(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the Registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

Number of shares of common stock outstanding as of ~~July 30,~~October 26, 2020:

	June 30, 2020		December 31, 2019		September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
	(Unaudited)				(Unaudited)
ASSETS
Insurance and Other:
Cash and cash equivalents*	$	32,318	$	61,151	$	23,078	$	61,151
Short-term investments in U.S. Treasury Bills		110,518		63,822		118,906		63,822
Investments in fixed maturity securities		19,210		18,685		19,435		18,685
Investments in equity securities		207,454		248,027		245,317		248,027
Equity method investments		17,132		17,505		17,152		17,505
Loans and finance receivables		18,175		17,527		18,584		17,527
Other receivables		33,546		32,418		34,389		32,418
Inventories		19,277		19,852		19,361		19,852
Property, plant and equipment		21,122		21,438		21,141		21,438
Equipment held for lease		14,887		15,065		14,714		15,065
Goodwill		47,034		57,052		47,091		57,052
Other intangible assets		29,847		31,051		29,652		31,051
Deferred charges under retroactive reinsurance contracts		13,193		13,747		13,012		13,747
Other		14,021		13,232		14,121		13,232
		597,734		630,572		635,953		630,572
Railroad, Utilities and Energy:
Cash and cash equivalents*		3,756		3,024		3,739		3,024
Receivables		3,220		3,417		3,426		3,417
Property, plant and equipment		138,780		137,838		140,398		137,838
Goodwill		24,719		24,830		24,774		24,830
Regulatory assets		2,989		2,881		2,933		2,881
Other		16,935		15,167		18,723		15,167
		190,399		187,157		193,993		187,157
	$	788,133	$	817,729	$	829,946	$	817,729

	June 30, 2020			December 31, 2019			September 30, 2020			December 31, 2019
	(Unaudited)						(Unaudited)
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Insurance and Other:
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	$	75,669		$	73,019		$	78,041		$	73,019
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses under retroactive reinsurance contracts		41,837			42,441			41,786			42,441
Unearned premiums		20,992			19,782			22,018			19,782
Life, annuity and health insurance benefits		20,642			20,155			20,975			20,155
Other policyholder liabilities		7,826			7,723			8,201			7,723
Accounts payable, accruals and other liabilities		26,197			27,611			28,976			27,611
Payable for purchase of U.S. Treasury Bills		1,114			—			6,795			—
Derivative contract liabilities		1,565			968			1,547			968
Aircraft repurchase liabilities and unearned lease revenues		5,389			5,281			5,390			5,281
Notes payable and other borrowings		38,243			37,590			38,891			37,590
		239,474			234,570			252,620			234,570
Railroad, Utilities and Energy:
Accounts payable, accruals and other liabilities		14,468			14,708			15,050			14,708
Regulatory liabilities		7,222			7,311			6,921			7,311
Notes payable and other borrowings		68,446			65,778			68,800			65,778
		90,136			87,797			90,771			87,797
Income taxes, principally deferred		61,270			66,799			67,340			66,799
Total liabilities		390,880			389,166			410,731			389,166
Shareholders’ equity:
Common stock		8			8			8			8
Capital in excess of par value		35,615			35,658			35,621			35,658
Accumulated other comprehensive income		(5,967	)		(5,243	)		(5,190	)		(5,243	)
Retained earnings		378,654			402,493			408,791			402,493
Treasury stock, at cost		(14,815	)		(8,125	)		(24,075	)		(8,125	)
Berkshire Hathaway shareholders’ equity		393,495			424,791			415,155			424,791
Noncontrolling interests		3,758			3,772			4,060			3,772
Total shareholders’ equity		397,253			428,563			419,215			428,563
	$	788,133		$	817,729		$	829,946		$	817,729

	Second Quarter					First Six Months					Third Quarter				First Nine Months
	2020			2019		2020			2019		2020		2019		2020		2019
	(Unaudited)					(Unaudited)					(Unaudited)				(Unaudited)
Revenues:
Insurance and Other:
Insurance premiums earned	$	15,595		$	14,863	$	31,343		$	29,182	$	15,913	$	15,323	$	47,256	$	44,505
Sales and service revenues		28,703			34,128		60,629			66,537		32,703		34,026		93,332		100,563
Leasing revenues		1,161			1,491		2,589			2,927		1,316		1,438		3,905		4,365
Interest, dividend and other investment income		2,150			2,295		4,426			4,412		1,717		2,483		6,143		6,895
		47,609			52,777		98,987			103,058		51,649		53,270		150,636		156,328
Railroad, Utilities and Energy:
Freight rail transportation revenues		4,573			5,851		9,953			11,576		5,148		5,982		15,101		17,558
Energy operating revenues		3,419			3,566		7,053			7,391		4,451		4,338		11,504		11,729
Service revenues and other income		1,239			1,404		2,112			2,251		1,776		1,382		3,888		3,633
		9,231			10,821		19,118			21,218		11,375		11,702		30,493		32,920
Total revenues		56,840			63,598		118,105			124,276		63,024		64,972		181,129		189,248

Investment and derivative contract gains (losses)		40,085			10,048		(30,190	)		30,370
Investment and derivative contract gains/losses												31,582		10,926		1,392		41,296

Costs and expenses:
Insurance and Other:
Insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses		10,066			10,669		21,045			20,843		11,667		10,858		32,712		31,701
Life, annuity and health insurance benefits		1,407			1,165		2,790			2,069		1,311		1,176		4,101		3,245
Insurance underwriting expenses		3,067			2,569		5,991			5,325		3,228		2,708		9,219		8,033
Cost of sales and services		23,216			27,047		48,608			52,814		25,957		26,950		74,565		79,764
Cost of leasing		749			1,000		1,751			2,020		854		1,010		2,605		3,030
Selling, general and administrative expenses		4,652			4,829		9,123			9,261		5,181		4,384		14,304		13,645
Goodwill and intangible asset impairments		10,634			—		10,634			—		25		—		10,659		—
Interest expense		258			267		554			529		263		261		817		790
		54,049			47,546		100,496			92,861		48,486		47,347		148,982		140,208
Railroad, Utilities and Energy:
Freight rail transportation expenses		2,871			3,885		6,464			7,867		3,161		3,839		9,625		11,706
Utilities and energy cost of sales and other expenses		2,503			2,680		5,225			5,522		3,101		2,981		8,326		8,503
Other expenses		1,092			1,175		1,941			1,828		1,481		1,162		3,422		2,990
Interest expense		744			725		1,472			1,454		737		724		2,209		2,178
		7,210			8,465		15,102			16,671		8,480		8,706		23,582		25,377
Total costs and expenses		61,259			56,011		115,598			109,532		56,966		56,053		172,564		165,585
Earnings (loss) before income taxes and equity method earnings		35,666			17,635		(27,683	)		45,114
Equity method earnings (loss)		(257	)		124		43			292
Earnings (loss) before income taxes		35,409			17,759		(27,640	)		45,406
Income tax expense (benefit)		9,002			3,586		(4,350	)		9,501
Net earnings (loss)		26,407			14,173		(23,290	)		35,905
Earnings before income taxes and equity method earnings												37,640		19,845		9,957		64,959
Equity method earnings												290		644		333		936
Earnings before income taxes												37,930		20,489		10,290		65,895
Income tax expense												7,517		3,832		3,167		13,333
Net earnings												30,413		16,657		7,123		52,562
Earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests		112			100		161			171		276		133		437		304
Net earnings (loss) attributable to Berkshire Hathaway shareholders	$	26,295		$	14,073	$	(23,451	)	$	35,734
Net earnings (loss) per average equivalent Class A share	$	16,314		$	8,608	$	(14,500	)	$	21,824
Net earnings (loss) per average equivalent Class B share*	$	10.88		$	5.74	$	(9.67	)	$	14.55
Net earnings attributable to Berkshire Hathaway shareholders											$	30,137	$	16,524	$	6,686	$	52,258
Net earnings per average equivalent Class A share											$	18,994	$	10,119	$	4,160	$	31,944
Net earnings per average equivalent Class B share*											$	12.66	$	6.75	$	2.77	$	21.30
Average equivalent Class A shares outstanding		1,611,760			1,634,962		1,617,325			1,637,378		1,586,698		1,633,002		1,607,041		1,635,903
Average equivalent Class B shares outstanding		2,417,640,311			2,452,442,401		2,425,986,839			2,456,067,007		2,380,046,304		2,449,502,430		2,410,561,550		2,453,854,768

	Second Quarter						First Six Months						Third Quarter						First Nine Months
	2020			2019			2020			2019			2020			2019			2020			2019
	(Unaudited)						(Unaudited)						(Unaudited)						(Unaudited)
Net earnings (loss)	$	26,407		$	14,173		$	(23,290	)	$	35,905
Net earnings													$	30,413		$	16,657		$	7,123		$	52,562
Other comprehensive income:
Unrealized appreciation of investments		203			96			23			218			19			(39	)		42			179
Applicable income taxes		(50	)		(22	)		(9	)		(50	)		(4	)		10			(13	)		(40	)
Foreign currency translation		586			(17	)		(868	)		166			791			(700	)		(77	)		(534	)
Applicable income taxes		(10	)		—			37			(3	)		(3	)		6			34			3
Defined benefit pension plans		15			26			110			92			(24	)		(45	)		86			47
Applicable income taxes		(1	)		(6	)		(22	)		(23	)		8			7			(14	)		(16	)
Other, net		24			(32	)		(35	)		(45	)		16			10			(19	)		(35	)
Other comprehensive income, net		767			45			(764	)		355			803			(751	)		39			(396	)
Comprehensive income		27,174			14,218			(24,054	)		36,260			31,216			15,906			7,162			52,166
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests		125			96			121			189			302			112			423			301
Comprehensive income attributable to Berkshire Hathaway shareholders	$	27,049		$	14,122		$	(24,175	)	$	36,071		$	30,914		$	15,794		$	6,739		$	51,865

	Berkshire Hathaway shareholders’ equity																		Berkshire Hathaway shareholders’ equity
	Common stock and capital in excess of par value			Accumulated other comprehensive income			Retained earnings			Treasury stock			Non- controlling interests			Total			Common stock and capital in excess of par value			Accumulated other comprehensive income			Retained earnings			Treasury stock			Non- controlling interests			Total
For the third quarter and first nine months of 2019
Balance at December 31, 2018	$	35,715		$	(5,015	)	$	321,112		$	(3,109	)	$	3,797		$	352,500		$	35,715		$	(5,015	)	$	321,112		$	(3,109	)	$	3,797		$	352,500
Net earnings		—			—			21,661			—			71			21,732			—			—			21,661			—			71			21,732
Other comprehensive income, net		—			288			—			—			22			310			—			288			—			—			22			310
Issuance (acquisition) of common stock		13			—			—			(1,690	)		—			(1,677	)		13			—			—			(1,690	)		—			(1,677	)
Transactions with noncontrolling interests		(98	)		—			—			—			(176	)		(274	)		(98	)		—			—			—			(176	)		(274	)
Balance at March 31, 2019		35,630			(4,727	)		342,773			(4,799	)		3,714			372,591			35,630			(4,727	)		342,773			(4,799	)		3,714			372,591
Net earnings		—			—			14,073			—			100			14,173			—			—			14,073			—			100			14,173
Other comprehensive income, net		—			49			—			—			(4	)		45			—			49			—			—			(4	)		45
Issuance (acquisition) of common stock		8			—			—			(443	)		—			(435	)		8			—			—			(443	)		—			(435	)
Transactions with noncontrolling interests		(20	)		—			—			—			37			17			(20	)		—			—			—			37			17
Balance at June 30, 2019	$	35,618		$	(4,678	)	$	356,846		$	(5,242	)	$	3,847		$	386,391			35,618			(4,678	)		356,846			(5,242	)		3,847			386,391
Net earnings																				—			—			16,524			—			133			16,657
Other comprehensive income, net																				—			(730	)		—			—			(21	)		(751	)
Issuance (acquisition) of common stock																				—			—			—			(695	)		—			(695	)
Transactions with noncontrolling interests and other																				2			—			(36	)		—			(10	)		(44	)
Balance at September 30, 2019																			$	35,620		$	(5,408	)	$	373,334		$	(5,937	)	$	3,949		$	401,558
.
For the third quarter and first nine months of 2020
Balance at December 31, 2019	$	35,666		$	(5,243	)	$	402,493		$	(8,125	)	$	3,772		$	428,563		$	35,666		$	(5,243	)	$	402,493		$	(8,125	)	$	3,772		$	428,563
Net earnings (loss)		—			—			(49,746	)		—			49			(49,697	)
Net earnings																				—			—			(49,746	)		—			49			(49,697	)
Adoption of new accounting pronouncement		—			—			(388	)		—			—			(388	)		—			—			(388	)		—			—			(388	)
Other comprehensive income, net		—			(1,478	)		—			—			(53	)		(1,531	)		—			(1,478	)		—			—			(53	)		(1,531	)
Issuance (acquisition) of common stock		—			—			—			(1,575	)		—			(1,575	)		—			—			—			(1,575	)		—			(1,575	)
Transactions with noncontrolling interests		(39	)		—			—			—			(98	)		(137	)		(39	)		—			—			—			(98	)		(137	)
Balance at March 31, 2020		35,627			(6,721	)		352,359			(9,700	)		3,670			375,235			35,627			(6,721	)		352,359			(9,700	)		3,670			375,235
Net earnings (loss)		—			—			26,295			—			112			26,407
Net earnings																				—			—			26,295			—			112			26,407
Other comprehensive income, net		—			754			—			—			13			767			—			754			—			—			13			767
Issuance (acquisition) of common stock		—			—			—			(5,115	)		—			(5,115	)		—			—			—			(5,115	)		—			(5,115	)
Transactions with noncontrolling interests		(4	)		—			—			—			(37	)		(41	)		(4	)		—			—			—			(37	)		(41	)
Balance at June 30, 2020	$	35,623		$	(5,967	)	$	378,654		$	(14,815	)	$	3,758		$	397,253			35,623			(5,967	)		378,654			(14,815	)		3,758			397,253
Net earnings																				—			—			30,137			—			276			30,413
Other comprehensive income, net																				—			777			—			—			26			803
Issuance (acquisition) of common stock																				—			—			—			(9,260	)		—			(9,260	)
Transactions with noncontrolling interests																				6			—			—			—			—			6
Balance at September 30, 2020																			$	35,629		$	(5,190	)	$	408,791		$	(24,075	)	$	4,060		$	419,215

	First Six Months						First Nine Months
	2020			2019			2020			2019
	(Unaudited)						(Unaudited)
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net earnings (loss)	$	(23,290	)	$	35,905
Adjustments to reconcile net earnings (loss) to operating cash flows:
Net earnings							$	7,123		$	52,562
Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to operating cash flows:
Investment (gains) losses		29,593			(29,387	)		(2,032	)		(40,079	)
Depreciation and amortization		5,109			4,873			7,692			7,407
Other, including asset impairment charges		10,520			(737	)		10,934			(1,740	)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Losses and loss adjustment expenses		2,140			2,032			4,480			3,252
Deferred charges reinsurance assumed		554			470			735			745
Unearned premiums		1,268			2,005			2,544			2,663
Receivables and originated loans		(1,885	)		(3,094	)		(3,223	)		(3,618	)
Other assets		(760	)		(2,102	)		(1,673	)		(2,419	)
Other liabilities		(298	)		(1,359	)		2,446			(889	)
Income taxes		(5,485	)		8,156			201			8,726
Net cash flows from operating activities		17,466			16,762			29,227			26,610
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of equity securities		(4,800	)		(2,834	)		(22,406	)		(15,090	)
Sales of equity securities		15,743			4,460			28,564			7,127
Purchases of U.S. Treasury Bills and fixed maturity securities		(113,169	)		(66,754	)		(153,897	)		(72,189	)
Sales of U.S. Treasury Bills and fixed maturity securities		12,689			6,733			23,744			13,602
Redemptions and maturities of U.S. Treasury Bills and fixed maturity securities		54,422			62,807			81,252			94,742
Purchases of loans and finance receivables		(608	)		(191	)		(619	)		(57	)
Collections of loans and finance receivables		156			175			268			259
Acquisitions of businesses, net of cash acquired		(82	)		(580	)		(111	)		(732	)
Purchases of property, plant and equipment and equipment held for lease		(6,187	)		(6,747	)		(9,516	)		(11,139	)
Other		(715	)		23			(1,685	)		(1,067	)
Net cash flows from investing activities		(42,551	)		(2,908	)		(54,406	)		15,456
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from borrowings of insurance and other businesses		3,428			4,176			3,435			8,141
Repayments of borrowings of insurance and other businesses		(2,092	)		(2,907	)		(2,116	)		(5,046	)
Proceeds from borrowings of railroad, utilities and energy businesses		6,254			3,339			6,424			4,163
Repayments of borrowings of railroad, utilities and energy businesses		(2,291	)		(1,690	)		(2,449	)		(1,766	)
Changes in short term borrowings, net		(1,166	)		(95	)		(1,062	)		165
Acquisition of treasury stock		(6,739	)		(2,133	)		(15,712	)		(2,807	)
Other		(214	)		(279	)		(196	)		(341	)
Net cash flows from financing activities		(2,820	)		411			(11,676	)		2,509
Effects of foreign currency exchange rate changes		(140	)		26			(340	)		(95	)
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash		(28,045	)		14,291			(37,195	)		44,480
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of year		64,632			30,811			64,632			30,811
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of second quarter *	$	36,587		$	45,102
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of third quarter *							$	27,437		$	75,291
* Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash are comprised of the following:
Beginning of year—
Insurance and Other	$	61,151		$	27,749		$	61,151		$	27,749
Railroad, Utilities and Energy		3,024			2,612			3,024			2,612
Restricted cash, included in other assets		457			450			457			450
	$	64,632		$	30,811		$	64,632		$	30,811
End of second quarter—
End of third quarter—
Insurance and Other	$	32,318		$	41,375		$	23,078		$	71,064
Railroad, Utilities and Energy		3,756			3,259			3,739			3,712
Restricted cash, included in other assets		513			468			620			515
	$	36,587		$	45,102		$	27,437		$	75,291

The accompanying unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Berkshire Hathaway Inc. (“Berkshire” or “Company”) consolidated with the accounts of all its subsidiaries and affiliates in which Berkshire holds controlling financial interests as of the financial statement date. In these notes, the terms “us,” “we” or “our” refer to Berkshire and its consolidated subsidiaries. Reference is made to Berkshire’s most recently issued Annual Report on Form 10-K (“Annual Report”), which includes information necessary or useful to understanding Berkshire’s businesses and financial statement presentations. Our significant accounting policies and practices were presented as Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Annual Report. Changes to those policies due to the adoption of new accounting standards are described in Note 2.

Financial information in this Quarterly Report reflects all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring adjustments) that are, in the opinion of management, necessary to a fair statement of results for the interim periods in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”). For a number of reasons, our results for interim periods are not normally indicative of results to be expected for the year. The timing and magnitude of catastrophe losses incurred by insurance subsidiaries and the estimation error inherent to the process of determining liabilities for unpaid losses of insurance subsidiaries can be more significant to results of interim periods than to results for a full year. Given the size of our equity security investment portfolio, changes in market prices and the related changes in unrealized gains on equity securities will produce significant volatility in our interim and annual earnings. In addition, changes in the fair values of certain derivative contract liabilities, gains and losses from the periodic revaluation of certain assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies and the magnitude of asset impairment charges can cause significant variations in periodic net earnings.

The novel coronavirus (“COVID-19”) spread rapidly across the world in ~~the first quarter of~~ 2020 and was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. The government and private sector responses to contain its spread began to significantly affect our operating businesses in ~~March and~~March. COVID-19 has since adversely affected nearly all of our operations, inalthough the ~~second quarter, although such~~ effects ~~vary~~are varying significantly. The duration and extent of the effects over longer terms cannot be reasonably estimated at this time. The risks and uncertainties resulting from the pandemic that may affect our future earnings, cash flows and financial condition include the ~~nature~~time necessary to develop and ~~duration of~~produce a safe and effective vaccine that can be widely distributed throughout the ~~curtailment or closure of our various facilities~~world and the long-term effect on the demand for certain of our products and services. Accordingly, significant estimates used in the preparation of our financial statements including those associated with evaluations of certain long-lived assets, goodwill and other intangible assets for impairment, expected credit losses on amounts owed to us and the estimations of certain losses assumed under insurance and reinsurance contracts may be subject to significant adjustments in future periods. Additionally, GEICO’s underwriting results will likely be negatively affected over the remainder of the year and in the first quarter of 2021, as the ~~full~~remaining impact of the GEICO Giveback program (a program whereby all voluntary auto and motorcycle insurance policies renewed and newly issued during the period between April 8, 2020 and October 7, 2020 receive a 15% premium rate reduction) will be reflected in earned premiums during these periods.

We adopted Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 326 “Financial Instruments-Credit Losses” on January 1, 2020. ASC 326 provides for the measurement of expected credit losses on financial assets that are carried at amortized cost based on the net amounts expected to be collected. Measurements of expected credit losses therefore include provisions for non-collection, whether the risk is probable or remote. Prior to the adoption of ASC 326, credit losses were measured when non-collection was considered probable based on the prevailing facts and circumstances. We elected to not measure an allowance for expected credit losses on accrued interest and instead reverse uncollectible accrued interest through interest income on a timely basis.

Upon adoption of ASC 326, we recorded a charge to retained earnings of $388 million representing the cumulative after-tax increase in our allowances for credit losses, which was primarily related to our manufactured housing loans. Expected credit losses for such financial assets are based on the net present value of future principal payments less estimated expenses related to the charge-off and foreclosure of expected uncollectible loans and include provisions for loans that are not in foreclosure. Our principal credit quality indicator is whether the loans are performing. Expected credit loss estimates consider historical default rates, collateral recovery rates, historical runoff rates, interest rates, reductions of future cash flows for modified loans, the historical time elapsed from last payment until foreclosure, among other matters. In addition, our estimates consider current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts.

Trade receivables, insurance premium receivables and other receivables are primarily short-term in ~~nature~~duration with stated collection terms of less than one year from the date of origination. In establishing credit loss allowances for such receivables, we primarily utilize credit loss history. However, credit loss allowances may be adjusted as a result of current conditions and when we expect reasonable and supportable forecasts to deviate from historical experience. In evaluating expected credit losses of reinsurance recoverables, ~~on unpaid losses,~~ we review the credit quality of the counterparty and consider credit ratings, right-of-offset provisions within reinsurance contracts and other forms of credit enhancement including, collateral, funds held arrangements, guarantees, ~~and~~as well as other publicly available information.

We adopted ASU 2017-04 “Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment” as of January 1, 2020. Under ASU 2017-04, the measurement of a goodwill impairment is represented by the excess of the carrying value over the fair value of the reporting unit and is limited to the carrying value of goodwill. ~~ASU 2017-04 is effective for goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after its adoption date.~~

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-12 “Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts.” ASU 2018-12 requires periodic reassessment of actuarial and discount rate assumptions used to value policyholder liabilities and deferred acquisition costs arising from long-duration insurance and reinsurance contracts, with the effects of changes in cash flow assumptions reflected in earnings and the effects of changes in discount rate assumptions reflected in other comprehensive income. Currently, the actuarial and discount rate assumptions are set at the contract inception date and not subsequently changed, except under limited circumstances. ASU 2018-12 requires new disclosures and is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, with early adoption permitted. We are evaluating the effect this standard will have on our Consolidated Financial Statements.

Investments in fixed maturity securities as of ~~June~~September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 are summarized by type below (in millions).

	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
June 30, 2020
September 30, 2020
U.S. Treasury, U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	3,441	$	76	$	—		$	3,517	$	3,311	$	66	$	—		$	3,377
Foreign governments		9,137		81		(12	)		9,206		9,898		82		(11	)		9,969
Corporate bonds		5,499		440		(21	)		5,918		5,125		455		(6	)		5,574
Other		497		74		(2	)		569		447		70		(2	)		515
	$	18,574	$	671	$	(35	)	$	19,210	$	18,781	$	673	$	(19	)	$	19,435
December 31, 2019
U.S. Treasury, U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	3,054	$	37	$	(1	)	$	3,090	$	3,054	$	37	$	(1	)	$	3,090
Foreign governments		8,584		63		(9	)		8,638		8,584		63		(9	)		8,638
Corporate bonds		5,896		459		(3	)		6,352		5,896		459		(3	)		6,352
Other		539		67		(1	)		605		539		67		(1	)		605
	$	18,073	$	626	$	(14	)	$	18,685	$	18,073	$	626	$	(14	)	$	18,685

Investments in foreign governments include securities issued by national and provincial government entities as well as instruments that are unconditionally guaranteed by such entities. As of ~~June~~September 30, 2020, approximately ~~88%~~87% of our foreign government holdings were rated AA or higher by at least one of the major rating agencies.

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of fixed maturity securities as of ~~June~~September 30, 2020 are summarized below by contractual maturity dates (in millions). Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities due to early call or prepayment rights held by issuers.

Due in one

year or less

Due after one

year through

five years

Due after five

years through

ten years

Due after

ten years

Mortgage-

backed

securities

Total

Due in one

year or less

Due after one

year through

five years

Due after five

years through

ten years

Due after

ten years

Mortgage-

backed

securities

Total

Amortized cost

8,632

8,894

283

401

364

18,574

9,847

7,885

302

405

342

18,781

Fair value

8,645

9,067

325

743

430

19,210

9,887

8,030

349

764

405

19,435

Investments in equity securities as of ~~June~~September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 are summarized ~~based on the primary industry of the investee~~ in the tables below (in millions).

	Cost Basis		Net Unrealized Gains		Fair Value		Cost Basis		Net Unrealized Gains		Fair Value
June 30, 2020*
September 30, 2020*
Banks, insurance and finance	$	31,164	$	28,081	$	59,245	$	27,145	$	29,065	$	56,210
Consumer products		38,706		73,990		112,696		37,016		98,022		135,038
Commercial, industrial and other		26,193		9,320		35,513		41,468		12,601		54,069
	$	96,063	$	111,391	$	207,454	$	105,629	$	139,688	$	245,317

On August 8, 2019, Berkshire invested a total of $10 billion in Occidental Corporation (“Occidental”) newly issued Occidental Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock with an aggregate liquidation value of $10 billion, and warrants to purchase up to 80 million shares of Occidental common stock at an exercise price of $62.50 per share. In accordance with the terms of the warrants, on August 3, 2020, the number of shares of common stock that can be purchased was increased to 83.86 million shares and the exercise price was reduced to $59.62 per share. The preferred stock accrues dividends at 8% per annum and is redeemable at the option of Occidental commencing ~~on the tenth anniversary of issuance~~in 2029 at a redemption price equal to 105% of the liquidation preference plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends, or mandatorily under certain specified capital return events. Dividends on the preferred stock may be paid in cash or, at Occidental’s option, in shares of Occidental common stock. The warrants are exercisable in whole or in part until one year after the redemption of the preferred stock. Our investments in Occidental are included in the commercial, industrial and other category in the preceding tables.

Berkshire and its subsidiaries hold investments in certain businesses that are accounted for pursuant to the equity method. Currently, the most significant of these is our investment in the common stock of The Kraft Heinz Company (“Kraft Heinz”). Kraft Heinz is one of the world’s largest manufacturers and marketers of food and beverage products, including condiments and sauces, cheese and dairy, meals, meats, refreshment beverages, coffee and other grocery products. Berkshire currently owns 325,442,152 shares of Kraft Heinz common stock representing 26.6% of the outstanding shares.

Shares of Kraft Heinz common stock are publicly-traded and the fair value of our investment was approximately ~~$10.4~~$9.7 billion at ~~June~~September 30, 2020 and $10.5 billion at December 31, 2019. The carrying value of our investment was approximately $13.1 billion at ~~June~~September 30, 2020 and $13.8 billion at December 31, 2019.

Berkshire’s equity method earnings from Kraft Heinz were $159 million in the third quarter of 2020. Equity method losses from Kraft Heinz were $180 million in the first nine months of 2020, which included approximately $850 million for our proportionate share of goodwill and identifiable intangible asset impairment charges recorded by Kraft Heinz. As previously disclosed in Berkshire’s Form ~~10-Qs~~10-Q for the ~~first three quarters~~third quarter of 2019, Kraft Heinz’s financial statements for the first and second quarters of 2019 were not available until August 13, 2019 when Kraft Heinz filed financial statements for those periods with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Thus, Berkshire did not record equity method earnings attributable to Kraft Heinz for each of those periods until the third quarter of 2019. ~~Our~~Berkshire’s equity method ~~losses~~earnings in the third quarter and first nine months of 2019 included $467 million with respect to Kraft Heinz’s results for the ~~second quarter and~~first nine months of 2019, of which $228 million was attributable to Kraft Heinz’s results for the first six months of ~~2020 were $440 million and $339 million, respectively, which included approximately $750 million representing our proportionate~~2019. Berkshire’s equity method share of the Kraft Heinz goodwill and identifiable intangible asset impairment charges ~~recorded by Kraft Heinz in~~for the ~~second quarter.~~first nine months of 2019 was $293 million. We received dividends on the common stock of ~~$260~~$391 million in each of the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 and 2019, which were recorded as reductions to the carrying value of our investment.

As of ~~June~~September 30, 2020, the carrying value of our investment in Kraft Heinz exceeded the fair value based on the quoted market price by ~~$2.7~~$3.4 billion ~~(20.6%)~~(26% of carrying value). In light of that fact, we evaluated our investment in Kraft Heinz for impairment. We utilize no bright-line tests in such evaluations. Based on the available facts and information regarding the operating results of Kraft Heinz, our ability and intent to hold the investment until recovery, the relative amount of the decline, and the length of time that fair value was less than carrying value, we concluded that recognition of an impairment loss in earnings was not required. However, we will continue to monitor this investment and it is possible that an impairment loss will be recorded in earnings in future periods based on changes in facts and circumstances or intentions.

Summarized consolidated financial information of Kraft Heinz follows (in millions).

June 27,

2020

December 28,

2019

September 26,

2020

December 28,

2019

Assets

98,306

101,450

98,122

101,450

Liabilities

49,141

49,701

48,783

49,701

	Second Quarter					First Six Months					Third Quarter				First Nine Months
	2020			2019		2020			2019		2020		2019		2020			2019
Sales	$	6,648		$	6,406	$	12,805		$	12,365	$	6,441	$	6,076	$	19,246		$	18,441
Net earnings (loss) attributable to Kraft Heinz common shareholders*		(1,651	)		449		(1,273	)		854		597		899		(676	)		1,753

Other investments accounted for pursuant to the equity method include our investments in Berkadia Commercial Mortgage LLC (“Berkadia”), Pilot Travel Centers LLC (“Pilot”) and Electric Transmission Texas, LLC (“ETT”). The carrying value of our investments in these entities was approximately ~~$4.0~~$4.1 billion as of ~~June~~September 30, 2020 and $3.7 billion as of December 31, 2019. Our equity method earnings from these entities in the first ~~six~~nine months were ~~$382~~$513 million in 2020 and ~~$314~~$491 million in 2019. Additional information concerning these investments follows.

We own a 50% interest in Berkadia, with Jefferies Financial Group Inc. (“Jefferies”) owning the other 50% interest. Berkadia is a servicer of commercial real estate loans in the U.S., performing primary, master and special servicing functions for U.S. government agency programs, commercial mortgage-backed securities transactions, banks, insurance companies and other financial institutions. A source of funding for Berkadia’s operations is through its issuance of commercial paper, which is currently limited to $1.5 billion. On ~~June~~September 30, 2020, Berkadia’s commercial paper outstanding was $1.47 billion. The commercial paper is supported by a surety policy issued by a Berkshire insurance subsidiary. Jefferies is obligated to indemnify us for one-half of any losses incurred under the policy. ~~In addition, a~~

A Berkshire Hathaway Energy Company subsidiary owns a 50% interest in ETT, an owner and operator of electric transmission assets in the Electric Reliability Council of Texas footprint. American Electric Power owns the other 50% interest.

In 2017, we acquired a 38.6% interest in Pilot, headquartered in Knoxville, Tennessee. Pilot is the largest operator of travel centers in North America, supplying more than 11 billion gallons of fuel per year via more than 950 retail locations across 44 U.S. states and 6 Canadian provinces and through wholesale distribution. The Haslam family currently owns a 50.1% interest in Pilot and a third party owns the remaining 11.3% interest. We also entered into an agreement to acquire ~~in 2023~~ an additional 41.4% interest in Pilot in 2023, with the Haslam family retaining a 20% interest. As a result, Berkshire will become the majority owner of Pilot in 2023.

Investment gains/losses in the ~~second~~third quarter and first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 and 2019 are summarized as follows (in millions).

	Second Quarter						First Six Months						Third Quarter						First Nine Months
	2020			2019			2020			2019			2020			2019			2020			2019
Equity securities:
Unrealized investment gains (losses) on securities held at the end of the period	$	39,369		$	9,827		$	(18,377	)	$	29,192
Investment gains (losses) on securities sold during the period		(87	)		5			(11,233	)		194
Unrealized investment gains during the period on securities held at the end of the period													$	30,837		$	10,489		$	16,458		$	39,546
Investment gains/losses on securities sold during the period														1,330			135			(13,901	)		464
		39,282			9,832			(29,610	)		29,386			32,167			10,624			2,557			40,010
Fixed maturity securities:
Gross realized gains		25			7			41			12			12			59			53			71
Gross realized losses		(14	)		(6	)		(20	)		(16	)		(2	)		(2	)		(22	)		(18	)
Other		(4	)		2			(4	)		5			(552	)		11			(556	)		16
	$	39,289		$	9,835		$	(29,593	)	$	29,387		$	31,625		$	10,692		$	2,032		$	40,079

Equity securities gains and losses include unrealized gains and losses from changes in fair values during the period on equity securities we still ~~own.~~

Inown, as well as gains and losses on securities we sold during the ~~first six months of 2020 and 2019, as~~period. As reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, we received proceeds ~~of approximately $15.7 billion and $4.5 billion, respectively,~~ from sales of equity ~~securities.~~securities of approximately $28.6 billion in the first nine months of 2020 and $7.1 billion in the first nine months of 2019. In the preceding table, investment gains/losses on equity securities sold during the period reflect the difference between the sales proceeds ~~from sales~~ and the fair value of the equity securities sold at the beginning of the applicable quarterly or annual period or, if later, the purchase date, if later. The losses on securities sold in the first six months of 2020 ($11.2 billion) include losses of $10.7 billion from market value changes in the first quarter on securities that were sold in the second quarter.date. Our taxable gains/losses on equity securities sold are generally the difference between the proceeds from sales and original cost. Taxable ~~losses~~gains were ~~$4.5 billion and $3.3~~$3.9 billion in the ~~second~~third quarter and $666 million in first ~~six~~nine months of ~~2020, respectively, and taxable~~2020. Taxable gains were ~~$832~~$609 million in the third quarter and ~~$1.35~~$1.96 billion in ~~the second quarter and~~ first ~~six~~nine months of ~~2019, respectively.~~2019.

	June 30, 2020			December 31, 2019			September 30, 2020			December 31, 2019
Loans and finance receivables before allowances and discounts	$	19,410		$	18,199		$	19,832		$	18,199
Allowances for credit losses		(732	)		(167	)		(731	)		(167	)
Unamortized acquisition discounts and points		(503	)		(505	)		(517	)		(505	)
	$	18,175		$	17,527		$	18,584		$	17,527

Loans and finance receivables are principally installment loans originated or acquired by our manufactured housing business. ~~The changes in~~Reconciliations of the allowance for credit losses on loans and finance receivables for each of the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 and 2019 follow (in millions).

	2020			2019			2020			2019
Balance - beginning of year:	$	167		$	177
Balance at beginning of year							$	167		$	177
Adoption of ASC 326		486			—			486			—
Provision for credit losses		130			66			177			109
Charge-offs, net of recoveries		(51	)		(66	)		(99	)		(103	)
Balance - June 30:	$	732		$	177
Balance at September 30							$	731		$	183

As of ~~June~~September 30, 2020, approximately 99% of ~~the~~ manufactured housing loan balances were evaluated collectively for impairment. As of ~~June~~September 30, 2020, we considered approximately ~~98%~~97% of the loan balances to be current as to payment status. ~~Manufactured~~A summary of performing and non-performing manufactured housing ~~loan balances~~loans before discounts and allowances ~~designated as performing or non-performing are presented below~~ by year of loan origination as of ~~June~~September 30, 2020 follows (in millions).

	Loans and Financing Receivables by Origination Year														Loans and Financing Receivables by Origination Year
	2020		2019		2018		2017		2016		Prior		Total		2020		2019		2018		2017		2016		Prior		Total
Performing	$	2,386	$	2,663	$	2,032	$	1,510	$	1,349	$	7,192	$	17,132	$	3,328	$	2,603	$	1,983	$	1,471	$	1,314	$	6,918	$	17,617
Non-performing		3		4		8		10		11		66		102		3		4		6		7		8		49		77
Total	$	2,389	$	2,667	$	2,040	$	1,520	$	1,360	$	7,258	$	17,234	$	3,331	$	2,607	$	1,989	$	1,478	$	1,322	$	6,967	$	17,694

We are party to an agreement with Seritage Growth Properties to provide a $2.0 billion term loan facility, which expires on July 31, 2023. The outstanding loan under the facility was approximately $1.6 billion ~~as of both June~~at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, and is secured by mortgages on real estate properties. In the first quarter of 2020, we provided a loan ~~of $576 million~~ to Lee Enterprises, Inc. in connection with its acquisition of our newspaper operations and the repayment of its then outstanding credit facilities. The loan balance at September 30, 2020 was $538 million. We are the sole lender to each of these entities and each of these loans is current as to payment status.

Other receivables of insurance and other businesses are comprised of the following (in millions).

	June 30, 2020			December 31, 2019			September 30, 2020			December 31, 2019
Insurance premiums receivable	$	15,371		$	13,379		$	15,379		$	13,379
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses		2,909			2,855			2,857			2,855
Trade receivables		11,385			12,275			11,840			12,275
Other		4,625			4,327			4,916			4,327
Allowances for credit losses		(744	)		(418	)		(603	)		(418	)
	$	33,546		$	32,418		$	34,389		$	32,418

Receivables of railroad and utilities and energy businesses are comprised of the following (in millions).

	June 30, 2020			December 31, 2019			September 30, 2020			December 31, 2019
Trade receivables	$	2,954		$	3,120		$	3,245		$	3,120
Other		370			388			305			388
Allowances for credit losses		(104	)		(91	)		(124	)		(91	)
	$	3,220		$	3,417		$	3,426		$	3,417

Provisions for credit losses on receivables summarized in the preceding tables were ~~$424~~$449 million in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020.

	June 30, 2020		December 31, 2019		September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
Raw materials	$	4,786	$	4,492	$	4,705	$	4,492
Work in process and other		2,644		2,700		2,712		2,700
Finished manufactured goods		4,906		4,821		4,645		4,821
Goods acquired for resale		6,941		7,839		7,299		7,839
	$	19,277	$	19,852	$	19,361	$	19,852

A summary of property, plant and equipment of our insurance and other businesses follows (in millions).

	June 30, 2020			December 31, 2019			September 30, 2020			December 31, 2019
Land, buildings and improvements	$	13,428		$	13,259		$	13,555		$	13,259
Machinery and equipment		24,422			24,285			24,765			24,285
Furniture, fixtures and other		4,621			4,666			4,689			4,666
		42,471			42,210			43,009			42,210
Accumulated depreciation		(21,349	)		(20,772	)		(21,868	)		(20,772	)
	$	21,122		$	21,438		$	21,141		$	21,438

A summary of property, plant and equipment of railroad and utilities and energy businesses follows (in millions). The utility generation, transmission and distribution systems and interstate natural gas pipeline assets are owned by regulated public utility and natural gas pipeline subsidiaries.

	June 30, 2020			December 31, 2019			September 30, 2020			December 31, 2019
Railroad:
Land, track structure and other roadway	$	62,764		$	62,404		$	63,318		$	62,404
Locomotives, freight cars and other equipment		13,516			13,482			13,477			13,482
Construction in progress		1,076			748			1,075			748
		77,356			76,634			77,870			76,634
Accumulated depreciation		(12,401	)		(12,101	)		(12,724	)		(12,101	)
		64,955			64,533			65,146			64,533
Utilities and energy:
Utility generation, transmission and distribution systems		81,518			81,127			82,743			81,127
Interstate natural gas pipeline assets		8,215			8,165			8,281			8,165
Independent power plants and other assets		8,850			8,817			8,952			8,817
Construction in progress		4,499			3,732			5,132			3,732
		103,082			101,841			105,108			101,841
Accumulated depreciation		(29,257	)		(28,536	)		(29,856	)		(28,536	)
		73,825			73,305			75,252			73,305
	$	138,780		$	137,838		$	140,398		$	137,838

Depreciation expense for the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 and 2019 is summarized below (in millions).

	First Six Months				First Nine Months
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Insurance and other	$	1,147	$	1,092	$	1,725	$	1,660
Railroad, utilities and energy		2,716		2,544		4,105		3,881
	$	3,863	$	3,636	$	5,830	$	5,541

Equipment held for lease includes railcars, aircraft, over-the-road trailers, intermodal tank containers, cranes, storage units and furniture. ~~Equipment~~A summary of equipment held for lease ~~is summarized below~~follows (in millions).

	June 30, 2020			December 31, 2019			September 30, 2020			December 31, 2019
Railcars	$	9,370		$	9,260		$	9,396		$	9,260
Aircraft		8,059			8,093			8,061			8,093
Other equipment held for lease		4,907			4,862
Other								4,887			4,862
		22,336			22,215			22,344			22,215
Accumulated depreciation		(7,449	)		(7,150	)		(7,630	)		(7,150	)
	$	14,887		$	15,065		$	14,714		$	15,065

Depreciation expense for equipment held for lease in the first ~~six~~nine months was ~~$599~~$900 million in 2020 and ~~$579~~$880 million in 2019. Operating lease revenues by type for the ~~second~~third quarter and first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 and 2019 were as follows (in millions).

Reconciliations of the changes in the carrying value of goodwill for the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 and for the year ended December 31, 2019 follow (in millions).

	June 30, 2020			December 31, 2019			September 30, 2020			December 31, 2019
Balance at beginning of year	$	81,882		$	81,025		$	81,882		$	81,025
Acquisitions of businesses		18			890			25			890
Impairment charges		(9,996	)		—			(10,021	)		—
Other, including foreign currency translation		(151	)		(33	)		(21	)		(33	)
Balance at end of period	$	71,753		$	81,882		$	71,865		$	81,882

Other intangible assets and related accumulated amortization are summarized as follows (in millions).

	June 30, 2020				December 31, 2019				September 30, 2020				December 31, 2019
	Gross carrying amount		Accumulated amortization		Gross carrying amount		Accumulated amortization		Gross carrying amount		Accumulated amortization		Gross carrying amount		Accumulated amortization
Insurance and other:
Customer relationships									$	27,344	$	5,548	$	27,943	$	5,025
Trademarks and trade names	$	5,180	$	769	$	5,286	$	759		5,193		774		5,286		759
Patents and technology		4,658		3,167		4,560		3,032		4,720		3,255		4,560		3,032
Customer relationships		27,311		5,346		27,943		5,025
Other		3,300		1,320		3,364		1,286		3,319		1,347		3,364		1,286
	$	40,449	$	10,602	$	41,153	$	10,102	$	40,576	$	10,924	$	41,153	$	10,102
Railroad, utilities and energy:
Customer relationships									$	678	$	352	$	678	$	324
Trademarks, trade names and other										325		91		325		84
									$	1,003	$	443	$	1,003	$	408
Railroad, utilities and energy:
Trademarks and trade names	$	212	$	28	$	212	$	26
Customer relationships		678		343		678		324
Other		113		60		113		58
	$	1,003	$	431	$	1,003	$	408

Intangible asset amortization expense in the first ~~six~~nine months was ~~$647~~$962 million in 2020 and ~~$658~~$986 million in 2019. Intangible assets with indefinite lives were $18.3 billion as of ~~June~~September 30, 2020 and $19.0 billion as of December 31, 2019 and primarily related to certain customer relationships and trademarks and trade names.

During the second quarter of 2020, we concluded it was necessary to reevaluate goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets of certain of our reporting units for impairment due to the disruptions arising from the COVID-19 pandemic. We ~~believe~~believed that the most significant of these disruptions ~~relate~~related to the air travel and commercial aerospace and supporting industries.

We recorded pre-tax goodwill impairment charges of approximately $10 billion and pre-tax indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment charges of $638 million in the second quarter of 2020. Approximately $10 billion of these charges related to Precision Castparts Corp. (“PCC”), the largest business within Berkshire's manufacturing segment. The carrying value of PCC-related goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets prior to the impairment charges was approximately $31 billion.

The amounts of the impairment charges were determined based on discounted cash flow methods and reflect our current assessments of the risks and uncertainties associated with the aerospace industry. Significant judgment is required in estimating the fair value of a reporting unit and in performing impairment tests. Due to the inherent uncertainty in forecasting cash flows and earnings, actual results in the future may vary significantly from the forecasts.

~~The~~Disruptions arising from the COVID-19 pandemic ~~events~~ will likely continue to evolve and the effects on our businesses may differ from what we currently estimate. If the effects prove to be worse than is reflected in our current estimates, additional goodwill or indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment charges could be required.

We are party to derivative contracts through certain of our subsidiaries. The most significant derivative contracts consist of equity index put option contracts. The liabilities and related notional values of these contracts follow (in millions).

	Liabilities		Notional Value		Liabilities		Notional Value
June 30, 2020	$	1,565	$	14,348
September 30, 2020					$	1,547	$	12,472
December 31, 2019		968		14,385		968		14,385

The equity index put option contracts are European style options written prior to March 2008 on four major equity indexes. Notional value in the preceding table represents the aggregate undiscounted amounts payable assuming the value of each index is zero at each contract’s expiration date. Certain contracts are denominated in foreign currencies and the related notional amounts are based on the foreign currency exchange rates as of the balance sheet date. These contracts ~~generated~~produced pre-tax ~~gains~~losses of ~~$796~~$43 million in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~pre-tax losses of $597~~$640 million in the first ~~six~~nine months of ~~2020. Equity index put option contracts produced~~2020 and pre-tax gains of ~~$213 million and $983~~$234 million in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~first six months of 2019, respectively. The losses~~$1,217 million in the first ~~six~~nine months of ~~2020 reflected declines in index values between December 31, 2019 and June 30, 2020.~~2019.

Substantially all open contracts as of ~~June~~September 30, 2020 will expire by February 2023. The weighted average life of unexpired contracts at ~~June~~September 30, 2020 was approximately ~~1.3~~1.25 years. Future payments, if any, under any given contract will be required if the prevailing index value is below the contract strike price at the contract expiration date. We received aggregate premiums of ~~$2.5~~$2.1 billion on the contract inception dates with respect to unexpired contracts as of ~~June~~September 30, 2020 and we have 0 counterparty credit risk. The aggregate intrinsic value (the undiscounted liability assuming the contracts are settled based on the index values and foreign currency exchange rates as of the balance sheet date) was $1.2 billion at ~~June~~September 30, 2020 and $397 million at December 31, 2019. These contracts may not be unilaterally terminated or fully settled before the contract expiration dates and the ultimate amount of cash basis gains or losses will not be determined until the contract expiration dates.

Our regulated utility subsidiaries are exposed to variations in the prices of fuel required to generate electricity, wholesale electricity purchased and sold and natural gas supplied for customers. We may use forward purchases and sales, futures, swaps and options to manage a portion of these price risks. Most of the net derivative contract assets or liabilities of our regulated utilities are probable of recovery through rates and are offset by regulatory liabilities or assets.

Our liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses (also referred to as “claim liabilities”) under property and casualty insurance and reinsurance contracts are based upon estimates of the ultimate claim costs associated with claim occurrences as of the balance sheet date and include estimates for incurred-but-not-reported (“IBNR”) claims. A reconciliation of the changes in claim liabilities, excluding liabilities under retroactive reinsurance contracts (see Note 15), for each of the ~~six~~nine months ending ~~June~~September 30, 2020 and 2019 follows (in millions).

	2020			2019			2020			2019
Balances – beginning of year:
Balances at beginning of year:
Gross liabilities	$	73,019		$	68,458		$	73,019		$	68,458
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses		(2,855	)		(3,060	)		(2,855	)		(3,060	)
Net liabilities		70,164			65,398			70,164			65,398
Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses:
Current accident year events		20,278			20,127			31,777			31,179
Prior accident years’ events		189			71			69			(396	)
Total incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses		20,467			20,198
Total								31,846			30,783
Paid losses and loss adjustment expenses:
Current accident year events		(6,638	)		(7,724	)		(11,691	)		(13,144	)
Prior accident years’ events		(11,155	)		(10,243	)		(15,259	)		(13,967	)
Total payments		(17,793	)		(17,967	)
Total								(26,950	)		(27,111	)
Foreign currency translation adjustment		(78	)		3			124			(178	)
Balances – June 30:
Balances at September 30:
Net liabilities		72,760			67,632			75,184			68,892
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses		2,909			3,149			2,857			3,105
Gross liabilities	$	75,669		$	70,781		$	78,041		$	71,997

Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses shown in the preceding table were recorded in earnings ~~in each period~~ and related to insured events occurring in the current year (“current accident year”) and events occurring in all prior years (“prior accident years”). ~~In the first six months, we~~We recorded a net ~~increases~~increase in estimated ultimate liabilities for prior accident years of ~~$189~~$69 million in the first nine months of 2020 ~~compared to $71~~and a net decrease of $396 million in the first nine months of 2019, which produced a corresponding ~~increases~~increase and decrease in incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses. These ~~increases,~~changes in the ultimate liability estimates as percentages of the net liabilities at the beginning of each year were ~~0.3% in 2020 and 0.1% in 2019.~~relatively insignificant.

In the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020, ~~and 2019,~~ we reduced estimated ultimate liabilities for prior years’ loss events for primary insurance by ~~$250~~$273 million and ~~$198 million, respectively.~~increased estimates for reinsurance liabilities by $342 million. The ~~decreases were~~net decrease for primary insurance was primarily attributable to lower than anticipated private passenger automobile, medical professional liability and workers’ compensation claims. The net increase related to reinsurance included increased claims estimates for legacy casualty exposures. In the first nine months of 2019, the net decrease in ~~2019~~estimated ultimate liabilities for prior accident years was ~~partially~~primarily attributable to private passenger automobile, medical professional liability and workers’ compensation claims, partly offset by increased liabilities for legacy casualty exposures and other commercial insurance business. We increased estimated ultimate liabilities for prior years’ loss events related to reinsurance assumed by $439 million and $269 million in the first six months of 2020 and 2019, respectively. The increase in 2020 included increased liabilities for legacy casualty exposures.

Retroactive reinsurance policies provide indemnification of losses and loss adjustment expenses of short-duration insurance contracts with respect to underlying loss events that occurred prior to the contract inception date. Claims payments may commence immediately after the contract inception date or, when applicable, once a contractual retention amount has been reached. Reconciliations of the changes in estimated liabilities for retroactive reinsurance unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses (“claim liabilities”) and related deferred charge reinsurance assumed assets for each of the ~~six~~nine months ending ~~June~~September 30, 2020 and 2019 follow (in millions).

	2020						2019						2020						2019
	Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses			Deferred charges reinsurance assumed			Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses			Deferred charges reinsurance assumed			Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses			Deferred charges reinsurance assumed			Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses			Deferred charges reinsurance assumed
Balances – beginning of year	$	42,441		$	(13,747	)	$	41,834		$	(14,104	)
Balances at beginning of year													$	42,441		$	(13,747	)	$	41,834		$	(14,104	)
Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses:
Current year contracts		—			—			175			(82	)		—			—			175			(82	)
Prior years’ contracts		24			554			—			552			131			735			(2	)		827
Total		24			554			175			470			131			735			173			745
Paid losses and loss adjustment expenses		(628	)		—			(460	)		—			(786	)		—			(643	)		—
Balances – June 30	$	41,837		$	(13,193	)	$	41,549		$	(13,634	)
Balances at September 30													$	41,786		$	(13,012	)	$	41,364		$	(13,359	)
Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of deferred charges	$	578					$	645					$	866					$	918

In the preceding table, classifications of incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses are based on the inception dates of the contracts. Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses in the first ~~six~~nine months related to contracts written in prior years were ~~$578~~$866 million in 2020 and ~~$552~~$825 million in 2019. Such losses reflected the recurring amortization of deferred charges and the effects of changes in the estimated timing and amount of ~~projected~~ future loss payments.

Berkshire’s subsidiary, National Indemnity Company (“NICO”), is party to a contract with various subsidiaries of American International Group, Inc. (collectively, “AIG”), in which NICO’s ultimate liability is contractually limited to $20 billion. Our estimated ultimate claim liabilities with respect to the AIG contract at both ~~June~~September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 were $18.2 billion. Deferred charge assets related to the AIG contract were approximately ~~$6.0~~$5.8 billion at ~~June~~September 30, 2020 and $6.3 billion at December 31, 2019.

Notes payable and other borrowings are summarized below (dollars in millions). The weighted average interest rates and maturity date ranges shown in the following tables are based on borrowings as of ~~June~~September 30, 2020.

	Weighted Average Interest Rate			June 30, 2020		December 31, 2019		Weighted Average Interest Rate			September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
Insurance and other:
Berkshire Hathaway Inc. (“Berkshire”):
U.S. Dollar denominated due 2020-2047		3.2	%	$	8,318	$	8,324		3.2	%	$	8,320	$	8,324
Euro denominated due 2021-2035		1.0	%		7,653		7,641		1.0	%		7,986		7,641
Japanese Yen denominated due 2023-2060		0.6	%		5,767		3,938		0.6	%		5,902		3,938
Berkshire Hathaway Finance Corporation (“BHFC”):
U.S. Dollar denominated due 2020-2049		4.1	%		8,828		8,679		4.1	%		8,829		8,679
Great Britain Pound denominated due 2039-2059		2.5	%		2,128		2,274		2.5	%		2,218		2,274
Other subsidiary borrowings due 2020-2045		4.2	%		4,680		5,262		4.2	%		4,676		5,262
Subsidiary short-term borrowings		2.9	%		869		1,472		2.7	%		960		1,472
				$	38,243	$	37,590				$	38,891	$	37,590

In March 2020, Berkshire repaid €1.0 billion of maturing senior notes and issued €1.0 billion of 0.0% senior notes due in 2025. In ~~the first quarter of 2021, $1.6 billion of senior notes will mature. In~~ April 2020, Berkshire issued ¥195.5 billion (approximately $1.8 billion) of senior notes with maturity dates ranging from 2023 to 2060 and a weighted average interest rate of 1.07%.

Borrowings of BHFC, a wholly owned finance subsidiary of Berkshire, consist of senior unsecured notes used to fund manufactured housing loans originated or acquired and equipment held for lease of certain subsidiaries. BHFC borrowings are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by Berkshire. In ~~January~~the first nine months of 2020, BHFC repaid $350 million of maturing senior notes and ~~in March 2020~~ issued $500 million of 1.85% senior notes due in 2030. In October 2020, BHFC repaid $550 million of maturing senior notes and issued $2.5 billion of senior notes consisting of $750 million of 1.45% senior notes due in 2030 and $1.75 billion of 2.85% senior notes due in 2050.

The carrying values of Berkshire and BHFC non-U.S. Dollar denominated senior notes (€6.85 billion, £1.75 billion and ¥625.5 billion par) reflect the applicable foreign currency exchange rates as of the balance sheet dates. The effects of changes in foreign currency exchange rates during the period are recorded in earnings as a component of selling, general and administrative expenses. Changes in the exchange rates resulted in pre-tax ~~gains~~losses of ~~$102~~$549 million in the third quarter and $447 million in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 and ~~$64~~pre-tax gains of $383 million in the third quarter and $447 million in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019.

In addition to BHFC borrowings, Berkshire guaranteed approximately $1.2 billion of other subsidiary borrowings at ~~June~~September 30, 2020. Generally, Berkshire’s guarantee of a subsidiary’s debt obligation is an absolute, unconditional and irrevocable guarantee for the full and prompt payment when due of all payment obligations.

	Weighted Average Interest Rate			June 30, 2020		December 31, 2019		Weighted Average Interest Rate				September 30, 2020			December 31, 2019
Railroad, utilities and energy:
Berkshire Hathaway Energy Company (“BHE”) and subsidiaries:
BHE senior unsecured debt due 2021-2050		4.5	%	$	11,461	$	8,581			4.5	%		$	11,462		$	8,581
Subsidiary and other debt due 2020-2064		4.3	%		31,444		30,772		4.3	%			31,693			30,772
Short-term borrowings		1.6	%		2,289		3,214		1.8	%			2,400			3,214
Burlington Northern Santa Fe and subsidiaries due 2020-2097		4.6	%		23,252		23,211		4.6	%			23,245			23,211
				$	68,446	$	65,778					$	68,800		$	65,778

BHE subsidiary debt represents amounts issued pursuant to separate financing agreements. Substantially all of the assets of certain BHE subsidiaries are, or may be, pledged or encumbered to support or otherwise secure such debt. These borrowing arrangements generally contain various covenants, which pertain to leverage ratios, interest coverage ratios and/or debt service coverage ratios. During the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020, BHE and its subsidiaries issued new term debt of approximately ~~$5.3~~$5.5 billion with maturity dates ranging from 2025 to 2062 and a weighted average interest rate of ~~3.5%~~3.4%. In the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020, BHE and its subsidiaries repaid ~~$1.8~~$1.9 billion of debt and reduced short-term ~~borrowings by $920 million.~~borrowings. On October 29, 2020, BHE issued $500 million of 1.65% senior notes due in 2031 and $1.5 billion of 2.85% senior notes due in 2051.

BNSF’s borrowings are primarily senior unsecured debentures. In April 2020, BNSF issued $575 million of 3.05% senior unsecured debentures due in 2051. During the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020, BNSF repaid ~~$531~~$541 million of debt. As of ~~June~~September 30, 2020, BNSF, BHE and their subsidiaries were in compliance with all applicable debt covenants. Berkshire does not guarantee any debt, borrowings or lines of credit of BNSF, BHE or their subsidiaries.

As of ~~June~~September 30, 2020, our subsidiaries had unused lines of credit and commercial paper capacity aggregating approximately ~~$9.3~~$9.5 billion to support short-term borrowing programs and provide additional liquidity. Such unused lines of credit included approximately ~~$7.4~~$7.8 billion related to BHE and its subsidiaries.

Our financial assets and liabilities are summarized below as of ~~June~~September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, with fair values shown according to the fair value hierarchy (in millions). The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, U.S. Treasury Bills, other receivables and accounts payable, accruals and other liabilities are considered to be reasonable estimates of their fair values.

	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Quoted Prices (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Carrying Value		Fair Value		Quoted Prices (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
June 30, 2020
September 30, 2020
Investments in fixed maturity securities:
U.S. Treasury, U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	3,517	$	3,517	$	3,470	$	47	$	—	$	3,377	$	3,377	$	3,331	$	46	$	—
Foreign governments		9,206		9,206		5,982		3,224		—		9,969		9,969		6,890		3,079		—
Corporate bonds		5,918		5,918		—		5,916		2		5,574		5,574		—		5,574		—
Other		569		569		—		569		—		515		515		—		515		—
Investments in equity securities		207,454		207,454		199,168		45		8,241		245,317		245,317		236,804		38		8,475
Investment in Kraft Heinz common stock		13,054		10,378		10,378		—		—		13,101		9,747		9,747		—		—
Loans and finance receivables		18,175		19,237		—		2,505		16,732		18,584		19,737		—		2,509		17,228
Derivative contract assets ⁽¹⁾		213		213		1		28		184		261		261		2		64		195
Derivative contract liabilities:
Railroad, utilities and energy ⁽¹⁾		171		171		7		102		62		109		109		5		93		11
Equity index put options		1,565		1,565		—		—		1,565		1,547		1,547		—		—		1,547
Notes payable and other borrowings:
Insurance and other		38,243		42,641		—		42,628		13		38,891		43,439		—		43,426		13
Railroad, utilities and energy		68,446		83,946		—		83,946		—		68,800		84,315		—		84,315		—
December 31, 2019
Investments in fixed maturity securities:
U.S. Treasury, U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	3,090	$	3,090	$	3,046	$	44	$	—	$	3,090	$	3,090	$	3,046	$	44	$	—
Foreign governments		8,638		8,638		5,437		3,201		—		8,638		8,638		5,437		3,201		—
Corporate bonds		6,352		6,352		—		6,350		2		6,352		6,352		—		6,350		2
Other		605		605		—		605		—		605		605		—		605		—
Investments in equity securities		248,027		248,027		237,271		46		10,710		248,027		248,027		237,271		46		10,710
Investment in Kraft Heinz common stock		13,757		10,456		10,456		—		—		13,757		10,456		10,456		—		—
Loans and finance receivables		17,527		17,861		—		1,809		16,052		17,527		17,861		—		1,809		16,052
Derivative contract assets ⁽¹⁾		145		145		—		23		122		145		145		—		23		122
Derivative contract liabilities:
Railroad, utilities and energy ⁽¹⁾		76		76		6		59		11		76		76		6		59		11
Equity index put options		968		968		—		—		968		968		968		—		—		968
Notes payable and other borrowings:
Insurance and other		37,590		40,589		—		40,569		20		37,590		40,589		—		40,569		20
Railroad, utilities and energy		65,778		76,237		—		76,237		—		65,778		76,237		—		76,237		—

The fair values of substantially all of our financial instruments were measured using market or income approaches. The hierarchy for measuring fair value consists of Levels 1 through 3, which are described below.

Level 1 – Inputs represent unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities exchanged in active markets.

Level 2 – Inputs include directly or indirectly observable inputs (other than Level 1 inputs) such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities exchanged in active or inactive markets; quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities exchanged in inactive markets; other inputs that may be considered in fair value determinations of the assets or liabilities, such as interest rates and yield curves, volatilities, prepayment speeds, loss severities, credit risks and default rates; and inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means. Pricing evaluations generally reflect discounted expected future cash flows, which incorporate yield curves for instruments with similar characteristics, such as credit ratings, estimated durations and yields for other instruments of the issuer or entities in the same industry sector.

Level 3 – Inputs include unobservable inputs used in the measurement of assets and liabilities. Management is required to use its own assumptions regarding unobservable inputs because there is little, if any, market activity in the assets or liabilities and it may be unable to corroborate the related observable inputs. Unobservable inputs require management to make certain projections and assumptions about the information that would be used by market participants in valuing assets or liabilities.

Reconciliations of assets and liabilities measured and carried at fair value on a recurring basis with the use of significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2020 and 2019 follow (in millions).

				Gains (losses) included in:																		Gains (losses) included in:
	Balance – beginning of year			Earnings			Other comprehensive income			Regulatory assets and liabilities			Acquisitions, dispositions and settlements			Balance – June 30			Balance at beginning of year			Earnings			Regulatory assets and liabilities			Acquisitions, dispositions and settlements			Balance at September 30
Investments in fixed maturity and equity securities:
2020	$	10,407		$	(2,469	)	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	7,938		$	10,407		$	(2,235	)	$	—		$	(2	)	$	8,170
2019		7			—			—			—			(2	)		5			7			499			—			10,002			10,508

Net derivative contract liabilities:
2020		(857	)		(265	)		—			(56	)		(265	)		(1,443	)		(857	)		(72	)		(36	)		(398	)		(1,363	)
2019		(2,343	)		1,134			(1	)		(23	)		(128	)		(1,361	)		(2,343	)		1,528			(41	)		(282	)		(1,138	)

Quantitative information as of ~~June~~September 30, 2020 with respect to significant assets and liabilities measured and carried at fair value on a recurring basis with the use of significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) follows (dollars in millions).

Fair

Value

Principal Valuation

Techniques

Unobservable

Inputs

Weighted

Average

Fair

Value

Principal Valuation

Techniques

Unobservable

Inputs

Weighted

Average

Investments in equity securities:

Preferred stock

7,878

Discounted cash flow

Expected duration

9 years

8,159

Discounted cash flow

Expected duration

9 years

Discount for transferability

restrictions and subordination

375 basis points

Discount for transferability

restrictions and subordination

375 basis points

Common stock warrants

Warrant pricing model

Expected duration

9 years

Warrant pricing model

Expected duration

9 years

Volatility

28%

Volatility

28%

Derivative contract liabilities

1,565

Option pricing model

Volatility

21%

1,547

Option pricing model

Volatility

20%

As described in Note 4, our investments in Occidental Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock (“Occidental Preferred”) and Occidental common stock warrants were acquired at an aggregate cost of $10 billion. Investments in equity securities in the preceding table include our investments in Occidental Preferred and Occidental common stock warrants. See Note 4 for information regarding these investments. These investments are subject to contractual restrictions on transferability and may contain provisions that prevent us from economically hedging our investments. In applying discounted cash flow techniques in valuing the Occidental Preferred, we made assumptions regarding the expected duration of the investment and the effects of subordination in liquidation. ~~The Occidental Preferred is redeemable at Occidental’s option beginning in 2029.~~ In valuing the Occidental common stock warrants, we used a warrant valuation model. While most of the inputs to the model are observable, we made assumptions regarding the expected duration and volatility of the warrants. ~~The Occidental common stock warrants expire on the one-year anniversary on which no Occidental Preferred remains outstanding.~~

Our equity index put option derivative contracts are illiquid and contain contract terms that are not standard in derivatives markets. For example, we are not required to post collateral under most of our contracts. We determine the fair value of the equity index put option contract liabilities based on the Black-Scholes option valuation model.

As described in Note 12, we recorded goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment charges in the second quarter of 2020. These charges reflected our estimates of fair values of the related reporting units for goodwill and of the indefinite-lived intangible assets, and the related measurements are considered ~~level three~~Level 3 measurements.

In estimating fair values of reporting units and indefinite-lived intangible assets, we consider the available facts and circumstances concerning the reporting unit and the industries in which it operates. The key assumptions and inputs we generally use in such determinations include forecasting revenues and expenses, cash flows and capital expenditures, as well as the selection of a discount rate and other inputs. These inputs also include our qualitative assessment of risks and uncertainties. We utilized discounted cash flow/earnings methods to develop our estimates of the fair values and we also considered other publicly available information.

Estimates of the fair value of reporting units can be significantly affected by expectations of the severity, duration or long-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the reporting unit’s business, which we cannot reliably predict at this time. Consequently, fair value estimates in such instances may be subject to wide variations. We concluded it was appropriate to reflect the increased risks and uncertainties precipitated by the pandemic through a combination of increases in discount rates and reductions to operating and long-term growth assumptions. We also incorporated forecasted operating results that were reduced from what was used in estimating fair value in connection with the 2019 annual impairment test conducted during the fourth quarter.

Changes inin Berkshire’s issued, treasury and outstanding common stock during the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 are shown in the table below. In addition to our common stock, 1,000,000 shares of preferred stock are authorized, but NaN are issued.

	Class A, $5 Par Value (1,650,000 shares authorized)									Class B, $0.0033 Par Value (3,225,000,000 shares authorized)								Class A, $5 Par Value (1,650,000 shares authorized)									Class B, $0.0033 Par Value (3,225,000,000 shares authorized)
	Issued			Treasury			Outstanding			Issued		Treasury			Outstanding			Issued			Treasury			Outstanding			Issued		Treasury			Outstanding
Balance December 31, 2019		719,307			(17,337	)		701,970			1,408,183,852		(23,702,319	)		1,384,481,533
Balances at December 31, 2019																			719,307			(17,337	)		701,970			1,408,183,852		(23,702,319	)		1,384,481,533
Conversions of Class A common stock to Class B common stock		(27,607	)		—			(27,607	)		41,410,500		—			41,410,500			(39,694	)		—			(39,694	)		59,541,000		—			59,541,000
Treasury stock acquired		—			(3,164	)		(3,164	)		—		(31,731,259	)		(31,731,259	)		—			(11,330	)		(11,330	)		—		(64,487,462	)		(64,487,462	)
Balance at June 30, 2020		691,700			(20,501	)		671,199			1,449,594,352		(55,433,578	)		1,394,160,774
Balances at September 30, 2020																			679,613			(28,667	)		650,946			1,467,724,852		(88,189,781	)		1,379,535,071

Each Class A common share is entitled to 1 vote per share. Class B common stock possesses dividend and distribution rights equal to one-fifteen-hundredth (1/1,500) of such rights of Class A common stock. Each Class B common share possesses voting rights equivalent to one-ten-thousandth (1/10,000) of the voting rights of a Class A share. Unless otherwise required under Delaware General Corporation Law, Class A and Class B common shares vote as a single class. Each share of Class A common stock is convertible, at the option of the holder, into 1,500 shares of Class B common stock. Class B common stock is not convertible into Class A common stock. On an equivalent Class A common stock basis, there were ~~1,600,640~~1,570,636 shares outstanding as of ~~June~~September 30, 2020 and 1,624,958 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2019.

Since we have two classes of common stock, we provide earnings per share data on the Consolidated Statements of Earnings for average equivalent Class A shares outstanding and average equivalent Class B shares outstanding. Class B shares are economically equivalent to one-fifteen-hundredth (1/1,500) of a Class A share. Average equivalent Class A shares outstanding represents average Class A shares outstanding plus one-fifteen-hundredth (1/1,500) of the average Class B shares outstanding. Average equivalent Class B shares outstanding represents average Class B shares outstanding plus 1,500 times average Class A shares outstanding.

Berkshire’s common stock repurchase program permits Berkshire to repurchase its Class A and Class B shares any time that Warren Buffett, Berkshire’s Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer, and Charlie Munger, Vice Chairman of the Board, believe that the repurchase price is below Berkshire’s intrinsic value, conservatively determined. The program continues to allow share repurchases in the open market or through privately negotiated transactions and does not specify a maximum number of shares to be repurchased. However, repurchases will not be made if they would reduce the total value of Berkshire’s consolidated cash, cash equivalents and U.S. Treasury Bills holdings below $20 billion. The repurchase program does not obligate Berkshire to repurchase any specific dollar amount or number of Class A or Class B shares and there is no expiration date to the program.

Our consolidated effective income tax rates were 19.8% for the ~~second~~third quarter and 30.8% for the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 ~~were 25.4%~~ and ~~15.7%, respectively,~~18.7% for the third quarter and 20.2% ~~and 20.9% in~~for the ~~second quarter and~~ first ~~six~~nine months of ~~2019, respectively.~~2019. Our effective income tax rate normally reflects recurring benefits from dividends-received deductions applicable to investments in equity securities and production tax credits related to wind-powered electricity generation placed in service in the U.S. Our periodic effective income tax rate will also vary due to the changes in mix of pre-tax earnings, the magnitude of gains or losses ~~included in earnings~~ with respect to our investments in equity securities and of non-deductible goodwill impairment charges and other expenses and the underlying income tax rates applicable in the various taxing jurisdictions.

A summary of the net changes in after-tax accumulated other comprehensive income attributable to Berkshire Hathaway shareholders for the ~~six~~nine months ending ~~June~~September 30, 2020 and 2019 follows (in millions).

Unrealized
appreciation of
investments, net

Foreign
currency
translation

Defined benefit
pension plans

Other

Accumulated
other
comprehensive
income

First six months of 2020:

Balance at December 31, 2019

$
481

$
(4,346
)

$
(1,369
)

$
(9
)

$
(5,243
)
Other comprehensive income, net

14

(794
)

83

(27
)

(724
)
Balance at June 30, 2020

$
495

$
(5,140
)

$
(1,286
)

$
(36
)

$
(5,967
)

First six months of 2019:

Balance at December 31, 2018

$
370

$
(4,603
)

$
(816
)

$
34

$
(5,015
)
Other comprehensive income, net

166

145

67

(41
)

337

Balance at June 30, 2019

$
536

$
(4,458
)

$
(749
)

$
(7
)

$
(4,678
)

	Unrealized appreciation of investments, net		Foreign currency translation			Defined benefit pension plans			Other			Accumulated other comprehensive income
First nine months of 2020
Balance at beginning of year	$	481	$	(4,346	)	$	(1,369	)	$	(9	)	$	(5,243	)
Other comprehensive income, net		29		(28	)		67			(15	)		53
Balance at end of period	$	510	$	(4,374	)	$	(1,302	)	$	(24	)	$	(5,190	)

First nine months of 2019
Balance at beginning of year	$	370	$	(4,603	)	$	(816	)	$	34		$	(5,015	)
Other comprehensive income, net		137		(534	)		33			(29	)		(393	)
Balance at end of period	$	507	$	(5,137	)	$	(783	)	$	5		$	(5,408	)

A summary of supplemental cash flow information is presented in the following table (in millions).

	First Six Months				First Nine Months
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Cash paid during the period for:
Income taxes	$	980	$	1,199	$	2,715	$	4,395
Interest:
Insurance and other		591		540		892		879
Railroad, utilities and energy		1,438		1,370		2,174		2,149
Non-cash investing and financing activities:
Non-cash acquisition of equity securities		231		—		430		—

We are parties in a variety of legal actions that routinely arise out of the normal course of business, including legal actions seeking to establish liability directly through insurance contracts or indirectly through reinsurance contracts issued by Berkshire subsidiaries. Plaintiffs occasionally seek punitive or exemplary damages. We do not believe that such normal and routine litigation will have a material effect on our financial condition or results of operations. Berkshire and certain of its subsidiaries are also involved in other kinds of legal actions, some of which assert or may assert claims or seek to impose fines and penalties. We believe that any liability that may arise as a result of other pending legal actions will not have a material effect on our consolidated financial condition or results of operations.

In July 2020, Berkshire Hathaway Energy (“BHE”) reached a definitive agreement with Dominion Energy, Inc. (“Dominion”) to acquire substantially all of Dominion’s natural gas transmission and storage business, which includes more than 7,700 miles of natural gas transmission pipelines, about 900 billion cubic feet of operated natural gas storage capacity and partial ownership of a liquefied natural gas export, import and storage facility. The agreement provided for an aggregate acquisition price ~~will be~~of approximately $4.0 ~~billion.~~billion and that BHE ~~will~~would also assume approximately $5.7 billion of existing asset-related long-term debt.

On October 5, 2020, BHE and Dominion agreed, as permitted under the acquisition agreement, to provide for the acquisition of all originally agreed upon businesses, except for certain pipeline assets (the “Excluded Assets”), for approximately $2.7 billion in cash and BHE’s assumption of approximately $5.3 billion of debt. This acquisition was completed on November 1, 2020. In addition, on October 5, 2020, BHE and Dominion entered into a second acquisition agreement providing for BHE’s acquisition of the Excluded Assets for approximately $1.3 billion in cash and BHE’s assumption of approximately $0.4 billion of debt. The closing of this acquisition is subject to receiving necessary regulatory approvals and other customary closing conditions and is expected to ~~close during the fourth quarter of 2020.~~occur in early 2021.

We recognize revenue when a good or service is transferred to a customer. A good or service is transferred when or as the customer obtains control of that good or service. Revenues are based on the consideration we expect to receive in connection with our promises to deliver goods and services to our customers.

The following tables summarize customer contract revenues disaggregated by reportable segment and the source of the revenue for the ~~second~~third quarter and first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 and 2019 (in millions). Other revenues included in consolidated revenues were primarily insurance premiums earned, interest, dividend and other investment income and leasing revenues, which are not considered to be revenues from contracts with customers under GAAP.

	Manufacturing		McLane Company		Service and Retail		BNSF		Berkshire Hathaway Energy		Insurance, Corporate and other		Total		Manufacturing		McLane Company		Service and Retail		BNSF		Berkshire Hathaway Energy		Insurance, Corporate and other		Total
Three months ending June 30, 2020
Three months ending September 30, 2020
Manufactured products:
Industrial and commercial products	$	4,631	$	—	$	45	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	4,676	$	4,889	$	—	$	54	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	4,943
Building products		3,665		—		—		—		—		—		3,665		4,322		—		—		—		—		—		4,322
Consumer products		3,009		—		—		—		—		—		3,009		4,036		—		—		—		—		—		4,036
Grocery and convenience store distribution		—		7,287		—		—		—		—		7,287		—		7,905		—		—		—		—		7,905
Food and beverage distribution		—		3,787		—		—		—		—		3,787		—		3,968		—		—		—		—		3,968
Auto sales		—		—		1,895		—		—		—		1,895		—		—		2,195		—		—		—		2,195
Other retail and wholesale distribution		487		—		2,620		—		—		—		3,107		599		—		3,182		—		—		—		3,781
Service		348		122		634		4,558		971		—		6,633		370		144		865		5,135		1,474		—		7,988
Electricity and natural gas		—		—		—		—		3,319		—		3,319		—		—		—		—		4,356		—		4,356
Total		12,140		11,196		5,194		4,558		4,290		—		37,378		14,216		12,017		6,296		5,135		5,830		—		43,494
Other revenues		877		22		827		14		369		17,353		19,462		929		23		966		14		396		17,202		19,530
	$	13,017	$	11,218	$	6,021	$	4,572	$	4,659	$	17,353	$	56,840	$	15,145	$	12,040	$	7,262	$	5,149	$	6,226	$	17,202	$	63,024

Six months ending June 30, 2020
Nine months ending September 30, 2020
Manufactured products:
Industrial and commercial products	$	10,750	$	—	$	89	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	10,839	$	15,639	$	—	$	143	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	15,782
Building products		7,360		—		—		—		—		—		7,360		11,682		—		—		—		—		—		11,682
Consumer products		6,337		—		—		—		—		—		6,337		10,373		—		—		—		—		—		10,373
Grocery and convenience store distribution		—		15,146		—		—		—		—		15,146		—		23,051		—		—		—		—		23,051
Food and beverage distribution		—		7,593		—		—		—		—		7,593		—		11,561		—		—		—		—		11,561
Auto sales		—		—		3,804		—		—		—		3,804		—		—		5,999		—		—		—		5,999
Other retail and wholesale distribution		1,092		—		5,553		—		—		—		6,645		1,691		—		8,735		—		—		—		10,426
Service		735		254		1,595		9,924		1,764		—		14,272		1,105		398		2,460		15,059		3,238		—		22,260
Electricity and natural gas		—		—		—		—		6,834		—		6,834		—		—		—		—		11,190		—		11,190
Total		26,274		22,993		11,041		9,924		8,598		—		78,830		40,490		35,010		17,337		15,059		14,428		—		122,324
Other revenues		1,757		46		1,918		28		568		34,958		39,275		2,686		69		2,884		42		964		52,160		58,805
	$	28,031	$	23,039	$	12,959	$	9,952	$	9,166	$	34,958	$	118,105	$	43,176	$	35,079	$	20,221	$	15,101	$	15,392	$	52,160	$	181,129

	Manufacturing		McLane Company		Service and Retail		BNSF		Berkshire Hathaway Energy		Insurance, Corporate and other		Total		Manufacturing		McLane Company		Service and Retail		BNSF		Berkshire Hathaway Energy		Insurance, Corporate and other		Total
Three months ending June 30, 2019
Three months ending September 30, 2019
Manufactured products:
Industrial and commercial products	$	6,503	$	—	$	46	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	6,549	$	6,346	$	—	$	44	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	6,390
Building products		4,143		—		—		—		—		—		4,143		4,101		—		—		—		—		—		4,101
Consumer products		3,669		—		—		—		—		—		3,669		3,528		—		—		—		—		—		3,528
Grocery and convenience store distribution		—		8,042		—		—		—		—		8,042		—		8,298		—		—		—		—		8,298
Food and beverage distribution		—		4,321		—		—		—		—		4,321		—		4,202		—		—		—		—		4,202
Auto sales		—		—		2,125		—		—		—		2,125		—		—		2,250		—		—		—		2,250
Other retail and wholesale distribution		534		—		3,092		—		—		—		3,626		524		—		2,946		—		—		—		3,470
Service		429		23		1,044		5,837		1,223		—		8,556		445		80		1,034		5,967		1,191		—		8,717
Electricity and natural gas		—		—		—		—		3,429		—		3,429		—		—		—		—		4,213		—		4,213
Total		15,278		12,386		6,307		5,837		4,652		—		44,460		14,944		12,580		6,274		5,967		5,404		—		45,169
Other revenues		913		25		1,133		14		318		16,735		19,138		937		24		1,080		15		316		17,431		19,803
	$	16,191	$	12,411	$	7,440	$	5,851	$	4,970	$	16,735	$	63,598	$	15,881	$	12,604	$	7,354	$	5,982	$	5,720	$	17,431	$	64,972

Six months ending June 30, 2019
Nine months ending September 30, 2019
Manufactured products:
Industrial and commercial products	$	12,962	$	—	$	92	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	13,054	$	19,308	$	—	$	136	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	19,444
Building products		7,695		—		—		—		—		—		7,695		11,796		—		—		—		—		—		11,796
Consumer products		6,959		—		—		—		—		—		6,959		10,487		—		—		—		—		—		10,487
Grocery and convenience store distribution		—		16,077		—		—		—		—		16,077		—		24,375		—		—		—		—		24,375
Food and beverage distribution		—		8,446		—		—		—		—		8,446		—		12,648		—		—		—		—		12,648
Auto sales		—		—		4,062		—		—		—		4,062		—		—		6,312		—		—		—		6,312
Other retail and wholesale distribution		1,078		—		6,013		—		—		—		7,091		1,602		—		8,959		—		—		—		10,561
Service		777		43		2,034		11,550		1,948		—		16,352		1,222		123		3,068		17,517		3,139		—		25,069
Electricity and natural gas		—		—		—		—		7,116		—		7,116		—		—		—		—		11,329		—		11,329
Total		29,471		24,566		12,201		11,550		9,064		—		86,852		44,415		37,146		18,475		17,517		14,468		—		132,021
Other revenues		1,779		44		2,242		26		578		32,755		37,424		2,715		68		3,323		41		894		50,186		57,227
	$	31,250	$	24,610	$	14,443	$	11,576	$	9,642	$	32,755	$	124,276	$	47,130	$	37,214	$	21,798	$	17,558	$	15,362	$	50,186	$	189,248

A summary of the transaction price allocated to the significant unsatisfied remaining performance obligations relating to contracts with expected durations in excess of one year as of ~~June~~September 30, 2020 follows (in millions).

	Performance obligations expected to be satisfied:						Performance obligations expected to be satisfied:
	Less than 12 months		Greater than 12 months		Total		Less than 12 months		Greater than 12 months		Total
Electricity and natural gas	$	884	$	4,888	$	5,772	$	1,642	$	5,379	$	7,021
Other sales and service contracts		1,155		2,663		3,818		1,206		2,457		3,663

Our operating businesses include a large and diverse group of insurance, manufacturing, service and retailing businesses. We organize our reportable business segments in a manner that reflects how management views those business activities. Certain businesses are grouped together for segment reporting based upon similar products or product lines, marketing, selling and distribution characteristics, even though those business units are operated under separate local management. Revenues and earnings before income taxes by segment for the ~~second~~third quarter and first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 and 2019 were as follows (in millions).

	Second Quarter				First Six Months				Third Quarter					First Nine Months
	2020		2019		2020		2019		2020			2019		2020		2019
Revenues of Operating Businesses:
Revenues of Operating Businesses
Insurance:
Underwriting:
GEICO	$	9,040	$	8,869	$	18,149	$	17,491	$	8,540		$	8,996	$	26,689	$	26,487
Berkshire Hathaway Primary Group		2,244		2,287		4,613		4,438		2,490			2,387		7,103		6,825
Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group		4,311		3,707		8,581		7,253		4,883			3,940		13,464		11,193
Investment income		1,615		1,654		3,263		3,141		1,223			1,789		4,486		4,930
Total insurance		17,210		16,517		34,606		32,323		17,136			17,112		51,742		49,435
BNSF		4,602		5,893		10,019		11,655		5,176			6,021		15,195		17,676
Berkshire Hathaway Energy		4,659		4,970		9,166		9,642		6,226			5,720		15,392		15,362
Manufacturing		13,033		16,206		28,068		31,276		15,170			15,897		43,238		47,173
McLane Company		11,218		12,411		23,039		24,610		12,040			12,604		35,079		37,214
Service and retailing		6,037		7,462		12,993		14,487		7,279			7,378		20,272		21,865
		56,759		63,459		117,891		123,993		63,027			64,732		180,918		188,725
Reconciliation of segments to consolidated amount:
Reconciliation of segments to consolidated amount
Corporate, eliminations and other		81		139		214		283		(3	)		240		211		523
	$	56,840	$	63,598	$	118,105	$	124,276	$	63,024		$	64,972	$	181,129	$	189,248

	Second Quarter						First Six Months						Third Quarter						First Nine Months
	2020			2019			2020			2019			2020			2019			2020			2019
Earnings Before Income Taxes of Operating Businesses:
Earnings Before Income Taxes of Operating Businesses
Insurance:
Underwriting:
GEICO	$	2,060		$	393		$	3,044		$	1,163		$	276		$	376		$	3,320		$	1,539
Berkshire Hathaway Primary Group		96			167			63			137			(126	)		153			(63	)		290
Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group		(1,103	)		(104	)		(1,592	)		(357	)		(441	)		52			(2,033	)		(305	)
Investment income		1,613			1,649			3,260			3,134			1,220			1,782			4,480			4,916
Total insurance		2,666			2,105			4,775			4,077			929			2,363			5,704			6,440
BNSF		1,494			1,773			3,078			3,438			1,777			1,941			4,855			5,379
Berkshire Hathaway Energy		533			593			952			1,133			1,122			1,061			2,074			2,194
Manufacturing		1,399			2,527			3,510			4,721			2,255			2,484			5,765			7,205
McLane Company		44			59			109			170			96			50			205			220
Service and retailing		408			745			966			1,366			779			639			1,745			2,005
		6,544			7,802			13,390			14,905			6,958			8,538			20,348			23,443
Reconciliation of segments to consolidated amount:
Investment and derivative gains (losses)		40,085			10,048			(30,190	)		30,370
Reconciliation of segments to consolidated amount
Investment and derivative gains/losses														31,582			10,926			1,392			41,296
Interest expense, not allocated to segments		(111	)		(107	)		(247	)		(216	)		(116	)		(96	)		(363	)		(312	)
Equity method investments		(257	)		124			43			292			290			644			333			936
Goodwill and intangible asset impairments		(10,634	)		—			(10,634	)		—			(25	)		—			(10,659	)		—
Corporate, eliminations and other		(218	)		(108	)		(2	)		55			(759	)		477			(761	)		532
	$	35,409		$	17,759		$	(27,640	)	$	45,406		$	37,930		$	20,489		$	10,290		$	65,895

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Net ~~earnings/loss~~earnings attributable to Berkshire Hathaway shareholders are disaggregated in the table that follows. Amounts are after deducting income taxes and exclude earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests (in millions).

	Second Quarter							First Six Months							Third Quarter					First Nine Months
	2020				2019			2020				2019			2020			2019		2020			2019
Insurance – underwriting	$	806			$	353		$	1,169			$	742		$	(213	)	$	440	$	956		$	1,182
Insurance – investment income		1,368				1,366			2,754				2,603			1,015			1,484		3,769			4,087
Railroad		1,131				1,338			2,321				2,591			1,347			1,466		3,668			4,057
Utilities and energy		633				607			1,194				1,212			1,395			1,178		2,589			2,390
Manufacturing, service and retailing		1,449				2,487			3,487				4,687			2,346			2,455		5,833			7,142
Investment and derivative gains (losses)		31,645				7,934			(23,972	)			24,040
Other		(10,737	)	*		(12	)		(10,404	)	*		(141	)
Net earnings (loss) attributable to Berkshire Hathaway shareholders	$	26,295			$	14,073		$	(23,451	)		$	35,734
Investment and derivative gains/losses																24,737			8,666		765			32,706
Other*																(490	)		835		(10,894	)		694
Net earnings attributable to Berkshire Hathaway shareholders															$	30,137		$	16,524	$	6,686		$	52,258

Through our subsidiaries, we engage in a number of diverse business activities. We manage our operating businesses on an unusually decentralized basis. There are essentially no centralized or integrated business functions and there is minimal involvement by our corporate headquarters in the day-to-day business activities of the operating businesses. Our senior corporate management team participates in and is ultimately responsible for significant capital allocation decisions, investment activities and the selection of the Chief Executive to head each of the operating businesses. The business segment data (Note 24 to the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements) should be read in conjunction with this discussion.

~~Prior to the middle of March, many of our operating businesses were experiencing comparative revenue and earnings increases over 2019.~~ As ~~efforts to contain the spread of~~ the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated beginning in the second half of March, ~~and continued through the second quarter,~~ most of our businesses were negatively affected, with the effects to date ranging from relatively minor to severe. ~~Several of our businesses deemed essential have continued to operate, including our railroad, utilities and energy, insurance and certain of our manufacturing, distribution and service businesses.~~ Revenues and earnings of most of our manufacturing, service and retailing businesses declined considerably, and in certain instances severely, in the second quarter due to closures of facilities where crowds ~~can~~ gather, such as retail stores, restaurants and entertainment venues, public travel restrictions and from closures of certain of our businesses. In the third quarter of 2020, several of these businesses experienced significant increases in revenues and earnings as compared to the second quarter.

Our businesses that are deemed essential have continued to operate through the pandemic, including our railroad, utilities and energy, insurance and certain of our manufacturing, wholesale distribution and service businesses. In response to the effects of the pandemic, weour businesses have implemented various business continuity plans to protect our employees and customers. Such plans include a variety of actions, such as temporarily closing certain retail stores, manufacturing facilities and service centers of businesses that were not subject to government mandated closure. Our businesses have also implemented practices to protect employees while at work. Such practices have included work-from-home, staggered or reduced work schedules, increased cleaning and sanitation of work spaces, providing employee health screenings, eliminating non-essential travel and face-to-face meetings and providing general health reminders intended to lower the risk of spreading COVID-19.

We have ~~also~~ taken actions in response to the economic losses from reductions in consumer demand for products and services we offer and our inability to produce goods and provide services at certain of our businesses. These actions have included employee furloughs, wage and salary reductions, capital spending reductions and other actions intended to help mitigate the economic losses and preserve capital and liquidity. ~~While we believe that certain of these necessary actions are temporary, certain~~Certain of our businesses are undertaking and will likely continue to undertake restructuring activities that will resize ~~the~~their operations to better fit expected customer demand. We cannot reliably predict future economic effects of the pandemic or when business activities at our numerous and diverse operations will normalize. Nor can we predict how these events will alter the future consumption patterns of consumers and businesses we serve.

~~Our insurance businesses generated~~Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Insurance underwriting produced after-tax ~~earnings from underwriting~~losses of ~~$806~~$213 million in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~$1.2 billion~~after-tax earnings of $956 million in the first ~~six~~nine months of ~~2020, which was largely attributable to unusually high earnings from GEICO due to lower claims frequencies. These results are likely to be temporary, as the full~~2020. The effects of the premium rate reductions ~~in premiums~~ from the GEICO Giveback program contributed to a significant decline in underwriting earnings in the third quarter of 2020 as compared to the first two quarters of the year. The effects of the rate reductions under the program will ~~occur~~continue over the remainder of 2020 and through the first quarter of 2021 ~~when~~as the reduced levels of premiums written ~~under the program~~ are earned and included in our reported revenues. To the extent claims frequencies over this period revert to historical levels, GEICO may incur underwriting losses. Insurance underwriting results in 2020 also included ~~earnings~~after-tax losses from other primary insurance and ~~losses~~ from ~~reinsurance.~~reinsurance activities. After-tax earnings from insurance investment income in 2020 were ~~relatively unchanged~~lower in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~increased 5.8% in the~~ first ~~six~~nine months ~~of 2020~~ as compared to 2019, reflecting ~~higher dividend income and~~ lower interest income ~~due~~primarily attributable to ~~significant~~ declines in interest rates ~~and interest earned~~ on our substantial ~~short-term investment balances.~~

~~Item 2. Management’s Discussion~~holdings of cash and ~~Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations~~

After-tax earnings of our railroad business decreased ~~15.5%~~8.1% in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~10.4%~~9.6% in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 as compared to 2019. Earnings in 2020 reflected ~~the effects on~~lower railroad operating revenues from lower shipping volumes, ~~including~~attributable to the negative effects of COVID-19, partly offset by lower operating costs and the effects of productivity ~~improvements which lowered operating costs.~~improvements. After-tax earnings of our utilities and energy business increased ~~4.3%~~18.4% in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~decreased 1.5%~~8.3% in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 compared to 2019. The increases reflected increased tax benefits from renewable energy and increased earnings from the real estate brokerage business. Earnings from our manufacturing, service and retailing businesses declined ~~41.7%~~4.4% in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~25.6%~~18.3% in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 versus 2019. ~~Earnings of these businesses were generally lower in 2020 attributable to the~~The economic effects of COVID-19 ~~although such effects varied~~are varying among our manufacturing businesses.

Investment and derivative gains/losses in 2020 and 2019 included significant gains and losses on equity securities, including ~~significant~~ unrealized gains and losses from market price ~~changes on our holdings of equity securities.~~changes. We believe that investment and derivative gains/losses, whether realized from dispositions or unrealized from changes in market prices of equity securities, are generally meaningless in understanding our reported results or evaluating the economic performance of our businesses. These gains and losses have caused and will continue to cause significant volatility in our periodic earnings.

Other earnings in the ~~second quarter and~~ first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 included after-tax goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment charges of ~~$10.9~~$11.0 billion, including our equity method share of impairment charges recorded by Kraft Heinz. Substantially all of these charges were recorded in the second quarter. Approximately $9.8 billion of these charges are attributable to impairments of goodwill and identifiable intangible assets that were recorded in connection with Berkshire’s acquisition of Precision Castparts in 2016.

Our management views our insurance businesses as possessing two distinct activities – underwriting and investing. Underwriting decisions are the responsibility of the unit managers, while investing decisions are the responsibility of Berkshire’s Chairman and CEO, Warren E. Buffett and Berkshire’s corporate investment managers. Accordingly, we evaluate performance of underwriting operations without any allocation of investment income or investment gains/losses. We consider investment income as aan integral component of our aggregate insurance operating results. However, we consider investment gains and losses, whether realized or unrealized as non-operating, based on our long-held strategy of acquiring securities and holding those securities for long periods. We believe that such gains and losses are not meaningful in understanding the operating results of our insurance ~~operations.~~businesses.

The timing and amount of catastrophe losses can produce significant volatility in our periodic underwriting results, particularly with respect to our reinsurance businesses. Generally, we consider pre-tax ~~catastrophe~~ losses in excess of $100 million from a current year catastrophic event asto be significant.

Changes in estimates for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, including amounts established for occurrences in prior years, can also significantly affect our periodic underwriting results. Unpaid loss estimates, including estimates under retroactive reinsurance contracts, were approximately ~~$118~~$120 billion as of ~~June~~September 30, 2020. Our periodic underwriting results may also include significant foreign currency transaction gains and losses arising from the changes in the valuation of non-U.S. Dollar denominated ~~reinsurance~~ liabilities of our U.S. based insurance subsidiaries due to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations.

~~Additionally, underwriting~~Underwriting results in 2020 of our commercial insurance and reinsurance businesses were negatively affected by estimated losses and costs associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, including estimated provisions for claims and uncollectible premiums and incremental operating costs to maintain customer service levels at certain underwriting units. The potential effects of the pandemic may be further affected by future judicial rulings and regulatory and legislative actions pertaining to insurance coverage and claims that we cannot reasonably estimate at this time. ~~We also anticipate our~~Our underwriting results for the remainder of 2020 and the first quarter of 2021 ~~will~~for certain business may be adversely affected from lower premiums ~~for certain business~~ attributable to ~~premium~~ credits granted to policyholders and ~~when~~where premiums are a function of the insured’s payroll.

~~Underwriting results of our insurance businesses are summarized below (dollars in millions).~~

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Underwriting results of our insurance businesses are summarized below (dollars in millions).

GEICO writes private passenger automobile insurance, offering coverages to insureds in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. GEICO markets its policies mainly by direct response methods where most customers apply for coverage directly to the company via the Internet or over the telephone. A summary of GEICO’s underwriting results follows (dollars in millions).

	Second Quarter								First Six Months								Third Quarter								First Nine Months
	2020				2019				2020				2019				2020				2019				2020				2019
	Amount		%		Amount		%		Amount		%		Amount		%		Amount		%		Amount		%		Amount		%		Amount		%
Premiums written	$	8,090			$	8,703			$	17,771			$	17,966			$	8,446			$	9,412			$	26,217			$	27,378
Premiums earned	$	9,040		100.0	$	8,869		100.0	$	18,149		100.0	$	17,491		100.0	$	8,540		100.0	$	8,996		100.0	$	26,689		100.0	$	26,487		100.0
Losses and loss adjustment expenses		5,614		62.1		7,276		82.0		12,380		68.2		13,832		79.1		6,858		80.3		7,344		81.6		19,238		72.1		21,176		80.0
Underwriting expenses		1,366		15.1		1,200		13.6		2,725		15.0		2,496		14.3		1,406		16.5		1,276		14.2		4,131		15.5		3,772		14.2
Total losses and expenses		6,980		77.2		8,476		95.6		15,105		83.2		16,328		93.4		8,264		96.8		8,620		95.8		23,369		87.6		24,948		94.2
Pre-tax underwriting earnings	$	2,060			$	393			$	3,044			$	1,163			$	276			$	376			$	3,320			$	1,539

~~GEICO generated~~GEICO’s pre-tax underwriting earnings ~~of $2.1 billion in the second quarter and $3.0 billion~~ in the first ~~six~~nine months ~~reflecting~~of 2020 reflected significant declines in losses and loss adjustment expenses attributable to lower claims frequencies from the effects of less driving by policyholders ~~in 2020~~ during the COVID-19 pandemic. As ~~policyholder driving increases, claims frequencies are expected to increase and as~~ the effects of the GEICO Giveback program (see following paragraph) on earned premiums ~~increase,~~will continue through the fourth quarter, GEICO could experience pre-tax underwriting losses if claims frequencies increase over the ~~second half of 2020, which would offset~~same period, offsetting a portion of the pre-tax underwriting earnings generated in the first ~~half.~~nine months of 2020.

Premiums written decreased ~~7.0%~~10.3% in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~1.1%~~4.2% in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 compared to 2019. The GEICO Giveback program ~~was implemented on April 8, 2020, providing~~provides for a 15% premium credit to all voluntary auto and motorcycle policies renewing between April 8, 2020 and October 7, 2020, as well as to any new policies ~~purchased~~written during the same period. The GEICO Giveback program reduced premiums written in the ~~second quarter~~first nine months of 2020 by approximately ~~$1.3~~$2.8 billion. ~~Because premiums are earned over the policy terms, the effect of the GEICO Giveback program on underwriting results is delayed.~~ Premiums earned ~~increased 1.9%~~decreased 5.1% in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~3.8%~~were relatively unchanged in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 compared to ~~the same periods in~~ 2019, which included ~~a reduction~~reductions of ~~$293 million~~approximately $1.0 billion in the third quarter and $1.3 billion in the first nine months attributable to the GEICO Giveback program. ~~It is estimated that during the period between April 8, 2020 and April 7, 2021, earned premiums will be reduced by approximately $2.5 billion as a result of the GEICO Giveback program.~~ Premiums earned will very likely decline in the ~~third and~~ fourth ~~quarters~~quarter even if policies-in-force and exposures increase.

~~Over~~Voluntary auto policies-in-force grew 5.4% in the ~~past twelve~~first nine months ~~voluntary auto policies-in-force grew 8.3% and premiums per auto policy decreased approximately 2.3%.~~of 2020 compared to 2019. The increase ~~in voluntary auto policies-in-force~~ resulted from a ~~24.2%~~9.1% decrease in lost policies ~~partially offset by~~and a ~~1.7%~~3.4% decrease in new business sales. ~~Voluntary auto policies-in-force increased approximately 930,000 during the first six months of 2020.~~ In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, GEICO paused cancellations of insurance policies for non-payment ~~which contributed to~~through the ~~increase in policies-in-force in~~end of May 2020. During the ~~first half of 2020. Consequently, as~~third quarter, policy cancellations for non-payment ~~resume, policies-in-force growth is expected~~resumed leading to ~~slow considerably over~~an 18.3% increase in lost policies for the ~~second half of 2020.~~third quarter as compared to 2019.

Losses and loss adjustment expenses decreased $486 million (6.6%) in the ~~second~~third quarter ~~of 2020 were approximately $5.6~~and $1.9 billion ~~a decrease of $1.7 billion (22.8%~~(9.2%) ~~and~~ in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 ~~were approximately $12.4 billion, a decrease of $1.5 billion (10.5%)~~ compared to 2019. GEICO’s ratio of losses and loss adjustment expenses to premiums earned (the “loss ratio”) decreased 1.3 percentage points in the ~~second~~third quarter and 7.9 percentage points in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 ~~was 62.1% and 68.2%, respectively, decreases of 19.9 and 10.9 percentage points~~ compared to ~~the second quarter and first six months of 2019, respectively.~~2019. The decreases in the loss ratio ~~reflect significant~~reflected declines in claims frequencies, ~~and~~partly offset by increases in claims ~~severities.~~

~~Claims frequencies in~~severities and the ~~first six months~~impact of ~~2020 were~~ lower ~~for property damage, bodily injury and personal injury protection coverages (twenty-seven~~premiums earned attributable to ~~thirty percent range) and collision coverage (twenty-four to twenty-six percent range) compared to 2019. Average claims severities in~~ the first six months of 2020 were higher for property damage coverage (nine to eleven percent range), collision coverage (seven to nine percent range) and bodily injury coverage (ten to twelve percent range). The low point in claims frequencies was reached in April. Frequencies in May and June increased significantly from April, although they were well below historical levels. GEICO’s loss and loss adjustment expenses in the first six months of 2020 also included reductions in the ultimate claims loss estimates for prior years’ loss events of $166 million in 2020 and $54 million in 2019.GEICO Giveback program.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Claims frequencies in the first nine months of 2020 were lower for property damage, bodily injury and personal injury protection coverages (twenty-nine to thirty-one percent range) and collision coverage (twenty-four to twenty-six percent range) compared to 2019. Average claims severities in the first nine months of 2020 were higher for property damage coverage (ten to twelve percent range), collision coverage (seven to nine percent range) and bodily injury coverage (ten to twelve percent range). GEICO’s loss and loss adjustment expenses in the first nine months of 2020 and 2019 included relatively insignificant reductions in the ultimate loss estimates for prior year’s loss events.

Underwriting expenses in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 ~~were approximately $2.7 billion, an increase of $229~~increased $359 million ~~(9.2%~~(9.5%) ~~over~~compared to 2019. GEICO’s expense ratio in the first nine months of 2020 (underwriting expenses to premiums earned) ~~in the first six months of 2020 was 15.0%, an increase of 0.7~~increased 1.3 percentage points compared to ~~2019. The underwriting expense increase~~2019, of which 0.7 percentage points was ~~primarily~~ attributable to the decline in earned premiums from the GEICO Giveback program. The increase in underwriting expenses reflected higher employee-related ~~costs,~~and technology costs ~~and increased allowances for uncollectible premiums, partially~~partly offset by lower premium and state taxes.

The Berkshire Hathaway Primary Group (“BH Primary”) provides a variety of commercial insurance solutions, including healthcare malpractice, workers’ compensation, automobile, general liability, property and various specialty coverages for small, medium and large clients. The largest of these insurers are Berkshire Hathaway Specialty Insurance (“BH Specialty”), Berkshire Hathaway Homestate Companies (“BHHC”), MedPro Group, Berkshire Hathaway GUARD Insurance Companies (“GUARD”), and National Indemnity Company (“NICO Primary”). Other BH Primary insurers include U.S. Liability Insurance Company, Central States Indemnity Company and MLMIC Insurance Company. A summary of BH Primary underwriting results follows (dollars in millions).

	Second Quarter								First Six Months								Third Quarter									First Nine Months
	2020				2019				2020				2019				2020					2019				2020					2019
	Amount		%		Amount		%		Amount		%		Amount		%		Amount			%		Amount		%		Amount			%		Amount		%
Premiums written	$	2,149			$	2,370			$	4,604			$	4,711			$	3,003				$	2,824			$	7,607				$	7,535
Premiums earned	$	2,244		100.0	$	2,287		100.0	$	4,613		100.0	$	4,438		100.0	$	2,490			100.0	$	2,387		100.0	$	7,103			100.0	$	6,825		100.0
Losses and loss adjustment expenses		1,582		70.5		1,568		68.6		3,393		73.6		3,138		70.7		1,976			79.4		1,583		66.3		5,369			75.6		4,721		69.2
Underwriting expenses		566		25.2		552		24.1		1,157		25.0		1,163		26.2		640			25.7		651		27.3		1,797			25.3		1,814		26.6
Total losses and expenses		2,148		95.7		2,120		92.7		4,550		98.6		4,301		96.9		2,616			105.1		2,234		93.6		7,166			100.9		6,535		95.8
Pre-tax underwriting earnings	$	96			$	167			$	63			$	137
Pre-tax underwriting earnings (loss)																	$	(126	)			$	153			$	(63	)			$	290

Premiums written increased $179 million (6.3%) in the ~~second~~third quarter and $72 million (1.0%) in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 ~~decreased $221 million (9.3%) and $107 million (2.3%), respectively,~~ compared to the same periods in 2019. The ~~decreases were primarily attributable to lower workers’ compensation and commercial auto business, partly offset by~~increases reflected volume increases from BH Specialty in non-U.S. property and casualty ~~business.~~and U.S. casualty business and from MedPro Group across several product categories. These increases were partly offset by lower workers’ compensation business (BHHC and GUARD) in the third quarter and first nine months and by lower commercial auto business (BHHC and NICO Primary) over the first half of the year. The declines in workers’ compensation and commercial auto ~~premiums~~business written reflected the effects of reduced exposures and premium refunds related to the COVID-19 pandemic, volume reductions attributable to increased price competition in the market and the effect of the divestiture of Applied Underwriters ~~divestiture in 2019. Premiums earned in the second quarter and first six months of 2020 decreased $43 million (1.9%) and increased $175 million (3.9%), respectively, compared to the same periods~~ in 2019.

BH Primary insurers generated pre-tax underwriting earnings of $96 million in the second quarter and $63 million in the first six months of 2020 compared to $167 million in the second quarter and $137 million in the first six months of 2019. Underwriting results in the first six months of 2020 included estimated claim losses and allowances for credit losses attributable to the pandemic, partly offset by lower other underwriting expenses. Loss ratios for the first six months were 73.6% in 2020 and 70.7% in 2019. Losses and loss adjustment expenses ~~incurred~~in 2020 included ~~reductions~~an increase in estimated losses of approximately $400 million attributable to the pandemic (primarily in the first six months) and to Hurricanes Laura and Sally in the third quarter. In addition, losses and loss adjustment expenses in the first nine months were reduced $190 million in 2020 and $274 million in 2019 for changes in estimated ultimate liabilities for prior years’ loss ~~events of $84 million in the first six months of 2020 and $144 million in 2019.~~events.

BH Primary insurers write significant levels of liability insurance and workers’ compensation insurance and the related claim costs are generally subject to longer claim-tails. Accordingly, we could experience significant increases in claims liabilities in the future attributable to higher than expected claim settlements, adverse litigation outcomes or judicial rulings, regulatory actions and other factors not currently anticipated.

We offer excess-of-loss and quota-share reinsurance coverages on property and casualty risks and life and health reinsurance to insurers and reinsurers worldwide through several subsidiaries, led by National Indemnity Company (“NICO”), Berkshire Hathaway Life Insurance Company of Nebraska (“BHLN”) and General Reinsurance Corporation, General Reinsurance AG and General Re Life Corporation (“General Re”). We also periodically assume property and casualty risks under retroactive reinsurance contracts written through NICO. In addition, we write periodic payment annuity contracts predominantly through BHLN.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Generally, we strive to generate underwriting profits. However, time-value-of-money concepts are important elements in establishing prices for retroactive reinsurance and periodic payment annuity businesses due to the expected long durations of the liabilities. We expect to incur pre-tax underwriting losses from such businesses, primarily through deferred charge amortization and discount accretion charges. We receive premiums at the inception of these contracts, which are then available for investment. A summary of Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group’s premiums and pre-tax underwriting results follows (in millions).

	Second Quarter										First Six Months										Third Quarter										First Nine Months
	Premiums earned				Pre-tax underwriting earnings (loss)						Premiums earned				Pre-tax underwriting earnings (loss)						Premiums earned				Pre-tax underwriting earnings (loss)						Premiums earned				Pre-tax underwriting earnings (loss)
	2020		2019		2020			2019			2020		2019		2020			2019			2020		2019		2020			2019			2020		2019		2020			2019
Property/casualty	$	2,708	$	2,301	$	(643	)	$	198		$	5,431	$	4,623	$	(805	)	$	158		$	3,428	$	2,614	$	99		$	314		$	8,859	$	7,237	$	(706	)	$	472
Life/health		1,418		1,082		41			(1	)		2,769		2,106		46			190			1,378		1,093		17			37			4,147		3,199		63			227
Retroactive reinsurance		—		91		(460	)		(238	)		34		94		(502	)		(561	)		5		—		(394	)		(190	)		39		94		(896	)		(751	)
Periodic payment annuity		182		229		(146	)		(75	)		341		423		(202	)		(245	)		68		229		(209	)		(91	)		409		652		(411	)		(336	)
Variable annuity		3		4		105			12			6		7		(129	)		101			4		4		46			(18	)		10		11		(83	)		83
	$	4,311	$	3,707	$	(1,103	)	$	(104	)	$	8,581	$	7,253	$	(1,592	)	$	(357	)	$	4,883	$	3,940	$	(441	)	$	52		$	13,464	$	11,193	$	(2,033	)	$	(305	)

A summary of property/casualty reinsurance underwriting results follows (dollars in millions).

	Second Quarter									First Six Months									Third Quarter								First Nine Months
	2020					2019				2020					2019				2020				2019				2020					2019
	Amount			%		Amount		%		Amount			%		Amount		%		Amount		%		Amount		%		Amount			%		Amount		%
Premiums written	$	2,995				$	2,327			$	7,051				$	5,869			$	3,960			$	2,435			$	11,011				$	8,304
Premiums earned	$	2,708			100.0	$	2,301		100.0	$	5,431			100.0	$	4,623		100.0	$	3,428		100.0	$	2,614		100.0	$	8,859			100.0	$	7,237		100.0
Losses and loss adjustment expenses		2,577			95.2		1,455		63.2		4,697			86.5		3,229		69.8		2,544		74.2		1,659		63.5		7,241			81.7		4,888		67.5
Underwriting expenses		774			28.5		648		28.2		1,539			28.3		1,236		26.8		785		22.9		641		24.5		2,324			26.3		1,877		26.0
Total losses and expenses		3,351			123.7		2,103		91.4		6,236			114.8		4,465		96.6		3,329		97.1		2,300		88.0		9,565			108.0		6,765		93.5
Pre-tax underwriting earnings (loss)	$	(643	)			$	198			$	(805	)			$	158			$	99			$	314			$	(706	)			$	472

Property/casualty premiums written increased ~~$668 million (28.7%~~$1.5 billion (62.6%) in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~$1.2~~$2.7 billion ~~(20.1%~~(32.6%) in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 as compared to the same periods in 2019. The increases ~~in premiums written~~ were primarily attributable to a few new property and liability contracts ~~partially offset by the unfavorable foreign currency effects of a stronger U.S. Dollar.~~and increased participations on renewals.

Losses and loss adjustment expenses increased $885 million (53.3%) in the ~~second~~third quarter and $2.4 billion (48.1%) in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 ~~increased $1.1 billion (77.1%) and $1.5 billion (45.5%)~~ over the same periods in 2019. Losses and loss adjustment expenses ~~reflected~~in 2020 included estimated ~~COVID-19 related claims~~losses of ~~approximately $350~~$113 million in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~$575~~$688 million in the first ~~six~~nine months attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic and $308 million from Hurricanes Laura and Sally in the third quarter. Losses incurred in the third quarter of ~~2020.~~ 2019 included $281 million from Typhoon Faxai. Losses and loss adjustment expenses in the first ~~six~~nine months also included a net increase in estimated ultimate liabilities for prior years’ loss events of $~~439~~342 million in 2020 ~~and $269~~compared to a net decrease of $75 million in 2019. The increase in 2020 iswas primarily attributable to legacy environmental, asbestos and other latent injury claims. ~~We incurred no significant losses from property catastrophe events~~Underwriting expenses in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 ~~and 2019. Underwriting results in~~increased 23.8% over 2019, primarily due to increased commissions expense on the ~~first six months included approximately $39 million related to allowances for credit losses attributable to the pandemic in 2020.~~increased premium volume.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

A summary of our life/health reinsurance underwriting results follows (dollars in millions).

	Second Quarter									First Six Months								Third Quarter								First Nine Months
	2020				2019					2020				2019				2020				2019				2020				2019
	Amount		%		Amount			%		Amount		%		Amount		%		Amount		%		Amount		%		Amount		%		Amount		%
Premiums written	$	1,418			$	1,088				$	2,770			$	2,112			$	1,383			$	1,095			$	4,153			$	3,207
Premiums earned	$	1,418		100.0	$	1,082			100.0	$	2,769		100.0	$	2,106		100.0	$	1,378		100.0	$	1,093		100.0	$	4,147		100.0	$	3,199		100.0
Life and health insurance benefits		1,132		79.8		875			80.9		2,186		78.9		1,509		71.7		1,142		82.9		836		76.5		3,328		80.3		2,345		73.3
Underwriting expenses		245		17.3		208			19.2		537		19.4		407		19.3		219		15.9		220		20.1		756		18.2		627		19.6
Total benefits and expenses		1,377		97.1		1,083			100.1		2,723		98.3		1,916		91.0		1,361		98.8		1,056		96.6		4,084		98.5		2,972		92.9
Pre-tax underwriting earnings (loss)	$	41			$	(1	)			$	46			$	190
Pre-tax underwriting earnings																		$	17			$	37			$	63			$	227

Life/health premiums written increased ~~$330~~$288 million ~~(30.3%~~(26.3%) in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~$658~~$946 million ~~(31.2%~~(29.5%) in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 compared to the corresponding 2019 periods. The increases ~~included $198~~were primarily attributable to a new reinsurance contract covering U.S. health insurance risks (approximately $500 million for the first nine months) and from volume growth in the ~~second quarter~~Asian and ~~$366 million~~European life reinsurance markets. The increase in the first ~~six~~nine months ~~from a single reinsurance contract that incepted in the fourth quarter of 2019 covering health insurance risks. The increases in premiums written also reflected volume growth in Asia and Europe,~~was partially offset by ~~the~~ unfavorable ~~effects of~~ foreign currency translation ~~attributable to a stronger U.S. Dollar.~~effects.

The life/health business produced pre-tax underwriting earnings of $41 million in the second quarter and $46 million in the first six months of 2020 compared to pre-tax losses of $1 million in the second quarter and pre-tax earnings of $190 million in the first six months of 2019. Life/health underwriting results in the third quarter and first nine months of 2020 were negatively affected by increased life benefits from COVID-19-related claim estimates ($68 million in the third quarter and $172 million in the first nine months) and increases in liabilities from changes in underlying assumptions in estimating disability benefit liabilities in Australia. Underwriting results in the first nine months of 2019 included a one-time pre-tax gain of $163 million attributable to a yearly-renewable-term life reinsurance contract amendment, ~~which effectively eliminated our future exposures under the contract. In the second quarter of 2019, underwriting results also reflected~~partially offset by an increase in estimated disability benefit liabilities in ~~Australia, attributable to higher claims experience and changes to various underlying assumptions.~~ Australia.

There were no significant retroactive reinsurance contracts written in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 and 2019. Pre-tax underwriting losses in 2020 and 2019 derived from deferred charge amortization and changes in the estimated timing and ~~amount~~amounts of future claim payments, as well as from foreign currency gains/losses arising from the periodic remeasurement of non-U.S. Dollar denominated liabilities related to contracts written by our U.S. subsidiaries.

~~Pre-tax underwriting results included~~ In the first nine months, these contracts had pre-tax foreign currency remeasurement losses of ~~$115~~$22 million in ~~the second quarter and~~2020 compared to pre-tax gains of ~~$90~~$73 million in 2019. Before foreign currency gains/losses, these contracts produced pre-tax underwriting losses of $874 million in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 compared to ~~gains of $41 million in the second quarter and losses of $11~~$824 million in the first six months of 2019. Retroactive reinsurance contracts produced pre-tax underwriting losses before foreign currency gains/losses of $345 million in the second quarter and $592 million in the first six months of 2020 compared to $279 million in the second quarter and $550 million in the first sixnine months of 2019.

~~Gross unpaid~~Unpaid losses assumed under retroactive reinsurance contracts were $41.8 billion as of ~~June~~September 30, 2020 and $42.4 billion as of December 31, ~~2019 were $41.8 billion and $42.4 billion, respectively.~~2019. Unamortized deferred charge assets related to such reinsurance contracts were $13.0 billion as of ~~June~~September 30, 2020 and $13.7 billion as of December 31, ~~2019 were $13.2 billion and $13.7 billion, respectively.~~2019. Deferred charge assets will be charged to earnings over the expected remaining claims settlement periods through periodic amortization.

Periodic payment annuity premiums earned decreased $243 million (37.3%) in the ~~second quarter and~~ first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 ~~were $182 million and $341 million, respectively,~~ compared to ~~$229 million and $423 million, respectively, in~~ 2019. The periodic payment annuity market is price sensitive. The ~~volumes~~volume of business written can change rapidly due to changes in prices, which are affected by prevailing interest rates, the perceived risks and durations associated with the expected annuity payments and the level of competition.

~~Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations~~

Periodic payment annuity contracts normally produce pre-tax underwriting losses deriving from the recurring discount accretion ofon annuity liabilities. Underwriting results also include the effects of mortality and interest rate changes and remeasurement gains and losses related to foreign currency denominated liabilities of certain contracts written by our U.S. subsidiaries. ~~During the second quarter and first six months of 2020, pre-tax underwriting results included~~Pre-tax foreign currency remeasurement gains ~~of $6 million and $111 million, respectively. Remeasurement gains were $37 million in the second quarter and $9 million~~ in the first ~~six~~nine months ofwere $38 million in 2020 and $70 million in 2019.

Excluding foreign currency remeasurement gains/losses, pre-tax underwriting losses were ~~$152 million in the second quarter and $313~~$449 million in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 compared to ~~$112 million in the second quarter and $254~~$406 million in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019. Discounted periodic payment annuity liabilities were $14.0 billion as of ~~June~~September 30, 2020 and $13.5 billion as of December 31, ~~2019 were $13.9 billion and $13.5 billion, respectively.~~2019. The weighted average discount rate of these liabilities was 4.0% as of ~~June~~September 30, 2020.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Variable annuity guarantee reinsurance contracts produced pre-tax earnings of ~~$105~~$46 million in the ~~second~~third quarter and pre-tax losses of ~~$129~~$83 million in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 ~~compared to~~and pre-tax losses of $18 million in the third quarter and pre-tax earnings of ~~$12 million in the second quarter and $101~~$83 million in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019. Periodic underwriting results from this business reflect changes in remaining liabilities for underlying guaranteed benefits reinsured, which are affected by changes in securities markets and interest rates and from the periodic amortization of expected profit margins. Underwriting results from these contracts can be volatile, reflecting the volatility of securities markets, interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. Our recorded liabilities associated with these contracts were approximately $1.6 billion at September 30, 2020.

A summary of net investment income attributable to our insurance operations follows (dollars in millions).

	Second Quarter						First Six Months						Third Quarter						First Nine Months
	2020			2019			2020			2019			2020			2019			2020			2019
Interest and other investment income	$	270		$	577		$	674		$	1,090		$	196		$	556		$	870		$	1,646
Dividend income		1,343			1,072			2,586			2,044			1,024			1,226			3,610			3,270
Investment income before income taxes and noncontrolling interests		1,613			1,649			3,260			3,134			1,220			1,782			4,480			4,916
Income taxes and noncontrolling interests		245			283			506			531			205			298			711			829
Net investment income	$	1,368		$	1,366		$	2,754		$	2,603		$	1,015		$	1,484		$	3,769		$	4,087
Effective income tax rate		15.1	%		17.0	%		15.5	%		16.8	%		16.9	%		16.6	%		15.9	%		16.7	%

Interest and other investment income declined ~~$307~~$360 million ~~(53.2%~~(64.7%) in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~$416~~$776 million ~~(38.2%~~(47.1%) in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 compared to 2019. The declines were primarily due to lower income from short-term investments. Dividend income increased $271 million (25.3%) in the second quarter and $542 million (26.5%) in the first six months of 2020 compared to 2019. The increases were primarily attributable to the investment in $10 billion liquidation value of 8% cumulative preferred stock of Occidental on August 8, 2019 and higher dividend rates on certain common stock investments. We reduced our overall investments in equity securities in the second quarter of 2020, and dividend income over the second half of 2020 may decline from the first half.

We continue to hold substantial balances of cash, cash equivalents and short-term U.S. Treasury Bills. Short-term interest rates declined over the second half of 2019 and continued to decline through the first half of 2020. The decline in rates resulted in significantly lower interest income in the third quarter of 2020. We expect such rates, which are historically low, to remain low and that our earnings from such investments ~~over~~in the ~~remainder~~fourth quarter of 2020 will be substantially lower than in 2019. Nevertheless, we believe that maintaining ample liquidity is paramount and we insist on safety over yield with respect to short-term investments.

Dividend income decreased $202 million (16.5%) in the third quarter and increased $340 million (10.4%) in the first nine months of 2020 compared to 2019. The increase in the first nine months was primarily attributable to the investment in $10 billion liquidation value of 8% cumulative preferred stock of Occidental on August 8, 2019, partly offset by lower dividends from common stock investments.

Invested assets of our insurance businesses derive from shareholder capital, including reinvested earnings, and from net liabilities under insurance and reinsurance contracts or “float.” The major components of float are unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, including liabilities under retroactive reinsurance contracts, life, annuity and health insurance benefit liabilities, unearned premiums and other liabilities due to policyholders, less insurance premiums and reinsurance receivables, deferred charges ~~assumed~~ under retroactive reinsurance contracts and deferred policy acquisition costs. Float was approximately ~~$131~~$135 billion on ~~June~~September 30, 2020 and $129 billion on December 31, 2019. Our average cost of float was negative for the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 as our underwriting operations generated pre-tax earnings of ~~$1.5~~$1.2 billion.

A summary of cash and investments held in our insurance businesses as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 follows (in millions).

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

~~A summary of cash and investments held in our insurance businesses as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 follows (in millions).~~

Fixed maturity securities as of ~~June~~September 30, 2020 were as follows (in millions).

	Amortized cost		Unrealized gains		Carrying value		Amortized cost		Unrealized gains		Carrying value
U.S. Treasury, U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	3,433	$	75	$	3,508	$	3,303	$	66	$	3,369
Foreign governments		9,136		69		9,205		9,897		70		9,967
Corporate bonds		5,431		420		5,851		5,064		449		5,513
Other		457		73		530		412		69		481
	$	18,457	$	637	$	19,094	$	18,676	$	654	$	19,330

U.S. government obligations are rated AA+ or Aaa by the major rating agencies. Approximately ~~88%~~87% of all foreign government obligations were rated AA or ~~higher.~~higher by at least one of the major rating agencies. Foreign government securities include obligations issued or unconditionally guaranteed by national or provincial government entities. Approximately 98% of corporate bond investments were considered investment-grade by the major rating agencies.

Burlington Northern Santa Fe, LLC (“BNSF”) operates one of the largest railroad systems in North America, with approximately32,500routemilesoftrackin28states.BNSFalsooperatesinthreeCanadianprovinces.BNSFclassifiesitsmajor railroad businessgroupsbytypeofproductshippedwhichincludesconsumerproducts,coal,industrialproductsandagriculturalproducts. A summary of BNSF’s earnings follows (dollars inmillions).

	Second Quarter						First Six Months						Third Quarter						First Nine Months
	2020			2019			2020			2019			2020			2019			2020			2019
Revenues	$	4,602		$	5,893		$	10,019		$	11,655
Operating expenses:
Railroad operating revenues													$	5,001		$	5,822		$	14,698		$	17,081
Railroad operating expenses:
Compensation and benefits		993			1,334			2,237			2,734			1,105			1,318			3,306			4,011
Fuel		327			775			941			1,486			394			725			1,335			2,211
Purchased services		560			687			1,226			1,400			479			518			1,429			1,586
Depreciation and amortization		612			595			1,227			1,186			616			598			1,836			1,778
Equipment rents, materials and other		356			462			788			876			393			485			1,219			1,537
Total operating expenses		2,848			3,853			6,419			7,682
Total														2,987			3,644			9,125			11,123
Railroad operating earnings														2,014			2,178			5,573			5,958
Other revenues (expenses):
Other revenues														175			199			497			595
Other expenses, net														(155	)		(165	)		(436	)		(368	)
Interest expense		260			267			522			535			(257	)		(271	)		(779	)		(806	)
		3,108			4,120			6,941			8,217
Pre-tax earnings		1,494			1,773			3,078			3,438			1,777			1,941			4,855			5,379
Income taxes		363			435			757			847			430			475			1,187			1,322
Net earnings	$	1,131		$	1,338		$	2,321		$	2,591		$	1,347		$	1,466		$	3,668		$	4,057
Effective income tax rate		24.3	%		24.5	%		24.6	%		24.6	%		24.2	%		24.5	%		24.5	%		24.6	%

Railroad operating revenues were $5.0 billion in the third quarter and $14.7 billion in the first nine months of 2020, representing decreases of approximately $0.8 billion (14.1%) and $2.4 billion (14.0%), respectively, versus the corresponding periods in 2019. Railroad operating revenues in 2020 reflected lower volumes of 8.3% in the third quarter and 10.5% in the first nine months, as well as a 4.0% year-to-date decrease in average revenue per car/unit resulting from business mix changes and lower fuel surcharge revenue driven by lower fuel prices. Volume in the first nine months of 2020 was 6.88 million cars/units compared to 7.68 million cars/units in 2019. The overall volume decrease was primarily due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which severely impacted volumes through the first half of the year. While monthly volumes improved sequentially in the third quarter of 2020, volumes continued to be negatively affected by the pandemic.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

BNSF’s revenues in the second quarter and first six months of 2020 were $4.6 billion and $10.0 billion, respectively, representing decreases of approximately $1.3 billion (21.9%) and $1.6 billion (14.0%) versus the corresponding periods in 2019.~~BNSF’srevenues~~ ~~in 2020~~ ~~reflectedlowervolumes of 17.9% in the second quarter and 11.7% in thefirstsixmonths, aswell as a2.7%~~ ~~year-to-date~~ ~~decrease~~in~~average revenue per car/unit.~~ ~~Volume~~ ~~in the first six months of 2020 was 4.44 million cars/units compared to 5.03 million cars/units in 2019.~~

Pre-tax earnings were ~~$1.5~~$1.8 billion and ~~$3.1~~$4.9 billion in the ~~second~~third quarter and first ~~six~~nine months of 2020, respectively, decreases of ~~15.7%~~8.4% and ~~10.5%~~9.7%, respectively, compared to 2019. The decreases principally resulted from the negative impacts ~~on volumes~~ of the COVID-19 pandemic ~~as well as the effects~~ on volumes. In addition, pre-tax earnings in the first nine months of 2019 ~~of a~~included an operating revenue increase related to the favorable outcome of an arbitration hearing and a ~~reduction to expense from a~~ retirement plan curtailment gain ~~arising from a plan amendment.~~that is included in other expenses, net in the preceding table. These effects were partially offset by significant improvements in 2020 in service, velocity and cost performance compared to ~~the first six months of~~ 2019, ~~when~~along with lower costs related to severe winter weather and flooding on parts of the network which negatively affected expenses and service ~~levels.~~levels in 2019.

~~Revenues~~Operating revenues from consumer products were ~~$1.6~~$1.9 billion in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~$3.3~~$5.2 billion in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020, decreases of ~~17.4%~~4.5% and ~~14.6%~~11.2%, respectively, from 2019. The decreases reflected lower average revenue per car/unit for both ~~periods and volume decreases of 12.1%~~periods. Volumes increased 0.5% in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~9.7%~~decreased 6.2% in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020. ~~The volume decreases were due to lower~~Increased retail sales and inventory replenishments by retailers, along with increased e-commerce activity in the third quarter resulted in higher domestic intermodal volumes for the first nine months of 2020. International intermodal volumes and automotive shipments remained low primarily attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic.

~~Revenues~~Operating revenues from industrial products were $1.2 billion in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~$2.6~~$3.8 billion in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020, decreasesof~~26.4%and13.9%,respectively,from2019.Thedecreaseswereattributable~~to~~lowervolumes~~of ~~25.9%~~in~~thesecondquarter~~25.1% and~~14.4%~~in~~thefirstsixmonths~~ 17.7%, respectively, from 2019. The decreases were attributable to lower volumes of~~2020.Averagerevenuepercar/unit was lower~~ 23.0% in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~higher~~17.4% in the first ~~six months.~~nine months of 2020, along with lower average revenue per car/unit in both periods. The volume decreases were primarily driven by a decline in U.S. industrial production due to the COVID-19 pandemic and reduced demand in the energy sector, which drove lower sand and petroleum productsvolume.

~~Revenues~~Operating revenues fromagriculturalproductswere~~$1.1~~ $1.2 billioninthe~~second~~ third quarterand~~$2.2~~ $3.4 billioninthefirst~~six~~ nine monthsof2020, ~~decreases~~an increase of ~~12.2%~~1.7% and ~~5.1%~~decrease of 2.8%, respectively, from 2019. The ~~decreases~~revenue changes reflected a volume increase of 3.9% in the third quarter and about equal volume in the first nine months of 2020 as compared to 2019, along with lower revenue per car/unit for both ~~periods and volume decreases of 7.0% in the second quarter and 2.1% in the first six months of 2020 as compared to 2019.~~periods. The ~~volume decreases were due to the~~adverse impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes, primarily ~~impacting~~for ethanol and ~~related commodities, as well as~~sweeteners shipments, along with lower ~~net~~soybean exports, were substantially offset by higher grain and meal exports.

~~Revenues~~Operating revenues from coal were ~~$541~~$651 million in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~$1.3~~$2.0 billion in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020, decreases of ~~38.7%~~34.6% and ~~25.4%~~28.7%, respectively, compared to 2019. The decreases reflected lower average revenue per car/unit and lower volume of ~~33.6%~~25.3% in the ~~second~~third quarterand~~21.0%~~ 22.6% inthefirst~~six~~ nine months.~~Volumes~~ The volume declines wereprimarily~~impacted~~ attributable to lower electricity demand driven by~~lowerelectricitydemanddriven~~byimpacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and mild winter weather in the first quarter, low natural gas prices and utility coal plantretirements.

~~Operating~~Railroad operating expenses in the ~~second~~third quarter and first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 were ~~$2.8~~$3.0 billion and ~~$6.4~~$9.1 billion, respectively, decreases of ~~$1.0~~$0.7 billion ~~(26.1%~~(18.0%) and ~~$1.3~~$2.0 billion ~~(16.4%~~(18.0%), respectively, compared to the same periods in 2019. The ratio of railroad operatingexpensesto railroad operating revenuesdecreased~~3.5~~ 2.9 percentagepointsto~~61.9%~~ 59.7% inthe~~second~~ third quarterand~~1.8~~ 3.0 percentagepointsto~~64.1%~~ 62.1% inthefirst~~six~~ nine monthsof2020versusthe 2019 periods.~~BNSF's~~ Railroad operating expensesin2020reflectedlowervolume-related costs, productivity improvements, the effects of cost control initiatives and the effects of improved weather conditions compared to ~~the first six months of~~2019.

Compensationandbenefitsexpensesdecreased~~$341~~ $213 million~~(25.6%~~ (16.2%)inthe~~second~~ third quarterand~~$497~~ $705 million~~(18.2%~~ (17.6%)in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 compared to 2019. The decreases were primarily due to lower employee counts associated with lower volume and ~~due to~~ improved workforce productivity. Fuel expenses decreased ~~$448~~$331 million ~~(57.8%~~(45.7%) in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~$545~~$876 million ~~(36.7%~~(39.6%) in thefirst~~six~~ nine monthsof2020 compared to 2019. The decreases wereprimarilyduetoloweraveragefuelprices,lowervolumesandimproved fuel efficiency.Purchasedservice expensesdecreased~~$127~~ $39 million~~(18.5%~~ (7.5%)inthe~~second~~ third quarterand~~$174~~ $157 million~~(12.4%~~ (9.9%)inthefirst~~six~~ nine monthsof2020compared to 2019, primarily due to lower volume, improved productivity and insurance recoveries in the first half of 2020 related to the network flooding in 2019. Equipment rents, materials and other expenses decreased~~$106~~ $92 million~~(22.9%~~ (19.0%)inthe~~second~~ third quarterand~~$88~~ $318 million~~(10.0%~~ (20.7%)inthefirst~~six~~ nine monthsof2020comparedto2019, as a result of lower volume-related costs, the effects of cost controls and lower personal injury ~~expense in 2020, partially offset by a pension plan curtailment gain in the first quarter of2019.~~expense.

BNSF is an important ~~part~~component of the national and global supply chain and, as an essential business, has continued to operate throughout the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the COVID-19 pandemic ~~has~~ caused a significant economic ~~slowdown~~disruptions that ~~has~~ adversely affected the demand for transportation services. The COVID-19 pandemic continues to evolve, and the full extent to which it may impact ~~BNSF’s~~BNSF's business, operating results, financial condition, or liquidity will depend on future developments which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence. We believe ~~BNSF’s~~BNSF's fundamental business remains strong and it has ample liquidity to continue business operations during this volatile period.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

We currently own 91.1% of the outstanding common stock of Berkshire Hathaway Energy Company (“BHE”), which operates a global energy business. BHE’s domestic regulated utility interests are comprised of PacifiCorp, MidAmerican Energy Company (“MEC”) and NV Energy. In Great Britain, BHE subsidiaries operate two regulated electricity distribution businesses referred to as Northern Powergrid. BHE also owns two domestic regulated interstate natural gas pipeline companies. Other energy businesses include a regulated electricity transmission-only business in Alberta, Canada (“AltaLink, L.P.”) and a diversified portfolio of mostly renewable independent power projects. BHE also operates the largest residential real estate brokerage firm and one of the largest residential real estate brokerage franchise networks in the United States. On November 1, 2020, BHE acquired certain natural gas transmission and storage businesses of Dominion Energy, Inc. See Note 22 to accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements.

The rates our regulated businesses charge customers for energy and services are ~~largely~~ based in large part on the costs of business operations, including income taxes and a return on capital, and are subject to regulatory approval. To the extent such costs are not allowed in the approved rates, operating results will be adversely affected. A summary of BHE’s net earnings follows (dollars in millions).

	Second Quarter						First Six Months						Third Quarter						First Nine Months
	2020			2019			2020			2019			2020			2019			2020			2019
Revenues:
Energy operating revenue	$	3,419		$	3,567		$	7,053		$	7,392		$	4,451		$	4,337		$	11,504		$	11,729
Real estate operating revenue		1,193			1,327			2,086			2,112			1,742			1,307			3,828			3,419
Other income (loss)		47			76			27			138			33			76			60			214
Total revenue		4,659			4,970			9,166			9,642			6,226			5,720			15,392			15,362
Costs and expense:
Energy cost of sales		888			1,027			1,926			2,241			1,169			1,230			3,095			3,471
Energy operating expense		1,638			1,681			3,349			3,332			1,952			1,783			5,301			5,115
Real estate operating costs and expense		1,116			1,210			1,989			2,016			1,503			1,194			3,492			3,210
Interest expense		484			459			950			920			480			452			1,430			1,372
Total costs and expense		4,126			4,377			8,214			8,509			5,104			4,659			13,318			13,168
Pre-tax earnings		533			593			952			1,133			1,122			1,061			2,074			2,194
Income tax expense (benefit)*		(165	)		(80	)		(366	)		(210	)		(412	)		(241	)		(778	)		(451	)
Net earnings after income taxes		698			673			1,318			1,343			1,534			1,302			2,852			2,645
Noncontrolling interests		4			4			7			7			4			8			11			15
Net earnings attributable to Berkshire Hathaway Energy		694			669			1,311			1,336			1,530			1,294			2,841			2,630
Noncontrolling interests		61			62			117			124			135			116			252			240
Net earnings attributable to Berkshire Hathaway shareholders	$	633		$	607		$	1,194		$	1,212		$	1,395		$	1,178		$	2,589		$	2,390
Effective income tax rate		(31.0	)%		(13.5	)%		(38.4	)%		(18.5	)%		(36.7	)%		(22.7	)%		(37.5	)%		(20.6	)%

The discussion of BHE’s operating results that follows is based on after-tax earnings, reflecting how the energy businesses are managed and evaluated. A summary of net earnings attributable to BHE follows (in millions).

	Second Quarter						First Six Months						Third Quarter				First Nine Months
	2020			2019			2020			2019			2020		2019		2020			2019
PacifiCorp	$	167		$	168		$	343		$	348		$	286	$	278	$	629		$	626
MidAmerican Energy Company		208			153			358			343			337		279		695			622
NV Energy		98			81			118			110			249		206		367			316
Northern Powergrid		59			64			146			144			26		37		172			181
Natural gas pipelines		64			48			243			229			78		66		321			295
Other energy businesses		184			158			320			249			207		219		527			468
Real estate brokerage		59			90			69			68			177		82		246			150
Corporate interest and other		(145	)		(93	)		(286	)		(155	)		170		127		(116	)		(28	)
	$	694		$	669		$	1,311		$	1,336		$	1,530	$	1,294	$	2,841		$	2,630

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

PacifiCorp operates a regulated electric utility in portions of several Western states, including Utah, Oregon and Wyoming. After-tax earnings ~~were $167~~increased $8 million ~~and $343 million~~(2.9%) in the ~~second~~third quarter and $3 million (0.5%) in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 ~~respectively, decreases of $1 million (0.6%) and $5 million (1.4%), respectively,~~as compared to the same periods in 2019. The ~~declines~~increases reflected ~~lower~~higher utility margin (operating revenue less cost of sales), increased production tax credit benefits driven by repowered wind projects placed in-service and higher ~~interest expense, partially offset by lower operating expenses, increased~~ allowances for equity and borrowed funds used during construction, partially offset by higher operating expenses and ~~increased income tax benefits from production tax credits from repowering certain wind-powered generating facilities.~~ interest expense. The increases in operating expenses were largely due to costs associated with a settlement agreement and wildfires.

Utility margin was ~~$761~~$980 million in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~$1.6~~$2.5 billion in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020, ~~decreases~~increases of ~~$22~~$77 million and ~~$27~~$50 million, respectively, compared to ~~2019, primarily attributable to~~2019. The increases reflected higher wholesale revenue and lower ~~operating~~coal-fueled and natural gas-fueled generation costs, partially offset by lower retail revenue derived from a ~~2.9%~~1.8% year-to-date decline in ~~retail~~ customer volumes ~~partially offset by price impacts from changes in sales mix. The decrease in retail customer volumes was primarily~~ due to the impacts of COVID-19, partly offset by ~~the favorable impacts of weather and~~ an increase in the average number of ~~customers.~~customers and the favorable impacts of weather.

MEC operates a regulated electric and natural gas utility primarily in Iowa and Illinois. After-tax earnings ~~were $208~~increased $58 million (20.8%) in the ~~second~~third quarter ~~of 2020, an increase of $55~~and $73 million ~~(35.9%~~(11.7%) ~~as compared to 2019. After-tax earnings were $358 million~~ in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 ~~an increase of $15 million (4.4%)~~ compared to 2019. The increases ~~were primarily due to~~reflected increased income tax benefits, primarily from production tax credits driven primarily by ~~repowering existing facilities~~repowered and new wind projects placed in-service, and ~~lower~~from higher electric utility margin, partially offset by higher operating expenses, ~~partially~~excluding energy efficiency program costs (substantially offset byin revenues), and lower allowances for equity and borrowed funds used during ~~construction~~construction. The increases in operating expenses were largely due to increased storm restoration costs in 2020 and ~~higher interest expense.~~ wind projects placed in-service in 2019.

Electric utility margin, excluding energy efficiency program revenue, increased $11 million to $603 million in the ~~second~~third quarter and $7 million to $1.4 billion in the first nine months of 2020 ~~was $439 million, an increase of $14 million~~ compared to 2019. The year-to-date electric utility margin increase ~~reflected~~was attributable to higher operating revenue from a ~~1.8% net~~1.1% increase in ~~electric~~ retail customer ~~volumes due largely to weather and increased usage from certain industrial customers, partially offset by impacts of COVID-19 on retail~~ volumes and lower generation and purchased power ~~costs. The electric utility margin increase was~~costs, partially offset by ~~the effects of lower wholesale revenue. Electric utility margin was $838 million in the first six months of 2020, a decrease of $37 million compared to 2019. The decline was primarily due to~~ lower wholesale revenue and ~~retail~~ price impacts from changes in sales ~~mix,~~mix. The increase in year-to-date electric retail customer volumes was primarily due to increased usage by certain industrial customers, partially offset by lower generation and purchased power costs and a 0.5% increase in retail customer volumes. Natural gas utility margin decreased 15% year-to-date, reflecting a 12.9% reduction in retail customer volumes, primarily due to weather.the impacts of COVID-19.

NV Energy operates regulated electric and natural gas utilities in Nevada. After-tax earnings ~~were $98~~increased $43 million (20.9%) in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~$118~~$51 million (16.1%) in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 ~~increases of $17 million (21.0%) and $8 million (7.3%), respectively,~~ compared to the corresponding 2019 ~~primarily due to~~periods. The increases reflected higher electric utility margin, higher other income ~~(second quarter~~(year-to-date only) and lower income tax expense from the favorable impacts of ~~ratemaking. The year-to-date increase was~~ratemaking, partially offset by higher operating expenses. The increases in operating expenses were mainly due to higher earnings sharing accruals at Nevada Power Company and higher depreciation ~~expense.~~ expense from additional plant placed in-service.

Electric utility margin ~~was $406~~increased $68 million to $660 million in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~$728~~$80 million to $1.4 billion in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 ~~increases of $11 million and $12 million, respectively,~~ compared to ~~2019,~~2019. These increases were primarily due to ~~price impacts~~higher operating revenue from ~~changes~~a 0.4% year-to-date increase in ~~sales mix, partially offset by a 0.9% year-to-date decrease in~~electric retail customer volumes, including distribution-only service customers, and price impacts from changes in sales mix. The increase in year-to-date electric retail customer volumes was primarily due to the favorable impacts of weather, partially offset by the impacts of COVID-19.

After-tax earnings decreased $11 million (29.7%) in the ~~second~~third quarter and $9 million (5.0%) in the first nine months of 2020 ~~decreased $5 million (7.8%)~~as compared to 2019. The ~~decrease~~earnings decreases reflected ~~lower distribution revenues of $11 million as~~higher income tax expense, in large part from a ~~result of 12.8% lower units distributed, largely due to impacts of COVID-19, partly~~change in the United Kingdom corporate income tax rate, and higher distribution-related operating expenses, partially offset by higher ~~tariff rates. After-tax earnings increased 1.4% in the first six months of 2020 compared to 2019, primarily due to lower interest expense,~~other income. The year-to-date decrease was also partially offset by lower ~~distribution revenues of $3 million as a result of 7.0% lower units distributed, largely due to impacts of COVID-19, offset by increased tariff rates.~~interest expense.

After-tax earnings increased $12 million (18.2%) in the ~~second~~third quarter and $26 million (8.8%) in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 ~~increased $16 million (33.3%) and $14 million (6.1%), respectively,~~ compared to ~~2019,~~the same periods in 2019. These increases were primarily due to higher transportation revenue and the favorable impact of a rate case settlement at Northern Natural ~~Gas.~~Gas, partially offset by higher operating expenses. The ~~year-to-date~~ increase in the first nine months was ~~partially~~further offset by increased depreciation, lower storage revenue and higher interest ~~expense and lower storage revenue.~~

After-tax earnings in the second quarter and first six months of 2020 were $184 million and $320 million, respectively, increases of $26 million (16.5%) and $71 million (28.5%), respectively, compared to 2019. The increases were primarily due to income tax benefits from renewable wind tax equity investments, largely from projects reaching commercial operation.expense.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

After-tax earnings in the ~~second~~third quarter of 2020 ~~decreased $31~~declined $12 million (5.5%) compared to 2019. The decrease ~~was primarily due to an unfavorable contingent earn-out remeasurement~~reflected the effects of favorable regulatory decisions received in 2019 at AltaLink, L.P. as well as lower operating revenue and ~~lower after-tax earnings~~higher operating expenses from ~~brokerage services due to a 21% decrease~~renewable energy projects in ~~closed units, in large part from impacts of COVID-19,~~2020. The decreases were partially offset by ~~higher earnings~~increased income tax benefits from ~~mortgage services, primarily due to higher refinance activity~~renewable wind tax equity investments, largely from ~~the favorable interest rate environment.~~ projects reaching commercial operation.

After-tax earnings ~~increased 1.5%~~ in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 increased $59 million (12.6%) compared to 2019. The increase was primarily due to the aforementioned income tax benefits from renewable wind tax equity investments, partially offset by lower operating revenue and higher ~~after-tax~~operating expenses from renewable energy projects.

After-tax earnings increased $95 million in the third quarter and $96 million in the first nine months of 2020 compared to 2019. The increases reflected significantly higher earnings from mortgage services ~~primarily due~~and brokerage services in the third quarter of 2020 as compared to 2019. The increase in earnings from mortgage services was attributable to higher refinance activity from the favorable interest rate environment and the earnings increase from brokerage services was due to a comparative increase in closed units of 12.9% in the third quarter. The year-to-date earnings increase was partially offset by an unfavorable contingent earn-out remeasurement ~~and lower after-tax earnings from brokerage services due to an 11% decrease in closed units, offset by lower operating expenses.~~on a previous business acquisition.

After-tax earnings ~~decreased $52~~increased $43 million ~~and $131 million~~(33.9%) in the ~~second~~third quarter ~~and first six months~~ of 2020 ~~respectively,~~ compared to 2019, primarily due to ~~lower~~higher federal income tax credits recognized, partially offset by higher operating expenses and interest expense. After-tax earnings decreased $88 million in the first nine months of 2020 compared to 2019, primarily due to state income tax benefits recognized in 2019, ~~and~~ higher interest expense, higher operating expenses and lower cash surrender value of corporate-owned life insurance policies, partially offset by higher ~~after-tax earnings from non-regulated energy services.~~federal income tax credits recognized.

A summary of revenues and earnings of our manufacturing, service and retailing businesses follows (dollars in millions).

	Second Quarter										First Six Months										Third Quarter										First Nine Months
	Revenues				Earnings *						Revenues				Earnings *						Revenues				Earnings *						Revenues				Earnings *
	2020		2019		2020			2019			2020		2019		2020			2019			2020		2019		2020			2019			2020		2019		2020			2019
Manufacturing	$	13,033	$	16,206	$	1,399		$	2,527		$	28,068	$	31,276	$	3,510		$	4,721		$	15,170	$	15,897	$	2,255		$	2,484		$	43,238	$	47,173	$	5,765		$	7,205
Service and retailing		17,255		19,873		452			804			36,032		39,097		1,075			1,536			19,319		19,982		875			689			55,351		59,079		1,950			2,225
	$	30,288	$	36,079							$	64,100	$	70,373							$	34,489	$	35,879							$	98,589	$	106,252
Pre-tax earnings						1,851			3,331							4,585			6,257							3,130			3,173							7,715			9,430
Income taxes and noncontrolling interests						402			844							1,098			1,570							784			718							1,882			2,288
					$	1,449		$	2,487						$	3,487		$	4,687						$	2,346		$	2,455						$	5,833		$	7,142
Effective income tax rate						21.5	%		24.7	%						23.6	%		24.6	%						24.4	%		22.1	%						24.0	%		23.7	%

Our manufacturing group includes a variety of industrial, building and consumer products businesses. The industrial products group includes specialty chemicals (The Lubrizol Corporation (“Lubrizol”)), complex metal products for aerospace, power and general industrial markets (Precision Castparts Corp. (“PCC”)), metal cutting tools/systems (IMC International Metalworking Companies (“IMC”)), equipment and systems for the livestock and agricultural industries (CTB International (“CTB”)), and a variety of industrial products for diverse markets (Marmon, Scott Fetzer and LiquidPower Specialty Products (“LSPI”)). Marmon includes UTLX Company (“UTLX”), which provides various products and services (including equipment leasing) for the rail and mobile crane industries.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The building products group includes homebuilding and manufactured housing finance (Clayton Homes), flooring (Shaw), insulation, roofing and engineered products (Johns Manville), bricks and masonry products (Acme Building Brands), paint and coatings (Benjamin Moore) and residential and commercial construction and engineering products and systems (MiTek). The consumer products group includes leisure vehicles (Forest River), several apparel and footwear operations (including Fruit of the Loom, Garan, Fechheimer, H.H. Brown Shoe Group and Brooks Sports) and high-performance alkaline batteries (Duracell). This group also includes custom picture framing products (Larson Juhl) and jewelry products (Richline). A summary of revenues and pre-tax earnings of our manufacturing operations follows (in millions).

	Second Quarter								First Six Months								Third Quarter								First Nine Months
	Revenues				Pre-tax earnings				Revenues				Pre-tax earnings				Revenues				Pre-tax earnings				Revenues				Pre-tax earnings
	2020		2019		2020		2019		2020		2019		2020		2019		2020		2019		2020		2019		2020		2019		2020		2019
Industrial products	$	5,789	$	7,887	$	535	$	1,552	$	13,147	$	15,564	$	1,841	$	2,983	$	6,173	$	7,716	$	940	$	1,458	$	19,320	$	23,280	$	2,781	$	4,441
Building products		4,968		5,369		696		726		9,825		9,931		1,263		1,208		5,672		5,281		825		696		15,497		15,212		2,088		1,904
Consumer products		2,276		2,950		168		249		5,096		5,781		406		530		3,325		2,900		490		330		8,421		8,681		896		860
	$	13,033	$	16,206	$	1,399	$	2,527	$	28,068	$	31,276	$	3,510	$	4,721	$	15,170	$	15,897	$	2,255	$	2,484	$	43,238	$	47,173	$	5,765	$	7,205

Revenues of the industrial products group were ~~$5.8~~$6.2 billion in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~$13.1~~$19.3 billion in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020, decreases of ~~26.6%~~20.0% in the third quarter and ~~15.5%, respectively,~~17.0% in the first nine months from comparable 2019 periods. Pre-tax earnings of the group were ~~$535~~$940 million in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~$1.8~~$2.8 billion in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020, declines of ~~65.5%~~35.6% in the third quarter and ~~38.3%~~37.4% in the first nine months compared to ~~the second quarter and first six months of 2019, respectively.~~2019. Pre-tax earnings as a percentage of revenues for the group were ~~14.0%~~14.4% in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 compared to ~~19.2%~~19.1% in 2019. Revenues and earnings were generally lower across each of our industrial products businesses.

PCC’s revenues were ~~$1.8~~$1.5 billion in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~$4.2~~$5.7 billion in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020, decreases of ~~32.5%~~41.4% from the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~19.5%~~26.7% from the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019. ~~In the second quarter and first six months~~Since March of 2020, ~~PCC experienced significant declines in aerospace markets. The~~the COVID-19 pandemic ~~produced~~contributed to material declines in commercial air travel ~~during the second quarter.~~and aircraft production. Airlines responded to the pandemic by ~~reducing and/~~delaying delivery of aircraft orders or, in some cases, cancelling aircraft orders, ~~which is~~ resulting in significant reductions in build rates by aircraft manufacturers and significant inventory reduction initiatives being implemented by PCC’s customers. Further, Boeing’s ongoing 737 MAX aircraft production issues have contributed to the declines in aerospace product sales in 2020. These factors resulted in significant declines in demand for PCC’s aerospace products in 2020.

PCC’s pre-tax earnings in 2020 declined 80% in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~first six months of 2020.~~

~~PCC incurred a pre-tax loss of $78 million~~70% in the ~~second quarter of 2020~~first nine months as compared to ~~pre-tax earnings of $481 million in the second quarter of~~ 2019. ~~The earnings decrease~~These decreases reflected the ~~decline~~declines in aerospace products sales, which contributed to reduced manufacturing ~~efficiencies and lower gross sales margin rates. In addition,~~efficiencies. PCC management ~~is undertaking~~continues to undertake aggressive restructuring actions to resize operations in response to reduced expected volumes in aerospace markets. During the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020, PCC significantly reduced its worldwide workforce and expects that by ~~approximately 10,000 employees representing~~the end of 2020, its workforce will be about ~~30%~~40% lower than at the end of ~~its total workforce at year end~~ 2019. ~~Restructuring costs~~PCC recorded charges for restructuring and inventory and fixed asset write-downs of approximately $300 million in the ~~second quarter~~first nine months of ~~2020 were approximately $250 million. Earnings~~2020. Although earnings as a percentage of revenues are expected to continue to be negatively impacted through 2020 due to inefficiencies associated with aligning operations to reduced aircraft build ~~rates. We believe~~rates, management expects the ~~duration~~actions being taken will ultimately improve operations and ~~severity of~~increase operating margins from the ~~pandemic and the long-term effects on commercial air travel and aerospace industries remains unclear.~~current depressed levels.

Lubrizol’s revenues were ~~$1.3~~$1.5 billion in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~$2.9~~$4.4 billion in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020, decreases of ~~24.1%~~8.7% from the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~14.3%~~12.5% from the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019. The declines ~~reflected~~were primarily attributable to lower volumes ~~attributable to~~resulting from the worldwide economic impacts of COVID-19 and the ~~impact~~effects of a fire at an additives manufacturing, blending and storage facility in Rouen, France at the end of the third quarter of 2019. While the Rouen operations were ~~partially restarted in December 2019, volumes at the facility continued to be~~well below historical levels through the first ~~half~~nine months of ~~2020.~~2020, production capacities are now substantially restored. Lubrizol’s consolidated volume declined ~~26%~~8.3% in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~15%~~13.0% in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 compared to 2019, reflecting declines in the Additives and Engineered Materials product lines, partly offset by higher volumes in Life Science products.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Lubrizol’s pre-tax earnings ~~decreased 41.3%~~increased 11.2% in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~25.6%~~decreased 14.7% in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 compared to the same periods in ~~2019,~~2019. The comparative increase in the third quarter reflected the effects of lower raw material costs and operating expenses more than offsetting lower sales volumes and average selling prices, as the negative effects from the Rouen fire were largely offset by insurance recoveries. The decline for the first nine months was primarily attributable to lower sales volumes, the impact of the Rouen fire, lower average selling prices and ~~unfavorable~~ effects from foreign currency translation. These negative impacts were partially offset by lower average raw material costs and lower operating expenses.

Marmon’s revenues were ~~$1.7~~$2.0 billion in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~$3.7~~$5.7 billion in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020, decreases of ~~21.1%~~6.2% from the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~11.0%~~9.4% from the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019. In the ~~second~~third quarter of 2020, excluding acquisitions, revenues decreased in almost all of Marmon’s sectors due to lower volumes, primarily attributable to the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, with the largest effects experienced in the Transportation Products ~~Retail Solutions, Food Service~~and Foodservice Technologies ~~and Metal Services~~ sectors. Additionally, revenues in the first nine months of 2020 decreased due to lower metal prices in the Electrical, Metals Services and Plumbing & Refrigeration sectors and ~~Metal Services sectors,~~ the effect of 2019 ~~divestitures and unfavorable foreign currency translation.~~divestitures. The drastic declines in oil prices in 2020 also adversely affected volumes and revenues in the Crane, Electrical, Water ~~Industrial~~ and Rail & Leasing sectors.

Marmon’s pre-tax earnings decreased ~~33.4%~~19.3% in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~17.4%~~18.1% in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 compared to the same periods in 2019. The decreases reflected the declines in revenues, increased restructuring charges and lower interest income. We expect additional restructuring initiatives ~~will take place over~~through the ~~remainder~~end of 2020 in response to the ~~reduced~~lower product demand, particularly in the sectors most ~~affected~~impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic.

IMC’s revenues were ~~$637~~$699 million in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~$1.5~~$2.2 billion in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020, decreases of ~~26.5%~~17.8% from the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~15.6%~~16.3% from the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019. The revenue declines were attributable to the negative economic effects offrom the COVID-19 pandemic and unfavorable foreign currency translation effects in the first half of 2020, partly offset by the effects of business acquisitions over the past year. IMC’s pre-tax earnings declined ~~53.4%~~32.3% in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~37.4%~~35.9% in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 compared to the same periods in ~~2019, as a result of~~2019. The earnings declines were primarily due to the declines in sales ~~declines~~ and changes in sales mix.

Revenues of the building products group were ~~$5.0~~$5.7 billion in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~$9.8~~$15.5 billion in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020, ~~decreases~~increases of ~~$401~~$391 million ~~(7.5%~~(7.4%) ~~and $106 million (1.1%), respectively, compared to~~from the ~~second~~third quarter and $285 million (1.9%) from the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019. Pre-tax earnings of the group were ~~$696~~$825 million in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~$1.3~~$2.1 billion in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020, ~~a decrease~~increases of ~~4.1%~~18.5% from the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~an increase of 4.6%~~9.7% from the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019. Pre-tax earnings as percentages of revenues were ~~12.9% and 12.2%~~13.5% in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 ~~and 2019, respectively.~~compared to 12.5% in the first nine months of 2019.

Clayton Homes’ revenues were ~~$2.0~~$2.3 billion in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~$3.8~~$6.1 billion in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020, increases of ~~8.2% and 10.5%~~22.4% over the ~~second~~third quarter and 14.7% over the first ~~six~~nine months of ~~2019, respectively.~~2019. The comparative increases were primarily due to increases in home sales of ~~6.7%~~24.6% in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~10.5%~~15.5% in the first ~~six~~nine months, reflecting a net increase in units sold and changes in sales mix. Unit sales of site-built homes increased ~~22%~~29% in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020, while manufactured home unit sales ~~were relatively unchanged. Interest~~increased 1%. Financial services revenues, which include mortgage services, insurance and interest income from lending activities, increased 15.7% in the ~~second~~third quarter and 12.5% in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 ~~increased 5.8% and 6.1%, respectively, as~~ compared to 2019. Loan balances, net of allowances for credit losses, were ~~$16.0~~$16.4 billion as of ~~June~~September 30, 2020 compared to $15.9 billion as of December 31, 2019.

Pre-tax earnings of Clayton Homes were ~~$319~~$339 million in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~$520~~$859 million in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020, increases of ~~13.2%~~24.7% in the third quarter and ~~4.6%, respectively,~~11.7% in the first nine months compared to the same periods in 2019. The earnings increases reflected higher earnings from home building, ~~activities and~~ increased interest income, ~~net of~~lower interest expense and higher earnings from mortgage services, partly offset by increased provisions for credit losses and insurance losses. ~~The increases in~~Although loan delinquency rates at the end of September 2020 were below those at the end of September 2019, the credit loss provisions ~~were driven by~~in 2020 reflect expected credit losses, ~~attributable to~~including the ~~impact~~estimated impacts on the economy and unemployment rates ~~resulting~~arising from the COVID-19 pandemic.

Aggregate revenues of our other building products businesses were ~~$2.9~~$3.4 billion in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~$6.0~~$9.4 billion in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020, decreases of ~~16.0%~~1.0% in the third quarter and ~~7.2%, respectively,~~5.1% in the first nine months compared to the same periods in 2019. The revenue decreases ~~were primarily~~reflected lower volumes in certain commercial and industrial markets attributable to ~~lower volumes associated with~~ the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, partly offset by increased paint and coatings volumes from a new agreement with Ace Hardware ~~Stores.~~Stores and increased volumes in the residential markets.

Pre-tax earnings of the other building products businesses were ~~$377~~$486 million in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~$743 million~~$1.2 billion in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020, ~~a decrease~~increases of ~~15.4%~~14.8% from the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~an increase of 4.5%~~8.3% from the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019. ~~Earnings in the second quarter of 2020~~The earnings increases reflected ~~the reductions in sales volumes, partially offset by~~ the effects of lower average ~~material~~input costs, ~~and expense~~operating cost containment ~~efforts. Results for the first six months of 2020 also benefitted from~~efforts and lower facilities closure ~~costs and higher sales volumes in the first quarter.~~costs.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Consumer products revenues were ~~$2.3~~$3.3 billion in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~$5.1~~$8.4 billion in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020, ~~decreases~~an increase of ~~22.8%~~14.7% in the third quarter and ~~11.8%, respectively,~~a decrease of 3.0% in the first nine months compared to the same periods in 2019. Forest River sales increased 38.5% in the third quarter and 2.4% in the first nine months of 2020 as compared to the same periods in 2019. The increase in the third quarter was attributable to a significant increase in recreational vehicle unit sales and changes in sales mix.

Apparel and footwear sales ~~declined 28.9%~~ in the third quarter of 2020 were relatively unchanged from the third quarter of 2019 and decreased 10.9% in the first nine months as compared to 2019. Sales volumes in the first half of 2020, particularly in the second quarter, reflected the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, which included retail store closures, reduced or cancelled orders and pandemic-related disruptions at certain of our manufacturing facilities. Apparel and footwear sales in the third quarter of 2020 exceeded the second quarter of 2020 ~~reflecting lower sales volumes~~by 59%, attributable to a higher consumer demand and from ~~the effects of COVID-19 related~~ retail ~~store closures and reduced or cancelled orders, partly offset by an increase at Brooks Sports. The increase at~~customers restocking their inventories. Brooks Sports ~~was~~year-to-date revenues in 2020 were higher, partly attributable to the effect of ~~a significant reduction in~~lower sales in the ~~second quarter~~first nine months of 2019 caused by product shipping delays at a new distribution facility. InRevenues from Duracell in the ~~second quarter~~first nine months of 2020 ~~Forest River sales declined 26.1%, attributable to lower volumes, while Duracell revenues~~also increased ~~16.4%.~~over 2019.

Consumer products pre-tax earnings were ~~$168~~$490 million in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~$406~~$896 million in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020, ~~decreases~~increases of ~~32.5%~~48.5% in the third quarter and ~~23.4%, respectively,~~4.2% in the first nine months compared to 2019. Pre-tax earnings as a percentage of revenues for the first ~~six~~nine months were ~~8.0%~~10.6% in 2020 and ~~9.2%~~9.9% in 2019. The ~~decreases~~increase in pre-tax earnings ~~reflected comparative declines~~for the third quarter was primarily attributable to Forest River and Duracell, and to a lesser extent from apparel and footwear. Earnings in the first nine months of 2020 included lower earnings from apparel and footwear ~~of 76.8% in the second quarter~~products and ~~48.7%~~increased earnings from Duracell. Earnings from Forest River were relatively unchanged in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 which included various incremental costs and charges related to COVID-19. In addition, pre-tax earnings of Forest River declined 37.8% in the second quarter and 27.1% in the first six months of 2020 as compared to 2019. ~~The sales and earnings declines in the second quarter at these businesses lessened significantly in the month of June, as the local economies reopened from the shutdowns.~~

A summary of revenues and pre-tax earnings of our service and retailing businesses follows (in millions).

	Second Quarter								First Six Months								Third Quarter								First Nine Months
	Revenues				Pre-tax earnings				Revenues				Pre-tax earnings				Revenues				Pre-tax earnings				Revenues				Pre-tax earnings
	2020		2019		2020		2019		2020		2019		2020		2019		2020		2019		2020		2019		2020		2019		2020		2019
Service	$	2,667	$	3,436	$	260	$	502	$	6,025	$	6,854	$	685	$	974	$	3,068	$	3,341	$	470	$	451	$	9,093	$	10,195	$	1,155	$	1,425
Retailing		3,370		4,026		148		243		6,968		7,633		281		392		4,211		4,037		309		188		11,179		11,670		590		580
McLane Company		11,218		12,411		44		59		23,039		24,610		109		170		12,040		12,604		96		50		35,079		37,214		205		220
	$	17,255	$	19,873	$	452	$	804	$	36,032	$	39,097	$	1,075	$	1,536	$	19,319	$	19,982	$	875	$	689	$	55,351	$	59,079	$	1,950	$	2,225

Our service business group offers fractional ownership programs for general aviation aircraft (NetJets) and ~~high technology~~professional aviation training ~~to operators of aircraft~~services and flight simulation products (FlightSafety). We also distribute electronic components (TTI), franchise and service a network of quick service restaurants (Dairy Queen) and offer third party logistics services that primarily serve the petroleum and chemical industries (Charter Brokerage). Other service businesses include transportation equipment leasing (XTRA) and furniture leasing (CORT), electronic news distribution, multimedia and regulatory filings (Business Wire), operation of a television station in Miami, Florida (WPLG) and until the time of their sale on March 16, 2020, the publishing of newspapers.

Service group revenues were ~~$2.7~~$3.1 billion in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~$6.0~~$9.1 billion in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020, decreases of ~~22.4%~~8.2% in the third quarter and ~~12.1%, respectively,~~10.8% in the first nine months as compared to 2019. The ~~comparative revenue declines included declines~~aggregate revenues of ~~31.2%~~NetJets and FlightSafety declined 10.8% in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~16.1%~~14.3% for the first ~~six~~nine months ~~from NetJets and FlightSafety, which were primarily attributable to~~of 2020, reflecting lower demand for aviation services as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, TTI’s revenues increased 2.4% in the ~~declines reflected year-to-date~~third quarter and decreased 1.2% in the first nine months of 2020 as compared with 2019. The comparative revenue declines in 2020 also included a year-to-date decline of ~~3.0% at TTI and 24.3%~~29.2% at CORT, as well as the effects of the disposition of the newspaper ~~operations.~~operations in March.

Pre-tax earnings of the service group were ~~$260~~$470 million in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~$685 million~~$1.2 billion in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020, ~~decreases~~an increase of ~~$242~~$19 million ~~(48.2%~~(4.2%) in the third quarter and ~~$289~~a decrease of $270 million ~~(29.7%~~(18.9%)~~, respectively,~~ in the first nine months compared to 2019. Pre-tax earnings of the group as a percentage of revenues were ~~11.4%~~12.7% in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 compared to ~~14.2%~~14.0% in 2019. The ~~comparative~~decline in earnings ~~declines were~~for the first nine months of 2020 was primarily attributable to ~~lower earnings from~~ FlightSafety, NetJets, ~~and~~ TTI ~~and to a lesser extent, XTRA~~ and CORT. TTI’s earnings decline reflected lower average gross margin ~~rates.~~rates, attributable to sluggish sales volumes in certain markets and sales price pressures deriving from ample inventory availability within the industry. The declines at NetJets, FlightSafety and ~~FlightSafety~~CORT were due to lower customer demand for services and increased asset impairment and restructuring ~~charges.~~charges in the aviation services businesses.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Our largest retailing business is Berkshire Hathaway Automotive (“BHA”), which consists of over 80 auto dealerships that sell new and pre-owned automobiles and offer repair services and related ~~products.~~products, and represented about 65% of our combined retailing revenues in 2020. BHA also operates two insurance businesses, two auto auctions and an automotive fluid maintenance products distributor. Other retailing businesses include four home furnishings retailing businesses (Nebraska Furniture Mart, R.C. Willey, Star Furniture and Jordan’s), which sell furniture, appliances, flooring and ~~electronics.~~electronics and represented about 20% of the combined retailing revenues in 2020. Other retailing businesses also include three jewelry businesses (Borsheims, Helzberg and Ben Bridge), See’s Candies (confectionary products), Pampered Chef (high quality kitchen tools), Oriental Trading Company (party supplies, school supplies and toys and novelties) and Detlev Louis Motorrad (“Louis”), a Germany-based retailer of motorcycle accessories.

Retailing group revenues were ~~$3.4~~$4.2 billion in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~$7.0~~$11.2 billion in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020, ~~decreases~~an increase of ~~16.3% and 8.7%, respectively, compared to 2019. BHA’s revenues, which represented about 2/3 of our combined retailing revenues in 2020, decreased 11.1%~~4.3% in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~6.2%~~a decrease of 4.2% in the first ~~six~~nine months compared to the same periods in 2019. BHA’s comparative revenue decreases reflected decreases in new and pre-owned vehicle sales of 11% in the second quarter and 6% in the first six months and lower vehicle service and repair revenues in the second quarter, which were attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic. Home furnishings group revenues, which represented about 20% of the aggregate retailing group revenues for the first six months of 2020, decreased 24.7% in the second quarter and 12.1% in the first six months of 2020 as compared to 2019.

Pre-tax earnings of the retail group were $148 million in the second quarter and $281 million in the first six months of 2020, decreases of 39.1% and 28.3%, respectively, from 2019. BHA’s pre-tax earnings increased 35.6% in the second quarter and 19.9% in the first six months of 2020, primarily due to lower selling, general and administrative expenses and lower floorplan interest expense. Aggregate pre-tax earnings for the remainder of our retailing group declined $129 million in the second quarter and $148 million in the first six months as compared to 2019. The spread of COVID-19 throughout the U.S. resulted in the temporary closures or restricted operations at some of our retail store operations during 2020 and significantly lower ~~sales.~~sales in the first half of the year. The severity and duration of the effects on our operations from the pandemic have varied widely. Sales volumes increased and operating results improved ~~over~~beginning in the latter part of the second quarter as ~~these~~our operations ~~were~~ slowly reopened.

BHA’s revenues decreased 2.5% in the third quarter and 4.9% in the first nine months of 2020 compared to the same periods in 2019. BHA’s revenues in 2020 reflected decreases in new and pre-owned vehicle sales of 2.4% in the third quarter and 5.0% in the first nine months as well as lower vehicle service and repair revenues.

Home furnishings group revenues in 2020 increased 8.5% in the third quarter versus 2019, reflecting stronger consumer demand. Home furnishings revenues decreased 4.9% in the first nine months of 2020 as compared to 2019.

Pre-tax earnings of the retail group were $309 million in the third quarter and $590 million in the first nine months of 2020, increases of 64.4% in the third quarter and 1.7% in the first nine months from 2019. BHA’s pre-tax earnings increased 50.3% in the third quarter and 30.8% in the first nine months of 2020, primarily due to lower selling, general and administrative expenses, lower floorplan interest expense and from higher gross margin rates.

Aggregate pre-tax earnings for the remainder of our retailing group increased $66 million in the third quarter and decreased $82 million in the first nine months of 2020 as compared to 2019. Certain of our smaller operations, including Pampered Chef and Louis experienced significant earnings increases in 2020, while others, including See’s Candy and Oriental Trading Company, experienced significant declines. Also, we incurred ~~additional~~ charges in the ~~second quarter~~first nine months of 2020 attributable to asset ~~impairment charges~~impairments, restructurings and credit losses.

McLane operates a wholesale distribution business that provides grocery and non-food consumer products to retailers and convenience stores (“grocery”) and to restaurants (“foodservice”). McLane also operates businesses that are wholesale distributors of distilled spirits, wine and beer (“beverage”). The grocery and foodservice businesses generate high sales and very low profit margins. These businesses have several significant customers, including Walmart, 7-Eleven, Yum! Brands and others. Grocery sales comprised about 2/3 of McLane’s consolidated sales in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 with ~~food service~~foodservice comprising most of the remainder. A curtailment of purchasing by any of its significant customers could have an adverse impact on periodic revenues and earnings.

Revenues were ~~$11.2~~$12.0 billion in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~$23.0~~$35.1 billion in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020, decreases of ~~9.6%~~4.5% in the third quarter and ~~6.4%, respectively,~~5.7% in the first nine months compared to 2019. Revenues in the ~~second~~third quarter of 2020 decreased ~~9.4%~~4.7% in the grocery business ~~(5.8% year-to date)~~(5.4% year-to-date) and ~~11.6%~~5.2% in the foodservice business ~~(8.9%~~(7.7% year-to-date) as compared to 2019. The declines were attributable to COVID-19 related restaurant closures (particularly ~~for~~in the casual dining ~~restaurant customers)~~category) in the foodservice business and lower sales in certain product categories within the grocery business.

Pre-tax earnings increased $46 million (92.0%) in the third quarter and decreased $15 million ~~(25.4%) in the second quarter and $61 million (35.9%~~(6.8%) in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 as compared to 2019. The earnings increase in the third quarter reflected ongoing operating expense management efforts and a slight increase in the overall gross margin rate, partly offset by the effects of lower sales. The earnings decrease in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 included charges of $23 million for credit ~~losses~~ and inventory losses in the foodservice operations and the impact of lower sales. McLane continues to operate in an intensely competitive business environment, which is negatively affecting its current operating results.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

A summary of investment and derivative gains/losses follows (dollars in millions).

~~As a result of a change to GAAP effective in 2018, we~~We are required to include the unrealized gains and losses arising from changes in market prices of investments in equity securities in our reported ~~earnings. While this accounting standard does not change the effect on our consolidated shareholders’ equity or total comprehensive income, it has~~earnings, which significantly ~~increased~~increases the volatility of our periodic net earnings due to the magnitude of our equity securities portfolio and the inherent volatility of equity securities prices.

Pre-tax investment gains/losses in 2020 included net unrealized gains of ~~$39.4~~$30.8 billion in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~net unrealized losses of $18.4~~$16.5 billion in the first ~~six~~nine months ~~and~~on securities we owned on September 30. Net unrealized gains in 2019 ~~included net unrealized gains of $9.8~~on securities owned on September 30, 2019 were $10.5 billion in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~$29.2~~$39.5 billion in the first ~~six months attributable to equity securities we still held at June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.~~nine months. Investment losses ~~on equity securities sold in the first six months of 2020 were $11.2 billion, which included losses of $10.7 billion~~ from market value changes in the first ~~quarter~~nine months of 2020 on equity securities ~~that were~~ sold in ~~the second quarter. Taxable~~2020 were $13.9 billion. In 2020, taxable investment ~~losses~~gains on equity securities sold, which is the difference between sales proceeds and the original cost basis of the securities sold, were ~~$4.5~~$3.9 billion in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~$3.3~~$0.7 billion in the first ~~six months of 2020. Taxable~~nine months. In 2019, taxable investment gains on equity securities sold were ~~$0.8~~$0.6 billion in the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~$1.4~~$2.0 billion in the first ~~six months of 2019.~~nine months.

Investment gains/losses from periodic changes in securities prices will continue to cause significant volatility in our consolidated earnings. We believe that investment gains/losses, whether realized from sales or unrealized from changes in market prices, are often meaningless in terms of understanding our reported consolidated earnings or evaluating our periodic economic performance. We continue to believe that the amount of investment gains/losses included in earnings in any given period has little analytical or predictive value.

Derivative contract gains/losses include the changes in fair value of our equity index put option contract liabilities, which relate to contracts that were originated prior to March 2008. Substantially all remaining contracts will expire by February 2023. The periodic changes in the fair values of these liabilities are recorded in earnings and can be significant due to the volatility of market prices in the underlying equity markets.

As of ~~June~~September 30, 2020, the intrinsic value of our equity index put option contracts was approximately $1.2 billion and our recorded liability at fair value was ~~$1.6~~$1.5 billion. Our ultimate payment obligations, if any, under our contracts will be determined as of the contract expiration dates based on the intrinsic value as defined under the contracts. Equity index put option contracts produced pre-tax gains of $796 million in the second quarter and pre-tax losses of $597 million in the first six months of 2020, primarily due to changes in equity index values. Equity index put option contracts generated pre-tax gains of $213 million in the second quarter and $983 million in the first six months of 2019.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

	Second Quarter						First Six Months						Third Quarter						First Nine Months
	2020			2019			2020			2019			2020			2019			2020			2019
Equity method earnings (loss)	$	(154	)	$	131		$	102		$	297
Equity method earnings													$	244		$	515		$	346		$	812
Acquisition accounting expenses		(196	)		(188	)		(398	)		(380	)		(195	)		(201	)		(593	)		(581	)
Goodwill and intangible asset impairments		(10,350	)		—			(10,350	)		—			(19	)		—			(10,369	)		—
Corporate interest expense, before foreign currency effects		(76	)		(72	)		(172	)		(146	)		(80	)		(63	)		(252	)		(209	)
Foreign currency exchange rate gains (losses) on Berkshire and BHFC non-U.S. Dollar senior notes		(92	)		(87	)		83			47			(412	)		308			(329	)		355
Income tax expense adjustment		—			—			—			(377	)
Income tax expense adjustments														(60	)		—			(60	)		(377	)
Other, principally corporate investment income		131			204			331			418			32			276			363			694
Net earnings (loss) attributable to Berkshire Hathaway shareholders	$	(10,737	)	$	(12	)	$	(10,404	)	$	(141	)	$	(490	)	$	835		$	(10,894	)	$	694

After-tax equity method earnings ~~(loss) includes~~include Berkshire’s share of earnings attributable to Kraft Heinz, Pilot, Berkadia and Electric Transmission of Texas. Our Kraft Heinz investment produced after-tax ~~losses~~earnings of ~~$297~~$142 million for the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~$198~~an after-tax loss of $56 million for the first ~~six~~nine months of ~~2020 and included $513 million in the second quarter and $552 million~~2020. The after-tax loss in the first ~~six~~nine months ~~associated with~~included $611 million attributable to goodwill and intangible asset impairment charges recorded by Kraft ~~Heinz.~~Heinz (primarily in the second quarter). As discussed in Note 5 to the accompanying ~~unaudited~~ Consolidated Financial Statements, financial results of Kraft Heinz for the first and second quarters of 2019 were not ~~made~~ available to us until the third ~~quarter of 2019.~~quarter. Accordingly, our consolidated statements of earnings for the ~~second~~third quarter ~~and first six months~~ of 2019 ~~do not include~~included our share of Kraft Heinz’s earnings for ~~those periods.~~the first nine months, or $377 million, which included $214 million attributable to goodwill and intangible asset impairment charges recorded by Kraft Heinz.

After-tax acquisition accounting expenses include charges arising from the application of the acquisition method in connection with certain of Berkshire’s past business acquisitions. Such charges arise primarily from the amortization of intangible assets recorded in connection with those business acquisitions. Goodwill and intangible asset impairments ~~include~~in the first nine months of 2020 included charges of $9.8 billion attributable to impairments of goodwill and certain identifiable intangible assets that were recorded in connection with our acquisition of PCC in 2016. See Critical Accounting Policies on page 4546 for additional details.

Foreign currency exchange rate gains and losses pertain to non-U.S. Dollar denominated debt issued by Berkshire and BHFC. As of ~~June~~September 30, 2020, outstanding borrowings included senior notes of €6.85 billion par, ¥625.5 billion par and £1.75 billion par. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates produce non-cash unrealized gains and losses from the periodic revaluation of these liabilities into U.S. Dollars. The gains and losses recorded in any given period can be significant due the magnitude of the borrowings and the inherent volatility in foreign currency exchange rates.

The income tax expense ~~adjustment in the first six months of 2019 relates~~adjustments relate to investments that we made between 2015 and 2018 in certain tax equity investment funds, which aggregated approximately $340 million. In December 2018 and during the first quarter of 2019, we learned of allegations by federal authorities of fraudulent income conduct by the sponsor of these funds and in January 2020, the principals involved in creating the investment funds plead guilty to criminal charges related to the sale of the investments. In the first quarter of 2019, we concluded it was more likely than not that the income tax benefits that we recognized prior to 2019 were not valid.

Our consolidated balance sheet continues to reflect very significant liquidity and a very strong capital base. Consolidated shareholders’ equity at ~~June~~September 30, 2020 was ~~$393.5~~$415.2 billion, a decrease of ~~$31.3~~$9.6 billion since December 31, ~~2019.~~2019 and an increase of $21.7 billion since June 30, 2020. Net ~~loss~~earnings attributable to Berkshire shareholders were $30.1 billion in the third quarter and $6.7 billion in the first ~~six~~nine months of ~~2020 was approximately $23.5 billion.~~2020. Earnings ~~in 2020~~ included after-tax ~~losses~~gains on our investments of approximately ~~$23.5~~$24.8 billion ~~which were primarily due to declines~~in the third quarter and $1.3 billion in the first nine months of 2020. Changes in the market prices offor our investments in equity securities since December 31, ~~2019.~~2019 have produced exceptional volatility in our earnings. Our results in 2020 also included after-tax goodwill and other intangible asset impairment charges of ~~$10.9~~$11.0 billion.

~~Our operating business groups are preparing~~At September 30, 2020, our insurance and other businesses held cash, cash equivalents and U.S. Treasury Bills (net of amounts payable as of September 30 for ~~reduced cash flows from reduced revenues~~purchases that were settled in October) of $135.2 billion, which included $114.1 billion in U.S. Treasury Bills. Investments in equity and ~~economic activity as a result of COVID-19. We are taking measures to reduce costs as appropriate through the measures previously described~~fixed maturity securities (excluding our investment in ~~this Report. We currently believe our liquidity and capital strength, which is extremely strong, to be more than adequate.~~Kraft Heinz) were $264.8 billion.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

At June 30, 2020, our insurance and other businesses held cash, cash equivalents and U.S. Treasury Bills of $142.8 billion, which included $120.8 billion in U.S. Treasury Bills. Investments in equity and fixed maturity securities (excluding our investment in Kraft Heinz) were $226.7 billion. During the second quarter we received approximately $12.8 billion from the sales of equity securities, net of the costs of equity securities purchased. The proceeds from these activities have been primarily reinvested in U.S. Treasury Bills.

Berkshire parent company debt outstanding at ~~June~~September 30, 2020 was ~~$21.7~~$22.2 billion, an increase of ~~$1.8~~$2.3 billion since December 31, 2019. In ~~March~~the first nine months of 2020, Berkshire repaid maturing senior notes of €1.0 billion and issued €1.0 billion of 0.0% senior notes due in ~~2025. In April 2020, Berkshire issued~~2025 and ¥195.5 billion of senior notes (approximately $1.8 billion), which has a weighted average interest rate of 1.07% and maturity dates ranging from 2023 to 2060. In the first quarter of 2021, senior notes of $1.6 billion will mature.

Berkshire’s insurance and other subsidiary outstanding borrowings were ~~$16.5~~$16.7 billion at ~~June~~September 30, 2020, which included senior note borrowings of BHFC, a wholly-owned financing subsidiary, of approximately $11.0 billion. BHFC’s borrowings are used to fund a portion of loans originated and acquired by Clayton Homes and equipment held for lease by our UTLX railcar leasing business. In ~~January~~the first nine months of 2020, BHFC repaid $350 million of maturing senior notes and ~~in March 2020,~~ issued $500 million of 1.85% senior notes due in 2030. In October 2020, BHFC repaid $550 million of maturing senior notes and issued $2.5 billion of senior notes, consisting of $750 million of 1.45% senior notes due in 2030 and $1.75 billion of 2.85% senior notes due in 2050. Berkshire guarantees the full and timely payment of principal and interest with respect to BHFC’s senior notes. ~~Over~~In the ~~next twelve months,~~first quarter of 2021, approximately ~~$1.3 billion~~$750 million of BHFC senior notes will mature.

Our railroad, utilities and energy businesses (conducted by BNSF and BHE) maintain very large investments in capital assets (property, plant and equipment) and will regularly make significant capital expenditures in the normal course of business. Capital expenditures of these two operations in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020 were ~~$4.5~~$7.1 billion and we currently forecast additional capital expenditures of approximately ~~$5.7~~$3 billion over the remainder of 2020.

BNSF’s outstanding debt was ~~$23.3~~$23.2 billion as of ~~June~~September 30, 2020, relatively unchanged from December 31, 2019. In April 2020, BNSF issued $575 million of 3.05% senior unsecured debentures due in 2051. Outstanding borrowings of BHE and its subsidiaries were ~~$45.2~~$45.6 billion at ~~June~~September 30, 2020, an increase of approximately ~~$2.6~~$3.0 billion since December 31, 2019. In the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020, BHE and its subsidiaries issued new term debt aggregating ~~$5.3~~$5.5 billion with maturity dates ranging from 2025 to 2062, repaid approximately ~~$1.8~~$1.9 billion of debt and reduced short-term ~~borrowings by approximately $920 million.~~borrowings. Over the remainder of 2020, BHE and its subsidiaries will repay debt of approximately ~~$800~~$640 million. On October 29, 2020, BHE issued $500 million of 1.65% senior notes due in 2031 and $1.5 billion of 2.85% senior notes due in 2051. Berkshire does not guarantee the repayment of debt issued by BNSF, BHE or any of their subsidiaries and is not committed to provide capital to support BNSF, BHE or any of their subsidiaries.

In July 2020, BHE reached a definitive agreement with Dominion Energy, Inc. (“Dominion”) to acquire substantially all of Dominion’s natural gas transmission and storage ~~business, which includes more than 7,700 miles~~businesses. As discussed in Note 22 to the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements, on November 1, 2020, BHE acquired certain of ~~natural gas transmission pipelines, about 900~~the Dominion businesses for $2.7 billion ~~cubic feet of operated natural gas storage capacity~~in cash and partial ownership of a liquefied natural gas export, import and storage facility. The acquisition price will be approximately $4.0 billion, which will be funded with cash provided by the Berkshire parent company. BHE will also assume approximately $5.7assumed $5.3 billion of ~~existing asset-related long-term~~Dominion debt. The acquisition ~~is subject to customary closing conditions and~~of the remainder of the Dominion businesses is expected to close ~~during the fourth quarter of 2020.~~in early 2021.

Berkshire’s common stock repurchase program was amended on July 17, 2018, permitting Berkshire to repurchase its Class A and Class B shares at prices below Berkshire’s intrinsic value, as conservatively determined by Warren Buffett, Berkshire’s Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer, and Charlie Munger, Vice Chairman of the Board. The program allows share repurchases in the open market or through privately negotiated transactions and does not specify a maximum number of shares to be repurchased. The program is expected to continue indefinitely. We will not repurchase our stock if it reduces the total amount of Berkshire’s consolidated cash, cash equivalents and U.S. Treasury Bill holdings below $20 billion. Financial strength and redundant liquidity will always be of paramount importance at Berkshire. In the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020, Berkshire paid ~~$6.7~~$15.7 billion, including $9.0 billion in the third quarter, to repurchase shares of Class A and B common stock.

We are party to contracts associated with ongoing business and financing activities, which will result in cash payments to counterparties in future periods. Certain obligations are included in our Consolidated Balance Sheets, such as notes payable, which require future payments on contractually specified dates and in fixed and determinable amounts. Other obligations pertaining to the acquisition of goods or services in the future are not currently reflected in the financial statements, which will be recognized in future periods as the goods are delivered or services are provided. The timing and amount of the payments under certain contracts, such as insurance and reinsurance contracts, are contingent upon the outcome of future events. Actual payments will likely vary, perhaps materially, from the estimated liabilities currently recorded in our Consolidated Balance Sheet.

~~Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations~~

In the first ~~six~~nine months of 2020, Berkshire and its subsidiaries issued new term debt. Principal and interest payments associated with these new term borrowings are expected as follows: in 2020 – ~~$136~~$82 million; in 2021 and 2022 – ~~$466~~$472 million; in 2023 and 2024 – ~~$982 million;~~$1.0 billion; and thereafter – ~~$11.9~~$12.2 billion. In October 2020, Berkshire subsidiaries issued new term debt aggregating $4.5 billion with maturities ranging from 2030 to 2051.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Except as otherwise disclosed in this Quarterly Report, our contractual obligations as of ~~June~~September 30, 2020 were, in the aggregate, not materially different from those disclosed in the “Contractual Obligations” section of “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” contained in Berkshire’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.

Certain accounting policies require us to make estimates and judgments that affect the amounts reflected in the Consolidated Financial Statements. Such estimates and judgments necessarily involve varying, and possibly significant, degrees of uncertainty. Accordingly, certain amounts recorded in the financial statements will likely be adjusted in the future based on new available information and changes in other facts and circumstances. Reference is made to “Critical Accounting Policies” discussed in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in Berkshire’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.

Our Consolidated Balance Sheet as of ~~June~~September 30, 2020 includes estimated liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses from property and casualty insurance and reinsurance contracts of ~~$117.5~~$119.8 billion. Due to the inherent uncertainties in the processes of establishing these liabilities, the actual ultimate claim amounts will likely differ from the currently recorded amounts. A very small percentage change in estimates of this magnitude ~~will~~can result in a material effect on periodic earnings. The effects from changes in these estimates are recorded as a component of insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses in the period of the change.

Our Consolidated Balance Sheet as of ~~June~~September 30, 2020 included goodwill of acquired businesses of ~~approximately $71.8~~$71.9 billion and indefinite-lived intangible assets of $18.3 billion. We evaluate these assets for impairment at least annually and we conducted our most recent annual review during the fourth quarter of 2019.

Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment reviews include determining the estimated fair values of our reporting units and assets. The key assumptions and inputs used in such determinations may include forecasting revenues and expenses, cash flows and capital expenditures, as well as an appropriate discount rate and other inputs. Significant judgment by management is required in estimating the fair value of a reporting unit and in performing impairment tests. Due to the inherent subjectivity and uncertainty in forecasting future cash flows and earnings over long periods of time, actual results may vary materially from the forecasts.

In response to the adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, we considered whether goodwill needed to be reevaluated for ~~impairment as~~impairment. As of June 30, ~~2020. While~~2020, we estimated the fair values of certain reporting units had likely declined since the fourth quarter of 2019, we concluded it is more likely than not that goodwill for these units was not impaired as of June 30, 2020. However, we also determined it was necessary to quantitively reevaluate goodwill for impairment ~~as of June 30~~ for ~~other~~certain reporting units, and most significantly for PCC. As a result of our reviews, we recorded pre-tax goodwill impairment charges of $10.0 billion and indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment charges of $638 million in the second quarter of 2020, of which approximately $10 billion related to PCC.

Prior to ~~carrying out~~ the reevaluation, the carrying value of our goodwill in PCC was approximately $17 billion. Additionally, the carrying value of indefinite-lived intangible assets in PCC was approximately $14 billion. Substantially all of these amounts were recorded in connection with Berkshire’s acquisition of PCC in 2016. We believe the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on commercial airlines and aircraft manufacturers ~~continues to be~~is particularly severe. We considered a number of factors in our ~~evaluation,~~reevaluation, including but not limited ~~to:~~to the announcements by airlines concerning potential future demand, employment levels and aircraft ~~orders;~~orders, announcements by manufactures on reduced aircraft production, and the actions we are taking or may take to restructure our operations to fit lower expected demand. ~~Further, in~~In our judgment, the timing and extent of the recovery in the commercial airline and aerospace industries may be dependent on the development and wide-scale distribution of medicines or vaccines that effectively treat the virus. Consequently, we deemed it prudent under the prevailing circumstances to increase the discount rates and reduce our prior long-term forecasts of future cash flows for purposes of reviewing for impairments. The amounts of these adjustments were based on qualitative assessments by Berkshire.

~~Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis~~As of ~~Financial Condition and Results of Operations~~

September 30, 2020, we concluded it is more likely than not that goodwill recorded in our Consolidated Balance Sheet was not impaired. Making estimates of the fair value of reporting units and judgments on goodwill impairments at this time are and will likely be significantly affected by assumptions on the severity, duration or long-term effects of the pandemic on the reporting unit’s business, which we cannot reliably ~~predict at this time.~~predict. Consequently, any fair value estimates in such instances can be subject to wide variations. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic could prove to be worse than we currently estimate for ~~these and~~ our ~~other~~ reporting units, including reporting units where we recorded impairment charges during the first nine months of 2020, and could lead us to record additional goodwill or indefinite-lived asset impairment charges ~~over~~in the ~~second half~~fourth quarter of 2020.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Information concerning new accounting pronouncements is included in Note 2 to the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements.

Investors are cautioned that certain statements contained in this document as well as some statements in periodic press releases and some oral statements of Berkshire officials during presentations about Berkshire or its subsidiaries are “forward-looking” statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (the “Act”). Forward-looking statements include statements which are predictive in nature, which depend upon or refer to future events or conditions, which include words such as “expects,” “anticipates,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “estimates” or similar expressions. In addition, any statements concerning future financial performance (including future revenues, earnings or growth rates), ongoing business strategies or prospects and possible future Berkshire actions, which may be provided by management, are also forward-looking statements as defined by the Act. Forward-looking statements are based on current expectations and projections about future events and are subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions about Berkshire and its subsidiaries, economic and market factors and the industries in which we do business, among other things. These statements are not guarantees of future performance and we have no specific intention to update these statements.

Actual events and results may differ materially from those expressed or forecasted in forward-looking statements due to a number of factors. The principal risk factors that could cause our actual performance and future events and actions to differ materially from such forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, changes in market prices of our investments in fixed maturity and equity securities, losses realized from derivative contracts, the occurrence of one or more catastrophic events, such as an earthquake, hurricane, act of terrorism or cyber attack that causes losses insured by our insurance subsidiaries and/or losses to our business operations, the frequency and severity of epidemics, pandemics or other outbreaks, including COVID-19, that negatively affect our operating results and restrict our access to borrowed funds through the capital markets at reasonable rates, changes in laws or regulations affecting our insurance, railroad, utilities and energy and finance subsidiaries, changes in federal income tax laws, and changes in general economic and market factors that affect the prices of securities or the industries in which we do business.

Reference is made to Berkshire’s most recently issued Annual Report and in particular the “Market Risk Disclosures” included in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” As of ~~June~~September 30, 2020, there were no material changes in the market risks described in Berkshire’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.

As of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the Company carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including the Chairman (Chief Executive Officer) and the Senior Vice President (Chief Financial Officer), of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-15. Based upon that evaluation, the Chairman (Chief Executive Officer) and the Senior Vice President (Chief Financial Officer) concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective in timely alerting them to material information relating to the Company (including its consolidated subsidiaries) required to be included in the Company’s periodic SEC filings. During the quarter, there have been no significant changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting or in other factors that could significantly affect internal control over financial reporting.

Berkshire and its subsidiaries are parties in a variety of legal actions that routinely arise out of the normal course of business, including legal actions seeking to establish liability directly through insurance contracts or indirectly through reinsurance contracts issued by Berkshire subsidiaries. Plaintiffs occasionally seek punitive or exemplary damages. We do not believe that such normal and routine litigation will have a material effect on our consolidated financial condition or results of operations. Berkshire and certain of its subsidiaries are also involved in other kinds of legal actions, some of which assert or may assert claims or seek to impose fines and penalties. We believe that any liability that may arise as a result of other pending legal actions will not have a material effect on our consolidated financial condition or results of operations.

Our significant business risks are described in Item 1A to Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 to which reference is made herein. These risk factors are supplemented for the items described below. The risks and uncertainties we describe are not the only ones facing us. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also impair our business or operations. Any adverse effect on our business, financial condition or operating results could result in a decline in the value of our securities and the loss of all or part of your investment.

Epidemics, pandemics or other outbreaks, including COVID-19, could hurt our operating businesses.

The outbreak of COVID-19 has adversely affected, and in the future it or other epidemics, pandemics or outbreaks may adversely affect, our operations, including our equity securities portfolio. This is or may be due to closures or restrictions requested or mandated by governmental authorities, disruption to supply chains and workforce, reduction of demand for our products and services, credit losses when customers and other counterparties fail to satisfy their obligations to us, and volatility in global equity securities markets, among other factors. We share most of these risks with all businesses.

Unfavorable general economic conditions may significantly reduce our operating earnings and impair our ability to access capital markets at a reasonable cost.

Our operating businesses are subject to economic conditions affecting the general economy or the specific industries in which they operate. To the extent that economic conditions in the U.S. and worldwide are depressed by the effects of COVID-19 or otherwise, one or more of our significant operations could be materially harmed. In addition, our utilities and energy businesses and our railroad business regularly utilize debt as a component of their capital structures, and depend on having access to borrowed funds through the capital markets at reasonable rates. To the extent that access to the capital markets is restricted or the cost of funding increases, these operations could be adversely affected.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds and Issuer Repurchases of Equity Securities

Period	Total number of shares purchased		Average price paid per share		Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced program		Maximum number or value of shares that yet may be repurchased under the program	Total number of shares purchased		Average price paid per share		Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced program		Maximum number or value of shares that yet may be repurchased under the program
May:
July
Class A common stock		540	$	262,967.67		540	*		1,965	$	280,778.84		1,965	*
Class B common stock		18,828,006	$	174.58		18,828,006	*		10,521,719	$	187.93		10,521,719	*

June:
August
Class A common stock		1,282	$	268,815.58		1,282	*		2,531	$	316,766.16		2,531	*
Class B common stock		7,514,590	$	178.59		7,514,590	*		10,846,595	$	209.96		10,846,595	*

September
Class A common stock									3,670	$	325,251.28		3,670	*
Class B common stock									11,387,889	$	215.80		11,387,889	*

Information regarding the Company’s mine safety violations and other legal matters disclosed in accordance with Section 1503(a) of the Dodd-Frank Reform Act is included in Exhibit 95 to this Form 10-Q.

Pursuant to the requirement of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.


Delaware	47-0813844
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

Class A —	~~657,906~~649,184
Class B —	~~1,401,356,454~~1,370,951,744

		Page No.

Part I – Financial Information

Item 1. Financial Statements
	Consolidated Balance Sheets—~~June~~September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019	2-3
	Consolidated Statements of Earnings—~~Second~~Third Quarter and First ~~Six~~Nine Months 2020 and 2019	4
	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income—~~Second~~Third Quarter and First ~~Six~~Nine Months 2020 and 2019	5
	Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity—~~Second~~Third Quarter and First ~~Six Months 2020 and 2019~~	5
	~~Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows—First Six~~Nine Months 2020 and 2019	6
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows—First Nine Months 2020 and 2019	7
	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	~~7-25~~8-26
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	~~26-46~~27-47
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	4647
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	4647

Part II – Other Information		4647

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	4647
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	4748
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds and Issuer Repurchases of Equity Securities	4748
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	4849
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	4849
Item 5.	Other Information	4849
Item 6.	Exhibits	4849

Signature		4849

	Cost Basis		Net Unrealized Gains		Fair Value
December 31, 2019*
Banks, insurance and finance	$	40,419	$	61,976	$	102,395
Consumer products		38,887		60,747		99,634
Commercial, industrial and other		31,034		14,964		45,998
	$	110,340	$	137,687	$	248,027


Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

	Fixed lease revenue		Variable lease revenue		Total
Second quarter 2020	$	1,062	$	99	$	1,161
Second quarter 2019		1,118		373		1,491
First six months 2020		2,158		431		2,589
First six months 2019		2,192		735		2,927

	September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
Cash, cash equivalents and U.S. Treasury Bills	$	82,525	$	64,908
Equity securities		228,803		240,126
Fixed maturity securities		19,330		18,537
Other		2,440		2,481
	$	333,098	$	326,052


	a. Exhibits

3(i)	Restated Certificate of Incorporation Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(i) to Form 10-K filed on March 2, 2015.

3(ii)	By-Laws Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(ii) to Form 8-K filed on August 4, 2016.

31.1	Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certifications

31.2	Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certifications

32.1	Section 1350 Certifications

32.2	Section 1350 Certifications

95	Mine Safety Disclosures

101	The following financial information from Berkshire Hathaway Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended ~~June~~September 30, 2020, formatted in iXBRL (Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language) includes: (i) the Cover Page (ii) the Consolidated Balance Sheets, (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Earnings, (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (v) the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity, (vi) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (vii) the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, tagged in summary and detail.

104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as iXBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

		BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC.
		(Registrant)

Date: ~~August 8,~~November 7, 2020		/S/ MARC D. HAMBURG
		(Signature)
		Marc D. Hamburg,
		Senior Vice President and
		Principal Financial Officer