Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of July ~~31, 2020,~~30, 2021, the registrant had ~~20,087,494~~20,594,005 shares of common stock ~~$0.01par value per share,~~ outstanding.

					June 30, 2021		December 31, 2020
	June 30, 2020		December 31, 2019		(Unaudited)
ASSETS	(Unaudited)
Cash and cash equivalents	$	9,803	$	21,465	$	27,741	$	13,273
Restricted cash		6,735		6,087		7,921		7,020
Loans held for sale, net		212,344		214,467		7,916		13,106
Loans held for investment, net		1,861,819		1,863,360		2,083,753		1,948,089
Loans held for investment, at fair value		2,956		2,960		1,370		1,539
Total loans, net		2,077,119		2,080,787		2,093,039		1,962,734
Accrued interest receivables		17,793		13,295		11,094		11,373
Receivables due from servicers		36,028		49,659		73,517		71,044
Other receivables		4,609		4,778		10,169		4,085
Real estate owned, net		15,648		13,068		20,046		15,767
Property and equipment, net		4,718		4,680		3,625		4,145
Net deferred tax asset		5,556		8,280		13,196		6,654
Other assets		9,042		12,667		7,257		6,779
Total assets	$	2,187,051	$	2,214,766	$	2,267,605	$	2,102,874
LIABILITIES
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	55,938	$	56,146	$	70,049	$	63,361
Secured financing, net		74,571		145,599		164,053		74,982
Securitizations, net		1,599,719		1,438,629		1,558,163		1,579,019
Warehouse repurchase facilities, net		160,796		421,548
Warehouse and repurchase facilities, net						151,872		75,923
Total liabilities		1,891,024		2,061,922		1,944,137		1,793,285
Commitments and contingencies
MEZZANINE EQUITY
Series A Convertible preferred stock (45,000 shares designated, $0.01 par value; 45,000 shares issued and outstanding)		90,000		—		90,000		90,000
STOCKHOLDERS' / MEMBERS' EQUITY
STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Preferred stock ($0.01 par value, 25,000,000 shares authorized; 45,000 issued and outstanding as reflected in Mezzanine Equity)		—		—		—		—
Common stock ($0.01 par value, 100,000,000 shares authorized; 20,087,494 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2020, none issued and outstanding at December 31, 2019)		201		—
Common stock ($0.01 par value, 100,000,000 shares authorized at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020; 20,594,005 and 20,087,494 shares issued, respectively)						206		201
Additional paid-in capital		203,685		—		205,215		204,190
Retained earnings		2,141		—		28,047		15,198
Members’ equity (at December 31, 2019)		—		152,844
Total stockholders' / members’ equity		206,027		152,844
Total liabilities, mezzanine equity and stockholders' / members’ equity	$	2,187,051	$	2,214,766
Total stockholders' equity						233,468		219,589
Total liabilities, mezzanine equity and stockholders' equity					$	2,267,605	$	2,102,874

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,						Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020			2019			2020			2019			2021			2020			2021			2020
Interest income	$	39,755		$	36,884		$	84,391		$	73,028		$	44,978		$	39,755		$	85,685		$	84,391
Interest expense — portfolio related		21,189			20,324			44,036			39,387			20,566			21,189			41,399			44,036
Net interest income — portfolio related		18,566			16,560			40,355			33,641			24,412			18,566			44,286			40,355
Interest expense — corporate debt		1,894			3,353			8,237			6,706			4,309			1,894			11,658			8,237
Net interest income		16,672			13,207			32,118			26,935			20,103			16,672			32,628			32,118
Provision for loan losses		1,800			212			3,088			560
Net interest income after provision for loan losses		14,872			12,995			29,030			26,375
(Reversal of) provision for loan losses														(1,000	)		1,800			(895	)		3,088
Net interest income after (reversal of) provision for loan losses														21,103			14,872			33,523			29,030
Other operating income
Gain on disposition of loans		155			863			2,772			2,858			2,391			155			5,230			2,772
Unrealized gain (loss) on fair value loans		(13	)		(25	)		32			(34	)		20			(13	)		18			32
Other income (expense)		(1,481	)		(530	)		(2,524	)		(796	)		21			(1,481	)		(15	)		(2,524	)
Total other operating (expense) income		(1,339	)		308			280			2,028
Total other operating income (loss)														2,432			(1,339	)		5,233			280
Operating expenses
Compensation and employee benefits		5,863			3,800			10,904			7,806			4,546			5,863			9,732			10,904
Rent and occupancy		448			399			903			736			430			448			893			903
Loan servicing		1,754			1,551			3,658			3,006			1,922			1,754			3,788			3,658
Professional fees		588			534			1,772			1,190			795			588			1,329			1,772
Real estate owned, net		408			561			1,542			862			1,039			408			1,548			1,542
Other operating expenses		1,847			1,479			4,180			3,223			1,918			1,847			3,977			4,180
Total operating expenses		10,908			8,324			22,959			16,823			10,650			10,908			21,267			22,959
Income before income taxes		2,625			4,979			6,351			11,580			12,885			2,625			17,489			6,351
Income tax expense		484			1,444			1,631			3,350			3,432			484			4,640			1,631
Net income	$	2,141		$	3,535		$	4,720		$	8,230		$	9,453		$	2,141		$	12,849		$	4,720
Less undistributed earnings attributable to participating securities													$	3,571		$	—		$	4,854		$	—
Less deemed dividends on preferred stock	$	48,955		NA			$	48,955		NA			$	—		$	48,955		$	—		$	48,955
Net loss allocated to common shareholders	$	(46,814	)	NA			$	(44,235	)	NA
Loss per common share
Net earnings attributable to common stockholders													$	5,882		$	(46,814	)	$	7,995		$	(44,235	)
Earnings per common share
Basic	$	(2.33	)	NA			$	(2.20	)	NA			$	0.29		$	(2.33	)	$	0.40		$	(2.20	)
Diluted	$	(2.33	)	NA			$	(2.20	)	NA			$	0.28		$	(2.33	)	$	0.38		$	(2.20	)
Weighted average common share outstanding
Weighted average common shares outstanding
Basic		20,087		NA				20,087		NA				20,087			20,087			20,087			20,087
Diluted		20,087		NA				20,087		NA				33,960			20,087			33,684			20,087

				Common Stock																Common Stock
	Members’ Equity			Shares		Par Value		Additional Paid-in Capital			Retained Earnings			Total Stockholders' Equity			Members’ Equity			Shares		Par Value		Additional Paid-in Capital			Retained Earnings			Total Stockholders' Equity
Balance – December 31, 2018	$	136,800			—	$	—	$	—		$	—		$	—
Liquidation preference return, Class C		(463	)		—		—		—			—			—
Net income		4,695			—		—		—			—			—
Balance – March 31, 2019	$	141,032			—		—		—			—			—
Liquidation preference return, Class C		(471	)		—		—		—			—			—
Net income		3,535			—		—		—			—			—
Balance – June 30, 2019	$	144,096			—	$	—	$	—		$	—		$	—

Balance – December 31, 2019	$	152,844			—	$	—	$	—		$	—		$	152,844		$	152,844			—	$	—	$	—		$	—		$	152,844
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle(1)		—			—		—		—			(96	)		(96	)
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle (1)																		—			—		—		—			(96	)		(96	)
Balance - January 1, 2020																	$	152,844			—	$	—	$	—		$	(96	)	$	152,748
Class A equity units conversion		(92,650	)		—		—		—			—			(92,650	)		(92,650	)		—		—		—			—			(92,650	)
Class D equity units conversion		(60,194	)		—		—		—			—			(60,194	)		(60,194	)		—		—		—			—			(60,194	)
Issuance of common stock		—			20,087,494		201		247,539			—			247,740			—			20,087,494		201		247,539			—			247,740
Stock-based compensation		—			—		—		207			—			207			—			—		—		207			—			207
Net income		—			—		—		—			2,579			2,579			—			—		—		—			2,579			2,579
Balance – March 31, 2020	$	—			20,087,494	$	201	$	247,746		$	2,483		$	250,430		$	—			20,087,494	$	201	$	247,746		$	2,483		$	250,430
Deemed dividends-convertible preferred stock		—			—		—		(46,472	)		(2,483	)		(48,955	)		—			—		—		(46,472	)		(2,483	)		(48,955	)
Issuance of warrants		—			—		—		2,158			-			2,158			—			—		—		2,158			—			2,158
Stock-based compensation		—			—		—		253			-			253			—			—		—		253			—			253
Net income		—			—		—		—			2,141			2,141			—			—		—		—			2,141			2,141
Balance – June 30, 2020	$	—			20,087,494	$	201	$	203,685		$	2,141		$	206,027		$	—			20,087,494	$	201	$	203,685		$	2,141		$	206,027

Balance – December 31, 2020																	$	—			20,087,494	$	201	$	204,190		$	15,198		$	219,589
Restricted stock awarded and earned stock compensation																		—			480,000		5		226			—			231
Stock-based compensation - Options																		—			—		—		254			—			254
Net income																		—			—		—		—			3,396			3,396
Balance – March 31, 2021																		—			20,567,494	$	206	$	204,670		$	18,594		$	223,470
Restricted stock awarded and earned stock compensation																		—			26,511		—		291			—			291
Stock-based compensation - Options																		—			—		—		254			—			254
Net income																		—			—		—		—			9,453			9,453
Balance – June 30, 2021																	$	—			20,594,005	$	206	$	205,215		$	28,047		$	233,468

	Six Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020			2019			2021			2020
	(Unaudited)						(Unaudited)
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	4,720		$	8,230		$	12,849		$	4,720
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		606			671			603			606
Amortization of right-of-use assets		609			569			565			609
Provision for loan losses		3,088			560
(Reversal of) provision for loan losses								(895	)		3,088
Origination of loans held for sale		(96,064	)		(120,373	)		—			(96,064	)
Proceeds from sales of loans held for sale		80,858			121,456			—			80,858
Purchase of held for sale loans		(203	)		(6,362	)		(755	)		(203	)
Repayments on loans held for sale		18,843			4,270			11			18,843
Net accretion of discount on purchased loans and deferred loan origination costs		2,265			2,169			3,092			2,265
Provision for uncollectible borrower advances		174			24			47			174
Gain on disposition of loans		(2,772	)		(2,858	)		(4,598	)		(2,272	)
Real estate acquired through foreclosure in excess of recorded investment								(632	)		(500	)
Amortization of debt issuance discount and costs		8,862			4,573			10,156			8,862
Loss on disposal of property and equipment		38			6			18			38
Change in valuation of real estate owned		1,216			377			1,235			1,216
Change in valuation of fair value loans		(32	)		34			(18	)		(32	)
Change in valuation of held for sale loans		961			(68	)		(2	)		961
Gain on sale of real estate owned		(395	)		(156	)		(162	)		(395	)
Stock-based compensation		460			—			1,030			460
Net deferred tax benefit		2,765			(2,711	)		(6,542	)		2,765
(Increase) decrease in operating assets and liabilities:
Accrued interest and other receivables		(4,440	)		4,985			(476	)		(4,440	)
Other assets		(975	)		(11,470	)		(1,081	)		(975	)
Accounts payable and accrued expenses		3,156			5,279			6,451			3,156
Net cash provided by operating activities		23,740			9,205			20,896			23,740
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchase of loans held for investment		(3,571	)		(9,146	)		(3,490	)		(3,571	)
Origination of loans held for investment		(153,600	)		(296,132	)		(496,497	)		(153,600	)
Payoffs of loans held for investment and loans at fair value		163,998			178,344			82,856			163,998
Proceeds from sales of loans originally classified as held for investment								274,042			—
Proceeds from sale of real estate owned		2,827			1,843			4,076			2,827
Capitalized real estate owned improvements		(347	)		(709	)		(29	)		(347	)
Change in advances		(2,554	)		(327	)		(667	)		(2,554	)
Change in impounds and deposits		(3,367	)		(1,633	)		167			(3,367	)
Purchase of property and equipment		(682	)		(189	)		(102	)		(682	)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		2,704			(127,949	)
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities								(139,644	)		2,704
Cash flows from financing activities:
Warehouse repurchase facilities advances		250,416			379,399			414,030			250,416
Warehouse repurchase facilities repayments		(511,664	)		(315,414	)		(337,332	)		(511,664	)
Proceeds from secured financing								175,000			—
Repayment of secured financing		(75,000	)		—			(79,969	)		(75,000	)
Proceeds of securitizations, net		341,926			235,535			251,274			341,926
Repayment of securitizations		(179,968	)		(178,269	)		(273,810	)		(179,968	)
Debt issuance costs		(5,268	)		(3,537	)		(15,076	)		(5,268	)
Net proceeds from issuance of preferred stock		41,045			—
Issuance of common stock								—			100,800
Preferred stock issuance costs								—			41,045
Proceeds from issuance of warrants		2,158			—			—			2,158
Issuance of common stock		100,800			—
IPO deal costs		(1,903	)		—			—			(1,903	)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities		(37,458	)		117,714
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash		(11,014	)		(1,030	)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities								134,117			(37,458	)
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash								15,369			(11,014	)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of period		27,552			16,677			20,293			27,552
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period	$	16,538		$	15,647		$	35,662		$	16,538
Supplemental cash flow information:
Cash paid during the period for interest	$	42,824		$	40,675
Cash paid during the period for income taxes		38			12,485
Noncash transactions from investing and financing activities:
Transfer of loans held for investment to real estate owned		5,380			8,337
Return paid-in-kind on Class C preferred units		—			934
Return paid-in-kind on Class D preferred units		—			6,757
Deferred IPO costs charged against additional paid-in capital		(4,000	)		—
Discount (premium) on issuance of securitizations		3,126			45

Velocity Financial, LLC (VF or the Company) was a Delaware limited liability company formed on July 9, 2012 for the purpose of acquiring all membership units in Velocity Commercial Capital, LLC (VCC). On January 16, 2020, Velocity Financial, LLC converted from a Delaware limited liability company to a Delaware corporation and changed its name to Velocity Financial, Inc. Upon completion of the conversion, Velocity Financial, LLC’s Class A equity units of 97,513,533 and Class D equity units of 60,193,989 were converted to 11,749,994 shares of Velocity Financial, Inc. common stock. On January 22, 2020, the Company completed its initial public offering of 7,250,000 shares of common stock at a price to the public of $13.00 per share. On January 28, 2020, the Company completed the sale of an additional 1,087,500 shares of its common stock, representing the full exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares, at a public offering price of $13.00 per share. The Company’s stock trades on The New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “VEL”.

VCC, a California LLC formed on June 2, 2004, is a mortgage lender that originates and acquires small balance investor real estate loans, providing capital to the investor real estate loan market. The Company is licensed as a California Finance Lender and, as such, is required to maintain a minimum net worth of $250 thousand. The Company does not believe there is any potential risk of not being able to meet this regulatory requirement. The Company uses its equity capital and borrowed funds to originate and invest in investor real estate loans and seeks to generate income based primarily on the difference between the yield on its investor real estate loan portfolio and the cost of its borrowings. The Company may also sell loans from time to time. The Company does not engage in any other significant line of business or offer any other products or services, nor does it originate or acquire investments outside of the United States of America.

The Company, through its wholly owned subsidiaries, is the sole beneficial owner of the Velocity Commercial Capital Loan Trusts, from the 2014-1 Trust through and including the ~~2020-2~~2021-1 Trust, all of which are New York common law trusts. The Trusts are bankruptcy remote, variable interest entities (VIE) formed for the purpose of providing secured borrowings to the Company and are consolidated with the accounts of theCompany.

The ~~consolidated financial statements~~accompanying unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements as of and for the ~~Company~~three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 have been prepared on a basis that is substantially consistent with the ~~accrual basis~~accounting principles applied to the Company’s audited Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.

The information furnished in these interim statements reflects all adjustments that are, in the opinion of ~~accounting and~~management, necessary for a fair statement of the results for each respective period presented. Such adjustments are of a normal, recurring nature. The results of operations in ~~accordance~~the interim statements are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any other quarter for the full year. The interim financial information should be read in conjunction with ~~United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (U.S. GAAP).~~the Company’s audited Consolidated Financial Statements.

On January 16, 2020, Velocity Financial, LLC converted from a limited liability company to a corporation and changed its name to Velocity Financial, Inc.The Conversion was accounted for in accordance with ASC 805-50 –Business Combinations, as a transaction between entities under common control. All assets and liabilities of Velocity Financial, LLC were contributed to Velocity Financial, Inc. at their carrying value, and the results of operations are being presented as if the Conversion had occurred on January 1, 2020. Additionally, Class A and Class D’s partnership equity at December 31, 2019 were converted to stockholders’ equity and presented as such on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and the Consolidated Statement of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity effective January 1, 2020.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of consolidated income and expenses during the reporting period.

The Company’s significant accounting policies are described in Note 2 —Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, of its audited consolidated financial statements included in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2019~~2020 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("Form 10-K").

There have been no significant changes to the Company’s significant accounting policies as described in its ~~2019~~2020 Annual ~~Report other than the adoption of ASU 2016-13~~ ~~Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instrumentsas described in~~ ~~Note 3 — Current Accounting Developments.~~Report.

The principles of consolidation require management to determine and reassess the requirement to consolidate VIEs each reporting period, and therefore, the determination may change based on new facts and circumstances pertaining to each VIE. This could result in a material impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements in subsequent reporting periods.

The Company consolidates the assets, liabilities, and remainder interests of the Trusts as management determined that VCC is the primary beneficiary of these entities. The Company’s ongoing asset management responsibilities provide the Company with the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance, and the remainder interests provide the Company with the right to receive benefits and the obligation to absorb losses, limited to its investment in the remainder interest of the Trusts.

The following table presents a summary of the assets and liabilities of the Trusts as of June 30, ~~2020~~2021 and December 31, ~~2019.~~2020. Intercompany balances have been eliminated for purposes of this presentation (in thousands):

	June 30, 2020		December 31, 2019		June 30, 2021		December 31, 2020
Restricted cash	$	1,501	$	—	$	6,143	$	6,743
Loans held for investment, net		1,813,658		1,571,100		1,858,737		1,874,991
Accrued interest and other receivables		48,012		56,675		82,829		82,342
Real estate owned, net		8,440		6,091		14,395		9,698
Other assets		5		11		9		12
Total assets	$	1,871,616	$	1,633,877	$	1,962,113	$	1,973,786
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	29,888	$	21,265	$	43,844	$	43,795
Securities issued		1,599,719		1,438,629		1,558,163		1,579,019
Total liabilities	$	1,629,607	$	1,459,894	$	1,602,007	$	1,622,814

The consolidated financial statements as of June 30, ~~2020~~2021 and December 31, ~~2019~~2020 include only those assets, liabilities, and results of operations related to the business of the Company, its subsidiaries, and VIEs, and do not include any assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses attributable to limited liability members’ individual activities. The liability of each member in an LLC was limited to the amounts reflected in their respective member accounts.VIEs.

Effective January 1, ~~2020,~~2021, the Company adopted ASU ~~2016-13~~ ~~Financial Instruments – Credit Losses~~2019-12, “Income Taxes (Topic ~~326)~~740) - Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes.” ASU 2019-12 provides guidance to simplify the accounting for income taxes by eliminating certain exceptions to the guidance in ASC 740 related to the approach for intraperiod tax allocation, the methodology for calculating income taxes in an interim period and the recognition for deferred tax liabilities for outside basis differences. ASU 2019-12 also simplifies aspects of the accounting for franchise taxes and enacted changes in tax laws or rates and clarifies the accounting for transactions that result in a step-up in the tax basis of goodwill. The adoption of this standard did not have a significant impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

ASU 2020-08, “Codification Improvements to Subtopic 310-20, Receivables - Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs.” ASU 2020-08 clarifies the accounting for the amortization of purchase premiums for callable debt securities with multiple call dates. The adoption of this standard on January 1, 2021 did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

ASU 2020-04, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): ~~Measurement~~Facilitation of ~~Credit Losses~~the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial ~~Instruments~~ ~~using the open pool methodology~~Reporting.” ASU 2020-04 provides optional expedients and exceptions for ~~all financial assets measured at amortized cost, which~~accounting related to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. ASU 2020-04 applies only to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform and do not apply to contract modifications made and hedging relationships entered into or evaluated after December 31, 2022, except for hedging relationships existing as of December 31, 2022, that an entity has elected certain optional expedients for and that are retained through the ~~adoption date consisted~~end of the ~~Company’s held for investment loan portfolio, excluding loans held for investment measured at fair value.~~

hedging relationship. ASU 2016-13 replaces the incurred loss methodology with an expected loss methodology that is referred to as the current expected credit loss (CECL) methodology. The measurement of expected credit losses under the CECL methodology is applicable to financial assets measured at amortized cost, including loan receivables held for investment. Under the CECL methodology, the allowance for credit losses is measured on a collective (pool) basis when similar risk characteristics exist. The Company has identified the following portfolio segments based on risk characteristics of the loans in its loan portfolio (pool):

The Company determines the collectability of its loans by evaluating certain risk characteristics. The segmentation of its loan portfolio was determined based on analyses of the Company’s loan portfolio performance over the past seven years. Based on analyses of the loan portfolio’s historical performance, the Company concluded that loan purpose and product types are the most significant risk factors in determining its expectation of future loan losses. Loan purpose considers whether a borrower is acquiring the property or refinancing an existing property. The Company’s historical experience shows that refinance loans have higher loss rates than acquisitions. Product type includes residential 1-4 unit property and traditional commercial property. The Company’s historical experience shows that traditional commercial property loans have higher loss rates than residential 1-4 unit property. generally can be applied

~~To determine the loss rates used for the open pool methodology, the Company starts with its historical database~~through December 31, 2022. The adoption of losses, segments the loans by loan purpose and product type, and then adjusts the loss rates based upon macroeconomic forecasts over a reasonable and supportable period. The reasonable and supportable periodthis standard is ~~meant to represent the period in which the Company believes the forecasted macroeconomic variables can be reasonably estimated.~~

In determining the January 1, 2020 CECL transition impact, the Company used a third-party model with a four-quarter reasonable and supportable forecast period followed by a four-quarter straight-line reversion period. Management determined that a four-quarter forecast period and four-quarter straight-line reversion period were appropriate for the January 1, 2020 initial CECL estimate because, as of the beginning of the year, the economy was strong, unemployment and interest rates were low, and GDP wasnot expected to have a ~~modest increase during 2020. Management concluded that using a 1-year forecast trending steadily back to the Company’s historical loss levels best fit the strong, stable economy at that time.~~

For the March 31, 2020 CECL estimate, the Company used a COVID-19 stress scenario with a six-quarter reasonable and supportable forecast period followed by a three-quarter straight-line reversion period. Management concluded that using a six-quarter forecast and a three-quarter straight-line reversion best coincided with management and analysts’ sentiments that thesignificant impact of the COVID crisis would linger into 2021, with expectation of a quick recovery. This forecast period and reversion to historical loss is subject to change as conditions in the market change and the Company’s ability to forecast economic events evolves.

For the June 30, 2020 CECL estimate, the Company used a COVID-19 stress scenario with a five-quarter reasonable and supportable forecast period followed by a four-quarter straight-line reversion period. Management concluded that the original six-quarter COVID-19 stress forecast was still appropriate and, therefore, used five remaining forecasted quarters as of June 30. Given the second wave of the COVID pandemic, management decided to extend its reversion period by a quarter and used a four-quarter reversion period as of June 30. This forecast period and reversion to historical loss is subject to change as conditions in the market change and the Company’s ability to forecast economic events evolves.

Loans 90 days or more delinquent, in bankruptcy, or in foreclosure, are evaluated individually for determination of allowance for credit losses. Loans individually evaluated are excluded from loans evaluated collectively by segment. The Company primarily relies on the value of the underlying real estate, coupled with low loan-to-value ratios, to satisfy the loan obligation, either through successful loss mitigation efforts or foreclosure and sale of the underlying real estate. Expected loan losses are based on the fair value of the collateral underlying the loans at the reporting date, adjusted for estimated selling costs as appropriate.

The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the loans’ amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. Loans are charged off against the allowance when the Company believes the uncollectibility of a loan balance is confirmed. Expected recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off and expected to be charged-off.

The Company estimates the allowance using relevant available information, from internal and external sources, relating to historical performance, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable macroeconomic forecasts. Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. Adjustments to historical loss information are considered for differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics such as differences in underwriting standards, portfolio mix, delinquency levels, or term, as well as for changes in environmental conditions, such as unemployment rates, property values and changes in the competitive or regulatory environment.

The allowance for credit losses is maintained at a level deemed adequate by management to provide for expected losses in the portfolio at the balance sheet date. While management uses available information to estimate its required allowance for credit losses, future additions to the allowance for credit losses may be necessary based on changes in estimates resulting from economic and other conditions.

Interest income on loans held for investment is accrued on the unpaid principal balance (UPB) at their respective stated interest rates. Generally, loans are placed on nonaccrual status when they become 90 days past due. Loans are considered past due when contractually required principal or interest payments have not been made on the due dates. Management has concluded that ASC 310-20-35-18(a) on interest income recognition does not apply to the forbearances granted under the Company’s COVID-19 forbearance program. The Company will continue to accrue interest on the COVID-19 forbearance granted loans for all such loans that were less than 90 days past due at the forbearance grant date. The Company will continue to evaluate the COVID-19 forbearance-granted loans on an individual basis to determine if a reserve should be established on the collectability of the accrued interest and whether any loans should be placed on nonaccrual status at a future date.

The Company has made the accounting policy election not to measure an allowance for credit losses for accrued interest receivables. When a loan is placed on nonaccrual status, the accrued and unpaid interest is reversed as a reduction of interest income and accrued interest receivable. Accrued interest receivable is excluded from the amortized cost of loans and it is presented as accrued interest receivable in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The Company adopted ASU 2016-13, or ASU 326 using the modified-retrospective transition approach. Upon adoption, the Company recognized a cumulative effect adjustment to decrease retained earnings by $96,000, net of taxes. Results for reporting periods after January 1, 2020 are presented under ASC 326, while prior period amounts continue to be reported in accordance with previously applicable GAAP.

~~The following table illustrates the impact of ASC 326~~ on the Company’s ~~allowance for credit losses (in thousands):~~

On March 27, 2020, President Trump signed into law the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”), which, among other things, allows the Company to (i) elect to suspend the requirements under GAAP for loan modifications related to COVID-19 that would otherwise be categorized as troubled debt restructurings (TDRs), and (ii) suspend any determination of a loan modified as a result of the effects of COVID-19 as being a TDR, including impairment for accounting purposes.

~~On March 22, 2020, the federal banking agencies issued an interagency statement to provide additional guidance to~~consolidated financial institutions who are working with borrowers affected by COVID-19. The agencies have confirmed with staff of the Financial Accounting Standards Board that short-term modifications made on a good faith basis in response to COVID-19 to borrowers who were current prior to any relief, are not TDRs. This includes short-term (e.g., six months) modifications such as payment deferrals, fee waivers, extensions of repayment terms, or other delays in payment that are insignificant. Borrowers considered current are those that are less than 30 days past due on their contractual payments at the time a modification program is implemented

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company has implemented a COVID-19 forbearance program allowing customers to primarily defer payments for up to 90 days. Deferrals under the CARES Act or interagency guidance are not considered troubled debt restructurings. Interest on loans in the COVID-19 forbearance program that were less than 90 days past due at forbearance grant date will continue to accrue.

The Company is required to hold cash for potential future advances due to certain borrowers. The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported within the Company’s consolidated ~~statement of financial condition that sum~~balance sheets to the total of the same such amounts shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows for the six months ended June 30, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019~~2020 (in thousands):

	Six Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019		2021		2020
Cash and cash equivalents	$	9,803	$	14,105	$	27,741	$	9,803
Restricted cash		6,735		1,542		7,921		6,735
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash shown in the statement of cash flows	$	16,538	$	15,647	$	35,662	$	16,538

The following table summarizes loans held for sale as of June 30, ~~2020~~2021 and December 31, ~~2019~~2020 (in thousands):

	June 30, 2020			December 31, 2019			June 30, 2021			December 31, 2020
Unpaid principal balance	$	214,382		$	216,054		$	7,823		$	12,929
Valuation adjustments		(1,307	)		(396	)		(15	)		(17	)
Deferred loan origination costs		(731	)		(1,191	)		108			194
Ending balance	$	212,344		$	214,467		$	7,916		$	13,106

~~As of June 30, 2020, $41.0 million of loans held for sale have participated in the COVID-19 forbearance program. Accrued interest on these loans was $1.7 million as of June 30, 2020.~~

Note 6 — Loans Held for Investment and Loans Held for Investment at Fair Value

The following tables summarize loans held for investment as of June 30, ~~2020~~2021 and December 31, ~~2019~~2020 (in thousands):

	June 30, 2020									December 31, 2019			December 31, 2020
	Loans held for investment, net			Loans held for investment, at fair value			Total loans held for investment			Total loans held for investment			Loans held for investment, net			Loans held for investment, at fair value			Total loans held for investment
Unpaid principal balance	$	1,841,238		$	3,369		$	1,844,607		$	1,843,290		$	1,930,334		$	1,541		$	1,931,875
Valuation adjustments on FVO loans		—			(413	)		(413	)		(444	)		—			(2	)		(2	)
Deferred loan origination costs		25,801			—			25,801			25,714			23,600			—			23,600
		1,867,039			2,956			1,869,995			1,868,560			1,953,934			1,539			1,955,473
Allowance for loan losses		(5,220	)		—			(5,220	)		(2,240	)		(5,845	)		—			(5,845	)
Total loans held for investment and loans held for investment at fair value, net	$	1,861,819		$	2,956		$	1,864,775		$	1,866,320		$	1,948,089		$	1,539		$	1,949,628

The following table presents the activity in the Unpaid Principal Balance (“UPB”) and amortized cost basis of loans in the Company's COVID-19 forbearance program for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 ($ in thousands):

The following table presents the UPB and amortized cost basis of loans in the Company's COVID-19 forbearance program as of December 31, 2020 ($ in thousands):

Since the inception of the COVID-19 forbearance program, the Company has modified $404.1 million in UPB of loans, which includes capitalized interest of $8.6 million. As of June 30, 2021, $90.2 million in UPB of modified loans has been paid down, which includes $1.3 million of capitalized interest received.

Approximately 73.6% and 83.6% of the COVID forbearance loans in UPB were performing, and 26.4% and 16.4% were on nonaccrual status as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

As of June 30, ~~2020, $293.7 million of loans held for investment have participated in the COVID-19 forbearance program. Accrued interest on these loans was $11.6 million as of June 30, 2020.~~

~~As of June 30, 2020~~2021 and December 31, ~~2019,~~2020, the gross unpaid principal balance of loans held for investment pledged as collateral for the Company’s warehouse ~~facility agreements,~~facilities, and securitizations issued were as follows (in thousands):

	June 30, 2020		December 31, 2019		June 30, 2021		December 31, 2020
Citibank warehouse repurchase agreement	$	148,272	$	108,504
Barclays warehouse repurchase agreement		120,498		175,689
Pacific Western Bank agreement		—		3,331
The 2013 repurchase agreement					$	51,819	$	91,074
The 2015 repurchase agreement						118,950		—
The Bank credit agreement						31,022		—
The 2021 term repurchase agreement						2,159		—
Total pledged loans	$	268,770	$	287,524	$	203,950	$	91,074

2014-1 Trust		26,124		29,559		19,622		22,228
2015-1 Trust		59,168		64,876		38,829		48,179
2016-1 Trust		82,693		97,727		61,430		71,271
2016-2 Trust		56,517		68,961		38,625		47,282
2017-1 Trust		95,491		116,670		64,463		81,376
2017-2 Trust		157,558		173,390		112,962		137,970
2018-1 Trust		129,111		141,567		88,449		112,042
2018-2 Trust		239,362		260,278		194,078		224,195
2019-1 Trust		218,681		229,151		175,707		203,144
2019-2 Trust		193,185		210,312		154,113		175,560
2019-3 Trust		146,479		157,119		121,069		135,527
2020-1 Trust		256,683		—		216,118		241,664
2020-2 Trust		128,207				113,023		123,646
2020-MC1 Trust						174,909		228,470
2021-1 Trust						261,965		—
Total	$	1,789,259	$	1,549,610	$	1,835,362	$	1,852,554

The following tables present the amortized cost basis, or recorded investment, of the Company’s loans held for investment that were nonperforming and on nonaccrual status as of June 30, ~~2020~~2021 and December 31, ~~2019,~~2020, and accruing loans that were 90 days or more past due (“DPD”) as of June 30, ~~2020~~2021 and December 31, 2020. These accruing loans that were 90 or more days past due represent loans that were granted a forbearance under the Company’s COVID-19 payment ~~deferral~~forbearance programs. ~~There were no loans accruing interest that were greater than 90 days past due as of December 31, 2019.~~

	June 30, 2020
	Nonaccrual With				Loans 90+ DPD
	No Allowance		Total		Still Accruing		June 30, 2021
	for Loan Loss		Nonaccrual		COVID-19 Program		Total Nonaccrual		Nonaccrual with No Allowance for Loan Loss		Nonaccrual with Allowance for Loan Loss		Allowance for Loans Individually Evaluated		% of Allowance to Total Nonaccrual Loans			Loans 90+ DPD Still Accruing COVID-19 Program
	(In thousands)						($ in thousands)
Commercial - Purchase	$	19,269	$	20,615	$	18,798	$	19,314	$	18,768	$	546	$	57		0.3	%	$	—
Commercial - Refinance		109,897		113,350		54,323		92,397		82,097		10,300		1,005		4.6			—
Residential 1-4 Unit - Purchase		21,760		22,017		14,603		21,084		20,736		348		120		0.6			—
Residential 1-4 Unit - Refinance		109,005		114,790		36,264		112,294		107,468		4,826		342		1.6			156
Quick Fix 1-4 Unit - Purchase								23,883		23,467		416		56		0.3			—
Quick Fix 1-4 Unit - Refinance								50,002		44,870		5,132		369		1.7			—
Total	$	259,931	$	270,772	$	123,988	$	318,974	$	297,406	$	21,568	$	1,949		9.1	%	$	156

Troubled Debt Restructuring included in nonaccrual loans:	$	—	$	175	$	—	$	169	$	—	$	—	$	25		—		$	—

December 31, 2019

($ in thousands)

Nonaccrual loans:

Recorded investment

$
125,819

Percentage of the originated loans held for investment

6.7
%
Impaired loans:

Unpaid principal balance

$
124,050

Recorded investment

125,998

Recorded investment of impaired loans requiring a specific allowance

12,286

Specific allowance

913

Specific allowance as a percentage of recorded investment of impaired loans requiring a
specific allowance

7.4
%
Recorded investment of impaired loans not requiring a specific allowance

$
113,712

Percentage of recorded investment of impaired loans not requiring a specific allowance

90.2
%
TDRs included in impaired loans:

Recorded investment of TDRs

$
179

Recorded investment of TDRs with a specific allowance

179

Specific allowance

25

Recorded investment of TDRs without a specific allowance

—

	December 31, 2020
	Total Nonaccrual		Nonaccrual with No Allowance for Loan Loss		Nonaccrual with Allowance for Loan Loss		Allowance for Loans Individually Evaluated		% of Allowance to Total Nonaccrual Loans			Loans 90+ DPD Still Accruing COVID-19 Program
	($ in thousands)
Commercial - Purchase	$	22,166	$	20,955	$	1,211	$	153		0.7	%	$	—
Commercial - Refinance		101,117		96,804		4,313		519		2.3			1,747
Residential 1-4 Unit - Purchase		26,373		25,839		534		128		0.6			—
Residential 1-4 Unit - Refinance		120,152		113,206		6,946		465		2.1			109
Quick Fix 1-4 Unit - Purchase		6,585		3,808		2,777		525		2.4			—
Quick Fix 1-4 Unit - Refinance		59,843		53,616		6,227		878		4.0			123
Total	$	336,236	$	314,228	$	22,008	$	2,668		12.1	%	$	1,979

Troubled Debt Restructuring included in nonaccrual loans:	$	173	$	—	$	—	$	25		—		$	—

The Company has made the accounting policy election not to measure an allowance for credit losses for accrued interest receivables. The Company has also made the accounting policy election to write off accrued interest receivables by reversing interest income when loans are placed on nonaccrual status, or 90 days or more past due, other than the COVID-19 forbearance-granted loans.

The Company will continue to evaluate the COVID-19 forbearance-granted loans on an individual basis to determine if a reserve should be established on the collectability of the accrued interest and whether any loans should be placed on nonaccrual status at a future date.

The following ~~table presents~~tables present the amortized cost basis in the loans held for investment, excluding loans held for investment at fair value, as of June 30, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019,~~2020, and the amount of accrued interest receivables written off by reversing interest income by portfolio segment for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019~~2020 (in thousands):

									Six Months Ended June 30,
	June 30, 2020				June 30, 2019				2021				2020
	Amortized Cost		Interest Reversal		Amortized Cost		Interest Reversal		Amortized Cost		Interest Reversal		Amortized Cost		Interest Reversal
Commercial - Purchase	$	303,373	$	425	$	255,802	$	119	$	366,737	$	192	$	303,373	$	425
Commercial - Refinance		711,397		2,633	$	647,838		558		690,964		693		711,397		2,633
Residential 1-4 Unit - Purchase		245,579		404	$	237,445		154		276,896		121		245,579		404
Residential 1-4 Unit - Refinance		606,432		2,255	$	544,663		499		608,543		801		606,432		2,255
Quick Fix 1-4 Unit - Purchase										40,205		685		—		—
Quick Fix 1-4 Unit - Refinance										104,371		358		—		—
Total	$	1,866,781	$	5,717	$	1,685,748	$	1,330	$	2,087,716	$	2,850	$	1,866,781	$	5,717

For the six months ended June 30, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019, there was no accrued interest income recognized on nonaccrual loans,~~2020 cash basis interest income recognized on nonaccrual loans was ~~$6.7~~$16.7 million and ~~$5.4~~$6.7 million, respectively, and $9.9 million and $3.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Other than loans in the Company’s COVID-19 forbearance programs, 0 accrued interest income was recognized on nonaccrual loans for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020. The average recorded investment of individually evaluated loans, computed using month-end balances, was $337.9 million and $217.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and $337.5 million and $180.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and ~~$105.2 million,~~2020, respectively. There were no commitments to lend additional funds to debtors whose loans have been modified as of June 30, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~December 31, 2019.~~2020.

The allowance for credit losses is maintained at a level deemed adequate by management to provide for expected losses in the portfolio at the balance sheet date. The allowance for credit losses is measured using two components. A component that measures expected credit losses on a collective (pool) basis when similar risk characteristics exist and a component that measures expected credit losses on an individual loan basis. To estimate the allowance for credit losses in the loans held for investment portfolio, management follows a detailed internal process, considering a number of different factors including, but not limited to, the ongoing analyses of loans, historical loss rates, relevant environmental factors, relevant market research, trends in delinquencies, effects and changes in credit concentrations, and ongoing evaluation of fair values.

The Company uses an open pool loss rate methodology to model expected credit losses on a collective basis. To determine the loss rates for the open pool method, the Company starts with its historical database of losses, segmenting the loans by loan purpose, product type and repayment period. A third-party model applying the open pool method is used to estimate an annual average loss rates by dividing the respective pool's quarterly historical losses by the pool's respective prior quarter’s ending unamortized loan cost balance and deriving an annual average loss rate from the historical quarterly loss rates. The model then adjusts the annual average loss rates based upon macroeconomic forecasts over a reasonable and supportable period, followed by a straight-line reversion to the historical loss rates. The adjusted annual average loss rates are applied to the forecasted pool balance within each segment. The forecasted balances in the loan pool segments are calculated based on a principal amortization using contractual maturity, factoring in further principal reductions from estimated prepayments. For the June 30, 2021 estimate, the Company considered a COVID-19 adverse stress scenario with a five-quarter reasonable and supportable forecast period followed by a four-quarter straight-line reversion period. Management concluded that applying the adverse stress scenario was appropriate given the status of the pandemic at the end of June 2021.

Once a loan becomes nonperforming (90 or more days past due), it no longer shares the same risk characteristics of the other loans within its segment of homogeneous loans (pool). Nonperforming loans are considered collateral dependent by the Company. These loans are evaluated individually using the practical expedient to determine the credit exposure.

The following tables present the activity in the allowance for credit losses for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019~~2020 (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2020													2019			Three Months Ended June 30, 2021
					Residential			Residential															Residential			Residential			Quick Fix			Quick Fix
	Commercial		Commercial		1-4 Unit			1-4 Unit									Commercial			Commercial			1-4 Unit			1-4 Unit			1-4 Unit			1-4 Unit
	Purchase		Refinance		Purchase			Refinance			Total			Total			Purchase			Refinance			Purchase			Refinance			Purchase			Refinance					Total
Allowance for credit losses:
Beginning balance	$	352	$	1,594	$	250		$	1,300		$	3,496		$	1,916
Provision for loan losses		172		1,093		211			324			1,800			212
Beginning Balance - April 1,2021																	$	328		$	1,990		$	322		$	1,227		$	386		$		1,628			$	5,881
Provision for loan losses (1)																		48			28			(41	)		(229	)		(313	)			(493		)		(1,000		)
Charge-offs		—		—		(58	)		(18	)		(76	)		(32	)		(114	)		(95	)		—			(151	)		—				(558		)		(918		)
Ending balance	$	524	$	2,687	$	403		$	1,606		$	5,220		$	2,096		$	262		$	1,923		$	281		$	847		$	73		$		577			$	3,963

Allowance related to:
Loans individually evaluated																	$	57		$	1,005		$	120		$	342		$	56		$		369			$	1,949
Loans collectively evaluated																		205			918			161			507			16				207				2,014
Amortized cost related to:
Loans individually evaluated																	$	19,314		$	92,397		$	21,084		$	112,294		$	23,883		$		50,002			$	318,974
Loans collectively evaluated																		347,423			598,567			255,812			496,249			16,322				54,369				1,768,742
																	Three Months Ended June 30, 2020
																							Residential			Residential			Quick Fix				Quick Fix
																	Commercial			Commercial			1-4 Unit			1-4 Unit			1-4 Unit				1-4 Unit
																	Purchase			Refinance			Purchase			Refinance			Purchase				Refinance					Total
Allowance for credit losses:
Beginning Balance - April 1,2021																	$	352		$	1,594		$	250		$	1,300		$	—			$		—				3,496
Provision for loan losses (1)																		172			1,093			211			324			—					—				1,800
Charge-offs																		—			—			(58	)		(18	)		—					—				(76	)
Ending balance																	$	524		$	2,687		$	403		$	1,606		$	—			$		—			$	5,220

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020														2019			Six Months Ended June 30, 2021
						Residential			Residential															Residential			Residential			Quick Fix			Quick Fix
	Commercial			Commercial		1-4 Unit			1-4 Unit									Commercial			Commercial			1-4 Unit			1-4 Unit			1-4 Unit			1-4 Unit
	Purchase			Refinance		Purchase			Refinance			Total			Total			Purchase			Refinance			Purchase			Refinance			Purchase			Refinance			Total
Allowance for credit losses:
Beginning balance, prior to adoption of ASC 326	$	304		$	1,016	$	148		$	772		$	2,240		$	1,680
Impact of adopting ASC 326		19			62		9			47			137			—
Provision for loan losses		280			1,609		382			817			3,088			560
Beginning Balance - January 1,2021																		$	373		$	2,093		$	333		$	1,216		$	595		$	1,235		$	5,845
Provision for loan losses (1)																			3			(76	)		(15	)		(218	)		(508	)		(81	)		(895	)
Charge-offs		(79	)		—		(136	)		(30	)		(245	)		(144	)		(114	)		(94	)		(37	)		(151	)		(14	)		(577	)		(987	)
Ending balance	$	524		$	2,687	$	403		$	1,606		$	5,220		$	2,096		$	262		$	1,923		$	281		$	847		$	73		$	577		$	3,963

Allowance related to:
Loans individually evaluated	$	181		$	592	$	96		$	404		$	1,273		$	803		$	57		$	1,005		$	120		$	342		$	56		$	369		$	1,949
Loans collectively evaluated		342			2,095		307			1,203			3,947			1,293			205			918			161			507			16			207			2,014
Amortized cost related to:
Loans individually evaluated	$	20,615		$	113,350	$	22,017		$	114,790		$	270,772		$	99,905		$	19,314		$	92,397		$	21,084		$	112,294		$	23,883		$	50,002		$	318,974
Loans collectively evaluated		282,759			598,046		223,561			491,643			1,596,009			1,585,843			347,423			598,567			255,812			496,249			16,322			54,369			1,768,742

	Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
						Residential			Residential			Quick Fix		Quick Fix
	Commercial			Commercial		1-4 Unit			1-4 Unit			1-4 Unit		1-4 Unit
	Purchase			Refinance		Purchase			Refinance			Purchase		Refinance		Total
Allowance for credit losses:
Beginning balance, prior to adoption of ASC 326	$	304		$	1,016	$	148		$	772		$	—	$	—	$	2,240
Impact of adopting ASC 326		19			62		9			47			—		—		137
Balance - January 1, 2020	$	323		$	1,078	$	157		$	819		$	—	$	—	$	2,377
Provision for loan losses (1)		280			1,609		382			817			—		—		3,088
Charge-offs		(79	)		—		(136	)		(30	)		—		—		(245	)
Ending balance	$	524		$	2,687	$	403		$	1,606		$	—	$	—	$	5,220

Allowance related to:
Loans individually evaluated	$	181		$	592	$	96		$	404		$	—	$	—		1,273
Loans collectively evaluated		342			2,095		307			1,203			—		—		3,947
Amortized cost related to:
Loans individually evaluated	$	20,615		$	113,350	$	22,017		$	114,790		$	—	$	—		270,772
Loans collectively evaluated		282,759			598,046		223,561			491,643			—		—		1,596,009

A credit quality indicator is a statistic used by the Company to monitor and assess the credit quality of loans held for investment, excluding loans held for investment at fair value. The Company monitors its charge-off rate in relation to its nonperforming loans as its credit quality indicator. Nonperforming loans are loans that are 90 or more days past due, in bankruptcy, in foreclosure, or not accruing interest. ~~For the three months ended~~As of June 30, ~~2020,~~2021, the annualized charge-off rate was ~~0.1%~~0.59% of average nonperforming loans. The charged-off rate was ~~0.52%~~0.65% for the year ended December 31, ~~2019.~~2020.

Other credit quality indicators include aging status and accrual status. The following table presents the aging status of the amortized cost basis in the loans held for investment portfolio, ~~as of June 30, 2020,~~excluding loans held for investment at fair value, which includes ~~$293.7~~$346.7 million and $396.9 million loans in the Company’s COVID-19 forbearance program ~~and~~ as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, ~~2019~~2020, respectively (in thousands):

	30–59 days		60–89 days		90+days		Total				Total
June 30, 2021	past due		past due		past due⁽¹⁾		past due		Current		loans
Loans individually evaluated
Commercial - Purchase	$	762	$	1,571	$	16,981	$	19,314	$	—	$	19,314
Commercial - Refinance		4,668		7,065		80,664		92,397		—		92,397
Residential 1-4 Unit - Purchase		84		1,099		19,901		21,084		—		21,084
Residential 1-4 Unit - Refinance		1,344		1,566		109,384		112,294		—		112,294
Quick Fix 1-4 Unit - Purchase		—		—		23,883		23,883		—		23,883
Quick Fix 1-4 Unit - Refinance		1,322		1,682		46,998		50,002		—		50,002
Total loans individually evaluated	$	8,180	$	12,983	$	297,811	$	318,974	$	—	$	318,974
Loans collectively evaluated
Commercial - Purchase	$	9,168	$	4,931	$	—	$	14,099	$	333,324	$	347,423
Commercial - Refinance		19,366		12,264		—		31,630		566,937		598,567
Residential 1-4 Unit - Purchase		4,697		1,307		—		6,004		249,808		255,812
Residential 1-4 Unit - Refinance		29,397		8,481		156		38,034		458,215		496,249
Quick Fix 1-4 Unit - Purchase		2,983		1,572		—		4,555		11,767		16,322
Quick Fix 1-4 Unit - Refinance		4,231		4,291		—		8,522		45,847		54,369
Total loans collectively evaluated	$	69,842	$	32,846	$	156	$	102,844	$	1,665,898	$	1,768,742
Ending balance	$	78,022	$	45,829	$	297,967	$	421,818	$	1,665,898	$	2,087,716

	30–59 days		60–89 days		90+days		Total				Total		30–59 days		60–89 days		90+days		Total				Total
June 30, 2020	past due		past due		past due⁽¹⁾		past due		Current		loans
December 31, 2020													past due		past due		past due⁽¹⁾		past due		Current		loans
Loans individually evaluated
Commercial - Purchase	$	256	$	2,346	$	18,013	$	20,615	$	—	$	20,615	$	961	$	1,307	$	19,898	$	22,166	$	—	$	22,166
Commercial - Refinance		6,349		3,957		102,869		113,175		175		113,350		2,118		7,532		91,467		101,117		—		101,117
Residential 1-4 Unit - Purchase		—		193		21,824		22,017		—		22,017		192		2,915		23,266		26,373		—		26,373
Residential 1-4 Unit - Refinance		2,122		3,741		108,927		114,790		—		114,790		1,440		3,010		115,702		120,152		—		120,152
Quick Fix 1-4 Unit - Purchase														—		—		6,585		6,585		—		6,585
Quick Fix 1-4 Unit - Refinance														964		760		58,119		59,843		—		59,843
Total loans individually evaluated	$	8,727	$	10,237	$	251,633	$	270,597	$	175	$	270,772	$	5,675	$	15,524	$	315,037	$	336,236	$	—	$	336,236
Loans collectively evaluated
Commercial - Purchase	$	20,880	$	21,454	$	18,798	$	61,132	$	221,626	$	282,758	$	8,000	$	7,081	$	—	$	15,081	$	263,657	$	278,738
Commercial - Refinance		42,512		57,863		54,323		154,698		443,349		598,047		33,725		13,224		1,747		48,696		535,285		583,981
Residential 1-4 Unit - Purchase		16,377		17,571		14,603.0		48,551		175,011		223,562		5,030		1,261		—		6,291		191,928		198,219
Residential 1-4 Unit - Refinance		43,251		51,319		36,264.0		130,834		360,808		491,642		33,144		14,567		109		47,820		398,953		446,773
Quick Fix 1-4 Unit - Purchase														1,972		21,780		—		23,752		12,987		36,739
Quick Fix 1-4 Unit - Refinance														8,406		5,383		123		13,912		59,336		73,248
Total loans collectively evaluated	$	123,020	$	148,207	$	123,988	$	395,215	$	1,200,794	$	1,596,009	$	90,277	$	63,296	$	1,979	$	155,552	$	1,462,146	$	1,617,698
Ending balance	$	131,747	$	158,444	$	375,621	$	665,812	$	1,200,969	$	1,866,781	$	95,952	$	78,820	$	317,016	$	491,788	$	1,462,146	$	1,953,934

December 31, 2019:
Impaired loans	$	6,195	$	7,696	$	111,928	$	125,819	$	179	$	125,998
Nonimpaired loans		119,465		41,138		—		160,603		1,578,984		1,739,587
Ending balance	$	125,660	$	48,834	$	111,928	$	286,422	$	1,579,163	$	1,865,585

~~The following table presents the aging of the amortized cost basis of loans held for investment in the Company's COVID-19 forbearance program as of June 30, 2020 (in thousands):~~

30–59 days

60–89 days

90+days

Total

Total

June 30, 2020

past due

past due

past due⁽¹⁾

past due

Current

loans

Loans individually evaluated

Commercial - Purchase

$
—

$
607

$
493

$
1,100

$
—

$
1,100

Commercial - Refinance

2,143

2,659

5,938

10,740

—

10,740

Residential 1-4 Unit - Purchase

—

—

—

—

—

—

Residential 1-4 Unit - Refinance

—

677

6,935

7,612

—

7,612

Total loans individually evaluated

$
2,143

$
3,943

$
13,366

$
19,452

$
—

$
19,452

Loans collectively evaluated

Commercial - Purchase

$
6,397

$
18,220

$
18,798

$
43,415

$
1,357

$
44,772

Commercial - Refinance

14,932

39,382

54,323

108,637

5,128

113,765

Residential 1-4 Unit - Purchase

4,447

12,957

14,603.0

32,007

504

32,511

Residential 1-4 Unit - Refinance

11,607

30,649

36,264.0

78,520

4,718

83,238

Total loans collectively evaluated

$
37,383

$
101,208

$
123,988

$
262,579

$
11,707

$
274,286

Ending balance

$
39,526

$
105,151

$
137,354

$
282,031

$
11,707

$
293,738

In addition to the aging status, the Company also evaluates credit quality by accrual status. The following ~~table presents~~tables present the amortized cost in loans held for investment, excluding loans held for investment at fair value, based on accrual status and by loan origination ~~year.~~year as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 (in thousands).

	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
June 30, 2021:	2021		2020		2019		2018		2017		Pre-2017		Total
Commercial - Purchase
Payment performance
Performing	$	95,441	$	55,726	$	91,153	$	59,586	$	25,578	$	19,939	$	347,423
Nonperforming		—		402		4,606		6,396		5,625		2,285		19,314
Total Commercial - Purchase	$	95,441	$	56,128	$	95,759	$	65,982	$	31,203	$	22,224	$	366,737

Commercial - Refinance
Payment performance
Performing	$	87,103	$	67,946	$	157,006	$	137,078	$	70,672	$	78,762	$	598,567
Nonperforming		—		4,046		29,316		29,124		18,856		11,055		92,397
Total Commercial - Refinance	$	87,103	$	71,992	$	186,322	$	166,202	$	89,528	$	89,817	$	690,964

Residential 1-4 Unit - Purchase
Payment performance
Performing	$	101,387	$	13,212	$	60,395	$	34,837	$	17,858	$	28,123	$	255,812
Nonperforming		232		3,668		5,478		3,977		4,398		3,331		21,084
Total Residential 1-4 Unit - Purchase	$	101,619	$	16,880	$	65,873	$	38,814	$	22,256	$	31,454	$	276,896

Residential 1-4 Unit - Refinance
Payment performance
Performing	$	141,385	$	35,589	$	138,095	$	83,511	$	46,183	$	51,486	$	496,249
Nonperforming		1,143		7,714		40,030		32,693		17,267		13,447		112,294
Total Residential 1-4 Unit - Purchase	$	142,528	$	43,303	$	178,125	$	116,204	$	63,450	$	64,933	$	608,543

Quick Fix 1-4 Unit - Purchase
Payment performance
Performing	$	5,222	$	6,578	$	4,336	$	186	$	—	$	—	$	16,322
Nonperforming		—		14,042		9,425		416		—		—		23,883
Total Quick Fix 1-4 Unit - Purchase	$	5,222	$	20,620	$	13,761	$	602	$	—	$	—	$	40,205

Quick Fix 1-4 Unit - Refinance
Payment performance
Performing	$	9,512	$	21,736	$	23,121	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	54,369
Nonperforming		—		17,655		26,679		5,668		—		—		50,002
Total Quick Fix 1-4 Unit - Refinance	$	9,512	$	39,391	$	49,800	$	5,668	$	—	$	—	$	104,371

Total Portfolio	$	441,425	$	248,314	$	589,640	$	393,472	$	206,437	$	208,428	$	2,087,716

	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year														Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
June 30, 2020:	2020		2019		2018		2017		2016		Pre-2016		Total
December 31, 2020															2020		2019		2018		2017		2016		Pre-2016		Total
Commercial - Purchase
Payment performance
Performing	$	34,584	$	108,737	$	69,533	$	43,403	$	12,436	$	14,065	$	282,758	$	56,446	$	99,534	$	64,706	$	34,862	$	9,500	$	13,690	$	278,738
Nonperforming		1,248		2,311		7,556		5,455		1,638		2,407		20,615		1,046		4,666		5,799		7,182		1,539		1,934		22,166
Total Commercial - Purchase	$	35,832	$	111,048	$	77,089	$	48,858	$	14,074	$	16,472	$	303,373	$	57,492	$	104,200	$	70,505	$	42,044	$	11,039	$	15,624	$	300,904

Commercial - Refinance
Payment performance
Performing	$	47,092	$	189,377	$	162,485	$	97,438	$	41,402	$	60,253	$	598,047	$	75,376	$	176,854	$	157,499	$	87,476	$	34,858	$	51,918	$	583,981
Nonperforming		4,329		24,968		36,661		26,465		8,234		12,693		113,350		4,929		26,776		32,955		18,980		10,392		7,085		101,117
Total Commercial - Refinance	$	51,421	$	214,345	$	199,146	$	123,903	$	49,636	$	72,946	$	711,397	$	80,305	$	203,630	$	190,454	$	106,456	$	45,250	$	59,003	$	685,098

Residential 1-4 Unit - Purchase
Payment performance
Performing	$	17,197	$	79,654	$	52,571	$	33,293	$	9,076	$	31,771	$	223,562	$	26,215	$	69,775	$	42,537	$	25,874	$	7,056	$	26,762	$	198,219
Nonperforming		—		6,057		6,715		4,355		1,348		3,542		22,017		1,611		5,973		8,949		5,059		1,348		3,433		26,373
Total Residential 1-4 Unit - Purchase	$	17,197	$	85,711	$	59,286	$	37,648	$	10,424	$	35,313	$	245,579	$	27,826	$	75,748	$	51,486	$	30,933	$	8,404	$	30,195	$	224,592

Residential 1-4 Unit - Refinance
Payment performance
Performing	$	45,449	$	194,144	$	106,217	$	73,069	$	28,540	$	44,223	$	491,642	$	57,945	$	168,912	$	96,568	$	61,033	$	22,949	$	39,366	$	446,773
Nonperforming		3,206		35,013		37,479		16,467		7,400		15,225		114,790		3,934		42,159		37,451		17,942		7,653		11,013		120,152
Total Residential 1-4 Unit - Purchase	$	48,655	$	229,157	$	143,696	$	89,536	$	35,940	$	59,448	$	606,432	$	61,879	$	211,071	$	134,019	$	78,975	$	30,602	$	50,379	$	566,925

Quick Fix 1-4 Unit - Purchase
Payment performance
Performing															$	20,563	$	15,990	$	186	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	36,739
Nonperforming																3,764		2,217		604		—		—		—		6,585
Total Quick Fix 1-4 Unit - Purchase															$	24,327	$	18,207	$	790	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	43,324

Quick Fix 1-4 Unit - Refinance
Payment performance
Performing															$	35,234	$	37,818	$	196	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	73,248
Nonperforming																17,318		33,711		8,719		95		—		—		59,843
Total Quick Fix 1-4 Unit - Refinance															$	52,552	$	71,529	$	8,915	$	95	$	—	$	—	$	133,091

Total Portfolio	$	153,105	$	640,261	$	479,217	$	299,945	$	110,074	$	184,179	$	1,866,781	$	304,381	$	684,385	$	456,169	$	258,503	$	95,295	$	155,201	$	1,953,934

From May 2011 through June ~~2020,~~2021, the Company completed ~~fourteen~~16 securitizations of ~~$3.1~~$3.7 billion of loans, issuing ~~$2.9~~$3.3 billion of securities to third parties through ~~fourteen~~sixteen respective Trusts. The Company is the sole beneficial interest holder of the remaining Trusts, which are variable interest entities included in the consolidated financial statements. The transactions are accounted for as secured borrowings under U.S. GAAP. The securities are subject to redemption by the Company when the stated principal balance is less than a certain percentage, ranging from 5%–30% of the original stated principal balance of loans at issuance. As a result, the actual maturity dates of the securities issued could be earlier than their respective stated maturity dates, ranging from September 2044 through ~~June 2050.~~May 2051.

The following table summarizes the outstanding balance, net of discounts and ~~deals~~deal costs, of the securities and the effective interest rate for the six months ended June 30, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019~~2020 (dollars in thousands):

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020			2019			Six Months Ended June 30,
Securitizations:							2021			2020
Securitizations, net	$	1,599,719		$	1,261,456		$	1,558,163		$	1,599,719
Interest expense		37,104			33,553			37,333			37,104
Average outstanding balance		1,565,754			1,277,009			1,545,969			1,565,754
Effective interest rate (1)		4.74	%		5.25	%		4.83	%		4.74	%

The secured financing and warehouse facilities were utilized to finance the origination and purchase of commercial real estate mortgage loans. Warehouse facilities are designated to fund mortgage loans that are purchased and originated within specified underwriting guidelines. These lines of credit fund less than 100% of the principal balance of the mortgage loans originated and purchased, requiring the use of working capital to fund the remaining portion.

On ~~August 29, 2019,~~February 5, 2021, the Company entered into a five-year ~~$153.0~~ $175.0 million syndicated corporate debt agreement, ~~with Owl Rock Capital Corporation,~~ the ~~“2019~~(“2021 Term Loan”). The ~~2019~~2021 Term Loan ~~under this agreement~~ bears interest at a rate equal to one-month LIBOR ~~(with~~plus 8.00% with a 1.00% LIBOR floor, ~~that is generally 1.0%) plus 7.50%~~ and matures ~~in August 2024.~~on February 4, 2026. The principal of the 2021 Term Loan amortizes quarterly at an annual rate of 2.50% for the first year and 5.00% per year thereafter. A portion of the net proceeds from the 2021 Term Loan was used to redeem all the amounts owed pursuant to the 2019 debt agreement (“2019 Term Loan”). The remaining portion of the net proceeds from the 2021 Term Loan is used for loan originations and general corporate purposes.

As of June 30, ~~2020 and December 31, 2019,~~2021, the balance of the 2021 Term Loan was $173.0 million. The balance of the 2019 Term Loan was $78.0 million ~~and $153.0 million, respectively. In January 2020, the Company used a portion~~as of ~~its IPO proceeds to pay down $75.0 million in principal amount of the 2019 Term Loan.~~December 31, 2020. The ~~balance~~balances in the consolidated ~~Statements of Financial Condition is~~Balance Sheets are net of debt issuance costs and discounts of ~~$3.4~~$9.0 million and ~~$7.4~~$3.0 million as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. The ~~2019~~2021 Term Loan is secured by substantially all assets of the Company not otherwise pledged under a securitization or warehouse facility and contains certain reporting and financial covenants. Should the Company fail to adhere to those covenants, ~~or otherwise default under the notes,~~ the lenders have the right to demand immediate repayment that may require the Company to sell the collateral at less than the carrying amounts. As of June 30, ~~2020 and December 31, 2019,~~2021, the Company was in compliance with these covenants.

The Barclays Repurchase Agreement was originally entered into on May 29, 2015 by and between VCC and Barclays Bank PLC and matured on August 3, 2020. The agreement was a short-term borrowing facility, collateralized by a pool of loans, with an initial maximum capacity of $300.0 million, and borne interest at one-month LIBOR plus a margin that ranges from 3.000% to 3.125%. All borrower payments on loans financed under the warehouse repurchase facility were first used to pay interest on the facility. For the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, the effective interest rates were 4.81% and 5.90%, respectively.

~~The Citibank Repurchase Agreement was originally entered into on~~On May 17, 2013, ~~by and between VCC and Citibank, N.A. and~~the Company entered into a Repurchase Agreement (“the 2013 Repurchase Agreement”) with a warehouse lender. The 2013 Repurchase Agreement has a current maturity date of September ~~30, 2020. The Agreement~~29, 2021, and is a short-term borrowing facility, collateralized by a pool of performing loans, with a maximum capacity of ~~$200.0~~$100.0 million, and bears interest at one-month LIBOR plus 3.25%. All borrower payments on loans financed under the warehouse repurchase facility are first used to pay interest on the facility. ~~For the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, the effective interest rates were 4.29% and 5.78%, respectively.~~

On September 12, 2018, the Company entered into a three-year secured revolving loan facility agreement (“the Bank Credit Agreement”) with ~~Pacific Western Bank.~~a bank. The Bank Credit Agreement has a current extended maturity date of November 10, 2023. During the borrowing period, the Company can take loan advances from time to time subject to availability. Each loan advance bears interest at the lesser of the one-month LIBOR Rate with a 0.75% floor, plus 3.5% per annum and the maximum rate, which is the highest lawful and non-usurious rate of interest applicable to the loan. The maximum ~~loan amount~~capacity under this facility is ~~$50~~$50.0 million. ~~This facility~~Borrowings under this warehouse agreement was ~~paid down to zero~~$23.7 million and 0 as of June 30, ~~2020.~~2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

On December 26, 2019, the Company entered into a $3.0 million loan agreement (“the 2019 Loan”) with ~~Hershiser Capital Finance, the “HCF loan”.~~a lender. The ~~HCF loan~~2019 Loan is secured by five real properties acquired by the Company through foreclosure or by deed-in lieu of foreclosure. The ~~HCF loan~~2019 Loan bears a fixed interest rate of 9.5%, and matures the earlier of (i) January 1, 2021, and (ii) the date on which the unpaid principal balance of this loan becomes due and payable by acceleration or otherwise pursuant to the loan documents or the exercise by the lender of any right or remedy under any loan document. The with an extended maturity date of October 1, 2021.

On January 29, 2021, the ~~HCF~~Company entered into a non-mark-to-market Repurchase Agreement (“the 2021 Repurchase Agreement”) with a warehouse lender. The 2021 Repurchase Agreement has a maturity date of January 29, 2022, and was a short-term borrowing facility, collateralized by a pool of loans, with a maximum capacity of $200.0 million, and bore interest at one-month LIBOR plus a margin of 3.50% during the availability period and 4.50% during the amortization period. All borrower payments on loans financed under the warehouse repurchase facility are first used to pay interest on the facility.

On April 16, 2021, The Company entered into a Term Repurchase Agreement (“the 2021 Term Repurchase Agreement”) with a warehouse lender. The 2021 Term Repurchase Agreement has a maturity date of April 16, 2024, with a borrowing period through April 16, 2023. During the borrowing period, the Company can take loan isadvances from time to time subject to ~~extension up to July 1, 2021~~.availability. Each loan advance bears interest at one-month LIBOR plus 3.0% per annum. The maximum capacity under this facility is $100.0 million.

Certain of the Company’s loans are pledged as security under the warehouse repurchase facilities and the revolving loan facility, which contain covenants. Should the Company fail to adhere to those covenants or otherwise default under the facilities, the lenders have the right to terminate the facilities and demand immediate repayment that may require the Company to sell the collateral at less than the carrying amounts. As of June 30, ~~2020~~2021 and December 31, ~~2019,~~2020, the Company was in compliance with these covenants.

The following table summarizes the maximum borrowing capacity and current gross balances outstanding ~~for~~of the Company’s warehouse facilities and loan agreements as of June 30, ~~2020~~2021 and December 31, ~~2019~~2020 (in thousands):

The following table provides an overview of the activity and effective interest rate for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019~~2020 (dollars in thousands):

	Six Months Ended June 30,						Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020			2019
Warehouse repurchase facilities:
Warehouse and repurchase facilities:							2021			2020			2021			2020
Average outstanding balance	$	295,013		$	197,721		$	166,981		$	242,676		$	140,254		$	295,013
Highest outstanding balance at any month-end		439,547			280,710			250,927			268,149			250,927			439,547
Effective interest rate (1)		4.70	%		5.90	%		5.65	%		4.34	%		5.80	%		4.70	%

The following table provides a summary of interest expense that includes debt issuance cost amortization, interest, amortization of discount, and deal cost amortization for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019~~2020 (in thousands):

	Six Months Ended June 30,					Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020			2019		2021		2020		2021			2020
Warehouse repurchase facilities	$	6,932		$	5,834
Warehouse and repurchase facilities						$	2,361	$	2,632	$	4,067		$	6,932
Securitizations		37,104			33,553		18,205		18,557		37,332			37,104
Interest expense — portfolio related		44,036			39,387		20,566		21,189		41,399			44,036
Interest expense — corporate debt		8,237	(1)		6,706		4,309		1,894		11,658	⁽¹⁾		8,237	⁽²⁾
Total interest expense	$	52,273		$	46,093	$	24,875	$	23,083	$	53,057		$	52,273

When the Company sells loans, it is required to make normal and customary representations and warranties about the loans to the purchaser. The loan sale agreements generally require the Company to repurchase loans if the Company breaches a representation or warranty given to the loan purchaser. In addition, the Company may be required to repurchase loans as a result of borrower fraud or if a payment default occurs on a loan shortly after its sale.

The Company records a repurchase liability relating to representations and warranties and early payment defaults. The method used to estimate the liability for repurchase is a function of the representations and warranties given and considers a combination of factors, including, but not limited to, estimated future defaults and loan repurchase rates and the potential severity of loss in the event of defaults. The Company establishes a liability at the time loans are sold and continually updates the estimated repurchase liability. The level of the repurchase liability for representations and warranties and early payment default requires considerable management

judgment. As of June 30, ~~2020~~2021 and December 31, ~~2019,~~2020, the balance of repurchase liability was ~~$76~~$140 thousand and $139 thousand, respectively, and it is included in accounts payable and accrued expenses in the consolidated balance sheets.

The Company is a party to various legal proceedings in the normal course of business. The Company, after consultation with legal counsel, believes the disposition of all pending litigation will not have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial condition or results of operations.

Prior to the conversion of Velocity Financial, LLC into a corporation, the Company had the authority to issue four types of membership units, Class A, Class B, Class C, and Class D units. The Class A units represented ownership interests in VF. Class B units were profit interest units, which represented a right to share, with the Class A units, in the distribution of profits earned by the Company. The Class C and Class D units were preferred units, which had the right to convert to Class A units.

The Company repurchased all outstanding Class C preferred units for an aggregate purchase price equal to the Class C liquidation preference of approximately $27.7 million on August 29, 2019. All Class A and Class D units were converted to common stock upon the conversion of the Company into a corporation on January 16, 2020. All Class B units were converted at zero value upon the conversion of the Company into a corporation on January 16, 2020. Prior to the Company’s IPO, the outstanding Class A, Class B and Class D units and equity balance were as follows as of December 31, 2019 ($ in thousands):

The Company’s 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan, or the 2020 Plan, authorized grants of stock‑based compensation instruments to purchase or issue up to 1,520,000 shares of Company common stock. In connection with its IPO in January 2020, the Company granted stock options to non-employee directors and certain employees, including named executive officers to purchase approximately 782,500 shares of common stock with an exercise price per share equal to the initial public offering price of $13.00. 10,000 shares were forfeited in January 2020. On December 24, 2020, the Company granted stock options to a non-employee director to purchase 12,500 shares of common stock with an exercise price per share equal to the grant date market price of $6.28.

~~Stock options~~In January 2021, the Company issued 480,000 shares of restricted stock awards to certain employees, including named executive officers at no cost to employees. In May 2021, the Company issued 26,511 shares of restricted stock awards to certain non-employee directors.

Stock-based awards vest ratably over a service period of three years from the date of the grant. Compensation expense related to ~~stock options~~stock-based awards is based on the fair value of the underlying stock on the award date and is recognized over the vesting period using the ~~straight‑line~~straight-line method. ~~For the six months ended June 30, 2020, 10,000 shares of stock options were forfeited, and the~~The Company recognized $0.5 million and $0.2 million compensation expense related to the outstanding stock options and unvested restricted stock awards granted to ~~employees.~~employees for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Such amount is included in “Compensation and employee benefits” on the Consolidated Statement of Income. The amount of unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested stock options and restricted stock awards totaled $4.7 million and $2.6 million as of June 30, ~~2020. As of June 30,~~2021 and 2020, ~~unvested stock options outstanding were 772,500 shares at an exercise price per share of $13.00.~~respectively.

The Series A Convertible Preferred Stock issued by the Company in April 2020 is considered participating securities because it has dividend rights determined on an as-converted basis in the event of Company’s declaration of a dividend or distribution for common shares. The Company’s participating securities also include unvested restricted stock awards that contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends. The two-class method is used in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share. Under the two-class method, earnings available to common shareholders for the period are allocated between common shareholders and participating securities according to dividends declared (or accumulated) and participation rights in undistributed earnings. Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings per share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if stock options or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock and resulted in the issuance of common stock that shared in earnings.

The following table presents the basic and diluted ~~loss~~earnings per share calculations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020:

	Three Months Ended			Six Months Ended			Three Months Ended June 30,					Six Months Ended June 30,
	June 30, 2020			June 30, 2020			2021		2020			2021		2020
	(In thousands, except share and per share data)						(In thousands, except per share data)					(In thousands, except per share data)
Basic EPS:
Net income	$	2,141		$	4,720		$	9,453	$	2,141		$	12,849	$	4,720
Less deemed dividends on preferred stock		48,955			48,955
Net loss allocated to common stock	$	(46,814	)	$	(44,235	)
Less earnings allocated to participating securities		—			—
Net loss allocated to common stock	$	(46,814	)	$	(44,235	)
Less: deemed dividends on preferred stock								—		48,955			—		48,955
Net income attributable to common stockholders							$	9,453	$	(46,814	)	$	12,849	$	(44,235	)
Less: undistributed earnings attributable to participating securities								3,571		—			4,854		—
Net earnings attributable to common stockholders							$	5,882	$	(46,814	)	$	7,995	$	(44,235	)
Weighted average common shares outstanding		20,087			20,087			20,087		20,087			20,087		20,087
Basic loss per common share	$	(2.33	)	$	(2.20	)
Basic earnings per common share							$	0.29	$	(2.33	)	$	0.40	$	(2.20	)
Diluted EPS:
Net loss allocated to common shareholders	$	(46,814	)	$	(44,235	)
Net income attributable to common stockholders							$	9,453	$	(46,814	)	$	12,849	$	(44,235	)
Weighted average common shares outstanding		20,087			20,087			20,087		20,087			20,087		20,087
Add dilutive effects for assumed conversion of Series A preferred stock		—			—			11,688		—			11,688		—
Add dilutive effects for warrants		—			—			1,985		—			1,786		—
Add dilutive effects for stock options		—			—			3		—			2		—
Add dilutive effects of unvested restricted stock awards								197		—			121		—
Weighted average diluted common shares outstanding		20,087			20,087			33,960		20,087			33,684		20,087
Diluted loss per common share	$	(2.33	)	$	(2.20	)
Diluted income per common share							$	0.28	$	(2.33	)	$	0.38	$	(2.20	)

~~Earnings per common share is not applicable to periods prior to the Company's IPO on January 17, 2020.~~

The following table sets forth the number of shares excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share, as their inclusion would have been ~~anti-dilutive:~~

	Three Months Ended		Six Months Ended		Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	June 30, 2020		June 30, 2020		2021		2020		2021		2020
Shares underlying Series A Convertible Preferred Stock		11,688,312		11,688,312		—		11,688		—		11,688
Shares underlying warrants		3,013,125		3,013,125		—		3,013		—		3,013
Stock options		772,500		772,500	773			773		773		773
Unvested restricted stock awards						—	NA			—	NA
Share equivalents excluded from EPS		15,473,937		15,473,937		773		15,474		773		15,474

On April 7, 2020, the Company issued and sold in a private placement 45,000 newly issued shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share (the “Preferred”), at a price per share of $1,000, plus warrants (the “Warrants”) to purchase an aggregate of 3,013,125 shares of the Company’s common stock to funds affiliated with Snow Phipps and a fund affiliated with Pacific Investment Management Company LLC (TOBI). Snow Phipps and TOBI are considered affiliates and, therefore, are related parties to the Company. This offering resulted in net proceeds to the Company of $43.2 million. In connection with these transactions, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with Snow Phipps and TOBI granting TOBI the right to nominate an additional director to the Company’s board of directors for so long as TOBI and its permitted transferees meet certain ownership thresholds.

The Preferred ranks senior to the Company’s common stock with respect to the payment of dividends and distribution of assets upon liquidation, dissolution and winding up. It is entitled to receive any dividends or distributions paid in respect of the common stock on an as-converted basis and has no stated maturity and will remain outstanding indefinitely unless converted into common stock or repurchased by the Company. Holders of the Preferred will be entitled to vote, together with the holders of common stock, on an as-converted basis, subject to limitations of the rules of the New York Stock Exchange, on all matters submitted to a vote of the holders of common stock, and as a separate class as required by law. The holders of the Preferred will also have the right to elect ~~two~~2 directors to the board of directors of the Company if the Company defaults under its obligation to repurchase the Preferred.

The Preferred has a liquidation preference equal to the greater of (i) $2,000 per share from April 7, 2020 through October 7, 2022, which amount increases ratably to $3,000 per share from October 8, 2022 through November 28, 2024 and to $3,000 per share from and after November 28, 2024 and (ii) the amount such holder would have received if the Preferred had converted into common stock immediately prior to such liquidation.

~~Following shareholder approval at the Special Meeting~~Each share of ~~Shareholders held on August 13, 2020,~~ the Preferred is convertible at the option of the holder into the number of shares of common stock equal to ~~then~~the applicable conversion rate of $1,000 divided by the applicable conversion price plus cash in lieu of fractional shares, if any. The initial conversion price is $3.85 ~~per share of common stock~~ and is subject to customary antidilution adjustments. ~~In addition,~~

Beginning on October 8, 2021, the Company has the ~~right~~option to ~~cause~~force a conversion of the ~~Preferred~~preferred stock to ~~convert beginning October 7, 2021 if the Company’s~~ common stock, ~~meets certain weighted average~~provided that the daily Volume Weighted Average Price (“VWAP”) for a share of VEL common stock is more than 200% of the $3.85 conversion price ~~targets.~~for at least 20 trading days, whether consecutive or not, in the period of 30 consecutive trading days, provided that the 20 trading days includes the final 5 trading days of the 30-trading day period.

Beginning on October 7, 2022, if ~~permitted by~~not for the ~~terms of~~repurchase prohibition contained in the Company’s material indebtedness, and in no event later than November 28, 2024, holders of the Preferred have the option to cause the Company to repurchase all or a portion of such holder’s shares of Preferred, for an amount in cash equal to such share’s liquidation preference. If the Company defaults on its repurchase obligation, the holders of the Preferred have the right (until the repurchase price has been paid in full, in cash, or such the Preferred has been converted) to force a sale of the Company and the holders of the Preferred will have the right to elect two directors of the Company’s Board until such default is cured. The Company is also required to redeem the Preferred upon a change of control (as defined in the certificate of designation governing the Preferred).

The Warrants are exercisable at the warrantholder’s option at any time and from time to time, in whole or in part, until April 7, 2025 at an exercise price of $2.96 per share of common stock, with respect to 2,008,750 of the Warrants, and at an exercise price of $4.94 per share of common stock, with respect to 1,004,375 of the Warrants. The exercise price and the number of shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the Warrants are subject to customary antidilution adjustments and certain issuances of common stock (or securities convertible into or exercisable for common stock) at a price (or having a conversion or exercise price) that is less than the then current exercise price. The Company is not required to affect an exercise of Warrants, if after giving effect to the issuance of common stock upon exercise of such Warrants such warrantholder together with its affiliates would beneficially own 49% or more of the Company’s outstanding common stock.

The Company determined that none of the features embedded in the Preferred were required to be accounted for separately as a derivative.

The Preferred is recorded as mezzanine equity (temporary equity) on the consolidated balance sheets because it is not mandatorily redeemable, but does contain a redemption feature at the option of the ~~preferred stock~~Preferred holders that is considered not solely within the Company’s control. Because the Preferred becomes redeemable at any time after 2.5 years from the Closing Date of April 7, 2020, the Company has elected to recognize the changes in the maximum redemption value immediately as they occur and adjust the carrying value of the Preferred to equal the maximum redemption value at the end of each reporting period which is viewed as the redemption date for the Preferred. At June 30, 2020, the Company recognized the Preferred maximum redemption value of $90.0 million, which is the maximum redemption value on the earliest redemption date based on a redemption value of $2,000 per share and 45,000 shares of Preferred. The recording of the Preferred maximum redemption value was treated as a deemed dividend and resulted in a $49.0 million charge to Shareholders’ Equity. The maximum redemption value of $90.0 million remains the same as of June 30, 2021.

ASC Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurement,” defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value including a three-level valuation hierarchy, and requires disclosures about fair value measurements. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date reflecting assumptions that a market participant would use when pricing an asset or liability. The hierarchy uses three levels of inputs to measure the fair value of assets and liabilities as follows:

Given the nature of some of the Company’s assets and liabilities, clearly determinable market-based valuation inputs are often not available; therefore, these assets and liabilities are valued using internal estimates. As subjectivity exists with respect to the valuation estimates used, the fair values disclosed may not equal prices that can ultimately be realized if the assets are sold or the liabilities are settled with third parties.

Below is a description of the valuation methods for the assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on either a recurring or nonrecurring basis and for estimating fair value of financial instruments not recorded at fair value for disclosure purposes. While management believes the valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different estimate of fair value at the measurement date.

Cash and restricted cash are recorded at historical cost. The carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value as these instruments have short-term maturities and interest rates that approximate market, a Level 1 measurement.

Loans held for investment are recorded at their outstanding principal balance, net of purchase discounts, deferred loan origination fees/costs, and allowance for credit losses.

The Company determined the fair value estimate of loans held for investment using a ~~cash flow~~third-party loan valuation model, ~~incorporating the latest securitization execution prices as a proxy,~~ a Level 3 measurement. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s mortgage loans held for investment are ~~interest~~discount rates, prepayment speeds, loss severity, and default rates. Significant changes in any of those inputs could result in a significant change to the loans’ fair value measurement.

Nonaccrual loans held for investment are evaluated individually and are recorded at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. To the extent a loan is collateral dependent, the Company determines the allowance for credit losses based on the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral. The fair value of each loan’s collateral is generally based on appraisals or broker price opinions obtained, less estimated costs to sell, a Level 3 measurement.

Loans held for sale are carried at the lower of cost or fair value, with fair value adjustments recorded on a nonrecurring basis. The Company uses a discounted cash flow model to estimate the fair value of loans held for sale, a Level 3 measurement.

The Company retains an interest-only strip on certain sales of held for sale loans. The interest-only strips are classified as trading securities under FASB ASC Topic 320, Investments-Debt Securities. The interest-only strips are measured based on their estimated fair values using a discounted cash flow model, a Level 3 measurement. Changes in fair value are reflected in income as they occur.

The Company has elected to account for certain purchased distressed loans held for investment, at fair value (the FVO Loans) using FASB ASC Topic 825, Financial Instruments (ASC 825). The FVO loans are measured based on their estimated fair values. Management identified all of these loans to be accounted for at estimated fair value at the instrument level. Changes in fair value are reflected in income as they occur.

The Company uses a ~~modified discounted cash flow~~third-party loan valuation model to estimate the fair value at instrument level, a Level 3 measurement. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s mortgage loans held for investment, at fair value are discount rate, property values, prepayment speeds, loss severity, and default rates. Significant changes in any of those inputs in isolation could result in a significant change to the loans’ fair value measurement.

Real estate owned, net is initially recorded at the property’s estimated fair value, based on appraisals or broker price opinions obtained, less estimated costs to sell, at the acquisition date, a Level 3 measurement. From time to time, nonrecurring fair value adjustments are made to real estate owned, net based on the current updated appraised value of the property, or management’s judgment and estimation of value based on recent market trends or negotiated sales prices with potential buyers.

The Company determined the fair values estimate of the secured financing using the estimated cash flows discounted at an appropriate market rate, a Level 3 measurement.

Warehouse repurchase facilities are recorded at historical cost. The carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value as these instruments have short-term maturities of one-year or less and interest rates that approximate market plus a spread, a Level 2 measurement.

The fair value estimate of securities issued is determined by using estimated cash flows discounted at an appropriate market rate, a Level 3 measurement.

The carrying amounts of accrued interest receivable and accrued interest payable approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments, a Level 1 measurement.

The following tables present information on assets measured and recorded at fair value as of June 30, ~~2020~~2021 and December 31, ~~2019,~~2020, by level, in the fair value hierarchy (in thousands):

	Fair value measurements using						Total at		Fair value measurements using						Total at
June 30, 2020	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		fair value
June 30, 2021									Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		fair value
Recurring fair value measurements:
Loans held for investment, at fair value	$	—	$	—	$	2,956	$	2,956	$	—	$	—	$	1,370	$	1,370
Interest-only strips		—		—		845		845		—		—		81		81
Total recurring fair value measurements		—		—		3,801		3,801		—		—		1,451		1,451
Nonrecurring fair value measurements:
Loans held for sale, net		—		—		212,344		212,344		—		—		1,280		1,280
Real estate owned, net		—		—		15,648		15,648		—		—		15,743		15,743
Individually evaluated loans requiring specific allowance, net		—		—		269,499		269,499		—		—		19,619		19,619
Total nonrecurring fair value measurements		—		—		497,491		497,491		—		—		36,642		36,642
Total assets	$	—	$	—	$	501,292	$	501,292	$	—	$	—	$	38,093	$	38,093

	Fair value measurements using						Total at		Fair value measurements using						Total at
December 31, 2019	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		fair value
December 31, 2020									Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		fair value
Recurring fair value measurements:
Loans held for investment, at fair value	$	—	$	—	$	2,960	$	2,960	$	—	$	—	$	1,539	$	1,539
Interest-only strips		—		—		894		894		—		—		238		238
Total recurring fair value measurements		—		—		3,854		3,854		—		—		1,777		1,777
Nonrecurring fair value measurements:
Loans held for sale, net		—		—		214,467		214,467		—		—		13,106		13,106
Real estate owned, net		—		—		13,068		13,068		—		—		15,767		15,767
Impaired loans requiring specific allowance, net		—		—		11,373		11,373		—		—		19,340		19,340
Total nonrecurring fair value measurements		—		—		238,908		238,908		—		—		48,213		48,213
Total assets	$	—	$	—	$	242,762	$	242,762	$	—	$	—	$	49,990	$	49,990

The following table presents gains and losses recognized on assets measured on a nonrecurring basis for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019~~2020 (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,						Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
Gain (loss) on assets measured on a nonrecurring basis	2020			2019			2020			2019			2021			2020			2021			2020
Loans held for sale, net	$	(921	)	$	(20	)	$	(961	)	$	69		$	(15	)	$	(921	)	$	2		$	(961	)
Real estate held for sale, net		(648	)		(363	)		(1,216	)		(377	)		(800	)		(648	)		(1,235	)		(1,216	)
Individually evaluated loans requiring specific allowance, net		(431	)		(66	)		(360	)		(167	)		1,029			(431	)		720			(360	)
Total net loss	$	(2,000	)	$	(449	)	$	(2,537	)	$	(475	)	$	214		$	(2,000	)	$	(513	)	$	(2,537	)

The following tables present the primary valuation techniques and unobservable inputs related to Level 3 assets as of June 30, ~~2020~~2021 and December 31, ~~2019~~2020 (dollars in thousands):

	June 30, 2020							June 30, 2021
Asset category	Fair value		Primary valuation technique	Unobservable input	Range	Weighted average		Fair value		Primary valuation technique	Unobservable input	Range		Weighted average
Individually evaluated loans requiring allowance, net	$	269,499	Market comparables	Selling costs	8.0%	8.0%
Individually evaluated loans requiring specific allowance, net								$	19,619	Market comparables	Selling costs	8.0%		8.0%
Real estate owned, net		15,648	Market comparables	Selling costs	8.0%	8.0%			15,743	Market comparables	Selling costs	8.0%		8.0%
Loans held for investment, at fair value		2,956	Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	10.5%	10.5%			1,370	Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	6.2%		6.2%
				Collateral value (% of UPB)	8.0% to 97.0%	88.0%					Collateral value (% of UPB)	95.0% to 118.0%		106.0%
				Timing of resolution/payoff (months)	5 to 212		60.0				Timing of resolution/payoff (months)	1 to 36			33
				Prepayment rate	15.0%	15.0%					Prepayment rate	21.8% to 50.0%		21.8% to 50.0%
				Default rate	1.0%	1.0%					Default rate	0.3% to 2.6%		1.0%
				Loss severity rate	10.0%	10.0%					Loss severity rate	0.0% to 8.3%		5.0%
Loans held for sale		212,344	Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	12.0% to 15.0%	14.5%			1,280	Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	6.2%		6.2%
				Timing of resolution/payoff (months)	0 to 13		7.6				Timing of resolution/payoff (months)		3		3

Interest-only strips		845	Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	15.0%	15.0%		81		Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	15.0%		15.0%
				Timing of resolution/payoff (months)	0 to 13.0		2.4				Timing of resolution/payoff (months)	0 to 12			7

	December 31, 2019							December 31, 2020
Asset category	Fair value		Primary valuation technique	Unobservable input	Range	Weighted average		Fair value		Primary valuation technique	Unobservable input	Range	Weighted average
Collateral dependent impaired loans requiring specific allowance, net	$	11,373	Market comparables	Selling costs	8.0%	8.0%
Individually evaluated loans requiring specific allowance, net								$	19,340	Market comparables	Selling costs	8.0%	8.0%
Real estate owned, net		13,068	Market comparables	Selling costs	8.0%	8.0%			15,767	Market comparables	Selling costs	8.0%	8.0%
Loans held for investment, at fair value		2,960	Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	10.5%	10.5%			1,539	Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	6.2%	6.2%
				Collateral value (% of UPB)	18.0% to 94.0%	87.0%					Collateral value (% of UPB)	94.0% to 104.0%	100.0%
				Timing of resolution/payoff (months)	5 to 218		65.0				Timing of resolution/payoff (months)	14 to 31		25.0
				Prepayment rate	15.0%	15.0%					Prepayment rate	17.5% to 30.0%	17.5% to 30.0%
				Default rate	1.0%	1.0%					Default rate	5.0% to 15.0%	12.0%
				Loss severity rate	10.0%	10.0%					Loss severity rate	1.0%	1.0%
Loans held for sale		214,467	Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	12.0% to 15.0%	14.7%			13,106	Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	6.2%	6.2%
				Timing of resolution/payoff (months)	0 to 12		7.0				Timing of resolution/payoff (months)	31 to 34		32.0

Interest-only strips		894	Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	15.0%	15.0%		238		Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	15.0%	15.0%
				Timing of resolution/payoff (months)	0 to 7.0		2.1				Timing of resolution/payoff (months)	0 to 12		1.5

The following is a rollforward of loans that are measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis for the periods indicated (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,						Three Months Ended June 30,					��	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020			2019			2020			2019			2021			2020			2021			2020
Beginning balance	$	2,987		$	2,971		$	2,960		$	3,463		$	1,364		$	2,987		$	1,539		$	2,960
Loans liquidated		—			45			—			(421	)		—			—			(163	)		—
Principal paydowns		(18	)		(17	)		(36	)		(34	)		(14	)		(18	)		(24	)		(36	)
Total unrealized gain (loss) included in net income		(13	)		(25	)		32			(34	)		20			(13	)		18			32
Ending balance	$	2,956		$	2,974		$	2,956		$	2,974		$	1,370		$	2,956		$	1,370		$	2,956

The following is a rollforward of interest-only strips that are measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis for the periods indicated (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,						Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020			2019			2020			2019			2021			2020			2021			2020
Beginning balance	$	1,534		$	1,609		$	894		$	812		$	125		$	1,534		$	238		$	894
Interest-only strip additions		—			330			1,820			1,634			—			—			—			1,820
Interest-only strip write-offs		(689	)		(661	)		(1,869	)		(1,131	)		(44	)		(689	)		(157	)		(1,869	)
Total unrealized loss included in net income		—			(85	)		—			(122	)		—			—			—			—
Ending balance	$	845		$	1,193		$	845		$	1,193		$	81		$	845		$	81		$	845

The Company estimates the fair value of certain financial instruments on a quarterly basis. These instruments are recorded at fair value through the use of a valuation allowance only if they are individually evaluated. As described above, these adjustments to fair value usually result from the application of lower of cost or fair value accounting or write-downs of individual assets. As of June 30, ~~2020~~2021 and December 31, ~~2019,~~2020, the only financial assets measured at fair value, or lower of cost or fair value, were certain individually evaluated loans held for investment, loans held for sale, interest-only strips, REO and FVO loans, which were measured using unobservable inputs, including appraisals and broker price opinions on the values of the underlying collateral. Individually evaluated loans requiring an allowance were carried at approximately ~~$9.6~~$19.6 million and ~~$11.4~~$19.3 million as of June 30, ~~2020~~2021 and December 31, ~~2019,~~2020, net of specific allowance for credit losses of approximately ~~$1.3~~$1.9 million and ~~$0.9~~$2.7 million, respectively.

A financial instrument is cash, evidence of an ownership interest in an entity, or a contract that creates a contractual obligation orrighttodeliverorreceivecashoranother financialinstrumentfromasecondentityonpotentiallyfavorableterms.Themethodsand assumptions used in estimating the fair values of the Company’s financial instruments are describedabove.

The following tables present carrying amounts and estimated fair values of certain financial instruments as of the dates indicated (in thousands):

	December 31, 2019										December 31, 2020
	Carrying								Estimated		Carrying								Estimated
Asset category	Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Fair Value		Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Fair Value
Assets:
Cash	$	21,465	$	21,465	$	—	$	—	$	21,465	$	13,273	$	13,273	$	—	$	—	$	13,273
Restricted cash		6,087		6,087		—		—		6,087		7,020		7,020		—		—		7,020
Loans held for sale, net		214,467		—		—		222,260		222,260		13,106		—		—		13,106		13,106
Loans held for investment, net		1,863,360		—		—		1,913,481		1,913,481		1,948,089		—		—		2,003,301		2,003,301
Loans held for investment, at fair value		2,960		—		—		2,960		2,960		1,539		—		—		1,539		1,539
Accrued interest receivable		13,295		13,295		—		—		13,295		11,373		11,373		—		—		11,373
Real estate owned, net		13,068		—		—		13,068		13,068
Interest-only strips	894			—		—	894		894		238			—		—	238			238

Liabilities:
Secured financing, net	$	145,599	$	—	$	—	$	153,000	$	153,000	$	74,982	$	—	$	—	$	78,000	$	78,000
Warehouse repurchase facilities, net		421,548		—		421,548		—		421,548		75,923		—		75,923		—		75,923
Securitizations, net		1,438,629		—		—		1,486,990		1,486,990		1,579,019		—		—		1,616,222		1,616,222
Accrued interest payable		7,190		7,190		—		—		7,190		5,503		5,503		—		—		5,503

~~The Company completed the securitization of~~ ~~$276.0 million of investor real estate loans~~ through VCC 2020-MC1 on July 10, 2020. The securitization is accounted for as secured borrowings. The VCC 2020-MC1 Trust (“2020-MC1”) is a debt for tax structure and is collateralized primarily with the Company’s short-term loans and traditional loans. On July 1, 2020, management elected to transfer its entire portfolio of short-term loans from HFS to HFI based on a change in intent from selling the short-term loans to holding them to maturity as collateral for the 2020-MC1 securitization.

On July ~~9, 2020, a class action complaint was filed in the United States District Court for the Central District of California, naming~~29, 2021, the Company certain of its directors, officers and shareholders and others alleging violations of securities laws, including making false and misleading statements and omissions in the Company's offering materials for the Company's January 2020 initial public offering of its common stock. The complaints seek unspecified damages and an award of costs and expenses, including attorneys’ fees. We cannot predict the length of time that this action will be ongoing or the liability, if any, which may arise.

~~The Barclays~~entered into a non-mark-to-market Term Repurchase Agreement ~~between VCC and Barclays Bank PLC matured and terminated on August 3, 2020.~~(“the July 2021 Term Repurchase Agreement”) with a warehouse lender. The ~~Citibank~~July 2021 Term Repurchase Agreement ~~between VCC and Citibank, N.A. was extended~~has a maturity date of July 29, 2024, with an option to ~~September 30, 2020.~~extend the term to July 29, 2025. During the borrowing period, the Company can take loan advances from time to time subject to availability. Each loan advance bears interest at one-month LIBOR with a 0.5% floor plus 4.5% per annum. The maximum capacity under this facility is $100.0 million.

The Company has evaluated events that have occurred subsequent to June 30, ~~2020~~2021 through the issuance of the accompanying consolidated financial statements and has concluded there are no other subsequent events that would require recognition or disclosure in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the information included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December ~~31, 2019, the risk factors contained in our Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March~~ 31, 2020, as well as the unaudited financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (the “Quarterly Report”).

In addition, the statements and assumptions in this Quarterly Report that are not statements of historical fact are forward-looking statements within the meaning of federal securities laws. In particular, statements about our plans, strategies and prospects as well as estimates of industry growth for the next quarter and beyond are forward-looking statements. For important information regarding these forward-looking statements, please see the discussion below under the caption “Cautionary Note on Forward-Looking Statements.”

References to “the Company,” “Velocity,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Velocity Financial, Inc. and include all of its consolidated subsidiaries, unless otherwise indicated or the context requires otherwise.

We are a vertically integrated real estate finance company founded in 2004. We primarily originate and manage investor loans secured by 1-4 unit residential rental and small commercial properties, which we refer to collectively as investor real estate loans. We originate loans nationwide across our extensive network of independent mortgage brokers which we have built and refined over the 1517 years since our inception. Our objective is to be the preferred and one of the most recognized brands in our core market, particularly within our network of mortgage brokers.

We operate in a large and highly fragmented market with substantial demand for financing and limited supply of institutional financing alternatives. We have developed the highly-specialized skill set required to effectively compete in this market, which we believe has afforded us a durable business model. We offer competitive pricing to our borrowers by pursuing low-cost financing strategies and by driving front- end process efficiencies through customized technology designed to control the cost of originating a loan. Furthermore, by originating loans through our efficient and scalable network of approved mortgage brokers, we are able to maintain a wide geographical presence and nimble operating infrastructure capable of reacting quickly to changing market environments.

Our primary source of revenue is interest income earned on our loan portfolio. Our typical loan is secured by a first lien on the underlying property with a personal guarantee and, based on all loans in our portfolio as of June 30, ~~2020,~~2021, has an average balance of approximately ~~$327,000.~~$338,000. As of June 30, ~~2020,~~2021, our loan portfolio ~~including both loans held for investment and loans held for sale,~~ totaled $2.1 billion of UPB on properties in 45 states and the District of Columbia. The total portfolio had a weighted average loan-to-value ratio, or LTV at origination, of ~~65.8%~~66.7%, and was concentrated in 1-4 unit residential rental loans, which we refer to as investor 1-4 loans, representing ~~51.3%~~50.5% of the UPB. For the three months ended June 30, ~~2020,~~2021, the annualized yield on our total portfolio was ~~7.59%~~8.90%.

We fund our portfolio primarily through a combination of committed and uncommitted secured warehouse ~~repurchase~~ facilities, securitizations, corporate debt and equity. The securitization market is our primary source of long-term financing. We have successfully executed ~~fourteen~~sixteen securitizations, resulting in a total of over ~~$2.9~~$3.3 billion in gross debt proceeds from May 2011 through June ~~2020.~~2021.

We may also sell loans from time to time for cash in lieu of holding the loans in our loan portfolio.

One of our core profitably measurements is our portfolio related net interest margin, which measures the difference between interest income earned on our loan portfolio and interest expense paid on our portfolio-related debt, relative to the amount of loans outstanding over the period. Our portfolio-related debt consists of our warehouse ~~repurchase~~ facilities and securitizations and excludes our corporate debt. For the three months ended June 30, ~~2020,~~2021, our annualized portfolio related net interest margin was ~~3.54%.~~4.83%, an improvement of 73 basis points over the previous quarter mainly from the receipt of nonperforming loan interest and default interest from the resolutions of loans that went nonperforming in 2020 due to the COVID pandemic. We generate profits to the extent that our portfolio related net interest income exceeds our interest expense on corporate debt, provision for loan losses and operating expenses. For the three months ended June 30, ~~2020,~~2021, we generated pre-tax income and net income of ~~$2.6~~$12.9 million and ~~$2.1~~$9.5 million, respectively.

In January 2020, we completed the initial public offering of our common stock, par value $0.01 per share (our “common stock”). We received net proceeds received from the sale of our common stock in the IPO of $100.7 million, a portion of which we used to repay $75.0 million of principal on our existing corporate debt.

On April 7, 2020, we issued and sold 45,000 shares of our newly designated Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share (the “Preferred Stock”), in a private placement to affiliates of Snow Phipps and TOBI (the “Purchasers”), our two largest common stockholders, at a price per share of Preferred Stock of $1,000. In addition, as part of that private placement, we issued and sold to the Purchasers warrants (the “Warrants”) to purchase an aggregate of 3,013,125 shares of our common stock. This private placement offering resulted in gross proceeds to us of $45.0 million. We used the proceeds from this private placement to pay down our existing warehouse repurchase facilities and for general corporate purposes

Due to a number of factors, our historical financial results may not be comparable, either from period to period, or to our financial results in future periods. We have summarized the key factors affecting the comparability of our financial results below.

In 2014, we entered into a five-year, $100.0 million corporate debt agreement with the owners of our Class C preferred units, pursuant to which we issued at par senior secured notes, the 2014 Senior Secured Notes, that was due on December 16, 2019. The 2014 Senior Secured Notes bore interest, at our election, at either 10% annually paid in cash or 11% annually paid in kind.

In August 2019, we entered into a five-year $153.0 million corporate debt agreement with Owl Rock Capital Corporation (“2019 Term Loan”). The 2019 Term Loan under this agreement bears interest at a rate equal to one-month LIBOR plus 7.50% and mature in August 2024. A portion of the net proceeds from the 2019 Term Loan was used to redeem all of the outstanding 2014 Senior Secured Notes in August 2019. Another portion of the net proceeds from the 2019 Term Loan, together with cash on hand, was used to repurchase our outstanding Class C preferred units.

In January 2020, we used $75.7 million of the net proceeds from our IPO to lower our interest expense through the repayment of $75.0 million outstanding principal amount on the 2019 Term Loan.

In late March 2020, we temporarily suspended our loan originations and purchases due to the business and economic uncertainties caused by the COVID-19 outbreak. In addition, effective May 1, 2020, we furloughed a significant number of our employees, mostly within our loan origination function. ~~As of June 30, 2020, loan originations remained suspended and our employee furlough remained on-going.~~

On April 7, 2020, we issued and sold Preferred Stock and Warrants resulting in gross proceeds to us of $45.0 million.

In September 2020, we resumed loan originations and enhanced our loan operations processes during the temporary suspension, enabling us to streamline our operations by approximately 60 employees to be more cost effective going forward.

We fully paid off the remaining $78.0 million of the 2019 Term Loan in January 2021 with a portion of the net proceeds from the 2021 Term Loan.

The COVID-19 outbreak has caused significant disruption in business activity and the financial markets both globally and in the United States. As a result of the spread of COVID-19, economic uncertainties have arisen which ~~have~~ negatively impacted our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. The ~~further~~ extent of the impact of COVID-19 on our operational and financial performance will depend on certain developments, including the duration and spread of the outbreak and impact on our customers, employees and vendors, impact of the new Delta variant strain of the virus, and the long-term success of the vaccines, all of which isare uncertain at this time and cannot be predicted. The full extent to which COVID-19 may continue to impact our financial condition or results of operations cannot be reasonably estimated at this time.

~~We have~~From the start of the pandemic, we proactively executed a number of business initiatives ~~as a result~~to strengthen our liquidity position and re-focus our business strategies in light of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, including the following:

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires certain judgments and assumptions, based on information available at the time of preparation of the consolidated financial statements, in determining accounting estimates used in preparation of the consolidated financial statements. The following discussion addresses the accounting policies that we believe apply to us based on the nature of our operations. Our most critical accounting policies involve decisions and assessments that could affect our reported assets and liabilities, as well as our reported revenues and expenses. We believe that all of the decisions and assessments used to prepare our financial statements are based upon reasonable assumptions given the information available at that time. ~~We believe the following are critical accounting policies that require the most significant judgments~~

These polices and estimates used in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements. The summary below should be read in conjunction with the disclosure of our accounting policies and use of estimates in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements.

~~Effective January 1, 2020, we adopted ASU 2016-13~~ ~~Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments~~ ~~using the open pool methodology for all financial assets measured at amortized cost, which as of the adoption date consisted entirely of our held for investment loan portfolio.~~

ASU 2016-13 replaces the incurred loss methodology with an expected loss methodology that is referred to as the current expected credit loss (CECL) methodology. The measurement of expected credit losses under the CECL methodology is applicable to financial assets measured at amortized cost, including loan receivables held for investment. Under the CECL methodology, the allowance for credit losses is measured on a collective (pool) basis when similar risk characteristics exist. We identified the following portfolio segments based on risk characteristics of the loans in its loan portfolio (pool):

We determined the collectability of our loans by evaluating certain risk characteristics. The segmentation of its loan portfolio was determined based on analyses of our loan portfolio performance over the past seven years. Based on analyses of the loan portfolio’s historical performance, we concluded that loan purpose and product types are the most significant risk factors in determining its expectation of future loan losses. Loan purpose considers whether a borrower is acquiring the property or refinancing an existing property. Our historical experience shows that refinance loans have higher loss rates than acquisitions. Product type includes residential 1-4 unit property and traditional commercial property. Our historical experience shows that traditional commercial property loans have higher loss rates than residential 1-4 unit property.

To determine the loss rates used for the open pool methodology, we start with our historical database of losses, segment the loans by loan purpose and product type, and then adjust the loss rates based upon macroeconomic forecasts over a reasonable and supportable period. The reasonable and supportable period is meant to represent the period in which we believe the forecasted macroeconomic variables can be reasonably estimated.

In determining the January 1, 2020 CECL transition impact, we used a third-party model with a four-quarter reasonable and supportable forecast period followed by a four-quarter straight-line reversion period. Management determined that a four-quarter forecast period and four-quarter straight-line reversion period were appropriate for the January 1, 2020 initial CECL estimate because, as of the beginning of the year, the economy was strong, unemployment and interest rates were low, and GDP was expected to have a modest increase during 2020. Management concluded that using a 1-year forecast trending steadily back to our historical loss levels best fit the strong, stable economy at that time.

For the June 30, 2020 CECL estimate, we used a COVID-19 stress scenario with a five-quarter reasonable and supportable forecast period followed by a four-quarter straight-line reversion period. Management concluded that the original six-quarter COVID-19 stress forecast was still appropriate and, therefore, used five remaining forecasted quarters as of June 30. Given the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, management decided to extend its reversion period by a quarter and used a four-quarter reversion period as of June 30. This forecast period and reversion to historical loss is subject to change as conditions in the market change and our ability to forecast economic events evolves.

Loans 90 days or more delinquent, in bankruptcy, or in foreclosure, are evaluated individually. Loans individually evaluated are excluded from loans evaluated collectively by segment. When loans are individually evaluated, we primarily rely on the value of the underlying real estate, coupled with low loan-to-value ratios, to satisfy the loan obligation, either through successful loss mitigation efforts or foreclosure and sale of the underlying real estate. Expected loan losses are based on the fair value of the collateral underlying the loans at the reporting date, adjusted for estimated selling costs as appropriate.

The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the loans’ amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. Loans are charged off against the allowance when we believe the uncollectibility of a loan balance is confirmed. Expected recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off and expected to be charged-off.

We estimate the allowance using relevant available information, from internal and external sources, relating to historical performance, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable macroeconomic forecasts. Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. Adjustments to historical loss information are considered for differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics such as differences in underwriting standards, portfolio mix, delinquency levels, or term, as well as for changes in environmental conditions, such as unemployment rates, property values and changes in the competitive or regulatory environment.

The allowance for credit losses is maintained at a level deemed adequate by management to provide for expected losses in the portfolio at the balance sheet date. While management uses available information to estimate its required allowance for credit losses, future additionsrelate to the allowance for ~~credit~~loan losses ~~may be necessary based on changes in estimates resulting from economic~~ and ~~other conditions.~~

Interest income on loans held for investment is accrued on the unpaid principal balance (UPB) at their respective stated interest rates. Generally, loans are placed on nonaccrual status when they become 90 days past due. Loans are considered past due when contractually required principal or interest payments have not been made on the due dates. Management has concluded that ASC 310-20-35-18(a) on interest income recognition does not apply to the forbearances granted under our forbearance program. We will continue to accrue interest on the COVID-19 forbearance granted loans for all such loans that were less than 90 days past due at the forbearance grant date. We will continue to evaluate the COVID-19 forbearance-granted loans on an individual basis to determine if a reserve should be established on the collectability of the accrued interest and whether any loans should be placed on nonaccrual status at a future date.

We made the accounting policy election not to measure an allowance for credit losses for accrued interest receivables. When a loan is placed on nonaccrual status, the accrued and unpaid interest is reversed as a reduction of interest income and accrued interest receivable. Accrued interest receivable is excluded from the amortized cost of loans and it is presented as accrued interest receivable in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

~~Our~~ deferred income tax assets and liabilities arise from differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. We determine whether a deferred tax asset is realizable based on facts and circumstances, including our current and projected future tax position, the historical level of our taxable income,liabilities. Our critical accounting policies and estimates are described in Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in our ~~future taxable income. In most cases,~~Annual Report on Form 10-K for the ~~realization of deferred tax assets is based on our future profitability. If we were to experience either reduced profitability or operating losses in a future period,~~year ended December 31, 2020 as filed with the realization of our deferred tax assets may no longer be considered more likely than not and, accordingly, we could be required to record a valuation allowance on our deferred tax assets by charging earnings.SEC.

Net income is the primary metric by which we assess our business performance. Accordingly, we closely monitor the primary drivers of net income which consist of the following:

Net interest income is the largest contributor to our net income and is monitored on both an absolute basis and relative to provisions for loan losses and operating expenses. We generate net interest income to the extent that the rate at which we lend in our portfolio exceeds the cost of financing our portfolio, which we primarily achieve through long-term securitizations. Accordingly, we

closely monitor the financing markets and maintain consistent dialogue with investors and financial institutions as we evaluate our financing sources and cost of funds.

To evaluate net interest income, we measure and monitor: (1) the yields on our loans, (2) the costs of our funding sources, (3) our net interest spread and (4) our net interest margin. Net interest spread measures the difference between the rates earned on our loans and the rates paid on our funding sources. Net interest margin measures the difference between our annualized interest income and annualized interest expense, or net interest income, as a percentage of average loans outstanding over the specified time period.

Periodic changes in net interest income are primarily driven by: (1) origination volume and changes in average outstanding loan balances and (2) interest rates and changes in interest earned on our portfolio or paid on our debt. Historically, origination volume and portfolio size have been the largest contributors to the growth in our net interest income. We measure net interest income before and after interest expense related to our corporate debt and before and after our provisions for loan losses.

We strive to minimize actual credit losses through our rigorous screening and underwriting process and life of loan portfolio management and special servicing practices. We closely monitor the credit performance of our loan portfolio, including delinquency rates and expected and actual credit losses, as a key factor in assessing our overall business performance.

We incur operating expenses from compensation and benefits related to our employee base, rent and other occupancy costs associated with our leased facilities, our third-party primary loan servicing vendors, professional fees to the extent we utilize third-party legal, consulting and advisory firms, and costs associated with the resolution and disposition of real estate owned, among other items. We monitor and strive to prudently manage operating expenses and to balance current period profitability with investment in the continued development of our platform. Because volume and portfolio size determine the magnitude of the impact of each of the above factors on our earnings, we also closely monitor origination volume along with all key terms of new loan originations, such as interest rates, loan-to-value ratios, estimated credit losses and expected duration.

We believe there are a number of factors that impact our business, including those discussed below and in the risk factors disclosed in our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 and Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2020.

Our results of operations depend on, among other things, the level of our net interest income, the credit performance of our loan portfolio and the efficiency of our operating platform. These measures are affected by a number of factors, including the demand for investor real estate loans, the competitiveness of the market for originating or acquiring investor real estate loans, the cost of financing our portfolio, the availability of funding sources and the underlying performance of the collateral supporting our loans. While we have been successful at managing these elements in the past, there are certain circumstances beyond our control, including the current disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, macroeconomic conditions and market fundamentals, which can affect each of these factors and potentially impact our business performance.

Portfolio related net interest income is the largest contributor to our net income. We have grown our portfolio related net interest income by $2.0 million or 12.1% from $16.6 million for the quarter ended June 30, 2019 to $18.6 million for the quarter ended June 30, 2020. The growth in net interest income is largely attributable to our growth in loan originations until mid-March 2020, at which time we suspended originations due to the COVID-19 lockdown.

Our future performance will be impacted to the extent that we continue to suspend loan originations as we rely on new loans to offset maturities and prepayments in our existing portfolio. Loan originations remain suspended as of June 30, 2020. We are exploring new financing alternatives for future use when we determine to resume originating and purchasing loans.

The investor real estate loan market is highly competitive which could affect our profitability and growth. We believe we compete favorably through diversified borrower access driven by our extensive network of mortgage brokers and by emphasizing a high level of real estate and financial expertise, customer service, and flexibility in structuring transactions, as well as by attracting and retaining experienced managerial and marketing personnel. However, some of our competitors may be better positioned to market their services and financing programs because of their ability to offer more favorable rates and terms and other services.

Our primary funding sources have historically included cash from operations, warehouse ~~repurchase~~ facilities, term securitizations, corporate debt and equity. We believe we have an established brand in the term securitization market and that this market will continue to support our portfolio growth with long-term financing. Changes in macroeconomic conditions can adversely impact our ability to issue securitizations and, thereby, limit our options for long-term financing. In consideration of this potential risk, we have entered into a credit facility for longer-term financing that will provide us with capital resources to fund loan growth in the event we are not able to issue securitizations.

We underwrite and structure our loans to minimize potential losses. We believe our fully amortizing loan structures and avoidance of large balloon payments, coupled with meaningful borrower equity in properties, limit the probability of losses and that our proven in-house asset management capability allows us to minimize potential losses in situations where there is insufficient equity in the property. Our income is highly dependent upon borrowers making their payments and resolving delinquent loans as favorably as possible. Macroeconomic conditions can, however, impact credit trends in our core market and have an adverse impact on financial results.

The investor real estate loan market may be impacted by a wide range of macroeconomic factors such as interest rates, residential and commercial real estate prices, home ownership and unemployment rates, and availability of credit, among others. We believe our prudent underwriting, conservative loan structures and interest rate protections, and proven in-house asset management capability leave us well positioned to manage changing macroeconomic conditions.

	June 30, 2020				December 31, 2019			June 30, 2019			June 30, 2021				December 31, 2020			June 30, 2020
	($ in thousands)										($ in thousands)
Total loans	$	2,058,990			$	2,059,344		$	1,748,782		$	2,070,186			$	1,944,804		$	2,058,990
Loan count		6,294				6,373			5,503			6,125				5,878			6,294
Average loan balance	$	327			$	323		$	318		$	338			$	331		$	327
Weighted average loan-to-value		65.8	%			65.8	%		64.9	%		66.7	%			66.1	%		65.8	%
Weighted average coupon		8.60	%			8.69	%		8.66	%		8.29	%			8.51	%		8.60	%
Nonperforming loans (UPB)	$	329,132		(A)	$	141,607		$	112,073		$	315,542		(A)	$	332,813		$	329,132
Nonperforming loans (% of total)		15.99	%	(A)		6.88	%		6.41	%		15.24	%	(A)		17.11	%		15.99	%

Total Loans. Total loans reflects the aggregate UPB at the end of the period. It excludes deferred origination costs, acquisition discounts, fair value adjustments and allowance for credit losses.

Loan Count. Loan count reflects the number of loans at the end of the period. It includes all loans with an outstanding principal balance.

Average Loan Balance. Average loan balance reflects the average UPB at the end of the period (i.e., total loans divided by loan count).

Weighted Average Loan-to-Value. Loan-to-value, or LTV, reflects the ratio of the original loan amount to the appraised value of the underlying property at the time of origination. In instances where the LTV at origination is not available for an acquired loan, the LTV reflects our best estimate of value at the time of acquisition. Weighted average LTV is calculated for the population of loans outstanding at the end of each specified period using the original loan amounts and appraised LTVs at the time of origination of each loan. LTV is a key statistic because requiring the borrower to invest more equity in the collateral minimizes our exposure for future credit losses.

Nonperforming Loans. Loans that are 90 or more days past due, except for certain loans in our COVID-19 forbearance program, in bankruptcy, in foreclosure, or not accruing interest are considered nonperforming loans. The dollar amount of nonperforming loans presented in the table above reflects the UPB of all loans that meet this definition. In the last 7 years, over 90% of our resolved nonperforming loans have either paid current or fully paid off, resulting in a complete recapture of all contractual principal and interest and, in many cases, additional default interest and prepayment fees.

The following table presents new loan originations and acquisitions and includes average loan size, weighted average coupon and weighted average loan-to-value for the periods indicated:

($ in thousands)	Loan Count		Loan Balance		Average Loan Size		Weighted Average Coupon			Weighted Average LTV			Loan Count		Loan Balance		Average Loan Size		Weighted Average Coupon			Weighted Average LTV
Three Months Ended June 30, 2021:
Loan originations — held for investment														683		256,512		376		7.32	%		69.7	%
Loan originations — held for sale														—		—		—		(—	)%		(—	)%
Total loan originations														683	$	256,512	$	376		7.32	%		69.7	%
Loan acquisitions — held for investment														1		1,072		1,072		6.75	%		47.9	%
Total loans originated and acquired														684	$	257,584	$	377		7.32	%		69.6	%
Three Months Ended March 31, 2021:
Loan originations — held for investment														618		233,041		377		7.44	%		68.5	%
Loan originations — held for sale														—		—		—		(—	)%		(—	)%
Total loan originations														618	$	233,041	$	377		7.44	%		68.5	%
Loan acquisitions — held for investment														—		—		—		(—	)%		(—	)%
Total loans originated and acquired														618	$	233,041	$	377		7.44	%		68.5	%
Three Months Ended June 30, 2020:
Loan originations — held for investment		—		—		—		(—	)%		(—	)%		—		—		—		(—	)%		(—	)%
Loan originations — held for sale		—		—		—		(—	)%		(—	)%		—		—		—		(—	)%		(—	)%
Total loan originations		—	$	—	$	—		(—	)%		(—	)%		—		—		—		(—	)%		(—	)%
Loan acquisitions — held for investment		—		—		—		(—	)%		(—	)%		—		—		—		(—	)%		(—	)%
Total loans originated and acquired		—	$	—	$	—		(—	)%		(—	)%		—		—		—		(—	)%		(—	)%
Three Months Ended March 31, 2020:
Loan originations — held for investment		431	$	151,412	$	351		8.28	%		67.2	%
Loan originations — held for sale		316		96,223		305		9.75	%		68.2	%
Total loan originations		747	$	247,635	$	332		8.84	%		67.6	%
Loan acquisitions — held for investment		3		3,467		1,156		6.50	%		73.6	%
Total loans originated and acquired		750	$	251,102	$	335		8.81	%		67.7	%
Three Months Ended June 30, 2019:
Loan originations — held for investment		421		146,182		347		8.61	%		66.7	%
Loan originations — held for sale		235		67,204		286		10.14	%		67.1	%
Total loan originations		656		213,386		325		9.09	%		66.8	%
Loan acquisitions — held for investment		28		5,343		191		7.32	%		67.5	%
Total loans originated and acquired		684		218,729		320		9.05	%		66.8	%

During the second quarter of 2021, we originated $256.5 million of loans, which was an increase of $23.5 million, or 10.1% from the quarter ended March 31, 2021. We ~~have temporarily suspended our~~also acquired one loan ~~originations since late March~~with the amount of $1.1 million during the quarter ended June 30, 2021. Given the suspension of loan production from mid-March through early September 2020 due to the dislocation caused by ~~COVID-19.~~COVID-19, we had no loan originations during the quarter ended June 30, 2020.

Our total portfolio of loans held for investment consists of both loans held for investment at amortized cost, which are presented in the consolidated financial statements as loans held for investment, net, and loans held for investment at fair value, which are presented in the financial statements as loans held for investment at fair value. The following tables show the various components of loans held for investment as of the dates indicated:

(in thousands)	June 30, 2020			December 31, 2019			June 30, 2019			June 30, 2021			December 31, 2020			June 30, 2020
Unpaid principal balance	$	1,844,607		$	1,843,290		$	1,665,926		$	2,062,362		$	1,931,875		$	1,844,607
Valuation adjustments on FVO loans		(413	)		(444	)		(469	)		16			(2	)		(413	)
Deferred loan origination costs		25,801			25,714			23,345			26,708			23,600			25,801
Total loans held for investment, gross		1,869,995			1,868,560			1,688,802			2,089,086			1,955,473			1,869,995
Allowance for credit losses		(5,220	)		(2,240	)		(2,096	)		(3,963	)		(5,845	)		(5,220	)
Loans held for investment, net	$	1,864,775		$	1,866,320		$	1,686,706		$	2,085,123		$	1,949,628		$	1,864,775

The following table illustrates the contractual maturities for our loans held for investment in aggregate UPB and as a percentage of our total held for investment loan portfolio as of ~~June 30, 2020:~~

	June 30, 2020					June 30, 2021					December 31, 2020					June 30, 2020
($ in thousands)	UPB		%			UPB		%			UPB		%			UPB		%
Loans due in less than one year	$	2,158		0.1	%	$	131,576		6.4	%	$	100,025		5.2	%	$	2,158		0.1	%
Loans due in one to five years		2,655		0.1	%		14,588		0.7			79,398		4.1			2,655		0.1
Loans due in more than five years		1,839,794		99.8	%		1,916,198		92.9			1,752,452		90.7			1,839,794		99.8
Total loans held for investment	$	1,844,607		100.0	%	$	2,062,362		100.0	%	$	1,931,875		100.0	%	$	1,844,607		100.0	%

~~Although our charge-off rate remains low at 10bps~~For the March 31, 2021 CECL estimate, the Company considered a COVID-19 adverse stress scenario and a COVID-19 severe stress scenario, both with a five-quarter reasonable and supportable forecast period followed by a four-quarter straight-line reversion period. Management decided that using only the adverse stress scenario did not factor for the ~~three months ended~~unknown impact and success of the

COVID vaccine initiative and the accelerated reopening of schools and businesses. Management concluded that applying a 50% weight to the adverse stress scenario and a 50% weight to the severe stress scenario, was appropriate given the status of the pandemic at the end of March 2021. The various scenarios, the weighting of scenarios, as well as the forecast period and reversion to historical loss is subject to change as conditions in the market change and the Company’s ability to forecast economic events evolves.

For the June 30, ~~2020,~~2021 CECL estimate, due to the improvements in the U.S. economy tempered with the unknown impact from the COVID Delta variants in the second quarter of 2021, we ~~have increased our allowance for losses as a result~~decided it was no longer necessary to consider the 50% weighting of the ~~uncertainty caused~~COVID-19 adverse and severe stress scenarios. We instead used the COVID-19 adverse stress scenario with a five-quarter reasonable and supportable forecast period followed by a four-quarter straight-line reversion period. The various scenarios, the ~~COVID pandemic.~~ weighting of scenarios, as well as the forecast period and reversion to historical loss, is subject to change as conditions in the market change and the Company’s ability to forecast economic events evolves.

Our allowance for ~~credit~~loan losses ~~increased~~as of June 30, 2021 decreased to $4.0 million from $5.9 million as of March 31, 2021. Our allowance for loan losses as of June 30, 2021 decreased by ~~$3.1~~$1.2 million as compared to $5.2 million as of June 30, ~~2020, compared to $2.1 million as of June 30, 2019.~~2020. The ~~adoption of CECL effective January 1, 2020 contributed $137,000 to the increase in allowance for credit losses. $2.4 million of the $3.1 million increase~~decreases in allowance for credit losses was ~~attributed~~primarily attributable to the ~~impact on macroeconomic forecasts as a result~~improvements in the U.S. economy resulting from the reopening of ~~COVID-19 coronavirus outbreak. The remaining increase in allowance for credit losses was attributed to the increase~~businesses assumed in our loan ~~portfolio from June 30, 2019 to June 30, 2020.~~loss macroeconomic model projections. We strive to minimize actual credit losses through our rigorous screening and underwriting process, life of loan portfolio management and special servicing practices. Additionally, we believe borrower equity of 25% to 40% provides significant protection against credit losses.

To estimate the allowance for credit losses in our loans held for investment portfolio, we follow a detailed internal review process, considering a number of different factors including, but not limited to, our ongoing analyses of loans, historical loss rates, relevant environmental factors, relevant market research, trends in delinquencies, effects and changes in credit concentrations, and ongoing evaluation of fair values.

The following table illustrates the activity in our allowance for credit losses over the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,						Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020			2019			2020			2019			2021			2020			2021			2020
Allowance for credit losses:
Beginning balance, prior to adoption of ASC 326	$	3,496		$	1,916		$	2,240		$	1,680
Beginning balance													$	5,881		$	3,496		$	5,845		$	2,240
Impact of adopting ASC 326		-			—			137			—			—			—			—			137
Provision for loan losses		1,800			212			3,088			559			(1,000	)		1,800			(895	)		3,088
Charge-offs		(76	)		(32	)		(245	)		(143	)		(918	)		(76	)		(987	)		(245	)
Ending balance	$	5,220		$	2,096		$	5,220		$	2,096		$	3,963		$	5,220		$	3,963		$	5,220
Total loans held for investment (UPB), excluding FVO (1)	$	1,841,238		$	1,662,483		$	1,841,238		$	1,662,483		$	2,061,008		$	1,841,238		$	2,061,008		$	1,841,238
% of allowance for credit losses / loans held for investment, excluding FVO		0.28	%		0.13	%		0.28	%		0.13	%
Allowance for credit losses / loans held for investment, excluding FVO														0.19	%		0.28	%		0.19	%		0.28	%

Credit Quality – Loans Held for Investment and Loans Held for Investment at Fair Value

The following table provides delinquency information on our loans held for investment and loans held for investment at fair value by UPB as of the dates indicated:

	June 30, 2021 (A)				COVID-19 Forbearance		March 31, 2021 (A)				COVID-19 Forbearance		June 30, 2020 (A)				COVID-19 Forbearance
Performing/Accruing:
Current	$	1,645,019	79.8	%	$	227,682	$	1,528,684	76.8	%	$	234,365	$	1,186,267	64.3	%	$	11,545
30-59 days past due		69,165	3.4			14,947		67,100	3.4			20,473		121,320	6.6			36,889
60-89 days past due		32,484	1.6			9,148		59,700	3.0			34,451		145,976	7.9			99,774
90+ days past due		152	0.0			152		152	0.0			152		122,195	6.6			122,195
Total Performing Loans		1,746,820	84.7			251,929		1,655,636	83.2			289,441		1,575,758	85.4			270,403
Nonperforming/Nonaccrual:
<90 days past due		20,740	1.0			4,622		18,076	0.9			3,426		18,657	1.0			5,957
90+ days past due		50,637	2.4			19,330		72,303	3.6			29,314		136,577	7.4			12,397
Bankruptcy		17,659	0.9			6,560		15,226	0.8			3,126		8,668	0.5			—
In foreclosure		226,506	11.0			60,001		229,443	11.5			38,432		104,947	5.7			770
Total nonperforming loans		315,542	15.3			90,513		335,048	16.8			74,298		268,849	14.6			19,124
Total loans held for investment	$	2,062,362	100.0	%	$	342,442	$	1,990,684	100.0	%	$	363,739	$	1,844,607	100.0	%	$	289,527

June 30, 2020 (A)

COVID-19
Forbearance

March 31, 2020

June 30, 2019

Performing/Accruing:

Current

$
1,186,267

64.3
%

$
11,545

$
1,571,822

82.6
%

$
1,438,002

86.3
%
30-59 days past due

121,320

6.6

36,889

126,740

6.7

99,925

6.0

60-89 days past due

145,976

7.9

99,774

52,868

2.8

27,519

1.7

90+ days past due

122,195

6.6

122,195

—

—

—

—

Nonperforming/Nonaccrual:

<90 days past due

18,657

1.0

5,957

11,600

0.6

7,456

0.4

90+ days past due

136,577

7.4

12,397

42,529

2.2

12,533

0.8

Bankruptcy

8,668

0.5

—

9,463

0.5

8,259

0.5

In foreclosure

104,947

5.7

770

87,544

4.6

72,232

4.3

Total nonperforming loans

268,849

14.6

19,124

151,136

7.9

100,480

6.0

Total loans held for investment

$
1,844,607

100.0
%

$
289,527

$
1,902,566

100.0
%

$
1,665,926

100.0
%

Other than loans in the COVID-19 forbearance program, loans that are 90+ days past due, in bankruptcy, in foreclosure, or not accruing interest are considered nonperforming loans. Nonperforming loans were ~~$268.8~~$315.5 million or ~~14.6%~~15.3% of our held for investment loan portfolio as of June 30, ~~2020,~~2021, compared to ~~$151.1~~$335.0 million, or ~~7.9%~~16.8% as of March 31, ~~2020,~~2021, and ~~$100.5~~$268.8 million, or ~~6.0%~~14.6% of the held for investment loan portfolio as of June 30, ~~2019.~~2020. The ~~increase~~decrease in total nonperforming loans as of June 30, ~~2020~~2021 as compared to March 31, 2021 was primarily attributed to improved loan resolutions by our Special Servicing department, along with improvement in the ~~COVID-19 pandemic.~~U.S. economy. We believe the significant equity cushion at origination and the active management of loans will continue to minimize credit losses on the resolution of defaulted loans and disposition of REO properties.

Historically, most loans that become nonperforming resolve prior to converting to REO. This is due to low LTVs at origination and our active management of the portfolio. The following table summarizes the resolution activities of loans ~~originated by us~~ that became nonperforming prior to the beginning of the periods ~~indicated. Of~~indicatedor became nonperforming and subsequently resolved during the ~~$151.0~~periods indicated. We resolved $36.9 million ~~nonperforming loans as of March 31, 2020, we resolved~~and $26.3 million ~~or 17.4%~~of non-performing loans during the ~~quarter~~quarters ended June 30, ~~2020. During the quarter ended~~2021 and June 30, ~~2019,~~2020, respectively. Including REO resolutions, we ~~resolved $17.7 million, or 17.6% of the $100.4 million nonperforming loans as of March 31, 2019. We~~ realized net gains of $1.7 million and $0.5 million ~~and $0.3 million on these resolutions~~ duringthe ~~quarter~~quarters ended June 30, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019,~~2020, respectively. This is largely the result of collecting default interest and prepayment penalties in excess of the contractual interest due and collected.

The table below includes nonperforming loan resolutions for our long-term loans.

	Three Months Ended June 30, 2020								Three Months Ended June 30, 2019								Three Months Ended
Long-Term Loans																	June 30, 2021					March 31, 2021					June 30, 2020
($ in thousands)	UPB		% of Nonperforming UPB			Gain / (Loss)			UPB		% of Nonperforming UPB			Gain / (Loss)			UPB		Gain / (Loss)			UPB		Gain / (Loss)			UPB		Gain / (Loss)
Nonperforming UPB, beginning of period	$	151,137							$	100,399
Resolved — paid in full		6,658		4.4	%	$	336			5,789		5.8	%	$	173		$	21,925	$	1,446		$	15,961	$	795		$	6,658	$	336
Resolved — paid current		19,635		13.0	%		208			11,923		11.9	%		151			14,949		219			10,774		62			19,635		208
Resolved — REO sold																		947		(2	)		2,754		76			—		—
Total resolutions	$	26,293		17.4	%	$	544		$	17,712		17.6	%	$	324		$	37,821	$	1,663		$	29,489	$	933		$	26,293	$	544
Recovery rate on resolved nonperforming UPB							102.1	%							101.8	%				104.4	%				103.2	%				102.1	%

The table below includes nonperforming loan resolutions for our short-term loans, now being held for investment, and also includes loans that were granted a COVID-19 forbearance in 2020. Prior to January 1, 2021, nonperforming loan resolutions presented only consisted of long-term nonperforming loans held for investment since the short-term loans, or loans with a maturity of two-year or less, were being held for sale until later in 2020. The short-term loans do not require prepayment fees and usually result in a lower gain when paid in full, as compared to long term loans.

Our ~~actual losses~~charge-offs incurred have been small as a percentage of nonperforming loans held for investment. The table below shows our actual loan losses for the periods indicated.

	Three Months Ended				Three Months Ended				Year Ended			Six Months Ended				Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
($ in thousands)	June 30, 2020				March 31, 2020				December 31, 2019			June 30, 2021				March 31, 2021				June 30, 2020
Average nonperforming loans for the period (1)		289,940				144,883				111,427			334,120				333,239				289,940
Charge-offs		76				169				579			987				69				245
Charge-offs / Average nonperforming loans for the period (1)		0.10	%	(2)		0.47	%	(2)		0.52	%		0.59	%	(2)		0.08	%	(2)		0.17	%	(2)

As of June 30, ~~2020,~~2021, our held for investment loan portfolio was concentrated in investor 1-4 loans, representing ~~45.6%~~49.4% of the UPB. Mixed used properties represented ~~14.1% of the UPB and multifamily properties represented 10.5%~~14.2% of the UPB. No other property type represented more than 10.0% of our held for investment loan portfolio. By geography, the principal balance of our loans held for investment were concentrated ~~23.8%~~23.0% in New York, ~~22.3%~~22.2% in California, ~~12.2%~~13.3% in Florida, and ~~8.1%~~8.0% in New Jersey.

Property Type	June 30, 2020							June 30, 2021
($ in thousands)	Loan Count		UPB		% of Total UPB			Loan Count		UPB		% of Total UPB
Investor 1-4		3,179	$	841,076		45.6	%		3,589	$	1,018,714		49.4	%
Mixed use		687		259,675		14.1			762		292,575		14.2
Multifamily		463		193,206		10.5			438		183,849		8.9
Retail		413		177,608		9.6			429		183,233		8.9
Office		282		114,710		6.2			290		117,293		5.7
Warehouse		207		118,205		6.4			217		130,966		6.3
Other(1)		378		140,127		7.6			375		135,732		6.6
Total loans held for investment		5,609	$	1,844,607		100	%		6,100	$	2,062,362		100	%

Geography (State)	June 30, 2020							June 30, 2021
($ in thousands)	Loan Count		UPB		% of Total UPB			Loan Count		UPB		% of Total UPB
New York	929		$	438,268		23.8	%	973		$	474,576		23.0	%
California	901			411,550		22.3		901			457,399		22.2
Florida	793			224,940		12.2		906			274,277		13.3
New Jersey	596			149,965		8.1		626			164,840		8.0
Other(1)		2,390		619,884		33.6			2,694		691,270		33.5
Total loans held for investment		5,609	$	1,844,607		100	%		6,100	$	2,062,362		100	%

We started originating short-term, interest-only loans in March 2017, which we have historically aggregated and sold at a premium to par to institutional investors. In July, we securitized these loans and transferred them to loans held for investment. As of June 30, 2020, our portfolio of loans held for sale, which were carried at the lower of cost or estimated fair value consisted of 685 loans with an aggregate UPB of $214.4 million, and carried a weighted average original loan term of 19.0 months, a weighted average coupon of 9.9%, and a weighted average LTV at origination of 68.5%.

~~The following tables show the various components of loans held for sale as of the dates indicated:~~

As of June 30, 2020, our held for sale loan portfolio was entirely concentrated in investor 1-4 loans, representing 100.0% of the UPB. By geography, the principal balance of our loans held for sale were concentrated 31.3% in California, 10.0% in New York, 8.9% in Florida, 7.9% in Texas, 6.2% in New Jersey, and 5.6% in Georgia.

REO includes real estate we acquire through foreclosure or by deed-in-lieu of foreclosure. REO assets are initially recorded at fair value, less estimated costs to sell, on the date of foreclosure. Adjustments that reduce the carrying value of the loan to the fair value of the real estate at the time of foreclosure are recognized as charge-offs in the allowance for credit losses. Positive adjustments at the time of foreclosure are recognized in other operating income. After foreclosure, we periodically obtain new valuations and any subsequent changes to fair value, less estimated costs to sell, are reflected as valuation adjustments.

As of June 30, ~~2020,~~2021, our REO included 2840 properties with ana lower of cost or estimated fair value of ~~$15.6~~$20.0 million compared to 2431 properties with ana lower of cost or estimated fair value of ~~$13.1~~$14.5 million as of ~~December~~March 31, ~~2019.~~2021.

	Three Months Ended									Three Months Ended
($ in thousands)	June 30, 2020 (1)			March 31, 2020 (1)			June 30, 2019 (1)			June 30, 2021 (1)			March 31, 2021 (1)				June 30, 2020 (1)
Average loans	$	2,095,307		$	2,083,783		$	1,693,566		$	2,022,486		$	1,936,664			$	2,095,307
Portfolio yield		7.59	%		8.57	%		8.71	%		8.90	%		8.41	%			7.59	%
Average debt — portfolio related		1,831,867			1,889,668			1,504,764			1,710,276			1,662,170				1,831,867
Average debt — total company		1,909,867			1,984,136			1,632,357			1,876,611			1,770,535				1,909,867
Cost of funds — portfolio related		4.63	%		4.84	%		5.40	%		4.81	%		5.01	%			4.63	%
Cost of funds — total company ~~(2)~~		4.83	%		5.88	%		5.80	%		5.30	%		6.37	%	(2)		4.83	%
Net interest margin — portfolio related		3.54	%		4.18	%		3.91	%		4.83	%		4.10	%			3.54	%
Net interest margin — total company ~~(2)~~		3.18	%		2.97	%		3.12	%		3.98	%		2.59	%	(2)		3.18	%
Charge-offs		0.00	%		0.01	%		0.00	%
Charge-offs/Average loans held for investment											0.05	%		0.00	%			0.00	%
Pre-tax return on equity ~~(2)~~		4.94	%		6.62	%		13.07	%		22.57	%		8.27	%	(2)		4.94	%
Return on equity ~~(2)~~		4.03	%		4.58	%		9.28	%		16.56	%		6.10	%	(2)		4.03	%

Average loans reflects the daily average of total outstanding loans, including both loans held for investment and loans held for sale, as measured by UPB, over the specified time period.

Portfolio yield is an annualized measure of the total interest income earned on our loan portfolio as a percentage of average loans over the given period. Interest income includes interest earned on performing loans, cash interest received on nonperforming loans, default interest and prepayment fees. The ~~decrease~~fluctuations in our portfolio yield over the periods shown was primarily driven by ~~additional~~ loans placed on non-accrual ~~status.~~status during the periods.

Portfolio-related debt consists of borrowings related directly to financing our loan portfolio, which includes our warehouse ~~repurchase~~ facilities and securitizations. Total company debt consists of portfolio- related debt and corporate debt. The measures presented here reflect the monthly average of all portfolio- related and total company debt, as measured by outstanding principal balance, over the specified time period.

Our portfolio related cost of funds improved to 4.63% for the three months ended June 30, 2020 from 4.84% for the three months ended March 31, 2020, and from 5.4% for the three months ended June 30, 2019. The decrease in portfolio related cost of funds was the result of lower spreads paid to investors in our more recent securitizations.

Portfolio related cost of funds is an annualized measure of the interest expense incurred on our portfolio-related debt as a percentage of average portfolio-related debt outstanding over the given period. Total company cost of funds is an annualized measure of the interest expense incurred on our portfolio-related debt and corporate debt outstanding over the given period. Interest expense includes the amortization of expenses incurred in connection with our portfolio related financing activities and corporate debt. Through the issuance of long-term securitizations, we have been able to fix a significant portion of our borrowing costs over time. The strong credit performance on our securitizations has allowed us to issue debt at attractive rates.

Our portfolio related cost of funds decreased to 4.81% for the three months ended June 30, 2021 from 5.01% for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and increased from 4.63% for the three months ended June 30, 2020.

Our total company net interest margin increased from 2.97% for the three months ended March 31, 2020 to 3.18% for the three months ended June 30, 2020 as a result of the $75.0 million repayment of our corporate debt in January 2020.

Portfolio related net interest margin measures the difference between the interest income earned on our loan portfolio and the interest expense paid on our portfolio-related debt as a percentage of average loans over the specified time period. Total company net interest margin measures the difference between the interest income earned on our loan portfolio and the interest expense paid on our portfolio-related debt and corporate debt as a percentage of average loans over the specified time period.

Over the periods shown below, our portfolio related net interest margin increased from 4.10% for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 3.54% for the three months ended June ~~2019~~30, 2020 to ~~March 2020 mainly as a result of a reduction in our portfolio-related debt cost~~4.83% for the three months ended June 30, 2021 due to strong resolutions on nonperforming loans and a modest improvement in the lower cost of our most recent securitizations. In addition to achieving lower spreads in our more recent securitizations, we have also been able to utilize more favorable structures that will result in a lower and more stable cost of funds over the life of the securities. nonaccrual rate.

Our ~~portfolio related~~total company net interest margin ~~decreased~~increased to 3.98% for the three months ended June 30, 2021 from 3.18% and 2.59% for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and March ~~2020 to June 2020 mainly as a result of increased nonperforming loans due to the COVID-19 pandemic and, to a lesser extent, the seasoning of our loan portfolio.~~31, 2021, respectively.

The following tables show the average outstanding balance of our loan portfolio and portfolio-related debt, together with interest income and the corresponding yield earned on our portfolio, and interest expense and the corresponding rate paid on our portfolio-related debt for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended																						Three Months Ended
	June 30, 2020							March 30, 2020								June 30, 2019							June 30, 2021							March 31, 2021								June 30, 2020
			Interest		Average					Interest		Average						Interest		Average					Interest		Average					Interest		Average						Interest		Average
	Average		Income /		Yield /			Average		Income /		Yield /				Average		Income /		Yield /			Average		Income /		Yield /			Average		Income /		Yield /				Average		Income /		Yield /
($ in thousands)	Balance		Expense		Rate (1)			Balance		Expense		Rate (1)				Balance		Expense		Rate (1)			Balance		Expense		Rate (1)			Balance		Expense		Rate (1)				Balance		Expense		Rate (1)
Loan portfolio:
Loans held for sale	$	220,047						$	202,474							$	60,940						$	11,524						$	8,904							$	220,047
Loans held for investment		1,875,260							1,881,309								1,632,626							2,010,962							1,927,760								1,875,260
Total loans	$	2,095,307	$	39,755		7.59	%	$	2,083,783	$	44,637		8.57	%		$	1,693,566	$	36,884		8.71	%	$	2,022,486	$	44,978		8.90	%	$	1,936,664	$	40,707		8.41	%		$	2,095,307	$	39,755		7.59	%

Debt:
Warehouse and repurchase facilities	$	242,676		2,632		4.34	%	$	347,350	$	4,301		4.95	%		$	179,193	$	2,692		6.01	%
Warehouse facilities																							$	166,981		2,361		5.66	%	$	113,528		1,705		6.01	%	(4)	$	242,676	$	2,632		4.34	%
Securitizations		1,589,191		18,557		4.67	%		1,542,318		18,547		4.81	%			1,325,571		17,632		5.32	%		1,543,295		18,205		4.72	%		1,548,642		19,127		4.94	%			1,589,191		18,557		4.67	%
Total debt - portfolio related		1,831,867		21,189		4.63	%		1,889,668		22,848		4.84	%			1,504,764		20,324		5.40	%		1,710,276		20,566		4.81	%		1,662,170		20,832		5.01	%			1,831,867		21,189		4.63	%
Corporate debt		78,000		1,894		9.71	%		94,468		6,342		26.85	%	(4)		127,594		3,353		10.51	%		166,335		4,309		10.36	%		108,365		7,350		27.13	%	(5)		78,000		1,894		9.71	%
Total debt	$	1,909,867	$	23,083		4.83	%	$	1,984,136	$	29,190		5.88	%		$	1,632,357	$	23,677		5.80	%	$	1,876,611	$	24,875		5.30	%	$	1,770,535	$	28,182		6.37	%		$	1,909,867	$	23,083		4.83	%

Net interest spread - portfolio related (2)						2.96	%						3.73	%							3.31	%						4.08	%						3.39	%							2.96	%
Net interest margin - portfolio related						3.54	%						4.18	%							3.91	%						4.83	%						4.10	%							3.54	%

Net interest spread - total company (3)						2.75	%						2.68	%	(4)						2.91	%						3.59	%						2.04	%	(5)						2.75	%
Net interest margin - total company						3.18	%						2.97	%	(4)						3.12	%						3.98	%						2.59	%	(5)						3.18	%

Our annualized charge-off rate for the three months ended June 30, ~~2020 and~~2021 increased to 0.05% from 0.00% for the three months ended March 31, ~~2020 remained low at 0.1%~~2021 and ~~0.47%, respectively.~~June 30, 2020. The increase in the charge-off rate was primarily attributable to the increase in charge-offs during the three months ended June 30, 2021. The charge-offs rate reflects year-to-date annualized charge-offs as a percentage of average ~~nonperforming~~ loans held for ~~investment.~~investment for the respective quarter. We do not record charge-offs on our loans held for sale which are carried at the lower of cost or estimated fair value.

Pre-tax return on equity and return on equity reflect income before income taxes and net income, respectively, as a percentage of the monthly average of ~~stockholders/members’~~stockholders’ equity over the specified time period.

We accrue interest on the UPB of our loans in accordance with the individual terms and conditions of each loan, discontinuing interest and reversing previously accrued interest once a loan becomes 90 days or more past due (nonaccrual status). When a loan is placed on nonaccrual status, the accrued and unpaid interest is reversed as a reduction to interest income and accrued interest receivable. Interest income is subsequently recognized only to the extent that cash payments are received or when the loan has returned to accrual status. Payments received on nonaccrual loans are first applied to interest due, then principal. Interest accrual resumes once a borrower has made all principal and interest payments due, bringing the loan back to current status.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we implemented a COVID-19 forbearance program allowing customers to primarily defer payments for up to 90 days. We will continue to accrue interest on loans in the COVID-19 forbearance program that were less than 90 days past due at forbearance grant date. We will continue to evaluate the COVID-19 forbearance-granted loans on an individual basis to determine if a reserve should be established on the collectability of the accrued interest and whether any loans should be placed on nonaccrual status at a future date.

Interest income on loans held for investment is comprised of interest income on loans and prepayment fees less the amortization of deferred net costs related to the origination of loans. Interest income on loans held for sale is comprised of interest income earned on loans prior to their sale. The net fees and costs associated with loans held for sale are deferred as part of the carrying value of the loan and recognized as a gain or loss on the sale of the loan.

Portfolio related interest expense is incurred on the debt we incur to fund our loan origination and portfolio activities and consists of our warehouse ~~repurchase~~ facilities and securitizations. Portfolio related interest expense also includes the amortization of expenses incurred as a result of issuing the debt, which are amortized using the level yield method. Key drivers of interest expense include the debt amounts outstanding, interest rates, and the mix of our securitizations and warehouse liabilities.

Portfolio related net interest income represents the difference between interest income and portfolio related interest expense.

Interest expense on corporate debt primarily consists of interest expense paid with respect to the ~~2014 Senior Secured Notes~~2019 Term Loan and the ~~2019~~2021 Term Loan, as reflected on our consolidated ~~statement of financial condition,~~balance sheets, and the related amortization of deferred debt issuance costs.

Net interest income represents the difference between portfolio related net interest income and interest expense on corporate debt.

~~Provision for loan losses consists~~Effective January 1, 2020, we adopted ASU 2016-13 Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of ~~amounts charged to income during~~Credit Losses on Financial Instruments replacing the ~~period to maintain an estimated~~incurred loss accounting approach with the current expected credit loss (CECL) approach. Under the CECL methodology, the allowance for credit losses ~~or ACL, to provide for credit losses inherent in~~is calculated using a third-party model with our ~~existing portfolio~~historical loss rates by segment, loans position as of ~~loans held for investment (excluding those loans which we have elected to carry at fair value). The ACL consists of an allowance on loans that are assessed or evaluated individually,~~the balance sheet date, and ~~an allowance for loans evaluated collectively by segment. Loans 90 days or more delinquent, in bankruptcy, or in foreclosure, are evaluated individually, and these loans are excluded~~assumptions from ~~loans evaluated collectively by segment.~~us.

Gain on Disposition of Loans. When we sell a loan held for sale, we record a gain or loss that reflects the difference between the proceeds received for the sale of the loans and their respective carrying values. The gain or loss that we ultimately realize on the sale of our loans held for sale is primarily determined by the terms of the originated loans, current market interest rates and the sales price of the loans. In addition, when we transfer a loan to REO, we record the REO at its fair value at the time of the transfer. The difference between the fair value of the real estate and the carrying value of the loan is recorded as a gain or loss. Lastly, when our acquired loans, which were purchased at a discount, pay off, we record a gain related to the write-off of the remaining purchase discount.

Unrealized Gain/(Loss) on Fair Value Loans. We have elected to account for certain purchased distressed loans at fair value using FASB ASC Topic 825, Financial Instruments (ASC 825). We regularly estimate the fair value of these loans as discussed more fully in the notes to our consolidated financial statements. Changes in fair value subsequent to initial recognition of fair value loans are reported as unrealized gain/(loss) on fair value loans, a component of other operating income within the consolidated statements of ~~operations.~~income.

Unrealized Gains/(Losses) on Retained Interest Only Securities. As part of the proceeds received for the sale of our held for sale loans, we may receive an interest only security. Changes in fair value subsequent to initial recognition are reported as unrealized gains/(losses) on interest-only securities.

Valuation Allowance on Loans Held for Sale.Loans held for sale are carried at the lower of cost or estimated fair value. Adjustments to the carrying value of loans held for sale to estimate fair value are reported as valuation allowance.

Fee Income. In certain situations, we collect fee income by originating loans and realizing miscellaneous fees.

Compensation and Employee Benefits. Costs related to employee compensation, commissions and related employee benefits, such as health, retirement, and payroll taxes.

Rent and Occupancy. Costs related to occupying our locations, including rent, maintenance and property taxes.

Professional Fees. Costs related to professional services, such as external audits, legal fees, tax, compliance and outside consultants.

Real Estate Owned, Net. Costs related to our real estate owned, net, including gains/(losses) on disposition of REO, maintenance of REO properties, and taxes and insurance.

Other Operating Expenses. Other operating expenses consist of general and administrative costs such as, travel and entertainment, marketing, data processing, insurance and office equipment.

The provision for income taxes consists of the current and deferred U.S. federal and state income taxes we expect to pay, currently and in future years, with respect to the net income for the year. The amount of the provision is derived by adjusting our reported net income with various permanent differences. The tax- adjusted net income amount is then multiplied by the applicable federal and state income tax rates to arrive at the provision for income taxes.

The following table summarizes our consolidated results of operations for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended					Six Months Ended				Three Months Ended						Six Months Ended
($ in thousands)	June 30, 2020			June 30, 2019		June 30, 2020		June 30, 2019		June 30, 2021			June 30, 2020			June 30 2021				June 30, 2020
Interest income	$	39,755		$	36,884	$	84,391	$	73,028	$	44,978		$	39,755		$	85,685			$	84,391
Interest expense - portfolio related		21,189			20,324		44,036		39,387		20,566			21,189			41,399				44,036
Net interest income - portfolio related		18,566			16,560		40,355		33,641		24,412			18,566			44,286				40,355
Interest expense - corporate debt		1,894			3,353		8,237		6,706		4,309			1,894			11,658				8,237
Net interest income		16,672			13,207		32,118		26,935		20,103			16,672			32,628				32,118
Provision for loan losses		1,800			212		3,088		560
Net interest income after provision for loan losses		14,872			12,995		29,030		26,375
(Reversal of) provision for loan losses											(1,000	)		1,800			(895	)			3,088
Net interest income after (reversal of) provision for loan losses											21,103			14,872			33,523				29,030
Other operating income		(1,339	)		308		280		2,028		2,432			(1,339	)		5,233				280
Total operating expenses		10,908			8,324		22,959		16,823		10,650			10,908			21,267				22,959
Income before income taxes		2,625			4,979		6,351		11,580		12,885			2,625			17,489		��		6,351
Income tax expense		484			1,444		1,631		3,350		3,432			484			4,640				1,631
Net income	$	2,141		$	3,535	$	4,720	$	8,230	$	9,453		$	2,141		$	12,849			$	4,720

	Three Months Ended						Six Months Ended						Three Months Ended June 30,							Six Months Ended June 30,
($ in thousands)	June 30, 2020		June 30, 2019		$ Change		June 30, 2020		June 30, 2019		$ Change		2021		2020		$ Change			2021		2020		$ Change
Interest income	$	39,755	$	36,884	$	2,871	$	84,391	$	73,028	$	11,363	$	44,978	$	39,755	$	5,223		$	85,685	$	84,391	$	1,294
Interest expense - portfolio related		21,189		20,324		865		44,036		39,387		4,649		20,566		21,189	$	(623	)		41,399		44,036		(2,637	)
Net interest income - portfolio related	$	18,566	$	16,560	$	2,006	$	40,355	$	33,641	$	6,714	$	24,412	$	18,566	$	5,846		$	44,286	$	40,355	$	3,931

Portfolio related net interest income is the largest contributor to our net income. ~~We have grown our~~Our portfolio related net interest income increased by ~~$2.0~~$5.8 million from ~~$16.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019 to~~ $18.6 million for the three months ended June 30, ~~2020; and from $33.6~~2020 to $24.4 million for the ~~six~~three months ended June 30, ~~2019~~2021. The increase was driven by the increased recoveries from delinquent loans and lower non-accruals.

Interest Income. Interest income increased by $5.2 million to ~~$40.4~~$45.0 million ~~six~~for the three months ended June 30, 2020. The growth was due to the increase in originations in the last six months of 2019 and the first quarter of 2020, prior to the COVID-19 crisis. The pandemic caused a temporary suspension in originations starting in late March and has continued through the second quarter of 2020.

~~Interest Income.~~ ~~Interest income increased by $2.9 million~~2021, compared to $39.8 million for the three months ended June 30, ~~2020, compared~~2020. The increase is primarily attributable to ~~$36.9 million~~increase in the average loan yield, which increased from 7.59% for the three months ended June 30, ~~2019. The increase is primarily attributable~~2020 to ~~an increase in average loans, which increased $401.7 million from $1.7 billion~~8.9% for the three months ended June 30, ~~2019 to $2.1 billion for~~2021, primarily from the ~~three months ended June 30, 2020. The average yield over those same periods decreased~~receipt of nonperforming loan interest and default interest from ~~8.71% to 7.59% mainly~~the resolutions of loans that went nonperforming in 2020 due to the ~~increase in nonperforming loans due to COVID-19.~~COVID pandemic.

The following tables distinguish between the change in interest income attributable to change in volume and the change in interest income attributable to change in rate for the three months ended June 30, ~~2020~~2021 and March 31, ~~2020,~~2021, and the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019,~~2020, respectively. The effect of changes in volume is determined by multiplying the change in average loan balance by the previous period’s average yield. The effect of rate changes is calculated by multiplying the change in average yield by the current period’s average loan balance.

	Three Months Ended June 30, 2020 and March 31, 2020								Three Months Ended June 30, 2021 and 2020
($ in thousands)	Average Loans		Interest Income			Average Yield (1)			Average Loans			Interest Income			Average Yield (1)
Three months ended June 30, 2021									$	2,022,486		$	44,978			8.90	%
Three months ended June 30, 2020	$	2,095,307	$	39,755			7.59	%		2,095,307			39,755			7.59	%
Three months ended March 31, 2020		2,083,783		44,637			8.57	%
Volume variance		11,524		247						(72,821	)		(1,382	)
Rate variance				(5,129	)		(0.98	)%					6,605
Total interest income variance			$	(4,882	)							$	5,223			1.31	%
(1) Annualized.

	Six Months Ended June 30, 2020 and 2019								Six Months Ended June 30, 2021 and 2020
($ in thousands)	Average Loans		Interest Income			Average Yield (1)			Average Loans			Interest Income			Average Yield (1)
Six months ended June 30, 2021									$	1,979,575		$	85,685			8.66	%
Six months ended June 30, 2020	$	2,089,545	$	84,391			8.08	%		2,089,545			84,391			8.08	%
Six months ended June 30, 2019		1,659,782		73,028			8.80	%
Volume variance		429,763		18,909						(109,970	)		(4,441	)
Rate variance				(7,546	)		(0.72	)%					5,735
Total interest income variance			$	11,363								$	1,294			0.58	%
(1) Annualized.

Interest Expense — Portfolio Related. Portfolio related interest expense decreased by 0.21% to 4.63% for the three months ended June 30, 2020 from 4.84% for the three months ended March 31, 2020, and decreased by 0.78% from 5.4% for the three months ended June 30, 2019 as a result of recent lower costs securitizations. Portfolio related interest expense consists of interest incurred on our warehouse facilities and ~~securitizations. The $1.7 million decrease~~securitizations, which decreased by 0.20% to 4.81% for the three months ended June 30, 2021 from ~~$22.8 million~~5.01% for the three months ended March 31, ~~2020 to~~2021, as a result of lower interest rates on more recent securitizations. The $0.6 million decrease from $21.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 ~~was primarily due~~ to ~~the decrease in cost of funds and the decrease in warehouse repurchase facilities balance. The $0.9 million increase from $20.3~~$20.6 million for the three months ended June 30, ~~2019~~2021 was primarily attributable to ~~$21.2 million~~the decrease in our average debt which declined to $1.7 billion for the three months ended June 30, 2021 from $1.8 billion for the three months ended June 30, 2020, ~~was primarily attributable to the increase in securitizations financing increased loan volume,~~ offset by the decrease in cost of funds which decreased to 4.63% for the three months ended June 30, 2020 from 5.40% for the three months ended June 30, 2019. The decrease in cost of funds was primarily due to the addition of lower-cost pro-rata securitizations and the paydown of older higher-cost sequential securitizations.higher interest rate.

The following tables present information regarding the portfolio related interest expense and distinguishes between the dollar amount of change in interest expense attributable to changes in the average outstanding debt balance (volume) versus changes in cost of funds (rate) for the three months ended June 30, ~~2020~~2021 and March 31, ~~2020,~~2021, and the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, ~~and 2019,~~ respectively.

	Three Months Ended June 30, 2020 and March 31, 2020									Three Months Ended June 30, 2021 and March 31, 2021
($ in thousands)	Average Debt (1)			Interest Expense			Cost of Funds (2)			Average Debt (1)		Interest Expense			Cost of Funds (2)
Three months ended June 30, 2020	$	1,831,867		$	21,189			4.63	%
Three months ended March 31, 2020		1,889,668			22,848			4.84	%
Three months ended June 30, 2021										$	1,710,276	$	20,567			4.81	%
Three months ended March 31, 2021											1,662,170		20,832			5.01	%
Volume variance		(57,801	)		(699	)					48,106		603
Rate variance					(960	)		(0.21	)%				(868	)
Total interest income variance				$	(1,659	)
(1) Includes securitizations and warehouse repurchase agreements.
Total interest expense variance												$	(265	)		(0.20	)%
(1) Includes securitizations and warehouse agreements.
(2) Annualized.

	Three Months Ended June 30, 2020 and 2019								Three Months Ended June 30, 2021 and 2020
($ in thousands)	Average Debt (1)		Interest Expense			Cost of Funds (2)			Average Debt (1)			Interest Expense			Cost of Funds (2)
Three months ended June 30, 2021									$	1,710,276		$	20,567			4.81	%
Three months ended June 30, 2020	$	1,831,867	$	21,189			4.63	%		1,831,867			21,189			4.63	%
Three months ended June 30, 2019		1,504,764		20,324			5.40	%
Volume variance		327,103		4,418						(121,591	)		(1,406	)
Rate variance				(3,553	)		(0.78	)%					784
Total interest income variance			$	865
(1) Includes securitizations and warehouse repurchase agreements.
(2) Annualized.
Total interest expense variance												$	(622	)		0.18	%

	Three Months Ended							Six Months Ended						Three Months Ended June 30,								Six months ended June 30,
($ in thousands)	June 30, 2020		June 30, 2019		$ Change			June 30, 2020		June 30, 2019		$ Change		2021			2020		$ Change			2021			2020		$ Change
Net interest income - portfolio related	$	18,566	$	16,560	$	2,006		$	40,355	$	33,641	$	6,714	$	24,412		$	18,566	$	5,846		$	44,286		$	40,355	$	3,931
Interest expense - corporate debt		1,894		3,353		(1,459	)		8,237		6,706		1,531		4,309			1,894		2,415			11,658			8,237		3,421
Net interest income		16,672		13,207		3,465			32,118		26,935		5,183		20,103			16,672		3,431			32,628			32,118		510
Provision for loan losses		1,800		212		1,588			3,088		560		2,528
Net interest income after provision for loan losses	$	14,872	$	12,995	$	1,877		$	29,030	$	26,375	$	2,655
(Reversal of) provision for loan losses															(1,000	)		1,800		(2,800	)		(895	)		3,088		(3,983	)
Net interest income after (reversal of) provision for loan losses														$	21,103		$	14,872	$	6,231		$	33,523		$	29,030	$	4,493

Interest Expense — Corporate Debt. Corporate debt interest expense ~~decreased~~increased by ~~$1.5~~$2.4 million ~~from~~and $3.4 million for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2019~~2021, respectively, primarily due to ~~$1.9~~an increase in the corporate debt amount from $78.0 million as of June 30, 2020 to $173.0 million as of June 30, 2021.

(Reversal of) provision for Loan Losses. Our provision for loan losses decreased from provision of $1.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 ~~primarily due~~ to the outstanding balance being lower by $49.6 million. Corporate debt interest expense increased by $1.5 million in the six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2019, due to the one-time amortizationreversal of ~~$3.5 million debt issuance costs and $0.3 million prepayment fees paid in January 2020 as a result of a $75 million debt principal paydown with IPO proceeds~~.

~~Provision for Loan Losses~~.~~Our provision for loan losses increased by $1.6 million from $0.2~~$1.0 million for the three months ended June 30, ~~2019 to $1.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020. The increase was~~2021, primarily due to ~~additional reserves in response to the increased severity of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has caused significant disruption in business activity and the financial markets both globally and~~a more optimistic macroeconomic forecast based on an improvement in the ~~United States. We have increased our provision for loan losses in response to the expected impact of the pandemic on the~~U.S. economy. The provision for loan losses increased by $2.5 million from $0.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 to $3.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020, mainly attributable to adverse business conditions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

The ~~table below presents~~$3.7 million and $4.9 million increase during the ~~various components~~three and six months ended June 30, 2021 was primarily attributable to increase in gain on disposition of ~~other~~loans and the decrease in unrealized loss on interest-only strips and loans held for sale.

Total operating ~~income~~expenses decreased by $0.3 million to $10.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2021 from $10.9 million for three months ended June 30, 2020, primarily due to the $1.3 million decrease in compensation and employee benefits, offset by the $0.6 million increase in real estate owned expenses. For the six months ended June 30, 2021, total operating expenses decreased by $1.7 million compared to the same period in 2020. The decrease was primarily attributable to the $1.2 million and $0.4 million decreases in compensation and employee benefits and professional fees, respectively.

Compensation and Employee Benefits. Compensation and employee benefits decreased to $4.5 million and $9.7 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively, from $5.8 million and $10.9 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, ~~and 2019,~~ respectively. The ~~$1.6 million decrease~~decreases were primarily attributable to the deferral of direct loan origination related compensation. The deferral was significantly less in 2020 due to the temporary suspension of loan origination resulting from ~~income of $0.3~~the COVID-19 pandemic.

RentandOccupancy. Rentandoccupancyexpenses remained consistentat $0.4 million for the three months ended June 30, ~~2019 to expense of $1.3~~2021 and 2020, and at $0.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020.

LoanServicing. Loan servicing expenses increased from $1.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 ~~was driven by higher amortization expense from retained interest only strips and lower gain on sale because we chose not~~ to ~~sell HFS loans. The $1.7~~$1.9 million ~~decrease from $2.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 to $0.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 is primarily higher amortization of interest-only strips.~~

~~Total operating expenses increased by $2.6 million to $10.9 million for~~ the three months ended June 30, ~~2020 from $8.3 million for three months ended June 30, 2019. For six months ended June 30, 2020, total operating~~2021. The expenses increased by $6.1 million compared to the same period in 2019. The increases are primarily attributable to direct loan origination costs included in the Compensation and Servicing lines in the table below that were deferred in 2019 in accordance with U.S. GAAP and amortized over the lives of new loan originations but were expensed in 2020 due to the suspension of loan production.

~~Compensation and Employee Benefits. Compensation and employee benefits~~also increased from $3.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019 to $5.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020; and increased from $7.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 to $10.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 primarily due to the recognition of all compensation expenses, as opposed to in prior periods, we deferred some direct origination expenses associated with new originations.

~~Rent and Occupancy. Rentandoccupancyexpenses slightlyincreasedfor thethree months ended June 30, 2020 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2019. The$0.2million increase to $0.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to the same period in 2019 is~~ ~~due~~ toan~~increase~~in~~officespace.~~

~~Loan Servicing~~. Loan servicing expenses increased from $1.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019 to $1.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020. The increase from $3.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 to $3.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 ~~is due~~ to ~~the increase in our loan portfolio.~~

~~Professional Fees. Professional fees increased from $0.5~~$3.8 million for the ~~three~~six months ended June 30, ~~2019~~2021. The increases were primarily attributable to more loans included in the securitizations at a higher servicing cost.

ProfessionalFees.Professional fees increased from $0.6 million for the three months ended June 30, ~~2020; and increased from $1.2~~2020 to $0.8 million for the ~~six~~three months ended June 30, ~~2019~~2021, mainly due to increases in consulting fees and legal costs. Professional fees decreased from $1.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 to $1.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021, mainly due to ~~our growth and increased~~the costs ~~as a public company.~~incurred for the IPO in early 2020.

NetExpensesofRealEstateOwned.Net expenses of real estate owned ~~decreased~~increased from ~~$0.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019 to~~ $0.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 to $1.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2021, mainly due to ~~an increase in rental income and gain on sale of REO, as well as a decrease in REO expenses.~~adjustments from lower valuations. Net real estate costs ~~increased from $0.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 to~~remained consistent at $1.5 million for the six months ended June 30, ~~2020 mainly due to higher valuation adjustments, partly offset by higher gain on sale~~2021 and ~~rental income.~~2020.

OtherOperatingExpenses. Other operating expenses ~~increased from $1.5~~remained consistent at approximately $1.9 million for the three months ended 2021 and 2020.

Income Tax Expense. Income tax expense was $3.4 million and $0.5 million for the three months ended June 30, ~~2019 to $1.8~~2021 and 2020, and $4.6 million ~~for the three months ended June 30, 2020;~~ and ~~increased from $3.2~~$1.6 million for the six months ended June 30, ~~2019 to $4.2 million for the six months ended June 30,~~2021 and 2020, ~~primarily due to the increase in directors’ and officers’ insurance expenses related to becoming a publicly traded company, as well as SEC filing fees.~~

~~Income Tax Expense.~~ ~~Income tax expense was $0.5 million and $1.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, and $1.6 million and $3.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019,~~ respectively. Our consolidated effective tax rate as a percentage of pre-tax income was ~~18.4%~~26.5% and ~~29.0% for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, and~~ 25.7% ~~and 28.9%~~ for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

The following table sets forth certain financial information for each completed fiscal quarter since the quarter ended September 30, 2019. The quarterly information has been prepared on the same basis as the consolidated financial statements and ~~2019, respectively.~~includes all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) that, in the opinion of management, are necessary for a fair presentation of the information presented. This information should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report. Operating results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for a full fiscal year.

The ~~effective tax rate~~following tables set for our unaudited quarterly results for the ~~three and six months ended June 30, 2020 were lower compared to the same~~ periods ~~in 2019 due to a FIN 48 reserve in 2019 which increased the effective tax rate.~~indicated:

	Three Months Ended
	June 30, 2021			March 31, 2021			December 31, 2020			September 30, 2020			June 30, 2020			March 31, 2020			December 31, 2019			September 30, 2019
	(in thousands)
	(unaudited)
Interest income	$	44,978		$	40,707		$	41,556		$	41,374		$	39,755		$	44,637		$	44,124		$	40,379
Interest expense - portfolio related		20,566			20,832			21,442			22,347			21,189			22,848			22,689			21,827
Net interest income - portfolio related		24,412			19,875			20,114			19,027			18,566			21,789			21,435			18,552
Net interest margin - portfolio related		4.83	%		4.10	%		4.07	%		3.77	%		3.54	%		4.18	%		4.32	%		4.06	%
Interest expense - corporate debt		4,309			7,350			1,900			1,913			1,894			6,342			4,070			3,842
Net interest income		20,103			12,525			18,214			17,114			16,672			15,447			17,365			14,710
Net interest margin - total company		3.98	%		2.59	%		3.68	%		3.39	%		3.18	%		2.97	%		3.50	%		3.22	%
Provision for loan losses		(1,000	)		105			406			1,573			1,800			1,290			242			338
Net interest income after provision for loan losses		21,103			12,420			17,808			15,541			14,872			14,157			17,123			14,372
Other operating income (expense)		2,432			2,801			4,691			1,349			(1,339	)		1,620			833			(212	)
Operating expenses		10,650			10,617			10,746			11,865			10,908			12,050			9,814			8,484
Income before income taxes		12,885			4,604			11,753			5,025			2,625			3,727			8,142			5,676
Income tax expense		3,432			1,208			2,177			1,544			484			1,148			2,960			1,796
Net income	$	9,453		$	3,396		$	9,576		$	3,481		$	2,141		$	2,579		$	5,182		$	3,880

We fund our lending activities primarily through borrowings under our warehouse facilities, securitizations, ~~members’ equity and~~ other corporate-level debt, equity, ~~and~~ debt securities, and net cash provided by operating activities to manage our business. We use cash to originate and acquire investor real estate loans, repay principal and interest on our borrowings, fund our operations and meet other general business needs.

As a result of the spread of the COVID-19, economic uncertainties have arisen which have negatively impacted our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. We have executed a number of business initiatives to strengthen our liquidity and capital resources position in light of the impact of COVID-19, including the following:

We had cash of $27.7 million and $9.8 million, excluding restricted cash of $7.9 million and ~~$14.1~~$6.7 million as of June 30, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019,~~2020, respectively. Thefollowingtablesummarizesthenetcashprovidedby ~~(used~~ (usedin)operatingactivities,investing activitiesandfinancingactivitiesasoftheperiodsindicated:

	Six Months Ended						Six Months Ended
($ in thousands)	June 30, 2020			June 30, 2019			June 30, 2021			June 30, 2020
Cash provided by (used in):
Operating activities	$	23,740		$	9,205		$	20,896		$	23,740
Investing activities		2,704			(127,949	)		(139,644	)		2,704
Financing activities		(37,458	)		117,714			134,117			(37,458	)
Net change in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	(11,014	)	$	(1,030	)	$	15,369		$	(11,014	)

Cash flows from operating activities primarily includes net income adjusted for (1) cash used for origination and purchase of held for sale loans and the related cash proceeds from the sales of such loans, (2) non-cash items including depreciation, provision for loan loss, discount accretion, and valuation changes, and (3) changes in the balances of operating assets and liabilities.

For the six months ended June 30, ~~2020,~~2021, our net cash provided ~~from~~by operating activities consisted mainly of ~~$80.9~~$10.2 million ~~in cash proceeds from sales~~add-back of ~~held for sale loans~~noncash debt issuance discounts and ~~$18.8 million in cash received from repayments on held for sale loans, partially offset by $96.1 million in cash used to originate held for sale loans.~~costs amortization and net income of $12.8 million.

For the six months ended June 30, ~~2020,~~2021, our net cash ~~provided by~~used in investing activities consisted mainly of ~~$153.6~~$496.5 million in cash used to originate held for investment loans, partially offset by ~~$164.0~~$274.0 million in cash received in payments on held for investment loans and $82.8 million in proceeds from sale of loans.

For the six months ended June 30, ~~2020,~~2021, our net cash ~~used in~~provided by financing activities consisted mainly of ~~$250.4~~$414.0 million ~~and $341.9 million~~ in ~~cash from~~ borrowings from our warehouse and repurchase facilities, $251.3 million in proceeds of asset-backed securities issued, and ~~securitizations issued, respectively;~~$175.0 million in proceeds from ~~IPO of $100.8 million; and net proceeds from issuance of preferred stock of $41.0 million. This~~secured financing. The cash generated was partially offset by payments we made of ~~$511.7~~$337.3 million and ~~$180.0~~$273.8 million on our warehouse and repurchase facilities repayments and ~~securitizations~~asset-backed securities issued repayments, respectively.

During the six months ended June 30, 2021, we generated approximately $15.4 million of net cash and cash equivalents from operations, investing and financing activities. During the six months ended June 30, 2020, we used approximately $11.0 million of net cash and cash equivalents ~~from operations, investing and financing activities. During six months ended June 30, 2019, we used approximately $1.0 million of net cash and cash equivalents from~~in operations, investing and financing activities.

As of June 30, ~~2020,~~2021, we had ~~two~~four non-mark-to-market warehouse facilities to support our loan origination and acquisition facilities. One agreement is a two-year warehouse repurchase ~~agreements to finance loans pending securitization. Both~~facility, two agreements are ~~short-term borrowing facilities.~~ one-year warehouse repurchase facilities and one agreement is a three-year warehouse facility. The borrowings are collateralized by ~~pools of~~ primarily performing loans, bearing interest at one-month LIBOR with a 0.75% floor plus a margin that ranges from 2.75% to ~~3.00%~~3.50%. ~~Borrowings~~Borrowing under these facilities was $150.2 million with $299.8 million of available capacity under our warehouse and repurchase facilities ~~were $158.6 million and $417.2 million~~ as of June 30, ~~2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.~~

In addition to the two warehouse repurchase agreements, we also have a longer term warehouse agreement, which was added in September 2018. The borrowings are collateralized by pools of primarily performing loans, with a maximum borrowing capacity of $50 million, bearing interest at one-month LIBOR plus a margin of 3.50%. The warehouse agreement has a maturity date of September 12, 2021 and allows loans to be financed for a period of up to three years. Borrowings under this warehouse agreement were zero and $2.5 million as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.2021.

All warehouse facilities fund less than 100% of the principal balance of the mortgage loans we own requiring us to use working capital to fund the remaining portion. We may need to use additional working capital if loans become delinquent, because the amount permitted to be financed by the facilities may change based on the delinquency performance of the pledged collateral.

All borrower payments on loans financed under the warehouse agreements are segregated into pledged accounts with the loan servicer. All principal amounts in excess of the interest due are applied to reduce the outstanding borrowings under the warehouse ~~repurchase~~ facilities. The warehouse ~~repurchase~~ facilities also contain customary covenants, including financial covenants that require us to maintain minimum liquidity, a minimum net worth, a maximum debt-to- net worth ratio and a ratio of a minimum earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization to interest expense. If we fail to meet any of the covenants or otherwise default under the

facilities, the lenders have the right to terminate their facility and require immediate repayment, which may require us to sell our loans at less than optimal terms. As of June 30, ~~2020,~~2021, we were in compliance with these covenants.

~~On April 6, 2020,~~ we entered into amendments to the master repurchase agreements on both of our warehouse repurchase agreements with the lenders under such agreements. Each of these agreements were completely paid down with the 2020-MC1 securitization that closed in July.Pursuant to the terms of the warehouse repurchase amendments, (i) we must maintain unrestricted cash and cash equivalents of at least $7.5 million, (ii) we were required to make aggregate payments of $20.0 million to reduce our obligations under the warehouse repurchase agreements on April 6, 2020, and (iii) we ensured that payments of at least $3.0 million per month were made to each lender, from the cash flow of the underlying financed loans and/or corporate cash each month from April 6 through August 3, 2020, in reduction of its obligations thereunder. In addition, the interest rate under each warehouse repurchase facility was increased by 25 basis points, effective as of April 6, 2020.

We successfully issued two securitizations, June and July, that resulted in approximately $273.0 million in proceeds that were used to fully pay off our existing warehouse lines. As of July 31, 2020, all of our loans are securitized with long-term financing.

From May 2011 through ~~June 2020,~~March 2021, we have completed ~~fourteen~~sixteen securitizations of ~~$3.1~~$3.7 billion of investor real estate loans, issuing ~~$2.9~~$3.3 billion in principal amount of securities to third parties through ~~fourteen~~fifteen respective transactions. All borrower payments are segregated into remittance accounts at the primary servicer and remitted to the trustee of each trust monthly. We are the sole beneficial interest holder of the applicable trusts, which are variable interest entities included in our consolidated financial statements. The transactions are accounted for as secured borrowings under U.S. GAAP. The following table summarizing the investor real estate loans securitized, securities issued, securities retained by us at the time of the securitization, and as of June 30, ~~2020~~2021 and December 31, ~~2019,~~2020, and the stated maturity for each securitization. The securities are callable by us when the stated principal balance is less than a certain percentage, ranging from 5%—30%, of the original stated principal balance of loans at issuance. As a result, the actual maturity date of the securities issued will likely be earlier than their respective stated maturity date.

($ in thousands)					Securities Retained as of											Equity in Securities Retained as of
Trusts	Mortgage Loans		Securities Issued		Issuance Date		June 30, 2020		December 31, 2019		Stated Maturity Date	Mortgage Loans		Securities Issued		Issuance Date		June 30, 2021		December 31, 2020		Stated Maturity Date
2011-1 Trust(1)	$	74,898	$	61,042	$	13,856	$	—	$	—	August 2040	$	74,898	$	61,042	$	13,856	$	—	$	—	August 2040
2014-1 Trust		191,757		161,076		30,682		—		—	September 2044		191,757		161,076		30,682		—		—	September 2044
2015-1 Trust		312,829		285,457		27,372		15,521		15,569	July 2045		312,829		285,457		27,372		15,524		15,522	July 2045
2016-1 Trust		358,601		319,809		38,792		17,931		17,931	April 2046		358,601		319,809		38,792		17,636		17,931	April 2046
2016-2 Trust		190,255		166,853		23,402		9,514		9,514	October 2046		190,255		166,853		23,402		9,514		9,514	October 2046
2017-1 Trust		223,064		211,910		11,154		11,154		11,154	April 2047		223,064		211,910		11,154		11,154		11,154	April 2047
2017-2 Trust		258,528		245,601		12,927		7,480		8,293	October 2047		258,528		245,601		12,927		4,757		6,232	October 2047
2018-1 Trust		186,124		176,816		9,308		6,486		6,884	April 2048		186,124		176,816		9,308		3,640		6,015	April 2048
2018-2 Trust		324,198		307,988		16,210		11,465		12,853	October 2048		324,198		307,988		16,210		8,141		9,762	October 2048
2019-1 Trust		247,979		235,580		12,399		11,540		11,767	March 2049		247,979		235,580		12,399		7,517		11,540	March 2049
2019-2 Trust		217,921		207,020		10,901		9,728		10,491	July 2049		217,921		207,020		10,901		6,754		9,728	July 2049
2019-3 Trust		162,546		154,419		8,127		7,267		7,913	October 2049		162,546		154,419		8,127		5,651		6,441	October 2049
2020-1 Trust		261,859		248,700		13,159		13,085		—	February 2050		261,859		248,700		13,159		12,845		13,085	February 2050
2020-2 Trust		128,470		96,352		32,118		32,118		—	June 2050		128,470		96,352		32,118		12,847		12,847	June 2050
2020-MC1 Trust													275,956		179,371		96,585		103,604		98,260	July 2050
2021-1 Trust													264,528		251,301		13,227		13,199		—	May 2051
Total	$	3,139,029	$	2,878,623	$	260,407	$	153,289	$	112,367		$	3,679,513	$	3,309,295	$	370,219	$	232,783	$	228,031

The following table summarizes outstanding bond balances for each securitization as of June 30, ~~2020~~2021 and December 31, ~~2019:~~

($ in thousands)	June 30, 2020		December 31, 2019		June 30, 2021		December 31, 2020
2014-1 Trust	$	26,659	$	31,139	$	19,973	$	23,391
2015-1 Trust		44,394		50,631		24,852		36,966
2016-1 Trust		67,333		86,901		43,925		57,963
2016-2 Trust		52,341		63,983		34,440		45,195
2017-1 Trust		88,950		113,540		55,648		72,910
2017-2 Trust		146,611		163,295		101,179		129,478
2018-1 Trust		118,605		134,700		79,377		102,063
2018-2 Trust		219,591		247,580		175,943		200,451
2019-1 Trust		200,484		214,709		159,345		181,579
2019-2 Trust		183,578		200,345		141,446		158,199
2019-3 Trust		137,789		150,725		112,848		127,045
2020-1 Trust		240,334		—		199,267		220,052
2020-2 Trust		95,963		—		97,601		109,832
2020-MC1 Trust						84,454		137,794
2021-1 Trust						250,109		—
	$	1,622,632	$	1,457,548	$	1,580,407	$	1,602,918

As of June 30, ~~2020~~2021 and December 31, ~~2019,~~2020, the weighted average rate on the securities and certificates for the Trusts were as follows:

	June 30, 2020			December 31, 2019			June 30, 2021			December 31, 2020
2014-1 Trust		7.29	%		8.33	%		7.86	%		7.46	%
2015-1 Trust		7.12	%		6.37	%		7.63	%		7.20	%
2016-1 Trust		7.42	%		6.75	%		8.12	%		7.78	%
2016-2 Trust		6.34	%		5.59	%		7.08	%		6.63	%
2017-1 Trust		4.79	%		4.56	%		6.02	%		5.31	%
2017-2 Trust		3.34	%		3.50	%		3.33	%		3.42	%
2018-1 Trust		4.01	%		3.95	%		4.02	%		4.04	%
2018-2 Trust		4.49	%		4.44	%		4.48	%		4.48	%
2019-1 Trust		4.04	%		4.00	%		4.06	%		4.01	%
2019-2 Trust		3.41	%		3.44	%		3.51	%		3.48	%
2019-3 Trust		3.27	%		3.27	%		3.28	%		3.26	%
2020-1 Trust		2.85	%		—			2.86	%		2.83	%
2020-2 Trust		4.50	%		—			4.44	%		4.55	%
2020-MC1 Trust								4.43	%		4.50	%
2021-1 Trust								1.73	%		—

Our intent is to use the proceeds from the issuance of new securities primarily to repay our warehouse borrowings and originate new investor real estate loans in accordance with our underwriting guidelines, as well as for general corporate purposes. Our financing sources may include borrowings in the form of additional bank credit facilities (including term loans and revolving credit facilities), ~~repurchase~~ agreements, warehouse ~~repurchase~~ facilities and other sources of private financing. We also plan to continue using securitization as long-term financing for our portfolio, and we do not plan to structure any securitizations as sales or utilize off-balance-sheet vehicles. We believe any financing of assets and/or securitizations we may undertake will be sufficient to fund our working capital requirements.

On ~~April 7, 2020,~~ ~~we sold 45,000 shares~~February 5, 2021, the Company entered into a five-year $175.0 million syndicated corporate debt agreement, the (“2021 Term Loan”). The 2021 Term Loan bears interest at a rate equal to one-month LIBOR plus 8.00% with a 1.00% LIBOR floor, and matures on February 4, 2026. The principal of ~~Preferred Stock~~the 2021 Term Loan amortizes quarterly at an annual rate of 2.50% for the first year and ~~Warrants to purchase 3,013,125 shares~~5.00% per year thereafter. A portion of ~~our common stock in a private placement to two of our largest stockholders. These offerings resulted in~~the net proceeds ~~of $43.2 million.~~

~~Beginning on October 5, 2022, but in no event later than November 28, 2024, each holder of Preferred Stock has~~from the ~~option~~2021 Term Loan was used to ~~cause us to repurchase~~redeem all ~~or a~~the outstanding 2019 Term Loan. The remaining portion of ~~such holder’s shares of Preferred Stock,~~the net proceeds from the 2021 Term Loan is used for an amount in cash equal to the liquidation preference of each share repurchased. The Preferred Stock has a liquidation preference equal to the greater of (i) $2,000 per share from April 7, 2020 through October 5, 2022, which amount increases ratably to $3,000 per share between October 6, 2022loan originations and November 28, 2024 and to $3,000 per share from and after November 28, 2024 and (ii) the amount such Preferred Stock holder would have received if the Preferred Stock had converted into common stock immediately prior to such liquidation. We also have an obligation to repurchase the Preferred Stock for cash at a price per share equal to the liquidation preference in the event of a change of control (as defined in the certificate of designation governing the Preferred Stock).general corporate purposes.

In August 2019, we entered into a five-year $153.0 million corporate debt agreement. This 2019 Term Loan bore interest equal to one-month LIBOR plus 7.50% and was to mature in August 2024. A portion of the net proceeds from the 2019 Term Loan was used to redeem the 2014 Senior Secured Notes. Another portion of the net proceeds from 2019 Term Loan, together with cash on hand, was used to repurchase our outstanding Class C preferred units. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, including paid-in-kind interest, the aggregate outstanding principal amount of the 2014 Senior Secured Notes was zero and $127.6 million, respectively. In January 2020, we paid down $75.0 million of the 2019 Term Loan with a portion of our IPO proceeds. As of December 31, 2020, the outstanding principal amount of the 2019 Term Loan was $78.0 million. On February 5, 2021, we entered into a five-year $175.0 million syndicated corporate debt agreement (“2021 Term Loan”). The 2021 Term Loan under this agreement bears interest at a rate equal to one-month LIBOR plus 8.00% with a 1.00% LIBOR floor, and matures on February 4, 2026. A portion of the net proceeds from the 2021 Term Loan was used to redeem all the outstanding 2019 Term Loan. The remaining portion of the net proceeds from the 2021 Term Loan is used for loan originations and general corporate purposes.

Velocity Commercial Capital, LLC is the borrower of the 2021 Term Loan, which is secured by substantially all of the borrower’s non-warehoused assets, with a guarantee from Velocity Financial, Inc., that is secured by the equity interests of the borrower. The syndicated corporate debt agreement contains customary affirmative and negative covenants, including financial maintenance covenants and limitations on dividends by the borrower.

As of June 30, ~~2020,~~2021, we maintained warehouse facilities to finance our investor real estate loans and had approximately ~~$158.6~~$150.2 million in outstanding ~~borrowings.~~borrowings with $299.8 million of available capacity under our warehouse and repurchase facilities.

~~The following table illustrates our contractual obligations existing as~~In the event we are required to pay the Preferred holders their liquidation preference due to a redemption, liquidation or change of ~~June 30, 2020:~~

control, we would be required to pay the liquidation preference which is equal to the greater of (i) $2,000 per share from April 5, 2020 through October 5, 2022, which amount increases ratably to $3,000 per share between October 6, 2022 and November 28, 2024 and to $3,000 per share from and after November 28, 2024 and (ii) the amount such Preferred holder would have received if the Preferred had converted into common stock immediately prior to a liquidation.

At no time have we maintained any relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as entities referred to as structured finance, or special-purpose or variable interest entities, established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance-sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes. Further, we have never guaranteed any obligations of unconsolidated entities or entered into any commitment or intent to provide funding to any such entities.

This Form 10-Q contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, which are subject to the “safe harbor” created by those sections. All statements (other than statements of historical facts) in this Quarterly Report regarding the prospects of the industry and our prospects, plans, financial position and business strategy may constitute forward-looking statements. In addition, forward-looking statements generally can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as “may,” “should,” “expect,” “intend,” “will,” “estimate,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “believe,” “predict,” “potential” or “continue” or the negatives of these terms or variations of them or similar terminology. Forward-looking statements may contain expectations regarding our operations, including the ~~cessation and~~ resumption of loan originations, our ability to resolve non-performing loans and avoid losses on non-performing loans and the disposition of REOs and other results, and may include statements of future performance, plans and objectives. Forward looking statements also include statements pertaining to our strategies for future funding and development of our business and products. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in these forward-looking statements have a reasonable basis, we cannot provide any assurance that these expectations will prove to be correct. Such statements reflect the current views of our management with respect to our operations, results of operations and future financial performance. It is possible that the actual results may differ, possibly materially, from the anticipated results indicated in these forward-looking statements. Information regarding important factors that could cause actual results to differ, perhaps materially, from those in our forward-looking statements is contained in this Quarterly Report and other documents we file. You should read and interpret any forward-looking statement together with these documents, including the following:

Any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which that statement is made. We will not update any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances that occur after the date on which the statement is made, except as required by applicable law.

Item 3. Quantitative and ~~Qualitative~~Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act as of the end of the period covered by this report. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission's rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to the our management, including the our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objective, and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.

As previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, in reviewing the accounting for a certain transaction we completed in January 2018, as part of our 2018 election to be treated as a corporation for U.S. federal and state income tax purposes, our management identified a deficiency in the effectiveness of a control intended to properly document and review relevant facts and apply the appropriate tax accounting under U.S. GAAP, which impacted the beginning of year deferred tax asset and income tax benefit accounts and related disclosures. Management concluded that it had not implemented an effective control structure to prevent or detect the material misstatement in calculating the beginning of year deferred tax position. In 2019, we implemented a plan to remediate this material weakness by contracting with a nationally recognized accounting firm to have experienced tax personnel supplement and train our current accounting team. As a result, additional internal controls over our income tax processes have been designed and implemented. In 2020, management will assess whether these internal controls over income taxes are performing as designed. Management has concluded that the material weakness will remain as of June 30, 2020, pending further testing of the internal controls.

In accordance with Rule 13a-15(b) of the Exchange Act, our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report and has concluded that ~~notwithstanding the identified material weakness in our internal controls,~~ our disclosure controls and procedures, as of such date, were effective to accomplish their objectives at a reasonable assurance level. Management concluded that ~~notwithstanding the material weakness in our internal controls,~~ the consolidated financial statements for the periods covered by and included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q fairly present, in all material respects, our financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented in conformity with U.S. GAAP.

During the period to which this report relates, there have not been any changes in the Company's internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that have materially affected, or that are reasonably likely to materially affect, such controls.

From time to time, in the ordinary course of business, we are involved in various judicial, regulatory or administrative claims, proceedings and investigations. These proceedings and actions may include, among other things, allegations of violation of banking and other applicable regulations, competition law, labor laws and consumer protection laws, as well as claims or litigation relating to intellectual property, securities, breach of contract and tort. We intend to defend ourselves vigorously against any pending or future judicial, regulatory or administrative claims or proceedings. Although occasional adverse decisions or settlements may occur, our management does not believe that the final disposition of any currently pending or threatened matter will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

On ~~July 9, 2020, a~~January 25, 2021, the previously disclosed IPO-related class action ~~complaint was~~lawsuit filed ~~in the United States District Court for the Central District of California, naming~~against us and certain of our directors, ~~officers and~~ shareholders and others alleging violations of securities laws, including making false and misleading statements and omissions in our offering materials for our January 2020 initial public offering of our common stock. The complaints seek unspecified damages and an award of costs and expenses, including attorneys’ fees. We intend to vigorously defend against this action.underwriters was dismissed.

Intentionally omitted pursuant to smaller reporting company reduced disclosure requirements.

As previously disclosed, on April 7, 2020, we issued and sold 45,000 shares of our newly designated Series A Convertible Preferred Stock and warrants to purchase 3,013,125 shares of our common stock in a private placement resulting in gross proceeds to us of $45.0 million.Not applicable.

The exhibits ~~listed in the accompanying index to exhibits~~below are filed as part of, or incorporated by reference into, this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

10.15

Voting and Support Agreement, dated April 5, 2020, between Velocity Financial, Inc. and TOBI III SPE I LLC

8-K

001-39183

10.3

4/7/2020

Incorporated by Reference

Exhibit

Number

Exhibit Title

Form

File No.

Exhibit

Filing Date

3.1

Certificate of Conversion

8-K

001-39183

3.1

1/22/2020

3.2

Certificate of Incorporation of Velocity Financial, Inc.

8-K

001-39183

3.2

1/22/2020

3.3

Bylaws of Velocity Financial, Inc.

8-K

001-39183

3.3

1/22/2020

3.4

Certificate of Designation of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock of Velocity Financial, Inc.

8-K

001-39183

3.1

4/7/2020

4.1

Form of Warrant to Purchase Common Stock

8-K

001-39183

4.1

4/7/2020

10.1

Stockholders Agreement, dated as of January 16, 2020

10-K

001-39183

10.1

4/7/2020

10.2

Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of January 16, 2020

10-K

001-39183

10.2

4/7/2020

10.3

Velocity Financial, Inc. 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan*

8-K

001-39183

10.1

1/22/2020

10.4

Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Award Notice and Agreement under the 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan*

S-1/A

333-234250

10.6

1/6/2020

10.5

Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Award Notice and Agreement (Director Grant-IPO) under the 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan*

S-1/A

333-234250

10.7

1/6/2020

10.6

Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Award Notice and Agreement (Executive Officer Grant-IPO) under the 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan*

S-1/A

333-234250

10.8

1/6/2020

10.7

Form of Restricted Stock Unit Grant and Agreement (Director Grant) under the 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan*

S-1/A

333-234250

10.9

1/6/2020

10.8

Form of Restricted Stock Unit Grant and Agreement (Standard Grant) under the 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan*

S-1/A

333-234250

10.10

1/6/2020

10.9

Form of Restricted Stock Grant and Agreement under the 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan*

S-1/A

333-234250

10.11

1/6/2020

10.10

Form of Officer and Director Indemnity Agreement*

S-1/A

333-234250

10.37

11/6/2019

10.11

Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of April 7, 2020

8-K

001-39183

10.1

4/7/2020

31.1

Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

31.2

Certification of Principal Financial and Accounting Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

32.1

Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002+

32.2

Certification of Principal Financial and Accounting Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002+

101.INS

XBRL Instance Document

101.SCH

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Delaware	46-0659719
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
30699 Russell Ranch Road, Suite 295 Westlake Village, California	91362
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

		Page
PART I.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.	Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)	1
	~~Consolidated Balance Sheets~~	1
	~~Consolidated Statements of Income~~	2
	Consolidated Balance Sheets	2
	Consolidated Statements of ~~Changes in Stockholders’/ Members’ Equity~~Income	3
	Consolidated Statements of ~~Cash Flows~~Changes in Stockholders’/ Members’ Equity	4
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	5
	Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements	57
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	2529
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	49
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	49

PART II.	OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	50
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	50
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	50
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	50
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	50
Item 5.	Other Information	50
Item 6.	Exhibits	51

SIGNATURES		5352

	June 30, 2020				December 31, 2019
	Period end balance⁽¹⁾		Maximum borrowing capacity		Period end balance⁽¹⁾		Maximum borrowing capacity
Barclays repurchase agreement	$	71,522	$	300,000	$	226,212	$	250,000
Citibank repurchase agreement		87,098		200,000		190,977		200,000
Pacific Western credit agreement		—		50,000		2,499		50,000
Hershiser Capital Finance loan agreement		2,820		3,000		3,000		3,000

	December 31, 2019
Class A units issued and outstanding		97,514
Class A equity balance	$	92,650
Class B units issued and outstanding		16,072
Class B equity balance	$	—
Class D units issued and outstanding		60,194
Class D equity balance	$	60,194

	January 1, 2020
	As Reported				Impact of
	Under		Pre-ASC 326		ASC 326
Allowance for credit losses	ASC 326		Adoption		Adoption
Commercial - Purchase	$	323	$	304	$	19
Commercial - Refinance		1,078		1,016		62
Residential 1-4 Unit - Purchase		157		148		9
Residential 1-4 Unit - Refinance		819		772		47
Total	$	2,377	$	2,240	$	137

	December 31, 2019
	($ in thousands)
Nonaccrual loans:
Recorded investment	$	125,819
Percentage of the originated loans held for investment		6.7	%
Impaired loans:
Unpaid principal balance	$	124,050
Recorded investment		125,998
Recorded investment of impaired loans requiring a specific allowance		12,286
Specific allowance		913
Specific allowance as a percentage of recorded investment of impaired loans requiring a specific allowance		7.4	%
Recorded investment of impaired loans not requiring a specific allowance	$	113,712
Percentage of recorded investment of impaired loans not requiring a specific allowance		90.2	%
TDRs included in impaired loans:
Recorded investment of TDRs	$	179
Recorded investment of TDRs with a specific allowance		179
Specific allowance		25
Recorded investment of TDRs without a specific allowance		—

	Three Months Ended
Short-Term and Forbearance Loans	June 30, 2021					March 31, 2021					June 30, 2020
($ in thousands)	UPB		Gain / (Loss)			UPB		Gain / (Loss)			UPB		Gain / (Loss)
Resolved — paid in full	$	13,517	$	682		$	8,569	$	343		$	—	$	—
Resolved — paid current		7,794		59			11,170		40			—		—
Resolved — REO sold		164		(73	)		—		—			—		—
Total resolutions	$	21,475	$	668		$	19,739	$	383		$	—	$	—
Recovery rate on resolved nonperforming UPB				103.1	%				101.9	%			N/A

	Three Months Ended
($ in thousands)	June��30, 2020			March 31, 2020 (2)			June 30, 2019
Income before income taxes (A)	$	2,625		$	3,727		$	4,979
Net income (B)		2,141			2,579			3,535

Monthly average balance:
Stockholders' / Members' equity (C)		212,407			225,125			152,394

Pre-tax return on equity (A / C) (1)		4.9	%		6.6	%		13.1	%

Return on equity (B / C) (1)		4.0	%		4.6	%		9.3	%

	Remainder of		January 1, 2021 -		January 1, 2023 -
($ in thousands)	2020		December 31, 2022		December 31, 2022		Thereafter		Total
Warehouse repurchase facilities	$	158,620	$	2,820	$	—	$	—	$	161,440	(1)
Notes payable (corporate debt)		195		1,560		76,245		—		78,000	(2)
Leases payments under noncancelable operating leases		963		3,184		2,460		55		6,662
Total	$	159,778	$	7,564	$	78,705	$	55	$	246,102


		Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit Number	Exhibit Title	Form	File No.	Exhibit	Filing Date

3.1	Certificate of Conversion	8-K	001-39183	3.1	1/22/2020

3.2	Certificate of Incorporation of Velocity Financial, Inc.	8-K	001-39183	3.2	1/22/2020

3.3	Bylaws of Velocity Financial, Inc.	8-K	001-39183	3.3	1/22/2020

3.4	Certificate of Designation of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock of Velocity Financial, Inc.	8-K	001-39183	3.1	4/7/2020

4.1	Form of Warrant to Purchase Common Stock	8-K	001-39183	4.1	4/7/2020

10.1	Stockholders Agreement, dated as of January 16, 2020	10-K	001-39183	10.1	4/7/2020

10.2	Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of January 16, 2020	10-K	001-39183	10.2	4/7/2020

10.3	Velocity Financial, Inc. 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan*	8-K	001-39183	10.1	1/22/2020

10.4	Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Award Notice and Agreement under the 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan*	S-1/A	333-234250	10.6	1/6/2020

10.5	Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Award Notice and Agreement (Director Grant-IPO) under the 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan*	S-1/A	333-234250	10.7	1/6/2020

10.6	Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Award Notice and Agreement (Executive Officer Grant-IPO) under the 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan*	S-1/A	333-234250	10.8	1/6/2020

10.7	Form of Restricted Stock Unit Grant and Agreement (Director Grant) under the 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan*	S-1/A	333-234250	10.9	1/6/2020

10.8	Form of Restricted Stock Unit Grant and Agreement (Standard Grant) under the 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan*	S-1/A	333-234250	10.10	1/6/2020

10.9	Form of Restricted Stock Grant and Agreement under the 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan*	S-1/A	333-234250	10.11	1/6/2020

10.10	Amendment No. 2 to the Credit Agreement among Velocity Financial, LLC, Velocity Commercial Capital, LLC and Owl Rock Capital Corporation, dated as of February 5, 2020	10-K	001-39183	10.39(b)	4/7/2020

10.11	Form of Officer and Director Indemnity Agreement*	S-1/A	333-234250	10.37	11/6/2019

10.12	Securities Purchase Agreement, dated as of April 5, 2020	8-K	001-39183	10.1	4/6/2020

10.13	Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of April 7, 2020	8-K	001-39183	10.1	4/7/2020

10.14	Voting and Support Agreement, dated April 5, 2020, between Velocity Financial, Inc. and Snow Phipps Group AIV, L.P. and Snow Phipps Group (RPV), L.P.	8-K	001-39183	10.2	4/7/2020

	VELOCITY FINANCIAL, INC.

Date: August ~~13, 2020~~5, 2021	By:	/s/ Christopher D. Farrar
		Christopher D. Farrar
		Chief Executive Officer

Date: August ~~13, 2020~~5, 2021	By:	/s/ Mark R. Szczepaniak
		Mark R. Szczepaniak
		Chief Financial Officer

	December 31, 2020
	UPB		%	Amortized Cost		%
Ending balance	$	392,073		$	396,918

Performing/Accruing	$	327,708	83.6%	$	330,495	83.3%

Nonperforming/Nonaccrual	$	64,365	16.4%	$	66,423	16.7%

Large accelerated filer

Accelerated filer

Non-accelerated filer

Smaller reporting company

Emerging growth company