programs are designed to reduce traffic violations and resulting collisions, injuries, and fatalities. The Company implements and administers traffic safety programs for municipalities, counties, school districts and law enforcement agencies of all sizes.

The accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”). All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. In the opinion of the Company’s management, the unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, which are normal and recurring in nature, necessary for fair financial statement presentation.

The notes included herein should be read in conjunction with the Company’s restated audited consolidated financial statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K/A filed with the SEC on May 14, 2021 (the “2020 Form 10-K/A”).

We restated the Company’s previously issued consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 and for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 and the related quarterly financial information to reflect adjustments resulting from changes to our accounting for private placement warrants.

The impact of the restatement to the three months ended March 31, 2020 was an increase to net income of $15.5 million, an increase to private placement warrant liabilities of $14.3 million, with offsetting decreases of $20.4 million to additional paid-in capital and $6.1 million to accumulated deficit line items. There was no net cash impact to the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows.

The preparation of these financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include the fair values assigned to net assets acquired (including identifiable intangibles) in business combinations, the carrying amounts of long-lived assets and goodwill, the ~~carrying amount of installation and service parts, the~~ allowance for credit loss, fair value of private placement warrant liabilities, valuation allowances on deferred tax assets, asset retirement obligations, contingent consideration and the recognition and measurement of loss contingencies.

Management believes that its estimates and assumptions are reasonable in the circumstances; however, actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

Significant customers are those which represent more than 10% of the Company’s total revenue and accounts receivable. Revenue from one of the Government Solutions customers as a percent of total revenue is presented below:

As of March 31, 2021, the City of New York Department of Transportation (“NYCDOT”) represented 63% of accounts receivable, net. The Company provides photo enforcement services to NYCDOT under 2 primary agreements, (i) a legacy contract relating to photo enforcement cameras that were installed prior to fiscal year 2020 (the “Legacy Contract”), and (ii) an emergency contract for the purchase, installation, maintenance and operation of the expanded speed camera program beginning in 2020 (the “Emergency Contract”). At March 31, 2021, the Legacy Contract had an open receivable balance of $41.3 million, of which $33.1 million had aged beyond NYCDOT’s 45-day payment terms. As of March 31, 2021, the Company had invoiced NYCDOT for $52.6 million in product revenue and $26.8 million in service revenue under the Emergency Contract. NYCDOT has not made any payments against the Emergency Contract to date. There is no material reserve related to these receivables as amounts are deemed collectible based on current conditions and expectations. Please also see section entitled “Risk Factors.”

Significant customer revenue generated through the Company’s Commercial Services partners as a percent of total revenue is presented below:

The Company reviews historical credit losses and customer payment trends on receivables and develops loss rate estimates as of the balance sheet date, which includes adjustments for future expectations using probability-weighted assumptions about potential outcomes. Receivables are written off against the allowance for credit loss when it is probable that amounts will not be collected based on the terms of the customer contracts, and subsequent recoveries reverse the previous write-off and apply to the receivable in the period recovered. NaN interest or late fees are charged on delinquent accounts.

The Company identified portfolio segments based on the type of business, industry in which the customer operates and historical credit loss patterns. The following presents the activity in the allowance for credit loss for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively:

The Company adjusted down its estimate for credit loss for the three months ended March 31, 2021 to reflect the risk of loss based on customer payment rates in the last 12 months and improved economic conditions for the Commercial Services (All other) and Government Solutions portfolio segments. The Company’s methodology for the Commercial Services (Driver-billed) portfolio segment has not changed. The credit loss estimate for the three months ended March 31, 2020 was based on higher probabilities of loss given the uncertainty caused by COVID-19 on the travel industry. The Company periodically evaluates the adequacy of its allowance for expected credit losses by comparing its actual historical write-offs to its previously recorded estimates and adjusts appropriately.

As of March 31, 2021, there were warrants outstanding to acquire 19,999,967 shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock including: (i) 6,666,666 warrants originally issued to Gores Sponsor II, LLC in a private placement in connection with the IPO (the “Private Placement Warrants”); and (ii) 13,333,301 warrants issued inconnection with the IPO (the “Public Warrants” and, together with the Private Placement Warrants, the “Warrants”). The Warrants entitle the registered holder to purchase one share of our Class A Common Stock at a price of $11.50 per share, subject to certain adjustments.

The Warrants became exercisable on November 16, 2018, 30 days following the completion of the Business Combination, and expire five years after that date, or earlier upon redemption or liquidation. The Company may redeem the outstanding Warrants at a price of $0.01 per warrant, if the last sale price of its Class A Common Stock equals or exceeds $18.00 per share for any 20 trading days within a 30 trading day period ending on the third business day before it sends the notice of redemption to the Warrant holders. The Private Placement Warrants, however, are nonredeemable so long as they are held by Gores Sponsor II, LLC or its permitted transferees.

The Company accounts for warrants as either equity-classified or liability-classified instruments based on an assessment of the warrant’s specific terms and applicable authoritative guidance under FASB ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (“ASC 480”) and ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging (“ASC 815”). The assessment considers whether the warrants are freestanding financial instruments pursuant to ASC 480, meet the definition of a liability pursuant to ASC 480, and whether the warrants meet all of the requirements for equity classification under ASC 815, including whether the warrants are indexed to the Company’s own common shares, among other conditions for equity classification.

For warrants that meet all of the criteria for equity classification, the warrants are required to be recorded as a component of additional paid-in capital at the time of issuance. For warrants that do not meet all the criteria for equity classification, the warrants are required to be recorded at their initial fair value on the date of issuance, and each balance sheet date thereafter. Changes in the estimated fair value of the warrants are recognized as a non-cash gain or loss on the statements of operations. The Company’s Public Warrants meet the criteria for equity classification and accordingly, are reported as component of shareholders’ equity while the Company’s Private Placement Warrants do not meet the criteria for equity classification because the holder of the instrument is not an input into the pricing of a fixed-for-fixed option on equity shares and are instead classified as a liability. The fair value of the Private Placement Warrants is estimated at period-end using a Black-Scholes option pricing model. Shares issuable under the Warrants were considered for inclusion in the diluted share count in accordance with GAAP. As the shares issuable under the Warrants are issuable shares when exercised by the holders, they are included when computing diluted (loss) income per share, if such exercise is dilutive to (loss) income per share.

In ~~January 2017,~~August 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting ~~Standards~~Standard Update (“ASU”) ~~2017-04,~~2018-13, ~~Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (Topic 350)~~(Topic 820) Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement. ~~ASU 2017-04 simplifies~~The amendments in this update modify the ~~accounting for goodwill impairment and removes Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test. Goodwill impairment is now the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its~~disclosure requirements on fair value ~~limited~~measurements in Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement. The ASU is effective for all entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. The amendments on changes in unrealized gains and losses, the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements, and the ~~total amount~~narrative description of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. Entities will continue to have the option to perform a qualitative assessment to determine if a quantitative impairment test is necessary. The same one-step impairment test willmeasurement uncertainty should be applied prospectively for only the most recent interim or annual period presented in the initial fiscal year of adoption. All other amendments should be applied retrospectively to ~~goodwill at~~ all ~~reporting units, even those with zero or negative carrying amounts.~~periods presented upon their effective date. The Company adopted ~~the ASU as of January 1, 2020 and followed the one-step method in evaluating potential goodwill impairment for~~this standard during the first quarter of ~~fiscal 2020, refer to Note 6,~~ ~~Goodwill~~2021 and ~~Intangible Assets. The adoption of this guidance did not have~~provided relevant disclosures for the private placement warrant liabilities which are a ~~material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.~~

~~In June 2016,~~Level 3 measurement, that fall in the ~~FASB issued ASU 2016-13,~~ ~~Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326),~~ ~~and issued certain amendments within ASU 2019-04,ASU 2019-05 and ASU 2019-11, respectively. The guidance replaced the incurred loss impairment model and applies a new model, current expected credit losses (“CECL~~”), that requires entities to estimate expected credit losses measured over the contractual life of an instrument that consider supportable forecasts of future economic conditions in addition to information about past events and current conditions. An entity is required to measure and record an allowance for credit loss upon initial recognition of a financial asset, and present in-scope assets at amortized cost netscope of the ~~amount expected to be collected. Under legacy GAAP, the Company recognized credit losses on trade receivables when it was probable that a loss has been incurred.~~

The Company adopted the CECL standard as of January 1, 2020 through a cumulative effect adjustment of $0.7 million, net of tax, to the opening balance of Accumulated deficit. The adjustment increased Accumulated deficit and increased the Allowance for credit loss accounts. Subsequent impacts to the Allowance for credit loss have been recorded through the Credit loss expense account included within Selling, general and administrative expenses in our condensed consolidated statements of operations and as an Allowance for credit loss on our condensed consolidated balance sheet.standard. See Note 4.7. ~~Accounts Receivable, Net~~ ~~for additional information.~~

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. The ASU removes specific exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740 in ~~U.S.~~ GAAP including the exception to the incremental approach for intra-period tax allocation, exceptions to accounting for basis differences when there are ownership changes in foreign investments, and the exception in interim period income tax accounting for year-to-date losses that exceed anticipated losses. The ASU also simplifies current guidance in relation to franchise taxes that are partially based on income, transactions with a government that result in a step-up in tax basis of goodwill, separate financial statements of legal entities that are not subject to tax, and enacted changes in tax laws in interim periods. The Company adopted the ASU ~~2019-12 is effective~~as of January 1, 2021 which did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements or related disclosures.

In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-06, Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging— Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for ~~fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020~~Convertible Instruments and ~~interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted.~~Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity. This ASU simplifies accounting for convertible instruments by removing major separation models required under current GAAP. Consequently, more convertible debt instruments will be reported as a single liability instrument and more convertible preferred stock as a single equity instrument with no separate accounting for embedded conversion features. The ~~impact of~~ASU removes certain settlement conditions that are required for equity contracts to qualify for the ~~implementation of~~derivative scope exception, which will permit more equity contracts to qualify for it. The ASU also simplifies the diluted earnings per share calculation in certain areas. The Company early adopted this standard ~~is still being determined~~as of January 1, 2021 which did not have an impact on the Company’s financial statements and related disclosures, as the Company had no instruments subject to the standard. If the Company were to issue instruments subject to the standard in the future, such guidance as early adopted by the ~~Company.~~Company would apply.

In March ~~12,~~ 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. The ASU provides temporary optional guidance to ease the potential burden in accounting for reference rate reform. It provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contract modifications, subject to meeting certain criteria, that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued. In January 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-01, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Scope, which clarifies that certain optional expedients and exceptions in Topic 848 for contract modifications and hedge accounting apply to derivatives that are

affected by the discounting transition. The ~~ASU is in effect for a limited time~~amendments are effective as of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022, to help stakeholders during the global market-wide reference rate transition period. The impact of the implementation of this ~~standard~~guidance is still being determined by the Company.

~~On October 31, 2019, the Company completed the acquisition of all of the outstanding shares of Pagatelia S.L., (“Pagatelia~~”), a Spanish limited liability company that provides electronic consumer tolling and parking solutions in Spain, Portugal, France and Italy. The purchase consideration for Pagatelia was $26.6 million. Transaction costs were not material.

~~The allocation of the preliminary purchase consideration is summarized as follows:~~

Goodwill arising from Pagatelia was assigned to the Company’s Commercial Services segment and consists largely of the expected cash flows and future growth anticipated for the Company. The goodwill is not expected to be deductible for tax purposes. The customer relationships value was based on an excess earnings methodology utilizing projected cash flows. The trademark and the developed technology values were based on a relief-from-royalty method. The non-compete agreement values were based on the with-or-without method. The trademark, customer relationships, developed technology and non-compete agreements were assigned useful lives of 8.5 years, 9.5 years, 6.5 years and 3 years, respectively.

~~The Company did not provide pro forma financial information for Pagatelia as it was not material.~~

Accounts receivable are uncollateralized customer obligations due from the sale of products or services. Accounts receivable have normal trade terms less than one year and are initially stated at the amounts billed to the customers. Accounts receivable are subsequently measured at amortized cost net of allowance for credit loss. As part of its analysis for implementation of the CECL standard, the Company reviewed historical loss rates, customer payment trends and collection rates on customer balances. Estimated loss rates were developed using historical credit loss experience, which were adjusted based on a range of likelihood increases to reflect management’s expectations of current and future conditions as of the balance sheet date. Receivables are written off against the allowance for credit loss when it is probable that amounts will not be collected based on terms of the customer contracts, and subsequent recoveries will be credited to earnings in the period recovered. The Company will periodically evaluate the adequacy of its allowance for expected credit loss by comparing its actual historical write-offs to its previously recorded estimates.

The Company identified portfolio segments based on type of business, industry in which the customer operates and historical credit loss patterns. The following presents by portfolio segment Accounts receivable, net and the activity in the Allowance for credit loss for the three months ended March 31, 2020:

Significant customers are those which represent more than 10% of the Company’s total revenue. Revenue from one of the Government Solutions customers, the City of New York Department of Transportation, accounted for 25.5% of total revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2020, as a result of increased product revenue. This customer did not meet the revenue criteria for the three months ended March 31, 2019.

Revenue generated through one of the Company’s Commercial Services partners, the Hertz Corporation, accounted for 15.7% and 18.4% of total revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Additionally, revenue generated through two of the Company’s Commercial Services partners, Avis Budget Group, Inc. and Enterprise Holdings, Inc., accounted for 12.7% and 10.8%, respectively, of total revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2020. Enterprise Holdings, Inc., accounted for 14.0% for the three months ended March 31, 2019. Avis Budget Group, Inc. did 0t meet the revenue criteria above for the 2019 period.

($ in thousands)	March 31, 2020		December 31, 2019		March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
Prepaid tolls	$	11,002	$	10,116	$	6,571	$	9,237
Prepaid income taxes						5,285		2,354
Prepaid services		5,327		5,201		3,375		2,989
Deposits		3,510		3,642		3,168		3,474
Prepaid computer maintenance		2,715		2,923		2,761		2,732
Prepaid insurance		1,033		1,485		1,717		2,641
Photo enforcement equipment held for sale		416		1,410
Prepaid income taxes		162		1,025
Other		451		689		1,632		890
Total prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	24,616	$	26,491	$	24,509	$	24,317

The following table presents the changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment:

	Commercial			Government					Commercial			Government
($ in thousands)	Services			Solutions		Total			Services			Solutions		Total
Balance at December 31, 2019	$	424,404		$	159,746	$	584,150
Balance at December 31, 2020									$	426,689		$	159,746	$	586,435
Foreign currency translation adjustment		(2,420	)		—		(2,420	)		(215	)		—		(215	)
Balance at March 31, 2020	$	421,984		$	159,746	$	581,730
Balance at March 31, 2021									$	426,474		$	159,746	$	586,220

	March 31, 2020						December 31, 2019						March 31, 2021						December 31, 2020
	Weighted						Weighted						Weighted						Weighted
	Average	Gross					Average	Gross					Average	Gross					Average	Gross
	Remaining	Carrying			Accumulated		Remaining	Carrying			Accumulated		Remaining	Carrying			Accumulated		Remaining	Carrying			Accumulated
($ in thousands)	Useful Life	Amount			Amortization		Useful Life	Amount			Amortization		Useful Life	Amount			Amortization		Useful Life	Amount			Amortization
Trademarks	1.2 years	$	32,071		$	21,651	1.5 years	$	32,127		$	19,106	0.1 years	$	32,199		$	31,093	0.3 years	$	32,223		$	29,358
Non-compete agreements	2.8 years		62,553			27,977	3.0 years		62,549			24,834	1.8 years		62,570			40,554	2.0 years		62,589			37,412
Customer relationships	6.6 years		365,463			92,951	6.9 years		366,533			82,903	5.6 years		367,440			134,072	5.9 years		367,512			123,784
Developed technology	3.1 years		165,525			73,076	3.3 years		165,708			65,631	2.1 years		166,051			103,392	2.3 years		166,217			95,848
Gross carrying value of intangible assets			625,612		$	215,655			626,917		$	192,474			628,260		$	309,111			628,541		$	286,402
Less: accumulated amortization			(215,655	)					(192,474	)					(309,111	)					(286,402	)
Intangible assets, net		$	409,957					$	434,443					$	319,149					$	342,139

The amortization expense was ~~$23.5~~$22.7 million and ~~$23.1~~$23.5 million for the three months ended March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019,~~2020, respectively.

($ in thousands)
Remainder of 2020	$	70,276
2021		85,416
Remainder of 2021			$	63,193
2022		80,686		81,143
2023		52,171		52,447
2024		41,684		41,953
2025				39,255
Thereafter		79,724		41,158
Total	$	409,957	$	319,149

During the fourth quarter of each fiscal year, in conjunction with the Company’s annual strategic planning process, we perform our annual goodwill impairment test for each of our reporting units. Our reporting units are the same as our two reportable segments (Government Solutions and Commercial Services). We also test goodwill for impairment whenever events or circumstances occur which, in our judgment, could more likely than not reduce the fair value of one or more reporting units below its carrying amount. Potential impairment indicators include, but are not limited to, (i) a deterioration of the business environments in which we operate, (ii) downward revisions to internal forecasts, and the magnitude thereof, if any, and (iii) declines in our market capitalization below our book value, and the magnitude and duration of those declines, if any.

During the first quarter of 2020, our market capitalization declined significantly compared to December 31, 2019. Over the same period, the equity value of our key Commercial Services’ customers, our peer group companies and the overall U.S. stock market also declined significantly amid market volatility. These declines were driven by the uncertainty surrounding the outbreak of the novel coronavirus (“~~COVID-19”) and other macroeconomic events. Based on these factors, we concluded that a triggering event occurred and, accordingly, an interim quantitative impairment test was performed as of March 31, 2020.~~

Based upon the results of our interim impairment test, we concluded that the fair values of the Government Solutions and Commercial Services reporting units exceeded their carrying value. The current economic conditions due to COVID-19 are still evolving and any significant adverse changes in future periods to our internal forecasts or the external market conditions, if any, could reasonably be expected to negatively affect our key assumptions and may result in a future goodwill impairment charge, which could be material.

($ in thousands)	March 31, 2020		December 31, 2019		March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
Accrued salaries and wages	$	5,282	$	10,319	$	6,160	$	4,432
Current portion of related party TRA liability		4,636		5,730
Current portion of operating lease liabilities		2,987		2,970		3,157		3,179
Advanced deposits payable		2,322		2,875		2,544		2,922
Income taxes payable		4,675		348
Payroll liabilities						1,844		1,755
Self-insurance liability						903		682
Restricted cash due to customers		1,510		917		819		633
Accrued sales commissions		551		612
Accrued interest payable		176		210
Other		1,562		1,296		1,967		2,033
Total accrued liabilities	$	23,701	$	25,277	$	17,394	$	15,636

($ in thousands)	March 31, 2020			December 31, 2019			March 31, 2021			December 31, 2020
First Lien Term Loan, due February 28, 2025	$	872,470		$	894,421
2021 Term Loan, due 2028							$	650,000		$	—
Senior Notes, due 2029								350,000			—
2018 Term Loan								—			865,642
Less: original issue discounts		(4,648	)		(4,778	)		(6,247	)		(3,952	)
Less: unamortized deferred financing costs		(23,211	)		(23,178	)		(21,308	)		(19,645	)
Total debt		844,611			866,465
Total long-term debt								972,445			842,045
Less: current portion of long-term debt		(9,104	)		(28,779	)		(6,500	)		(9,104	)
Total long-term debt, net of current portion	$	835,507		$	837,686		$	965,945		$	832,941

In ~~connection with an acquisition in 2018,~~March 2021, VM Consolidated, Inc. ~~(formerly known as ATS Consolidated, Inc.)~~, ~~a wholly-owned~~the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, ~~of the Company,~~ entered into aan Amendment and Restatement Agreement No.1 to the First Lien Term Loan Credit Agreement (the “~~First Lien Term Loan”), a Second Lien Term Loan Credit Agreement (the “Second Lien Term~~ ~~Loan~~2021~~”), (collectively the “~~Term ~~Loans”) and a Revolving Credit Facility Agreement (the “Revolver~~Loan”) with a syndicate of ~~lenders (collectively,~~lenders. The 2021 Term Loan has an aggregate borrowing of $650 million, maturing on March 26, 2028, and an accordion feature providing for an additional $250 million of term loans, subject to satisfaction of certain requirements. In connection with the “~~2018 Credit Facilities”).~~ ~~The 2018 Credit Facilities initially provided for committed senior secured~~2021 Term Loan, the Company had an offering discount cost of $3.3 million and $0.7 million of deferred financing costs, both of ~~$1.115 billion, consisting~~which were capitalized and are amortized over the remaining life of the 2021 Term ~~Loans~~Loan.

In addition, in March 2021, VM Consolidated, Inc. issued an aggregate principal amount of ~~$1.04 billion~~$350.0 million in Senior Unsecured Notes (the “Senior Notes”), due on April 15, 2029. In connection with the issuance of the Senior Notes, the Company incurred $5.7 million in lender and third-party costs, which were capitalized as deferred financing costs and are being amortized over the remaining life of the Senior Notes.

The net proceeds from both the 2021 Term Loan and the ~~Revolver available for loans and letters of credit with an aggregate revolving commitment of up~~Senior Notes were used to ~~$75 million (subject to borrowing eligibility requirements as described below).~~ ~~In July 2018,~~repay in full all outstanding debt which was represented by the ~~Company amended the~~existing First Lien Term Loan ~~to expand~~Credit Agreement (as amended, the ~~aggregate principal loan amount from $840 million to $910 million. The additional $70 million along with funds contributed by Platinum Equity, LLC were used to repay the $200 million Second Lien~~“2018 Term Loan ~~in full contemporaneously~~”) with ~~the close~~a balance of ~~the Business Combination on October 17, 2018~~.$865.6 million.

The ~~First Lien~~2021 Term Loan is repayable at 1.0% per annum of the amount initially borrowed, paid in quarterly installments. The First Lien Term Loan matures on February 28, 2025. The Company refinanced the entire outstanding amount under the First Lien Term Loan on February 20, 2020 which reduced the previous applicable margin by 50 basis points. The First Lien Term Loan nowIt bears interest based, at ~~our~~the Company’s option, on either (1) LIBOR plus an applicable margin of 3.25% per annum, or (2) an alternate base rate plus an applicable margin of 2.25% per annum. As of March 31, ~~2020,~~2021, the interest rate on the ~~First Lien~~2021 Term Loan was ~~4.24%~~3.45%.

In addition, the ~~First Lien~~2021 Term Loan requires mandatory prepayments equal to the product of the excess cash flows of the Company (as defined in the ~~loan~~2021 Term Loan agreement) and the applicable prepayment percentages (calculated as of the last day of the fiscal year, beginning with the year ending December 31, ~~2019)~~2022), as set forth in the following table:

Interest on the Senior Notes is fixed at 5.50% per annum and is payable on April 15 and October 15 of each year (beginning on October 15, 2021). On or after April 15, 2024, the Company may redeem all or a portion of the Senior Notes at the redemption prices set forth below in percentages by year, plus accrued and unpaid interest:

In addition, the Company may redeem up to 40% of the Senior Notes before April 15, 2024, with the net cash proceeds from certain equity offerings.

The Company ~~made~~evaluated the refinancing transactions on a ~~$19.7~~ lender by lender basis and accounted for the portion of the transaction that did not meet the accounting criteria for debt extinguishment as a debt modification. Accordingly, the Company recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt of $5.3 million ~~mandatory prepayment of excess cash flow~~on the 2018 Term Loan during the ~~first quarter~~three months ended March 31, 2021 consisting of a $4.0 million write-off of pre-existing deferred financing costs and $1.3 million of lender and third-party costs associated with the issuance of the new 2021 Term Loan.

The Company has a Revolving Credit Agreement (the “Revolver”) which it entered into in fiscal ~~2020.~~

year 2018 in connection with an acquisition, with a revolving commitment of up to $75 million available for loans and letters of credit. The Revolver matures on February 28, 2023. The terms of the Revolver were not affected by the ~~refinancing of the First Lien Term Loan~~new debt instruments entered into in March 2021 discussed above. Borrowing eligibility under the Revolver is subject to a monthly borrowing base calculation based on (i) certain percentages of eligible accounts receivable and inventory, less (ii) certain reserve items, including outstanding letters of credit and other reserves. The Revolver bears interest on either (1) LIBOR plus an applicable margin, or (2) an alternate base rate, plus an applicable margin. The margin percentage applied to (1) LIBOR is either 1.25%, 1.50%, or 1.75%, or (2) the base rate is either 0.25%, 0.50%, or 0.75%, depending on the Company’s average availability to borrow under the commitment. At March 31, ~~2020,~~2021, the Company had 0 outstanding borrowings on the Revolver and availability to borrow ~~under the Revolver~~ was ~~$68.8~~ $49.4 million, net of ~~$6.2~~ $6.2 million of outstanding letters of credit.

Interest on the unused portion of the Revolver is payable quarterly at 0.375%, and the Company is also required to pay participation and fronting fees at 1.38% on ~~$6.2~~ $6.2 million inof outstanding letters of credit as of March 31, ~~2020.~~2021.

All borrowings and other extensions of credits under the ~~2018 Credit Facilities~~2021 Term Loan, Senior Notes and the Revolver are subject to the satisfaction of customary conditions and restrictive covenants including absence of defaults and accuracy in material respects of representations and warranties. At March 31, ~~2020,~~2021, the Company was compliant with ~~the 2018 Credit Facilities~~all debt covenants.

Substantially all of the Company’s assets are pledged as collateral to secure the Company’s indebtedness under the ~~2018 Credit Facilities.~~2021 Term Loan.

The Company recorded interest expense, including amortization of deferred financing costs and discounts, of ~~$12.5~~ $9.2 million and ~~$16.0~~ $12.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, ~~and March 31, 2019,~~ respectively. In connection with the refinancing of the First Lien Term Loan in February 2020, which the Company determined was to be accounted for as a modification, the Company incurred $0.8 million of lender fees which were capitalized as deferred financing costs and amortized over the remaining life of the First Lien Term Loan, and $0.2 million of legal fees that were expensed as Selling, general and administrative expenses on the condensed consolidated statement of operations.

The weighted average effective interest rates on the Company’s outstanding ~~borrowing under the 2018 Credit Facilities~~borrowings were ~~4.24%~~4.2% and ~~5.5%~~3.4% at March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and December 31, ~~2019,~~2020, respectively.

ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement, includes a single definition of fair value to be used for financial reporting purposes, provides a framework for applying this definition and for measuring fair value under ~~U.S.~~ GAAP, and establishes a fair value hierarchy that categorizes into three levels the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are summarized as follows:

Level 1 – Fair value is based on observable inputs such as quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

Level 2 – Fair value is determined using quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active or inputs other than quoted prices that are directly or indirectly observable.

Level 3 – Fair value is determined using one or more significant inputs that are unobservable in active markets at the measurement date, such as a pricing model, discounted cash flow, or similar technique.

The carrying amounts reported in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets for cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate fair value due to the immediate to short-term maturity of these financial instruments. The estimated fair value of the Company’s ~~First Lien Term Loan as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 was categorized in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy and~~long-term debt was calculated based upon available market information. The carrying value and the estimated fair value of long-term debt is as follows:

	Level in	March 31, 2020				December 31, 2019				Level in	March 31, 2021				December 31, 2020
	Fair Value	Carrying		Estimated		Carrying		Estimated		Fair Value	Carrying		Estimated		Carrying		Estimated
($ in thousands)	Hierarchy	Amount		Fair Value		Amount		Fair Value		Hierarchy	Amount		Fair Value		Amount		Fair Value
Total debt	2	$	844,611	$	811,397	$	866,465	$	905,601
2021 Term Loan										2	$	650,000	$	650,000	$	—	$	—
Senior Notes										2		350,000		360,063		—		—
2018 Term Loan										2		—		—		842,045		861,314

The fair value of the private placement warrant liabilities is measured on a recurring basis and is estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model using significant unobservable inputs, primarily related to estimated volatility, and is therefore classified within level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. The key assumptions used were as follows:

The following summarizes the change in the private placement warrant liabilities for the respective periods:

Basic net (loss) income per share is calculated by dividing net (loss) income by the weighted average shares outstanding during the period, without consideration of common stock equivalents. Diluted net (loss) income per share is calculated by adjusting the weighted average shares outstanding for the dilutive effect of common stock equivalents outstanding for the period, determined using the treasury-stock method.

					Three Months Ended March 31,
	Three Months Ended March 31,				2021			2020
(In thousands, except per share data)	2020		2019					(As restated)
Numerator:
Net income	$	6,673	$	2,820
Net (loss) income					$	(8,915	)	$	22,140
Denominator:
Weighted average shares - basic		160,924		156,057		162,297			160,924
Common stock equivalents		3,503		401		—			3,503
Weighted average shares - diluted		164,427		156,458		162,297			164,427
Net income per share - basic	$	0.04	$	0.02
Net income per share - diluted	$	0.04	$	0.02
Antidilutive weighted average shares excluded from diluted net income per share:
Contingently issuable shares ⁽¹⁾		5,742		10,000
Warrants		—		20,000
Net (loss) income per share - basic					$	(0.05	)	$	0.14
Net (loss) income per share - diluted					$	(0.05	)	$	0.04
Antidilutive shares excluded from diluted net (loss) income per share ⁽¹⁾:
Contingently issuable shares ⁽²⁾						5,000			5,000
Public warrants						13,333			—
Private placement warrants						6,667			—
Non-qualified stock options		209		—		1,205			705
Performance share units		35		—		229			116
Restricted stock units		28		86		2,582			28
Total antidilutive shares excluded		6,014		30,086		29,016			5,849

~~Our~~The Company’s interim income tax (benefit) provision is determined using an estimated annual effective tax rate, adjusted for discrete items arising in that period. The estimated annual effective tax rate requires judgment and is dependent upon several factors. ~~We provide~~The Company provides for income taxes under the liability method. This approach requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of differences between the tax basis of assets or liabilities and their carrying amounts in the financial statements.

~~We provide~~The Company provides a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not that these items will expire before ~~we are~~the Company is able to realize their benefit. ~~We calculate~~The Company calculates the valuation allowance in accordance with the authoritative guidance relating to income taxes, which requires an assessment of both positive and negative evidence regarding the realizability of these deferred tax assets, when measuring the need for a valuation allowance. Significant judgment is required in determining any valuation allowance against deferred tax assets.

In December 2019, ~~novel coronavirus (“~~COVID-19”) emerged ~~in China~~ and ~~has since~~ spread throughout the world causing severe disruption to the global economy. OnIn March ~~11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic.On March 27,~~ 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”) was signed into ~~law.~~law after COVID-19 was declared a pandemic. There were several income tax provisions and other non-tax matters incorporated into law as a result of the enactment of the CARES Act. The Company ~~applied certain articles of the CARES Act in the interim income tax provision, including the increased interest deduction allowed up~~elected to ~~50 percent of adjusted taxable income for tax years 2019 and 2020. In addition, the Company delayed~~delay the employer-side of the FICA payments ~~until~~with the intention of making the payments in 2021.

The ~~Company will continue to assess other aspects of the CARES Act and will account for accordingly, if applicable.~~

~~Our~~Company’s effective income tax benefit rate was ~~32.5% and 31.9%~~24.5% for the three months ended March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019, respectively.~~ the effective income tax rate was 12.7% for the three months ended March 31, 2020. The effective tax rate change was primarily due to ~~an increase in certain~~the Company’s permanent differences ~~including~~related to the ~~limitation~~mark-to-market adjustment on the ~~deductibility of executive compensation imposed by section 162(m) of~~private placement warrants, which had a lesser impact on the ~~Internal Revenue Code, as amended, applied to an overall lower gross income.~~effective tax rate.

The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits ~~decreased~~increased by ~~$0.9~~$0.2 million during the quarter primarily ~~from the statute expiration of~~due to prior year tax positions. As of March 31, ~~2020,~~2021, the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits was ~~$0.8~~$1.1 million, of which ~~$0.7~~$0.5 million would affect ~~our~~the Company’s effective tax rate if recognized. ~~We recognize~~The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits through income tax expense. As of March 31, ~~2020,~~2021, we had less than $0.1 million accrued for the payment of interest and penalties.

The Company is subject to examination by the Internal Revenue Service and taxing authorities in various states. The Company’s U.S. federal income tax returns remain subject to examination by tax authorities for the years ~~2016~~2017 to 2019. The Company’s state income tax returns are ~~under~~no longer subject to income tax examination by ~~certain states for~~ tax ~~years 2015~~authorities prior to ~~2017,~~2016; however, the Company’s net operating loss carryforwards and ~~other state income tax returns~~research credit carryforwards arising prior to that year are subject to ~~examination~~adjustment. The Company is currently under audit by the State of Georgia for ~~tax~~the years ~~2014 to 2019. Tax returns for years prior to 2014 remain open in a number of states due to tax attributes generated but not utilized yet.~~2018 and 2019, however, no material adjustments are anticipated. The Company regularly assesses the likelihood of ~~additional~~ tax deficiencies in each of the tax jurisdictions and, accordingly, makes appropriate adjustments to the tax provision as deemed necessary.

The following details the components of stock-based compensation for the periods presented:

	Three Months Ended March 31,				Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)	2020		2019		2021		2020
Operating expenses	$	220	$	204	$	194	$	220
Selling, general and administrative expenses		2,548		1,939		2,714		2,548
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	2,768	$	2,143	$	2,908	$	2,768

At the closing of the Business Combination, the Company entered into ~~a tax receivable agreement~~the Tax Receivable Agreement (“TRA”) with PE Greenlight Holdings, LLC (the “Platinum Stockholder”) and Greenlight Holding II Corporation as the stockholder representative. The TRA generally provides for the payment by the post-closing company to the Platinum Stockholder of 50% of the net cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local income tax that the post-closing company actually realizes (or is deemed to realize in certain circumstances) in periods after the closing of the Business Combination as a result of the increase in the tax basis of the intangible assets which resulted from an acquisition by the Company prior to the Business Combination. The post-closing company generally will retain the benefit of the remaining 50% of these cash savings. The Company estimated the potential maximum benefit to be paid ~~will~~would be approximately $70.0 million, and recorded an initial liability and corresponding charge to equity at the closing of the Business Combination. Subsequently, the Company adjusted this amount.

At March 31, ~~2020~~2021, the TRA liability was approximately ~~$65.8~~$67.9 million of which ~~$4.6~~$5.2 million was the current portion and $62.7 million was the non-current portion, both of which are included in ~~Accrued liabilities and $61.2 million included in Payable~~the respective payable to related party pursuant to tax receivable agreement line items on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company made a $4.8 million payment during the first quarter of 2021 related to the current portion payable as of December 31, 2020.

Under the Merger Agreement, the Platinum Stockholder is entitled to receive additional shares of Class A Common Stock (the “Earn-Out Shares”) if the volume weighted average closing sale price of one share of Class A Common Stock on the Nasdaq exceeds certain thresholds for a period of at least 10 days out of 20 consecutive trading days at any time during the five-year period following the closing of the Business Combination (the “Common Stock Price”).

The Earn-Out Shares are issued by the Company to the Platinum Stockholder as follows:

If any of the Common Stock Price thresholds above (each, a “Triggering Event”) are not achieved within the five-year period following the closing of the Business Combination, the Company will 0t be required to issue the Earn-Out Shares in respect of such Common Stock Price threshold. In no event shall the Platinum Stockholder be entitled to receive more than an aggregate of 10,000,000 Earn-Out Shares.

If, during the earn-out period, there is a change of control (as defined in the Merger Agreement) that will result in the holders of ~~Greenlight Acquisition Corporation (“Parent~~”)the Company’s Class A Common Stock receiving a per share price equal to or in excess of the applicable Common Stock Price required in connection with any Triggering Event (an “Acceleration Event”), then immediately prior to the consummation of such change of control: (a) any such Triggering Event that has not previously occurred shall be deemed to have occurred; and (b) ~~Parent~~the Company shall issue the applicable Earn-Out Shares to the cash consideration stockholders (as defined in the Merger Agreement) (in accordance with their respective pro rata cash share), and the recipients of the issued Earn-Out Shares shall be eligible to participate in such change of control.

The Company estimated the original fair value of the contingently issuable shares to be $73.15 million, of which $36.6 million remains contingently issuable as of March 31, ~~2020.~~2021. The estimated value is not subject to future revisions during the five-year period discussed above. The Company used a Monte Carlo simulation option-pricing model to arrive at its original estimate. Each tranche was valued separately giving specific consideration to the tranche’s price target. The simulation considered volatility and ~~risk free~~risk-free rates utilizing a peer group based on a ~~5 year~~five-year term. This was initially recorded as a distribution to shareholders and was presented as ~~Common~~common stock contingent consideration. Upon the occurrence of a Triggering Event, any issuable shares would be transferred from ~~Common~~common stock contingent consideration to ~~Common~~common stock and ~~Additional~~additional paid-in capital accounts. Any contingently issuable shares not issued as a result of a Triggering Event not being attained by the end of earn-out period will be ~~cancelled.~~canceled.

On April 26, 2019 and on January 27, 2020, the Triggering Events for the issuance of the first and second tranches of Earn-Out Shares occurred, as the volume weighted average closing sale price per share of the Company’s Class A Common Stock as of that date had been greater than $13.00 and $15.50, respectively, for 10 out of 20 consecutive trading days. These Triggering Events resulted in the issuance of an aggregate 5,000,000 shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock to the Platinum Stockholder and an increase in the Company’s ~~Common~~common stock and ~~Additional~~additional paid-in capital accounts of $36.6 million, with a corresponding decrease to the ~~Common~~common stock contingent consideration account. At March 31, 2021, the potential future Earn-Out Shares issuable are between 0 and 5.0 million.

The Company has issued various letters of credit under contractual arrangements with certain of its vendors and customers. Outstanding letters of credit under these arrangements totaled $6.2 million at March 31, ~~2020.~~2021.

The Company has non-cancelable purchase commitments to certain vendors. The aggregate non-cancelable purchase commitments outstanding at March 31, ~~2020~~2021 were ~~$27.4~~$32.3 million.

The Company is subject to tax audits in the normal course of business and does not have material contingencies recorded related to such audits.

The Company accrues for claims and contingencies when losses become probable and reasonably estimable. As of the end of each applicable reporting period, the Company reviews each of its matters and, where it is probable that a liability has been or will be incurred, the Company accrues for all probable and reasonably estimable losses. Where the Company can reasonably estimate a range of loss it may incur regarding such a matter, the Company records an accrual for the amount within the range that constitutes its best estimate. If the Company can reasonably estimate a range but no amount within the range appears to be a better estimate than any other, the Company uses the amount that is the low end of such range.

In January 2021, the New York City Law Department advised the Company that the City of New York was investigating certain matters related to the Company’s installation work for its largest customer, NYCDOT. We were informed in March 2021 by the NYC Law Department that it had concluded its investigation, and we reached an agreement in principle to resolve the matter for approximately $1.3 million, subject to final administrative approvals.

In the ordinary course of business, the Company occasionally employs contract terms that mitigate the customer’s risk of aggregate revenue decline in connection with the customer’s adoption of additional or changes to service models within its existing portfolio. These agreements require the customer to satisfy numerous conditions to trigger payment, including volume metrics and other operational requirements. The Company had 1 such guarantee outstanding for the one-year period ending March 31, 2021. The Company has 0t accrued any liability or corresponding contra revenue has been recorded in the Company’s financial statements, as the required conditions to trigger payment have not been met.

The Company is subject to legal and regulatory actions that arise from time to time in the ordinary course of business. The Company records a liability when it believes it is probable a loss will be incurred and the amount of loss or range of loss can be reasonably estimated. The assessment as to whether a loss is probable, reasonably possible or remote, and as to whether a loss or a range of such loss is estimable, often involves significant judgment about future events. The Company has determined that resolution of pending matters is not probable to have a material adverse impact on its ~~condensed consolidated~~ results of operations, cash flows, or financial position, and accordingly, no material contingency accruals are recorded. However, the outcome of litigation is inherently uncertain. As additional information becomes available, the Company reassesses the potential liability.

The Company has 2 operating and reportable segments, Commercial Services and Government Solutions. Commercial Services offers toll and violation management solutions and title and registration services to commercial fleet vehicle owners, rental car companies and violation issuing authorities. Government Solutions implements and administers traffic safety programs and products for municipalities and local government agencies of all sizes. The Company’s Chief Operating Decision Maker function (“CODM”) is comprised of the Company’s CEO and certain defined representatives of the Company’s executive management team. The Company’s CODM monitors operating performance, allocates resources and deploys capital based on these 2 segments.

Segment performance is based on revenues and income from operations before depreciation, amortization, gain (loss) on disposal of assets, net, and stock-based compensation. The measure also excludes interest expense, net, income taxes and certain other transactions and is inclusive of other income, net. The tables below refer to this measure as ~~Segment~~segment profit (loss). The aforementioned items are not indicative of operating performance, and, as a result are not included in the measures that are reviewed by the CODM for the segments. Other income, net consists primarily of credit card rebates earned on the prepayment of tolling ~~violations~~transactions and is therefore included in ~~Segment~~segment profit (loss). There are no significant non-cash items reported in ~~Segment~~segment profit (loss).

The following tables set forth financial information by segment for the three months ended March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~March 31, 2019,~~2020, respectively:

	For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2019												For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2021
	Commercial			Government			Corporate						Commercial			Government			Corporate
($ in thousands)	Services			Solutions			and Other			Total			Services			Solutions			and Other			Total
Service revenue	$	62,588		$	35,482		$	—		$	98,070		$	45,689		$	44,074		$	—		$	89,763
Product sales		—			391			—			391			—			95			—			95
Total revenue		62,588			35,873			—			98,461			45,689			44,169			—			89,858
Cost of service revenue		864			525			—			1,389			531			349			—			880
Cost of product sales		—			276			—			276			—			27			—			27
Operating expenses		15,096			14,038			—			29,134			14,206			16,092			—			30,298
Selling, general and administrative expenses		10,762			7,850			—			18,612			10,792			10,811			4,126			25,729
Other income, net		(2,171	)		(37	)		1			(2,207	)		(2,070	)		(943	)		—			(3,013	)
Segment profit (loss)	$	38,037		$	13,221		$	(1	)	$	51,257		$	22,230		$	17,833		$	(4,126	)	$	35,937
Segment profit (loss)	$	38,037		$	13,221		$	(1	)	$	51,257		$	22,230		$	17,833		$	(4,126	)	$	35,937
Depreciation and amortization		—		��	—			28,939			28,939			—			—			28,214			28,214
Loss on disposal of assets, net		—			—			2			2			—			51			—			51
Change in fair value of private placement warrants														—			—			2,067			2,067
Stock-based compensation		—			—			2,143			2,143			—			—			2,908			2,908
Interest expense, net		—			—			16,033			16,033			—			—			9,164			9,164
Income (loss) before income tax provision	$	38,037		$	13,221		$	(47,118	)	$	4,140
Loss on extinguishment of debt														—			—			5,334			5,334
Income (loss) before income tax benefit													$	22,230		$	17,782		$	(51,813	)	$	(11,801	)

	For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
	Commercial			Government			Corporate
	Services			Solutions			and Other			Total
($ in thousands)							(As restated)			(As restated)
Service revenue	$	61,242		$	38,255		$	—		$	99,497
Product sales		—			17,216			—			17,216
Total revenue		61,242			55,471			—			116,713
Cost of service revenue		807			412			—			1,219
Cost of product sales		—			8,690			—			8,690
Operating expenses		16,530			15,509			—			32,039
Selling, general and administrative expenses		13,384			9,669			285			23,338
Other income, net		(2,889	)		(36	)		—			(2,925	)
Segment profit (loss)	$	33,410		$	21,227		$	(285	)	$	54,352
Segment profit (loss)	$	33,410		$	21,227		$	(285	)	$	54,352
Depreciation and amortization		—			—			29,250			29,250
Gain on disposal of assets, net		—			(4	)		—			(4	)
Change in fair value of private placement warrants		—			—			(15,467	)		(15,467	)
Stock-based compensation		—			—			2,768			2,768
Interest expense, net		—			—			12,451			12,451
Income (loss) before income tax provision	$	33,410		$	21,231		$	(29,287	)	$	25,354

VM Consolidated, Inc., a ~~wholly-owned~~wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, is the lead borrower of the ~~First Lien~~2021 Term Loan, Senior Notes and the Revolver. VM Consolidated, Inc. is owned by the Company through a series of holding companies that ultimately end with the Company. VM Consolidated, Inc. is wholly-owned by Greenlight Acquisition Corporation, which is wholly-owned by Greenlight Intermediate Holding Corporation, which is wholly-owned by Greenlight Holding Corporation, which is wholly-owned by Verra Mobility Holdings, LLC, which is wholly-owned by Verra Mobility Corporation or the Company. ~~Prior to the Business Combination, VM Consolidated, Inc. was known as ATS Consolidated, Inc. and its financial information was the same as the lead borrower.~~ The principal elimination entries relate to investments in subsidiaries and intercompany balances and transactions, including transactions with the Company’s ~~wholly-owned~~wholly owned subsidiary ~~guarantors~~guarantor and non-guarantor subsidiaries.

The following financial information presents the ~~Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets~~condensed consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and the related ~~Condensed Consolidated Statements~~condensed consolidated statements of ~~Operations~~operations and ~~Comprehensive Income (Loss)~~comprehensive loss and ~~Condensed Consolidated Statements~~condensed consolidated statements of ~~Cash Flows~~cash flows for the three months ended March 31, ~~2020~~2021 for the Company, combined guarantor ~~subsidiaries~~subsidiary and combined non-guarantor subsidiaries.

($ in thousands)	Verra Mobility Corporation (Ultimate Parent)		VM Consolidated Inc. (Guarantor Subsidiary)		Non- guarantor Subsidiaries		Eliminations			Consolidated		Verra Mobility Corporation (Ultimate Parent)		VM Consolidated Inc. (Guarantor Subsidiary)		Non- guarantor Subsidiaries		Eliminations			Consolidated
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	—	$	96,623	$	16,960	$	—		$	113,583	$	—	$	233,296	$	16,309	$	—		$	249,605
Restricted cash		—		1,510		—		—			1,510		—		819		—		—			819
Accounts receivable (net of allowance for credit loss of $10.8 million )		—		105,799		4,040		—			109,839
Accounts receivable (net of allowance for credit loss of $12.1 million )													—		191,190		1,795		—			192,985
Unbilled receivables		—		16,071		287		—			16,358		—		14,481		400		—			14,881
Investment in subsidiary		175,141		75,098		—		(250,239	)		—		139,259		73,936		—		(213,195	)		—
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		—		22,116		2,500		—			24,616		—		21,932		2,577		—			24,509
Total current assets		175,141		317,217		23,787		(250,239	)		265,906		139,259		535,654		21,081		(213,195	)		482,799
Installation and service parts, net		—		8,022		—		—			8,022		—		8,597		—		—			8,597
Property and equipment, net		—		70,588		3,043		—			73,631		—		64,897		2,844		—			67,741
Operating lease assets		—		31,387		402		—			31,789		—		29,879		293		—			30,172
Intangible assets, net		—		382,654		27,303		—			409,957		—		293,988		25,161		—			319,149
Goodwill		—		524,767		56,963		—			581,730		—		524,766		61,454		—			586,220
Due from affiliates		169,259				—		(169,259	)		—		169,259		—		—		(169,259	)		—
Other non-current assets		—		3,080		14		—			3,094		—		2,520		15		—			2,535
Total assets	$	344,400	$	1,337,715	$	111,512	$	(419,498	)	$	1,374,129	$	308,518	$	1,460,301	$	110,848	$	(382,454	)	$	1,497,213
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	—	$	26,071	$	13,127	$	—		$	39,198	$	—	$	30,256	$	11,078	$	—		$	41,334
Accrued liabilities		—		20,580		3,121		—			23,701		—		13,739		3,655		—			17,394
Payable to related party pursuant to tax receivable agreement, current portion													—		5,202		—		—			5,202
Current portion of long-term debt		—		9,104		—		—			9,104		—		6,500		—		—			6,500
Total current liabilities		—		55,755		16,248		—			72,003		—		55,697		14,733		—			70,430
Long-term debt, net of current portion and deferred financing costs		—		835,507		—		—			835,507
Long-term debt, net of current portion													—		965,945		—		—			965,945
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion		—		29,712		205		—			29,917		—		28,358		89		—			28,447
Payable to related party pursuant to tax receivable agreement		—		61,174		—		—			61,174
Payable to related party pursuant to tax receivable agreement, net of current portion													—		62,667		—		—			62,667
Private placement warrant liabilities													—		32,933		—		—			32,933
Due to affiliates		—		154,091		15,168		(169,259	)		—		—		151,526		17,733		(169,259	)		—
Asset retirement obligation		—		6,387		—		—			6,387		—		6,406		—		—			6,406
Deferred tax liabilities, net		—		19,679		4,793		—			24,472		—		16,959		4,357		—			21,316
Other long-term liabilities		—		269		—		—			269		—		551		—		—			551
Total liabilities		—		1,162,574		36,414		(169,259	)		1,029,729		—		1,321,042		36,912		(169,259	)		1,188,695
Total stockholders' equity		344,400		175,141		75,098		(250,239	)		344,400		308,518		139,259		73,936		(213,195	)		308,518
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	344,400	$	1,337,715	$	111,512	$	(419,498	)	$	1,374,129	$	308,518	$	1,460,301	$	110,848	$	(382,454	)	$	1,497,213

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive ~~Income (Loss)~~Loss


($ in thousands)	Verra Mobility Corporation (Ultimate Parent)			VM Consolidated Inc. (Guarantor Subsidiary)			Non- guarantor Subsidiaries			Eliminations			Consolidated			Verra Mobility Corporation (Ultimate Parent)			VM Consolidated Inc. (Guarantor Subsidiary)			Non- guarantor Subsidiaries			Eliminations			Consolidated
Service revenue	$	—		$	95,650		$	3,847		$	—		$	99,497		$	—		$	87,003		$	2,760		$	—		$	89,763
Product sales		—			17,216			—			—			17,216			—			95			—			—			95
Total revenue		—			112,866			3,847			—			116,713			—			87,098			2,760			—			89,858
Cost of service revenue		—			667			552			—			1,219			—			395			485			—			880
Cost of product sales		—			8,690			—			—			8,690			—			27			—			—			27
Operating expenses		—			30,578			1,681			—			32,259			—			28,083			2,409			—			30,492
Selling, general and administrative expenses		—			23,976			1,910			—			25,886			—			27,423			1,020			—			28,443
Depreciation, amortization and (gain) loss on disposal of assets, net		—			27,995			1,251			—			29,246			—			27,218			1,047			—			28,265
Total costs and expenses		—			91,906			5,394			—			97,300			—			83,146			4,961			—			88,107
Income (loss) from operations		—			20,960			(1,547	)		—			19,413			—			3,952			(2,201	)		—			1,751
(Income) loss from equity investment		(6,673	)		1,307			—			5,366			—
Loss from equity investment																	8,915			1,869			—			(10,784	)		—
Interest expense, net		—			12,462			(11	)		—			12,451			—			9,164			—			—			9,164
Change in fair value of private placement warrants																	—			2,067			—			—			2,067
Loss on extinguishment of debt																	—			5,334			—			—			5,334
Other income, net		—			(2,887	)		(38	)		—			(2,925	)		—			(3,014	)		1			—			(3,013	)
Total other (income) expenses		(6,673	)		10,882			(49	)		5,366			9,526
Income before income tax provision (benefit)		6,673			10,078			(1,498	)		(5,366	)		9,887
Income tax provision (benefit)		—			3,405			(191	)		—			3,214
Net income (loss)	$	6,673		$	6,673		$	(1,307	)	$	(5,366	)	$	6,673
Total other expenses																	8,915			15,420			1			(10,784	)		13,552
Loss before income tax benefit																	(8,915	)		(11,468	)		(2,202	)		10,784			(11,801	)
Income tax benefit																	—			(2,553	)		(333	)		—			(2,886	)
Net loss																$	(8,915	)	$	(8,915	)	$	(1,869	)	$	10,784		$	(8,915	)
Other comprehensive loss:
Change in foreign currency translation adjustment		—			(3,367	)		—			—			(3,367	)		—			—			(190	)		—			(190	)
Total comprehensive income (loss)	$	6,673		$	3,306		$	(1,307	)	$	(5,366	)	$	3,306
Total comprehensive loss																$	(8,915	)	$	(8,915	)	$	(2,059	)	$	10,784		$	(9,105	)

($ in thousands)	Verra Mobility Corporation (Ultimate Parent)			VM Consolidated Inc. (Guarantor Subsidiary)			Non- guarantor Subsidiaries			Eliminations			Consolidated			Verra Mobility Corporation (Ultimate Parent)			VM Consolidated Inc. (Guarantor Subsidiary)			Non- guarantor Subsidiaries			Eliminations			Consolidated
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
Net income (loss)	$	6,673		$	6,673		$	(1,307	)	$	(5,366	)	$	6,673
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:
Net loss																$	(8,915	)	$	(8,915	)	$	(1,869	)	$	10,784		$	(8,915	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		—			27,999			1,251			—			29,250			—			27,167			1,047			—			28,214
Amortization of deferred financing costs and discounts		—			903			—			—			903			—			1,593			—			—			1,593
Change in fair value of private placement warrants																	—			2,067			—			—			2,067
Loss on extinguishment of debt																	—			5,334			—			—			5,334
Credit loss expense		—			5,356			—			—			5,356			—			2,362			40			—			2,402
Deferred income taxes		—			(94	)		(588	)		—			(682	)		—			984			(703	)		—			281
Stock-based compensation		—			2,768			—			—			2,768			—			2,908			—			—			2,908
Installation and service parts expense		—			393			—			—			393			—			29			—			—			29
Accretion expense		—			64			—			—			64			—			53			—			—			53
Gain on disposal of assets		—			(4	)		—			—			(4	)
(Income) loss from equity investment		(6,673	)		1,307			—			5,366			—
Loss on disposal of assets																	—			51			—			—			51
Loss from equity investment																	8,915			1,869			—			(10,784	)		—
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable, net		—			(23,028	)		631			—			(22,397	)		—			(26,802	)		130			—			(26,672	)
Unbilled receivables		—			3,246			402			—			3,648			—			(1,033	)		174			—			(859	)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		—			2,628			(261	)		—			2,367
Prepaid expenses and other assets																	—			(395	)		133			—			(262	)
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities		—			(10,444	)		(919	)		—			(11,363	)		—			3,634			(1,304	)		—			2,330
Due to affiliates		—			(1,341	)		1,341			—			—			—			(1,063	)		1,063			—			—
Other liabilities		—			(2,135	)		—			—			(2,135	)		—			459			—			—			459
Net cash provided by operating activities		—			14,291			550			—			14,841			—			10,302			(1,289	)		—			9,013
Cash Flows from Investing Activities:
Purchases of installation and service parts and property and equipment		—			(7,370	)		(771	)		—			(8,141	)		—			(3,548	)		(156	)		—			(3,704	)
Cash proceeds from the sale of assets		—			10			—			—			10			—			56			—			—			56
Cash contribution to subsidiary																	—			(1,212	)		—			1,212			—
Net cash used in investing activities		—			(7,360	)		(771	)		—			(8,131	)		—			(4,704	)		(156	)		1,212			(3,648	)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:
Borrowings of long-term debt																	—			996,750			—			—			996,750
Repayment of long-term debt		—			(21,951	)		—			—			(21,951	)		—			(865,642	)		—			—			(865,642	)
Payment of debt issuance costs		—			(806	)		—			—			(806	)		—			(5,732	)		—			—			(5,732	)
Payment of employee tax withholding related to RSU vesting		—			(327	)		—			—			(327	)
Net cash used in financing activities		—			(23,084	)		—			—			(23,084	)
Payment of debt extinguishment costs																	—			(604	)		—			—			(604	)
Capital contribution from VM Consolidated Inc.																	—			—			1,212			(1,212	)		—
Payment of employee tax withholding related to RSUs vesting																	—			(857	)		—			—			(857	)
Net cash provided by financing activities																	—			123,915			1,212			(1,212	)		123,915
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents		—			—			(963	)		—			(963	)		—			—			252			—			252
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		—			(16,153	)		(1,184	)		—			(17,337	)
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash																	—			129,513			19			—			129,532
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash - beginning of period		—			114,286			18,144			—			132,430			—			104,602			16,290			—			120,892
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash - end of period	$	—		$	98,133		$	16,960		$	—		$	115,093		$	—		$	234,115		$	16,309		$	—		$	250,424

	Verra Mobility Corporation (Ultimate Parent)		VM Consolidated Inc. (Guarantor Subsidiary)		Non- guarantor Subsidiaries		Eliminations		Consolidated		Verra Mobility Corporation (Ultimate Parent)		VM Consolidated Inc. (Guarantor Subsidiary)		Non- guarantor Subsidiaries		Eliminations		Consolidated
Supplemental cash flow information:
Interest paid	$	—	$	11,822	$	—	$	—	$	11,822	$	—	$	6,996	$	—	$	—	$	6,996
Income taxes paid, net		—		156		163		—		319
Income taxes paid, net of refunds												—		233		5		—		238
Supplemental non-cash investing and financing activities:
Earn-out shares issued to Platinum Stockholder		18,287		—		—		—		18,287
Additions to ARO, property and equipment, and other		—		22		—		—		22
Purchases of installation and service parts and property and equipment in accounts payable and accrued liabilities at period-end		—		4,586		—		—		4,586		—		1,355		—		—		1,355
Accrued debt issuance costs												—		635		—		—		635
Accrued debt extinguishment costs												—		665		—		—		665

On January 22, 2021, the Company entered into a Scheme Implementation Agreement (the “Scheme Agreement”) with Redflex Holdings Limited, a public company limited by shares, incorporated in Australia and listed on the Australian Securities Exchange (“Redflex”), pursuant to which all of the holders of Redflex’s outstanding shares as of the record date will sell, and the Company will cause one of its subsidiaries to purchase, one hundred percent (100%) of the outstanding equity of Redflex (the “Scheme”).

On April 29, 2021, the Company entered into a Deed of Amendment and Consent (the “Scheme Amendment”) with Redflex to amend the Scheme Agreement to increase the consideration payable to Redflex shareholders in the transaction from A$0.92 in cash per share to A$0.96 in cash per share (the “Price Increase”), resulting in an increase in the aggregate consideration payable by us under the Scheme Agreement from A$146.1 million to A$152.5 million (or approximately US $112.9 million to US $117.9 million) based on the exchange rate between the Australian Dollar and U.S. Dollar as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Except for the Price Increase, the material terms of the Scheme Agreement remained unchanged.

On May 9, 2021, Redflex shareholders approved the Scheme, including the Price Increase. Separately, at a hearing held on May 13, 2021, the second Federal Court of Australia approved the Scheme, including a change approved by the Redflex shareholder vote that allows the regulatory approval from the General Authority for Competition in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (the “GAC Approval”), which is currently a condition precedent to the transaction, to become a condition subsequent that can be satisfied on or before August 13, 2021 (the “Outside Date”). If the GAC Approval is not obtained on or before the Outside Date, the transaction would not close.

The aggregate consideration payable by us will be A$152.5 million, and the closing of the acquisition is projected to take place in the second or third quarter of 2021 (approximately 7 business days after receiving notification of GAC approval), subject to timely receipt of the GAC Approval.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis should be read together with our Annual Report on Form ~~10-K~~10-K/A for the year ended December 31, ~~2019~~2020 filed on May 14, 2021 and our financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 “Financial Statements” of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. This discussion contains forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth in Part II, Item IA. “Risk Factors” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and those set forth in Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form ~~10-K~~10-K/A for the year ended December 31, ~~2019, and in Part II, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” in this Quarterly Report~~2020 filed on ~~Form 10-Q.~~May 14, 2021. Please also refer to the section entitled “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

~~In December 2019, a novel coronavirus (“COVID-19~~”) emerged in China and has since spread throughout the world. The World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic in March 2020, and it has caused severe disruption to the global economy. In the United States and around the world, many federal, state and local governments have issued stay-at-home orders aimed at minimizing the spread of the virus. As a result of these orders, we have shifted most of our workforce to remote operations and have implemented changes in our physical locations to ensure social distancing. COVID-19 has had, and we expect will continue to have, a significant negative impact on the rental car industry. Reduced airline travel and widespread travel restrictions have resulted in increased rental cancellations and declining forward bookings. Revenues from rental car companies (“~~RACs”)~~ in our Commercial Services segment have decreased and are expected to continue to decrease in 2020 as a result of COVID-19. In addition, in our Government Solutions segment, school closures and general reductions in vehicle traffic resulting from stay-at-home orders have caused a slight decrease in service revenue. We cannot predict the duration or full impact of COVID-19 on our overall business and results of operations at this time, but we expect the impact to be greater in the second quarter of 2020 than the first quarter of 2020.~~In addition, prior trends in our business may not be applicable to our operations for the duration of the pandemic.~~

We believe we are a leading provider of smart mobility technology solutions and services throughout the United States, Canada and Europe. ~~We provide integrated technology~~These solutions and services ~~including~~include toll and violations management, automated safety solutions, title and registration, ~~automated safety solutions,~~ and other data-driven solutions, to our customers, which include rental car companies (“RACs”), fleet management companies (“FMCs”), other large fleet owners, municipalities, school districts and violation-issuing authorities. Our solutions simplify the smart mobility ecosystem by utilizing what we believe are industry-leading capabilities, information and technology expertise, and integrated hardware and software to efficiently facilitate the automated processing of tolls and violations and safety solutions for hundreds of agencies and millions of end users annually, while also making cities and roadways safer for everyone.

In December 2019, COVID-19 emerged and has since spread throughout the world. The World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic in March 2020, and it continues to significantly disrupt the global economy. In the United States and abroad, many federal, state and local governments have instituted travel restrictions, stay-at-home orders, social distancing orders, and border closures in order to minimize the spread of the virus. Although we have seen moderate signs of recovery in the past six months due to an increase in travel activity and the availability of COVID-19 vaccines, we expect that COVID-19 will continue to have a significant negative impact on the global economy and travel industry, including RACs in future quarters.

Revenues from RACs in our Commercial Services segment decreased significantly in 2021 as a result of reduced airline travel and widespread travel restrictions related to COVID-19 affecting the full three months of the first quarter in 2021 compared to only impacting the month of March in 2020. Our RAC customers have experienced reductions in volume and revenue, and many of them have reduced their rental fleet sizes in response to the decline in customer demand. While there were moderate improvements in travel demand, the full extent and duration of COVID-19’s impact on the RAC industry and the financial health of our key RAC customers cannot be predicted at this time. These trends have had, and are expected to continue to have, a significant negative effect on revenues in our Commercial Services segment.

In our Government Solutions segment, school closures resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic have negatively impacted revenues from our school bus stop arm camera and school zone speed camera products. Reductions in vehicle traffic in jurisdictions where we operate photo enforcement programs and temporary inactivity of school zone speed cameras have all negatively impacted service revenue in our Government Solutions segment. We cannot predict the duration or full impact of COVID-19 on our overall business and results of operations at this time, but we expect the impact to continue into the second quarter of 2021.

As a precautionary measure in response to COVID-19, we shifted most of our workforce to remote operations in March 2020 and we have implemented changes in our physical locations to ensure social distancing. We have not experienced any significant disruptions in our operations as a result of these measures.

In light of the extraordinary impact of COVID-19 and related containment measures on the global economy and our business, prior trends in our business may not be applicable to our operations for the duration of the pandemic.

On January 22, 2021, we entered into a Scheme Implementation Agreement (the “Scheme Agreement”) with Redflex Holdings Limited, a public company limited by shares, incorporated in Australia and listed on the Australian Securities Exchange (“Redflex”), pursuant to which all of the holders of Redflex’s outstanding shares as of the record date will sell, and we will cause one of our subsidiaries to purchase, one hundred percent (100%) of the outstanding equity of Redflex (the “Scheme”).

On April 29, 2021, we entered into a Deed of Amendment and Consent (the “Scheme Amendment”) with Redflex to amend the Scheme Agreement to increase the consideration payable to Redflex shareholders in the transaction from A$0.92 in cash per share to A$0.96 in cash per share (the “Price Increase”), resulting in an increase in the aggregate consideration payable by us under the Scheme Agreement from A$146.1 million to A$152.5 million (or approximately US $112.9 million to US$ 117.9 million) based on the exchange rate between the Australian Dollar and U.S. Dollar as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Except for the Price Increase, the material terms of the Scheme Agreement remained unchanged.

On March 26, 2021, VM Consolidated Inc., our wholly owned indirect subsidiary, completed a private offering (the “Offering”) of $350.0 million aggregate principal amount of its 5.50% Senior Notes due 2029 (the “Senior Notes”). We used the net proceeds from the Offering, together with the proceeds of the term loan incurred pursuant to an amendment and restatement agreement no. 1 (the “Restatement Agreement”) to our First Lien Term Credit Agreement dated as of March 1, 2018, as amended (the “Credit Agreement”), to refinance our outstanding term loan (the “Refinancing”) and to pay fees and expenses in connection with the Refinancing and Offering. We intend to use the remainder of the net proceeds, together with cash on hand, to pay (if the transaction is consummated) approximately $118.0 million of cash purchase consideration for our proposed acquisition of Redflex.

In connection with the Offering, we entered into the Restatement Agreement, which includes, among other changes, amending certain provisions of the Credit Agreement as follows:

See Note 6. Long-term Debt for more information on interest payments, redemption options and costs incurred for the Offering and Refinancing.

We have two operating and reportable segments, Commercial Services and Government Solutions:

We operate with long-term ~~customer~~ contracts and a highly reoccurring service revenue model. We continue to execute on our strategy of growing revenues with existing customers, expanding offerings into adjacent markets through innovation or acquisition and reducing operating costs. During the periods presented, we:

Total revenue consists of service revenue generated by our Commercial Services and Government Solutions segments and product sales generated by ~~our~~the Government Solutions segment.

Service Revenue. Our Commercial Services segment generates service revenue primarily through the management and operation of tolling programs for RACs, FMCs and other large fleet customers. These solutions are full service offerings by which we enroll plates of our customers’ vehicles with tolling authorities, process payments on the customers’ behalf and, through proprietary technology, integrate with customer data to match the toll to the driver and then bill the driver (or our customer, as applicable) for use of the service. The cost of certain tolls, violations and our customers’ share of administration fees are netted against revenue. We also generate service revenue in our Commercial Services segment through processing titles, registrations and violations for our customers.

Our Government Solutions segment generates service revenue through the operation and maintenance of photo enforcement systems. This revenue is generally tied to long-term contracts, and revenue is recognized either when services are performed or when citations are issued or paid, depending on the terms of the customer contract. Revenue drivers in this segment include the number of systems installed and the monthly revenue per system. Ancillary service revenue is generated in our Government Solutions segment from payment processing, pass-through fees for collection expense, and other fees.

Product Sales. Product sales are generated by the sale of photo enforcement equipment to certain Government Solutions customers. A small number of customers purchase this equipment, and their buying patterns vary greatly from period to period. We recognize product sales revenue when the equipment is accepted or installed.

Cost of Service Revenue. Cost of service revenue consists of collection and other professional services provided by third parties and associated with the delivery of certain ancillary services performed by both our Government Solutions and Commercial Services segments.

Cost of Product Sales. Cost of product sales consists of the cost to acquire and install photo enforcement equipment purchased by Government Solutions customers.

Operating Expenses. Operating expenses include payroll and payroll-related costs (including stock-based compensation), costs related to the operation of our call centers and other operational costs, including transaction processing, print, postage and communication costs.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses include payroll and payroll-related costs (including stock-based compensation), real estate lease expense, insurance costs, professional services fees and general corporate expenses.

Depreciation, Amortization and (Gain) Loss on Disposal of Assets, Net. Depreciation, amortization and (gain) loss on disposal of assets, net includes depreciation on property, plant and equipment, and amortization of definite-lived intangible assets. This line item also includes any one-time gains or losses incurred in connection with the disposal of certain assets.

Interest Expense, Net. ~~Interest expense, net~~This includes interest expense and amortization of deferred financing costs and discounts and is net of interest income.

Change in Fair Value of Private Placement Warrants. This consists of adjustments to the Private Placement Warrants liability from the remeasurement to fair value at the end of each reporting period.

Loss on Extinguishment of Debt. Loss on extinguishment of debt generally consists of early payment penalties, the write-off of original issue discounts and deferred financing costs associated with debt extinguishment.

Other Income, Net. Other income, net primarily consists of volume rebates earned from total spend on purchasing cards and gain or loss on foreign currency transactions.

Three Months Ended March 31, ~~2020~~2021 Compared to Three Months Ended March 31, ~~2019~~2020

The following table sets forth our statements of operations data and expresses each item as a percentage of total revenue for the periods presented as well as the changes between periods. The tables and information provided in this section were derived from exact numbers and may have immaterial rounding differences.

																			Three Months Ended March 31,
	Three Months Ended March 31,																								Percentage of Revenue						Increase (Decrease) 2021 vs 2020
							Percentage of Revenue						Increase (Decrease) 2020 vs 2019						2021			2020			2021			2020			$			%
($ in thousands)	2020			2019			2020			2019			$			%						(As restated)
Service revenue	$	99,497		$	98,070			85.2	%		99.6	%	$	1,427			1.5	%	$	89,763		$	99,497			99.9	%		85.2	%	$	(9,734	)		(9.8	)%
Product sales		17,216			391			14.8	%		0.4	%		16,825			4303.1	%		95			17,216			0.1	%		14.8	%		(17,121	)		(99.4	)%
Total revenue		116,713			98,461			100.0	%		100.0	%		18,252			18.5	%		89,858			116,713			100.0	%		100.0	%		(26,855	)		(23.0	)%
Cost of service revenue		1,219			1,389			1.0	%		1.4	%		(170	)		(12.2	)%		880			1,219			1.0	%		1.0	%		(339	)		(27.8	)%
Cost of product sales		8,690			276			7.5	%		0.3	%		8,414			3048.6	%		27			8,690			0.0	%		7.5	%		(8,663	)		(99.7	)%
Operating expenses		32,259			29,338			27.6	%		29.8	%		2,921			10.0	%		30,492			32,259			33.9	%		27.6	%		(1,767	)		(5.5	)%
Selling, general and administrative expenses		25,886			20,551			22.2	%		20.9	%		5,335			26.0	%		28,443			25,886			31.7	%		22.2	%		2,557			9.9	%
Depreciation, amortization and (gain) loss on disposal of assets, net		29,246			28,941			25.1	%		29.4	%		305			1.1	%		28,265			29,246			31.5	%		25.1	%		(981	)		(3.4	)%
Total costs and expenses		97,300			80,495			83.4	%		81.8	%		16,805			20.9	%		88,107			97,300			98.1	%		83.4	%		(9,193	)		(9.4	)%
Income from operations		19,413			17,966			16.6	%		18.2	%		1,447			8.1	%		1,751			19,413			1.9	%		16.6	%		(17,662	)		(91.0	)%
Interest expense, net		12,451			16,033			10.7	%		16.3	%		(3,582	)		(22.3	)%		9,164			12,451			10.2	%		10.7	%		(3,287	)		(26.4	)%
Change in fair value of private placement warrants																				2,067			(15,467	)		2.3	%		(13.3	)%		17,534			113.4	%
Loss on extinguishment of debt																				5,334			—			5.9	%		—			5,334		n/a
Other income, net		(2,925	)		(2,207	)		(2.5	)%		(2.3	)%		(718	)		32.5	%		(3,013	)		(2,925	)		(3.4	)%		(2.5	)%		(88	)		3.0	%
Total other expenses		9,526			13,826			8.2	%		14.0	%		(4,300	)		(31.1	)%
Income before income tax provision		9,887			4,140			8.4	%		4.2	%		5,747			138.8	%
Income tax provision		3,214			1,320			2.7	%		1.3	%		1,894			143.5	%
Net income	$	6,673		$	2,820			5.7	%		2.9	%	$	3,853			136.6	%
Total other expenses (income)																				13,552			(5,941	)		15.0	%		(5.1	)%		19,493			328.1	%
(Loss) income before income tax (benefit) provision																				(11,801	)		25,354			(13.1	)%		21.7	%		(37,155	)		(146.5	)%
Income tax (benefit) provision																				(2,886	)		3,214			(3.2	)%		2.7	%		(6,100	)		(189.8	)%
Net (loss) income																			$	(8,915	)	$	22,140			(9.9	)%		19.0	%	$	(31,055	)		(140.3	)%

Service Revenue. Service revenue ~~increased slightly~~decreased by ~~$1.4~~$9.7 million, or ~~1.5%~~9.8%, to $89.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 from $99.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, ~~from $98.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019,~~ representing ~~85.2%~~99.9% and ~~99.6%~~85.2% of total revenue, respectively. The following table ~~depicts~~presents service revenue by segment:

	Three Months Ended March 31,																Three Months Ended March 31,
					Percentage of Revenue						Increase (Decrease) 2020 vs 2019										Percentage of Revenue						Increase (Decrease) 2021 vs 2020
($ in thousands)	2020		2019		2020			2019			$			%			2021		2020		2021			2020			$			%
Service revenue
Commercial Services	$	61,242	$	62,588		52.4	%		63.6	%	$	(1,346	)		(2.2	)%	$	45,689	$	61,242		50.9	%		52.4	%	$	(15,553	)		(25.4	)%
Government Solutions		38,255		35,482		32.8	%		36.0	%		2,773			7.8	%		44,074		38,255		49.0	%		32.8	%		5,819			15.2	%
Total service revenue	$	99,497	$	98,070		85.2	%		99.6	%	$	1,427			1.5	%	$	89,763	$	99,497		99.9	%		85.2	%	$	(9,734	)		(9.8	)%

Commercial Services service revenue decreased by ~~$1.3~~$15.6 million, or ~~2.2%~~25.4%, from ~~$62.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 to~~ $61.2 million for the three months ended March 31, ~~2020.~~2020 to $45.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021. This decrease was primarily due to the COVID-19 ~~which has had~~pandemic and ~~continues~~related containment measures affecting the full three months of the first quarter in 2021 compared to ~~have a significant negative impact on~~only impacting the ~~RAC industry beginning~~month of March in ~~March~~ 2020. ~~Reduced airline travel~~Although increased availability and ~~widespread~~distribution of COVID-19 vaccines and the gradual lifting of travel restrictions ~~have resulted~~could positively impact the travel industry in ~~increased rental cancellations and declining forward~~2021, we anticipate full year 2021 service revenue may not recover to pre-COVID levels.

~~bookings. Our revenues from RAC customers are anticipated to decrease in 2020 as a result of COVID-19, and the full extent and duration of this impact is not yet known.~~

Government Solutions service revenue includes revenue from speed, red-light, ~~speed,~~ school bus stop arm and bus lane photo enforcement systems. Service revenue increased by ~~$2.8~~$5.8 million to ~~$38.3~~$44.1 million for the three months ended March, 31 ~~2020~~ 2021

from ~~$35.5~~$38.3 million ~~for~~in the ~~three months ended March 31, 2019.~~same period in 2020. Our ~~red-light photo enforcement service~~speed program revenue ~~declined $2.7~~grew approximately $6.6 million during the three months ended March 31, ~~2020~~2021 compared to the same period in 2019. This was primarily due to a $1.9 million decline from the loss of certain Texas programs on June 1, 2019 due to a legislative change that banned most red-light photo enforcement programs in the state. The loss of most of our red-light programs in Texas will negatively impact our year-over-year service revenue comparison for the next quarter. The remaining decline resulted from the loss of several smaller programs and lower pricing per system. Pricing of red-light photo enforcement programs can be impacted by timing of transaction volume in our variable contracts as well as the pricing of contract renewals. We discontinued our street light maintenance offering at the end of the first quarter of 2019, which resulted in a $0.8 million decrease for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to the same period in 2019. The street light maintenance offering was not part of our core business and did not meet our profitability criteria. These declines were offset by speed program revenue, which grew approximately $5.9 million in the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to the same period in 2019, due to an increase in the total number of camera systems installed in 2020 that had a full year impact in 2021, and ~~higher average pricing.~~this trend should continue into future quarters. This increase was partially offset by a $1.4 million decrease in service revenue from the suspension of school bus stop arm cameras as many school buses were not operating for much of this period.

There ~~were~~was an average of ~~5,002~~4,738 active camera systems during the three months ended March 31, ~~2020~~2021 compared to an average of ~~4,604~~5,002 for the three months ended March 31, ~~2019.~~2020. The ~~increase~~decline in active camera systems was primarily due to 1,036 cameras that were temporarily inactive due to COVID-19. These declines were partially offset by the expansion of speed enforcement systems with existing ~~customers and~~customers.

Service revenue for the quarter was ~~partially offset~~negatively impacted by ~~a decline in red-light photo enforcement systems primarily due~~COVID-19 which led to ~~the loss of Texas programs noted above.~~

Although COVID-19 did not cause a significant revenue decline in our Government Solutions segment during the first quarter of 2020, segment revenues were negatively affected beginning in March 2020 due to school closures and reduction in vehicle traffic as a result of stay-at-home orders and early school closures and delayed school re-openings in certain jurisdictions in which we operate. ToWe saw growth in our speed program revenue which we expect will continue for the ~~extent that these measures continue,~~remainder of 2021. However, we anticipate athe negative impacts of COVID-19 will continue to impact our other revenue programs in future quarters.

Product Sales. Product sales ofwere $0.1 million and $17.2 million for the first quarter of 2021 and 2020, ~~include~~respectively. Product sales revenue is generated from certain Government Solutions customers who ~~purchased~~purchase their ~~equipment.~~equipment, whose buying patterns vary greatly from year to year. Product sales ~~increased by $16.8 million compared to $0.4 million~~ in ~~2019 which was~~2020 were primarily driven by sales to a single customer that ~~is currently~~was expanding its ~~existing~~ school zone speed program.

Cost of Service Revenue. Cost of service revenue decreased ~~slightly quarter over quarter,~~ from ~~$1.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 to~~ $1.2 million for the three months ended March 31, ~~2020. This decline in cost is consistent~~2020 to $0.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021.The decrease resulted from decreased costs of collection and other third-party professional services associated with ~~a slight decline in~~the delivery of certain ancillary ~~revenue generated from supporting red-light programs.~~services performed by both of our segments.

Cost of Product Sales. Cost of product sales ~~increased by $8.4 million~~decreased from ~~$0.3~~$8.7 million in the quarter ended March 31, ~~2019~~2020 to ~~$8.7~~$0.1 million in the same period in ~~2020, and~~2021, which was consistent with the ~~increase~~decrease in product sales.

Operating Expenses. Operating expenses ~~increased~~decreased by ~~$2.9~~$1.8 million, or ~~10%~~5.5%, from ~~$29.3~~$32.3 million for the three months ended March 31, ~~2019~~2020 to ~~$32.2~~$30.5 million for the three months ended March 31, ~~2020.~~2021. This ~~increase~~decrease was primarily due to ~~increases~~decrease in employee wages, ~~subcontractor expenses~~payment processing and operational equipment ~~costs.~~costs, offset by an increase in subcontractor expense. Operating expenses as a percentage of revenue ~~decreased slightly~~increased from ~~29.8%~~27.6% to ~~27.6%~~33.9% for the three months ended March 31, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2020,~~2021, respectively. The following table presents operating expenses by segment:

	Three Months Ended March 31,															Three Months Ended March 31,
					Percentage of Revenue						Increase (Decrease) 2020 vs 2019									Percentage of Revenue						Increase (Decrease) 2021 vs 2020
($ in thousands)	2020		2019		2020			2019			$		%			2021		2020		2021			2020			$			%
Operating expenses
Commercial Services	$	16,530	$	15,096		14.1	%		15.3	%	$	1,434		9.5	%	$	14,206	$	16,530		15.8	%		14.1	%	$	(2,324	)		(14.1	)%
Government Solutions		15,509		14,038		13.3	%		14.3	%		1,471		10.5	%		16,092		15,509		17.9	%		13.3	%		583			3.8	%
Total operating expenses before stock-based compensation		32,039		29,134		27.4	%		29.6	%		2,905		10.0	%		30,298		32,039		33.7	%		27.4	%		(1,741	)		(5.4	)%
Stock-based compensation		220		204		0.2	%		0.2	%		16		7.8	%		194		220		0.2	%		0.2	%		(26	)		(11.8	)%
Total operating expenses	$	32,259	$	29,338		27.6	%		29.8	%	$	2,921		10.0	%	$	30,492	$	32,259		33.9	%		27.6	%	$	(1,767	)		(5.5	)%

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by ~~$5.3~~$2.6 million to ~~$25.9~~$28.4 million for the three months ended March 31, ~~2020~~2021 compared to ~~$20.6~~$25.9 million for the same period in ~~2019.~~2020. This increase was primarily due to $4.1 million of transaction expenses incurred in 2021 mainly related to the pending acquisition of Redflex, $1.7 million increase in professional services expenses, and expense incurred for the reinstatement of employee bonus accrual in 2021. The increases were offset by a ~~$5.4 million~~decrease in credit loss expense ~~recorded during the period as a result~~ of ~~implementing the new CECL accounting standard, discussed further in the notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements. Stock-based compensation expense increased $0.6~~$3.0 million ~~quarter~~and travel and marketing related expenses year over ~~quarter which also contributed to this increase.~~year. Selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of revenue increased ~~slightly~~ from ~~20.9%~~22.2% to ~~22.2%~~31.7% for the three months ended March 31, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2020,~~2021, respectively. The following table presents selling, general and administrative expenses by segment:

	Three Months Ended March 31,															Three Months Ended March 31,
					Percentage of Revenue						Increase (Decrease) 2020 vs 2019									Percentage of Revenue						Increase (Decrease) 2021 vs 2020
($ in thousands)	2020		2019		2020			2019			$		%			2021		2020		2021			2020			$			%
Selling, general and administrative expenses
Commercial Services	$	13,384	$	10,762		11.5	%		10.9	%	$	2,622		24.4	%	$	10,792	$	13,384		12.0	%		11.5	%	$	(2,592	)		(19.4	)%
Government Solutions		9,669		7,850		8.3	%		8.0	%		1,819		23.2	%		10,811		9,669		12.1	%		8.3	%		1,142			11.8	%
Corporate		285		—		0.2	%		—			285	n/a
Corporate and other																	4,126		285		4.6	%		0.2	%		3,841			1347.7	%
Total selling, general and administrative expenses before stock-based compensation		23,338		18,612		20.0	%		18.9	%		4,726		25.4	%		25,729		23,338		28.7	%		20.0	%		2,391			10.2	%
Stock-based compensation		2,548		1,939		2.2	%		2.0	%		609		31.4	%		2,714		2,548		3.0	%		2.2	%		166			6.5	%
Total selling, general and administrative expenses	$	25,886	$	20,551		22.2	%		20.9	%	$	5,335		26.0	%	$	28,443	$	25,886		31.7	%		22.2	%	$	2,557			9.9	%

Depreciation, Amortization and ~~Gain or~~(Gain) Loss on Disposal of Assets, Net. Depreciation, amortization and ~~gain or~~(gain) loss on disposal of assets, net, ~~increased~~decreased slightly from ~~$28.9~~$29.2 million for the three months ended March 31, ~~2019~~2020 to ~~$29.2~~$28.3 million for the same period in ~~2020.~~2021. The ~~increase is primarily~~decrease was mainly due to ~~the increased amortization expense resulting from the Pagatelia acquisition included in the three months ended March 31, 2020 with no comparable amount in the prior year.~~certain trademark intangibles being fully amortized mid-first quarter of 2021.

Interest Expense, Net. Interest expense, net decreased by ~~$3.5~~$3.3 million from ~~$16.0~~$12.5 million for the three months ended March 31, ~~2019~~2020 to ~~$12.5~~$9.2 million for the same period in ~~2020.~~2021. This decrease is primarily as a result of lower interest rates coupled with the refinancing of our ~~First Lien~~2018 Term Loan (as defined ~~and discussed~~ below) in February 2020, which reduced ~~our~~the applicable margin on the interest rate by 50 basis ~~points, and interest income earned during 2020.~~points. See “—Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

Change in Fair Value of Private Placement Warrants. We recorded a loss of $2.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and a gain of $15.5 million in the same period in 2020, related to the changes in fair value of our Private Placement Warrants which are accounted for as liabilities on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. The change in fair value is the result of remeasurement of the liability at the end of each reporting period.

Loss on Extinguishment of Debt.Loss on extinguishment of debt was $5.3 million during the three months ended March 31, 2021 consisting of a $4.0 million write-off of pre-existing deferred financing costs and $1.3 million of lender and third-party costs associated with the issuance of the new 2021 Term Loan discussed below.

Other Income, Net. ~~We pay a high volume of tolls on behalf of our customers with purchasing cards which generate rebates based on volume, payment terms and rebate frequency.~~ Other income, net was $3.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, compared to $2.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to $2.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019. This increase of $0.7 million was primarily due to the increased volume in purchasing card rebates and foreign currency transaction gains. Due to the decrease in tolling activity in the rental car industry as a result of COVID-19, we anticipate lower rebates in 2020.

Income Tax (Benefit) Provision. ~~Income~~Our income tax provision ~~increased by $1.9 million~~decreased from ~~$1.3 million, representing an effective~~a tax ~~rate~~liability of ~~31.9% for the three months ended March 31, 2019 to~~ $3.2 million, representing an effective tax rate of ~~32.5%~~12.7% for the three months ended March 31, 2020, to a tax benefit of $(2.9) million, representing an effective tax benefit rate of 24.5% for the same period in ~~2020.~~2021. The effective tax rate change was primarily due to ~~an increase in certain~~the Company’s permanent differences ~~including the limitation~~related to mark-to-market adjustments on the ~~deductibility of executive compensation imposed by section 162(m) of~~private placement warrants, which had a lesser impact on the ~~Internal Revenue Code, as amended, applied to an overall lower gross income.~~effective tax rate.

Net (Loss) Income. We had a net ~~income~~loss of ~~$6.7~~$(8.9) million for the three months ended March 31, ~~2020,~~2021, as compared to ~~$2.8~~$22.1 million of income for the three months ended March 31, ~~2019.~~2020. The ~~increase~~$31.1 million decrease in net income was primarily due to ~~quarter over quarter growth~~the decline in ~~product sales~~ revenue ~~and a decrease in interest expense, net, as a result~~from the impact of ~~refinancing~~COVID-19 on our ~~First Lien Term Loan in February 2020, which was partially offset by cost of product sales, credit loss expense from implementing a new accounting standard,~~RAC customers, and the ~~increased income tax provision noted~~other statement of operations activity discussed above.

Our principal sources of liquidity are cash flow from operations and available borrowings under our ~~2018 Credit Facilities (as~~2021 Term Loan, Unsecured Senior Notes and the Revolver (all of which are defined below).

We have incurred significant long-term debt as a result of acquisitions completed in prior ~~years.~~years as well as a pending strategic acquisition in the current year.

We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents, cash flows provided by operating activities and our availability to borrow under our Revolver (as defined below) will be sufficient to meet operating cash requirements and service debt obligations for at least the next 12 months. Our ability to generate sufficient cash from our operating activities depends on our future performance, which is subject to general economic, political, financial, competitive and other factors beyond our control. In addition, our future capital expenditures and other cash requirements could be higher than currently expected due to various factors, including any expansion of our business or strategic acquisitions. Should we pursue strategic acquisitions, we may need to raise additional capital, which may be in the form of additional long-term debt, borrowings on our Revolver, or equity financings, all of which may not be available to us on favorable terms ~~borrowings on our Revolver, equity financings~~ or at all. ~~See section entitled “Risk Factors~~.”

We have the ability to borrow under our Revolver to meet obligations as they come due. As of March 31, ~~2020,~~2021, we had ~~$68.8~~$49.4 million available for borrowing, net of letters of credit, under our Revolver.

As of March 31, 2021, the City of New York Department of Transportation (“NYCDOT”) represented 63% of accounts receivable, net. The Company provides photo enforcement services to NYCDOT under two primary agreements, (i) a legacy contract relating to photo enforcement cameras that were installed prior to fiscal year 2020 (the “Legacy Contract”), and (ii) an emergency contract for the purchase, installation, maintenance and operation of the expanded speed camera program beginning in 2020 (the “Emergency Contract”). At March 31, 2021, the Legacy Contract had an open receivable balance of $41.3 million, of which $33.1 million had aged beyond NYCDOT’s 45-day payment terms. As of March 31, 2021, the Company had invoiced NYCDOT for $52.6 million in product revenue and $26.8 million in service revenue under the Emergency Contract. NYCDOT has not made any payments against the Emergency Contract to date. There is no material reserve related to these receivables as amounts are deemed collectible based on current conditions and expectations. Please also see section entitled “Risk Factors.”

The following table sets forth certain captions indicated on our statements of cash flows for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended March 31,						Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)	2020			2019			2021			2020
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	14,841		$	37,351		$	9,013		$	14,841
Net cash used in investing activities		(8,131	)		(9,167	)		(3,648	)		(8,131	)
Net cash used in financing activities		(23,084	)		(2,313	)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities								123,915			(23,084	)

Cash provided by operating activities decreased by ~~$22.6~~$5.8 million, from ~~$37.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 to~~ $14.8 million for the three months ended March 31, ~~2020. Net~~2020 to $9.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021. First quarter net income ~~quarter~~decreased year over ~~quarter increased~~year by ~~$3.9~~$31.1 million, from ~~$2.8~~$22.1 million of net income in 2020 to net loss of $(8.9) million in ~~2019 to $6.7 million in 2020.~~2021. Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to net cash provided by operations increased ~~$4.6~~$20.4 million mainly due to the $17.5 million change in fair value of private placement warrants year over year, and a ~~$5.4~~$5.3 million loss on extinguishment of debt in 2021 with no comparable amount in the prior year, which are partially offset by a decrease in credit loss expense ~~recorded as a result of implementing the CECL accounting standard.~~

year over year. The aggregate ~~change~~changes in operating assets and liabilities ~~was the primary reason for the decrease in~~decreased cash provided by operating ~~activities. We had an aggregate $31.0~~activities by $8.8 million ~~decrease quarter~~year over ~~quarter,~~year driven primarily by an increase in accounts ~~receivables due to the fixed speed and bus lane camera product sales, offset by a decrease in accounts~~ payable and accrued liabilities ~~due to the removal of the bonus accrual, the timing of a large payment to a tolling authority, and lower accruals and payables~~ at the end of the ~~period.~~period, which are offset by an increase in accounts receivables and unbilled receivables.

Cash used in investing activities was ~~$8.1~~$3.6 million and ~~$9.2~~$8.1 million for the three months ended March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019,~~2020, respectively, which was related to purchases of installation and service parts and property and equipment.

Cash ~~used in~~provided by (used in) financing activities was ~~$23.1~~$123.9 million and ~~$2.3~~$(23.1) million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. We had aggregate borrowings of $996.8 million during the first quarter of 2021 consisting of the 2021 Term Loan and ~~2019, respectively.~~Senior Notes (defined below) and we concurrently repaid $865.6 million outstanding debt on the 2018 Term Loan (defined below). The aggregate borrowings net of the repayments, which totaled $131.2 million, were held as cash and cash equivalents at March 31, 2021 and will be used in part to fund the close of the pending Redflex acquisition. We also had payments related to debt issuance costs and debt extinguishment costs during the period. The cash used in financing activities in 2020 ~~increased as a result of~~was due to a $19.7 million mandatory prepayment of excess cash flows we made pursuant to the terms of the ~~First Lien~~2018 Term Loan, ~~(as defined below),~~ and costs associated with refinancing ~~the First Lien Term Loan~~it in February 2020.

In ~~connection with an acquisition in 2018,~~March 2021, VM Consolidated, Inc. ~~(formerly known as ATS Consolidated, Inc.)~~, ~~a wholly-owned~~our wholly owned subsidiary, entered into aan Amendment and Restatement Agreement No. 1 to the First Lien Term Loan Credit Agreement (the “~~First Lien Term Loan”), a Second Lien Term Loan Credit Agreement (the “Second Lien Term~~ ~~Loan~~2021~~,” and together with the First Lien Term Loan, the “~~Term ~~Loans”) and a Revolving Credit Facility Agreement (the “Revolver,” and together with the Term Loans, the “2018 Credit Facilities~~Loan”) with a syndicate of lenders. The ~~2018 Credit Facilities initially provided~~2021 Term Loan has an aggregate borrowing of $650 million, maturing on March 26, 2028, and an accordion feature providing for ~~committed senior secured~~an additional $250 million of term loans, subject to satisfaction of certain requirements. In connection with the 2021 Term Loan, we had an offering discount cost of $3.3 million and $0.7 million of deferred financing costs, both of ~~$1.115 billion, consisting~~which were capitalized and are amortized over the remaining life of the 2021 Term Loan.

In addition, in March 2021, VM Consolidated, Inc. issued an aggregate principal amount of ~~$1.04 billion under~~$350.0 million in Senior Unsecured Notes (the “Senior Notes”), due on April 15, 2029. In connection with the issuance of the Senior Notes, we incurred $5.7 million in lender and third-party costs, which were capitalized as deferred financing costs and are being amortized over the remaining life of the Senior Notes.

The net proceeds from both the 2021 Term ~~Loans~~Loan and ~~an aggregate revolving commitment of up~~the Senior Notes were used to ~~$75 million available for loans and letters of credit under~~repay in full all outstanding debt which was represented by the ~~Revolver (subject to borrowing eligibility requirements as described below).~~ ~~In July 2018, we amended the~~existing First Lien Term Loan ~~to expand~~Credit Agreement (as amended, the ~~aggregate principal loan amount from $840 million to $910 million. The additional $70 million, along with funds contributed by Platinum Equity, LLC, were used to repay the $200 million Second Lien~~“2018 Term Loan ~~in full contemporaneously~~”) with a balance of $865.6 million. We may use the ~~closing~~remaining proceeds for general corporate purposes which may include, without limitation, financing the consideration for and fees, costs and expenses related to the pending acquisition of Redflex, which is discussed above.

The 2021 Term Loan is repayable at 1.0% per annum of the ~~Business Combination (see Note 1,~~ ~~Description of Business) on October 17, 2018~~.

~~On February 20, 2020, we refinanced the entire outstanding~~ amount ~~under the First Lien Term Loan, which reduced the previous applicable interest rate by 50 basis points. The First Lien Term Loan now~~initially borrowed, paid in quarterly installments. It bears interest based, at ~~our~~the Company’s option, on either (1) LIBOR plus an applicable margin of 3.25% per annum, or (2) an alternate base rate plus an applicable margin of 2.25% per annum. ~~The First Lien Term Loan is repayable at 1.0% per annum of the amount initially borrowed, paid in quarterly installments. The First Lien Term Loan matures on February 28, 2025.~~ As of March 31, ~~2020,~~2021, the interest rate on the ~~First Lien~~2021 Term Loan was ~~4.24%~~3.45%.

In addition, we may redeem up to 40% of the Senior Notes before April 15, 2024, with the net cash proceeds from certain equity offerings.

We ~~made~~evaluated the refinancing transactions on a ~~$19.7~~ lender by lender basis and accounted for the portion of the transaction that did not meet the accounting criteria for debt extinguishment as a debt modification. Accordingly, we recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt of $5.3 million ~~mandatory prepayment of excess cash flow~~on the 2018 Term Loan during the ~~first quarter~~three months ended March 31, 2021 consisting of a $4.0 million write-off of pre-existing deferred financing costs and $1.3 million of lender and third-party costs associated with the issuance of the new 2021 Term Loan.

We have a Revolving Credit Agreement (the “Revolver”) which we entered into in fiscal ~~2020.~~

year 2018 in connection with an acquisition, with a revolving commitment of up to $75 million available for loans and letters of credit. The Revolver matures on February 28, 2023. The terms of the Revolver were not affected by the ~~refinancing of the First Lien Term Loan~~new debt instruments entered into in March 2021 discussed above. Borrowing eligibility under the Revolver is subject to a monthly borrowing base calculation based on (i) certain percentages of eligible accounts receivable and inventory, less (ii) certain reserve items, including outstanding letters of credit and other reserves. The Revolver bears interest on either (1) LIBOR plus an applicable margin, or (2) an alternate base rate, plus an applicable margin. The margin percentage applied to (1) LIBOR is either 1.25%, 1.50%, or 1.75%, or (2) the base rate is either 0.25%, 0.50%, or 0.75%, depending on our average availability to borrow under the commitment. At March 31, ~~2020,~~2021, we had no outstanding borrowings on the Revolver and availability to borrow ~~under the Revolver~~ was ~~$68.8~~ $49.4 million, net of ~~$6.2~~ $6.2 million of outstanding letters of credit.

Interest on the unused portion of the Revolver is payable quarterly at 0.375%, and we are also required to pay participation and fronting fees at 1.38% on ~~$6.2~~ $6.2 million inof outstanding letters of credit as of March 31, ~~2020.~~2021.

All borrowings and other extensions of credits under the ~~2018 Credit Facilities~~2021 Term Loan, Senior Notes and the Revolver are subject to the satisfaction of customary conditions and restrictive covenants including absence of defaults and accuracy in material respects of representations and warranties. At March 31, ~~2020, we were~~2021, the Company was compliant with ~~the 2018 Credit Facilities~~all debt covenants. Substantially all of ~~our~~the Company’s assets are pledged as collateral to secure the Company’s indebtedness under the ~~2018 Credit Facilities.~~2021 Term Loan.

We recorded interest expense, including amortization of deferred financing costs and discounts, of ~~$12.5~~ $9.2 million and ~~$16.0~~ $12.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, ~~and March 31, 2019,~~ respectively. In connection with the refinancing of the First Lien Term Loan in February 2020, which the Company determined was to be accounted for as a modification, the Company incurred $0.8 million of lender fees which were capitalized as deferred financing costs and amortized over the remaining life of the First Lien Term Loan, and $0.2 million of legal fees that were expensed as Selling, general and administrative expenses on the condensed consolidated statement of operations.

We do not have noany material off-balance sheet financing arrangementsas of March 31, ~~2020.~~2021.

The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“~~GAAP~~”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the condensed consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes. Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include the fair values assigned to net assets acquired (including identifiable intangibles) in business combinations, the carrying amounts of long-lived assets, goodwill, ~~and installation and service parts,~~ the allowance for credit loss,fair value of private placement warrant liabilities, valuation allowances on deferred tax assets, asset retirement obligations, contingent consideration and the recognition and measurement of loss contingencies. Management believes that its estimates and assumptions are reasonable in the circumstances; however, actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

Refer to our ~~2019~~2020 Annual Report on Form ~~10-K~~10-K/A filed on May 14, 2021 for our critical accounting policies, estimates and judgments.

For a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements, refer to Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies, in Item 1, Financial Statements.

We are exposed to interest rate market risk due to the variable interest rate on the ~~First Lien~~2021 Term Loan described in “Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

Interest rate risk represents our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates associated with the variable rate debt represented by the ~~First Lien~~2021 Term Loan, which has an outstanding balance of ~~$872.5~~$650.0 million and an interest rate of 3.45% at March 31, 2020. We refinanced the First Lien Term Loan on February 20, 2020 which reduced the previous applicable margin by 50 basis points. The First Lien Term Loan now bears interest based, at our option, on either (1) LIBOR plus an applicable margin of 3.25% per annum, or (2) an alternate base rate plus an applicable margin of 2.25% per annum. At March 31, 2020, the interest rate on the First Lien Term Loan was 4.24%.2021. Based on the March 31, ~~2020~~2021 balance outstanding, each 1% movement in interest rates will result in an approximately ~~$8.7~~$6.5 million change in annual interest expense.

We have not engaged in any hedging activities during the three months ended March 31, ~~2020.~~2021. We do not expect to engage in any hedging activities with respect to the market risk to which we are exposed.

Our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) or 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and to ensure that information required to be disclosed is accumulated and communicated to management, including our principal executive and financial officers, to allow timely decisions regarding disclosure. Our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, with assistance from other members of management, have reviewed the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and, based on their evaluation, have concluded the controls and procedures were not effective as of that date due to a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting that was disclosed in our Annual Report on Form ~~10-K~~10-K/A filed on May 14, 2021 for the year ended December 31, ~~2019.~~2020.

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) or 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act) that occurred during the ~~first~~ quarter ~~of 2020~~ended March 31, 2021 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

As previously described in Part II, Item 9A. “Controls and Procedures” in our Annual Report on Form ~~10-K~~10-KA filed on May 14, 2021 for the year ended December 31, ~~2019,~~2020, we began implementing a remediation plan to address the material weakness mentioned above. The weakness will not be considered remediated until the applicable controls operate for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are operating effectively. We expect that the remediation of this material weakness will be completed ~~prior to~~by the ~~end of our 2020 fiscal year.~~June 30, 2021 reporting period.

Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form ~~10-K~~10-K/A for the year ended December 31, ~~2019~~2020 filed on May 14, 2021 includes a discussion of our risk factors. The information presented below supplements, and should be read in conjunction with, the risk factors and information disclosed in our Annual Report on Form ~~10-K.~~10-K/A. Except as presented below, there have been no material changes from the risk factors described in our Annual Report on Form ~~10-K.~~10-K/A filed May 14, 2021. We may disclose changes to such risk factors or disclose additional risk factors from time to time in our future SEC filings.

Our ~~business~~largest customer, NYCDOT, has outstanding receivables with us totaling $121.0 million. We are working with NYCDOT to clear administrative hurdles that are delaying payment, but we cannot predict when this matter will be resolved, how much it may cost or the timing of their payments to us.

We provide photo enforcement and ~~results~~school zone enforcement services to NYCDOT, which was our largest customer by revenue in 2020 (31.3% of ~~operations may be adversely~~total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2020), under two primary contracts: a legacy contract relating to red light, bus lane, mobile speed and fixed speed photo enforcement cameras that were installed prior to fiscal year 2020 (the “Legacy Contract”), and an emergency contract for the purchase, installation, maintenance and operation of an expanded fixed speed camera program beginning in 2020 (the “Emergency Contract”).In late 2019, we concluded that some of our system installations under the Legacy Contract did not meet New York City’s requirements related to the depth of buried electrical conduit and the color of grounding wire. We disclosed these issues to NYCDOT and in the fourth quarter of 2020 agreed to remediate the affected sites. As of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, our remediation efforts were substantially complete.

In late January 2021, we were separately informed that the City of New York’s Law Department (the “NYC Law Department”) was investigating matters related to our previously disclosed conduit depth issue as well as matters related to whether we unnecessarily installed new poles where existing infrastructure could have been used. We were informed in March 2021 by the ~~recent COVID-19 pandemic.~~NYC Law Department that it had concluded its investigation, and we reached an agreement in principle to resolve the matter for approximately $1.3 million, subject to final administrative approvals. The installation issues described above and investigated by the NYC Law Department did not have any impact on the camera operations or the overall effectiveness of the photo enforcement programs. We continue to perform work for NYCDOT under the Legacy Contract and the Emergency Contract, and in March 2021, we received an Authorization to Proceed with the installation of an additional 720 school zone speed cameras in 2021.

~~On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization designated the novel coronavirus (“COVID-19”) a pandemic. COVID-19 has caused severe disruption~~

In addition to the ~~global economy. In~~matters described above, we are actively working with NYCDOT to address various administrative hurdles that have delayed the ~~United States and around the world, many federal, state and local governments have issued stay-at-home orders aimed at minimizing the spread~~registration of the ~~virus.~~Emergency Contract, which is a condition to receiving payment under that contract, and that are delaying payments on our invoices under the Legacy Contract.

At March 31, 2021, the Legacy Contract had an open receivable balance of $41.3 million, of which $33.1 million had aged beyond NYCDOT’s 45-day payment terms. As ~~a result~~ of ~~these orders,~~March 31, 2021, the Company ~~has shifted most of its workforce~~had invoiced NYCDOT for $52.6 million in product revenue and $26.8 million in service revenue under the Emergency Contract. We expect the NYCDOT open receivables balance to ~~remote operations and has implemented changes~~increase by approximately $7.3 million per month until it is paid, which does not account for any additional invoices related to product revenue for new cameras installed in ~~its physical locations to ensure social distancing. While~~fiscal 2021 or associated service revenue. We will start installing cameras against the Company has not experienced any significant disruptions in its operations to date, these measures may result in decreases in productivity, an increased risk of information security breaches and delays in responses to our customers, which could harm customer relations and adversely impact our business. COVID-19 may also cause us to temporarily suspend or ultimately forego strategic acquisitions, business initiatives or expansions intoorder for 720 new markets. Also, our existing customers may seek to terminate or renegotiate their contracts with us or seek pricing concessions as a result of changes in their business needs or financial condition. In addition, certain of our customers have reduced their operations during the pandemic, and government restrictions could further restrict our operations or result in supply chain interruptionsschool zone speed cameras in the ~~future.~~ second quarter, which will increase the receivable balance based on the timing of the installation schedule if the invoices remain unpaid.

We cannot predict when these matters will be finally resolved, how much it may cost or the ~~duration or full impact~~timing of ~~COVID-19 on our business and results of operations.~~

~~The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected, and could have a material adverse effect on, our revenues from key customers in~~ the ~~rental car industry, on which our Commercial Services segment is dependent, and from photo enforcement programs in our Government Solutions segment.~~

~~Our Commercial Services segment is dependent on certain key customers, including those in the rental car company (“RAC”) industry, such as The Hertz Corporation, Avis Budget Group, Inc. and Enterprise Holdings, Inc. COVID-19 has had and continues~~payments to ~~have a significant negative impact~~us on the ~~RAC industry. Reduced airline travel~~outstanding receivables. The failure to resolve these matters with the City of New York in a timely and widespread travel restrictions have resulted in increased rental cancellations and declining forward bookings. Our revenues from RAC customers are expected to decrease in 2020 as a result of COVID-19, whicheffective manner could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. ~~The full extent and duration of this impact on the RAC industry and the rental volume of our key RAC customers cannot be predicted at this time.~~

In our Government Solutions segment, school closures resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic have negatively impacted revenues from our school bus stop arm camera and school zone speed camera products. More generally, reductions in vehicle traffic as a result of stay-at-home orders in jurisdictions where we operate photo enforcement programs, as well as declines in payment rates for photo enforcement tickets, have caused service revenue in our Government Solutions segment to decrease. Continued decreases in service revenue in our Government Solutions segment could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. COVID-19 is a highly fluid and rapidly evolving situation, and we cannot anticipate with any certainty the length, scope or severity of such impacts in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate.

The following exhibits are filed as part of, or incorporated by reference into, this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Incorporated by Reference

Exhibit

Number

Description

Form

File No.

Exhibit

Filing Date

Filed

Herewith

Description

Form

File No.

Exhibit

Filing Date

Filed

Herewith

2.1

Merger Agreement, dated as of June 21, 2018, by and among Gores Holdings II, Inc., AM Merger Sub I, Inc., AM Merger Sub II, LLC, Greenlight Holding II Corporation and PE Greenlight Holdings, LLC, in its capacity as the Stockholder Representative.

8-K

001-37979

2.1

June 21, 2018

8-K

001-37979

2.1

June 21, 2018

2.2

Amendment No. 1 to Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of August 23, 2018, by and among Gores Holdings II, Inc., AM Merger Sub I, Inc., AM Merger Sub II, LLC, Greenlight Holding II Corporation and PE Greenlight Holdings, LLC, in its capacity as the Stockholder Representative.

8-K

001-37979

2.2

Aug. 24, 2018

8-K

001-37979

2.2

Aug. 24, 2018

2.3

Scheme Implementation Agreement, dated as of January 21, 2021, by and between Verra Mobility Corporation and Redflex Holdings Limited.

8-K

001-37979

2.1

January 21, 2021

3.1

Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Verra Mobility Corporation.

8-K

001-37979

3.1

Oct. 22, 2018

Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Verra Mobility Corporation.

8-K

001-37979

3.1

Oct. 22, 2018

3.2

Amended and Restated Bylaws of Verra Mobility Corporation.

8-K

001-37979

3.2

Oct. 22, 2018

Amended and Restated Bylaws of Verra Mobility Corporation.

8-K

001-37979

3.2

Oct. 22, 2018

4.1

Specimen Class A Common Stock Certificate.

S-1

333-21503

4.2

Dec. 9, 2016

Specimen Class A Common Stock Certificate.

S-1

333-21503

4.2

Dec. 9, 2016

4.2

Specimen Warrant Certificate.

S-1

333-21503

4.3

Dec. 9, 2016

Specimen Warrant Certificate.

S-1

333-21503

4.3

Dec. 9, 2016

4.3

Warrant Agreement, dated January 12, 2017, between the Registrant and Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, as warrant agent.

8-K

001-37979

4.1

Jan. 19, 2017

Warrant Agreement, dated January 12, 2017, between the Registrant and Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, as warrant agent.

8-K

001-37979

4.1

Jan. 19, 2017

4.4

First Amendment to Warrant Agreement, dated January 15, 2020, by and among the Registrant, Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company and American Stock Transfer & Trust Company.

10-K

001-37979

4.4

March 2, 2020

First Amendment to Warrant Agreement, dated January 15, 2020, by and among the Registrant, Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company and American Stock Transfer & Trust Company.

10-K

001-37979

4.4

March 2, 2020

4.5

Indenture governing VM Consolidated, Inc.’s 5.50% Senior Notes Due 2029, dated as of March 26, 2021.

8-K

001-37979

4.1

March 29, 2021

4.6

Form of 5.50% Senior Note Due 2029 (included in Exhibit 4.5).

8-K

001-37979

4.2

March 29, 2021

10.1

Amendment No. 2 to First Lien Term Loan Credit Agreement dated as of February 20, 2020, among Greenlight Acquisition Corporation, VM Consolidated, Inc. (formerly known as ATS Consolidated, Inc.), American Traffic Solutions, Inc., Lasercraft, Inc., the subsidiary guarantors party thereto, the lenders party thereto and Bank of America, N.A. as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent.

8-K

001-37979

10.1

February 25, 2020

Amendment and Restatement Agreement No. 1 to First Lien Term Loan Credit Agreement dated as of March 26, 2021, among Greenlight Acquisition Corporation, VM Consolidated, Inc., American Traffic Solutions, Inc., Lasercraft, Inc., the subsidiary guarantors party thereto, the lenders party thereto and Bank of America, N.A. as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent.

8-K

001-37979

10.1

March 29, 2021

31.1

Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a‑14(a) and 15d‑14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

31.2

Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a‑14(a) and 15d‑14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.1*

Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

10.2#

Verra Mobility Corporation Amended and Restated Short-Term Incentive Plan.

8-K

001-37979

10.1

Jan. 29, 2021

10.3#

Amended and Restated Executive Employment Agreement, dated as of March 25, 2021, by and between VM Consolidated, Inc. and David Roberts.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

Delaware		81-3563824
(State of		(I.R.S. Employer
Incorporation)		Identification No.)

1150 North Alma School Road		85201
Mesa, Arizona		(Zip Code)
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)

(Title of Each Class)		(Trading Symbol)		(Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered)
Class A Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share		VRRM		Nasdaq Capital Market


PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION		45
Item 1. Financial Statements.		45
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets		45
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income		56
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity		67
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows		78
Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements		910
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations		2528
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk		3238
Item 4. Controls and Procedures		3238
PART II—OTHER INFORMATION		3339
Item 1. Legal Proceedings		3339
Item 1A. Risk Factors		3339
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds		3440
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities		3440
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures		3440
Item 5. Other Information		3440
Item 6. Exhibits		3541
SIGNATURES		3743

($ in thousands)	Commercial Services (Driver-billed) ⁽¹⁾			Commercial Services (All other)			Government Solutions			Total
Balance at January 1, 2021	$	3,210		$	4,277		$	3,984		$	11,471
Credit loss expense		2,252			143			7			2,402
Write-offs, net of recoveries		(1,722	)		2			(21	)		(1,741	)
Balance at March 31, 2021	$	3,740		$	4,422		$	3,970		$	12,132

($ in thousands)	Commercial Services (Driver-billed) ⁽¹⁾			Commercial Services (All other)			Government Solutions			Total
Balance at January 1, 2020 ⁽²⁾	$	5,733		$	945		$	1,778		$	8,456
Credit loss expense		1,925			2,731			700			5,356
Write-offs, net of recoveries		(2,220	)		(311	)		(435	)		(2,966	)
Balance at March 31, 2020	$	5,438		$	3,365		$	2,043		$	10,846

($ in thousands)
Assets acquired
Cash	$	1,086
Other assets		5,047
Trademark		771
Customer relationships		5,946
Developed technology		4,624
Non-compete agreements		440
Goodwill		17,528
Total assets acquired		35,442

Liabilities assumed
Accounts payable and accrued expenses		6,045
Deferred tax liability		2,801
Total liabilities assumed		8,846
Total purchase price	$	26,596

Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

($ in thousands)	Commercial Services (Driver-billed) ⁽¹⁾			Commercial Services (All other)			Government Solutions			Total
Accounts Receivable, Net at January 1, 2020 ⁽²⁾	$	9,793		$	51,158		$	31,744		$	92,695

Allowance for credit loss at January 1, 2020 ⁽²⁾	$	5,733		$	945		$	1,778		$	8,456
Credit loss expense		1,925			2,731			700			5,356
Write-offs, net of recoveries		(2,220	)		(311	)		(435	)		(2,966	)
Allowance for credit loss at March 31, 2020	$	5,438		$	3,365		$	2,043		$	10,846

Accounts Receivable, Net at March 31, 2020	$	9,430		$	50,898		$	49,511		$	109,839

Consolidated first lien net leverage ratio (as defined by the ~~First Lien~~2021 Term Loan agreement)		Applicable prepayment percentage
> 3.70:1.00		50%
< 3.70:1.00 and > 3.20:1.00		25%
< 3.20:1.00		0%

Year		Percentage
2024		102.750%
2025		101.375%
2026 and thereafter		100.000%

	March 31, 2021			December 31, 2020
Stock price	$	13.54		$	13.42
Strike price	$	11.50		$	11.50
Volatility		49.0	%		44.0	%
Remaining life (in years)		2.6			2.8
Risk-free interest rate		0.26	%		0.16	%
Expected dividend yield		0.0	%		0.0	%
Estimated fair value	$	4.94		$	4.63

Common Stock Price thresholds	One-time issuance of shares
> $13.00 ^(a)		2,500,000
> $15.50 ^(a)		2,500,000
> $18.00		2,500,000
> $20.50		2,500,000


		Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit Number	Description	Form	File No.	Exhibit	Filing Date	Filed Herewith
10.4#	Amended and Restated Executive Employment Agreement, dated as of March 25, 2021, by and between VM Consolidated, Inc. and Patricia Chiodo.					X
10.5#	Amended and Restated Executive Employment Agreement, dated as of March 25, 2021, by and between VM Consolidated, Inc. and Rebecca Collins.					X
10.6#	Executive Employment Agreement, dated as of January 31, 2021, by and between VM Consolidated, Inc. and Steven Lalla.	10-K	001-37979	10.15	March 1, 2021
31.1	Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a‑14(a) and 15d‑14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.					X
31.2	Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a‑14(a) and 15d‑14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.					X
32.1*	Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.					X
32.2*	Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.					X
101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document (the instance does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document).					X
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.					X
101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.					X
101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.					X
101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.					X
101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.					X
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)					X
# Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement. * This certification is deemed not filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act.


	VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION

Date: May ~~11, 2020~~14, 2021	By:	/s/ David Roberts
		David Roberts
		President and Chief Executive Officer
		(Principal Executive Officer)