UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒	Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, ~~2022~~2023

☐	Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 001-09463

RLI ~~Corp.~~Corp.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware
~~Delaware~~		37-0889946
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

9025 North Lindbergh Drive,Peoria,IL		61615
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)

~~(309)~~ (309) 692-1000

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class	Trading Symbol	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock $0.01 par value	RLI	New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.


Large accelerated filer ☒	Accelerated filer ☐	Non-accelerated filer ☐	Smaller reporting company ☐
			Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

APPLICABLE ONLY TO CORPORATE ISSUERS:

As of April 14, ~~2022,~~2023, the number of shares outstanding of the registrant’s Common Stock was ~~45,316,042.~~45,554,696.

Table of Contents

Table of Contents

			~~Page~~
			Page
Part I - Financial Information		3

	Item 1.	Financial Statements	3

		Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings and Comprehensive Earnings for the Three-Month Periods Ended March 31, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021~~2022 (unaudited)	3

		Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, ~~2022~~2023 and December 31, ~~2021~~2022 (unaudited)	4

		Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the Three-Month Periods Ended March 31, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021~~2022 (unaudited)	5

		Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Three-Month Periods Ended March 31, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021~~2022 (unaudited)	6

		Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Interim Financial Statements	7

	Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	2122

	Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	2931

	Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	30
			31
Part II - Other Information		3132

	Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	3132

	Item 1a.	Risk Factors	3132

	Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	3132

	Item 3.	Defaults upon Senior Securities	3132

	Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	3132

	Item 5.	Other Information	3132

	Item 6.	Exhibits	31
			32
Signatures			3233

Table of Contents

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.Financial Statements

~~Financial Statements~~

RLI Corp. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings and Comprehensive Earnings

(Unaudited)

For the Three Months

Ended March 31,

(in thousands, except per share data)

2022

2021

Net premiums earned

$
269,152

$
228,595

Net investment income

17,883

16,424

Net realized gains

5,588

14,150

Net unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities

(27,810
)

28,162

Consolidated revenue

$
264,813

$
287,331

Losses and settlement expenses

105,524

104,892

Policy acquisition costs

85,287

74,990

Insurance operating expenses

18,863

18,796

Interest expense on debt

2,010

1,901

General corporate expenses

3,363

3,342

Total expenses

$
215,047

$
203,921

Equity in earnings of unconsolidated investees

8,759

6,424

Earnings before income taxes

$
58,525

$
89,834

Income tax expense

10,602

16,822

Net earnings

$
47,923

$
73,012

Other comprehensive earnings (loss), net of tax

(115,581
)

(44,747
)
Comprehensive earnings (loss)

$
(67,658
)

$
28,265

Basic net earnings per share

$
1.06

$
1.62

Diluted net earnings per share

$
1.05

$
1.60

Weighted average number of common shares outstanding:

Basic

45,306

45,178

Diluted

45,714

45,674


	For the Three Months
	Ended March 31,
(in thousands, except per share data)	2023		2022
Net premiums earned	$	307,723	$	269,152
Net investment income		27,084		17,883
Net realized gains		14,620		5,588
Net unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities		15,496		(27,810)
Consolidated revenue	$	364,923	$	264,813
Losses and settlement expenses		114,488		105,524
Policy acquisition costs		101,444		85,287
Insurance operating expenses		23,901		18,863
Interest expense on debt		2,008		2,010
General corporate expenses		4,214		3,363
Total expenses	$	246,055	$	215,047
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated investees		3,923		8,759
Earnings before income taxes	$	122,791	$	58,525
Income tax expense		23,980		10,602
Net earnings	$	98,811	$	47,923

Other comprehensive earnings (loss), net of tax		37,707		(115,581)
Comprehensive earnings	$	136,518	$	(67,658)

Basic net earnings per share	$	2.17	$	1.06
Diluted net earnings per share	$	2.15	$	1.05

Weighted average number of common shares outstanding:
Basic		45,530		45,306
Diluted		46,035		45,714

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements.

Table of Contents

RLI Corp. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(Unaudited)

March 31,

December 31,

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

2022

2021

ASSETS

Investments and cash:

Fixed income:

Available-for-sale, at fair value

$
2,292,378

$
2,409,887

(amortized cost of $2,374,256 and allowance for credit losses of $594 at 3/31/22)

(amortized cost of $2,346,267 and allowance for credit losses of $441 at 12/31/21)

Equity securities, at fair value (cost - $347,354 at 3/31/22 and $324,501 at 12/31/21)

608,180

613,776

Other invested assets

52,406

50,501

Cash

72,148

88,804

Total investments and cash

$
3,025,112

$
3,162,968

Accrued investment income

17,477

17,505

Premiums and reinsurance balances receivable, net of allowances for uncollectible amounts of $18,381 at 3/31/22 and $18,067 at 12/31/21

170,501

167,279

Ceded unearned premium

126,311

130,916

Reinsurance balances recoverable on unpaid losses and settlement expenses, net of allowances for uncollectible amounts of $10,983 at 3/31/22 and $11,188 at 12/31/21

631,445

608,086

Deferred policy acquisition costs

112,004

103,553

Property and equipment, at cost, net of accumulated depreciation of $77,131 at 3/31/22 and $75,236 at 12/31/21

52,124

52,161

Investment in unconsolidated investees

179,351

171,311

Goodwill and intangibles

53,562

53,562

Other assets

39,748

40,961

TOTAL ASSETS

$
4,407,635

$
4,508,302

LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Liabilities

Unpaid losses and settlement expenses

$
2,081,712

$
2,043,555

Unearned premiums

696,577

680,444

Reinsurance balances payable

26,264

42,851

Funds held

89,735

89,773

Income taxes-deferred

47,412

83,509

Bonds payable, long-term debt

199,723

199,676

Accrued expenses

57,101

98,274

Other liabilities

55,689

40,859

TOTAL LIABILITIES

$
3,254,213

$
3,278,941

Shareholders’ Equity

Common stock ($0.01 par value)

(Shares authorized - 200,000,000)

(68,246,156 shares issued, 45,315,942 shares outstanding at 3/31/22)

(68,219,551 shares issued, 45,289,337 shares outstanding at 12/31/21)

$
682

$
682

Paid-in capital

346,791

343,742

Accumulated other comprehensive earnings (loss)

(65,755
)

49,826

Retained earnings

1,264,703

1,228,110

Deferred compensation

8,669

9,642

Less: Treasury shares, at cost (22,930,214 shares at 3/31/22 and 12/31/21)

(401,668
)

(402,641
)
TOTAL SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

$
1,153,422

$
1,229,361

TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

$
4,407,635

$
4,508,302


	March 31,		December 31,
(in thousands, except share and per share data)	2023		2022
ASSETS
Investments and cash:
Fixed income:
Available-for-sale, at fair value	$	2,701,814	$	2,666,950
(amortized cost of $2,933,313 and allowance for credit losses of $465 at 3/31/23)
(amortized cost of $2,945,273 and allowance for credit losses of $339 at 12/31/22)
Equity securities, at fair value (cost - $333,229 at 3/31/23 and $328,019 at 12/31/22)		519,097		498,382
Short-term investments, at cost which approximates fair value		116,202		36,229
Other invested assets		64,134		47,922
Cash		22,769		22,818
Total investments and cash	$	3,424,016	$	3,272,301
Accrued investment income		21,118		21,259
Premiums and reinsurance balances receivable, net of allowances for uncollectible amounts of $18,723 at 3/31/23 and $18,696 at 12/31/22		206,445		189,501
Ceded unearned premium		119,975		138,457
Reinsurance balances recoverable on unpaid losses and settlement expenses, net of allowances for uncollectible amounts of $10,922 at 3/31/23 and $11,250 at 12/31/22		699,915		740,089
Deferred policy acquisition costs		134,995		127,859
Property and equipment, at cost, net of accumulated depreciation of $70,477 at 3/31/23 and $68,633 at 12/31/22		48,949		49,573
Investment in unconsolidated investees		52,398		58,275
Goodwill and intangibles		53,562		53,562
Income taxes-deferred		27,571		40,269
Other assets		47,275		75,923
TOTAL ASSETS	$	4,836,219	$	4,767,068

LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Liabilities
Unpaid losses and settlement expenses	$	2,286,063	$	2,315,637
Unearned premiums		801,465		785,085
Reinsurance balances payable		28,091		61,100
Funds held		102,797		101,144
Income taxes-current		15,802		—
Current portion of long-term debt		199,910		199,863
Accrued expenses		57,480		94,869
Other liabilities		40,690		32,029
TOTAL LIABILITIES	$	3,532,298	$	3,589,727

Shareholders’ Equity
Common stock ($0.01 par value)
(Shares authorized - 200,000,000)
(68,484,910 shares issued, 45,554,696 shares outstanding at 3/31/23)
(68,399,966 shares issued, 45,469,752 shares outstanding at 12/31/22)	$	685	$	684
Paid-in capital		355,254		352,391
Accumulated other comprehensive earnings (loss)		(191,369)		(229,076)
Retained earnings		1,532,350		1,446,341
Deferred compensation		12,264		12,015
Less: Treasury shares, at cost (22,930,214 shares at 3/31/23 and 12/31/22)		(405,263)		(405,014)
TOTAL SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY	$	1,303,921	$	1,177,341
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY	$	4,836,219	$	4,767,068

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements.

Table of Contents

RLI Corp. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity

(Unaudited)

Accumulated

Other

Total

Comprehensive

Treasury

Common

Shareholders’
Common
Paid-in
Earnings

Retained
Deferred
Shares

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

Shares

Equity
Stock
Capital
(Loss)

Earnings
Compensation
at Cost

Balance, January 1, 2021

45,142,580

$
1,135,978

$
681

$
335,365

$
108,714

$
1,084,217

$
8,292

$
(401,291
)
Net earnings

—

73,012

—

—

—

73,012

—

—

Other comprehensive earnings (loss), net of tax

—

(44,747
)

—

—

(44,747
)

—

—

—

Deferred compensation

—

—

—

—

—

—

(366
)

366

Share-based compensation

60,858

1,392

—

1,392

—

—

—

—

Dividends and dividend equivalents ($0.24 per share)

—

(10,849
)

—

—

—

(10,849
)

—

—

Balance, March 31, 2021

45,203,438

$
1,154,786

$
681

$
336,757

$
63,967

$
1,146,380

$
7,926

$
(400,925
)

Accumulated

Other

Total

Comprehensive

Treasury

Common

Shareholders’
Common
Paid-in
Earnings

Retained

Deferred

Shares

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

Shares

Equity
Stock
Capital
(Loss)

Earnings

Compensation

at Cost

Balance, January 1, 2022

45,289,337

$
1,229,361

$
682

$
343,742

$
49,826

$
1,228,110

$
9,642

$
(402,641
)
Net earnings

—

47,923

—

—

—

47,923

—

—

Other comprehensive earnings (loss), net of tax

—

(115,581
)

—

—

(115,581
)

—

—

—

Deferred compensation

—

—

—

—

—

—

(973
)

973

Share-based compensation

26,605

3,049

—

3,049

—

—

—

—

Dividends and dividend equivalents ($0.25 per share)

—

(11,330
)

—

—

—

(11,330
)

—

—

Balance, March 31, 2022

45,315,942

$
1,153,422

$
682

$
346,791

$
(65,755
)

$
1,264,703

$
8,669

$
(401,668
)


									Accumulated
									Other
			Total						Comprehensive						Treasury
	Common		Shareholders’		Common		Paid-in		Earnings		Retained		Deferred		Shares
(in thousands, except share and per share data)	Shares		Equity		Stock		Capital		(Loss)		Earnings		Compensation		at Cost
Balance, January 1, 2022		45,289,337	$	1,229,361	$	682	$	343,742	$	49,826	$	1,228,110	$	9,642	$	(402,641)
Net earnings		—		47,923		—		—		—		47,923		—		—
Other comprehensive earnings (loss), net of tax		—		(115,581)		—		—		(115,581)		—		—		—
Deferred compensation		—		—		—		—		—		—		(973)		973
Share-based compensation		26,605		3,049		—		3,049		—		—		—		—
Dividends and dividend equivalents ($0.25 per share)		—		(11,330)		—		—		—		(11,330)		—		—
Balance, March 31, 2022		45,315,942	$	1,153,422	$	682	$	346,791	$	(65,755)	$	1,264,703	$	8,669	$	(401,668)

									Accumulated
									Other
			Total						Comprehensive						Treasury
	Common		Shareholders’		Common		Paid-in		Earnings		Retained		Deferred		Shares
(in thousands, except share and per share data)	Shares		Equity		Stock		Capital		(Loss)		Earnings		Compensation		at Cost
Balance, January 1, 2023		45,469,752	$	1,177,341	$	684	$	352,391	$	(229,076)	$	1,446,341	$	12,015	$	(405,014)
Cumulative-effect adjustment from ASU 2023-02		—		(951)		—		—		—		(951)		—		—
Net earnings		—		98,811		—		—		—		98,811		—		—
Other comprehensive earnings (loss), net of tax		—		37,707		—		—		37,707		—		—		—
Deferred compensation		—		—		—		—		—		—		249		(249)
Share-based compensation		84,944		2,864		1		2,863		—		—		—		—
Dividends and dividend equivalents ($0.26 per share)		—		(11,851)		—		—		—		(11,851)		—		—
Balance, March 31, 2023		45,554,696	$	1,303,921	$	685	$	355,254	$	(191,369)	$	1,532,350	$	12,264	$	(405,263)

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements.

Table of Contents

RLI Corp. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Unaudited)

For the Three Months

Ended March 31,

(in thousands)

2022

2021

Net cash provided by operating activities

$
39,014

$
60,287

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Purchase of:

Fixed income securities, available-for-sale

$
(107,283
)

$
(145,121
)
Equity securities

(32,678
)

(31,957
)
Property and equipment

(1,944
)

(887
)
Other

(3,137
)

(4,323
)
Proceeds from sale of:

Fixed income securities, available-for-sale

10,779

21,300

Equity securities

15,726

47,638

Other

669

521

Proceeds from call or maturity of:

Fixed income securities, available-for-sale

71,971

96,285

Net cash used in investing activities

$
(45,897
)

$
(16,544
)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Cash dividends paid

$
(11,322
)

$
(10,838
)
Proceeds from (payments related to) stock option exercises

1,549

(187
)
Net cash used in financing activities

$
(9,773
)

$
(11,025
)
Net increase (decrease) in cash

$
(16,656
)

$
32,718

Cash at the beginning of the period

88,804

62,217

Cash at March 31

$
72,148

$
94,935


	For the Three Months
	Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2023		2022
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	69,219	$	39,014
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Purchase of:
Fixed income securities, available-for-sale	$	(180,040)	$	(107,283)
Equity securities		(6,395)		(32,678)
Property and equipment		(1,277)		(1,944)
Other		(1,392)		(3,137)
Proceeds from sale of:
Fixed income securities, available-for-sale		3,064		10,779
Equity securities		3,501		15,726
Equity method investments		14,134		—
Other		271		669
Proceeds from call or maturity of:
Fixed income securities, available-for-sale		190,303		71,971
Net proceeds from sale (purchase) of short-term investments		(79,973)		—
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	$	(57,804)	$	(45,897)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Cash dividends paid	$	(11,839)	$	(11,322)
Proceeds from stock option exercises		375		1,549
Net cash used in financing activities	$	(11,464)	$	(9,773)
Net increase in cash	$	(49)	$	(16,656)
Cash at the beginning of the period		22,818		88,804
Cash at March 31,	$	22,769	$	72,148

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements.

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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED INTERIM FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1.	SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

~~1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES~~

A. BASIS OF PRESENTATION

The unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (GAAP) for interim financial reporting and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all the disclosures required by GAAP for complete financial statements. As such, these unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with our ~~2021~~2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Management believes that the disclosures are adequate to make the information presented not misleading, and all normal and recurring adjustments necessary to present fairly the financial position at March 31, ~~2022~~2023 and the results of operations of RLI Corp. (the Company) and subsidiaries for all periods presented have been made. The results of operations for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of the operating results for a full year. Certain reclassifications were made to 2022 to conform to the classifications used in the current year.

The preparation of the unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions relating to the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the period. These estimates are inherently subject to change and actual results could differ significantly from these estimates.

B. ADOPTED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

2023-02—Investments – Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Method

~~No new~~

The amendments in this ASU permit the use of the proportional amortization method for investments in tax credits if certain conditions are met. Under the proportional amortization method, the initial cost of an investment is amortized in proportion to the amount of tax credits and other tax benefits received, with the amortization and tax credits presented as a component of income tax expense. Under previous guidance, equity investments in tax credit structures, other than qualified affordable housing projects, were accounted for using the equity method of accounting, ~~standards applicable~~which required the presentation of income, gains and losses, and tax credits in their respective line items of the statement of earnings. This ASU allows entities to make an accounting policy election on an individual tax credit program basis for all equity investments whose primary purpose is receiving income tax credits or other income tax benefits. When the proportional amortization method is selected, this amendment also requires a liability be recognized for delayed equity contributions that are unconditional or for contingent contributions when the contingent event becomes probable.

We adopted ASU 2023-02 on January 1, 2023 using a modified-retrospective approach. Through 2022, ~~materially~~our investment in historic tax credit partnerships was presented in the balance sheet as an investment in unconsolidated investee. On January 1, 2023, the $11 million investment was moved to the other invested assets line item, an unfunded commitment for the investment was recognized by establishing a $7 million liability and increasing other invested assets, and the asset and retained earnings were reduced by $1 million to reflect the difference between applying the equity method and the proportional method since the investment was entered into. While the amortization of the investment will be presented in income tax expense going forward, rather than in equity in earnings of unconsolidated investees, the impact to net earnings will not have a material impact on our financial statements.

C. PROSPECTIVE ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

There are no prospective accounting standards which would have a material impact on our financial statements as of March 31, ~~2022.~~2023.

D. REINSURANCE

Ceded unearned premiums and reinsurance balances recoverable on unpaid losses and settlement expenses are reported separately as an asset, rather than being netted with the related liability, since reinsurance does not relieve the Company of our liability to policyholders. Such balances are subject to the credit risk associated with the individual reinsurer. We continually monitor the financial condition of our reinsurers and actively follow up on any past due or disputed amounts. As part of our

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monitoring efforts, we review reinsurers’ annual financial statements and Securities and Exchange Commission filings for those that are publicly traded. We also review insurance industry developments that may impact the financial condition of our reinsurers. We analyze the credit risk associated with our reinsurance balances recoverable by monitoring the AM Best and Standard & Poor’s (S&P) ratings of our reinsurers. In addition, we subject our reinsurance recoverables to detailed recoverability tests, including a segment-based analysis using the average default rating percentage by S&P rating, which assists the Company in assessing the sufficiency of its allowance. Additionally, we perform an in-depth reinsurer financial condition analysis prior to the renewal of each of our reinsurance placements.

Our policy is to charge to earnings, in the form of an allowance, an estimate of unrecoverable amounts from reinsurers. This allowance is reviewed on an ongoing basis to ensure that the amount makes a reasonable provision for reinsurance balances that we may be unable to recover. Once regulatory action (such as receivership, finding of insolvency, order of conservation or order of liquidation) is taken against a reinsurer, the paid and unpaid recoverable for the reinsurer are specifically identified and written off through use of our allowance for estimated unrecoverable amounts from reinsurers. When we write-off such a balance, it is done in full. We then re-evaluate the overall allowance and determine whether the balance is sufficient and, if needed, an additional allowance is recognized.

The allowances for uncollectible amounts on paid and unpaid reinsurance recoverables were $16.1 million and ~~$11.0~~$10.9 million, respectively, at March 31, ~~2022.~~2023. At December 31, ~~2021,~~2022, the amounts were $16.1 million and ~~$11.2~~$11.3 million, respectively. Changes in the allowances were due to changes in the amount of reinsurance balances outstanding, the composition of reinsurers from whom the balances were recoverable and their associated S&P default ratings. ~~NaN~~No write-offs or recoveries were applied to the allowances in the first three months of ~~2022 and less than $0.1 million was recovered.~~2023. We have 0no receivables with a due date that extends beyond one year that are not included in our allowance for uncollectible amounts.

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E. INTANGIBLE ASSETS

The composition of goodwill and intangible assets at March 31, ~~2022~~2023 and December 31, ~~2021~~2022 is detailed in the following table:

	March 31,		December 31,

					March 31,		December 31,
(in thousands)	2022		2021		2023		2022
Goodwill
Surety	$	40,816	$	40,816	$	40,816	$	40,816
Casualty		5,246		5,246		5,246		5,246
Total goodwill	$	46,062	$	46,062	$	46,062	$	46,062
Intangibles
Indefinite-lived intangibles - state insurance licenses		7,500		7,500
Indefinite-lived intangibles						7,500		7,500
Total goodwill and intangibles	$	53,562	$	53,562	$	53,562	$	53,562

Annual impairment assessments were performed on our goodwill and state insurance license indefinite-lived intangible asset during the second quarter of ~~2021.~~2022. Based upon these reviews, ~~NaN~~none of the assets were impaired. In addition, there were no triggering events as of March 31, ~~2022~~2023 that would suggest an updated impairment test would be needed for our goodwill and intangible assets.

F. EARNINGS PER SHARE

Basic earnings per share (EPS) is computed by dividing income available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS reflects the dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock or common stock equivalents were exercised or converted into common stock. When inclusion of these items increases the earnings per share or reduces the loss per share, the effect on earnings is anti-dilutive. Under these circumstances, the diluted net earnings or net loss per share is computed excluding these items. The following represents a reconciliation of the numerator and denominator of the basic and diluted EPS computations contained in the unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements:

For the Three Months

For the Three Months

Ended March 31, 2022

Ended March 31, 2021

Income

Shares

Per Share

Income

Shares

Per Share

(in thousands, except per share data)

(Numerator)

(Denominator)

Amount

(Numerator)

(Denominator)

Amount

Basic EPS

Earnings available to common shareholders

$
47,923

45,306

$
1.06

$
73,012

45,178

$
1.62

Effect of Dilutive Securities

Stock options and restricted stock units

—

408

—

496

Diluted EPS

Earnings available to common shareholders

$
47,923

45,714

$
1.05

$
73,012

45,674

$
1.60

Anti-dilutive options excluded from diluted EPS

214

—

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	For the Three Months						For the Three Months
	Ended March 31, 2023						Ended March 31, 2022
	Income		Shares		Per Share		Income		Shares		Per Share
(in thousands, except per share data)	(Numerator)		(Denominator)		Amount		(Numerator)		(Denominator)		Amount
Basic EPS
Earnings available to common shareholders	$	98,811		45,530	$	2.17	$	47,923		45,306	$	1.06
Effect of Dilutive Securities
Stock options and restricted stock units		—		505				—		408
Diluted EPS
Earnings available to common shareholders	$	98,811		46,035	$	2.15	$	47,923		45,714	$	1.05
Anti-dilutive securities excluded from diluted EPS				—						214

G. COMPREHENSIVE EARNINGS ~~(LOSS)~~

Our comprehensive earnings ~~(loss)~~ include net earnings plus after-tax unrealized gains and losses on our available-for-sale fixed income portfolio. In reporting the components of comprehensive earnings, ~~(loss),~~ we used the federal statutory tax rate of 21 percent. Other comprehensive earnings (loss), as shown in the consolidated statements of earnings and comprehensive earnings, is net of tax ~~benefit~~expense of ~~$30.7~~$10 million for the first quarter of ~~2022,~~2023, compared to ~~$11.9~~$31 million of tax benefit for the same period in ~~2021.~~2022.

Unrealized ~~losses,~~gains, net of tax, recognized in other comprehensive earnings (loss) were ~~$115.6~~$38 million for the first three months of ~~2022,~~2023, compared to ~~$44.7~~$116 million of unrealized losses, net of tax, during the same period last year. The unrealized ~~losses~~gains in the first quarter of 2023 were attributable to ~~increased~~a decline in interest rates, ~~in both periods,~~ which ~~decreased~~increased the fair value of securities held in the fixed income ~~portfolio.~~portfolio, compared to rising interest rates during the first quarter of 2022, which decreased the fair value of fixed income securities.

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The following table illustrates the changes in the balance of each component of accumulated other comprehensive earnings (loss) for each period presented in the unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements:


(in thousands)	For the Three Months						For the Three Months
	Ended March 31,
							Ended March 31,
Unrealized Gains/Losses on Available-for-Sale Securities	2022			2021			2023		2022
Beginning balance	$	49,826		$	108,714		$	(229,076)	$	49,826
Other comprehensive earnings (loss) before reclassifications		(115,742	)		(43,795	)		36,254		(115,742)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive earnings		161			(952	)		1,453		161
Net current-period other comprehensive earnings (loss)	$	(115,581	)	$	(44,747	)	$	37,707	$	(115,581)
Ending balance	$	(65,755	)	$	63,967		$	(191,369)	$	(65,755)
Balance of securities for which an allowance for credit losses has been recognized in net earnings	$	607		$	463			1,841		607

Credit losses on or the sale of an available-for-sale security results in amounts being reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive earnings (loss) to current period net earnings. The effects of reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive earnings (loss) by the respective line items of net earnings are presented in the following table:


	Amount Reclassified from Accumulated Other
(in thousands)	Comprehensive Earnings (Loss)
	For the Three Months
Component of Accumulated	Ended March 31,				Affected line item in the
Other Comprehensive Earnings (Loss)	2023		2022		Statement of Earnings
Unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities	$	(1,713)	$	(51)	Net realized gains (losses)
		(126)		(153)	Credit gains presented within net realized gains
	$	(1,839)	$	(204)	Earnings (loss) before income taxes
		386		43	Income tax (expense) benefit
	$	(1,453)	$	(161)	Net earnings (loss)

Amount Reclassified from Accumulated Other

(in thousands)

Comprehensive Earnings (Loss)

For the Three Months

Component of Accumulated

Ended March 31,

Affected line item in the
Other Comprehensive Earnings (Loss)

2022

2021

Statement of Earnings
Unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities

$
(51
)

$
1,183

Net realized gains (losses)

(153
)

22

Credit gains (losses) presented within net realized gains

$
(204
)

$
1,205

Earnings (loss) before income taxes

43

(253
)

Income tax (expense) benefit

$
(161
)

$
952

Net earnings (loss)

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H. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

Fair value is defined as the price in the principal market that would be received for an asset to facilitate an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. We determined the fair value of certain financial instruments based on their underlying characteristics and relevant transactions in the marketplace. We maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value.

The following are the levels of the fair value hierarchy and a brief description of the type of valuation inputs that are used to establish each level. Financial assets are classified based upon the lowest level of significant input that is used to determine fair value.

Level 1 is applied to valuations based on readily available, unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets.

Level 2 is applied to valuations based upon quoted prices for similar assets in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets in inactive markets; or valuations based on models where the significant inputs are observable (e.g. interest rates, yield curves, prepayment speeds, default rates, loss severities) or can be corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3 is applied to valuations that are derived from techniques in which one or more of the significant inputs are unobservable.

As a part of management’s process to determine fair value, we utilize widely recognized, third-party pricing sources to determine our fair values. We have obtained an understanding of the third-party pricing sources’ valuation methodologies and inputs. The following is a description of the valuation techniques used for financial assets that are measured at fair value, including the general classification of such assets pursuant to the fair value hierarchy.

Corporate, Agencies, Government and Municipal Bonds: The pricing vendor employs a multi-dimensional model which uses standard inputs including (listed in approximate order of priority for use) benchmark yields, reported trades,

~~Table of Contents~~

broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, market bids/offers and other reference data. The pricing vendor also monitors market indicators, as well as industry and economic events. All bonds valued using these techniques are classified as Level 2. All corporate, agency, government and municipal securities are deemed Level 2.

Mortgage-backed Securities (MBS)/Commercial Mortgage-backed Securities (CMBS) and Asset-backed Securities (ABS): The pricing vendor evaluation methodology includes principally interest rate movements and new issue data. Evaluation of the tranches (non-volatile, volatile or credit sensitivity) is based on the pricing vendors’ interpretation of accepted modeling and pricing conventions. This information is then used to determine the cash flows for each tranche, benchmark yields, pre-payment assumptions and to incorporate collateral performance. To evaluate MBS and CMBS volatility, an option adjusted spread model is used in combination with models that simulate interest rate paths to determine market price information. This process allows the pricing vendor to obtain evaluations of a broad universe of securities in a way that reflects changes in yield curve, index rates, implied volatility, mortgage rates and recent trade activity. MBS/CMBS and ABS with corroborated, observable inputs are classified as Level 2. All of our MBS/CMBS and ABS are deemed Level 2.

Regulation D Private Placement Securities: All Regulation D privately-placed bonds are classified as corporate securities and deemed Level 3. The pricing vendor evaluation methodology for these securities includes a combination of observable and unobservable inputs. Observable inputs include public corporate spread matrices classified by sector, rating and average life, as well as investment and non-investment grade matrices created from fixed income indices. Unobservable inputs include a liquidity spread premium calculated based on public corporate spread and private corporate spread matrices. The quantitative detail of the liquidity spread premium is neither provided nor reasonably available to the Company. An increase to the credit spread assumptions would result in a lower fair value.

For all of our fixed income securities classified as Level 2, we periodically conduct a review to assess the reasonableness of the fair values provided by our pricing services. Our review consists of a two-pronged approach. First, we compare prices provided by our pricing services to those provided by an additional source. In some cases, we obtain prices from securities brokers and compare them to the prices provided by our pricing services. If discrepancies are found in our comparisons, we compare our prices to actual reported trade data for like securities. No changes to the fair values supplied by our pricing services have occurred as a result of our reviews. Based on these assessments, we have determined that the fair values of our Level 2 fixed income securities provided by our pricing services are reasonable.

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Equity Securities:As of March 31, ~~2022,~~2023, nearly all of our equity holdings were traded on an exchange. Exchange traded equities have readily observable price levels and are classified as Level 1 (fair value based on quoted market prices). Pricing for the equity securities not traded on an exchange is provided by a third-party pricing source using observable inputs are classified as Level 2. Pricing for equity securities not traded on an exchange rely on one or more unobservable inputs and are classified as Level 2.3.

Due to the relatively short-term nature of cash, short-term investments, accounts receivable and accounts payable, their carrying amounts are reasonable estimates of fair value. Our investments in private funds, classified as other invested assets, are measured using the investments’ net asset value per share and are not categorized within the fair value hierarchy.

I. RISKS AND UNCERTAINTIES

Certain risks and uncertainties are inherent toin our day-to-day operations. Adverse changes in the economy, including inflation; rising interest rates; volatile equity markets; and ongoing supply chain disruptions, could lower demand for our insurance products, result in increased levels of loss costs that we could not anticipate at the time we priced our coverages, or negatively impact our investment results, ~~both~~all of which could have an adverse effect on the ~~revenue and~~ profitability of our operations. ~~The COVID-19 pandemic may result~~

Catastrophe Exposures

Our catastrophe reinsurance treaty renewed on January 1, 2023. We purchased limits of $700 million in ~~significant disruptions~~excess of $25 million first-dollar retention for earthquakes in ~~economic activity~~California, $700 million in excess of $50 million first-dollar retention for earthquakes outside of California and ~~financial markets. The cumulative effects~~$600 million in excess of ~~any public health outbreak could reduce demand~~$50 million first-dollar retention for ~~our insurance policies; result in increased level of losses, settlement expenses or~~all other ~~operating costs; reduce the market value of invested assets held~~perils, including wind. These amounts are subject to certain co-participations by the Company ~~or negatively impact~~on losses in excess of the ~~fair value of our goodwill.~~first-dollar retentions.

2. INVESTMENTS

Our investments are primarily composed of fixed income debt securities and common stock equity securities. We carry our equity securities at fair value and categorize all of our debt securities as available-for-sale, which are carried at fair value.

Realized gains and losses on disposition of investments are based on specific identification of the investments sold on the settlement date. The following is a summary of the disposition of fixed income and equity securities for the three-month periods ended March 31, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021:~~2022:


Sales	Proceeds		Gross Realized				Net Realized
(in thousands)	From Sales		Gains		Losses		Gain (Loss)
2023
Fixed income securities - available-for-sale	$	3,790	$	35	$	(82)	$	(47)
Equity securities		3,501		2,417		(101)		2,316
2022
Fixed income securities - available-for-sale	$	8,832	$	117	$	(31)	$	86
Equity securities		15,726		5,901		—		5,901

Calls/Maturities			Gross Realized				Net Realized
(in thousands)	Proceeds		Gains		Losses		Gain (Loss)
2023
Fixed income securities - available-for-sale	$	190,305	$	35	$	(40)	$	(5)
2022
Fixed income securities - available-for-sale	$	71,974	$	20	$	(13)	$	7

~~Table of Contents~~

Sales

Proceeds

Gross Realized

Net Realized

(in thousands)

From Sales

Gains

Losses

Gain (Loss)

2022

Fixed income securities - available-for-sale

$
8,832

$
117

$
(31
)

$
86

Equity securities

15,726

5,901

—

5,901

2021

Fixed income securities - available-for-sale

$
21,273

$
1,003

$
(27
)

$
976

Equity securities

47,638

14,233

(1,150
)

13,083

Calls/Maturities

Gross Realized

Net Realized

(in thousands)

Proceeds

Gains

Losses

Gain (Loss)

2022

Fixed income securities - available-for-sale

$
71,974

$
20

$
(13
)

$
7

2021

Fixed income securities - available-for-sale

$
96,285

$
255

$
(48
)

$
207

FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

Assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, ~~2022~~2023 and December 31, ~~2021~~2022 are summarized below:

As of March 31, 2022

Quoted Prices in

Significant Other

Significant

Active Markets for

Observable

Unobservable

Identical Assets

Inputs

Inputs

(in thousands)

(Level 1)

(Level 2)

(Level 3)

Total

Fixed income securities - available-for-sale

U.S. government

$
—

$
131,634

$
—

$
131,634

U.S. agency

—

30,885

—

30,885

Non-U.S. government & agency

—

6,585

—

6,585

Agency MBS

—

334,097

—

334,097

ABS/CMBS/MBS*

—

259,666

—

259,666

Corporate

—

882,197

48,139

930,336

Municipal

—

599,175

—

599,175

Total fixed income securities - available-for-sale

$
—

$
2,244,239

$
48,139

$
2,292,378

Equity securities

607,715

465

—

608,180

Total

$
607,715

$
2,244,704

$
48,139

$
2,900,558

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As of December 31, 2021

Quoted Prices in

Significant Other

Significant

Active Markets for

Observable

Unobservable

Identical Assets

Inputs

Inputs

(in thousands)

(Level 1)

(Level 2)

(Level 3)

Total

Fixed income securities - available-for-sale

U.S. government

$
—

$
134,554

$
—

$
134,554

U.S. agency

—

32,760

—

32,760

Non-U.S. government & agency

—

8,481

—

8,481

Agency MBS

—

367,187

—

367,187

ABS/CMBS/MBS*

—

264,054

—

264,054

Corporate

—

913,577

43,518

957,095

Municipal

—

645,756

—

645,756

Total fixed income securities - available-for-sale

$
—

$
2,366,369

$
43,518

$
2,409,887

Equity securities

613,712

64

—

613,776

Total

$
613,712

$
2,366,433

$
43,518

$
3,023,663

	As of March 31, 2023
	Quoted Prices in		Significant Other		Significant
	Active Markets for		Observable		Unobservable
	Identical Assets		Inputs		Inputs
(in thousands)	(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		Total
Fixed income securities - available-for-sale
U.S. government	$	—	$	385,199	$	—	$	385,199
U.S. agency		—		73,659		—		73,659
Non-U.S. government & agency		—		5,952		—		5,952
Agency MBS		—		359,974		—		359,974
ABS/CMBS/MBS*		—		246,382		—		246,382
Corporate		—		1,030,739		52,761		1,083,500
Municipal		—		547,148		—		547,148
Total fixed income securities - available-for-sale	$	—	$	2,649,053	$	52,761	$	2,701,814
Equity securities		517,489		—		1,608		519,097
Total	$	517,489	$	2,649,053	$	54,369	$	3,220,911


	As of December 31, 2022
	Quoted Prices in		Significant Other		Significant
	Active Markets for		Observable		Unobservable
	Identical Assets		Inputs		Inputs
(in thousands)	(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		Total
Fixed income securities - available-for-sale
U.S. government	$	—	$	454,021	$	—	$	454,021
U.S. agency		—		73,063		—		73,063
Non-U.S. government & agency		—		5,847		—		5,847
Agency MBS		—		331,806		—		331,806
ABS/CMBS/MBS*		—		240,736		—		240,736
Corporate		—		980,676		53,654		1,034,330
Municipal		—		527,147		—		527,147
Total fixed income securities - available-for-sale	$	—	$	2,613,296	$	53,654	$	2,666,950
Equity securities		496,731		39		1,612		498,382
Total	$	496,731	$	2,613,335	$	55,266	$	3,165,332

*	Non-agency asset-backed, commercial mortgage-backed and mortgage-backed securities

The following table summarizes changes in the balance of ~~Regulation D private placement fixed income~~ securities whose fair value was measured using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3).


(in thousands)	Level 3 Securities
Balance as of January 1, 2023	$	55,266
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses)
Included in other comprehensive earnings (loss)		671
Sales / Calls / Maturities		(1,568)
Balance as of March 31, 2023	$	54,369
Change in unrealized gains (losses) during the period for Level 3 assets held at period-end - included in other comprehensive earnings (loss)	$	671

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(in thousands)

Level 3 Securities

Balance as of January 1, 2022

$
43,518

Net realized and unrealized gains (losses)

Included in net earnings as a part of:

Net investment income

(33
)
Net realized gains

(411
)
Included in other comprehensive earnings (loss)

(3,067
)
Total net realized and unrealized gains (losses)

$
(3,511
)
Purchases

8,132

Balance as of March 31, 2022

$
48,139

Change in unrealized gains (losses) during the period for Level 3 assets held at period-end - included in net realized gains

$
(411
)
Change in unrealized gains (losses) during the period for Level 3 assets held at period-end - included in other comprehensive earnings (loss)

$
(3,067
)

The amortized cost and fair value of available-for-sale fixed income securities by contractual maturity as of March 31, ~~2022~~2023 were as follows:


	March 31, 2023
(in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	294,528	$	293,229
Due after one year through five years		904,163		865,507
Due after five years through 10 years		514,187		478,924
Due after 10 years		546,390		457,798
ABS/CMBS/MBS*		674,045		606,356
Total available-for-sale	$	2,933,313	$	2,701,814

March 31, 2022

(in thousands)

Amortized Cost

Fair Value

Due in one year or less

$
44,732

$
45,069

Due after one year through five years

667,555

660,532

Due after five years through 10 years

533,651

521,300

Due after 10 years

506,651

471,714

ABS/CMBS/MBS*

621,667

593,763

Total available-for-sale

$
2,374,256

$
2,292,378

*	Asset-backed, commercial mortgage-backed and mortgage-backed securities

The amortized cost and fair value of available-for-sale securities at March 31, ~~2022~~2023 and December 31, ~~2021~~2022 are presented in the tables below. Amortized cost does not include the ~~$16.5 million and $16.4~~$20 million of accrued interest receivable as of both March 31, ~~2022~~2023 and December 31, ~~2021, respectively.~~2022.


	March 31, 2023
	Cost or		Allowance		Gross		Gross
	Amortized		for Credit		Unrealized		Unrealized		Fair
(in thousands)	Cost		Losses		Gains		Losses		Value
U.S. government	$	391,336	$	—	$	130	$	(6,267)	$	385,199
U.S. agency		75,257		—		33		(1,631)		73,659
Non-U.S. government & agency		6,798		—		—		(846)		5,952
Agency MBS		395,736		—		547		(36,309)		359,974
ABS/CMBS/MBS*		278,309		(7)		145		(32,065)		246,382
Corporate		1,156,944		(458)		1,344		(74,330)		1,083,500
Municipal		628,933		—		2,441		(84,226)		547,148
Total Fixed Income	$	2,933,313	$	(465)	$	4,640	$	(235,674)	$	2,701,814

	December 31, 2022
	Cost or		Allowance		Gross		Gross
	Amortized		for Credit		Unrealized		Unrealized		Fair
(in thousands)	Cost		Losses		Gains		Losses		Value
U.S. government	$	462,884	$	—	$	8	$	(8,871)	$	454,021
U.S. agency		75,074		—		26		(2,037)		73,063
Non-U.S. government & agency		6,798		—		—		(951)		5,847
Agency MBS		373,687		—		336		(42,217)		331,806
ABS/CMBS/MBS*		276,126		(8)		62		(35,444)		240,736
Corporate		1,122,097		(331)		541		(87,977)		1,034,330
Municipal		628,607		—		1,265		(102,725)		527,147
Total Fixed Income	$	2,945,273	$	(339)	$	2,238	$	(280,222)	$	2,666,950

March 31, 2022

Cost or

Allowance

Gross

Gross

Amortized

for Credit

Unrealized

Unrealized

Fair

(in thousands)

Cost

Losses

Gains

Losses

Value

U.S. government

$
130,830

$
—

$
1,314

$
(510
)

$
131,634

U.S. agency

30,386

—

834

(335
)

30,885

Non-U.S. government & agency

6,797

—

135

(347
)

6,585

Agency MBS

348,318

—

1,471

(15,692
)

334,097

ABS/CMBS/MBS*

273,349

(9
)

177

(13,851
)

259,666

Corporate

953,353

(585
)

8,925

(31,357
)

930,336

Municipal

631,223

—

3,846

(35,894
)

599,175

Total Fixed Income

$
2,374,256

$
(594
)

$
16,702

$
(97,986
)

$
2,292,378

*	Non-agency asset-backed, commercial mortgage-backed and mortgage-backed securities

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December 31, 2021

Cost or

Allowance

Gross

Gross

Amortized

for Credit

Unrealized

Unrealized

Fair

(in thousands)

Cost

Losses

Gains

Losses

Value

U.S. government

$
127,752

$
—

$
6,846

$
(44
)

$
134,554

U.S. agency

30,403

—

2,374

(17
)

32,760

Non-U.S. government & agency

8,297

—

338

(154
)

8,481

Agency MBS

362,861

—

9,277

(4,951
)

367,187

ABS/CMBS/MBS*

264,273

—

2,120

(2,339
)

264,054

Corporate

925,394

(441
)

37,247

(5,105
)

957,095

Municipal

627,287

—

22,750

(4,281
)

645,756

Total Fixed Income

$
2,346,267

$
(441
)

$
80,952

$
(16,891
)

$
2,409,887

*	~~Non-agency asset-backed, commercial mortgage-backed and mortgage-backed securities~~

Allowance for Credit Losses and Unrealized Losses on Fixed Income Securities

A reversable allowance for credit losses is recognized on available-for-sale fixed income securities. Several criteria are reviewed to determine if securities in the fixed income portfolio should be included in the allowance for expected credit loss evaluation, including:

•

●

Changes in technology that may impair the earnings potential of the investment,

•

●

The discontinuance of a segment of business that may affect future earnings potential,

•

●

Reduction of or non-payment of interest and/or principal,

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•

●

Specific concerns related to the issuer’s industry or geographic area of operation,

•

●

Significant or recurring operating losses, poor cash flows and/or deteriorating liquidity ratios and

•

●

Downgrades in credit quality by a major rating agency.

If changes in interest rates and credit spreads do not reasonably explain the unrealized loss for an available-for-sale security or if any of the criteria above indicate a potential credit loss, the security is subjected to a discounted cash flow analysis. Inputs into the discounted cash flow analysis include prepayment assumptions for structured securities, default rates and recoverability rates based on credit rating. The allowance for any security is limited to the amount that the security’s fair value is below amortized cost. As of March 31, ~~2022,~~2023, the discounted cash flow analysis resulted in an allowance for credit losses on 718 securities. The following table presents changes in the allowance for expected credit losses on available-for-sale securities:

	Three Months Ended March 31,

							Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2022			2021			2023		2022
Beginning balance	$	441		$	397		$	339	$	441
Increase to allowance from securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded		131			-			54		131
Reductions from intent to sell securities		(17	)		-			—		(17)
Net increase (decrease) from securities that had an allowance at the beginning of the period		39			(22	)		72		39
Balance as of March 31,	$	594		$	375		$	465	$	594

During ~~2022,~~the first three months of 2023, net realized gains included ~~$0.1~~$1.7 million of losses on fixed income securities for which the cost basis was written down to fair value due to a credit event and restructuring. We recognized $0.1 million of losses on securities for which we no longer had the intent to hold until recovery ~~and the cost basis was written down to fair value. NaN such losses were recognized~~ during the first quarter of ~~2021.~~2022.

As of March 31, ~~2022,~~2023, in addition to the securities included in the allowance for credit losses, the fixed income portfolio contained ~~988~~1,388 securities with an unrealized loss position for which an allowance for credit losses had not been recorded. The ~~$98.0~~$236 million in associated unrealized losses represents ~~4.1~~8 percent of the fixed income portfolio’s cost basis and ~~3.2~~7 percent of total invested assets. Isolated to these securities, u~~nrealized~~unrealized losses ~~increased~~decreased through the first three months of ~~2022,~~2023, as interest rates

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~~increased~~ declined during the period. Of the total ~~988~~1,388 securities, ~~117~~954 have been in an unrealized loss position for 12 consecutive months or longer. The following table illustrates the total value of fixed income securities that were in an unrealized loss position as of March 31, ~~2022~~2023 and December 31, ~~2021~~2022 after factoring in the allowance for credit losses. All fixed income securities continue to pay the expected coupon payments and we believe we will recover the amortized cost basis of available-for-sale securities that remain in an unrealized loss position.

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March 31, 2022

December 31, 2021

(in thousands)

< 12 Mos.

12 Mos. &
Greater

Total

< 12 Mos.

12 Mos. &
Greater

Total

U.S. government

Fair value

$
35,025

$
—

$
35,025

$
2,942

$
—

$
2,942

Amortized cost

35,535

—

35,535

2,986

—

2,986

Unrealized loss

$
(510
)

$
—

$
(510
)

$
(44
)

$
—

$
(44
)
U.S. agency

Fair value

$
6,693

$
—

$
6,693

$
1,498

$
—

$
1,498

Amortized cost

7,028

—

7,028

1,515

—

1,515

Unrealized loss

$
(335
)

$
—

$
(335
)

$
(17
)

$
—

$
(17
)
Non-U.S. government

Fair value

$
—

$
2,653

$
2,653

$
4,346

$
—

$
4,346

Amortized cost

—

3,000

3,000

4,500

—

4,500

Unrealized Loss

$
—

$
(347
)

$
(347
)

$
(154
)

$
—

$
(154
)
Agency MBS

Fair value

$
190,950

$
59,572

$
250,522

$
102,145

$
62,669

$
164,814

Amortized cost

200,176

66,038

266,214

104,336

65,429

169,765

Unrealized loss

$
(9,226
)

$
(6,466
)

$
(15,692
)

$
(2,191
)

$
(2,760
)

$
(4,951
)
ABS/CMBS/MBS*

Fair value

$
218,189

$
19,448

$
237,637

$
150,997

$
3,935

$
154,932

Amortized cost

230,803

20,685

251,488

153,235

4,036

157,271

Unrealized loss

$
(12,614
)

$
(1,237
)

$
(13,851
)

$
(2,238
)

$
(101
)

$
(2,339
)
Corporate

Fair value

$
460,342

$
68,905

$
529,247

$
217,791

$
53,818

$
271,609

Amortized cost

485,129

75,475

560,604

221,010

55,704

276,714

Unrealized loss

$
(24,787
)

$
(6,570
)

$
(31,357
)

$
(3,219
)

$
(1,886
)

$
(5,105
)
Municipal

Fair value

$
350,366

$
32,880

$
383,246

$
162,998

$
15,037

$
178,035

Amortized cost

380,619

38,521

419,140

166,602

15,714

182,316

Unrealized loss

$
(30,253
)

$
(5,641
)

$
(35,894
)

$
(3,604
)

$
(677
)

$
(4,281
)
Total fixed income

Fair value

$
1,261,565

$
183,458

$
1,445,023

$
642,717

$
135,459

$
778,176

Amortized cost

1,339,290

203,719

1,543,009

654,184

140,883

795,067

Unrealized loss

$
(77,725
)

$
(20,261
)

$
(97,986
)

$
(11,467
)

$
(5,424
)

$
(16,891
)


	March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022
(in thousands)	< 12 Mos.		12 Mos. & Greater		Total		< 12 Mos.		12 Mos. & Greater		Total
U.S. government
Fair value	$	258,557	$	60,288	$	318,845	$	399,361	$	8,828	$	408,189
Amortized cost		262,101		63,011		325,112		407,340		9,720		417,060
Unrealized loss	$	(3,544)	$	(2,723)	$	(6,267)	$	(7,979)	$	(892)	$	(8,871)
U.S. agency
Fair value	$	26,616	$	8,940	$	35,556	$	32,987	$	2,170	$	35,157
Amortized cost		27,208		9,979		37,187		34,627		2,567		37,194
Unrealized loss	$	(592)	$	(1,039)	$	(1,631)	$	(1,640)	$	(397)	$	(2,037)
Non-U.S. government
Fair value	$	2,631	$	3,322	$	5,953	$	3,626	$	2,221	$	5,847
Amortized cost		2,702		4,097		6,799		3,798		3,000		6,798
Unrealized Loss	$	(71)	$	(775)	$	(846)	$	(172)	$	(779)	$	(951)
Agency MBS
Fair value	$	88,920	$	227,228	$	316,148	$	197,252	$	117,851	$	315,103
Amortized cost		91,195		261,262		352,457		212,776		144,544		357,320
Unrealized loss	$	(2,275)	$	(34,034)	$	(36,309)	$	(15,524)	$	(26,693)	$	(42,217)
ABS/CMBS/MBS*
Fair value	$	25,033	$	212,917	$	237,950	$	96,754	$	136,149	$	232,903
Amortized cost		25,851		244,164		270,015		104,724		163,623		268,347
Unrealized loss	$	(818)	$	(31,247)	$	(32,065)	$	(7,970)	$	(27,474)	$	(35,444)
Corporate
Fair value	$	383,271	$	572,886	$	956,157	$	660,830	$	323,337	$	984,167
Amortized cost		393,475		637,012		1,030,487		697,437		374,707		1,072,144
Unrealized loss	$	(10,204)	$	(64,126)	$	(74,330)	$	(36,607)	$	(51,370)	$	(87,977)
Municipal
Fair value	$	56,404	$	364,970	$	421,374	$	228,827	$	204,324	$	433,151
Amortized cost		56,986		448,614		505,600		255,240		280,636		535,876
Unrealized loss	$	(582)	$	(83,644)	$	(84,226)	$	(26,413)	$	(76,312)	$	(102,725)
Total fixed income
Fair value	$	841,432	$	1,450,551	$	2,291,983	$	1,619,637	$	794,880	$	2,414,517
Amortized cost		859,518		1,668,139		2,527,657		1,715,942		978,797		2,694,739
Unrealized loss	$	(18,086)	$	(217,588)	$	(235,674)	$	(96,305)	$	(183,917)	$	(280,222)

*	Non-agency asset-backed, commercial mortgage-backed and mortgage-backed securities

The following table shows the composition of the fixed income securities in unrealized loss positions, after factoring in the allowance for credit losses, at March 31, ~~2022~~2023 by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) rating and the generally equivalent Standard & Poor’s (S&P) and Moody’s ratings. The vast majority of the securities are rated by S&P and/or Moody’s.


	Equivalent	Equivalent	(dollars in thousands)
NAIC	S&P	Moody’s	Amortized				Unrealized		Percent
Rating	Rating	Rating	Cost		Fair Value		Loss		to Total
1	AAA/AA/A	Aaa/Aa/A	$	2,031,998	$	1,837,626	$	(194,372)	82.5	%
2	BBB	Baa		396,016		360,851		(35,165)	14.9	%
3	BB	Ba		58,153		54,496		(3,657)	1.6	%
4	B	B		38,897		37,168		(1,729)	0.7	%
5	CCC	Caa		2,593		1,842		(751)	0.3	%
6	CC or lower	Ca or lower		—		—		—	0.0	%
		Total	$	2,527,657	$	2,291,983	$	(235,674)	100.0	%

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Equivalent

Equivalent

(dollars in thousands)

NAIC

S&P

Moody’s

Amortized

Unrealized

Percent

Rating

Rating

Rating

Cost

Fair Value

Loss

to Total

1

AAA/AA/A

Aaa/Aa/A

$
1,199,156

$
1,119,133

$
(80,023
)

81.7

%
2

BBB

Baa

232,808

217,951

(14,857
)

15.2

%
3

BB

Ba

64,217

62,216

(2,001
)

2.0

%
4

B

B

45,409

44,376

(1,033
)

1.0

%
5

CCC

Caa

1,419

1,347

(72
)

0.1

%
6

CC or lower

Ca or lower

-

-

-

0.0

%

Total

$
1,543,009

$
1,445,023

$
(97,986
)

100.0

%

Other Invested Assets

We had ~~$52.4~~$64 million of other invested assets at March 31, ~~2022,~~2023, compared to ~~$50.5~~$48 million at December 31, ~~2021.~~2022. Other invested assets include investments in low income housing tax credit partnerships (LIHTC) and historic tax credit partnerships (HTC), membership in the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago (FHLBC), and investments in private funds. Our LIHTC and

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HTC investments are carried at amortized cost and our investment in FHLBC stock is carried at cost. Due to the nature of the LIHTC, HTC and our membership in the FHLBC, their carrying amounts approximate fair value. The private funds are carried at fair value, using each investment’s net asset value.

Our LIHTC interests had a balance of ~~$15.8~~$13 million at both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, and recognized a total tax benefit of $0.8 million during the first quarter of 2023, compared to ~~$16.6 million at December 31, 2021 and recognized~~ a total tax benefit of $0.9 million during the ~~first quarters of 2022 and 2021.~~same period in 2022. Our unfunded commitment for our LIHTC investments totaled ~~$1.4~~$1 million at March 31, ~~2022~~2023 and will be paid out in installments through 2035.

Our HTC investment had a balance of $16 million at March 31, 2023, compared to $11 million at December 31, 2022. Through 2022, the investment was accounted for as an investment in unconsolidated investee. Due to the adoption of ASU 2023-02, Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method, the investment was reclassified as an other invested asset during 2023. A total tax benefit of $1.4 million was recognized from our HTC investment during the first quarter of 2023, compared to $1.3 million in the first quarter of 2022. Our unfunded commitment for our HTC investment totaled $7 million at March 31, 2023 and is expected be paid entirely during 2023.

As of March 31, ~~2022, $59.1~~2023, $59 million of investments were pledged as collateral with the FHLBC to ensure timely access to the secured lending facility that ownership of FHLBC stock provides. As of March 31, ~~2022, $50.0~~2023, $50 million of borrowings were outstanding with the FHLBC.

Our investments in private funds totaled ~~$30.8~~$28 million atas of March 31, ~~2022, compared to $28.6 million at~~2023 and December 31, ~~2021,~~2022, and we had ~~$6.8~~$5 million of associated unfunded commitments at March 31, ~~2022.~~2023. Our interest in private funds is generally restricted from being transferred or otherwise redeemed without prior consent by the respective entities, and the timed dissolution of the partnerships would trigger redemption.

Investments in Unconsolidated Investees

We had ~~$179.4~~$52 million of investments in unconsolidated investees at March 31, ~~2022,~~2023, compared to ~~$171.3~~$58 million at December 31, ~~2021. Our investments accounted for under the equity method are primarily related to Maui Jim, Inc. (Maui Jim) and~~2022. At March 31, 2023, our investment in Prime Holdings Insurance Services, Inc. (Prime)~~. At March 31, 2022 our investment in Maui Jim~~ was ~~$119.4~~$52 million and ~~our investment in Prime was $49.0 million. Other~~other investments in unconsolidated investees totaled ~~$10.9 million at March~~less than $1 million. Through December 31, 2022, ~~and had unfunded commitments~~our $11 million HTC investment was accounted for as an unconsolidated investee, but was reclassified as an other invested asset during 2023 due to the adoption of ~~$10.2 million.~~ASU 2023-02.

Cash and Short-Term Investments

Cash consists of uninvested balances in bank accounts. Short-term investments consist of investments with original maturities of 90 days or less, primarily AAA-rated government money market funds. Short-term investments are carried at cost. We had a cash and short-term investment balance of ~~$72.1~~$23 million and $116 million, respectively, at March 31, ~~2022,~~2023, compared to ~~$88.8~~$23 million and $36 million, respectively, at December 31, ~~2021.~~2022.

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3. HISTORICAL LOSS AND LAE DEVELOPMENT

The following table is a reconciliation of our unpaid losses and settlement expenses (LAE) for the first three months of ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021:~~2022:

	For the Three Months
	Ended March 31,

							For the Three Months
							Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2022			2021			2023		2022
Unpaid losses and LAE at beginning of year
Gross	$	2,043,555		$	1,750,049		$	2,315,637	$	2,043,555
Ceded		(608,086	)		(443,729	)		(740,089)		(608,086)
Net	$	1,435,469		$	1,306,320		$	1,575,548	$	1,435,469


Increase (decrease) in incurred losses and LAE
Current accident year	$	150,999		$	142,013		$	166,270	$	150,999
Prior accident years		(45,475	)		(37,121	)		(51,782)		(45,475)
Total incurred	$	105,524		$	104,892		$	114,488	$	105,524


Loss and LAE payments for claims incurred
Current accident year	$	(7,875	)	$	(5,962	)	$	(7,983)	$	(7,875)
Prior accident years		(82,851	)		(64,896	)		(95,905)		(82,851)
Total paid	$	(90,726	)	$	(70,858	)	$	(103,888)	$	(90,726)

Net unpaid losses and LAE at March 31	$	1,450,267		$	1,340,354

Unpaid losses and LAE at March 31

Net unpaid losses and LAE at March 31,							$	1,586,148	$	1,450,267

Unpaid losses and LAE at March 31,
Gross	$	2,081,712		$	1,795,275		$	2,286,063	$	2,081,712
Ceded		(631,445	)		(454,921	)		(699,915)		(631,445)
Net	$	1,450,267		$	1,340,354		$	1,586,148	$	1,450,267

For the first three months of 2023, incurred losses and LAE included $52 million of favorable development on prior years’ loss reserves, largely from accident years 2016 and 2018 through 2022. Marine, general liability, professional services, commercial excess, executive products, personal umbrella, surety and commercial property were drivers of the favorable development. No products experienced significant adverse development.

For the first three months of 2022, incurred losses and LAE included ~~$45.5~~$45 million of favorable development on prior years’ loss ~~reserves.~~reserves, largely from accident years 2018 through 2021. Professional services, general liability, transportation, commercial excess, personal umbrella, marine, commercial property and surety were drivers of the favorable development. No products experienced significant adverse development.

For the first three months of 2021, incurred losses and LAE included $37.1 million of favorable development on prior years’ loss reserves. General liability, transportation, small commercial, professional services, personal umbrella and surety were drivers of the favorable development. No products experienced significant adverse development.

Actuarial models base future emergence on historical experience, with adjustments for current trends, and the appropriateness of these assumptions involved more uncertainty as of March 31, 2022. We expect the timing of loss emergence and ultimate loss ratios for certain coverages we underwrite will be affected as a result of COVID-19 and the related economic impact. The industry is experiencing new issues, including the postponement of civil court cases, the extension of various statutes of limitations and changes in settlement trends. Our recorded reserves include consideration of these factors, but the duration and degree to which these issues persist, along with potential legislative, regulatory or judicial actions, could result in loss reserve deficiencies and reduce earnings in future periods.

4. INCOME TAXES

Our effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, ~~2022~~2023 was ~~18.1~~19.5 percent, compared to ~~18.7~~18.1 percent for the same period in ~~2021.~~2022. Effective rates are dependent upon components of pretax earnings and the related tax effects. The effective tax rate was ~~lower~~higher for ~~2022~~the three-month period in 2023, as ~~lower~~higher pretax income ~~increased~~decreased the percentage impact of tax-favored adjustments.

Income tax expense attributable to income from operations for the three-month ~~periods~~period ended March 31, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021~~2022 differed from the amounts computed by applying the U.S. federal tax rate of 21 percent to pretax income by the items detailed in the below table. In interim periods, income taxes are adjusted to reflect the effective tax rate we anticipate for the year, with adjustments flowing through the other items, net line.

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	For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
	2023				2022
(in thousands)	Amount		%		Amount		%
Provision for income taxes at the statutory rate of 21%	$	25,786	21.0	%	$	12,290	21.0	%
Increase (reduction) in taxes resulting from:
Excess tax benefit on share-based compensation		(1,990)	(1.6)	%		(1,414)	(2.4)	%
Tax exempt interest income		(283)	(0.2)	%		(281)	(0.5)	%
Dividends received deduction		(224)	(0.2)	%		(271)	(0.5)	%
Investment tax credit		(513)	(0.4)	%		(1,182)	(2.0)	%
ESOP dividends paid deduction		(137)	(0.1)	%		(130)	(0.2)	%
Nondeductible expenses		601	0.5	%		316	0.5	%
Other items, net		740	0.5	%		1,274	2.2	%
Total tax expense	$	23,980	19.5	%	$	10,602	18.1	%

We have recorded our deferred tax assets and liabilities using the statutory federal tax rate of 21 percent. We believe it is more likely than not that all deferred tax assets will be recovered, given the carry back availability as well as the result of future operations, which will generate sufficient taxable income to realize the deferred tax asset.

For the Three Months Ended March 31,

2022

2021
(in thousands)

Amount

%

Amount

%

Provision for income taxes at the statutory rate of 21%

$
12,290

21.0

%

$
18,865

21.0

%
Increase (reduction) in taxes resulting from:

Excess tax benefit on share-based compensation

(1,414
)

(2.4
)
%

(1,924
)

(2.1
)
%
Tax exempt interest income

(281
)

(0.5
)
%

(319
)

(0.4
)
%
Dividends received deduction

(271
)

(0.5
)
%

(236
)

(0.3
)
%
Investment tax credit

(1,182
)

(2.0
)
%

(801
)

(0.9
)
%
ESOP dividends paid deduction

(130
)

(0.2
)
%

(130
)

(0.1
)
%
Nondeductible expenses

316

0.5

%

411

0.5

%
Other items, net

1,274

2.2

%

956

1.0

%
Total tax expense

$
10,602

18.1

%

$
16,822

18.7

%

5. STOCK BASED COMPENSATION

Our RLI Corp. Long-Term Incentive Plan (2010 LTIP) was in place from 2010 to 2015. The 2010 LTIP provided for equity-based compensation, including stock options, up to a maximum of 4,000,000 shares of common stock (subject to adjustment for changes in our capitalization and other events). Between 2010 and 2015, we granted 2,878,000 stock options under the 2010 LTIP. The 2010 LTIP was replaced in 2015.

~~In 2015, our shareholders approved the 2015 RLI Corp. Long-Term Incentive Plan~~ (2015 LTIP)~~, which~~ provides for equity-based ~~compensation and replaced the 2010 LTIP. In conjunction with the adoption of the 2015 LTIP, effective May 7, 2015, options were no longer granted under the 2010 LTIP.~~compensation. Awards under the 2015 LTIP may be in the form of restricted stock, restricted stock units, stock options (non-qualified only), stock appreciation rights, performance units as well as other stock-based awards. Eligibility under the 2015 LTIP is limited to employees and directors of the Company or any affiliate. The granting of awards under the 2015 LTIP is solely at the discretion of the board of directors. The maximum number of shares of common stock available for distribution under the 2015 LTIP is 4,000,000 shares (subject to adjustment for changes in our capitalization and other events). Since the plan’s approval in 2015, we have granted ~~2,924,420~~3,291,388 awards under the 2015 LTIP, including ~~24,000~~27,600 thus far in ~~2022.~~2023.

Compensation expense is based on the probable number of awards expected to vest. The total compensation expense related to equity awards was ~~$1.5~~$2.5 million in the three-month ~~periods~~period ended March 31, ~~2022,~~2023, compared to ~~$1.6~~$1.5 million for the same period in ~~2021.~~2022. The total income tax benefit was ~~$0.2~~$0.4 million for the three-month period ended March 31, ~~2022,~~2023, compared to ~~$0.3~~$0.2 million for the same period in ~~2021.~~2022. Total unrecognized compensation expense relating to outstanding and unvested awards was ~~$5.0~~$5 million, which will be recognized over the weighted average vesting period of ~~2.27~~3.04 years.

Stock Options

Under the 2015 ~~LTIP, as under the 2010~~ LTIP, we grant stock options for shares with an exercise price equal to the fair market value of the shares at the date of grant (subject to adjustments for changes in our capitalization, special dividends and other events as set forth in such plans). Options generally vest and become exercisable ~~ratably~~ over a five-year period and expire eight years after grant.

For most participants, the requisite service period and vesting period will be the same. For participants who are retirement eligible, defined by the plan as those individuals whose age and years of service equals 75, the requisite service period is deemed to be met and options are immediately expensed on the date of grant. For participants who will become retirement eligible during the vesting period, the requisite service period over which expense is recognized is the period between the grant date and the attainment of retirement eligibility. Shares issued upon option exercise are newly issued shares.

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The following tables summarize option activity for the three-month period ended March 31, ~~2022:~~2023:

Weighted

Aggregate

Weighted

Average

Intrinsic

Average

Remaining

Value

Options

Exercise Price

Contractual Life

(in 000’s)

Outstanding options at January 1, 2022

1,669,325

$
78.63

Options granted

24,000

104.85

Options exercised

(27,180
)

59.23

Options canceled/forfeited

(4,280
)

84.53

Outstanding options at March 31, 2022

1,661,865

$
79.32

4.74

$
52,438

Exercisable options at March 31, 2022

785,927

$
67.89

3.53

$
33,595


				Weighted	Aggregate
		Weighted		Average	Intrinsic
		Average		Remaining	Value
	Options	Exercise Price		Contractual Life	(in 000’s)
Outstanding options at January 1, 2023	1,695,660	$	82.42
Options granted	26,000		131.78
Options exercised	(142,634)		55.30
Outstanding options at March 31, 2023	1,579,026	$	85.68	4.90	$	74,575
Exercisable options at March 31, 2023	685,407	$	71.23	3.52	$	42,273

The intrinsic value, which is the difference between the fair value and the exercise price, of options exercised was ~~$1.3~~$11 million and ~~$6.9~~$1 million during the first three months of ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021,~~2022, respectively.

The fair value of options was estimated using a Black-Scholes based option pricing model with the following weighted average grant-date assumptions and weighted average fair values as of March 31:

	2022			2021

							2023			2022
Weighted-average fair value of grants	$	17.28		$	13.82		$	27.04		$	17.28
Risk-free interest rates		1.20	%		0.27	%		4.22	%		1.20	%
Dividend yield		2.01	%		2.30	%		2.54	%		2.01	%
Expected volatility		22.79	%		22.67	%		22.93	%		22.79	%
Expected option life		5.01	years		4.96	years		5.01	years		5.01	years

The risk-free rate was determined based on U.S. treasury yields that most closely approximated the option’s expected life. The dividend yield was determined based on the average annualized quarterly dividends paid during the most recent five-year period and incorporated a consideration for special dividends paid in recent history. The expected volatility was calculated based on the median of the rolling volatilities for the expected life of the options. The expected option life was determined based on historical exercise behavior and the assumption that all outstanding options will be exercised at the midpoint of the current date and remaining contractual term, adjusted for the demographics of the current year’s grant.

Restricted Stock Units

In addition to stock options, restricted stock units (RSUs) are granted with a value equal to the closing stock price of the Company’s stock on the dates the units are granted. For employees, these units generally have a three-year cliff vesting, but have an accelerated vesting feature for participants who are retirement eligible, defined by the plan as those individuals whose age and years of service equals 75. For directors, these units vest on the earlier of one year from the date of grant or the next annual shareholders meeting. In addition, the RSUs have dividend participation, which accrue as additional units and are settled with granted stock units at the end of the vesting period.


		Weighted
		Average
		Grant Date
	RSUs	Fair Value
Nonvested at January 1, 2023	44,208	$	109.51
Granted	1,600		133.50
Reinvested	92		129.54
Nonvested at March 31, 2023	45,900	$	110.39

Weighted

Average

Grant Date

RSUs

Fair Value

Nonvested at January 1, 2022

45,068

$
97.67

Reinvested

102

108.75

Forfeited

(692
)

94.53

Nonvested at March 31, 2022

44,478

$
97.74

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6. OPERATING SEGMENT INFORMATION

Selected information by operating segment is presented in the table below. Additionally, the table reconciles segment totals to total earnings and total revenues.


	For the Three Months
Revenues	Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2023		2022
Casualty	$	186,031	$	171,756
Property		88,767		67,440
Surety		32,925		29,956
Net premiums earned	$	307,723	$	269,152
Net investment income		27,084		17,883
Net realized gains		14,620		5,588
Net unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities		15,496		(27,810)
Total consolidated revenue	$	364,923	$	264,813

Net Earnings
(in thousands)	2023		2022
Casualty	$	31,831	$	27,647
Property		28,383		22,476
Surety		7,676		9,355
Net underwriting income	$	67,890	$	59,478
Net investment income		27,084		17,883
Net realized gains		14,620		5,588
Net unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities		15,496		(27,810)
General corporate expense and interest on debt		(6,222)		(5,373)
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated investees		3,923		8,759
Earnings before income taxes	$	122,791	$	58,525
Income tax expense		23,980		10,602
Net earnings	$	98,811	$	47,923

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For the Three Months

Revenues

Ended March 31,

(in thousands)

2022

2021

Casualty

$
171,756

$
148,770

Property

67,440

51,642

Surety

29,956

28,183

Net premiums earned

$
269,152

$
228,595

Net investment income

17,883

16,424

Net realized gains

5,588

14,150

Net unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities

(27,810
)

28,162

Total consolidated revenue

$
264,813

$
287,331

Net Earnings

(in thousands)

2022

2021

Casualty

$
27,647

$
24,867

Property

22,476

(1,005
)
Surety

9,355

6,055

Net underwriting income

$
59,478

$
29,917

Net investment income

17,883

16,424

Net realized gains

5,588

14,150

Net unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities

(27,810
)

28,162

General corporate expense and interest on debt

(5,373
)

(5,243
)
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated investees

8,759

6,424

Earnings before income taxes

$
58,525

$
89,834

Income tax expense

10,602

16,822

Net earnings

$
47,923

$
73,012

The following table further summarizes revenues by major product type within each operating segment:


	For the Three Months
Net Premiums Earned	Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2023		2022
Casualty
Commercial excess and personal umbrella	$	67,582	$	60,072
General liability		25,900		23,740
Commercial transportation		25,232		23,628
Professional services		24,357		23,555
Small commercial		17,941		16,645
Executive products		6,353		6,577
Other casualty		18,666		17,539
Total	$	186,031	$	171,756
Property
Commercial property	$	49,262	$	33,289
Marine		30,636		26,729
Other property		8,869		7,422
Total	$	88,767	$	67,440
Surety
Commercial	$	12,418	$	11,703
Miscellaneous		12,047		11,353
Contract		8,460		6,900
Total	$	32,925	$	29,956
Grand Total	$	307,723	$	269,152

For the Three Months

Net Premiums Earned

Ended March 31,

(in thousands)

2022

2021

Casualty

Commercial excess and personal umbrella

$
60,072

$
51,554

General liability

23,740

22,407

Commercial transportation

23,628

16,830

Professional services

23,555

21,728

Small commercial

16,645

15,722

Executive products

6,577

5,241

Other casualty

17,539

15,288

Total

$
171,756

$
148,770

Property

Commercial property

$
33,289

$
22,712

Marine

26,729

22,958

Specialty personal

5,896

5,034

Other property

1,526

938

Total

$
67,440

$
51,642

Surety

Commercial

$
11,703

$
11,013

Miscellaneous

11,353

10,635

Contract

6,900

6,535

Total

$
29,956

$
28,183

Grand Total

$
269,152

$
228,595

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7. LEASES

Right-of-use (ROU) assets are included in the other assets line item and lease liabilities are included in the other liabilities line item of the consolidated balance sheet. We determine if a contract contains a lease at inception and recognize

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operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments at the commencement date. As our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of future payments. Lease agreements may include options to extend or terminate. The options are exercised at our discretion and are included in operating lease liabilities if it is reasonably certain the option will be exercised. Lease agreements have lease and non-lease components, which are accounted for as a single lease component. Operating lease cost for future minimum lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Variable lease cost is expensed in the period in which the obligation is incurred. Sublease income is recognized on a straight-line basis over the sublease term.

The Company’s operating lease obligations are for branch office facilities. The components of lease expense and other lease information as of and during the three-month ~~periods~~period ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 ~~and 2021 are~~were as follows:

	For the Three Months
	Ended March 31,

							For the Three Months
							Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2022			2021			2023		2022
Operating lease cost	$	1,158		$	1,351		$	1,269	$	1,158
Variable lease cost		348			384			438		348
Sublease income		(139	)		(123	)		(139)		(139)
Total lease cost	$	1,367		$	1,612		$	1,568	$	1,367


Cash paid for amounts included in measurement of lease liabilities
Operating cash outflows from operating leases	$	1,322		$	1,488		$	1,398	$	1,322


ROU assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities	$	—		$	58		$	41	$	—


Reduction to ROU assets resulting from reduction to lease liabilities	$	—		$	59		$	200	$	—


Other non-cash reductions to ROU assets	$	73		$	—		$	—	$	73


(in thousands)	March 31, 2022			December 31, 2021			March 31, 2023			December 31, 2022
Operating lease ROU assets	$	13,620		$	14,765		$	11,412		$	12,766
Operating lease liabilities	$	15,663		$	16,905		$	12,980		$	14,499
Weighted-average remaining lease term - operating leases	4.43		years	4.52		years		4.17	years		4.21	years
Weighted-average discount rate - operating leases		2.01	%		2.02	%		2.10	%		2.11	%

Future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable leases as of March 31, ~~2022~~2023 were as follows:


(in thousands)	March 31, 2022			March 31, 2023
2022	$	4,031
2023		4,826		$	4,018
2024		2,844			3,586
2025		1,481			2,224
2026		884			1,311
2027		695			826
2028					704
Thereafter		1,587			883
Total future minimum lease payments	$	16,348		$	13,552
Less imputed interest		(685	)		(572)
Total operating lease liability	$	15,663		$	12,980

8. ACQUISITONS AND DISPOSTIONS

On September 30, 2022, RLI Corp. completed the sale of its equity method investment in Maui Jim to Kering Eyewear for cash proceeds of $687 million. A net realized gain of $571 million was recognized during 2022 and the payout of the

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working capital escrow during the first quarter of 2023 resulted in the recognition of an additional $14 million realized gain. The gains were recorded in the net realized gain line item of the statement of earnings.

Item 2.Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

~~Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.~~

Forward looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 appear throughout this report. These statements relate to our current expectations, beliefs, intentions, goals or strategies regarding the future and are based on certain underlying assumptions by the Company. These forward looking statements generally include words such as “expect,” “predict,” “estimate,” “will,” “should,” “anticipate,” “believe” and similar expressions. Such assumptions are, in turn, based on information available and internal estimates and analyses of general economic conditions, competitive factors, conditions specific to the property and casualty insurance and reinsurance industries, claims development and the impact thereof on our loss reserves, the adequacy and financial security of our reinsurance programs, developments in the securities market and the impact on our investment portfolio, regulatory changes and conditions and other factors. These assumptions are subject to various risks, uncertainties and other factors, including, without limitation those set forth in “Item 1A. Risk Factors” within the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2021~~2022 and Part II within this report. Actual results could differ materially from those expressed in, or implied by, these forward looking statements. We assume no obligation to update any such statements. You should review the various risks, uncertainties and other factors listed from time to time in our Securities and Exchange Commission filings.

OVERVIEW

RLI Corp. is a U.S.-based, specialty insurance company that underwrites select property and casualty insurance through major subsidiaries collectively known as RLI Insurance Group (Group). Our focus is on niche markets and developing unique products that are tailored to customers’ needs. We hire underwriters and claim examiners with deep expertise and provide exceptional customer service and support. We maintain a highly diverse product portfolio and underwrite for profit in all market conditions. In ~~2021,~~2022, we achieved our ~~26th~~27th consecutive year of underwriting profitability. Over the ~~26-year~~27-year period, we averaged an ~~88.4~~88.2 combined ~~ratio. This drives our ability~~ratio, allowing us to provide shareholder returns infrom three ~~different ways:~~possible sources: the underwriting income itself, net investment income from our investment portfolio and long-term appreciation in our equity portfolio.

We measure the results of our insurance operations by monitoring growth and profitability across three distinct business segments: casualty, property and surety. Growth is measured in terms of gross premiums written, and profitability is analyzed through combined ratios, which are further subdivided into their respective loss and expense components.

The property and casualty insurance business is cyclical and influenced by many factors, including price competition, economic conditions, natural or man-made disasters (for example, earthquakes, hurricanes, pandemics and terrorism), interest rates, state regulations, court decisions and changes in the law. One of the unique and challenging features of the property and casualty insurance business is that coverages must be priced before costs have fully developed, because premiums are charged before claims are incurred. This requires that liabilities be estimated and recorded in recognition of future loss and settlement obligations. Due to the inherent uncertainty in estimating these liabilities, there can be no assurance that actual liabilities will ~~not be more or less than~~equal recorded ~~amounts; if~~amounts. If actual liabilities differ from recorded amounts, there will be an adverse or favorable effect on net earnings.

The casualty portion of our business consists largely of commercial excess, personal umbrella, general liability, transportation and executive products coverages, as well as package business and other specialty coverages, such as professional liability and workers’ compensation for office-based professionals. We also assume a limited amount of hard-to-place risks through a quota share reinsurance agreement. The casualty business is subject to the risk of estimating losses and related loss reserves because the ultimate settlement of a casualty claim may take several years to fully develop. The casualty segment is also subject to inflation risk and may be affected by evolving legislation and court decisions that define the extent of coverage and the amount of compensation due for injuries or losses.

Our property segment is comprised primarily of commercial fire, earthquake, difference in conditions and marine coverages. We also offer select personal lines policies, including homeowners’ coverages. Property insurance results are subject to the variability introduced by perils such as earthquakes, fires, hurricanes and other storms. Our major catastrophe exposure is to losses caused by earthquakes, primarily on the West ~~Coast. Our second largest catastrophe exposure is to losses caused by~~Coast, and wind storms to commercial properties throughout the Gulf and East Coast, as well as to homes we insure in Hawaii. We ~~seek to~~ limit our net aggregate exposure to a catastrophic event by ~~minimizing~~managing the total policy limits written in a particular region, purchasing reinsurance and maintaining policy terms and conditions throughout insurance cycles. We also use computer-assisted modeling techniques to provide estimates that help the Company carefully manage the concentration of risks exposed to catastrophic events.

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The surety segment specializes in writing small to ~~large-sized commercial and~~medium-sized contract surety coverages, including payment and performance bonds. We offer a variety of commercial surety bonds for medium to large-sized businesses across a broad spectrum of industries, including the financial, healthcare as well as on and offshore energy, petrochemical and refining industries. We also offer miscellaneous bonds including license and permit, notary and court bonds. Often, our surety coverages involve a statutory requirement for bonds. While these bonds typically maintain a relatively low

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loss ratio, losses may fluctuate due to adverse economic conditions affecting the financial viability of our ~~principals.~~insureds. The contract surety product guarantees the construction work of a commercial contractor for a specific project. Generally, losses occur due to the deterioration of a contractor’s financial condition. This line has historically produced marginally higher loss ratios than other surety lines during economic downturns.

The insurance marketplace is competitive across all of our segments. However, we believe that our business model is built to create underwriting income by focusing on sound risk selection and discipline. Our primary focus will continue to be on underwriting profitability, with a secondary focus on premium growth where we believe underwriting profit exists, as opposed to general premium growth or market share measurements.

~~GAAP, non-GAAP and~~Key Performance Measures

Throughout this quarterly report, we include certain non-generally accepted accounting principles (non-GAAP) financial measures. Management believes that these non-GAAP measures further explain the Company’s results of operations and allow for a more complete understanding of the underlying trends in the Company’s business. These measures should not be viewed as a substitute for those determined in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (GAAP). In addition, our definitions of these items may not be comparable to the definitions used by other companies.

The following is a list of ~~non-GAAP~~key performance measures found throughout this report with their definitions, relationships to GAAP measures and explanations of their importance to our operations.

Underwriting Income

Underwriting income or profit represents one measure of the pretax profitability of our insurance operations, and is derived by subtracting losses and settlement expenses, policy acquisition costs and insurance operating expenses from net premiums earned, which are all GAAP financial measures. Each of these captions is presented in the statements of earnings but is not subtotaled. However, this information is available in total and by segment in note 6 to the unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q, and in note 12 to the consolidated financial statements in our ~~2021~~2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, regarding operating segment information. The nearest comparable GAAP measure is earnings before income taxes which, in addition to underwriting income, includes net investment income, net realized gains or losses, net unrealized gains or losses on equity securities, general corporate expenses, debt costs and our portion of earnings from unconsolidated investees. A reconciliation of net earnings to underwriting income follows:

	For the Three Months
	Ended March 31,

							For the Three Months
							Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2022			2021			2023		2022
Net earnings	$	47,923		$	73,012		$	98,811	$	47,923
Income tax expense		10,602			16,822			23,980		10,602
Earnings before income taxes	$	58,525		$	89,834		$	122,791	$	58,525
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated investees		(8,759	)		(6,424	)		(3,923)		(8,759)
General corporate expenses		3,363			3,342			4,214		3,363
Interest expense on debt		2,010			1,901			2,008		2,010
Net unrealized (gains) losses on equity securities		27,810			(28,162	)		(15,496)		27,810
Net realized gains		(5,588	)		(14,150	)		(14,620)		(5,588)
Net investment income		(17,883	)		(16,424	)		(27,084)		(17,883)
Net underwriting income	$	59,478		$	29,917		$	67,890	$	59,478

Combined Ratio

The combined ratio, which is derived from components of underwriting income, is a common industry performance measure of profitability for underwriting operations and is calculated in two components. First, the loss ratio is losses and settlement expenses divided by net premiums earned. The second component, the expense ratio, reflects the sum of policy acquisition costs and insurance operating expenses divided by net premiums earned. All items included in these components of the combined ratio are presented in our GAAP consolidated financial statements. The sum of the loss and expense ratios is the combined ratio. The difference between the combined ratio and 100 reflects the per-dollar rate of underwriting income or loss.

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Critical Accounting Policies

In preparing the unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements, we are required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses for the reporting period. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.

The most critical accounting policies involve significant estimates and include those used in determining the liability for unpaid losses and settlement expenses, investment valuation, recoverability of reinsurance balances, deferred policy acquisition costs and deferred taxes. For a detailed discussion of each of these policies, refer to our ~~2021~~2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

There have been no significant changes to critical accounting policies during the year.

~~IMPACT OF COVID-19~~

Our processes and controls continue to operate effectively and we have been able to maintain our high service and support levels for our customers throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. As of March 31, 2022, our premium production was unaffected by the direct impacts of the pandemic. However, actuarial models base future emergence on historical experience, with adjustments for current trends, and the appropriateness of these assumptions still involve greater uncertainty. We expect there will be impacts to the timing of loss emergence and ultimate loss ratios for certain coverages. The industry experienced new issues throughout the pandemic, including the postponement of civil court cases, the extension of various statutes of limitations and changes in settlement trends. Our booked reserves include consideration of these factors, but the duration and degree to which these issues persist, along with potential legislative, regulatory or judicial actions, could result in loss reserve deficiencies and reduce earnings in future periods.

We continue to evaluate all aspects of our operations and are making necessary adjustments to manage our business. Our diversified portfolio of products and financial strength have allowed us to remain on solid footing. We believe we have a strong and sustainable underwriting approach that will allow us to weather the economic environment and any remaining uncertainty.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Three Months Ended March 31, ~~2022~~2023 Compared to Three Months Ended March 31, ~~2021~~2022

Net premiums earned for the Group increased 1814 percent, driven by growth from our property and casualty ~~and property segments, while~~segments. Positive market performance ~~in the equity portfolio varied significantly between the periods. Overall market declines~~ resulted in ~~$27.8~~$15 million of unrealized ~~losses~~gains on equity securities in the first three months of ~~2022,~~2023, while ~~positive~~overall market ~~performance~~declines resulted in ~~$28.2~~$28 million of unrealized ~~gains~~losses in our equity portfolio in ~~2021.~~2022. Investment income was up 951 percent, due to an increased average asset base and higher interest rates relative to the prior year. Realized gains during the first three months of ~~2022~~2023 were comprised of ~~$5.9~~$2 million of realized gains on equity securities, primarily due to rebalancing within our equity strategies, ~~$0.1~~$2 million of realized losses on the fixed income portfolio and ~~$0.2~~$14 million of ~~other~~ realized ~~losses.~~gains from the payout of the working capital escrow from our sale of Maui Jim, Inc (Maui Jim). This compares to ~~$13.1~~$6 million of realized gains on the equity portfolio ~~$1.2~~and less than $1 million of realized ~~gains~~losses on the fixed income portfolio ~~and $0.1 million of other realized losses for~~in the ~~same period in 2021.~~previous year.

	For the Three Months
	Ended March 31,

						For the Three Months
						Ended March 31,
Consolidated Revenues (in thousands)	2022			2021		2023		2022
Net premiums earned	$	269,152		$	228,595	$	307,723	$	269,152
Net investment income		17,883			16,424		27,084		17,883
Net realized gains		5,588			14,150		14,620		5,588
Net unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities		(27,810	)		28,162		15,496		(27,810)
Total consolidated revenue	$	264,813		$	287,331	$	364,923	$	264,813

Net earnings for the first three months of ~~2022~~2023 totaled ~~$47.9~~$99 million, compared to ~~$73.0~~$48 million for the same period in ~~2021.~~2022. The ~~decrease in earnings~~increase for ~~2022~~2023 was ~~primarily~~largely attributed to ~~$17.3~~the $14 million of net after-tax realized and unrealized ~~losses~~gains on equity securities, compared to ~~$32.6~~$17 million of after-tax realized and unrealized ~~gains~~losses in ~~2021.~~2022. Underwriting results for ~~2022~~2023 were impacted by ~~$2.0~~$4 million of pretax storm losses, compared to ~~$16.0~~$2 million of pretax storm losses in the first quarter of ~~2021.~~2022. Results for each period benefited from favorable development on prior years’ loss reserves, which provided additional pretax earnings of ~~$45.5~~$52 million in the first three months of ~~2022,~~2023, compared to ~~$37.1~~$45 million in 2021. Pretax bonus and profit sharing-related expenses associated with the net impact of prior years’ reserve development and catastrophe losses totaled $5.7 million in 2022, compared to $3.1 million in 2021. These performance-related expenses affected policy acquisition, insurance

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2022.

~~operating and general corporate expenses.~~

Bonus and profit-sharing amounts earned by executives, managers and associates are predominantly influenced by corporate performance, including operating earnings, combined ratio and return on capital. Favorable development and other drivers of growth in book value will increase bonus and profit-sharing expenses, while catastrophe losses, adverse development and decreased investment portfolio returns would lead to expense reductions. These performance-related expenses affect policy acquisition, insurance operating and general corporate expenses.

Underwriting income was ~~$59.5~~$68 million on a 77.9 combined ratio for the first three months of ~~2022,~~2023, compared to ~~$29.9~~$59 million on ~~an 86.9~~a 77.9 combined ratio in the same period of ~~2021.~~2022. The loss ratio decreased to ~~39.2~~37.2 from ~~45.9,~~39.2, due to ~~lower~~higher levels ~~of storm losses and a higher level~~ of favorable development on prior years’ loss reserves in ~~2022.~~2023. The Group’s expense ratio ~~decreased~~increased to 40.7 from 38.7, ~~from 41.0, with 2022 benefiting from a~~as higher net earnings and growth in book value led to larger ~~earned premium base.~~levels of bonus and profit-sharing expenses in 2023. We also increased investments in our people and technology to support growth, improve customer experience and drive efficiencies, which impacted all segments.

Our equity in earnings of unconsolidated investees primarily ~~relate~~relates to our ~~investments~~investment in ~~Maui Jim, Inc. (Maui Jim), a manufacturer of high-quality sunglasses, and~~ Prime Holdings Insurance Services, Inc. (Prime), a specialty insurance company. In the first three months of ~~2022, $6.4~~2023, we recognized $4 million of investee

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earnings ~~were recorded for Maui Jim and $2.8 million of investee earnings were recorded for~~from Prime. Comparatively, the first three months of ~~2021~~2022 reflected investee earnings of ~~$3.7~~$3 million from Prime and ~~$3.7~~$6 million from Maui Jim, ~~and Prime, respectively.~~a manufacturer of high-quality sunglasses. Our interest in Maui Jim was sold in the third quarter of 2022.

Comprehensive ~~loss~~earnings totaled ~~$67.7~~$137 million for the first three months of ~~2022,~~2023, compared to ~~$28.3~~$68 million of comprehensive ~~earnings~~loss for the first three months of ~~2021.~~2022. Other comprehensive earnings (loss) primarily included net after-tax unrealized gains and losses from the fixed income portfolio. Other comprehensive ~~loss~~earnings of ~~$115.6~~$38 million in the first three months of ~~2022~~2023 was attributable to ~~increased~~lower interest rates, which ~~decreased~~increased the fair value of securities held in the fixed income portfolio. Comparatively, ~~$44.7~~$116 million of other comprehensive loss was recognized in ~~2021~~2022 as interest rates increased.

Premiums

Gross premiums written for the Group increased ~~$64.3~~$56 million for the first three months of ~~2022 when~~2023, compared to the same period of ~~2021.~~2022. Growth was achieved in all three segments, though the increase was largely driven by products in the property and ~~casualty~~surety segments. Net premiums earned increased ~~$40.6~~$39 million, ~~also~~ driven by products in our ~~casualty~~property and ~~property~~casualty segments.

	Gross Premiums Written								Net Premiums Earned
	For the Three Months Ended March 31,								For the Three Months Ended March 31,

																Gross Premiums Written						Net Premiums Earned
																For the Three Months						For the Three Months
																Ended March 31,						Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2022		2021		% Change				2022		2021		% Change			2023		2022		% Change		2023		2022		% Change
Casualty
Commercial excess and personal umbrella	$	77,786	$	64,723		20		%	$	60,072	$	51,554		17	%	$	81,431	$	77,786	5	%	$	67,582	$	60,072	13	%
General liability		27,894		23,209		20		%		23,740		22,407		6	%		24,789		27,894	(11)	%		25,900		23,740	9	%
Commercial transportation		22,301		16,438		36		%		23,628		16,830		40	%		22,873		22,301	3	%		25,232		23,628	7	%
Professional services		24,510		22,407		9		%		23,555		21,728		8	%		26,189		24,510	7	%		24,357		23,555	3	%
Small commercial		18,138		16,378		11		%		16,645		15,722		6	%		19,959		18,138	10	%		17,941		16,645	8	%
Executive products		20,681		22,770		(9	)	%		6,577		5,241		25	%		17,827		20,681	(14)	%		6,353		6,577	(3)	%
Other casualty		24,511		22,971		7		%		17,539		15,288		15	%		24,766		24,511	1	%		18,666		17,539	6	%
Total	$	215,821	$	188,896		14		%	$	171,756	$	148,770		15	%	$	217,834	$	215,821	1	%	$	186,031	$	171,756	8	%
Property
Commercial property	$	69,080	$	40,136		72		%	$	33,289	$	22,712		47	%	$	111,939	$	69,080	62	%	$	49,262	$	33,289	48	%
Marine		32,083		26,853		19		%		26,729		22,958		16	%		37,189		32,083	16	%		30,636		26,729	15	%
Specialty personal		6,441		5,663		14		%		5,896		5,034		17	%
Other property		1,994		1,885		6		%		1,526		938		63	%		9,718		8,435	15	%		8,869		7,422	19	%
Total	$	109,598	$	74,537		47		%	$	67,440	$	51,642		31	%	$	158,846	$	109,598	45	%	$	88,767	$	67,440	32	%
Surety
Commercial	$	12,663	$	13,301		(5	)	%	$	11,703	$	11,013		6	%	$	15,096	$	12,663	19	%	$	12,418	$	11,703	6	%
Miscellaneous		13,362		11,974		12		%		11,353		10,635		7	%		13,347		13,362	(0)	%		12,047		11,353	6	%
Contract		7,715		6,187		25		%		6,900		6,535		6	%		9,889		7,715	28	%		8,460		6,900	23	%
Total	$	33,740	$	31,462		7		%	$	29,956	$	28,183		6	%	$	38,332	$	33,740	14	%	$	32,925	$	29,956	10	%
Grand Total	$	359,159	$	294,895		22		%	$	269,152	$	228,595		18	%	$	415,012	$	359,159	16	%	$	307,723	$	269,152	14	%

Casualty

Gross premiums written for the casualty segment were up ~~$26.9~~$2 million in the first three months of ~~2022. Gross premiums from~~2023. Continued momentum with our personal umbrella distribution base and positive rate movement across a large portion of our casualty segment offset challenging conditions some lines experienced during the first quarter. As we mentioned in prior filings, we are running off our excess energy liability business, which resulted in a $5 million decrease within the commercial excess product for the quarter. Increased competition and ~~personal umbrella increased $13.1 million,~~a slowing of projects due to ~~rate increases and an expanded distribution base. Improvements in the construction industry and increases in new projects~~economic conditions led to ~~the increase in~~a further reduction for commercial excess as well as for general

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liability. ~~Commercial transportation~~Additionally, executive products premium increased by $5.9 million, driven by our public transportation line, where customers put vehicles back in service on policies that were suspended throughout the first two years of the pandemic. Executive products was downdecreased as a result of a more competitive market, particularly with directors and officers coverages. However, the ~~exit from~~benefit of our ~~large account cyber and representations and warranties programs.~~diversified book of business is that a few products can work through challenges while the success of other products allows us to achieve positive overall results.

Property

Gross premiums written for the property segment were up ~~$35.1~~$49 million in the first three months of ~~2022.~~2023. Our commercial property business was up ~~$28.9~~$43 million, as rates on wind ~~and earthquake~~ exposures continued to increase, building valuations rose and market

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disruption provided an opportunity to ~~modestly increase market share~~grow while strengthening terms and conditions. Rate increases, improved retention and new opportunities ~~in the inland marine space,~~ led to ~~$5.2~~$5 million of premium growth for our marine product.

Surety

Gross premiums written for the surety segment were up ~~$2.3~~$5 million for the first three months of ~~2022.~~2023. The expansion of existing accounts and new business resulted in increased premium for commercial surety. Contract surety benefited from new ~~construction opportunities~~agency relationships and ~~larger contract values, driven by~~ the continued inflation of material prices. ~~The growth in miscellaneous surety is broad based and has been aided by our focus on being easy to do business with and technology.~~

Underwriting Income

	For the Three Months
	Ended March 31,
	2022		��	2021
Underwriting Income (Loss) (in thousands)

							For the Three Months
							Ended March 31,
							2023		2022
Underwriting Income (in thousands)
Casualty	$	27,647		$	24,867		$	31,831	$	27,647
Property		22,476			(1,005	)		28,383		22,476
Surety		9,355			6,055			7,676		9,355
Total	$	59,478		$	29,917		$	67,890	$	59,478


Combined Ratio
Casualty		83.9			83.3			82.9		83.9
Property	66.7				101.9			68.0		66.7
Surety	68.8			78.5				76.7		68.8
Total	77.9				86.9			77.9		77.9

Casualty

The casualty segment recorded underwriting ~~earnings~~income of ~~$27.6~~$32 million in the first three months of ~~2022,~~2023, compared to ~~$24.9~~$28 million for the same period last year. ~~Reserve~~Prior accident years’ reserve releases reduced loss and settlement expenses for the casualty segment by ~~$27.6~~$36 million, primarily on accident years ~~2019~~2018 through ~~2021.~~2022. Favorable development was widespread, with notable amounts from general liability, professional services, ~~general liability, transportation,~~ commercial excess, executive products and personal umbrella. In comparison, ~~$28.3~~$28 million of prior accident years’ reserves were released in the first three months of ~~2021. General~~2022. Professional services, general liability, transportation, ~~professional services, small~~ commercial excess and personal umbrella were drivers of the favorable development. ~~Offsetting the favorable development in 2021, winter storm losses on casualty-oriented package policies that include property coverage resulted in $1.1 million of losses.~~

The combined ratio for the casualty segment was 82.9 in 2023, compared to 83.9 in ~~2022, compared to 83.3 in 2021.~~2022. The segment’s loss ratio was 45.5 in 2023, down from 48.8 in ~~2022, up from 47.2 in 2021. Current accident year losses are slightly improved, but similar~~2022. Increased levels of reserve releases on ~~a higher earned premium base~~prior accident years resulted in ~~a smaller impact to~~ the lower loss ratio in ~~2022.~~2023. The expense ratio for the casualty segment was ~~35.1, down~~37.4, up from ~~36.1~~35.1 for the same period last year.

Property

The property segment recorded underwriting ~~earnings~~income of ~~$22.5~~$28 million for the first three months of ~~2022,~~2023, compared to ~~an underwriting loss of $1.0~~$22 million for the same period last year. Underwriting results for ~~2022~~2023 included ~~$13.4 million of favorable development on prior years’ loss and catastrophe reserves across all products and $2.0 million of storm losses. Comparatively, the 2021 underwriting results included $6.1~~$13 million of favorable development on prior years’ loss and catastrophe reserves and ~~$14.9~~$4 million of storm losses. Comparatively, the 2022 underwriting results included $13 million of favorable development on prior years’ loss and catastrophe reserves and $2.0 million of storm losses.

Underwriting results for the first three months of ~~2022~~2023 translated into a combined ratio of ~~66.7,~~68.0, compared to ~~101.9~~66.7 for the same period last year. The segment’s loss ratio was 29.8 in 2023, down from 30.2 in ~~2022, down from 61.3 in 2021, due to lower levels of storm losses~~

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~~and larger reserve releases.~~2022. The segment’s expense ratio ~~decreased~~increased to ~~36.5~~38.2 in ~~2022~~2023 from ~~40.6~~36.5 in the prior ~~year, with 2022 benefiting from a larger earned premium base.~~year.

Surety

The surety segment recorded underwriting income of ~~$9.4~~$8 million for the first three months of ~~2022,~~2023, compared to ~~$6.1~~$9 million for the same period last year. Both periods reflected positive current accident year underwriting performance and benefited from favorable development on prior years’ loss reserves. Results for ~~2022~~2023 included favorable development on prior

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accident years’ reserves, which decreased loss and settlement expenses for the segment by ~~$4.5 million. Comparatively, 2021 results included favorable development on prior accident years’ loss reserves, which decreased the segment’s loss and settlement expenses by $2.8 million.~~$3 million, compared to $4 million in 2022.

The combined ratio for the surety segment totaled ~~68.8~~76.7 for the first three months of ~~2022,~~2023, compared to ~~78.5~~68.8 for the same period in ~~2021.~~2022. The segment’s loss ratio was 10.2 in 2023, up from 4.4 in 2022 ~~down from 10.7 in 2021~~ due to ~~larger reserve releases and improved current~~lower levels of prior accident year ~~losses.~~reserve releases. The expense ratio was ~~64.4, down~~66.5, up from ~~67.8~~64.4 in the prior ~~year, as 2022 had a higher earned premium base.~~year.

Investment Income

Our investment portfolio generated net investment income of ~~$17.9~~$27 million during the first three months of ~~2022,~~2023, an increase of ~~8.9~~51 percent from that reported for the same period in ~~2021.~~2022. The increase in investment income was ~~largely~~ due to higher interest rates as well as an increased average asset base relative to the prior year.

Yields on our fixed income investments for the first three months of ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021~~2022 were as follows:

	2022			2021

							2023		2022
Pretax Yield
Taxable		2.70	%		2.87	%	3.39	%	2.70	%
Tax-Exempt		2.65	%		2.63	%	2.79	%	2.65	%
After-Tax Yield
Taxable		2.13	%		2.27	%	2.68	%	2.13	%
Tax-Exempt		2.51	%		2.49	%	2.64	%	2.51	%

The following table depicts the composition of our investment portfolio at March 31, ~~2022~~2023 as compared to December 31, ~~2021:~~2022:


(in thousands)	March 31, 2022				December 31, 2021				March 31, 2023				December 31, 2022
Fixed income	$	2,292,378	75.8	%	$	2,409,887	76.2	%	$	2,701,814	78.9	%	$	2,666,950	81.5	%
Equity securities		608,180	20.1	%		613,776	19.4	%		519,097	15.1	%		498,382	15.2	%
Short-term investments										116,202	3.4	%		36,229	1.1	%
Other invested assets		52,406	1.7	%		50,501	1.6	%		64,134	1.9	%		47,922	1.5	%
Cash		72,148	2.4	%		88,804	2.8	%		22,769	0.7	%		22,818	0.7	%
Total investments and cash	$	3,025,112	100.0	%	$	3,162,968	100.0	%	$	3,424,016	100.0	%	$	3,272,301	100.0	%

We believe our overall asset allocation ~~best meets~~supports our strategy to preserve capital for policyholders, provide sufficient income to support insurance operations and effectively grow book value over a long-term investment horizon.

The fixed income portfolio ~~decreased~~increased by ~~$117.5~~$35 million in the first three months of ~~2022.~~2023. The ~~decline was due to increased interest rates, which decreased the~~ fair value of ~~securities held in the~~our fixed income ~~portfolio.~~portfolio increased as interest rates declined during the quarter. Average fixed income duration was ~~5.0~~4.4 years at March 31, ~~2022,~~2023, reflecting our current liability structure and sound capital position. The equity portfolio ~~decreased~~increased by ~~$5.6~~$21 million during the first three months of ~~2022, as~~2023, due to the positive performance of equity ~~markets declined over the first quarter of the year.~~markets.

Income Taxes

Our effective tax rate for the first three months of ~~2022~~2023 was ~~18.1~~19.5 percent, compared to ~~18.7~~18.1 percent for the same period in ~~2021.~~2022. Effective rates are dependent upon components of pretax earnings or losses and the related tax effects. The effective tax rate was ~~lower~~higher for the ~~first three months of 2022,~~three-month period in 2023, as ~~lower~~higher pretax income ~~increased~~decreased the percentage impact of tax-favored adjustments.

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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

We have three primary types of cash flows: (1) cash flows from operating activities, which consist mainly of cash generated by our underwriting operations and income earned on our investment portfolio, (2) cash flows from investing activities related to the purchase, sale and maturity of investments and (3) cash flows from financing activities that impact our capital structure, such as shareholder dividend payments and changes in debt and shares outstanding.

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The following table summarizes cash flows provided by (used in) our activities for the three-month periods ended March 31, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021:~~2022:


(in thousands)	2022			2021			2023		2022
Operating cash flows	$	39,014		$	60,287		$	69,219	$	39,014
Investing cash flows		(45,897	)		(16,544	)		(57,804)		(45,897)
Financing cash flows		(9,773	)		(11,025	)		(11,464)		(9,773)
Total	$	(16,656	)	$	32,718		$	(49)	$	(16,656)

Our largest source of cash is premiums received from customers and our largest cash outflow is claim payments on insured losses. Cash flows from operating activities can vary among periods due to the timing in which these payments are made or received. Operating cash flows in the first three months of ~~2022~~2023 benefited from increased premium receipts relative to the first three months of 2021, but were offset by increased levels of loss and settlement expense payments. Additionally, improved financial performance in 2021 resulted in a higher level of bonus and profit-sharing contributions that were paid in the first quarter of 2022, which also reduced operating cash flows in the current period.2022.

We have ~~$199.7~~$200 million in debt outstanding. On October 2, 2013, we completed a public debt offering, issuing ~~$150.0~~$150 million in senior notes maturing September 15, 2023 (a 10-year maturity), and paying interest semi-annually at the rate of 4.875 percent per annum. The notes were issued at a discount resulting in proceeds, net of discount and commission, of ~~$148.6~~$149 million. The estimated fair value for the senior notes at March 31, ~~2022~~2023 was ~~$154.5~~$149 million. The fair value of our debt is estimated based on the limited observable prices that reflect thinly traded securities. Additionally, RLI Insurance Company borrowed ~~$50.0~~$50 million from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago (FHLBC) on November 10, 2021. The borrowing matures on November 10, 2023 and has an option to be paid off ~~early on November 10, 2022.~~prior to maturity. Interest is paid monthly at an annualized rate of 0.84 percent.

As of March 31, ~~2022,~~2023, we had cash and other investments maturing within one year of approximately ~~$117.2~~$432 million and an additional ~~$686.4~~$901 million maturing between one to five years. Whereas our strategy is to be fully invested at all times, short-term investments in excess of demand deposit balances are considered a component of investment activities, and thus are classified as investments in our consolidated balance sheets.

We also maintain a revolving line of credit with PNC Bank, ~~of Montreal, Chicago Branch,~~N.A., which permits us to borrow up to an aggregate principal amount of ~~$60.0~~$100 million. This facility was entered into during the first quarter of ~~2020~~2023 and replaced the previous ~~$50.0~~$60 million facility with ~~JP Morgan Chase~~ Bank ~~N.A.,~~of Montreal, Chicago Branch, which ~~was set to expire~~expired on ~~May 24, 2020.~~March 27, 2023. Under certain conditions, the line may be increased up to an aggregate principal amount of ~~$120.0~~$130 million. The facility has a three-year term that expires on ~~March 27, 2023.~~May 29, 2026. As of and during the three-month period ended March 31, ~~2022,~~2023, no amounts were outstanding on either facility.

Additionally, two of our insurance companies, RLI Insurance Company (RLI Ins.) and Mt. Hawley Insurance Company, are members of the FHLBC. Membership in the Federal Home Loan Bank system provides both companies access to an additional source of liquidity via a secured lending facility. Our membership allows each insurance subsidiary to determine tenor and structure at the time of borrowing. As of March 31, ~~2022, $59.1~~2023, $59 million of investments were pledged as collateral with the FHLBC to ensure timely access to the secured lending facility.

We believe that cash generated by operations and investments will provide sufficient sources of liquidity to meet our anticipated needs over the next 12 to 24 months. In the event they are not sufficient, we believe cash available from financing activities and other sources will provide sufficient additional liquidity.

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We maintain a diversified investment portfolio representing policyholder funds that have not yet been paid out as claims, as well as the capital we hold for our shareholders. Invested assets at March 31, ~~2022~~2023 have ~~decreased $137.9~~increased $152 million from December 31, ~~2021.~~2022. As of March 31, ~~2022,~~2023, our investment portfolio had the following asset allocation breakdown:

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	Cost or		Fair		Unrealized		% of Total
(in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Value		Gain/(Loss)		Fair Value		Quality*
U.S. government	$	391,336	$	385,199	$	(6,137)	11.2	%	AAA
U.S. agency		75,257		73,659		(1,598)	2.2	%	AAA
Non-U.S. government & agency		6,798		5,952		(846)	0.2	%	BBB+
Agency MBS		395,736		359,974		(35,762)	10.5	%	AAA
ABS/CMBS/MBS**		278,309		246,382		(31,927)	7.2	%	AA+
Corporate		1,156,944		1,083,500		(73,444)	31.6	%	A-
Municipal		628,933		547,148		(81,785)	16.0	%	AA
Total fixed income	$	2,933,313	$	2,701,814	$	(231,499)	78.9	%	AA-
Equity		333,229		519,097		185,868	15.1	%
Short-term investments		116,202		116,202		—	3.4	%
Other invested assets		60,203		64,134		3,931	1.9	%
Cash		22,769		22,769		—	0.7	%
Total portfolio	$	3,465,716	$	3,424,016	$	(41,700)	100.0	%

Cost or

Fair

Unrealized

% of Total

(in thousands)

Amortized Cost

Value

Gain/(Loss)

Fair Value

Quality*
U.S. government

$
130,830

$
131,634

$
804

4.4

%

AAA
U.S. agency

30,386

30,885

499

1.0

%

AAA
Non-U.S. government & agency

6,797

6,585

(212
)

0.2

%

BBB+
Agency MBS

348,318

334,097

(14,221
)

11.0

%

AAA
ABS/CMBS/MBS**

273,349

259,666

(13,683
)

8.6

%

AA+
Corporate

953,353

930,336

(23,017
)

30.8

%

BBB+
Municipal

631,223

599,175

(32,048
)

19.8

%

AA
Total fixed income

$
2,374,256

$
2,292,378

$
(81,878
)

75.8

%

AA-
Equity

347,354

608,180

260,826

20.1

%

Other invested assets

45,701

52,406

6,705

1.7

%

Cash

72,148

72,148

—

2.4

%

Total portfolio

$
2,839,459

$
3,025,112

$
185,653

100.0

%

*	Quality ratings provided by Moody’s, S&P and Fitch

**	Non-agency asset-backed, commercial mortgage-backed and mortgage-backed securities

Quality is an average of each bond’s credit rating, adjusted for its relative weighting in the portfolio. As of March 31, ~~2022,~~2023, our fixed income portfolio had the following rating distribution:


AAA	39.7	~~35.5~~	%
AA	20.2	~~22.3~~	%
A	20.7	~~19.7~~	%
BBB	11.7	~~13.2~~	%
BB	2.8	~~3.9~~	%
B	2.1	~~2.4~~	%
CCC	0.0	~~0.1~~	%
NRD	0.0	~~2.9~~	%
~~Total~~NR	2.8	~~100.0~~%
Total	100.0	%

As of March 31, ~~2022,~~2023, our fixed income portfolio remained well diversified, with ~~1,586~~1,694 individual issues.

Our investment portfolio has limited exposure to structured asset-backed securities. As of March 31, ~~2022,~~2023, we had ~~$124.7~~$132 million in ABS, which are pools of assets collateralized by cash flows from several types of loans, including home equity, credit cards, autos and structured bank loans in the form of collateralized loan obligations (CLOs).

As of March 31, ~~2022,~~2023, we had ~~$135.0~~$114 million in commercial mortgage-backed securities and ~~$334.1~~$360 million in mortgage-backed securities backed by government sponsored enterprises (GSEs - Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae and Ginnie Mae). Excluding the GSE-backed MBS, our exposure to ABS and CMBS was ~~8.6~~7.2 percent of our investment portfolio at quarter end.

We had ~~$930.3~~$1,084 million in corporate fixed income securities as of March 31, ~~2022,~~2023, which includes ~~$110.1~~$106 million invested in a high-yield credit strategy. This high-yield portfolio consists of floating rate bank loans and bonds that are below investment grade in credit quality and offer incremental yield over our core fixed income portfolio.

The municipal portfolio includes approximately 5655 percent taxable securities and 4445 percent tax-exempt securities. Approximately 9189 percent of our municipal bond portfolio maintains an ‘AA’ or better rating, while 99100 percent of the municipal bond portfolio is rated ‘A’ or better.

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Securities within the equity portfolio are well diversified and are primarily invested in broad index exchange traded funds (ETFs). Our actively managed equity strategy has a preference for dividend income and value oriented security selection with low turnover, which minimizes transaction costs and taxes throughout our long investment horizon.

As of March 31, ~~2022,~~2023, our equity portfolio had a dividend yield of ~~1.8~~2.2 percent, compared to ~~1.4~~1.7 percent for the S&P 500 index. Because of the corporate dividend-received-deduction applicable to our dividend income, we pay an effective tax rate of 13.1 percent on dividends, compared to 21.0 percent on taxable interest and 5.3 percent on municipal bond interest income. The equity portfolio is managed in a diversified and granular manner, with 85 individual securities and four ETF positions. No single company exposure in the equity portfolio represents more than 1 percent of invested assets.

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Other invested assets include investments in low income housing tax credit and historic tax credit partnerships, membership in the FHLBC and investments in private funds.

We had ~~$179.4~~$52 million of investments in unconsolidated investees at March 31, ~~2022,~~2023, compared to ~~$171.3~~$58 million at December 31, 2021. At March 31, 2022 our investment in Maui Jim was $119.4 million and our investment in Prime was $49.0 million. During the first quarter, we announced that we have agreed to sell our minority interest in Maui Jim. Our net after-tax purchase price proceeds from the sale will be approximately $500 million, with the final proceeds to be determined at closing, based on adjustments to the purchase price for working capital and other items. A successful completion of the sale will result in capital generated to our benefit. As always, our top priority is to ensure we have adequate capital to support our business. However, we have demonstrated discipline in returning capital to shareholders if it exceeds our near-term needs.2022.

Our investment portfolio does not have any exposure to derivatives.

Our capital structure is comprised of equity and debt outstanding. As of March 31, ~~2022,~~2023, our capital structure consisted of ~~$199.7~~$200 million in long-term debt and ~~$1.2~~$1.3 billion of shareholders’ equity. Debt outstanding comprised ~~14.8~~13.3 percent of total capital as of March 31, ~~2022.~~2023. Interest and fees on debt obligations totaled ~~$2.0~~$2 million for the first three months of ~~2022, compared to $1.9 million during the same period of 2021.~~2023 and 2022. We incurred interest expense on debt at an average annual interest rate of 3.89 percent during the first three months of ~~2022, compared to 4.91 percent for the same time period during 2021.~~2023 and 2022.

We paid a regular quarterly cash dividend of ~~$0.25~~$0.26 per share on March ~~18, 2022,~~20, 2023, the same amount as the prior quarter. We have increased dividends in each of the last 4647 years.

Our three insurance companies are subsidiaries of RLI Corp, with RLI Ins. as the first-level, or principal, insurance company. At the holding company (RLI Corp.) level, we rely largely on dividends from our insurance subsidiaries to meet our obligations for paying principal and interest on outstanding debt, corporate expenses and dividends to RLI Corp. shareholders. As discussed further below, dividend payments to RLI Corp. from our principal insurance subsidiary are restricted by state insurance laws as to the amount that may be paid without prior approval of the insurance regulatory authorities of Illinois. As a result, we may not be able to receive dividends from such subsidiary at times and in amounts necessary to pay desired dividends to RLI Corp. shareholders. On a GAAP basis, as of March 31, ~~2022,~~2023, our holding company had ~~$1.2~~$1.3 billion in equity. This includes amounts related to the equity of our insurance subsidiaries, which is subject to regulatory restrictions under state insurance laws. The unrestricted portion of holding company net assets is comprised primarily of investments and cash, including ~~$81.2~~$259 million in liquid assets, which ~~exceeds our normal annual holding company expenditures.~~was elevated by the cash proceeds received from the sale of Maui Jim. Unrestricted funds at the holding company are available to fund debt interest, general corporate obligations and dividend payments to our shareholders. If necessary, the holding company also has other potential sources of liquidity that could provide for additional funding to meet corporate obligations or pay shareholder dividends, which include a revolving line of credit, as well as access to capital markets.

Ordinary dividends, which may be paid by our principal insurance subsidiary without prior regulatory approval, are subject to certain limitations based upon statutory income, surplus and earned surplus. The maximum ordinary dividend distribution from our principal insurance subsidiary in a rolling 12-month period is limited by Illinois law to the greater of 10 percent of RLI Ins. policyholder surplus, as of December 31 of the preceding year, or the net income of RLI Ins. for the 12-month period ending December 31 of the preceding year. Ordinary dividends are further restricted by the requirement that they be paid from earned surplus. Any dividend distribution in excess of the ordinary dividend limits is deemed extraordinary and requires prior approval from the Illinois Department of Insurance (IDOI). In the first three months of ~~2022,~~2023, RLI Ins. paid ~~$13.0~~$15 million in ordinary dividends to RLI Corp. In ~~2021,~~2022, our principal insurance subsidiary paid ordinary dividends totaling ~~$70.0 million and extraordinary dividends totaling $110.0~~$13 million. As of March 31, ~~2022, $38.1~~2023, $135 million of the net assets of our principal insurance subsidiary were not restricted and could be distributed to RLI Corp. as ordinary dividends without prior approval from the IDOI. Because the limitations are based upon a rolling 12-month period, the amount and impact of these restrictions vary over time. In addition to restrictions from our principal subsidiary’s insurance regulator, we also consider internal models and how capital adequacy is defined by our rating agencies in determining amounts available for distribution.

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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

~~Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk~~

Market risk is the risk of economic losses due to adverse changes in the estimated fair value of a financial instrument as the result of changes in equity prices, interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and commodity prices. Historically, our primary market risks have been equity price risk associated with investments in equity securities and interest rate risk associated with investments in fixed maturities. We have limited exposure to both foreign currency risk and commodity risk.

Credit risk is the potential loss resulting from adverse changes in an issuer’s ability to repay its debt obligations. We monitor our portfolio to ensure that credit risk does not exceed prudent levels. We have consistently invested in high credit

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quality, investment grade securities. Our fixed maturity portfolio has an average rating of AA-, with 7881 percent rated A or better by at least two nationally recognized rating organizations.

On an overall basis, our exposure to market risk has not significantly changed from that reported in our ~~2021~~2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 4.Controls and Procedures

~~Controls and Procedures~~

We maintain a system of controls and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance as to the reliability of the financial statements and other disclosures included in this report, as well as to safeguard assets from unauthorized use or disposition. An evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures was performed, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures are effective, as of the end of the period covered by this report.

In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurances of achieving the desired control objective, and management necessarily is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. We believe that our disclosure controls and procedures provide such reasonable assurance.

No changes were made to our internal control over financial reporting during the last fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.Legal Proceedings – There were no material changes to report.

Item 1A. Risk Factors – There were no material changes to report.

Item 2.Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds -

~~Legal Proceedings~~ ~~– There were no material changes to report.~~

~~Item 1A.~~

~~Risk Factors~~ ~~– There were no material changes to report.~~

~~Item 2.~~

~~Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds~~ -

Items 2(a) and (b) are not applicable.

In 2010, our Board of Directors implemented a $100 million share repurchase program. We did not repurchase any shares during ~~2022.~~2023. We have $87.5 million of remaining capacity from the repurchase program. The repurchase program may be suspended or discontinued at any time without prior notice.

~~Item 3.~~

~~Defaults Upon Senior Securities~~ ~~- Not Applicable.~~

Item 3.Defaults Upon Senior Securities - Not Applicable.

~~Item 4.~~

~~Mine Safety Disclosures -~~ ~~Not Applicable.~~

~~Item 5.~~

~~Other Information~~ ~~- Not Applicable.~~

Item 4.Mine Safety Disclosures - Not Applicable.

Item 5.Other Information - Not Applicable.

Item 6.Exhibits

~~Item 6.~~
Exhibit No.	~~Exhibits~~

~~Exhibit No.~~	Description of Document	Reference

~~10.1~~	~~Share Purchase Agreement with Respect to Sale of Shares in Maui Jim, Inc.~~*	~~Attached as Exhibit 10.1.~~

~~10.2~~	~~Stockholder Non-Competition and Non-Solicitation Agreement with Respect to Sale of Shares in Maui Jim, Inc.~~	~~Attached as Exhibit 10.2.~~

31.1	Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	Attached as Exhibit 31.1.

31.2	Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	Attached as Exhibit 31.2.

32.1	Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	Attached as Exhibit 32.1.

32.2	Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	Attached as Exhibit 32.2.

101	iXBRL-Related Documents	Attached as Exhibit 101.

104	Cover Page Interactive Data File	Embedded in Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101.

*Certain exhibits and schedules have been omitted pursuant to Item 601 of Regulation S-K and will be provided to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.


		RLI Corp.

		/s/ Todd W. Bryant
		Todd W. Bryant
		Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial and Chief Accounting Officer)

Date: April ~~22, 2022~~21, 2023

	For the Three Months
	Ended March 31,
(in thousands, except per share data)	2022			2021
Net premiums earned	$	269,152		$	228,595
Net investment income		17,883			16,424
Net realized gains		5,588			14,150
Net unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities		(27,810	)		28,162
Consolidated revenue	$	264,813		$	287,331
Losses and settlement expenses		105,524			104,892
Policy acquisition costs		85,287			74,990
Insurance operating expenses		18,863			18,796
Interest expense on debt		2,010			1,901
General corporate expenses		3,363			3,342
Total expenses	$	215,047		$	203,921
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated investees		8,759			6,424
Earnings before income taxes	$	58,525		$	89,834
Income tax expense		10,602			16,822
Net earnings	$	47,923		$	73,012

Other comprehensive earnings (loss), net of tax		(115,581	)		(44,747	)
Comprehensive earnings (loss)	$	(67,658	)	$	28,265

Basic net earnings per share	$	1.06		$	1.62
Diluted net earnings per share	$	1.05		$	1.60

Weighted average number of common shares outstanding:
Basic		45,306			45,178
Diluted		45,714			45,674

	March 31,			December 31,
(in thousands, except share and per share data)	2022			2021
ASSETS
Investments and cash:
Fixed income:
Available-for-sale, at fair value	$	2,292,378		$	2,409,887
(amortized cost of $2,374,256 and allowance for credit losses of $594 at 3/31/22)
(amortized cost of $2,346,267 and allowance for credit losses of $441 at 12/31/21)
Equity securities, at fair value (cost - $347,354 at 3/31/22 and $324,501 at 12/31/21)		608,180			613,776
Other invested assets		52,406			50,501
Cash		72,148			88,804
Total investments and cash	$	3,025,112		$	3,162,968
Accrued investment income		17,477			17,505
Premiums and reinsurance balances receivable, net of allowances for uncollectible amounts of $18,381 at 3/31/22 and $18,067 at 12/31/21		170,501			167,279
Ceded unearned premium		126,311			130,916
Reinsurance balances recoverable on unpaid losses and settlement expenses, net of allowances for uncollectible amounts of $10,983 at 3/31/22 and $11,188 at 12/31/21		631,445			608,086
Deferred policy acquisition costs		112,004			103,553
Property and equipment, at cost, net of accumulated depreciation of $77,131 at 3/31/22 and $75,236 at 12/31/21		52,124			52,161
Investment in unconsolidated investees		179,351			171,311
Goodwill and intangibles		53,562			53,562
Other assets		39,748			40,961
TOTAL ASSETS	$	4,407,635		$	4,508,302

LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Liabilities
Unpaid losses and settlement expenses	$	2,081,712		$	2,043,555
Unearned premiums		696,577			680,444
Reinsurance balances payable		26,264			42,851
Funds held		89,735			89,773
Income taxes-deferred		47,412			83,509
Bonds payable, long-term debt		199,723			199,676
Accrued expenses		57,101			98,274
Other liabilities		55,689			40,859
TOTAL LIABILITIES	$	3,254,213		$	3,278,941

Shareholders’ Equity
Common stock ($0.01 par value)
(Shares authorized - 200,000,000)
(68,246,156 shares issued, 45,315,942 shares outstanding at 3/31/22)
(68,219,551 shares issued, 45,289,337 shares outstanding at 12/31/21)	$	682		$	682
Paid-in capital		346,791			343,742
Accumulated other comprehensive earnings (loss)		(65,755	)		49,826
Retained earnings		1,264,703			1,228,110
Deferred compensation		8,669			9,642
Less: Treasury shares, at cost (22,930,214 shares at 3/31/22 and 12/31/21)		(401,668	)		(402,641	)
TOTAL SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY	$	1,153,422		$	1,229,361
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY	$	4,407,635		$	4,508,302

										Accumulated
										Other
			Total							Comprehensive									Treasury
	Common		Shareholders’			Common		Paid-in		Earnings			Retained			Deferred			Shares
(in thousands, except share and per share data)	Shares		Equity			Stock		Capital		(Loss)			Earnings			Compensation			at Cost
Balance, January 1, 2021		45,142,580	$	1,135,978		$	681	$	335,365	$	108,714		$	1,084,217		$	8,292		$	(401,291	)
Net earnings		—		73,012			—		—		—			73,012			—			—
Other comprehensive earnings (loss), net of tax		—		(44,747	)		—		—		(44,747	)		—			—			—
Deferred compensation		—		—			—		—		—			—			(366	)		366
Share-based compensation		60,858		1,392			—		1,392		—			—			—			—
Dividends and dividend equivalents ($0.24 per share)		—		(10,849	)		—		—		—			(10,849	)		—			—
Balance, March 31, 2021		45,203,438	$	1,154,786		$	681	$	336,757	$	63,967		$	1,146,380		$	7,926		$	(400,925	)

										Accumulated
										Other
			Total							Comprehensive									Treasury
	Common		Shareholders’			Common		Paid-in		Earnings			Retained			Deferred			Shares
(in thousands, except share and per share data)	Shares		Equity			Stock		Capital		(Loss)			Earnings			Compensation			at Cost
Balance, January 1, 2022		45,289,337	$	1,229,361		$	682	$	343,742	$	49,826		$	1,228,110		$	9,642		$	(402,641	)
Net earnings		—		47,923			—		—		—			47,923			—			—
Other comprehensive earnings (loss), net of tax		—		(115,581	)		—		—		(115,581	)		—			—			—
Deferred compensation		—		—			—		—		—			—			(973	)		973
Share-based compensation		26,605		3,049			—		3,049		—			—			—			—
Dividends and dividend equivalents ($0.25 per share)		—		(11,330	)		—		—		—			(11,330	)		—			—
Balance, March 31, 2022		45,315,942	$	1,153,422		$	682	$	346,791	$	(65,755	)	$	1,264,703		$	8,669		$	(401,668	)

	For the Three Months						For the Three Months
	Ended March 31, 2022						Ended March 31, 2021
	Income		Shares		Per Share		Income		Shares		Per Share
(in thousands, except per share data)	(Numerator)		(Denominator)		Amount		(Numerator)		(Denominator)		Amount
Basic EPS
Earnings available to common shareholders	$	47,923		45,306	$	1.06	$	73,012		45,178	$	1.62
Effect of Dilutive Securities
Stock options and restricted stock units		—		408				—		496
Diluted EPS
Earnings available to common shareholders	$	47,923		45,714	$	1.05	$	73,012		45,674	$	1.60
Anti-dilutive options excluded from diluted EPS				214						—

Sales	Proceeds		Gross Realized					Net Realized
(in thousands)	From Sales		Gains		Losses			Gain (Loss)
2022
Fixed income securities - available-for-sale	$	8,832	$	117	$	(31	)	$	86
Equity securities		15,726		5,901		—			5,901
2021
Fixed income securities - available-for-sale	$	21,273	$	1,003	$	(27	)	$	976
Equity securities		47,638		14,233		(1,150	)		13,083

Calls/Maturities			Gross Realized					Net Realized
(in thousands)	Proceeds		Gains		Losses			Gain (Loss)
2022
Fixed income securities - available-for-sale	$	71,974	$	20	$	(13	)	$	7
2021
Fixed income securities - available-for-sale	$	96,285	$	255	$	(48	)	$	207

	As of March 31, 2022
		Quoted Prices in		Significant Other		Significant
		Active Markets for		Observable		Unobservable
		Identical Assets		Inputs		Inputs
(in thousands)		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		Total
Fixed income securities - available-for-sale
U.S. government		$	—	$	131,634	$	—	$	131,634
U.S. agency			—		30,885		—		30,885
Non-U.S. government & agency			—		6,585		—		6,585
Agency MBS			—		334,097		—		334,097
ABS/CMBS/MBS*			—		259,666		—		259,666
Corporate			—		882,197		48,139		930,336
Municipal			—		599,175		—		599,175
Total fixed income securities - available-for-sale		$	—	$	2,244,239	$	48,139	$	2,292,378
Equity securities			607,715		465		—		608,180
Total		$	607,715	$	2,244,704	$	48,139	$	2,900,558

	As of December 31, 2021
		Quoted Prices in		Significant Other		Significant
		Active Markets for		Observable		Unobservable
		Identical Assets		Inputs		Inputs
(in thousands)		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		Total
Fixed income securities - available-for-sale
U.S. government		$	—	$	134,554	$	—	$	134,554
U.S. agency			—		32,760		—		32,760
Non-U.S. government & agency			—		8,481		—		8,481
Agency MBS			—		367,187		—		367,187
ABS/CMBS/MBS*			—		264,054		—		264,054
Corporate			—		913,577		43,518		957,095
Municipal			—		645,756		—		645,756
Total fixed income securities - available-for-sale		$	—	$	2,366,369	$	43,518	$	2,409,887
Equity securities			613,712		64		—		613,776
Total		$	613,712	$	2,366,433	$	43,518	$	3,023,663

(in thousands)	Level 3 Securities
Balance as of January 1, 2022	$	43,518
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses)
Included in net earnings as a part of:
Net investment income		(33	)
Net realized gains		(411	)
Included in other comprehensive earnings (loss)		(3,067	)
Total net realized and unrealized gains (losses)	$	(3,511	)
Purchases		8,132
Balance as of March 31, 2022	$	48,139
Change in unrealized gains (losses) during the period for Level 3 assets held at period-end - included in net realized gains	$	(411	)
Change in unrealized gains (losses) during the period for Level 3 assets held at period-end - included in other comprehensive earnings (loss)	$	(3,067	)

	March 31, 2022
	Cost or		Allowance			Gross		Gross
	Amortized		for Credit			Unrealized		Unrealized			Fair
(in thousands)	Cost		Losses			Gains		Losses			Value
U.S. government	$	130,830	$	—		$	1,314	$	(510	)	$	131,634
U.S. agency		30,386		—			834		(335	)		30,885
Non-U.S. government & agency		6,797		—			135		(347	)		6,585
Agency MBS		348,318		—			1,471		(15,692	)		334,097
ABS/CMBS/MBS*		273,349		(9	)		177		(13,851	)		259,666
Corporate		953,353		(585	)		8,925		(31,357	)		930,336
Municipal		631,223		—			3,846		(35,894	)		599,175
Total Fixed Income	$	2,374,256	$	(594	)	$	16,702	$	(97,986	)	$	2,292,378

	Equivalent	Equivalent	(dollars in thousands)
NAIC	S&P	Moody’s	Amortized				Unrealized			Percent
Rating	Rating	Rating	Cost		Fair Value		Loss			to Total
1	AAA/AA/A	Aaa/Aa/A	$	1,199,156	$	1,119,133	$	(80,023	)		81.7	%
2	BBB	Baa		232,808		217,951		(14,857	)		15.2	%
3	BB	Ba		64,217		62,216		(2,001	)		2.0	%
4	B	B		45,409		44,376		(1,033	)		1.0	%
5	CCC	Caa		1,419		1,347		(72	)		0.1	%
6	CC or lower	Ca or lower		-		-		-			0.0	%
		Total	$	1,543,009	$	1,445,023	$	(97,986	)		100.0	%

						Weighted		Aggregate
				Weighted		Average		Intrinsic
				Average		Remaining		Value
	Options			Exercise Price		Contractual Life		(in 000’s)
Outstanding options at January 1, 2022		1,669,325		$	78.63
Options granted		24,000			104.85
Options exercised		(27,180	)		59.23
Options canceled/forfeited		(4,280	)		84.53
Outstanding options at March 31, 2022		1,661,865		$	79.32		4.74	$	52,438
Exercisable options at March 31, 2022		785,927		$	67.89		3.53	$	33,595

				Weighted
				Average
				Grant Date
	RSUs			Fair Value
Nonvested at January 1, 2022		45,068		$	97.67
Reinvested		102			108.75
Forfeited		(692	)		94.53
Nonvested at March 31, 2022		44,478		$	97.74

	For the Three Months
Revenues	Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2022			2021
Casualty	$	171,756		$	148,770
Property		67,440			51,642
Surety		29,956			28,183
Net premiums earned	$	269,152		$	228,595
Net investment income		17,883			16,424
Net realized gains		5,588			14,150
Net unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities		(27,810	)		28,162
Total consolidated revenue	$	264,813		$	287,331

Net Earnings
(in thousands)	2022			2021
Casualty	$	27,647		$	24,867
Property		22,476			(1,005	)
Surety		9,355			6,055
Net underwriting income	$	59,478		$	29,917
Net investment income		17,883			16,424
Net realized gains		5,588			14,150
Net unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities		(27,810	)		28,162
General corporate expense and interest on debt		(5,373	)		(5,243	)
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated investees		8,759			6,424
Earnings before income taxes	$	58,525		$	89,834
Income tax expense		10,602			16,822
Net earnings	$	47,923		$	73,012