(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of ~~July 31, 2020,~~August 2, 2021, there were approximately ~~104,284,564~~103,483,148 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,						Three Months Ended June 30,					Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020			2019		��	2020			2019			2021		2020			2021			2020
	(in thousands, except per share data)												(in thousands, except per share data)
Revenue	$	1,013,399		$	1,166,827		$	2,176,754		$	2,285,833		$	1,282,611	$	1,013,399		$	2,491,356		$	2,176,754

Costs and operating expenses:
Direct costs (exclusive of depreciation and amortization)		805,892			917,529			1,729,906			1,804,331			992,581		805,892			1,937,831			1,729,906
Selling, general, and administrative expenses		104,976			110,879			222,946			223,996			144,669		108,344			281,983			233,891
Restructuring and other costs		8,171			11,882			16,891			26,295			3,966		8,171			11,194			16,891
Transaction and integration-related expenses		3,368			7,654			10,945			24,312
Depreciation		17,304			19,248			34,529			38,819			18,158		17,304			36,605			34,529
Amortization		38,717			41,501			77,599			83,130			39,553		38,717			79,044			77,599
Total operating expenses		978,428			1,108,693			2,092,816			2,200,883			1,198,927		978,428			2,346,657			2,092,816
Income from operations		34,971			58,134			83,938			84,950			83,684		34,971			144,699			83,938

Other (income) expense, net:
Total other expense, net:
Interest income		(122	)		(2,133	)		(458	)		(3,635	)		—		(122	)		(71	)		(458	)
Interest expense		21,684			34,263			48,142			68,893			22,619		21,684			45,947			48,142
Loss on extinguishment of debt		—			—			—			4,355			2,199		—			2,802			—
Other expense (income), net		5,761			(7,573	)		(13,169	)		1,348			7,827		5,761			(2,029	)		(13,169	)
Total other expense, net		27,323			24,557			34,515			70,961			32,645		27,323			46,649			34,515
Income before provision for income taxes		7,648			33,577			49,423			13,989			51,039		7,648			98,050			49,423
Income tax expense		3,737			22,285			11,938			32,701			9,134		3,737			17,421			11,938
Net income (loss)	$	3,911		$	11,292		$	37,485		$	(18,712	)
Net income													$	41,905	$	3,911		$	80,629		$	37,485

Earnings (loss) per share:
Earnings per share:
Basic	$	0.04		$	0.11		$	0.36		$	(0.18	)	$	0.40	$	0.04		$	0.77		$	0.36
Diluted	$	0.04		$	0.11		$	0.36		$	(0.18	)	$	0.40	$	0.04		$	0.77		$	0.36
Weighted average common shares outstanding:
Basic		104,198			103,699			104,232			103,532			103,937		104,198			104,105			104,232
Diluted		105,219			104,818			105,430			103,532			105,019		105,219			105,238			105,430

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

	June 30, 2020			December 31, 2019			June 30, 2021			December 31, 2020
	(in thousands, except par value)						(in thousands, except par value)
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	343,030		$	163,689		$	261,135		$	272,173
Accounts receivable and unbilled services, net		1,174,021			1,303,641			1,369,921			1,344,781
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		80,348			94,834			117,240			121,058
Total current assets		1,597,399			1,562,164			1,748,296			1,738,012
Property and equipment, net		197,074			203,926			203,988			216,200
Operating lease right-of-use assets		211,295			218,531			222,034			223,285
Goodwill		4,323,229			4,350,380			4,789,784			4,776,178
Intangible assets, net		913,375			973,081			831,072			933,525
Deferred income tax assets		34,312			37,012			37,614			35,059
Other long-term assets		130,447			108,701			186,886			141,047
Total assets	$	7,407,131		$	7,453,795		$	8,019,674		$	8,063,306

LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	92,488		$	136,686		$	107,772		$	113,684
Accrued expenses		532,356			568,911			625,623			611,042
Deferred revenue		657,980			696,907			802,256			793,068
Current portion of operating lease obligations		40,982			38,055			43,636			42,082
Current portion of finance lease obligations		15,728			17,777			17,061			17,455
Current portion of long-term debt		87,187			58,125
Total current liabilities		1,426,721			1,516,461			1,596,348			1,577,331
Long-term debt		2,653,363			2,550,395			2,863,620			2,902,054
Operating lease long-term obligations		207,588			218,343			217,341			221,760
Finance lease long-term obligations		27,969			36,914			25,881			31,522
Deferred income tax liabilities		9,510			11,101			13,739			20,216
Other long-term liabilities		82,296			90,927			64,131			68,311
Total liabilities		4,407,447			4,424,141			4,781,060			4,821,194

Commitments and contingencies (Note 15)
Commitments and contingencies (Note 16)

Shareholders' equity:
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value; 30,000 shares authorized, 0 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019		—			—
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 600,000 shares authorized, 104,236 and 103,866 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively		1,042			1,039
Shareholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value; 30,000 shares authorized, 0 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020								—			0
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 600,000 shares authorized, 103,473 and 103,935 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively								1,035			1,039
Additional paid-in capital		3,446,852			3,441,471			3,430,375			3,461,747
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of taxes		(129,372	)		(71,593	)		(25,641	)		(40,801	)
Accumulated deficit		(318,838	)		(341,263	)		(167,155	)		(179,873	)
Total shareholders' equity		2,999,684			3,029,654
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$	7,407,131		$	7,453,795
Total shareholders’ equity								3,238,614			3,242,112
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity							$	8,019,674		$	8,063,306

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

	Six Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020			2019			2021			2020
	(In thousands)						(in thousands)
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss)	$	37,485		$	(18,712	)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:
Net income							$	80,629		$	37,485
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		112,128			121,949			115,649			112,128
Share-based compensation		32,173			28,061			33,792			32,173
Provision for doubtful accounts		379			783
Provision for deferred income taxes		8,750			8,793
(Recovery from) provision for doubtful accounts								(473	)		379
(Benefit from) provision for deferred income taxes								(13,024	)		8,750
Foreign currency transaction gains		(12,541	)		(957	)		(3,563	)		(12,541	)
Fair value adjustment of contingent obligations		(3,943	)		(940	)		(597	)		(3,943	)
Loss on extinguishment of debt		—			4,355			2,802			—
Other non-cash items		1,501			1,147			5,007			1,501
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of effect of business combinations:
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of effect of acquisitions:
Accounts receivable, unbilled services, and deferred revenue		52,670			(89,535	)		(8,269	)		52,670
Accounts payable and accrued expenses		(64,757	)		32,005			30,117			(64,757	)
Other assets and liabilities		(8,680	)		(3,435	)		(26,275	)		(8,680	)
Net cash provided by operating activities		155,165			83,514			215,795			155,165
Cash flows from investing activities:
Payments related to acquisitions of businesses, net of cash acquired								(14,635	)		—
Proceeds from notes receivable from divestiture								5,000			—
Purchases of property and equipment		(30,078	)		(28,066	)		(22,337	)		(30,078	)
Investments in unconsolidated affiliates		(7,202	)		(3,000	)
Proceeds from (investments in) unconsolidated affiliates								692			(7,202	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(37,280	)		(31,066	)		(31,280	)		(37,280	)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt, net of discount		—			183,195			494,505			—
Payments of debt financing costs		—			(1,032	)		(544	)		—
Repayments of long-term debt		(19,375	)		(256,136	)		(602,277	)		(19,375	)
Proceeds from accounts receivable financing agreement		6,600			38,200			65,000			6,600
Repayments of accounts receivable financing agreement		(6,600	)		(22,400	)		—			(6,600	)
Proceeds from revolving line of credit		300,000			—			—			300,000
Repayments of revolving line of credit		(150,000	)		—			—			(150,000	)
Payments of contingent consideration related to business combinations		(26,634	)		(8	)
Payments of contingent consideration related to acquisitions								(6,196	)		(26,634	)
Payments of finance leases		(8,904	)		(4,677	)		(8,380	)		(8,904	)
Payments for repurchases of common stock		(32,029	)		(49,671	)		(117,521	)		(32,029	)
Proceeds from exercises of stock options		12,784			24,377			14,482			12,784
Payments related to tax withholdings for share-based compensation		(19,604	)		(11,763	)		(29,892	)		(19,604	)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		56,238			(99,915	)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities								(190,823	)		56,238
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash		5,218			(1,209	)		(4,730	)		5,218
Net change in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash		179,341			(48,676	)		(11,038	)		179,341
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash - beginning of period		163,689			155,932			272,173			163,689
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash - end of period	$	343,030		$	107,256		$	261,135		$	343,030

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,						Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020			2019			2020			2019			2021			2020			2021			2020
	(In thousands)												(in thousands)
Shareholders' equity, beginning balance	$	2,977,922		$	2,838,370		$	3,029,654		$	2,856,144
Shareholders’ equity, beginning balance													$	3,236,877		$	2,977,922		$	3,242,112		$	3,029,654
Impact from adoption of ASU 2016-13		—			—			(2,771	)		—			—			—			—			(2,771	)
Shareholders' equity, adjusted beginning balance		2,977,922			2,838,370			3,026,883			2,856,144
Shareholders’ equity, adjusted beginning balance														3,236,877			2,977,922			3,242,112			3,026,883

Common stock:
Beginning balance		1,042			1,038			1,039			1,034			1,042			1,042			1,039			1,039
Repurchases of common stock		—			(5	)		(6	)		(12	)		(9	)		—			(15	)		(6	)
Issuances of common stock		—			2			9			13			2			—			11			9
Ending balance		1,042			1,035			1,042			1,035			1,035			1,042			1,035			1,042

Additional paid-in capital:
Beginning balance		3,430,740			3,402,953			3,441,471			3,402,638			3,440,840			3,430,740			3,461,747			3,441,471
Repurchases of common stock		—			(16,735	)		(19,734	)		(38,867	)		(29,778	)		—			(49,595	)		(19,734	)
Issuances of common stock		(63	)		4,377			(7,058	)		12,557			2,874			(63	)		(15,569	)		(7,058	)
Share-based compensation		16,175			13,794			32,173			28,061			16,439			16,175			33,792			32,173
Ending balance		3,446,852			3,404,389			3,446,852			3,404,389			3,430,375			3,446,852			3,430,375			3,446,852

Accumulated other comprehensive loss:
Beginning balance		(131,111	)		(71,807	)		(71,593	)		(88,195	)		(39,174	)		(131,111	)		(40,801	)		(71,593	)
Unrealized loss on derivative instruments, net of taxes		(1,131	)		(8,962	)		(11,861	)		(13,178	)
Unrealized gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net of taxes														4,708			(1,131	)		10,645			(11,861	)
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of taxes		2,870			(11,919	)		(45,918	)		8,685			8,825			2,870			4,515			(45,918	)
Ending balance		(129,372	)		(92,688	)		(129,372	)		(92,688	)		(25,641	)		(129,372	)		(25,641	)		(129,372	)

Accumulated deficit:
Beginning balance		(322,749	)		(493,814	)		(341,263	)		(459,333	)		(165,831	)		(322,749	)		(179,873	)		(341,263	)
Impact from adoption of ASU 2016-13		—			—			(2,771	)		—			—			—			—			(2,771	)
Adjusted beginning balance		(322,749	)		(493,814	)		(344,034	)		(459,333	)		(165,831	)		(322,749	)		(179,873	)		(344,034	)
Repurchases of common stock		—			(6,315	)		(12,289	)		(10,792	)		(43,229	)		—			(67,911	)		(12,289	)
Net income (loss)		3,911			11,292			37,485			(18,712	)
Net income														41,905			3,911			80,629			37,485
Ending balance		(318,838	)		(488,837	)		(318,838	)		(488,837	)		(167,155	)		(318,838	)		(167,155	)		(318,838	)

Shareholders' equity, ending balance	$	2,999,684		$	2,823,899		$	2,999,684		$	2,823,899
Shareholders’ equity, ending balance													$	3,238,614		$	2,999,684		$	3,238,614		$	2,999,684

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

Syneos Health, Inc. (the “Company”) is a global provider of end-to-end biopharmaceutical outsourcing solutions. The Company operates under 2 reportable segments, Clinical Solutions and Commercial Solutions, and derives its revenue through a suite of services designed to enhance its customers’ ability to successfully develop, launch, and market their products. The Company offers its solutions on both a standalone and integrated basis with biopharmaceutical development and commercialization services ranging from Phase ~~I-IV~~I to IV clinical trial services to services associated with the commercialization of biopharmaceutical products. The Company’s customers include small, mid-sized, and large companies in the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and medical device industries.

The Company prepared the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information. The significant accounting policies followed by the Company for interim financial reporting are consistent with the accounting policies followed for annual financial reporting.

The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, in management’s opinion, include all adjustments of a normal recurring nature necessary for a fair presentation. The information included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2019,~~2020, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ~~(“SEC”)~~ on February ~~20, 2020.~~18, 2021. The results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2020~~2021 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year ending December 31, ~~2020~~2021 or any other future period. The unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet at December 31, ~~2019~~2020 is derived from the amounts in the audited consolidated balance sheet included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2019.~~2020.

Certain previously reported amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.

On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization designated the outbreak of the novel strain of coronavirus that causes the disease known as COVID-19 as a global pandemic. Governments and businesses around the world have taken unprecedented actions to mitigate the spread of COVID-19, including, but not limited to, shelter-in-place orders, quarantines, significant restrictions on travel, social distancing practices as well as restrictions that prohibit many employees from going to ~~work. The~~work in person. As a result, the Company experienced significant impacts to its business and results of operations from COVID-19 during 2020 and to a lesser extent for the ~~three and~~ six months ended June 30, ~~2020 due to COVID-19.~~2021. While certain governments ~~began to ease~~have eased restrictions, ~~during the latter part of the second quarter,~~ the pandemic continues to be disruptive to the Company’s business. Uncertainty with respect to the economic impacts of the pandemic has introduced significant volatility in the financial markets. The extent to which COVID-19 impacts the Company’s future results will depend on future developments. The pandemic and associated economic impacts ~~could~~are expected to continue to ~~significantly~~ impact the Company’s future financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

~~In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU No. 2016-13 ("ASU 2016-13"),~~ ~~Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326)~~ to modify the impairment model to utilize an expected loss methodology in place of the previous incurred loss methodology and require consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. The Company adopted ASU 2016-13 on January 1, 2020, and recorded the impact of the adoption through a cumulative-effect adjustment to accumulated deficit. Results for reporting periods beginning on January 1, 2020 are presented under ASU No. 2016-13, while prior period amounts continue to be reported and disclosed in accordance with the Company's historical accounting treatment. Adoption of the new standard resulted in the recording of additional allowance for doubtful accounts of approximately $2.8 million as of January 1, 2020.

~~In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-04 ("ASU 2020-04"),~~ ~~Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848)~~. ASU 2020-04 contains practical expedients related to reference rate reform activities that impact debt, leases, derivatives and other contracts. The guidance in ASU 2020-04 is optional and may be elected over time as reference rate reform activities occur. During the three months ended June 30, 2020, the Company elected to apply the hedge accounting expedients related to probability and the assessments of effectiveness for future LIBOR-indexed cash flows to assume that the index upon which future hedged transactions will be based matches the index on the corresponding derivatives. Application of these expedients preserves the presentation of derivatives consistent with the Company’s past presentation. The Company continues to evaluate the impact of the guidance and may apply other elections as applicable.

Certain of the Company’s subsidiaries participate in a notional cash pooling arrangement to manage global liquidity requirements. ~~The~~As part of a master netting arrangement, the participants combine their cash balances in pooling accounts at the same financial institution with the ability to offset bank overdrafts of one participant against positive cash account balances held by another participant. ~~The~~Under the terms of the master netting arrangement, the financial institution has the right, ability, and intent to offset a positive balance in one account against an overdrawn amount in another account. Amounts in each of the accounts are unencumbered and unrestricted with respect to use. As such, the net cash balance related to this pooling arrangement is included in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. ~~During~~

The Company’s net cash pool position consisted of the ~~three months ended June 30, 2020, the Company made a non-cash investment of $27.3 million to acquire certain intellectual property rights from a customer in lieu of cash payment for services rendered.~~following (in thousands):

Accounts receivable and unbilled services (including contract assets), net of allowance for doubtful accounts, consisted of the following (in thousands):

	June 30, 2020			December 31, 2019			June 30, 2021			December 31, 2020
Accounts receivable billed	$	659,556		$	787,652		$	768,681		$	774,605
Unbilled services (including contract assets)		522,414			521,370
Accounts receivable unbilled								234,402			211,285
Contract assets								374,157			366,506
Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts		(7,949	)		(5,381	)		(7,319	)		(7,615	)
Accounts receivable and unbilled services, net	$	1,174,021		$	1,303,641		$	1,369,921		$	1,344,781

Unbilled services is comprised of approximately equal parts of unbilled accounts receivables and contract assets. Unbilled accounts receivables arise when the right to bill is contingent solely on the passage of time (e.g., in the following month) and contract assets arise in instances where the right to bill is associated with a contingency (e.g., achievement of a milestone).

The Company has an accounts receivable factoring agreement to sell certain eligible unsecured trade accounts receivable, without recourse, to an unrelated third-party financial institution for cash. For the six months ended June 30, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019,~~2020, the Company factored ~~$77.6~~$68.7 million and ~~$113.7~~$77.6 million, respectively, of trade accounts receivable on a non-recourse basis and received ~~$77.3~~$68.6 million and ~~$112.8~~$77.3 million, respectively, in cash proceeds from the sale. The fees associated with these transactions were insignificant.

The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by segment for the six months ended June 30, ~~2020~~2021 were as follows (in thousands):

(a) Accumulated impairment losses of $8.1 million associated with the Clinical Solutions segment were recorded prior to 2016 and related to the former Phase I Services segment, now a component of the Clinical Solutions segment. NaN impairment of goodwill was recorded for the six months ended June 30, ~~2020.~~2021.

(b) Accumulated impairment losses of $8.0 million associated with the Commercial Solutions segment were recorded prior to 2015 and related to the former Global Consulting segment, now a component of the Commercial Solutions segment. NaN impairment of goodwill was recorded for the six months ended June 30, ~~2020.~~2021.

As(c) Amount represents goodwill recognized in connection with an insignificant acquisition during the second quarter of ~~June 30,~~2021 and measurement period adjustments to goodwill recognized in connection with the 2020 acquisitions of SHCR Holdings Corporation (“Synteract”) and Illingworth Research Group™ (“Illingworth Research”) within the ~~Company evaluated whether a triggering event had occurred because~~Clinical Solutions segment.

(d) Includes $44.2 million reallocation of goodwill from the Commercial Solutions segment to the Clinical Solutions segment to reflect the transfer of the ~~broad impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted the Company’s results of operations during the three~~Kinapse Regulatory and ~~six months ended June 30, 2020 and the Company expects the pandemic~~Operations Consulting service lines to ~~continue to negatively impact its full year 2020 results of operations. However, at this time, the Company does not believe there has been a significant change~~align with management reporting in the long-term fundamentals of its business. The Company has concluded a triggering event did not occur, and, as a result, no interim impairment testing was required. The Company will continue to evaluate the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on its business. Depending on the extent to which future developments negatively impact the Company's results of operations and financial outlook, an interim impairment test may be required in the future.2021.

~~Transaction and integration-related expenses consisted of the following (in thousands):~~

Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of taxes, consisted of the following (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,						Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020			2019			2020			2019			2021			2020			2021			2020
Beginning balance	$	(131,111	)	$	(71,807	)	$	(71,593	)	$	(88,195	)	$	(39,174	)	$	(131,111	)	$	(40,801	)	$	(71,593	)

Foreign currency translation:
Beginning balance		(105,545	)		(60,351	)		(56,757	)		(80,955	)		(26,350	)		(105,545	)		(22,040	)		(56,757	)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications		2,870			(11,919	)		(45,918	)		8,685			8,825			2,870			4,515			(45,918	)
Ending balance		(102,675	)		(72,270	)		(102,675	)		(72,270	)		(17,525	)		(102,675	)		(17,525	)		(102,675	)

Derivative instruments:
Beginning balance		(25,566	)		(11,456	)		(14,836	)		(7,240	)		(12,824	)		(25,566	)		(18,761	)		(14,836	)
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications		(5,461	)		(9,544	)		(17,971	)		(14,246	)
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications														(488	)		(5,461	)		284			(17,971	)
Reclassification adjustments		4,330			582			6,110			1,068			5,196			4,330			10,361			6,110
Ending balance		(26,697	)		(20,418	)		(26,697	)		(20,418	)		(8,116	)		(26,697	)		(8,116	)		(26,697	)

Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of taxes	$	(129,372	)	$	(92,688	)	$	(129,372	)	$	(92,688	)	$	(25,641	)	$	(129,372	)	$	(25,641	)	$	(129,372	)

Changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss consisted of the following (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,						Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020			2019			2020			2019			2021			2020			2021			2020
Foreign currency translation adjustments:
Foreign currency translation adjustment, before taxes													$	9,375		$	2,870		$	4,357		$	(45,918	)
Income tax expense (benefit)														550			—			(158	)		—
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of taxes	$	2,870		$	(11,919	)	$	(45,918	)	$	8,685			8,825			2,870			4,515			(45,918	)
Unrealized loss on derivative instruments:
Unrealized loss during period, before taxes		(6,876	)		(9,800	)		(26,659	)		(14,616	)
Income tax benefit		(1,415	)		(256	)		(8,688	)		(370	)
Unrealized loss during period, net of taxes		(5,461	)		(9,544	)		(17,971	)		(14,246	)
Unrealized gain (loss) on derivative instruments:
Unrealized (loss) gain during period, before taxes														(654	)		(6,876	)		380			(26,659	)
Income tax (benefit) expense														(166	)		(1,415	)		96			(8,688	)
Unrealized (loss) gain during period, net of taxes														(488	)		(5,461	)		284			(17,971	)
Reclassification adjustment, before taxes		5,797			601			8,211			1,106			6,958			5,797			13,874			8,211
Income tax expense		1,467			19			2,101			38			1,762			1,467			3,513			2,101
Reclassification adjustment, net of taxes		4,330			582			6,110			1,068			5,196			4,330			10,361			6,110
Total unrealized loss on derivative instruments, net of taxes		(1,131	)		(8,962	)		(11,861	)		(13,178	)
Total unrealized gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net of taxes														4,708			(1,131	)		10,645			(11,861	)
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes	$	1,739		$	(20,881	)	$	(57,779	)	$	(4,493	)	$	13,533		$	1,739		$	15,160		$	(57,779	)

	Three Months Ended June 30,					Six Months Ended June 30,						Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019			2020			2019			2021		2020		2021			2020
Net realized foreign currency loss (gain)	$	3,045	$	(7,275	)	$	(2,051	)	$	1,131		$	570	$	3,045	$	1,762		$	(2,051	)
Net unrealized foreign currency loss (gain)		2,478		(880	)		(12,541	)		(957	)		5,959		2,478		(3,563	)		(12,541	)
Other, net		238		582			1,423			1,174			1,298		238		(228	)		1,423
Total other expense (income), net	$	5,761	$	(7,573	)	$	(13,169	)	$	1,348		$	7,827	$	5,761	$	(2,029	)	$	(13,169	)

On December 9, 2020, the Company completed the acquisition of Synteract, effected through the purchase of 100% of the outstanding shares of Synteract for approximately $385.5 million in cash (net of approximately $28.0 million of cash acquired), which included payment of $1.0 million during the first quarter of 2021. Synteract is a contract research organization focused on the emerging biopharmaceutical industry, strengthening the Company’s position in the small to mid-sized category. The Company recognized $358.0 million of goodwill and $56.4 million of intangible assets, including acquired backlog and trade name, as a result of the acquisition. The purchase price has been allocated to the tangible assets and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based upon their fair values. The excess of the purchase price over the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed has been recorded as goodwill. Goodwill is attributable to the acquired workforce as well as future synergies and is not deductible for income tax purposes. The operating results from the acquisition of Synteract have been included in the Company’s Clinical Solutions segment from the date of acquisition.

On December 17, 2020, the Company completed the acquisition of Illingworth Research, a leading provider of clinical research home health services, adding new scale and capabilities to the Company’s clinical trial solutions. The total purchase consideration was $80.9 million (net of cash acquired of $1.1 million), which included payments of $9.0 million during the first quarter of 2021. The Company recognized $64.0 million of goodwill and $21.5 million of intangible assets, principally customer relationships, as a result of the acquisition. The purchase price has been allocated to the tangible assets and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based upon their fair values. The excess of the purchase price over the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed has been recorded as goodwill. Goodwill is attributable to the acquired workforce as well as future synergies and is not deductible for income tax purposes. The operating results from the acquisition of Illingworth Research have been included in the Company’s Clinical Solutions segment from the date of acquisition.

The Company’s assessment of fair value and the purchase price allocation related to these 2020 acquisitions is preliminary and further adjustments may be necessary as additional information related to the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed is assessed during the measurement period (up to one year from the respective acquisition dates).

Pro forma information for these acquisitions is not presented as the operations of the acquired businesses, individually and in the aggregate, are not significant to the overall operations of the Company.

During the second quarter of 2020, the Company sold its contingent staffing business to a related party in exchange for potential future cash consideration not to exceed $4.0 million. Based on the financial results of the business through May 31, 2021, the Company recognized $1.8 million of contingent consideration in other expense (income), net in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of income for the three months ended June 30, 2021. The cash had not been received as of June 30, 2021, and therefore was recorded as a receivable in prepaid expenses and other current assets in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet. Refer to “Note 15 – Related-Party Transactions” for further information.

During the fourth quarter of 2020, the Company sold its medication adherence business for consideration of $23.0 million, including cash consideration of $18.0 million, net of cash transferred, and convertible notes of $5.0 million. The Company received $5.0 million of cash proceeds from the notes receivable during the three months ended June 30, 2021. The Company is entitled to future cash consideration that is contingent on the financial performance of the sold business through 2021. The Company will recognize the contingent consideration in the consolidated statements of income in the period the contingency is resolved.

During the three months ended June 30, 2020, the Company made a non-cash investment of $27.3 million to acquire certain intellectual property rights from a customer in lieu of cash payment for services rendered. During the three months ended June 30, 2021, the Company exchanged the intellectual property for an equity method investment in an unconsolidated variable interest entity. The Company will also provide the entity $3.9 million in cash, in the form of a loan, during the third quarter of 2021. Based on the hypothetical liquidation book value of its investment as of June 30, 2021, the Company recorded a $2.8 million loss to other expense (income), net in the accompanying condensed statements of income for the three months ended June 30, 2021. As of June 30, 2021, the book value of the Company’s investment was $24.5 million and was included in other long-term assets in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet, with a maximum exposure to loss of approximately $28.4 million, which includes anticipated funding of the loan.

	June 30, 2020			December 31, 2019			June 30, 2021			December 31, 2020
Term Loan A due March 2024	$	1,530,625		$	1,550,000
Secured Debt
Term Loan A - tranche one due March 2024							$	173,852		$	183,715
Term Loan A - tranche two due August 2024								1,737,141			1,273,991
Term Loan B due August 2024		795,564			795,564			—			560,564
Revolving credit facility due March 2024		150,000			—
Accounts receivable financing agreement due September 2021		275,000			275,000
Accounts receivable financing agreement due October 2022								365,000			300,000
Total secured debt								2,275,993			2,318,270
Unsecured Debt
Senior Unsecured Notes due January 2029 (the “Notes”)								600,000			600,000
Total debt obligations		2,751,189			2,620,564			2,875,993			2,918,270
Less: Term loan original issuance discount		(4,312	)		(4,928	)		(3,091	)		(3,500	)
Less: Unamortized deferred issuance costs		(6,327	)		(7,116	)		(9,282	)		(12,716	)
Less: Current portion of debt		(87,187	)		(58,125	)
Total debt obligations, non-current portion	$	2,653,363		$	2,550,395		$	2,863,620		$	2,902,054

The Company is party to a credit agreement (as amended, the ~~"Credit Agreement"~~“Credit Agreement”) that ~~includes~~included a $1.55 billion Term Loan A facility (“Term Loan A”) that has two tranches, tranche one that matures on March 26, 2024 ~~("Term Loan A”)~~and tranche two that matures on August 1, 2024, a $1.60 billion Term Loan B facility (“Term Loan B”) that was paid in full during the second quarter of 2021, and a $600.0 million revolving credit facility that matures on August 1, 2024 (“(the “Revolver”).

In February 2021, as a result of the Company’s First Lien Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement) being less than or equal to 2.5x, the Adjusted Eurocurrency Rate Spread (as defined in the Credit Agreement) on Term Loan B”A and the Revolver decreased from 1.50% to 1.25%.

On June 30, 2021 (the “Closing Date”), the Company entered into Amendment No. 5 (the “Fifth Amendment”) to the Credit Agreement. The Fifth Amendment modified the Credit Agreement to increase Term Loan A in an aggregate principal amount of $495.0 million (“Incremental Term Loan A”). Incremental Term Loan A was funded on the Closing Date, and the proceeds were used, along with cash on hand, to repay the outstanding Term Loan B in full under the Credit Agreement and to pay fees and expenses in connection with the Fifth Amendment and the incurrence of Incremental Term Loan A. Incremental Term Loan A has the same terms as Term Loan A under the Credit Agreement, and is subject to the same covenants. The Company recorded an additional discount of $0.5 million against the Term Loan A borrowings in connection with the Fifth Amendment, which is being amortized as a ~~$600.00 million revolving credit facility (the “Revolver”) that matures on March 26, 2024.~~component of interest expense using the effective interest method over the term of Term Loan A.

During the six months ended June 30, ~~2020,~~2021, the Company made ~~$19.4~~$41.8 million and $560.5 million of ~~mandatory principal payments towards Term Loan A. During the six months ended June 30, 2020, the Company did not make any~~ voluntary prepayments against Term Loan B.A and Term Loan B, respectively, which were applied to future principal payments. As a result of these and previous voluntary prepayments, the Company is not required to make a mandatory payment against the principal balance of Term Loan A until October 2022 and Term Loan B ~~principal balance until maturity~~has been paid in ~~August 2024.~~full. In connection with these prepayments, the Company recorded a $2.2 million and $2.8 million loss on extinguishment of debt during the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively.

The Revolver includes letters of credit ~~("LOCs"~~(“LOCs”) with a sublimit of $150.0 million. As of June 30, ~~2020,~~2021, there were ~~$150.0 million of~~0 outstanding Revolver borrowings and ~~$18.9~~$16.7 million of LOCs outstanding, leaving ~~$431.1~~$583.3 million of available borrowings under the ~~Revolver. During July 2020, the Company repaid the remaining $150.0~~Revolver, including $133.3 million ~~balance on the Revolver.~~available for LOCs.

The lease ~~agreement~~ for the Company’s corporate headquarters in Morrisville, North Carolina includes a provision that may require the Company to issue ~~LOCs~~a LOC in certain amounts to the landlord based on the debt rating of the Company issued by Moody’s Investors Service (or other nationally-recognized debt rating ~~agency)~~agency, such as S&P Global Ratings). As of June 30, ~~2020 (and through the date of this filing),~~2021, the Company’s debt rating was such that no ~~LOCs were~~LOC is currently required. Any ~~required LOCs~~LOC issued in accordance with the aforementioned requirements could be issued under the Company’s Revolver, and, if issued under the Revolver, would reduce its available borrowing capacity by the same amount accordingly.

The Company has an accounts receivable financing agreement (as(as amended) with a termination date of ~~September 30, 2021,~~October 3, 2022, unless terminated earlier pursuant to its terms. ~~Under~~On January 28, 2021, the Company amended this agreement to increase the amount it can borrow from $300.0 million to $365.0 million, and drew down the additional $65.0 million to partially fund the Term Loan A and Term Loan B voluntary prepayments. Accordingly, there was no incremental impact on the Company’s total debt.

Under the accounts receivable financing agreement, certain of the Company’s consolidated subsidiaries sell accounts receivable and unbilled services (including contract assets) balances to a wholly-owned, bankruptcy-remote special purpose ~~entity (“SPE”).~~entity. The Company has guaranteed the performance of the obligations of existing and future subsidiaries that sell and service the accounts receivable under this agreement. The available borrowing capacity varies monthly according to the levels of the Company’s eligible accounts receivable and unbilled services (including contract assets). Loans under this agreement will accrue interest at a reserve-adjusted LIBOR rate or a base rate equal to the higher of the applicable lender’s prime rate and the federal funds rate plus 0.50%. ~~The Company may prepay loans upon one business day prior notice and may terminate or reduce the facility limit of the accounts receivable financing agreement with 15 days’ prior notice.~~

As of June 30, ~~2020,~~2021, the Company had ~~$275.0~~$365.0 million of outstanding borrowings under ~~the accounts receivable financing~~this agreement, which are recorded in long-term debt on the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet. There was 0 remaining borrowing capacity available under this agreement as of June 30, ~~2020.~~2021.

As of June 30, ~~2020,~~2021, the contractual maturities of the Company’s debt obligations (excluding finance leases) were as follows (in thousands):

	Principal			Interest (a)		Principal
2020	$	38,750		$	24,589
2021		381,563			46,435
Remainder of 2021						$	—
2022		145,312			42,011		385,856
2023		155,000			39,380		125,875
2024		2,030,564			13,108		1,764,262
2025							—
2026 and thereafter							600,000
Less: Deferred issuance costs		(6,327	)				(9,282	)
Less: Term loan original issuance discount		(4,312	)				(3,091	)
Total	$	2,740,550		$	165,523	$	2,863,620

~~(a) The interest payments on long-term debt in the above table are based on interest rates in effect as~~14

The Company has entered into various interest rate swaps to mitigate its exposure to changes in interest rates on its term loans.

In May 2016, the Company entered into interest rate swaps that had an initial notional value of $300.0 million and became effective on June 30, 2016. A portion of the interest rate swaps expired on June 30, 2018, and the remainder expired on May 14, 2020.

In June 2018, the Company entered into an interest rate swap with multiple counterparties that had an initial aggregate notional value of $1.01 billion, an effective date of December 31, 2018, and ~~will expire~~expired on June 30, 2021. ~~As of June 30, 2020, the notional value of this interest rate swap was $928.7 million.~~

In March 2020, the Company entered into interest rate swaps with multiple counterparties. The interest rate swaps had an initial aggregate notional value of $549.2 million ~~increasing~~that increased to $1.42 billion inon June 30, 2021, an effective date of March 31, 2020, and will expire on March 31, 2023. As of June 30, ~~2020,~~2021, the notional value of these interest rate swaps was ~~$604.1~~$1.42 billion.

On October 30, 2020, the Company entered into a foreign exchange forward in order to minimize monthly foreign currency remeasurement gains or losses on non-functional currency monetary balances. The foreign exchange forward notional value may be adjusted each month as the exposure balance changes. The Company did not designate the derivative as a hedge. All changes in the fair value of the foreign exchange forward are recorded in earnings every month to other expense (income), net in the accompanying consolidated statements of income. The Company recognized $0.4 million and $1.5 million of realized gains during the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively, related to this foreign exchange forward. As of June 30, 2021, the notional value of this foreign exchange forward was $65.0 million.

The fair values of the Company’s derivative financial instruments and the line items on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets to which they were recorded were as follows (in thousands):

		Balance Sheet Classification	June 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
Interest rate swaps - current		Prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	—	$	155
Fair value of derivative assets			$	—	$	155
								Balance Sheet Classification	June 30, 2021		December 31, 2020
Interest rate swaps - current		Accrued expenses	$	27,593	$	11,358		Accrued expenses	$	6,212	$	17,045
Interest rate swaps - non-current		Other long-term liabilities		8,154		6,095		Other long-term liabilities		2,151		5,572
Fair value of derivative liabilities	Fair value of derivative liabilities		$	35,747	$	17,453	Fair value of derivative liabilities		$	8,363	$	22,617

As of June 30, ~~2020~~2021 and December 31, ~~2019,~~2020, the Company’s financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value included cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, trading securities, accounts receivable, unbilled services (including contract assets), accounts payable, accrued expenses, deferred revenue, contingent obligations, liabilities under the accounts receivable financing agreement, and derivative instruments.

The fair values of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, unbilled services (including contract assets), accounts payable, accrued expenses, deferred revenue, and the liabilities under the accounts receivable financing agreement approximate their respective carrying amounts because of the liquidity and short-term nature of these financial instruments.

As of June 30, 2021, the fair values of the major classes of the Company’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows (in thousands):

As of December 31, 2020, the fair values of the major classes of the Company’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows (in thousands):

	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Investments Measured at Net Asset Value		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Investments Measured at Net Asset Value		Total
Assets:
Trading securities (a)	$	19,872	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	19,872	$	22,950	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	22,950
Partnership interest (b)		—		—		—		7,678		7,678		—		—		—		8,665		8,665
Total assets	$	19,872	$	—	$	—	$	7,678	$	27,550	$	22,950	$	—	$	—	$	8,665	$	31,615

Liabilities:
Derivative instruments (c)	$	—	$	35,747	$	—	$	—	$	35,747	$	—	$	22,617	$	—	$	—	$	22,617
Contingent obligations related to business combinations (d)		—		—		6,490		—		6,490
Contingent obligations related to acquisitions (d)												—		—		6,793		—		6,793
Total liabilities	$	—	$	35,747	$	6,490	$	—	$	42,237	$	—	$	22,617	$	6,793	$	—	$	29,410

~~As of December 31, 2019, the fair values of the major classes of the Company’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows (in thousands):~~

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

Investments
Measured
at Net
Asset Value

Total

Assets:

Trading securities (a)

$
21,552

$
—

$
—

$
—

$
21,552

Partnership interest (b)

—

—

—

7,226

7,226

Derivative instruments (c)

—

155

—

—

155

Total assets

$
21,552

$
155

$
—

$
7,226

$
28,933

Liabilities:

Derivative instruments (c)

$
—

$
17,453

$
—

$
—

$
17,453

Contingent obligations related to business combinations (d)

—

—

37,324

—

37,324

Total liabilities

$
—

$
17,453

$
37,324

$
—

$
54,777

(a) Represents the fair value of investments in mutual funds based on quoted market prices that are used to fund the liability associated with the ~~Company's~~Company’s deferred compensation plan.

(b) The Company has committed to invest $21.5 million as a limited partner in 2 private equity funds. The private equity funds invest in opportunities in the healthcare and life sciences industry. As of June 30, ~~2020,~~2021, the Company’s remaining unfunded commitment in the private equity funds was ~~$14.2~~$14.1 million. The Company holds minor ownership interests (less than 3%) in each of the private equity funds and has determined that it does not exercise significant influence over the private equity ~~funds'~~funds’ operating and finance activities. As the private equity funds do not have readily determinable fair values, the Company has estimated the fair values using each fund’s Net Asset Value, the amount by which the value of all assets exceeds all debt and liabilities, in accordance with ASC Topic 946, Financial Services – Investment Companies.

(c) Represents the fair value of interest rate swap arrangements (see ~~"Note 4 - Derivatives"~~“Note 5 – Derivatives” for further information).

(d) Represents the fair value of contingent consideration obligations related to ~~business combinations.~~acquisitions. The fair values of these liabilities are determined based on the Company’s best estimate of the probable timing and amount of settlement.

The following table presents a reconciliation of changes in the carrying amount of contingent obligations classified as Level 3 for the six months ended June 30, ~~2020~~2021 (in thousands):

Balance as of December 31, 2019	$	37,324
Balance as of December 31, 2020				$	6,793
Additions(a)		—			1,008
Changes in fair value recognized in earnings		(4,200	)		(610	)
Payments(b)		(26,634	)		(6,196	)
Balance as of June 30, 2020	$	6,490
Balance as of June 30, 2021				$	995

(a) Represents obligations in connection with the insignificant acquisition made during the second quarter of 2021.

(b) The Company made payments during the first quarter of 2021 to fully settle the contingent tax-sharing obligation arising from inVentiv Health, Inc.’s 2016 merger with Double Eagle Parent, Inc. (see “Note 16 – Commitments and Contingencies” for further information).

During the six months ended June 30, ~~2020,~~2021, there were 0 transfers of assets or liabilities between Level 1, Level 2, or Level 3 fair value measurements.

Certain assets, including goodwill and identifiable intangible assets, are carried on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets at cost and, subsequent to initial recognition, are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis when certain identified events or changes in circumstances that may have a significant adverse effect on the carrying values of these assets occur. These assets are classified as Level 3 fair value measurements within the fair value hierarchy. Goodwill is tested for impairment annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate a triggering event has occurred. Intangible assets are tested for impairment upon the occurrence of certain triggering events. As of June 30, ~~2020~~2021 and December 31, ~~2019,~~2020, assets carried on the condensed consolidated balance sheets and not remeasured to fair value on a recurring basis totaled ~~$5.24~~$5.65 billion and ~~$5.32~~$5.71 billion, respectively.

The estimated fair values of the ~~outstanding~~ term loans and the Notes are determined based on ~~quoted market prices.~~the price that the Company would have had to pay to settle the liabilities. As these liabilities are not actively traded, they are classified as Level 2 fair value measurements. The estimated fair values of the Company’s ~~outstanding~~ term loans and the Notes were as follows (in thousands):

	June 30, 2020				December 31, 2019				June 30, 2021				December 31, 2020
	Carrying Value (a)		Estimated Fair Value		Carrying Value (a)		Estimated Fair Value		Carrying Value (a)		Estimated Fair Value		Carrying Value (a)		Estimated Fair Value
Term Loan A due March 2024	$	1,526,897	$	1,484,706	$	1,545,721	$	1,550,000
Term Loan A - tranche one due March 2024									$	173,571	$	173,635	$	183,320	$	183,026
Term Loan A - tranche two due August 2024										1,734,331		1,741,484		1,271,255		1,269,213
Term Loan B due August 2024		794,981		771,697		794,915		795,564		—		—		560,194		560,144
Senior Unsecured Notes due January 2029										600,000		598,500		600,000		602,412

(a) The carrying value of the term loan debt is shown net of original issue ~~debt~~ discounts.

During 2017, in connection with the merger (the "Merger") with Double Eagle Parent, Inc. ("inVentiv"), the parent company of inVentiv Health, Inc., the Company established a restructuring plan to eliminate redundant positions and reduce its facility footprint worldwide. The Company expects to continue the ongoing evaluations of its workforce and facilities infrastructure needs in an effort to optimize its resources. During the six months ended June 30, 2020, the Company recognized approximately $1.0 million of employee severance and benefits related costs and $0.8 million of facility closure and lease termination costs. The Company expects to continue to incur costs related to restructuring of its operations in order to achieve targeted synergies. However, the timing and the amount of these costs depend on various factors, including, but not limited to, identifying and realizing synergy opportunities and executing the integration of its combined operations.

During the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2020,~~2021, the Company ~~recognized approximately $14.3 million of costs related to~~incurred employee severance and ~~benefits, $0.3 million of~~benefit costs, facility ~~closure~~ and lease termination costs, and ~~$0.5 million of~~ other costs ~~in its continued efforts~~related to ~~optimize its resources worldwide.~~the Company’s restructuring activities. These costs were primarily related to the Company’s ForwardBound margin enhancement initiative. The costs incurred during the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 were primarily related to the Company’s cost management strategies in response to the COVID-19 pandemic as well as the Company’s ForwardBound initiative.

The Company expects to continue to incur costs related to restructuring of its operations in order to achieve cost savings and the targeted synergies related to its acquisitions. However, the timing and the amount of these costs depends on various factors, including, but not limited to, identifying and realizing synergy opportunities and executing the integration of its combined operations. The Company may also continue to incur additional restructuring and other costs during and beyond 2021 related to its ForwardBound margin enhancement initiative.

The following table summarizes activity related to the liabilities associated with restructuring and other costs ~~during the six months ended June 30, 2020~~ (in thousands):

(a) The amount of expenses incurred for the six months ended June 30, ~~2020~~2021 excludes ~~$1.1~~$2.8 million of facility lease closure and lease termination costs that are reflected as a reduction of operating lease right-of-use assets on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet under ASC 842.

The Company expects the employee severance costs accrued as of June 30, ~~2020~~2021 will be paid within the next twelve months. ~~Certain facility costs will be paid over the remaining lease terms of the exited facilities that range from 2020 through 2027.~~ Liabilities associated with ~~these~~restructuring and other costs are included in accrued expenses and other long-term liabilities on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.

	Three Months Ended June 30,					Six Months Ended June 30,						Three Months Ended June 30,					Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019			2020			2019			2021			2020		2021			2020
Common stock shares, beginning balance		104,161		103,753			103,866			103,372			104,226			104,161		103,935			103,866
Repurchases of common stock		—		(509	)		(600	)		(1,182	)		(900	)		—		(1,500	)		(600	)
Issuances of common stock		75		216			970			1,270			147			75		1,038			970
Common stock shares, ending balance		104,236		103,460			104,236			103,460			103,473			104,236		103,473			104,236

On ~~February 26, 2018,~~November 17, 2020, the Company’s Board of Directors (the ~~"Board"~~“Board”) authorized the repurchase of up to an aggregate of ~~$250.0~~$300.0 million of the Company’s Class A common stock, par value $0.01 per share, to be executed from time to time in open market transactions effected through a broker at prevailing market prices, in block trades, or through privately negotiated transactions (the "stock repurchase program”). On December 5, 2019, the Board increased the dollar amount authorized under the stock repurchase program to up to an aggregate of $300.0 million and extended the term of the stock repurchase program tothrough December 31, ~~2020.~~2022 (the “Stock Repurchase Program”). The ~~Company intends to use cash~~Stock Repurchase Program took effect on ~~hand and future operating cash flow to fund the stock repurchase program.~~ January 1, 2021.

The ~~stock repurchase program~~Stock Repurchase Program does not obligate the Company to repurchase any particular amount of the Company’s common stock, and may be modified, extended, suspended, or discontinued at any time. The timing and amount of repurchases will be determined by the Company’s management based on a variety of factors such as the market price of the Company’s common stock, the Company’s corporate cash requirements, ~~for cash,~~ and overall market conditions. The ~~stock repurchase program~~Stock Repurchase Program is subject to applicable legal requirements, including federal and state securities laws and applicable Nasdaq rules. The Company may also repurchase shares of its common stock pursuant to a trading plan meeting the

requirements of Rule 10b5-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, which would permit shares of the Company’s common stock to be repurchased when the Company might otherwise be precluded from doing so by law.

During the six months ended June 30, 2021, the Company repurchased 1,500,000 shares of its common stock in private transactions under the Stock Repurchase Program, for a total purchase price of approximately $117.5 million.

The following table sets forth repurchase activity under the ~~stock repurchase program~~Stock Repurchase Program from inception through June 30, ~~2020:~~

The Company immediately retired all of the repurchased common stock and charged the par value of the shares to common stock. The excess of the repurchase price over the par value was applied on a pro rata basis against additional paid-in capital, with the remainder applied to accumulated deficit.

As of June 30, ~~2020,~~2021, the Company had remaining authorization to repurchase up to approximately ~~$136.3~~$182.5 million of shares of its common stock under the ~~stock repurchase program.~~Stock Repurchase Program.

The following table provides a reconciliation of the numerators and denominators of the basic and diluted earnings ~~(loss)~~ per share computations (in thousands, except per share data):

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,					Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019			2021		2020		2021		2020
Numerator:
Net income (loss)	$	3,911	$	11,292	$	37,485	$	(18,712	)
Net income										$	41,905	$	3,911	$	80,629	$	37,485
Denominator:
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding		104,198		103,699		104,232		103,532			103,937		104,198		104,105		104,232
Effect of dilutive securities:
Stock options and other awards under deferred share-based compensation programs		1,021		1,119		1,198		—			1,082		1,021		1,133		1,198
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding		105,219		104,818		105,430		103,532			105,019		105,219		105,238		105,430
Earnings (loss) per share:
Earnings per share:
Basic	$	0.04	$	0.11	$	0.36	$	(0.18	)	$	0.40	$	0.04	$	0.77	$	0.36
Diluted	$	0.04	$	0.11	$	0.36	$	(0.18	)	$	0.40	$	0.04	$	0.77	$	0.36

Potential common shares outstanding that are considered anti-dilutive are excluded from the computation of diluted earnings ~~(loss)~~ per share. Potential common shares related to stock options and other awards under share-based compensation programs may be determined to be anti-dilutive based on the application of the treasury stock method. Potential common shares are also considered anti-dilutive in periods when the Company incurs a net loss.

The number of potential shares outstanding that were anti-dilutive and therefore excluded from the computation of diluted earnings ~~(loss)~~ per share, weighted for the portion of the period they were outstanding, were ~~as follows (in thousands):~~143,958, 1,051,560, 155,062, and 981,239 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, the Company recorded income tax expense of $9.1 million and $17.4 million, respectively, compared to pre-tax income of $51.0 million and $98.1 million, respectively. Income tax expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 included discrete tax benefits of $2.2 million and $5.8 million, respectively, primarily related to excess tax benefits from share-based compensation. The effective tax rates for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, excluding discrete items, varied from the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate of 21.0% primarily due to foreign tax credits, foreign income inclusions such as the Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (“GILTI”) provisions, and state and local taxes on U.S. income.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, the Company recorded income tax expense of $3.7 million and $11.9 million, respectively, compared to pre-tax income of $7.6 million and $49.4 million, respectively. Income tax expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 included a discrete tax expense of $1.6 million and a discrete tax benefit of $5.5 million, respectively, primarily related to excess tax benefits from share-based compensation and the ~~tax~~ benefit from foreign tax credits claimed on amended returns filed during the ~~year~~.year. The effective tax ~~rate~~rates for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, excluding discrete items, varied from the ~~United States~~ U.S. federal statutory income tax rate of 21.0% primarily due to foreign income inclusions such as the ~~Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income~~GILTI provisions ~~("GILTI")~~, state and local taxes on ~~United States~~U.S. income, and research and general business ~~credits.~~

creditsFor the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, the Company recorded income tax expense of $22.3 million and $32.7 million, respectively, compared to pre-tax income of $33.6 million and $14.0 million, respectively. Income tax expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 included discrete tax expense in both periods of $10.4 million, primarily related to a reduction in deferred tax assets associated with the closing of a Canadian business unit and prior year adjustments. The effective tax rate for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, excluding discrete items, varied from the United States federal statutory income tax rate of 21.0% primarily due to base erosion and anti-abuse minimum tax ("BEAT"), foreign income inclusions such as GILTI, and a valuation allowance change on domestic deferred tax assets..

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 introduced a tax on United States corporations that derive tax benefits from deductible payments to non-United States affiliates called BEAT. BEAT applies when base eroding payments are in excess of three percent of the Company’s total deductible payments and also where BEAT exceeds regular United States taxable income, similar to an alternate minimum tax. Changes to the Company’s contractual arrangements, operating structure, and/or final regulations that modify the application of this provision could have a significant impact on the Company’s tax provision.

The Company does not anticipate its base eroding payments to exceed the three percent threshold of its deductible payments in 2020; therefore, the Company has not recorded any associated BEAT liability for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020.

The ~~Company's~~Company’s gross unrecognized tax benefits, exclusive of associated interest and penalties, were ~~$23.7~~$9.6 million and ~~$23.2~~$9.0 million as of June 30, ~~2020~~2021 and December 31, ~~2019,~~2020, respectively. The increase of ~~$0.5~~$0.6 million was primarily due to an unrecognized tax ~~benefit~~benefits in foreign jurisdictions. The Company believes it is reasonably possible that its unrecognized tax benefits may decrease by approximately $0.6 million within the ~~United States, partially offset by recognized benefits~~next 12 months as a result of ~~statute expirations~~lapses in a foreign jurisdiction. Management believes that it is reasonably possible the amount of unrecognized income tax benefits may decrease during the next 12 months by approximately $15.5 million related to the expiration of statutes of limitations.

~~During the first quarter of 2019, the~~The Company ~~was notified by the Internal Revenue Service that the legacy inVentiv~~is not currently under any U.S. federal income tax return was under audit for the tax year beginning November 10, 2016 and ending December 31, 2016. The examination commenced on May 8, 2019 and was closed during the second quarter of 2020 with no significant adjustments. Additionally,audits, however, income tax returns are ~~currently~~ under examination by tax authorities in several state and foreign jurisdictions. ~~Management regularly assesses~~The Company’s federal and state tax filings are open to investigations in numerous years due to net operating loss carryforwards. Additionally, the ~~potential outcomes of both~~Company currently has an ongoing examination for tax years 2017 and ~~potential future examinations and has concluded that the provisions for income taxes adequately reflects their impact.~~

~~The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act ("CARES Act") was enacted on March 27, 2020~~2018 in the United ~~States to address~~Kingdom. The United Kingdom is the ~~economic impacts of~~jurisdiction with the ~~COVID-19 pandemic. The CARES Act includes corporate income tax, payroll tax, and other provisions.~~Company’s largest foreign operations. The Company ~~does not expect there~~believes that its reserve for uncertain tax positions is adequate to ~~be a significant impact~~cover existing risks or exposures related to ~~its income~~all open tax ~~provision as a result of the CARES Act~~years and other global measures for the year ending December 31, 2020. The Company qualifies for certain employer payroll tax credits, which will be treated as government subsidies to offset related operating expenses, as well as the deferral of payroll and other tax payments into the future. The Company has deferred, and plans to continue deferring, the timing of income tax payments and other taxes as permitted by the CARES Act and other stimulus measures enacted globally.jurisdictions.

As of June 30, ~~2020,~~2021, the total aggregate transaction price allocated to the unsatisfied performance obligations under contracts with contract terms greater than one year and that are not accounted for as a series pursuant to ~~ASU No. 2014-09,~~ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ~~(“ASC 606”)~~and all the related amendments was ~~$5.27~~$7.15 billion. This amount includes revenue associated with reimbursable out-of-pocket expenses. The Company expects to recognize revenue over the remaining contract term of the individual projects, with contract terms generally ranging from one to five years. The amount of unsatisfied performance obligations is presented net of any constraints and, as a result, is lower than the potential contractual revenue. The contracts excluded due to constraints include contracts that do not commence within a certain period of time or that require the Company to undertake numerous activities to fulfill these performance obligations, including various activities that are outside of the Company’s control. ~~Accordingly, such contracts have been excluded from the unsatisfied performance obligations balance presented above.~~

During the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2020,~~2021, the Company recognized approximately ~~$301.5~~$393.6 million and ~~$431.4~~$526.3 million, respectively, of revenue that was included in the deferred revenue balance at the beginning of the periods. During the three ~~months ended June 30, 2020, there was an approximate $4.9 million reduction in revenue recognized related to performance obligations partially satisfied in previous periods. During the~~and six months ended June 30, ~~2020,~~2021, approximately ~~$5.2~~$5.8 million and $32.6 million, respectively, of the Company’s revenue recognized was allocated to performance obligations partially satisfied in previous ~~periods. The revenue from performance obligations partially satisfied in previous~~ periods, ~~predominately related to~~ substantially all of which was associated with changes in scope ~~and estimates in~~or price for full service clinical studies. ~~Changes~~The gross and net amounts of revenue recognized solely from changes in ~~unbilled services (including contract assets) and deferred revenue balances during the three and six months ended June 30, 2020~~estimates were not ~~significantly impacted by any other factors.~~material.

The Company is managed through 2 reportable segments: Clinical Solutions and Commercial Solutions. Each reportable segment consists of multiple service offerings that, when combined, create a fully integrated biopharmaceutical services organization. Clinical Solutions offers a variety of services spanning ~~Phase I-IV~~Phases I to IV of clinical development, including ~~full-service~~full service global studies, as well as individual service offerings such as clinical monitoring, investigator recruitment, patient recruitment, data management, and study ~~startup~~start-up to assist customers with their drug development process. Commercial Solutions provides the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and healthcare industries with commercialization services, including deployment solutions, communication solutions ~~(public~~(public relations, advertising, and ~~advertising)~~medical communications), and consulting services.

The Company’s Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) reviews segment performance and allocates resources based upon segment revenue and income from operations. Inter-segment revenue is eliminated from the segment reporting presented to the CODM and is not included in the segment revenue presented in the table below. Certain costs are not allocated to the Company’s reportable segments and are reported as general corporate expenses. These costs primarily consist of share-based compensation, ~~and~~ general operating expenses associated with the Board and the Company’s senior leadership, finance, investor relations, and internal audit ~~functions.~~functions, and transaction and integration-related expenses. The Company does not allocate depreciation, amortization, asset impairment charges, or restructuring and other costs ~~or transaction and integration-related expenses~~ to its segments. Prior period segment results have been recast to reflect the transfer of the Kinapse Regulatory and Operations Consulting service lines from Commercial Solutions to Clinical Solutions to align with management reporting in 2021. Additionally, the CODM reviews the Company’s assets on a consolidated basis and does not allocate assets to its reportable segments for purposes of assessing segment performance or allocating resources.

Information about reportable segment operating results was as follows (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,				Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019		2021		2020		2021		2020
Revenue:
Clinical Solutions	$	747,179	$	849,922	$	1,622,005	$	1,654,880	$	991,142	$	755,822	$	1,929,096	$	1,638,323
Commercial Solutions		266,220		316,905		554,749		630,953		291,469		257,577		562,260		538,431
Total revenue		1,013,399		1,166,827		2,176,754		2,285,833		1,282,611		1,013,399		2,491,356		2,176,754
Segment direct costs:
Clinical Solutions		590,303		654,403		1,267,394		1,280,170		750,810		597,486		1,466,923		1,279,660
Commercial Solutions		207,483		255,814		446,224		508,687		233,644		200,300		453,686		433,958
Total segment direct costs		797,786		910,217		1,713,618		1,788,857		984,454		797,786		1,920,609		1,713,618
Segment selling, general, and administrative expenses:
Clinical Solutions		63,164		67,625		137,723		137,327		89,303		64,609		176,835		140,953
Commercial Solutions		20,431		22,202		44,826		48,255		20,318		18,986		41,289		41,596
Total segment selling, general, and administrative expenses		83,595		89,827		182,549		185,582		109,621		83,595		218,124		182,549
Segment operating income:
Clinical Solutions		93,712		127,894		216,888		237,383		151,029		93,727		285,338		217,710
Commercial Solutions		38,306		38,889		63,699		74,011		37,507		38,291		67,285		62,877
Total segment operating income		132,018		166,783		280,587		311,394		188,536		132,018		352,623		280,587
Direct costs and operating expenses not allocated to segments:
Share-based compensation included in direct costs		8,106		7,312		16,288		15,474		8,127		8,106		17,222		16,288
Share-based compensation included in selling, general, and administrative expenses		8,069		6,482		15,885		12,587		8,312		8,069		16,570		15,885
Corporate selling, general, and administrative expenses		13,312		14,570		24,512		25,827		26,736		16,680		47,289		35,457
Restructuring and other costs		8,171		11,882		16,891		26,295		3,966		8,171		11,194		16,891
Transaction and integration-related expenses		3,368		7,654		10,945		24,312
Depreciation and amortization		56,021		60,749		112,128		121,949		57,711		56,021		115,649		112,128
Total income from operations	$	34,971	$	58,134	$	83,938	$	84,950	$	83,684	$	34,971	$	144,699	$	83,938

The following table summarizes total revenue by geographic area (in thousands, all intercompany transactions have been eliminated):

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,				Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019		2021		2020		2021		2020
Revenue:
North America (a)	$	638,564	$	791,281	$	1,391,609	$	1,518,979	$	774,228	$	638,564	$	1,513,229	$	1,391,609
Europe, Middle East, and Africa		242,326		258,787		510,348		517,134		328,895		242,326		645,071		510,348
Asia-Pacific		110,186		94,295		227,239		205,861		144,233		110,186		270,690		227,239
Latin America		22,323		22,464		47,558		43,859		35,255		22,323		62,366		47,558
Total revenue	$	1,013,399	$	1,166,827	$	2,176,754	$	2,285,833	$	1,282,611	$	1,013,399	$	2,491,356	$	2,176,754

(a) Revenue for the North America region includes revenue attributable to the United States of $722.8 million and $608.7 million, or 56.4% and ~~$741.2 million, or~~ 60.1% ~~and 63.5%~~ of total revenue, for the three months ended June 30, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019,~~2020, respectively. Revenue for the North America region includes revenue attributable to the United States of ~~$1,322.2~~$1,416.7 million and ~~$1,445.3~~$1,322.2 million or ~~60.7%~~56.9% and ~~63.2%~~60.7% of total revenue for the six months ended June 30, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019,~~2020, respectively. No other country represented more than 10% of total revenue for any period.

The following table summarizes long-lived assets by geographic area (in thousands, all intercompany transactions have been eliminated):

	June 30, 2020		December 31, 2019		June 30, 2021		December 31, 2020
Property and equipment, net:
North America (a)	$	152,677	$	159,709	$	150,296	$	161,531
Europe, Middle East, and Africa		29,765		28,514		37,239		38,745
Asia-Pacific		11,216		12,742		10,694		11,167
Latin America		3,416		2,961		5,759		4,757
Total property and equipment, net	$	197,074	$	203,926	$	203,988	$	216,200

(a) Long-lived assets for the North America region include property and equipment, net attributable to the United States of ~~$146.8~~$144.5 million and ~~$153.1~~$156.0 million as of June 30, ~~2020~~2021 and December 31, ~~2019,~~2020, respectively.

Financial assets that subject the Company to credit risk primarily consist of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, and unbilled services (including contract assets). The ~~Company's~~Company’s cash and cash equivalents consist principally of cash and are maintained at several financial institutions with reputable credit ratings. The Company maintains cash depository accounts with several financial institutions worldwide and is exposed to credit risk related to the potential inability to access liquidity in financial institutions where its cash and cash equivalents are concentrated. The Company has not historically incurred any losses with respect to these balances and believes that they bear minimal credit risk.

As of June 30, ~~2020 and December 31, 2019, substantially all~~2021, the amount of ~~the Company’s~~ cash and cash equivalents ~~were~~ held ~~within~~outside of the United ~~States.~~States by the Company’s foreign subsidiaries was $145.0 million, or 56% of the total consolidated cash and cash equivalents balance. As of December 31, 2020, the amount of cash and cash equivalents held outside of the United States by the Company’s foreign subsidiaries was $50.7 million, or 19% of the total consolidated cash and cash equivalents balance.

No single customer accounted for greater than 10% of the Company’s revenue for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020.

As of June 30, ~~2020~~2021 and December 31, ~~2019,~~2020, no single customer accounted for greater than 10% of the Company’s accounts receivable and unbilled services (including contract assets) balances.

~~During~~For the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, the Company had combined revenue of $1.2 million and $1.9 million, respectively, and, as of June 30, 2021, combined receivables of $1.6 million from 2 customers whose board of directors each included a member who was also a member of the Company’s Board. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, the Company incurred expenses of $0.7 million and $1.4 million, respectively, for professional services obtained from the related party noted in the paragraph below.

In May 2020, the Company sold its contingent staffing business to a related party in exchange for potential future cash consideration not to exceed $4.0 million. Based on the financial results of the business through May 31, 2021, the Company recognized $1.8 million of contingent consideration in other expense (income), net in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of income for the three months ended June 30, 2021. The cash had not been received as of June 30, 2021, and therefore was recorded as a receivable in prepaid expenses and other current assets in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet. The future cash consideration is contingent on the financial performance of the sold business ~~over the next three years.~~through May 31, 2023. The Company will recognize the contingent consideration in the consolidated statements of ~~operations as it~~income in the period the contingency is resolved. NaN significant related-party revenue was recorded for the six months ended June 30, ~~2020.~~2020.

NaN related party expenses were recorded for the three months ended June 30, 2019. For the six months ended June 30, 2019, the Company incurred reimbursable out-of-pocket expenses of $1.1 million for professional services obtained from a provider whose board of directors included a member who was also a member of the Company's Board. This provider ceased to be a related party as of December 31, 2019. NaN significant related-party revenue was recorded for the six months ended June 30, 2019.

The Company is ~~party to~~involved in various claims and legal ~~proceedings incidental to its~~actions arising in the ordinary course of business. ~~While~~The Company accrues a liability when a loss is considered probable and the ~~Company's~~amount can be reasonably estimated. When a material loss contingency is reasonably possible but not probable, the Company does not record a liability, but instead discloses the nature and the amount of the claim, and an estimate of the loss or range of loss, if such an estimate can be made. Legal fees are expensed as incurred. In the opinion of management, ~~currently believes~~ the ~~ultimate~~ outcome of ~~these~~any existing claims and legal or regulatory proceedings, ~~individually and in~~other than the ~~aggregate, will~~specific matters described below, if decided adversely, is not expected to have a ~~significant~~material adverse effect on the Company's ~~consolidated financial statements, litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties. Were an unfavorable ruling to occur, there exists the possibility of a significant adverse impact on the Company's~~business, financial condition, ~~and~~ results of ~~operations.~~operations, or cash flows.

On December 1, 2017, the first of 2 virtually identical actions alleging federal securities law claims was filed against the Company and certain of its officers on behalf of a putative class of its shareholders. The first action, captioned Bermudez v. INC Research, Inc., et al, No. 17-09457 (S.D.N.Y.) in the Southern District of New York, names as defendants the Company, Michael Bell, Alistair ~~MacDonald,~~Macdonald, Michael Gilbertini, and Gregory S. Rush (the ~~"Bermudez action"~~“Bermudez action”), and the second action, Vaitkuvienë v. Syneos Health, Inc., et al, No. 18-0029 (E.D.N.C.) in the Eastern District of North Carolina, filed on January 25, 2018 (the ~~"Vaitkuvienë action"~~“Vaitkuvienë action”), names as defendants the Company, Alistair ~~MacDonald,~~Macdonald, and Gregory S. Rush (the ~~"Initial Defendants"~~“Initial Defendants”). Both complaints allege similar claims under Section 10(b) and Section 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 on behalf of a putative class of purchasers of the ~~Company's~~Company’s common stock between May 10, 2017 and November 8, 2017 (for the Vaitkuvienë action) and November 9, ~~2017.~~2017 (for the Bermudez action). The complaints allege that the Company published inaccurate or incomplete information regarding, among other things, the financial performance and business outlook for inVentiv’s business prior to the ~~Merger~~2017 merger (the “Merger”) with Double Eagle Parent, Inc. (“inVentiv”), the parent company of inVentiv Health, Inc., and with respect to the combined company following the Merger. On January 30, 2018, 2 alleged shareholders separately filed motions seeking to be appointed lead plaintiff and approving the selection of lead counsel. On March 30, 2018, Plaintiff in the Bermudez action filed a notice of voluntary dismissal of the Bermudez action, without prejudice, and as to all defendants. On May 29, 2018, the Court in the Vaitkuvienë action appointed the

San Antonio Fire & Police Pension Fund and El Paso Firemen & Policemen’s Pension Fund as Lead Plaintiffs and, on June 7, 2018, the Court entered a schedule providing for, among other things, Lead Plaintiffs to file an amended complaint by July 23, 2018 (later extended to July 30, 2018). Lead Plaintiffs filed their amended complaint on July 30, 2018, which also includes a claim against the Initial Defendants, as well as each member of the board of directors at the time of the INC Research - inVentiv Health merger vote in July 2017 (the “Defendants”), contending that the inVentiv merger proxy was misleading under Section 14(a) of the Act. Lead Plaintiffs seek, among other things, orders (i) declaring that the lawsuit is a proper class action and (ii) awarding compensatory damages in an amount to be proven at trial, including interest thereon, and reasonable costs and expenses incurred in this action, including attorneys’ fees and expert fees, to Lead Plaintiffs and other class members. Defendants filed a Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs’ Amended Complaint on September 20, 2018. Lead Plaintiffs filed a Response in Opposition to such motion on November 21, 2018, and Defendants filed a Reply to such response on December 5, 2018. The District Court referred the Motion to Dismiss to a magistrate judge for a report and recommendation. On September 26, 2019, the magistrate judge stayed the action and, on August 7, 2020, the magistrate judge lifted the stay. Also on August 7, 2020, the magistrate judge issued a report (the “Magistrate Report”) recommending to the District Court ~~ordered, among other things,~~ that ~~this action~~Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss be ~~stayed.~~denied. On September 4, 2020, Defendants filed written objections to the Magistrate Report, requesting that the District Court grant the Motion to Dismiss. Lead Plaintiffs filed a Response in Opposition to such objections on October 2, 2020. The Company and the other defendants deny the allegations in these complaints and intend to defend vigorously against these claims.

The Company is presently unable to predict the duration, scope, or result of the ~~Vaitkuvienë action,~~foregoing putative class actions, or any other related lawsuit. As such, the Company is presently unable to develop a reasonable estimate of a possible loss or range of losses, if any, related to ~~this matter.~~these matters. While the Company intends to defend the putative class action litigation vigorously, the outcome of such litigation or any other litigation is necessarily uncertain. The Company could be forced to expend significant resources in the defense of ~~this lawsuit~~these lawsuits or future ones, and it may not prevail. As such, these matters could have a ~~significant~~material adverse effect on the Company's business, annual, or interim results of operations, cash flows, or its financial condition.

As a result of the Merger, the Company assumed contingent tax-sharing obligations arising from inVentiv Health, Inc.'s’s 2016 merger with Double Eagle Parent, Inc. During the first quarter of 2021, the Company made payments of $6.2 million to fully settle this outstanding obligation. As of ~~June 30, 2020 and~~ December 31, ~~2019,~~2020, the estimated fair value of the assumed contingent tax-sharing obligations was ~~$6.5 million and $32.7 million, respectively.~~

In connection with the acquisition of Kinapse Topco Limited ("Kinapse") in August 2018, the Company recorded a contingent earn-out liability to be paid based on Kinapse meeting revenue targets as of March 31, 2021. The estimated fair value of the contingent earn-out liability was $4.6 million as of December 31, 2019 and was included in other long-term liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheet. During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company adjusted the fair value of the contingent earn-out liability to 0 to reflect the updated probability of achievement of the revenue targets. The change in fair value of the earn-out liability was recorded in transaction and integration-related expenses in the condensed consolidated statement of operations.$6.8 million.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and with our audited consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, ~~2019.~~2020.

In addition to historical condensed consolidated financial information, this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 that reflect, among other things, our current expectations and anticipated results of operations, all of which are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements, market trends, or industry results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. ~~Therefore,~~Therefore, any statements contained herein that are not statements of historical fact may be forward-looking statements and should be evaluated as such, including ~~statements regarding our anticipated results of operations,~~ our business strategy, ~~possible impairment charges,~~ the future impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, financial results, and financial condition, and planned capital expenditures. Without limiting the foregoing, the words “anticipates,” “believes,” “can,” “continue,” “could,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “may,” “might,” “plans,” “projects,” “should,” “would,” “targets,” “will” and the negative thereof and similar words and expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Unless legally required, we assume no obligation to update any such forward-looking information to reflect actual results or changes in the factors affecting such forward-looking information.

We caution you that any such forward-looking statements are further qualified by important factors that could cause our actual operating results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements, including without limitation, regional, national, or global political, economic, business, competitive, market, and regulatory conditions and the following: the need to hire, develop, and retain key personnel; the impact of unfavorable economic conditions, including the uncertain international economic environment, changes in exchange rates, and effective income tax rate fluctuations; risks associated with the COVID-19 pandemic; the impact of potentially underpricing our contracts, overrunning our cost estimates, or failing to receive approval for or experiencing delays with documentation of change orders; any adverse effects from customer or therapeutic area concentration; our potential failure to generate a large number of new business awards and the risk of delay, termination, reduction in scope, or failure to go to contract of our business awards; our potential failure to convert backlog to revenue; fluctuations in our operating results and effective income tax rate; the impact of potentially underpricing our contracts, overrunning our cost estimates, or failing to receive approval for or experiencing delays with documentation of change orders; cyber-security and other risks associated with our information systems infrastructure; changes and costs of compliance with regulations related to data privacy; ~~risks associated with acquired businesses, including the ability to integrate acquired operations, products, and technologies in~~concentration of our ~~business;~~customers or therapeutic areas; the risks associated with doing business internationally; risks related to the impact of the U.K.’s withdrawal from the European Union; ~~impact of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act;~~ challenges by tax authorities of our intercompany transfer pricing policies; our potential failure to successfully increase our market share, grow our business, and execute our growth strategies; our ability to effectively upgrade our information systems; our failure to perform our services in accordance with contractual requirements, regulatory standards, and ethical considerations; ~~the risk of litigation and personal injury claims;~~ risks related to the management of clinical trials; ~~failure of our insurance to cover our indemnification obligations and other liabilities;~~ risks related to ~~marketing~~investments in our customers’ businesses or drugs ~~for biopharmaceutical companies;~~and our related commercial rights strategies; the need to hire, develop, and retain key personnel; the impact of unfavorable economic conditions, including the uncertain international economic environment, changes in exchange rates; effective income tax rate fluctuations; our ability to protect our intellectual property; ~~the~~ risks ~~associated with potential future acquisitions or investments in~~related to our ~~customers’ businesses or drugs;~~acquisition strategy, including our ability to realize synergies; our relationships with customers who are in competition with each other; any failure to realize the full value of our goodwill and intangible assets; risks related to restructuring; our compliance with anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws; our dependence on third parties; potential employment liability; our ability to utilize net operating loss carryforwards and other tax attributes; downgrades of our credit ratings; competition in the biopharmaceutical services industry; outsourcing trends and changes in aggregate spending and research and development budgets; the impact of,

including changes in, government regulations and healthcare reform; our ability to keep pace with rapid technological change; the cost of and our ability to service our substantial indebtedness; and other risks related to ownership of our common stock. For a

further discussion of the risks relating to our business, refer to “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, ~~2019.~~2020.

~~Syneos Health, Inc. (the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our”) is~~We are a leading global biopharmaceutical solutions organization providing a full suite of clinical and commercial services to customers in the biopharmaceutical, biotechnology, and ~~medical device~~healthcare industries. We offer both stand-alone and integrated biopharmaceutical product development solutions ~~through our Contract Research Organization (“CRO”) and Contract Commercial Organization (“CCO”),~~ ranging from Early Phase (Phase I) clinical trials to the full commercialization of biopharmaceutical products, with the goal of increasing the likelihood of regulatory approval and commercial success.

Our operations are divided into two reportable segments, Clinical Solutions and Commercial ~~Solutions, to reflect the structure under which we operate, evaluate our performance, make strategic decisions, and allocate resources.~~Solutions. Our Clinical Solutions segment offers a variety of services spanning ~~Phase I-IV~~Phases I to IV of clinical development, including ~~full-service~~full service global studiesand real world evidence programs, as well as individual service offerings such as clinical monitoring, investigator recruitment, patient recruitment, data management, and study ~~startup~~start-up to assist customers with their drug development process. Our Commercial Solutions segment provides ~~the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and healthcare industries with~~ commercialization services, including deployment solutions, communication solutions ~~(public~~(public relations, advertising, and ~~advertising)~~medical communications), and consulting services. We integrate our clinical and commercial capabilities into customized solutions by sharing knowledge, data, and insights through our ~~biopharmaceutical acceleration model (“BAM”).~~Biopharmaceutical Acceleration Model. This collaboration across the development and commercialization continuum facilitates unique insights into patient populations, therapeutic environments, product timelines, and the competitive landscape. For fu~~rther~~further discussion, refer to ~~“Note 11 - Segment Information” of our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statement~~s“Business” in Part I, Item 1 of ~~this Quarterly~~our Annual Report on Form ~~10-Q.~~10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020.

Prior period segment results have been recast to reflect the transfer of the Kinapse Regulatory and Operations Consulting service lines from Commercial Solutions to Clinical Solutions to align with management reporting in 2021.

~~During the six months ended June 30, 2020,~~person. As a result, we implemented contingency planning to protect the health and well-being of our employees, with most employees working remotely where possible. We have global and regional crisis teams in place monitoring the rapidly evolving situation and recommending risk mitigation actions. We have implemented travel restrictions as well as visitor protocols and we are following social distancing practices. We have assessed and are implementing continuity plans to provide customers with continued services.

We experienced significant impacts to our business and results of operations from COVID-19 during 2020 and to a lesser extent for the ~~three and~~ six months ended June 30, ~~2020 due to COVID-19 and the mitigation actions taken to slow its spread.~~

Since March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic and its adverse effects have become more prevalent in the locations where we, our customers, suppliers, and partners conduct significant portions of our business, such as Europe and North America, and, as a result, we have experienced more pronounced disruptions in our operations during the second quarter of 2020. As a result of these conditions, we have taken steps to mitigate the revenue and cash flow impacts in the second quarter of 2020 and for the remainder of 2020, including cost management strategies consisting of certain compensation adjustments, our ~~ForwardBound~~ ~~margin enhancement initiative, hiring restrictions, staffing reductions, voluntary and involuntary employee furloughs, reductions in third-party costs, and other initiatives.~~

Specifically, in our Clinical Solutions segment, we continue to expect impacts to be temporary and relate to limitations on our staff's ability to physically access investigative sites, delays in patient enrollment and trial start-up activities, as well as delayed decision making related to new business awards. Our full service studies as well as our functional service provider offering have been impacted, and we expect them to continue to be impacted, by a switch from site-based monitoring visits to remote monitoring visits and by temporary or permanent closures and reduced capacity of businesses that utilize our services or facilities we use to conduct our business during the pandemic. In our Commercial Solutions segment, we continue to expect impacts to be temporary and relate to delayed decision making related to new business awards, delays or cancellations of existing projects, declines in field team visits to healthcare providers, and travel disruptions.

We remain confident in our liquidity position, which includes cash on hand of $343.0 million as of June 30, 2020, and access to the remaining availability under our revolving credit facility. We have also implemented cash conservation initiatives, including reducing operating costs, deferring certain payroll taxes and other tax payments as permitted by various government stimulus packages in multiple jurisdictions, and entering into interest rate swaps to fix certain variable rate debt at lower interest rates.

2021. While certain governments ~~began to ease~~have eased restrictions, ~~during the latter part of the second quarter,~~ the pandemic continues to be disruptive to our business. The ~~extent~~pandemic and associated economic impacts are expected to ~~which COVID-19 impacts~~continue to impact our future financial condition, results ~~will depend on future developments. To the extent that the COVID-19 pandemic continues or worsens or if new waves~~ of ~~infection occur, national, state,~~operations and ~~local governments may impose additional restrictions or extend the restrictions already in place. The continuing spread~~cash flows.

For a further discussion of ~~COVID-19~~this and ~~the related safety and business operating restrictions could result in a number of adverse impacts~~other risks relating to our business, ~~including, but not limited~~refer to additional disruption to the economy and our customers, additional work restrictions, and supply chains being interrupted or slowed. Also, governments may impose other laws, regulations, or taxes that could adversely impact our business, financial condition, or results of operations. Further, depending on the extent to which our customers are affected, they could delay or reduce purchases of services we provide. The effects of COVID-19 also could impact us“Risk Factors” in a number of other ways including, but not limited to, additional reductions to our profitability, fluctuations in foreign currency markets, the availability of future borrowings, the cost of borrowings, credit risksPart I, Item 1A of our ~~customers and counterparties, and potential impairment of the carrying amount of goodwill or other long-lived assets.~~

We will continue to actively monitor the situation and may take further precautionary and preemptive actions as may be required by national, state, or local authorities or that we determine are in the best interests of our employees, customers, partners, suppliers, and shareholders. To the extent the pandemic worsens, we cannot predict the effects it may have on our business, in particular with respect to demand for our services, our strategy, and our prospects, the effects on our customers, or the impact on our financial results. See Part II, Item 1A "Risk Factors" of this QuarterlyAnnual Report on Form ~~10-Q~~10-K for ~~further discussion of~~ the ~~potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business.~~fiscal year ended December 31, 2020.

We add new business awards to backlog when we enter into a contract or when we receive a written commitment from the customer selecting us as a service provider, provided that:

In addition, we continually evaluate our backlog to determine if any of the previously awarded work is no longer expected to be performed, regardless of whether we have received formal cancellation notice from the customer. If we determine that any previously awarded work is no longer probable of being performed, we remove the value from our backlog based on the risk of cancellation. We recognize revenue from these awards as services are performed, provided we have ~~entered into a contract with~~received proper authorization from the customer.

We report new business awards for our Clinical Solutions and Commercial Solutions segments on a trailing twelve months (“TTM”) basis. Our total backlog represents backlog for our Clinical Solutions segment and the deployment solutions offering within our Commercial Solutions segment. We do not report backlog for the remaining service offerings in the Commercial Solutions segment.

Our backlog consists of anticipated future revenue from business awards that either have not started, or that are in process and have not been completed. Our backlog also reflects any cancellation or adjustment activity related to these awards. The average duration of our contracts will fluctuate from period to period based on the contracts comprising our backlog at any given time. The majority of our contracts contain early termination provisions that typically require notice periods ranging from 30 to 90 ~~days depending on the service offering.~~days.

	2020		2019		Change					2021		2020		Change
Clinical Solutions	$	8,997.3	$	7,834.0	$	1,163.3		14.8	%	$	10,966.9	$	9,023.2	$	1,943.7	21.5	%
Commercial Solutions - Deployment Solutions		609.7		621.3		(11.6	)	(1.9	)%		718.4		609.7		108.7	17.8	%
Total backlog	$	9,607.0	$	8,455.3	$	1,151.7		13.6	%	$	11,685.3	$	9,632.9	$	2,052.4	21.3	%

We expect approximately ~~$2.01~~$2.38 billionof our backlog as of June 30, ~~2020~~2021 will be recognized as revenue during the remainder of ~~2020.~~2021. We adjust the amount of our backlog each quarter for the effects of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.

New business awards, net of cancellations, ~~were as follows~~ for the TTM periods ended June 30 were as follows (in millions):

	2020		2019		2021		2020
Clinical Solutions	$	4,567.1	$	3,967.0	$	4,971.5	$	4,596.4
Commercial Solutions		1,229.5		1,298.2		1,257.4		1,200.2
Total net new business awards	$	5,796.6	$	5,265.2	$	6,228.9	$	5,796.6

New business awards have varied and may continue to vary significantly from quarter to quarter. Fluctuations in our net new business award levels often result from the fact that we may receive a small number of relatively large orders in any given reporting period. Because of these large orders, our backlog and net new business awards in a reporting period may reach levels that are not sustainable in subsequent reporting periods.

We believe that our backlog and net new business awards might not be consistent indicators of future revenue because they have been, and likely will continue to be, affected by a number of factors, including the variable size and duration of projects, many of which are performed over several years, and changes to the scope of work during the course of projects. Additionally, projects may be canceled or delayed by the customer or regulatory authorities. Net new business awards and backlog have been and we expect will continue to be affected by the broad effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global economy and major financial markets, as well as various other risks and uncertainties detailed in Part ~~II,~~I, Item 1A ~~"Risk Factors" of this Quarterly~~“Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form ~~10-Q.~~10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020. We generally do not have a contractual right to the full amount of the awards reflected in our backlog. If a customer cancels an award, we might be reimbursed for the costs we have incurred. As we increasingly compete for and enter into large contracts that are more global in nature, we expect that the rate at which our backlog and net new business awards convert into revenue is likely to decrease, and the duration of projects and the period over which related revenue is recognized to lengthen. For more information about risks related to our backlog see Part I, Item 1A ~~"Risk~~“Risk Factors - Risks Related to Our Business - Our backlog might not be indicative of our future revenues, and we might not realize all of the anticipated future revenue reflected in our ~~backlog" included in “Risk Factors”~~backlog.” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, ~~2019.~~2020.

The following table sets forth amounts from our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of ~~operations~~income along with dollar and percentage changes (in thousands, except percentages):

	Three Months Ended June 30,											Three Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019			Change						2021		2020		Change
Revenue	$	1,013,399	$	1,166,827		$	(153,428	)		(13.1	)%	$	1,282,611	$	1,013,399	$	269,212		26.6	%
Costs and operating expenses:
Direct costs (exclusive of depreciation and amortization)		805,892		917,529			(111,637	)		(12.2	)%		992,581		805,892		186,689		23.2	%
Selling, general, and administrative expenses		104,976		110,879			(5,903	)		(5.3	)%		144,669		108,344		36,325		33.5	%
Restructuring and other costs		8,171		11,882			(3,711	)		(31.2	)%		3,966		8,171		(4,205	)	(51.5	)%
Transaction and integration-related expenses		3,368		7,654			(4,286	)		(56.0	)%
Depreciation and amortization		56,021		60,749			(4,728	)		(7.8	)%		57,711		56,021		1,690		3.0	%
Total operating expenses		978,428		1,108,693			(130,265	)		(11.7	)%		1,198,927		978,428		220,499		22.5	%
Income from operations		34,971		58,134			(23,163	)		(39.8	)%		83,684		34,971		48,713		139.3	%
Total other expense, net		27,323		24,557			2,766			11.3	%		32,645		27,323		5,322		19.5	%
Income before provision for income taxes		7,648		33,577			(25,929	)		(77.2	)%		51,039		7,648		43,391		567.4	%
Income tax expense		3,737		22,285			(18,548	)		(83.2	)%		9,134		3,737		5,397		144.4	%
Net income	$	3,911	$	11,292		$	(7,381	)		(65.4	)%	$	41,905	$	3,911	$	37,994		971.5	%

	Six Months Ended June 30,											Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019			Change						2021		2020		Change
Revenue	$	2,176,754	$	2,285,833		$	(109,079	)		(4.8	)%	$	2,491,356	$	2,176,754	$	314,602		14.5	%
Costs and operating expenses:
Direct costs (exclusive of depreciation and amortization)		1,729,906		1,804,331			(74,425	)		(4.1	)%		1,937,831		1,729,906		207,925		12.0	%
Selling, general, and administrative expenses		222,946		223,996			(1,050	)		(0.5	)%		281,983		233,891		48,092		20.6	%
Restructuring and other costs		16,891		26,295			(9,404	)		(35.8	)%		11,194		16,891		(5,697	)	(33.7	)%
Transaction and integration-related expenses		10,945		24,312			(13,367	)		(55.0	)%
Depreciation and amortization		112,128		121,949			(9,821	)		(8.1	)%		115,649		112,128		3,521		3.1	%
Total operating expenses		2,092,816		2,200,883			(108,067	)		(4.9	)%		2,346,657		2,092,816		253,841		12.1	%
Income from operations		83,938		84,950			(1,012	)		(1.2	)%		144,699		83,938		60,761		72.4	%
Total other expense, net		34,515		70,961			(36,446	)		(51.4	)%		46,649		34,515		12,134		35.2	%
Income before provision for income taxes		49,423		13,989			35,434			253.3	%		98,050		49,423		48,627		98.4	%
Income tax expense		11,938		32,701			(20,763	)		(63.5	)%		17,421		11,938		5,483		45.9	%
Net income (loss)	$	37,485	$	(18,712	)	$	56,197		n/m
Net income												$	80,629	$	37,485	$	43,144		115.1	%

For the three months ended June 30, ~~2020,~~2021, our revenue ~~decreased~~increased by ~~$153.4~~$269.2 million, or ~~13.1%~~26.6%, to ~~$1,013.4~~$1,282.6 million from ~~$1,166.8~~$1,013.4 million for the three months ended June 30, ~~2019.~~2020. For the six months ended June 30, ~~2020,~~2021, our revenue ~~decreased~~increased by ~~$109.1~~$314.6 million, or ~~4.8%~~14.5%, to ~~$2,176.8~~$2,491.4 million from ~~$2,285.8~~$2,176.8 million for the six months ended June 30, ~~2019.~~2020. These ~~decreases~~increases were primarily driven by ~~the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic~~growth in both our Clinical Solutions and Commercial Solutions segments, as discussed below.

No single customer accounted for greater than 10% of our total consolidated revenue for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020. Revenue from our top five customers accounted for approximately 22% ~~and 24%~~ of revenue for both the three ~~months ended June 30, 2020~~ and ~~2019, respectively, and 22% and 23% of revenue for the~~ six months ended June 30, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019, respectively.~~2020.

	Three Months Ended June 30,															Three Months Ended June 30,
	2020		% of total			2019		% of total			Change					2021		% of total			2020		% of total			Change
Clinical Solutions	$	747,179		73.7	%	$	849,922		72.8	%	$	(102,743	)	(12.1	)%	$	991,142		77.3	%	$	755,822		74.6	%	$	235,320	31.1	%
Commercial Solutions		266,220		26.3	%		316,905		27.2	%		(50,685	)	(16.0	)%		291,469		22.7	%		257,577		25.4	%		33,892	13.2	%
Total revenue	$	1,013,399				$	1,166,827				$	(153,428	)	(13.1	)%	$	1,282,611				$	1,013,399				$	269,212	26.6	%

	Six Months Ended June 30,															Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020		% of total			2019		% of total			Change					2021		% of total			2020		% of total			Change
Clinical Solutions	$	1,622,005		74.5	%	$	1,654,880		72.4	%	$	(32,875	)	(2.0	)%	$	1,929,096		77.4	%	$	1,638,323		75.3	%	$	290,773	17.7	%
Commercial Solutions		554,749		25.5	%		630,953		27.6	%		(76,204	)	(12.1	)%		562,260		22.6	%		538,431		24.7	%		23,829	4.4	%
Total revenue	$	2,176,754				$	2,285,833				$	(109,079	)	(4.8	)%	$	2,491,356				$	2,176,754				$	314,602	14.5	%

For the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2020,~~2021, revenue attributable to our Clinical Solutions segment ~~decreased~~increased compared to the same periods in the prior year, primarily ~~due to the impacts of~~driven by recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and the acquisitions of SHCR Holdings Corporation (“Synteract”) and Illingworth Research Group™ (“Illingworth Research”) that were completed in the fourth quarter of 2020. The recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic includes increased project start-ups, including ~~the related decline in~~COVID-19 projects that generally have higher reimbursable out-of-pocket ~~expenses,~~expenses. The revenue increases were partially offset by decreases related to the divestiture of our contingent staffing business in the second quarter of 2020. For the three and ~~also the negative impacts of~~six months ended June 30, 2021 revenue was positively impacted by $27.7 million and $37.3 million, respectively, from fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates ~~of $5.4 million and $11.4 million for~~compared to the respective periods. The COVID-19 pandemic impacted our ability to physically access investigative sites and delayed patient enrollment and trial start-up activities. Additionally, we sold our contingent staffing business duringsame periods in the second quarter. These negative impacts were partially mitigated by converting site-based monitoring visits to remote monitoring visits. The decrease for the six months ended June 30, 2020 was also partially offset by revenue growth during the first quarter.prior year.

Although we are aggressively managing our response to the COVID-19 pandemic, ~~it is expected to~~we expect that the COVID-19 pandemic will continue to negatively impact our ~~full year 2020~~ Clinical Solutions ~~revenue.~~revenue throughout 2021, depending on the continuation of the pandemic. At this time, we believe that the ~~most significant~~ongoing impacts to revenue in our Clinical Solutions segment will be ~~temporary and relate~~less significant but similar in nature to ~~limitations on our staff's ability to physically access investigative sites, delays~~those experienced in patient enrollment and trial start-up activities, as well as delayed decision making related to new business awards. Our full service studies and, to a lesser extent, our functional service provider offering have been impacted, and we expect them to continue to be impacted, by a switch from site-based monitoring visits to2020 with the most significant being the trend of more remote monitoring visits and ~~temporary or permanent closures~~delayed patient enrollment, resulting in lower reimbursable out-of-pocket expenses and ~~reduced capacity~~related revenue as the recovery continues. We expect a moderate increase in the use of ~~businesses that utilize our services or facilities we use to conduct our business during the pandemic.~~remote monitoring from pre-COVID-19 levels, although below levels necessitated in 2020.

For the three and six months endedJune 30, ~~2020,~~2021, revenue attributable to our Commercial Solutions segment ~~decreased~~increased compared to the same periods in the prior year, primarily ~~due to the impacts of~~driven by recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic ~~including the related decline in reimbursable out-of-pocket expenses as well as the negative impact of delays~~and strength in new project ~~starts.~~ start-ups. The revenue increases were partially offset by decreases related to the divestiture of our medication adherence business in the fourth quarter of 2020.

Direct costs consist principally of compensation expense and benefits associated with our employees and other employee-related costs, and reimbursable out-of-pocket expenses directly related to delivering on our projects. While we have some ability to manage the majority of these costs relative to the amount of

contracted services we have during any given period, direct costs as a percentage of revenue can vary from period to period. Such fluctuations are due to a variety of factors, including, among others: (i) the level of staff utilization on our projects; (ii) adjustments to the timing of work on specific customer contracts; (iii) the experience mix of personnel assigned to projects; (iv) the service mix and pricing of our contracts; and (v) the timing of the incurrence of reimbursable out-of-pocket ~~expenses, particularly on our Clinical Solutions projects. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic,~~expenses. Relative to pre-pandemic levels, we have experienced reduced travel and other reimbursable out-of-pocket expenses related to lower ~~customer site~~physical monitoring visits for Clinical Solutions, as well as ~~lower physician office~~fewer field team visits to healthcare providers and investigator meetings for Commercial Solutions. ~~In addition, as global projects wind down or as delays and cancellations occur, staffing levels in certain countries or functional areas can become misaligned with the current business volume.~~

	Three Months Ended June 30,											Three Months Ended June 30,
	2020			2019			Change					2021			2020			Change
Direct costs (exclusive of depreciation and amortization)	$	805,892		$	917,529		$	(111,637	)	(12.2	)%	$	992,581		$	805,892		$	186,689	23.2	%
% of revenue		79.5	%		78.6	%							77.4	%		79.5	%
Gross margin %		20.5	%		21.4	%							22.6	%		20.5	%

	Six Months Ended June 30,											Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020			2019			Change					2021			2020			Change
Direct costs (exclusive of depreciation and amortization)	$	1,729,906		$	1,804,331		$	(74,425	)	(4.1	)%	$	1,937,831		$	1,729,906		$	207,925	12.0	%
% of revenue		79.5	%		78.9	%							77.8	%		79.5	%
Gross margin %		20.5	%		21.1	%							22.2	%		20.5	%

For the three months ended June 30, ~~2020,~~2021, our direct costs ~~decreased~~increased by ~~$111.6~~$186.7 million, or ~~12.2%~~23.2%, compared to the three months ended June 30, ~~2019.~~2020. For the six months ended June 30, ~~2020,~~2021, our direct costs ~~decreased~~increased by ~~$74.4~~$207.9 million, or ~~4.1%~~12.0%, compared to the six months ended June 30, ~~2019.~~2020. These ~~decreases~~increases were primarily driven by ~~the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and our~~higher reimbursable out-of-pocket expenses, temporary cost management strategies in ~~both our Clinical Solutions~~response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the prior year, and ~~Commercial Solutions segments as discussed below.~~impacts from the acquisitions that were completed in the fourth quarter of 2020. These increases were partially offset by decreases from business divestitures in 2020.

Direct costs for our Clinical Solutions segment, excluding share-based compensation expense, were as follows (dollars in thousands):

	Three Months Ended June 30,											Three Months Ended June 30,
	2020			2019			Change					2021			2020			Change
Direct costs	$	590,303		$	654,403		$	(64,100	)	(9.8	)%	$	750,810		$	597,486		$	153,324	25.7	%
% of segment revenue		79.0	%		77.0	%							75.8	%		79.1	%
Segment gross margin %		21.0	%		23.0	%							24.2	%		20.9	%

	Six Months Ended June 30,											Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020			2019			Change					2021			2020			Change
Direct costs	$	1,267,394		$	1,280,170		$	(12,776	)	(1.0	)%	$	1,466,923		$	1,279,660		$	187,263	14.6	%
% of segment revenue		78.1	%		77.4	%							76.0	%		78.1	%
Segment gross margin %		21.9	%		22.6	%							24.0	%		21.9	%

For the three months ended June 30, ~~2020,~~2021, our Clinical Solutions segment direct costs ~~decreased~~increased by ~~$64.1~~$153.3 million, or ~~9.8%~~25.7%, compared to the three months ended June 30, ~~2019.~~2020. For the six months ended June 30, ~~2020,~~2021, our Clinical Solutions segment direct costs ~~decreased~~increased by ~~$12.8~~$187.3 million, or ~~1.0%~~14.6%, compared to the six months ended June 30, ~~2019. The decrease for~~2020. These increases were primarily driven by higher reimbursable out-of-pocket expenses, temporary cost management strategies in response to the ~~three months ended June 30, 2020 compared to~~COVID-19 pandemic in the prior year, ~~was primarily due to lower reimbursable out-of-pocket expenses and billable headcount,~~

~~primarily due to COVID-19. There were additional decreases in direct costs~~impacts from the ~~impact~~acquisitions that were completed in the fourth quarter of ~~various cost management strategies~~2020, and the negative impacts of foreign ~~currency~~ exchange rate fluctuations. These ~~cost management strategies included certain compensation adjustments,~~increases were partially offset by the divestiture of our contingent staffing business in the second quarter of 2020 and positive impacts from our ForwardBound margin enhancement initiative, hiring restrictions, staffing reductions, voluntary and involuntary employee furloughs, reductions in third-party costs, and other initiatives. A portion of these reductions were due to temporary cost savings measures in response to the uncertainty caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The decrease for the six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to the prior year was primarily a result of lower revenue and the impact of our cost management strategies during the second quarter. initiative.

Gross margins for our Clinical Solutions segment were ~~21.0%~~24.2% and 20.9% for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, ~~compared to 23.0% for the three months ended June 30, 2019~~respectively, and 24.0% and 21.9% for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, ~~compared to 22.6% for the six months ended June 30, 2019.~~respectively. Gross margins were ~~lower~~higher during the current year periods as compared to the same periods in ~~2019~~ the prior year primarily due to ~~decreased~~ revenue growth and positive impacts from our ForwardBound margin enhancement initiative, partially offset by ~~reduced travel and other~~ higher reimbursable out-of-pocket expenses andthe ~~impact~~negative impacts of ~~our cost management strategies.~~

Although we are aggressively managing our response to the COVID-19 pandemic, it is expected to continue to negatively impact our full year 2020 Clinical Solutions margins. At this time, we continue to believe that the most significant impacts to margins in our Clinical Solutions segment will be those noted in the above Revenue section as well as potential increased costs related to inefficiencies, partially offset by the impact of our cost management strategies.foreign exchange rate fluctuations.

Direct costs for our Commercial Solutions segment, excluding share-based compensation expense, were as follows (dollars in thousands):

	Three Months Ended June 30,											Three Months Ended June 30,
	2020			2019			Change					2021			2020			Change
Direct costs	$	207,483		$	255,814		$	(48,331	)	(18.9	)%	$	233,644		$	200,300		$	33,344	16.6	%
% of segment revenue		77.9	%		80.7	%							80.2	%		77.8	%
Segment gross margin %		22.1	%		19.3	%							19.8	%		22.2	%

	Six Months Ended June 30,											Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020			2019			Change					2021			2020			Change
Direct costs	$	446,224		$	508,687		$	(62,463	)	(12.3	)%	$	453,686		$	433,958		$	19,728	4.5	%
% of segment revenue		80.4	%		80.6	%							80.7	%		80.6	%
Segment gross margin %		19.6	%		19.4	%							19.3	%		19.4	%

For the three months ended June 30, ~~2020,~~2021, our Commercial Solutions segment direct costs ~~decreased~~increased by ~~$48.3~~$33.3 million, or ~~18.9%~~16.6%, compared to the three months ended June 30, ~~2019.~~2020. For the six months ended June 30, ~~2020,~~2021, our Commercial Solutions segment direct costs ~~decreased~~increased by ~~$62.5~~$19.7 million, or ~~12.3%~~4.5%, compared to the six months ended June 30, ~~2019.~~2020. These ~~decreases~~increases were primarily related to ~~reduced billable headcount, declines in reimbursable out-of-pocket expenses,~~recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and ~~the impact of our~~temporary cost management strategies ~~which were all primarily~~ in ~~response to~~ the ~~COVID-19 pandemic. These cost management strategies included certain compensation adjustments, our~~ ~~ForwardBound~~ margin enhancement initiative, hiring restrictions, staffing reductions, voluntary and involuntary employee furloughs, reductions in third-party costs, and other initiatives. A portion of these reductions were due to temporary cost savings measures in response to the uncertainty causedprior year, partially offset by the ~~COVID-19 pandemic.~~

Gross margins for our Commercial Solutions segment were ~~22.1%~~19.8% and 22.2% for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, ~~compared to~~respectively, and 19.3% ~~for the three months ended June 30, 2019~~ and ~~19.6% for the six months ended June 30, 2020, compared to~~ 19.4% for the six months ended June 30, ~~2019.~~2021 and 2020. Gross margins were ~~higher~~lower during the current year periods as compared to the same periods in ~~2019~~the prior year primarily due to ~~lower~~higher costs in the current year primarily driven by recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, including the impact of temporary cost management strategies in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the prior year.

~~reimbursable out-of-pocket expenses and the impact of our cost management strategies, which were both primarily due to the COVID-19 pandemic.~~

Although we are aggressively managing our response to the COVID-19 pandemic, it is expected to continue to impact our full year 2020 Commercial Solutions margins. At this time, we continue to believe that the most significant impacts to margins in our Commercial Solutions segment will be those noted in the above Revenue section as well as increased costs related to inefficiencies, partially offset by the impact of our cost management strategies.

Selling, general, and administrative expenses were as follows (dollars in thousands):

	Three Months Ended June 30,											Three Months Ended June 30,
	2020			2019			Change					2021			2020			Change
Selling, general, and administrative expenses	$	104,976		$	110,879		$	(5,903	)	(5.3	)%	$	144,669		$	108,344		$	36,325	33.5	%
% of total revenue		10.4	%		9.5	%							11.3	%		10.7	%

	Six Months Ended June 30,											Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020			2019			Change					2021			2020			Change
Selling, general, and administrative expenses	$	222,946		$	223,996		$	(1,050	)	(0.5	)%	$	281,983		$	233,891		$	48,092	20.6	%
% of total revenue		10.2	%		9.8	%							11.3	%		10.7	%

~~The decreases in selling,~~Selling, general, and administrative expenses for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2020 as~~2021 increased compared to the same periods in ~~2019~~2020 primarily due to the acquisitions that were ~~primarily caused by favorable impacts from our~~completed in the fourth quarter of 2020, including higher transaction and integration-related expenses, and temporary cost management strategies ~~primarily~~ in response to the COVID-19 pandemic ~~as well as our~~ ~~ForwardBound~~ ~~margin enhancement initiative.~~in the prior year. These ~~strategies included certain compensation adjustments,~~increases were partially offset by positive impacts from our ForwardBound margin enhancement ~~initiative, hiring restrictions, staffing reductions, voluntary~~initiative. Transaction and ~~involuntary employee furloughs, reductions~~integration-related expenses are no longer reported separately and are included in ~~third-party costs,~~selling, general, and ~~other initiatives. A portion of these reductions were due to temporary cost savings measures in response to the uncertainty caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.~~administrative expenses.

Restructuring and other costs were ~~$8.2~~$4.0 million and ~~$11.9~~$8.2 million for the three months ended June 30, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019,~~2020, respectively, and ~~$16.9~~$11.2 million and ~~$26.3~~$16.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, ~~and 2019,~~ respectively. In connection with the 2017 merger (the "Merger") with Double Eagle Parent, Inc., the parent company of inVentiv Health, Inc., we established a restructuring plan to eliminate redundant positions and reduce our facility footprint worldwide. Additionally, forThe costs incurred during the three and six months endedJune 30, ~~2020 and 2019, we incurred employee severance costs and facility closure costs for non Merger-related restructuring activities,~~2021 were primarily related to our ForwardBound margin enhancement initiative as we continue the ongoing evaluations of our workforce and facilities infrastructure needs in an effort to optimize our resources. The costs incurred during the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 were primarily related to our cost management strategies in response to the COVID-19 pandemic as well as our ForwardBound initiative.

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,				Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019		2021		2020		2021		2020
Merger-related restructuring and other costs:
Employee severance and benefit costs	$	—	$	2,227	$	962	$	12,249
Facility and lease termination costs		234		6,504		831		8,458
Non Merger-related restructuring and other costs:
Employee severance and benefit costs		7,647		3,063		14,306		5,273	$	2,084	$	7,647	$	8,377	$	15,268
Facility and lease termination costs		141		56		277		275		1,882		375		2,770		1,108
Other costs		149		32		515		40		—		149		47		515
Total restructuring and other costs	$	8,171	$	11,882	$	16,891	$	26,295	$	3,966	$	8,171	$	11,194	$	16,891

We expect to continue to incur ~~significant~~ costs related to the restructuring of our ~~operations.~~operations in order to achieve cost savings and the targeted synergies related to our acquisitions. However, the timing and the amount of these costs depends on various factors, including, but not limited to, identifying and realizing synergy opportunities and executing the integration of our combined operations. We may also continue to incur additional restructuring and other costs during ~~2020~~and beyond 2021 related to ~~our cost savings initiatives, including our response to the COVID-19 pandemic and~~ our ForwardBound margin enhancement initiative.

~~Transaction and integration-related expenses consisted of the following (in thousands):~~

We expect to incur additional professional fees and integration-related costs associated with the Merger and continued consolidation of our legal entities and information technology systems. The timing and amount of these expenses will depend on the identification of synergy opportunities and the timing and execution of our integration activities.

The decrease in fair value adjustments to contingent obligations during the six months ended June 30, 2020 as compared to 2019 is primarily due to a decrease in the estimate of the contingent earn-out liability associated with our acquisition of Kinapse Topco Limited in 2018.

Total depreciation and amortization expense was $56.0 million and $60.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $112.1 million and $121.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The decreases in total depreciation and amortization expense were primarily due to decreases in amortization expense from intangible assets resulting from business combinations completed in prior periods and decreases in depreciation expense related to fully depreciated assets.

Total depreciation and amortization expense was $57.7 million and $56.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and $115.6 million and $112.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The increases in total depreciation and amortization expense in the current year compared to the prior year periods were primarily due to the acquisitions that were completed in the fourth quarter of 2020, partially offset by decreases due to fully amortized intangible assets from prior acquisitions.

~~Other~~Total other expense, net consisted of the following (dollars in thousands):

	Three Months Ended June 30,												Three Months Ended June 30,
	2020			2019			Change						2021			2020			Change
Interest income	$	(122	)	$	(2,133	)	$	2,011			(94.3	)%	$	—		$	(122	)	$	122		100.0	%
Interest expense		21,684			34,263			(12,579	)		(36.7	)%		22,619			21,684			935		4.3	%
Other expense (income), net		5,761			(7,573	)		13,334		n/m
Loss on extinguishment of debt														2,199			—			2,199		100.0	%
Other expense, net														7,827			5,761			2,066		35.9	%
Total other expense, net	$	27,323		$	24,557		$	2,766			11.3	%	$	32,645		$	27,323		$	5,322		19.5	%

	Six Months Ended June 30,												Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020			2019			Change						2021			2020			Change
Interest income	$	(458	)	$	(3,635	)	$	3,177			(87.4	)%	$	(71	)	$	(458	)	$	387		84.5	%
Interest expense		48,142			68,893			(20,751	)		(30.1	)%		45,947			48,142			(2,195	)	(4.6	)%
Loss on extinguishment of debt		—			4,355			(4,355	)		(100.0	)%		2,802			—			2,802		100.0	%
Other (income) expense, net		(13,169	)		1,348			(14,517	)	n/m
Other income, net														(2,029	)		(13,169	)		11,140		84.6	%
Total other expense, net	$	34,515		$	70,961		$	(36,446	)		(51.4	)%	$	46,649		$	34,515		$	12,134		35.2	%

Total other expense, net was ~~$27.3~~$32.6 million and ~~$24.6~~$27.3 million for the three months ended June 30, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019,~~2020, respectively, and ~~$34.5~~$46.6 million and ~~$71.0~~$34.5 million for the six months ended June 30, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019,~~2020, respectively. The ~~decreases~~increase in interest expense ~~were~~for the three months ended June 30, 2021 was primarily due to a higher fixed rate on the interest rate swaps that expired on June 30, 2021, which was not fully offset by the lower interest rates on our variable interest rate debt. The decrease in interest expense for the six months ended June 30, 2021 was primarily due to reductions in our higher interest rate debt as a result of debt prepayments and refinancing transactions, as well as lower interest rates on our variable ~~base~~ interest ~~rates.~~ rate debt. The loss on extinguishment of debt was the result of our debt prepayments and refinancing transaction. Other expense, ~~(income),~~net and other income, net primarily ~~consists~~consist of foreign currency gains and losses that result from exchange rate fluctuations on our monetary asset balances denominated in currencies other than our functional currency.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, we recorded income tax expense of $9.1 million and $17.4 million, respectively, compared to pre-tax income of $51.0 million and $98.1 million, respectively. Income tax expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 included discrete tax benefits of $2.2 million and $5.8 million, respectively, primarily related to excess tax benefits from share-based compensation. The effective tax rates for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, excluding discrete items, varied from the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate of 21.0% primarily due to foreign tax credits, foreign income inclusions such as the Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (“GILTI”) provisions, and state and local taxes on U.S. income.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, we recorded income tax expense of $3.7 million and $11.9 million, respectively,, compared to pre-tax income of $7.6 million and $49.4 million, respectively. Income tax expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 included a discrete tax expense of $1.6 million and a discrete tax benefit of $5.5 million, respectively, primarily related to excess tax benefits from share-based compensation and the ~~tax~~ benefit from foreign tax credits claimed on amended returns filed during the ~~year~~.year. The effective tax ~~rate~~rates for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, excluding discrete items, varied from the ~~United States~~U.S. federal statutory income tax rate of 21.0% primarily due to foreign income inclusions such as the ~~Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income~~GILTI provisions, ~~("GILTI"),~~ state and local taxes on ~~United States~~U.S. income, and research and general business credits.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, we recorded income tax expense of $22.3 million and $32.7 million, respectively, compared to pre-tax income of $33.6 million and $14.0 million, respectively. Income tax expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 included discrete tax expense in both periods of $10.4 million, primarily related to a reduction in deferred tax assets associated with the closing of a Canadian business unit and prior year adjustments. The effective tax rate for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, excluding discrete items, varied from the United States federal statutory income tax rate of 21.0% primarily due to base erosion and anti-abuse minimum tax ("BEAT"), foreign income inclusions such as GILTI, and a valuation allowance change on domestic deferred tax assets.

We currently maintain a valuation allowance against a portion of our state deferred tax assets and a portion of our foreign deferred tax assets as of June 30, ~~2020.~~2021. We intend to continue to maintain a valuation allowance on these deferred tax assets until there is sufficient evidence to support the reversal of all or some portion of these allowances.

~~The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act ("CARES Act") was enacted on March 27, 2020 in the United States to address the economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. The CARES Act~~

includes corporate income tax, payroll tax, and other relief provisions. We do not expect there to be a significant impact to our income tax provision as a result of the CARES Act and other global measures for the year ending December 31, 2020. We qualify for certain employer payroll tax credits, which will be treated as government subsidies to offset related operating expenses, as well as the deferral of payroll and other tax payments into the future. We have deferred, and plan to continue deferring, the timing of income tax payments and other taxes as permitted by the CARES Act and other stimulus measures enacted globally.

	June 30, 2020		December 31, 2019		June 30, 2021		December 31, 2020
Balance sheet statistics:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	342,766	$	163,227	$	260,868	$	271,901
Restricted cash		264		462		267		272
Working capital (excluding restricted cash)		170,414		45,241		151,681		160,409

As of June 30, ~~2020,~~2021, we had ~~$343.0~~$261.1 million of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted ~~cash, which reflects a net $150.0 million draw on our $600.0 million revolving credit facility (the "Revolver").~~cash. As of June 30, ~~2020, substantially all~~2021, the amount of ~~our~~ cash and cash equivalents ~~and restricted cash was~~ held ~~within~~outside of the United ~~States.~~States by our foreign subsidiaries was $145.0 million, or 56% of the total consolidated cash and cash equivalents balance. In addition, we had ~~$431.1~~$583.3 million (net of ~~$18.9~~$16.7 million in outstanding letters of credit ~~("LOCs"~~(“LOCs”)) available for borrowing under our ~~Revolver,~~revolving credit facility (the “Revolver”), of which ~~$131.1~~$133.3 million was available for LOCs.

We have historically funded our operations and growth, including acquisitions, primarily with our working capital, cash flow from operations, and funds available through various borrowing arrangements. Our principal liquidity requirements are to fund our debt service obligations, capital expenditures, expansion of service offerings, possible acquisitions, integration and restructuring costs, geographic expansion, stock repurchases, working capital, and other general corporate expenses. Cash flow from operations also could be affected by various risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global economy and major financial markets, as well as other risks detailed in Part ~~II,~~I, Item 1A ~~"Risk Factors" of this Quarterly~~“Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-Q. We have implemented cash conservation initiatives, including delaying certain capital expenditures, reducing operating costs, deferring certain payroll taxes and other tax payments as permitted by various government stimulus packages in multiple jurisdictions, and entering into interest rate swaps to fix certain variable rate debt at lower interest rates.10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020. Based on past performance and current expectations, we believe our cash and cash equivalents, cash generated from operations, and ~~remaining~~ funds available under ~~our~~the Revolver will be sufficient to meet our working capital needs, capital expenditures, scheduled debt and interest payments, income tax obligations, and other currently anticipated liquidity requirements for at least the next 12 months.

As the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the economy and our operations evolves, we will continue to assess our liquidity needs. A continued worldwide disruption could materially affect our future access to sources of liquidity, particularly our cash flows from operations, and financial condition. In the event of a sustained market deterioration, we may need additional liquidity, which would require us to evaluate available alternatives and take appropriate actions.

As of June 30, ~~2020,~~2021, we had approximately ~~$2.79~~$2.92 billion of total principal indebtedness (including ~~$43.7~~$42.9 million in finance lease obligations), consisting of ~~$2.33~~$1.91 billion in term loan debt, ~~$150.0~~$600.0 million ~~under our Revolver,~~ of 3.625% senior notes (the “Notes”), and ~~$275.0~~$365.0 million in borrowings against our accounts receivable financing agreement. Approximately $859.5 million of our indebtedness (excluding finance leases) was subject to variable interest rates.

On November 24, 2020, we completed the issuance and sale of $600.0 million aggregate principal amount of the Notes. The Notes were issued pursuant to an indenture (the “Indenture”), which provides, among other things, that the Notes are senior unsecured obligations of us and are guaranteed, jointly and severally, on a senior unsecured basis, by certain of our subsidiaries.

We may redeem some or all of the Notes at any time prior to January 15, 2024 at a redemption price equal to 100% of the aggregate principal amount of the Notes to be redeemed plus a “make-whole” premium and accrued and unpaid interest. In addition, prior to July 15, 2023, we may redeem up to 40% of the original principal amount of the Notes with proceeds of certain equity offerings at a redemption price equal to 103.625% of the aggregate principal amount of such Notes plus accrued and unpaid interest. On or after January 15, 2024, we may redeem some or all of the Notes at the redemption prices set forth in the Indenture plus accrued and unpaid interest. The Indenture contains covenants that limit the ability of us and our restricted subsidiaries to, among other things, (1) incur additional liens, (2) engage in certain sale and leaseback transactions, and (3) conduct mergers, consolidations, or asset sales. These covenants are subject to exceptions and qualifications set forth in the Indenture.

If we sell certain of our assets or experience specific kinds of changes of control, we are required to offer to repurchase the Notes at a repurchase price equal to (1) par plus any accrued and unpaid interest in the case of an asset sale or (2) 101% of the aggregate principal amount thereof plus any accrued and unpaid interest in the case of a change of control.

We are party to a credit agreement ~~(as~~(as amended, the ~~"Credit Agreement"~~“Credit Agreement”) that ~~includes~~included a $1.55 billion Term Loan A facility (“Term Loan A”) that has two tranches, tranche one that matures on March 26, 2024 ~~(“Term Loan A”)~~and tranche two that matures on August 1, 2024, a $1.60 billion Term Loan B facility ~~that matures on August 1, 2024~~ (“Term Loan B”), that was paid in full during the second quarter of 2021, and a $600.0 million Revolver that matures on ~~March 26,~~August 1, 2024.The Revolver includes LOCs with a sublimit of $150.0 million.

In February 2021, as a result of our First Lien Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement) being less than or equal to 2.5x, the Adjusted Eurocurrency Rate Spread (as defined in the Credit Agreement) on Term Loan A and the Revolver decreased from 1.50% to 1.25%.

On June 30, 2021 (the “Closing Date”), we entered into Amendment No. 5 (the “Fifth Amendment”) to the Credit Agreement. The Fifth Amendment modified the Credit Agreement to increase Term Loan A in an aggregate principal amount of $495.0 million (“Incremental Term Loan A”). Incremental Term Loan A was funded on the Closing Date, and the proceeds were used, along with cash on hand, to repay the outstanding Term Loan B in full under the Credit Agreement and to pay fees and expenses in connection with the Fifth Amendment and the incurrence of Incremental Term Loan A. Incremental Term Loan A has the same terms as Term Loan A under the Credit Agreement, and is subject to the same covenants. We recorded an additional discount of $0.5 million against the Term Loan A borrowings in connection with the Fifth Amendment, which is being amortized as a component of interest expense using the effective interest method over the term of Term Loan A.

During the six months ended June 30, ~~2020,~~2021, we made ~~$19.4~~$41.8 million ~~of mandatory principal payments towards Term Loan A. In March 2020, we drew $300.0~~and $560.5 million ~~on our Revolver. During the three months ended June 30, 2020, we repaid $150.0 million on our Revolver, leaving a remaining balance~~ of ~~$150.0 million as of June 30, 2020. During July 2020, we repaid the remaining $150.0 million on our Revolver. During the six months ended June 30, 2020, we did not make any~~ voluntary prepayments against Term Loan B.A and Term Loan B, respectively, which were applied to future principal payments. As a result of these and previous voluntary prepayments, we are not required to make a mandatory payment against the principal balance of Term Loan A until October 2022 and Term Loan B ~~principal balance until maturity~~has been paid in ~~August 2024.~~full. In connection with these prepayments, we recorded a $2.2 million and $2.8 million loss on extinguishment of debt during the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively.

Our ability to make payments on our indebtedness and to fund planned capital expenditures and necessary working capital will depend on our ability to generate cash in the future. Our ability to meet our cash needs through cash flows from operations will depend on the demand for our services, as well as general economic, financial, competitive, and other factors, many of which are beyond our control, including the broad effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global economy and major financial markets. Our business may not generate cash flow in an amount sufficient to enable us to pay the principal of, or interest on, our indebtedness, or to fund our other liquidity needs, including working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, investments, and other general corporate requirements. If we cannot fund our liquidity needs, we will have to take actions such as reducing or delaying capital expenditures, acquisitions or investments, selling assets, restructuring or refinancing our debt, reducing the scope of our operations and growth plans, or seeking additional capital. We cannot assure you that any of these remedies could, if necessary, be affected on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, or that they would permit us to meet our scheduled debt service obligations. ~~Our~~The Credit Agreement contains covenant restrictions that limit our ability to direct the use of proceeds from any disposition of assets and, as a result, we may not be allowed to use the proceeds from any such dispositions to satisfy all current debt service obligations.

Our Credit Agreement contains usual and customary restrictive covenants. Our Credit Agreement requires us to maintain a maximum First Lien Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement) of no more than 4.5 to 1.0 as of the last day of each fiscal quarter from and after March 31, 2020. We

The Indenture also contains customary events of default, including (1) failure to make required payments, (2) failure to comply with certain covenants, (3) failure to pay certain other indebtedness, (4) certain events of bankruptcy and insolvency, and (5) failure to pay certain judgments. An event of default under the Indenture allows either the Trustee or the holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the Notes, as applicable, issued under such Indenture, to accelerate the amounts due under the Notes, or in the case of a bankruptcy or insolvency, will automatically cause the acceleration of the amounts due under the Notes.

As of June 30, 2021, we were in compliance with all applicable debt ~~covenants as of June 30, 2020.~~covenants.

~~Our~~The Revolver includes LOCs with a sublimit of $150.0 million. As of June 30, ~~2020, we had $150.0 million of~~2021, there were no outstanding Revolver borrowings and ~~$18.9~~$16.7 million of LOCs outstanding, leaving ~~$431.1~~$583.3 million of available borrowings under ~~our~~the Revolver, including ~~$131.1~~$133.3 million available for LOCs.

We have an accounts receivable financing agreement (as amended) ~~under which we can borrow up to $275.0 million from a third-party lender, secured by liens on certain receivables and other assets,~~ with a termination date of ~~September 30, 2021,~~October 3, 2022, unless terminated earlier pursuant to its terms. On January 28, 2021, we amended this agreement to increase the amount we can borrow from $300.0 million to $365.0 million, and drew down the additional $65.0 million to partially fund the Term Loan A and Term Loan B voluntary prepayments. Accordingly, there was no incremental impact on the outstanding principal of our debt. As of June 30, ~~2020,~~2021, we had ~~$275.0~~$365.0 million of outstanding borrowings under this agreement with no remaining borrowing capacity available.

We have entered into various interest rate swaps to mitigate our exposure to changes in interest rates on our term loans. As of June 30, ~~2020,~~2021, the percentage of our total principal debt (excluding finance leases) that is subject to fixed interest rates was approximately ~~56%~~70%. Each quarter-point increase or decrease in the applicable floating interest rate at June 30, ~~2020~~2021 would change our annual interest expense by approximately ~~$3.0~~$2.1 million.

On ~~February 26, 2018,~~November 17, 2020, our Board ~~of Directors (our "Board")~~ authorized the repurchase of up to an aggregate of ~~$250.0~~$300.0 million of our Class A common stock, par value $0.01 per share, to be executed from time to time in open market transactions effected through a broker at prevailing market prices, in block trades, or through privately negotiated transactions through December 31, ~~2019~~2022 (the ~~"stock repurchase program"~~“Stock Repurchase Program”). ~~On December 5, 2019,~~The Stock Repurchase Program took effect on January 1, 2021. Share repurchases are funded primarily with our Board approved an expansion and extension of the stock repurchase program. The Board increased the share repurchase authorization of our common stock to $300.0 million and extended the term of the program to December 31, 2020. We intend to use cash on hand and future operatingworking capital, cash flow ~~to fund the stock repurchase program.~~from operations, and funds available through various borrowing arrangements.

~~We are~~The Stock Repurchase Program does not ~~obligated~~obligate us to repurchase any particular amount of our Class A common stock, and ~~the stock repurchase program~~ may be modified, extended, suspended, or discontinued at any time. The timing and amount of repurchases isare determined by our management based on a variety of factors such as the market price of our Class A common stock, our corporate cash requirements, ~~for cash,~~ and overall market conditions. The ~~stock repurchase program~~Stock Repurchase Program is subject to applicable legal requirements, including federal and state securities laws and applicable Nasdaq ~~rules.~~rules. We may also repurchase shares of our Class A common stock pursuant to a trading plan meeting the requirements of Rule 10b5-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, which would permit shares of our Class A common stock to be repurchased when we might otherwise be precluded from doing so by law.

The following table sets forth repurchase activity under the ~~stock repurchase program~~Stock Repurchase Program from inception through June 30, ~~2020:~~2021:

~~We did not repurchase any shares during the three months ended June 30, 2020.~~ As of June 30, ~~2020,~~2021, we had remaining authorization to repurchase up to approximately ~~$136.3~~$182.5 million of shares of our common stock under the ~~stock repurchase program.~~Stock Repurchase Program.

Our cash flows from operating, investing, and financing activities were as follows (in thousands):

	Six Months Ended June 30,									Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020			2019			Change			2021			2020			Change
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	155,165		$	83,514		$	71,651		$	215,795		$	155,165		$	60,630
Net cash used in investing activities		(37,280	)		(31,066	)		(6,214	)		(31,280	)		(37,280	)		6,000
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		56,238			(99,915	)		156,153
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities											(190,823	)		56,238			(247,061	)

Cash flows provided by operating activities increased by ~~$71.7~~$60.6 million during the six months ended June 30, ~~2020,~~2021 compared to the six months ended June 30, ~~2019.~~2020. The increase is primarily due to ~~both~~higher cash-related net income and positive changes in operating assets and liabilities relative to the prior year ~~and higher cash-related net income.~~period. Fluctuations in accounts receivable, unbilled services (including contract assets), and deferred revenue occur on a regular basis as we perform services, achieve milestones or other billing criteria, send invoices to customers, and collect outstanding accounts receivable. This activity varies by individual customer and contract. We attempt to negotiate payment terms that provide for payment of services prior to or soon after the provision of services, but the levels of accounts receivable, unbilled services (including contract assets), and deferred revenue can vary significantly from period to ~~period. The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic could result in lower cash flows from operating activities during 2020 as a result of the impacts on our revenue and costs.~~period.

For the six months ended June 30, ~~2020,~~2021, we used ~~$37.3~~$31.3 million in cash for investing activities, which consisted of ~~$30.1~~$14.6 million of payments related to acquisitions and $22.3 million for purchases of property and equipment, partially offset by proceeds of $5.0 million from notes receivable from a divestiture and ~~$7.2~~$0.7 million ~~for investments in~~from unconsolidated affiliates. We continue to closely monitor our capital expenditures, especially in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, while making strategic investments in the development of our information technology infrastructure to meet the needs of our workforce, enable efficiencies, reduce business continuity risks, and conform to changes in governing rules and regulations.

For the six months ended June 30, ~~2019,~~2020, we used ~~$31.1~~$37.3 million in cash for investing activities, which consisted of ~~$28.1~~$30.1 million for purchases of property and equipment and ~~$3.0~~$7.2 million for investments in unconsolidated affiliates.

For the six months ended June 30, 2021, we used $190.8 million in cash for financing activities, which consisted primarily of repurchases of our common stock, net repayments of long-term debt, and payments related to tax withholdings for share-based compensation. These payments were partially offset by proceeds from our accounts receivable financing arrangement.

For the six months ended June 30, 2020, our financing activities provided ~~$56.2~~$56.2 millionin cash, which consisted primarily of a net $150.0 million draw on our Revolver, partially offset by repurchases of our common stock, contingent consideration payments, and repayments of long-term debt.

For the six months ended June 30, 2019, we used $99.9 million in cash for financing activities, which consisted primarily of repayments of our term loan debt and accounts receivable financing agreement, and payments for repurchases of our common stock. These payments were partially offset by proceeds from issuance of term loan debt, additional borrowings under our accounts receivable financing agreement, and exercises of stock options.

Except for the net $150.0 million draw on our Revolver, there have been no material changes during the six months ended June 30, 2020, outside of the ordinary course of business, to our contractual obligations as previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates, judgments, and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses during the period, as well as disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements. We evaluate our estimates on an ongoing basis, including those related to revenue recognition, ~~share-based compensation,~~ valuation of goodwill and identifiable intangibles, and tax-related contingencies and valuation ~~allowances, allowance for doubtful accounts, and litigation contingencies, among others.~~allowances. These estimates are based on the information available to management at the time these estimates, judgments, and assumptions are made. Actual results may differ materially from these estimates. ~~Except as set forth below, there~~There have been no significant changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates. For additional information on all of our critical accounting policies and estimates, refer to Part II - Item 7 - Management’s Discussion and Analysis included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, ~~2019.~~2020.

Goodwill represents the excess of purchase price over the estimated fair value of net assets acquired, including the amount assigned to identifiable intangible assets, in business combinations. In accordance with ASC Topic 350, ~~Intangibles - Goodwill and Other~~, goodwill is not subject to amortization but must be tested for impairment annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that goodwill might be impaired. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level, which is one level below the operating segment level. This test requires us to determine if the implied fair value of the reporting unit's goodwill is less than its carrying amount.

The impairment analysis requires significant judgments, estimates and assumptions. There is no assurance that the actual future earnings or cash flows of the reporting units will not decline significantly from the projections used in the impairment analysis. Goodwill impairment charges may be recognized in future periods in one or more of the reporting units to the extent changes in factors or circumstances occur, including deterioration in the macroeconomic environment, industry, deterioration in our performance or future projections, or changes in plans for one or more of our reporting units. Specifically, the broad impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic may contribute to the potential impairment of the carrying value of our goodwill and long-lived assets in the future.

We completed our annual impairment test for potential impairment as of October 1, 2019 for all five of our reporting units, determining that there were no impairments. Our goodwill is principally related to the Merger completed on August 1, 2017. As of June 30, 2020, we evaluated whether a triggering event had occurred because of the broad impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted our results of operations during the three and six months ended June 30, 2020. We expect the pandemic to continue to negatively impact our full year 2020 results of operations. However, at this time, we do not believe there has been a significant change in the long-term fundamentals of our business. Therefore, we have concluded a triggering event did not occur, and, as a result, no interim impairment testing was required. We will continue to evaluate the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business. Depending on the extent to which future developments negatively impact our results of operations and financial outlook, an interim impairment test may be required in the future.

Intangible assets consist of backlog, customer relationships, and trademarks. We amortize intangible assets related to customer relationships and trademarks on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the asset. Intangible assets related to backlog are amortized based on our expectations of the timing of when revenue associated with the backlog is expected to be recognized.

We review intangible assets at the end of each reporting period to determine if facts and circumstances indicate that the useful life is shorter than originally estimated or that the carrying amount of the assets might not be recoverable. If such facts and circumstances exist, we assess the recoverability of identified assets by comparing the projected undiscounted net cash flows associated with the related asset or group of assets over their remaining lives to their respective carrying amounts. Impairments, if any, are based on the excess of the carrying amount over the fair value of those assets and occur in the period in which the impairment determination is made. As of June 30, 2020, we evaluated whether a triggering event had occurred because of the broad impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted our results of operations during the three and six months ended June 30, 2020. We expect the pandemic to continue to negatively impact our full year 2020 results of operations. However, at this time, we do not believe there has been a significant change in the long-term fundamentals of our business. Therefore, we have concluded a triggering event did not occur, and, as a result, no interim impairment testing was required. We will continue to evaluate the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business. Depending on the extent to which future developments negatively impact our results of operations and financial outlook, an interim impairment test may be required in the future.

~~Except for the broad effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global economy and major financial markets, there~~There have been no material changes to our quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk as compared to the quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, ~~2019.~~2020.

Our management, with the participation of our CEO and CFO, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended ~~or the Exchange Act)~~(the “Exchange Act”)), as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Based on such evaluation, our CEO and CFO have concluded that as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.

In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives.

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in management’s evaluation pursuant to Rules 13a-15(d) or 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act during the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

We are party to legal proceedings incidental to our business. While our management currently believes the ultimate outcome of these proceedings, individually and in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial statements, litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties. Were an unfavorable ruling to occur, there exists the possibility of a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

~~During the three months ended June 30, 2020 there were no material developments to the legal proceedings included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019.~~ Please refer to “Note 16 – Commitments and Contingencies” of our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in Part ~~II.~~I, Item 1 of ~~our~~this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for ~~the three months ended March 31, 2020 for~~additional material developments to legal proceedings included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, ~~2019.~~2020.

~~Other than the following risk factor, there~~There have been no ~~significant~~material changes from the risk factors previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2019.~~2020. Refer to “Risk Factors” in Part 1, Item 1A of that report for a detailed discussion of risk factors affecting us.

~~The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely impacted our business and results of operations, and is expected to continue to do so.~~

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, we have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, disruptions that have severely impacted, and are expected to continue to impact, our business and our operations, including:

We currently expect that these disruptions will continue to negatively impact our results of operations for the year ending December 31, 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic continues to evolve rapidly. The extent to which the pandemic will impact our business, liquidity and financial results will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence, such as the ultimate duration and severity of the pandemic; the frequency and severity of future waves of infections; travel restrictions and social distancing requirements in the countries where we conduct business; the effectiveness of actions taken to contain and treat the disease; and how quickly and to what extent more normalized economic and operating conditions can resume. If we or our customers experience prolonged shutdowns or other business disruptions beyond current expectations, our ability to conduct our business could be materially and adversely impacted, and our business, liquidity, and financial results may be adversely affected.

The continued spread of COVID-19 has led to disruption and volatility in the global capital markets, which increases the cost of, and adversely impacts access to, capital and increases economic uncertainty. This volatility and uncertainty adversely affected our stock price, and may again adversely affect our stock price in the future. The actions that governments and individuals have taken in response to COVID-19 have led to a sharp contraction in many aspects of the United States economy and a steep rise in unemployment. The pandemic has caused an economic recession, which may lead our customers to reduce their operating budgets or drive them to internally perform the clinical development and commercialization tasks that we provide, in which case our business would suffer. Even after the COVID-19 pandemic has subsided, we may continue to experience material adverse effects to our business as a result of the global economic impact of the pandemic.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

During the three months ended June 30, 2021, we repurchased 900,000 shares of our Class A common stock, $0.01 par value per share in private transactions under our previously announced stock repurchase program described below, for a total purchase price of approximately $73.0 million. As of June 30, 2021, we have remaining authorization to repurchase up to approximately $182.5 million of shares of our Class A common stock under the Stock Repurchase Program.

(1) On ~~February 26, 2018,~~November 17, 2020, our Board authorized the repurchase of up to an aggregate of ~~$250.0~~$300.0 million of our Class A common stock, par value $0.01 per share, to be executed from time to time in open market transactions effected through a broker at prevailing market prices, in block trades, or through privately negotiated transactions through December 31, ~~2019~~2022 (the ~~"stock repurchase program"~~“Stock Repurchase Program”). The ~~stock repurchase program commenced~~Stock Repurchase Program took effect on ~~March~~January 1, ~~2018. On December 5, 2019,~~2021. Share repurchases are funded primarily with our Board increased the dollar amount authorized under the stock repurchase program to an aggregate of $300.0 million and extended the term of the program to December 31, 2020. We intend to use cash on hand and future operatingworking capital, cash flow ~~to fund the stock repurchase program.~~from operations, and funds available through various borrowing arrangements. The ~~stock repurchase program~~Stock Repurchase Program does not obligate us to repurchase any particular amount of our Class A common stock, and may be modified, extended, suspended, or discontinued at any time. The timing and amount of repurchases isare determined by our management based on a variety of factors such as the market price of our Class A common stock, our corporate cash requirements, and overall market conditions. The ~~stock repurchase program~~Stock Repurchase Program is subject to applicable legal requirements, including federal and state securities laws and applicable Nasdaq ~~rules.~~rules. We may also repurchase shares of our Class A common stock pursuant to a trading plan meeting the requirements of Rule 10b5-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, which would permit shares of our Class A common stock to be repurchased when we might otherwise be precluded from doing so by law.

~~There were no share repurchases under~~We immediately retired all of the ~~stock repurchase program for the three months ended June 30, 2020. As of June 30, 2020, we have remaining authorization to repurchase up to approximately $136.3 million of shares of our Class A~~repurchased common stock ~~under~~and charged the ~~stock~~par value of the shares to common stock. The excess of the repurchase ~~program.~~price over the par value was applied on a pro rata basis against additional paid-in capital, with the remainder applied to accumulated deficit.


		~~Incorporated by Reference~~ ~~(Unless Otherwise Indicated)~~
~~Exhibit~~ ~~Number~~	~~Exhibit Description~~	~~Form~~	~~File No.~~	~~Exhibit~~	~~Filing Date~~
~~10.1~~	~~Form of Director Indemnification Agreement~~	—	—	—	~~Filed herewith~~
~~31.1~~	~~Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.~~	—	—	—	~~Filed herewith~~
~~31.2~~	~~Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.~~	—	—	—	~~Filed herewith~~
~~32.1~~	~~Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.~~	—	—	—	~~Furnished herewith~~
~~32.2~~	~~Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.~~	—	—	—	~~Furnished herewith~~
~~101.INS~~	~~Inline XBRL Instance Document - the Instance Document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.~~	—	—	—	~~Filed herewith~~
~~101.SCH~~	~~Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.~~	—	—	—	~~Filed herewith~~
~~101.CAL~~	~~Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.~~	—	—	—	~~Filed herewith~~
~~101.DEF~~	~~Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.~~	—	—	—	~~Filed herewith~~
~~101.LAB~~	~~Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.~~	—	—	—	~~Filed herewith~~
~~101.PRE~~	~~Inline Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.~~	—	—	—	~~Filed herewith~~
~~104~~	~~Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).~~	—	—	—	~~Filed herewith~~


		Incorporated by Reference (Unless Otherwise Indicated)
Exhibit Number	Exhibit Description	Form	File No.	Exhibit	Filing Date
4.1	Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of May 25, 2021, among the Company, the subsidiary guarantors named on the signature pages thereto, the other guarantors, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee.	—	—	—	Filed herewith
10.1	Form of Global Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Directors under Syneos Health, Inc. 2018 Equity Incentive Plan.	—	—	—	Filed herewith
10.2	Share Repurchase Agreement, dated April 30, 2021, by and among Syneos Health, Inc. and certain selling stockholders named therein.	8-K	001-36730	10.1	May 5, 2021
10.3	Share Repurchase Agreement, dated June 1, 2021, by and among Syneos Health, Inc. and certain selling stockholders named therein.	8-K	001-36730	10.1	June 4, 2021
10.4	Amendment No. 5 to the Credit Agreement, dated as of June 30, 2021, among the Company, the other borrowers party thereto, the lenders party thereto, JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A., as Administrative Agent, and each of the other parties thereto.	8-K	001-36730	10.1	July 1, 2021
31.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.	—	—	—	Filed herewith
31.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.	—	—	—	Filed herewith
32.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.	—	—	—	Furnished herewith
32.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.	—	—	—	Furnished herewith
101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document - the Instance Document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.	—	—	—	Filed herewith
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.	—	—	—	Filed herewith
101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.	—	—	—	Filed herewith
101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.	—	—	—	Filed herewith
101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.	—	—	—	Filed herewith
101.PRE	Inline Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.	—	—	—	Filed herewith
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).	—	—	—	Filed herewith

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.


Delaware		27-3403111
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share	SYNH	The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC


	PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

		Page

Item 1.	Financial Statements	3

	Condensed Consolidated Statements of ~~Operations~~Income for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019~~2020 (unaudited)	3

	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019~~2020 (unaudited)	4

	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, ~~2020~~2021 and December 31, ~~2019~~2020 (unaudited)	5

	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019~~2020 (unaudited)	6

	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019~~2020 (unaudited)	7

	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)	8

Item 2.	~~Management's~~Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	26

Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	4341

Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	4341

	PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	4441

Item 1A.	Risk Factors	4441

Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	4641

Item 5.	Other Information	4642

Item 6.	Exhibits	4743

	Signature	4844

	June 30, 2021			December 31, 2020
Gross cash position	$	232,537		$	220,261
Less: cash borrowings		(205,632	)		(204,647	)
Net cash position	$	26,905		$	15,614

	Clinical Solutions (a)			Commercial Solutions (b)			Total
Balance as of January 1, 2020	$	2,784,952		$	1,565,428		$	4,350,380
Impact of foreign currency translation		(20,473	)		(6,678	)		(27,151	)
Balance as of June 30, 2020	$	2,764,479		$	1,558,750		$	4,323,229


☒	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934


☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934


Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

	Employee Severance Costs			Other Costs			Total
Balance as of December 31, 2019	$	5,728		$	22		$	5,750
Expenses incurred (a)		15,310			473			15,783
Cash payments made		(14,949	)		(495	)		(15,444	)
Balance as of June 30, 2020	$	6,089		$	—		$	6,089

	Total number of shares purchased		Average price paid per share		Approximate value of shares purchased (in thousands)
March 2018		948,100	$	39.55	$	37,493
April 2018		1,024,400		36.60		37,492
January 2019		552,100		39.16		21,623
February 2019		120,600		41.40		4,993
June 2019		509,100		45.29		23,055
August 2019		141,100		49.93		7,045
March 2020		600,000		53.38		32,029
Total		3,895,400			$	163,730

	Total number of shares purchased		Average price paid per share		Approximate dollar value of shares purchased (in thousands)
March 2021		600,000	$	74.18	$	44,505
May 2021		400,000		81.04		32,416
June 2021		500,000		81.20		40,600
Total		1,500,000			$	117,521

Period	Total number of shares purchased		Average price paid per share		Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs (1)		Approximate dollar value of shares that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs (in thousands)
April 1, 2021 - April 30, 2021		—	$	—		—	$	255,495
May 1, 2021 - May 31, 2021		400,000	$	81.04		400,000	$	223,079
June 1, 2021 - June 30, 2021		500,000	$	81.20		500,000	$	182,479
		900,000				900,000

		SYNEOS HEALTH, INC.


Date: August ~~5, 2020~~6, 2021	BY:	/s/ Jason Meggs
		Jason Meggs
		Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)