UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
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Form 10-Q
☒QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
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For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2020March 31, 2021
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OR
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☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
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For the transition period from                      to       
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Commission file number: 001-35986
Esperion Therapeutics, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware    26-1870780
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)		​(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
​
3891 Ranchero Drive, Suite 150
Ann Arbor, MI 48108
(Address of principal executive office) (Zip Code)
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Registrant’s telephone number, including area code:
(734) 887-3903
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Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class Trading Symbol(s) Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share ESPR 
NASDAQ Stock Market LLC
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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes x  No o
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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).  Yes x  No o
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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filerx    
Accelerated filer o
Non-accelerated filero​Smaller reporting company ☐
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Emerging growth company
☐
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If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).  Yes ☐  No x
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As of NovemberMay 1, 2020,2021, there were 27,876,62628,192,134 shares of the registrant’s Common Stock, $0.001 par value per share, outstanding.
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Table of Contents
Esperion Therapeutics, Inc.
​
INDEX
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​Page
​​
PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION​
​​
Item 1. Financial Statements​
​​
Condensed Balance Sheets at September 30, 2020March 31, 2021 and December 31, 20192020
3
Condensed Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the three and ninemonth periods ended September 30,March 31, 2021 and 2020 and 2019
4
Condensed Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) for the three and ninemonth periods ended September 30,March 31, 2021 and 2020 and 2019
5
Condensed Statements of Cash Flows for the three and ninemonth periods ended September 30,March 31, 2021 and 2020 and 2019
76
Notes to Condensed Financial Statements
87
​​
2123
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3132
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3132
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PART II — OTHER INFORMATION
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33
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33
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3433
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33
3433
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35

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Esperion Therapeutics, Inc.​
Condensed Balance Sheets
(in thousands, except share data)
​September 30,
2020		December 31,
2019
​(unaudited)​
March 31,
2021		December 31,
2020
(unaudited)
AssetsAssets​​Assets
Current assets:Current assets:​​Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalentsCash and cash equivalents$215,748 $166,130 Cash and cash equivalents$217,939 $304,962 
Restricted cash0 928 
Short-term investments0 34,651 
Prepaid clinical development costsPrepaid clinical development costs1,110 6,081 Prepaid clinical development costs443 844 
InventoriesInventories9,061 0 Inventories20,030 16,136 
Other prepaid and current assetsOther prepaid and current assets16,884 3,924 Other prepaid and current assets34,163 23,954 
Total current assetsTotal current assets242,803 211,714 Total current assets272,575 345,896 
​
Property and equipment, netProperty and equipment, net1,408 1,145 Property and equipment, net1,123 1,276 
Right of use operating lease assetsRight of use operating lease assets6,702 1,532 Right of use operating lease assets4,852 6,030 
Other long-term assets56 56 
Intangible assetsIntangible assets56 56 
Total assetsTotal assets$250,969 $214,447 Total assets$278,606 $353,258 
​
Liabilities and stockholders’ equityLiabilities and stockholders’ equityLiabilities and stockholders’ equity
Current liabilities:Current liabilities:Current liabilities:
Accounts payableAccounts payable$17,584 $28,856 Accounts payable$30,342 $51,975 
Accrued clinical development costsAccrued clinical development costs21,686 17,511 Accrued clinical development costs7,549 7,663 
Other accrued liabilitiesOther accrued liabilities21,458 11,871 Other accrued liabilities48,766 24,790 
Revenue interest liabilityRevenue interest liability10,926 5,236 Revenue interest liability6,353 5,392 
Deferred revenue from collaborationsDeferred revenue from collaborations1,662 2,152 Deferred revenue from collaborations2,543 1,662 
Operating lease liabilitiesOperating lease liabilities2,631 454 Operating lease liabilities2,340 2,587 
Total current liabilitiesTotal current liabilities75,947 66,080 Total current liabilities97,893 94,069 
​
Convertible notes, net of issuance costsConvertible notes, net of issuance costs271,694 179,367 
Revenue interest liabilityRevenue interest liability160,247 127,308 Revenue interest liability174,603 171,212 
Operating lease liabilitiesOperating lease liabilities4,105 1,109 Operating lease liabilities2,520 3,454 
Other long-term liabilitiesOther long-term liabilities1,710 0 Other long-term liabilities1,290 1,290 
Total liabilitiesTotal liabilities242,009 194,497 Total liabilities548,000 449,392 
Commitments and contingencies (Note 5)Commitments and contingencies (Note 5)Commitments and contingencies (Note 5)00
Stockholders’ equity:Stockholders’ equity:Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value; 5,000,000 shares authorized and 0 shares issued or outstanding as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 20190 0 
Common stock, $0.001 par value; 120,000,000 shares authorized as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019; 27,856,298 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2020 and 27,497,911 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 201928 27 
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value; 5,000,000 shares authorized and 0 shares issued or outstanding as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020Preferred stock, $0.001 par value; 5,000,000 shares authorized and 0 shares issued or outstanding as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 20200 0 
Common stock, $0.001 par value; 120,000,000 shares authorized as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020; 28,176,917 shares issued at March 31, 2021 and 27,910,366 shares issued at December 31, 2020Common stock, $0.001 par value; 120,000,000 shares authorized as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020; 28,176,917 shares issued at March 31, 2021 and 27,910,366 shares issued at December 31, 202026 26 
Additional paid-in capitalAdditional paid-in capital743,273 715,166 Additional paid-in capital713,782 797,655 
Accumulated other comprehensive income0 23 
Treasury stock, at cost; 1,994,198 shares at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020Treasury stock, at cost; 1,994,198 shares at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020(54,998)(54,998)
Accumulated deficitAccumulated deficit(734,341)(695,266)Accumulated deficit(928,204)(838,817)
Total stockholders’ equity8,960 19,950 
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity$250,969 $214,447 
Total stockholders’ deficitTotal stockholders’ deficit(269,394)(96,134)
Total liabilities and stockholders’ deficitTotal liabilities and stockholders’ deficit$278,606 $353,258 
​
See accompanying notes to the condensed financial statements.
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Esperion Therapeutics, Inc.​
Condensed Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
(unaudited)

​Three Months Ended
September 30,		Nine Months Ended
September 30,
​2020201920202019
Three Months Ended
March 31,
20212020
Revenues:Revenues:​​​​Revenues:
Product sales, netProduct sales, net$3,331 $0 $4,798 $0 Product sales, net$6,350 $858 
Collaboration revenueCollaboration revenue502 981 213,111 147,382 Collaboration revenue1,628 982 
Total RevenuesTotal Revenues3,833 981 217,909 147,382 Total Revenues7,978 1,840 
​
Operating expenses:Operating expenses:Operating expenses:
Cost of goods soldCost of goods sold275 0 704 0 Cost of goods sold1,784 31 
Research and developmentResearch and development35,283 48,281 104,972 137,377 Research and development27,954 34,702 
Selling, general and administrativeSelling, general and administrative48,826 18,468 138,060 44,142 Selling, general and administrative61,064 41,553 
Total operating expensesTotal operating expenses84,384 66,749 243,736 181,519 Total operating expenses90,802 76,286 
​
Loss from operationsLoss from operations$(80,551)$(65,768)$(25,827)$(34,137)Loss from operations(82,824)(74,446)
​
Interest expenseInterest expense(4,928)(3,996)(13,739)(3,996)Interest expense(8,125)(4,171)
Other income, netOther income, net42 1,387 491 2,914 Other income, net14 368 
Net lossNet loss(85,437)(68,377)(39,075)(35,219)Net loss$(90,935)$(78,249)
​
Net loss per common share - basic and dilutedNet loss per common share - basic and diluted$(3.07)$(2.52)$(1.41)$(1.30)Net loss per common share - basic and diluted$(3.50)$(2.84)
​
Weighted-average shares outstanding - basic and dilutedWeighted-average shares outstanding - basic and diluted27,830,281 27,171,769 27,672,325 26,995,661 Weighted-average shares outstanding - basic and diluted25,991,817 27,519,229 
​
Other comprehensive loss:Other comprehensive loss:Other comprehensive loss:
Unrealized gain (loss) on investments$0 $27 $(23)$330 
Unrealized loss on investmentsUnrealized loss on investments$0 $(14)
Comprehensive lossComprehensive loss$(85,437)$(68,350)$(39,098)$(34,889)Comprehensive loss$(90,935)$(78,263)
​
See accompanying notes to the condensed financial statements.

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Esperion Therapeutics, Inc.
Condensed Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)
(in thousands, except share data)
(unaudited)
​Common StockAdditional Paid-In CapitalAccumulated DeficitAccumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)Total Stockholders' Equity
​SharesAmount
Balance at December 31, 201826,824,859 $27 $677,511 $(598,101)$(319)$79,118 
Common StockAdditional Paid-In CapitalAccumulated DeficitAccumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)Treasury StockTotal Stockholders' Equity (Deficit)
SharesAmount
Balance at December 31, 2019Balance at December 31, 201927,497,911 $27 $715,166 $(695,266)$23 $0 $19,950 
Exercise of stock optionsExercise of stock options80,218 — 1,669 — — 1,669 Exercise of stock options40,133 1 1,013 — — — 1,014 
Vesting of restricted stock unitsVesting of restricted stock units3,125 — — — — 0 Vesting of restricted stock units10,089 — — — — — 0 
Stock-based compensationStock-based compensation— — 6,636 — — 6,636 Stock-based compensation— — 7,053 — — — 7,053 
Other comprehensive gain— — — — 208 208 
Net income— — — 87,379 — 87,379 
Balance March 31, 201926,908,202 $27 $685,816 $(510,722)$(111)$175,010 
Exercise of stock options115,612 — 1,887 — — 1,887 
Exercise of warrants5,813 — — — — 0 
Vesting of restricted stock units7,025 — — — — 0 
Stock-based compensation— — 6,563 — — 6,563 
Other comprehensive gain— — — — 95 95 
Other comprehensive lossOther comprehensive loss— — — — (14)— (14)
Net lossNet loss— — — (54,221)— (54,221)Net loss— — — (78,249)— — (78,249)
Balance at June 30, 201927,036,652 $27 $694,266 $(564,943)$(16)$129,334 
Exercise of stock options137,878 — 1,201 — — 1,201 
Vesting of restricted stock units3,700 — — — — 0 
Stock-based compensation— — 6,327 — — 6,327 
Other comprehensive gain— — — — 27 27 
Net loss— — — (68,377)— (68,377)
Balance at September 30, 201927,178,230 $27 $701,794 $(633,320)$11 $68,512 
Balance March 31, 2020Balance March 31, 202027,548,133 $28 $723,232 $(773,515)$9 $0 $(50,246)
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​Common StockAdditional Paid-In CapitalAccumulated DeficitAccumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)Total Stockholders' Equity
​SharesAmount
Balance at December 31, 201927,497,911 $27 $715,166 $(695,266)$23 $19,950 
Common StockAdditional Paid-In CapitalAccumulated DeficitAccumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)Treasury StockTotal Stockholders' Deficit
SharesAmount
Balance at December 31, 2020Balance at December 31, 202025,916,168 $26 $797,655 $(838,817)$0 $(54,998)$(96,134)
Adoption of new accounting pronouncementAdoption of new accounting pronouncement— — (93,475)1,548 — — (91,927)
Balance at January 1, 2021Balance at January 1, 202125,916,168 26 704,180 (837,269)0 (54,998)(188,061)
Exercise of stock optionsExercise of stock options40,133 1 1,013 — — 1,014 Exercise of stock options172,268 — 2,668 — — — 2,668 
Vesting of restricted stock unitsVesting of restricted stock units10,089 — — — — 0 Vesting of restricted stock units43,465 — — — — — 0 
Stock-based compensation— — 7,053 — — 7,053 
Other comprehensive loss— — — — (14)(14)
Net loss— — — (78,249)— (78,249)
Balance March 31, 202027,548,133 $28 $723,232 $(773,515)$9 $(50,246)
Exercise of stock options160,024 — 3,738 — — 3,738 
Vesting of restricted stock units43,498 — — — — 0 
Stock-based compensation— — 7,395 — — 7,395 
Other comprehensive loss— — — — (9)(9)
Net income— — — 124,611 — 124,611 
Balance June 30, 202027,751,655 $28 $734,365 $(648,904)$0 $85,489 
Exercise of stock options70,578 — 1,644 — — 1,644 
Vesting of restricted stock units34,065 — — — — 0 
Vesting of ESPP SharesVesting of ESPP Shares50,818 — 1,183 — — — 1,183 
Stock-based compensationStock-based compensation— — 7,264 — — 7,264 Stock-based compensation— — 5,751 — — — 5,751 
Net income— — — (85,437)— (85,437)
Balance at September 30, 202027,856,298 $28 $743,273 $(734,341)$0 $8,960 
Net lossNet loss— — — (90,935)— — (90,935)
Balance March 31, 2021Balance March 31, 202126,182,719 $26 $713,782 $(928,204)$0 $(54,998)$(269,394)
​
See accompanying notes to the condensed financial statements.
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Esperion Therapeutics, Inc.
​Condensed Statements of Cash Flows
(in thousands)
(unaudited)
​Nine Months Ended September 30,
​20202019
Operating activities​​
Net loss$(39,075)$(35,219)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation expense387 218 
Accretion of premiums and discounts on investments(97)(140)
Non-cash interest expense related to the revenue interest liability13,739 3,996 
Stock-based compensation expense21,712 19,526 
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Prepaids and other assets(7,989)(1,802)
Deferred revenue(490)2,618 
Inventories(9,061)0 
Other long-term liabilities1,710 0 
Accounts payable(11,326)(21,158)
Other accrued liabilities13,863 11,614 
Net cash used in operating activities(16,627)(20,347)
​
Investing activities
Purchases of investments(4,420)(26,630)
Proceeds from sales/maturities of investments39,145 94,510 
Purchase of property and equipment(693)(781)
Net cash provided by investing activities34,032 67,099 
​
Financing activities
Proceeds from revenue interest liability25,000 124,424 
Proceeds from exercise of common stock options6,395 4,757 
Payments on revenue interest liability(110)0 
Net cash provided by financing activities31,285 129,181 
​
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents48,690 175,933 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period167,058 36,973 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period$215,748 $212,906 
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Purchase of property and equipment not yet paid148 74 
Non cash right of use asset3 31 
​
Three Months Ended March 31,
20212020
Operating activities
Net loss$(90,935)$(78,249)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation expense153 106 
Accretion of premiums and discounts on investments0 (73)
Amortization of debt issuance costs400 0 
Non-cash interest expense related to the revenue interest liability4,925 4,171 
Stock-based compensation expense5,751 7,053 
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Prepaids and other assets(9,808)(2,538)
Deferred revenue881 (982)
Inventories(3,894)(1,841)
Accounts payable(21,583)(13,650)
Other accrued liabilities25,042 16,656 
Net cash used in operating activities(89,068)(69,347)
Investing activities
Purchases of investments0 (4,420)
Proceeds from sales/maturities of investments0 31,200 
Purchase of property and equipment0 (191)
Net cash provided by investing activities0 26,589 
Financing activities
Proceeds from revenue interest liability0 25,000 
Proceeds from exercise of common stock options2,668 1,014 
Payments on revenue interest liability(573)0 
Payment of debt issuance costs(50)0 
Net cash provided by financing activities2,045 26,014 
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents(87,023)(16,744)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period304,962 167,058 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period$217,939 $150,314 
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Purchase of property and equipment not yet paid$0 $408 
Non cash right of use asset4 91 
Debt issuance costs not yet paid445 0 
See accompanying notes to the condensed financial statements.

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Esperion Therapeutics, Inc.
Notes to the Condensed Financial Statements
(unaudited)
1. The Company and Basis of Presentation
​
Esperion Therapeutics, Inc. ("the Company”) is the Lipid Management Company, a pharmaceutical company singularly focused on developing and commercializing affordable, oral, once-daily, non-statin medicines for the treatment of patients struggling with elevated low density lipoprotein cholesterol ("LDL-C"). Through scientificThe Esperion team of lipid experts are dedicated to lowering bad cholesterol through the discovery, development and clinical excellence,commercialization of innovative medicines and a deep understanding of cholesterol biology,their combinations with established medicines. The Company's first two products were approved by the experienced Lipid Management Team at Esperion is committed to developing new LDL-C lowering medicines that will make a substantial impact on reducing global cardiovascular diseaseU.S. Food and Drug Administration ("CVD"FDA"); the leading cause of death around the world. NEXLETOL® (bempedoic acid), European Medicines Agency ("EMA") and NEXLIZET® (bempedoicSwiss Agency for Therapeutic Products ("Swissmedic") in 2020. Bempedoic acid and ezetimibe)the bempedoic acid / ezetimibe combination tablets are the first, oral, once-daily, non-statin, LDL-C lowering medicines approved in the U.S. in nearly 20 years for patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (��ASCVD”("ASCVD") or heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (“HeFH”("HeFH").
​
On February 21, 2020,April 26, 2021, the Company announced thatentered into a license and collaboration agreement with Daiichi Sankyo Co. Ltd ("DS"). Pursuant to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) approved NEXLETOL as an adjunct to diet and maximally tolerated statin therapy for the treatment of adults with HeFH or established ASCVD who require additional lowering of LDL-C. The effect of NEXLETOL on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality has not been determined. NEXLETOL is the first oral, once-daily, non-statin LDL-C lowering medicine approved since 2002 for indicated patients. NEXLETOL became commercially available on March 30, 2020.
​
On February 26, 2020,agreement, the Company announced that the FDA approved NEXLIZET as an adjunctgranted DS exclusive development and commercialization rights to diet and maximally tolerated statin therapy for the treatment of adults with HeFH or established ASCVD who require additional lowering of LDL-C. The effect of NEXLIZET on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality has not been determined. NEXLIZET is the first non-statin, LDL-C lowering fixed combination drug product ever approved. NEXLIZET became commercially available on June 4, 2020.
​
On January 31, 2020, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use ("CHMP") of the European Medicines Agency ("EMA") adopted a positive opinion for the Marketing Authorisation Applications ("MAAs") of both bempedoic acid and the bempedoic acid / ezetimibe combination tablets, recommending approvaltablet in South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Thailand, Vietnam, Brazil, Macao, Cambodia and Myanmar (collectively the "DS Territory"). The agreement allows for the treatment of hypercholesterolemiapotential expansion across geographies including Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Oman, UAE, Qatar, Bahrain, Yemen, and mixed dyslipidemia. On April 6, 2020, the Company announced that the European Commission (“EC”) approved the NILEMDO™ (bempedoic acid) and NUSTENDI™ (bempedoic acid and ezetimibe) tablets for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and mixed dyslipidemia. The decision is applicable to all 27 European Union member states plus the United Kingdom, Iceland, Norway and Liechtenstein. NILEMDO (bempedoic acid) and NUSTENDI (bempedoic acid and ezetimibe) are the branded products names for bempedoic acid and the bempedoic acid / ezetimibe combination tablets in Europe. NILEMDO is the first, oral, non-statin, LDL-C lowering medicine approved in Europe in almost two decades for indicated patients, and NUSTENDI is the first non-statin, LDL-C lowering combination medicine ever approved in Europe.
​
On April 17, 2020, the Company entered into a license and collaboration agreement (the "Otsuka Agreement") with Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. ("Otsuka"). Pursuant to the Otsuka Agreement, the Company granted Otsuka exclusive development and commercialization rights to NEXLETOL and NEXLIZET in Japan. Otsukaother Latin American countries. DS will be responsible for allcommercialization in these territories, while Esperion remains responsible for certain development regulatory, and commercializationregulatory activities in Japan. In addition, Otsuka will fund all clinical development costs associated with the program in Japan.South Korea and Taiwan. The Company receivedwill receive an upfront cash payment of $60$30.0 million in April 2020May 2021 and willis eligible to receive up to an additional $450$175.0 million in total development and sales milestones. The Company will also receive tiered royalties ranging from 155 percent to 3020 percent on net sales in Japan.
​the DS Territory.
On June 18, 2020,April 26, 2021, the Company entered into an amendmentAmendment No. 2 (the “RIPA Amendment”) to the license and collaboration agreementRevenue Interest Purchase Agreement ("LCA Amendment"RIPA') with Daiichi Sankyo Europe GmbH ("DSE"Eiger III SA LLC (“Oberland”), an affiliate of Oberland Capital LLC, as agent for the purchaser parties thereto dated as of January 2, 2019. In June 26, 2019 (as amended by the Amendment No. 1 dated as of November 9, 2020, the Company completed the transfer of the MAAs for NILEMDO and NUSTENDI.“RIPA”). Pursuant to the RIPA Amendment, Oberland Capital waived the original trailing six-month world-wide net sales condition to the third installment payment under the RIPA and released the final $50 million payment payable to the Company under the terms of the amendment, DSE paid theRIPA. The Company the second $150 million milestone based on completionand Oberland also agreed to amend additional terms of the NUSTENDI MAA transfer rather than the first product saleRIPA, which are discussed further in the EU. Prior to the execution of the LCA Amendment, the milestone payment was due upon the first commercial sale in Europe, which is anticipated later this year. Additionally, the Company and DSE have agreed to expand the territory in which DSE has exclusive commercialization rights to NILEMDO and NUSTENDI to include Turkey. DSE's designated affiliate in Turkey will be solely responsible, at its sole cost and expense, for all regulatory matters relating to such products in Turkey, including obtaining Regulatory Approval for such product in Turkey.Note 15 Subsequent Events.
​
The Company's primary activities since incorporation have been conducting research and development activities, including nonclinical, preclinical and clinical testing, performing business and financial planning, recruiting personnel, and raising capital. The Company received approval by the FDA in February 2020 to commercialize NEXLETOL® and NEXLIZET® in the U.S., and accordingly commenced principal operations on March 30, 2020 with the commercialization of NEXLETOL.
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The Company is subject to risks and uncertainties which include the need to successfully commercialize its products, research, develop, and clinically test therapeutic products; obtain regulatory approvals for its products; expand its management, commercial and scientific staff; and finance its operations with an ultimate goal of achieving profitable operations.
​
The Company has sustained annual operating losses since inception and expects such losses to continue over the foreseeable future. While management believes current cash resources and future cash received from the Company's net product sales, collaboration agreements with DSEDaiichi Sankyo Europe GmbH ("DSE"), Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. ("Otsuka"), and Otsuka,DS entered into on January 2, 2019, and April 17, 2020, and April 26, 2021, respectively, and from the Revenue Interest Purchase Agreement (“RIPA”) with Eiger III SA LLC (“Oberland”), an affiliate of Oberland Capital LLC, and the Purchasers named therein, entered into on June 26, 2019,RIPA, will fund operations for the foreseeable future, management may continue to fund operations and advance the development of the Company's products and product candidates through a combination of collaborations with third parties, strategic alliances, licensing arrangements, permitted debt financings, permitted royalty-based financings, and permitted private and public equity offerings or through other sources. The impact of COVID-19 and the uncertainty around the global pandemic could further impact the commercial launch of NEXLETOL and NEXLIZET and the Company’s research and development programs and could result in lower cash flows or higher costs that could further impact the Company’s overall operations and cash needs in the future.
​
If adequate funds are not available, the Company may not be able to continue the development of its current products or future product candidates, or to commercialize its current or future product candidates, if approved.
​
Basis of Presentation
​
The accompanying condensed interim financial statements are unaudited and were prepared by the Company in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”). In the opinion of management, the
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Company has made all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the Company’s financial position and results of operations for the interim periods presented. Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform with current year presentation. Certain information and disclosures normally included in the annual financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP, but that is not required for interim reporting purposes, have been condensed or omitted. These condensed interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2019,2020, and the notes thereto, which are included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.2020. The results of operations for the interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for a full year, any other interim periods or any future year or period.
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2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
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Use of Estimates
​
The preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, net revenues, expenses and related disclosures. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
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Concentration of Risk
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The Company enters into a limited number of distribution agreements with distributors and specialty pharmacies. The Company's net product sales are with these customers. As of September 30,March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, 108 customers accounted for all of the Company's net trade receivables.
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Inventories
​
Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value and recognized on a first-in, first-out ("FIFO") method. The Company uses standard cost to determine the cost basis for inventory. Inventory is capitalized based on when future economic benefit is expected to be realized. The Company began capitalizing inventory upon receiving FDA approval for NEXLETOL and NEXLIZET on February 21, 2020 and February 26, 2020, respectively. Prior to the FDA approval of NEXLETOL and NEXLIZET, expenses associated with the manufacturing of the Company's products were recorded as research and development expense.
​
The Company analyzes its inventory levels on a periodic basis to determine if any inventory is at risk for expiration prior to sale or has a cost basis that is greater than its estimated future net realizable value. Any adjustments are recognized through cost of sales in the period in which they are incurred.
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​
Revenue Recognition
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In accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, the Company recognizes revenue when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for the goods or services provided. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements within the scope of ASC 606, the Company performs the following five steps: identify the contracts with a customer; identify the performance obligations in the contract; determine the transaction price; allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and recognize revenue when or as the entity satisfies a performance obligation. At contract inception the Company assesses the goods or services promised within each contract and determines those that are performance obligations and assesses whether each promised good or service is distinct. The Company then recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when or as the performance obligation is satisfied. The Company derives revenue through 2 primary sources: collaboration revenue and product sales. Collaboration revenue consists of the collaboration payments to the Company for collaboration arrangements outside of the United States for the development, manufacturing and commercialization of the Company's product candidates by the Company's partners and product sales consists of sales of NEXLETOL and NEXLIZET.
​
a.Collaboration Revenue
​
The Company has entered into agreements related to its activities to develop, manufacture, and commercialize its product candidates. The Company earns collaboration revenue in connection with a collaboration agreement to develop and/or commercialize product candidates where the Company deems the collaborator to be the customer. Revenue is recognized when (or as) the Company satisfies performance obligations under the terms of a contract. Depending on the terms of the arrangement, the Company may defer the recognition of all or a portion of the consideration received as the performance obligations are satisfied.
​
The collaboration agreements may require the Company to deliver various rights, services, and/or goods across the entire life cycle of a product or product candidate. In an agreement involving multiple goods or services promised to be transferred to a customer, the Company must assess, at the inception of the contract, whether each promise represents a separate performance obligation (i.e., is "distinct"), or whether such promises should be combined as a single performance obligation.
​
The terms of the agreement typically include consideration to be provided to the Company in the form of non-refundable up-front payments, development milestones, sales milestones, and royalties on sales of products within a respective territory. The Company recognizes regulatory and approval milestones consideration when it is probable that a future reversal is unlikely to occur. For sales based milestones and royalties based on sales of product in a territory, the Company applies the sales-based royalty exception in ASC 606-10-55-65 to all of these milestones and royalties.
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At the inception of the contract, the transaction price reflects the amount of consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for transferring promised goods or services to its customer. In the arrangement where the Company satisfies performance obligation(s) during the regulatory phase over time, the Company recognizes collaboration revenue typically using an input method on the basis of regulatory costs incurred relative to the total expected cost which determines the extent of progress toward completion. The Company reviews the estimate of the transaction price and the total expected cost each period and makes revisions to such estimates as necessary. Under contracted supply agreements with collaborators, the Company may manufacture and supply quantities of active pharmaceutical ingredient (“API”) or bulk tablets reasonably required by collaboration partners for the development or sale of licensed products in their respective territory. The Company recognizes revenue when the collaboration partner has obtained control of the API or bulk tablets. The Company records the costs related to the supply agreement in cost of goods sold on the condensed statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).
​
Under the Company's collaboration agreements, product sales and cost of sales may be recorded by the Company's collaborators as they are deemed to be the principal in the transaction. The Company receives royalties from the commercialization of such products, and records its share of the variable consideration, representing a percentage of net product sales, as collaboration revenue in the period in which such underlying sales occur and costs are incurred by the collaborator. The collaborator will provide the Company with estimates of its royalties for such quarter; these estimates are reconciled to actual results in the subsequent quarter, and the royalty is adjusted accordingly, as necessary.
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b.Product Sales, Net
On February 21, 2020, the Company announced that the FDA approved NEXLETOL as an adjunct to diet and maximally tolerated statin therapy for the treatment of adults with HeFH or established ASCVD who require additional lowering of LDL-C. On February 26, 2020, the Company announced that the FDA approved NEXLIZET as an adjunct to diet and maximally tolerated statin therapy for the treatment of adults with HeFH or established ASCVD who require additional lowering of LDL-C. On March 30, 2020, NEXLETOL was commercially available in the U.S. through prescription and on June 4, 2020, NEXLIZET was commercially available in the U.S. through prescription. Net product sales totaled $3.3$6.4 million and $4.8$0.9 million for the three and nine months ended September 30,March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
​
The Company sells NEXLETOL and NEXLIZET to wholesalers in the U.S and, in accordance with ASC 606, recognizes revenue at the point in time when the customer is deemed to have obtained control of the product. The customer is deemed to have obtained control of the product at the time of physical receipt of the product at the customers’ distribution facilities, or free on board (“FOB”) destination, the terms of which are designated in the contract.
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Product sales are recorded at the net selling price, which includes estimates of variable consideration for which reserves are established for (a) rebates and chargebacks, (b) co-pay assistance programs, (c) distribution fees, (d) product returns, and (e) other discounts. Where appropriate, these estimates take into consideration a range of possible outcomes which are probability-weighted for relevant factors such as current contractual and statutory requirements, and forecasted customer buying and payment patterns. Overall, these reserves reflect the Company's best estimates of the amount of consideration to which it is entitled based on the terms of the applicable contract. The amount of variable consideration may be constrained and is included in the net sales price only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of the cumulative revenue recognized will not occur in a future period. Given the early stage of the Company’s commercial operations it has provided constraint of its variable consideration due to its potential consumption trends. Actual amounts of consideration ultimately received may differ from the Company's estimates. If actual results in the future vary from estimates, the Company adjusts these estimates, which would affect net product revenue and earnings in the period such variances become known.
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Liabilities for co-pay assistance, expected product returns, rebates, and distributor fees are classified as “Other accrued liabilities” in the condensed balance sheets. Discounts, such as prompt pay discounts, and chargebacks are recorded as a reduction to trade accounts receivable, which is included in “Other prepaid and current assets” in the condensed balance sheets.
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Forms of Variable Consideration
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Rebates and Chargebacks: The Company estimates reductions to product sales for Public Health Service Institutions, such as Medicaid, Medicare and Veterans' Administration ("VA") programs, as well as certain other qualifying federal and state government programs, and other group purchasing organizations. The Company estimates these reductions based upon the Company's contracts with government agencies and other organizations, statutorily defined discounts and estimated payor mix. These organizations purchase directly from the Company's wholesalers at a discount and the wholesalers charge the Company back the difference between the wholesaler price and the discounted price. The Company's liability for Medicaid rebates
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consists of estimates for claims that a state will make for a current quarter. The Company's reserve for this discounted pricing is based on expected sales to qualified healthcare providers and the chargebacks that customers have already claimed.
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Co-pay assistance: Eligible patients who have commercial insurance may receive assistance from the Company to reduce the patient's out of pocket costs. The Company will buy down the difference between the amount of the eligible patient's co-pay when the drug is purchased at the pharmacy at a determined price. Liabilities for co-pay assistance are calculated by actual program participation from third-party administrators.
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Distribution Fees: The Company has written contracts with its customers that include terms for distribution fees and costs for inventory management. The Company estimates and records distribution fees due to its customers based on gross sales.
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Product Returns: The Company generally offers a right of return based on the product’s expiration date and certain spoilage and damaged instances. The Company estimates the amount of product sales that may be returned and records the estimate as a reduction of product sales in the period the related product sales is recognized. The Company’s estimates for expected returns are based primarily on an ongoing analysis of sales information and visibility into the inventory remaining in the distribution channel.
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Discounts: The Company provides product discounts, such as prompt pay discounts, to its customers. The Company estimates cash discounts based on terms in negotiated contracts and the Company’s expectations regarding future payment patterns.
​Inventories
Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value and recognized on a first-in, first-out ("FIFO") method. The Company uses standard cost to determine the cost basis for inventory. Inventory is capitalized based on when future economic benefit is expected to be realized. The Company began capitalizing inventory upon receiving FDA approval for NEXLETOL and NEXLIZET on February 21, 2020 and February 26, 2020, respectively. Prior to the FDA approval of NEXLETOL and NEXLIZET, expenses associated with the manufacturing of the Company's products were recorded as research and development expense.
The Company analyzes its inventory levels on a periodic basis to determine if any inventory is at risk for expiration prior to sale or has a cost basis that is greater than its estimated future net realizable value. Any adjustments are recognized through cost of goods sold in the period in which they are incurred.
Recently Implemented Accounting Pronouncements
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In June 2016,August 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”("ASU") 2016-132020-06, Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40) (“ASU 2020-06”). This ASU simplifies the accounting for convertible instruments by removing the separation models for convertible debt with cash conversion features and convertible instruments with a beneficial conversion feature, which requires financial instruments to be recognized at an estimate of current expected credit losses. As part of the ASU, financial assets measured at amortized cost will be presented at the net amount expected to be collected. In addition, companies will recognize an allowance for credit losses on available-for-sale investments rather than reducing the amortized cost in an other-than-temporary impairment. The Company has chosen the practical expedient to exclude accrued interest from both the fair value andof the embedded conversion feature of convertible instruments be allocated to equity. Under ASU 2020-06, a convertible debt instrument with those features will generally be reported as a single liability at its amortized cost basis of available-for-sale debt securitieswith no separate accounting for the embedded conversion features in identifying and measuring an impairment. The Company adopted the standard on January 1, 2020.equity. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact onASU resulted in the reclassification of the portion of the Company's balance sheets, statementsconvertible notes from equity to debt, which also reduces reported interest expense and increases reported net income. ASU 2020-06 requires the application of operations or statementsthe if-converted method when calculating diluted earnings per share, eliminating the Company’s ability to use the treasury stock method when certain conditions are met. The ASU is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2021, with early adoption permitted no earlier than fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020. The Company early adopted this standard as of cash flows.
​
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15January 1, 2021 which includes provisions to clarify customer's accounting for implementation costs incurredresulted in a cloud computing arrangement. Undernet increase in the updated guidance,convertible notes of approximately $92.0 million, an adjustment to accumulated deficit of $1.5 million, and a customer in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract should followreduction to additional paid-in capital of $93.5 million. The tax impact of the internal-use software guidance to determine how to account for costs incurred in implementation. The updated guidance also requires certain classification on the balance sheets, statements of operations and statements of cash flows as well as additional quantitative and qualitative disclosures. The Company adopted the standard effective January 1, 2020 and has chosen to adopt the standard prospectively. Implementation costs for cloud computing arrangements are capitalized in "Other prepaid and current assets" on the Company's balance sheets. The adoption of this standard didwas not have a material impact to the Company's balance sheets, statements of operations or statements of cash flows.
​material.
There have been no other material changes to the significant accounting policies previously disclosed in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019.2020.
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3. Collaborations with Third Parties
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DSE Agreement Terms
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On January 2, 2019, the Company entered into a license and collaboration agreement with DSE. Pursuant to the agreement, the Company granted DSE exclusive commercialization rights to bempedoic acid and the bempedoic acid / ezetimibe combination tablets in the European Economic Area and Switzerland (“DSE Territory”). DSE will be responsible for commercialization in the DSE Territory. The Company remains responsible for clinical development, regulatory and manufacturing activities for the licensed products globally, including in the DSE Territory.
​
Pursuant to the agreement, the consideration consists of a $150.0 million upfront cash payment as well as $150.0 million cash payment to the Company upon first commercial sales in the DSE Territory. The Company also is responsible to supply DSE with certain manufacturing supply of the API or bulk tablets. The Company is also eligible to receive a substantial additional regulatory milestone payment upon the grant of the marketing authorisation in the European Union for the CV risk reduction label, depending on the range of relative risk reduction in the CLEAR Outcomes study. In addition, the Company is eligible to receive additional sales milestone payments related to total net sales achievements for DSE in the DSE Territory. Finally, the Company will receive tiered fifteen percent (15%) to twenty-five percent (25%) royalties on net DSE Territory sales.
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The agreement calls for both parties to participate in a Joint Collaboration Committee (the “DSE JCC”). The DSE JCC is comprised of executive management from each company and the Company will lead in all aspects related to development and DSE will lead in all aspects related to commercialization in the DSE Territory.
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Agreement Terms Amendment
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On June 18, 2020, the Company entered into an amendment to the license and collaboration agreement with DSE, dated as of January 2, 2019. In June 2020, the Company completed the transfer of the MAAs for NILEMDO® and NUSTENDI.NUSTENDI®. Pursuant to the terms of the amendment, DSE paid the Company the second $150.0 million milestone based on completion of the NUSTENDI MAA transfer rather than the first product sale in the EU, as previously agreed. Additionally, the Company and DSE have agreed to expand the DSE Territory, or the territory in which DSE has exclusive commercialization rights to NILEMDO and NUSTENDI to include Turkey. DSE's designated affiliate in Turkey will be solely responsible, at its sole cost
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and expense, for all regulatory matters relating to such products in Turkey, including obtaining regulatory approval for such products in Turkey.
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Collaboration Revenue
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The Company considered the guidance under ASC 606 and concluded that the agreement was in the scope of ASC 606. The Company concluded that the upfront payment of $150.0 million should be included in the transaction price and related to the following performance obligations under the agreement: 1) the license to the Company’s intellectual property and 2) the obligation to provide ongoing regulatory and development activities. The Company used the adjusted market assessment approach in determining the standalone selling price of the Company’s intellectual property and the expected cost plus margin approach in determining the standalone selling price of the Company’s obligation to provide ongoing regulatory and development activities. In the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019,March 31, 2020, the Company recognized $1.0 million and $147.4 million of collaboration revenue, respectively. In the nine months ended September 30, 2020, the Company recognized $1.6 million related to the on-going performance obligation for the ongoing regulatory efforts related to the MAA in the DSE Territory, which was transferred to DSE in June 2020.Territory.
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In addition, in the nine months ended September 30, 2020, the Company recognized the $150.0 million milestone as collaboration revenue based on the successful transfer of the NUSTENDI MAA. In the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020,March 31, 2021, the Company recognized collaboration revenue of $0.5$1.6 million and $1.5 million, respectively, related to both royalty revenue from DSE following their European launch of NILEMDO and NUSTENDI as well as the sales of bulk tablets of NILEMDO and NUSTENDI to DSE pursuant to the Supply Agreementsupply agreement that was executed with DSE.
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All remaining future potential milestone amounts were not included in the transaction price, as they were all determined to be fully constrained following the concepts of ASC 606 due to the fact that such amounts hinge on development activities, regulatory approvals and sales-based milestones. Additionally, the Company expects that any consideration related to royalties and sales-based milestones will be recognized when the subsequent sales occur.
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Otsuka Agreement Terms
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On April 17, 2020, the Company entered into the Otsuka Agreement with Otsuka. Pursuant to the Otsuka Agreement, the Company granted Otsuka exclusive development and commercialization rights to NEXLETOL and NEXLIZET in Japan.
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Otsuka will be responsible for all development, regulatory, and commercialization activities in Japan. In addition, Otsuka will fund all clinical development costs associated with the program in Japan.
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Pursuant to the agreement, the consideration consists of a $60.0 million upfront cash payment and the Company will be eligible to receive additional payments of up to $450.0 million if certain regulatory and commercial milestones are achieved by Otsuka. The potential future milestone payments include up to $20.0 million upon first JNDA submissions in the Otsuka Territory, up to $70.0 million upon the first NHI Price Listing for NEXLETOL in the Otsuka Territory, and up to $50.0 million upon the achievement of the primary major adverse cardiovascular events (“MACE”) in the CLEAR Outcomes study and the CV risk reduction rate on the U.S. label, depending on the range of relative risk reduction in the CLEAR Outcomes study. In addition, the Company is eligible to receive additional sales milestone payments up to $310.0 million related to total net sales achievements for Otsuka in Japan. Finally, the Company will receive tiered fifteen percent (15%) to thirty percent (30%) royalties on net sales in Japan.
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The agreement calls for both parties to participate in a Joint Collaboration Committee (the "Otsuka JCC"). The Otsuka JCC is comprised of executive management from each company and Otsuka will lead in all aspects related to development and commercialization in the Otsuka Territory.
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Collaboration Revenue
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The Company considered the guidance under ASC 606 and concluded that the agreement was in the scope of ASC 606. The Company concluded that the upfront payment of $60.0 million should be included in the transaction price and related to the performance obligation under the agreement to the license to the Company's intellectual property. In the nine months ended September 30, 2020, the Company recognized $60.0 million of collaboration revenue related to the $60.0 million upfront payment. The Company did 0t have any collaboration revenue from the Otsuka Agreement during the three months ended September 30,March 31, 2021 and 2020.
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All future potential milestone amounts were not included in the transaction price, as they were all determined to be fully constrained following the concepts of ASC 606 due to the fact that such amounts hinge on development activities,
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regulatory approvals and sales-based milestones. Additionally, the Company expects that any consideration related to royalties and sales-based milestones will be recognized when the subsequent sales occur.
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The Company has not yet recognized any revenue for milestone payments as the related regulatory and commercial milestones have not yet been achieved.
​Other Agreements
During December 2020, the Company entered into a licensing agreement with Serometrix to in-license a series of early stage compounds known as scaffolds related to its oral, small molecule PCSK9 inhibitor program. PCSK9 is an enzyme responsible for regulating LDL receptors. PCSK9 inhibitors stop LDL receptors from being broken down, increasing the number of LDL receptors present to remove cholesterol from the blood. The agreement allows the Company use of the PCSK9 compounds, which were patented by Serometrix prior to the licensing agreement, to perform further research and development with the goal of developing a small molecule oral PCSK9 inhibitor that can be taken as a tablet.
In exchange for these rights, the Company agreed to pay Serometrix an upfront payment, milestone payments and royalties on net sales of licensed products under the agreement. The Company is obligated to make milestone payments to Serometrix upon the achievement of specified development, regulatory and commercialization milestones. The development milestone payments due under the agreement depend on the licensed product being developed. As part of the agreement, the Company made an upfront cash payment of $12.5 million in December 2020, which was recorded to research and development expense, to Serometrix, with payments in future years tied to specific milestones. The Company has also agreed to pay tiered royalties based on net sales of all products licensed under the agreement of mid-single-digit to low double-digit percentages.
4. Inventories
​
Inventories as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 consist of the following (in thousands):
​September 30, 2020December 31, 2019
March 31, 2021December 31, 2020
Raw materialsRaw materials$4,103 0Raw materials$17,505 $13,788 
Work in processWork in process4,541 0Work in process2,078 2,028 
Finished goodsFinished goods417 0Finished goods447 320 
​$9,061 $0 
$20,030 $16,136 
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The Company has entered into a contract manufacturing agreement with a third party commercial manufacturing organization for the production
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Table of certain inventory supplies of NEXLETOL and NEXLIZET. The agreement has an initial term of three years and will renew automatically for successive periods of one year each unless otherwise terminated by either party. Under the agreement the Company is obligated to purchase minimum order commitments on a rolling twelve months period for the batches of inventory supplies produced.Contents
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5. Commitments and Contingencies
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On January 12, 2016, a purported stockholder of the Company filed a putative class action lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan, against the Company and Tim Mayleben, captioned Kevin L. Dougherty v. Esperion Therapeutics, Inc., et al. (No. 16-cv-10089). The lawsuit alleges that the Company and Mr. Mayleben violated Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and SEC Rule 10b-5 by allegedly failing to disclose in an August 17, 2015, public statement that the FDA would require a cardiovascular outcomes trial before approving the Company’s lead product candidate. The lawsuit seeks, among other things, compensatory damages in connection with an allegedly inflated stock price between August 18, 2015, and September 28, 2015, as well as attorneys’ fees and costs. On May 20, 2016, an amended complaint was filed in the lawsuit and on July 5, 2016, the Company filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint. On December 27, 2016, the court granted the Company’s motion to dismiss with prejudice and entered judgment in the Company’s favor. On January 24, 2017, the plaintiffs in this lawsuit filed a motion to alter or amend the judgment. In May 2017, the court denied the plaintiff’s motion to alter or amend the judgment.  In May 2017, the court denied the plaintiff’s motion to alter or amend the judgment. On June 19, 2017, the plaintiffs filed a notice of appeal to the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals and on September 14, 2017, they filed their opening brief in support of the appeal. The appeal was fully briefed on December 7, 2017, and it was argued before the Sixth Circuit on March 15, 2018. On September 27, 2018, the Sixth Circuit issued an opinion in which it reversed the district court’s dismissal and remanded for further proceedings. On October 11, 2018, the Company filed a petition for rehearing en banc and, on October 23, 2018, the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals directed plaintiffs to respond to that petition. On December 3, 2018, the Sixth Circuit denied the Company’s petition for en banc rehearing, and on December 11, 2018, the case was returned to the federal district court by mandate from the Sixth Circuit. On December 26, 2018, the Company filed an answer to the amended complaint, and on March 28, 2019, the Company filed its amended answer to the amended complaint. On September 15, 2020, the Company filed a motion for summary judgment, and the plaintiffs filed a motion for partial summarysummary judgment, and on October 23, 2020, the parties filed oppositions to both motions for summary judgment. TheOn November 20, 2020, the Company and plaintiffs filed replies in support of their respective motions. On March 12, 2021, the parties agreed to a settlement in principle of the securities class action, and on April 26, 2021, the parties entered into a stipulation of settlement to resolve all legal claims, in which defendants expressly deny that they have committed any act or omission giving rise to any liability under Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Under the terms of the stipulation of settlement, subject to approval by the court, the Company and certain of the Company's insurance carriers will cause a payment of $18.25 million to be made to the plaintiff class. There is unableno assurance that the settlement will ultimately be approved or that it will become final. If the settlement does not occur and litigation continues, the Company intends to predict the outcomevigorously defend against it. As a result of this mattersettlement agreement, the Company has recorded a litigation settlement liability of $18.25 million as of March 31, 2021 in other accrued liabilities on the condensed balance sheet, a litigation insurance settlement recovery receivable of $5.0 million, which represents the estimated insurance claim proceeds from our insurance carriers as of March 31, 2021, in other prepaid and is unable to makecurrent assets on the condensed balance sheet, and recorded a meaningful estimateloss on settlement of $13.25 million in selling, general, and administrative expenses on the amount or rangecondensed statement of loss, if any, that could result from an unfavorable outcome.operations.
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On December 15, 2016, a purported stockholder of the Company filed a derivative lawsuit in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware against Tim Mayleben, Roger Newton, Mary McGowan, Nicole Vitullo, Dov Goldstein, Daniel Janney, Antonio Gotto Jr., Mark McGovern, Gilbert Omenn, Scott Braunstein, and Patrick Enright. The Company is named as a nominal defendant. The lawsuit alleges that the defendants breached their fiduciary duties to the Company when they made or approved improper statements on August 17, 2015, regarding the Company’s lead product candidate’s path to FDA approval, and failed to ensure that reliable systems of internal controls were in place at the Company. On February 8, 2019, the Company and defendants filed a motion to dismiss the derivative lawsuit. On April 23, 2019, the plaintiff filed an opposition to the motion to dismiss the derivative lawsuit, and the Company filed a reply brief on May 15, 2019. On November 6, 2019, the court held a hearing on the motion to dismiss. On February 13, 2020, the court granted the motion to dismiss with prejudice and entered judgment in the Company’s favor. On March 16, 2020, the plaintiff filed a notice of appeal to the Supreme Court of Delaware. On June 1, 2020, the plaintiff filed his opening brief on appeal to the Supreme Court of Delaware. On July 1, 2020, the Company and the defendants filed an answering brief, and on July 16, 2020, the plaintiff filed a reply brief. On October 14,
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2020, the Supreme Court of Delaware held oral arguments on the appeal. On October 29, 2020, the Supreme Court of Delaware issued an order affirming the judgment of the Court of Chancery. The lawsuit seeks, among other things, any damages sustained by the Company as a result of the defendants’ alleged breaches of fiduciary duties, including damages related to the above-referenced securities class action, an order directing the Company to take all necessary actions to reform and improve its corporate governance and internal procedures, restitution from the defendants, and attorneys’ fees and costs. The Company is unable to predict the outcome of this matter and is unable to make a meaningful estimate of the amount or range of loss, if any, that could result from an unfavorable outcome.
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There have been no other material changes to the Company’s contractual obligations and commitments and contingencies outside the ordinary course of business from those previously disclosed in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 other than the Revenue Interest Purchase Agreement disclosed in Note 8 “Liability Related to the Revenue Interest Purchase Agreement.”2020 or noted above.
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6. Investments
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The following table summarizes the Company’s cash equivalents and short-term investments:investments (in thousands):
​
​September 30, 2020
​Amortized
Cost		Gross Unrealized GainsGross Unrealized LossesEstimated
Fair
Value
​(in thousand)
March 31, 2021
Amortized
Cost		Gross Unrealized GainsGross Unrealized LossesEstimated
Fair
Value
Cash equivalents:Cash equivalents:​​​​Cash equivalents:
Money market fundsMoney market funds$206,147 $0 $0 $206,147 Money market funds$206,804 $0 $0 $206,804 
TotalTotal$206,147 $0 $0 $206,147 Total$206,804 $0 $0 $206,804 

​December 31, 2019
​Amortized
Cost		Gross Unrealized GainsGross Unrealized LossesEstimated
Fair
Value
​(in thousands)
Cash equivalents:​​​​
Money market funds$20,970 $0 $0 $20,970 
U.S. treasury notes2,497 0 0 2,497 
Commercial paper4,494 0 0 4,494 
Short-term investments:​​​​
Certificates of deposit245 0 0 245 
U.S treasury notes29,155 23 0 29,178 
Commercial paper5,228 0 0 5,228 
Total$62,589 $23 $0 $62,612 
​
At September 30, 2020, remaining contractual maturities of investments classified as current on the balance sheets were less than 12 months.
​
December 31, 2020
Amortized
Cost		Gross Unrealized GainsGross Unrealized LossesEstimated
Fair
Value
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds$281,783 $0 $0 $281,783 
Total$281,783 $0 $0 $281,783 
During the three and nine months ended September 30,March 31, 2021 and 2020, other income, net in the statements of operations includes interest income on investments of less than $0.1 million and $0.5$0.4 million, respectively, and income for the accretion of premiums and discounts on investments of less than $0.1 million and $0.1 million, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, other income, net in the statements of operations includes interest income on investments of $1.2 million and $2.6 million, respectively, and income for the accretion of premiums and discounts on investments of $0.2 million and $0.3 million, respectively.
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There were 0 unrealized gains or losses on investments reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to other income in the statements of operations during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020March 31, 2021 and 2019.
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2020.
In the three and nine months ended September 30,March 31, 2021 and 2020, there were 0 allowances for credit losses and all unrealized gains (losses) for available-for-sale securities were recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). As of September 30,March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the Company had 0 accrued interest receivables.​

7. Fair Value Measurements
​
The Company follows accounting guidance that emphasizes that fair value is a market-based measurement, not an entity-specific measurement. Fair value is defined as “the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.” Fair value measurements are defined on a three level hierarchy:
Level 1 inputs:    Quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets;
Level 2 inputs:​Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted market prices for similar assets or liabilities or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by market data; and
Level 3 inputs:​Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and require the reporting entity to develop assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability.
​
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The following table presents the Company’s financial assets that have been measured at fair value on a recurring basis:basis (in thousands):
​
DescriptionTotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3
​
September 30, 2020​​​​
Assets:​​​​
Money market funds$206,147 $206,147 $0 $0 
Total assets at fair value$206,147 $206,147 $0 $0 
December 31, 2019
Assets:
Money market funds$20,970 $20,970 $0 $0 
Investments:
Certificates of deposit245 245 0 0 
U.S. treasury notes31,675 31,675 0 0 
Commercial paper9,722 0 9,722 0 
Total assets at fair value$62,612 $52,890 $9,722 $0 
​
DescriptionTotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3
March 31, 2021
Assets:
Money market funds$206,804 $206,804 $0 $0 
Total assets at fair value$206,804 $206,804 $0 $0 
December 31, 2020
Assets:
Money market funds$281,783 $281,783 $0 $0 
Total assets at fair value$281,783 $281,783 $0 $0 
There were no transfers between Levels 1, 2 or 3 during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020March 31, 2021 and 2019.​

2020.
8. Liability Related to the Revenue Interest Purchase Agreement
​
On June 26, 2019, the Company entered into a RIPA with Oberland, as agent for purchasers party thereto (the “Purchasers”), and the Purchasers named therein, to obtain financing in respect to the commercialization and further development of bempedoic acid and the bempedoic acid / ezetimibe combination tablets and other working capital needs. Pursuant to the RIPA, the Company received $125.0 million at closing, less certain issuance costs. The Company is also entitled to receive up to approximately $75.0 million in subsequent installments subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the RIPA: (i) $25.0 million upon certain regulatory approval of its product candidates and (ii) $50.0 million, at the Company’s option, upon reaching $100.0 million trailing worldwide six-month net sales any time prior to December 31, 2021 (the “Third Payment”). In March 2020, the Company received $25.0 million from Oberland upon receiving regulatory approval of NEXLETOL.
​
As consideration for such payments, the Purchasers have a right to receive certain revenue interests (the “Revenue Interests”) from the Company based upon net sales of the Company’s certain products which will be tiered payments initially ranging from 2.5% to 7.5% of the Company’s net sales in the covered territory (the “Covered Territory”); provided that (a) if
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annual net sales equal or exceed $350.0 million by December 31, 2021 (the “Sales Threshold”), the initially tiered revenue interest rate will be decreased to a single rate of 2.5% of the Company’s net sales in the Covered Territory, beginning on January 1, 2022, and (b) if annual net sales equal or exceed the Sales Threshold and if the Purchasers receive 100% of their invested capital by December 31, 2024, the revenue interest rate will be decreased to a single rate of 0.4% of the Company’s net sales in the Covered Territory beginning on January 1, 2025. If the Third Payment is drawn down by the Company, the applicable royalty rates will increase by one-third. The Covered Territory is the United States, but is subject to expand to include the world-wide net sales if the Company’s annual U.S. net sales are less than $350.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The U.S. net sales milestone thresholds are not to be taken as financial guidance. The Purchasers’ rights to receive the Revenue Interests shall terminate on the date on which the Purchasers have received Revenue Interests payments of 195% of the then aggregate purchase price (the “Cumulative Purchaser Payments”) paid to the Company, unless the RIPA is terminated earlier.
​
Under the RIPA, the Company has an option (the “Call Option”) to terminate the RIPA and repurchase future Revenue Interests at any time upon advance written notice. Additionally, the Purchasers have an option (the “Put Option”) to terminate the RIPA and to require the Company to repurchase future Revenue Interests upon enumerated events such as a bankruptcy event, an uncured material breach, a material adverse effect or a change of control. If the Put Option is exercised prior to the first anniversary of the closing date by the Purchasers (except pursuant to a change of control), the required repurchase price will be 120% of the Cumulative Purchaser Payments (minus all payments Company has made to the Purchasers in connection with the Revenue Interests). In all other cases, if the Put Option or the Call Option are exercised, the required repurchase price will be 175% of the Cumulative Purchaser Payments (minus all payments Company has made to the Purchasers in connection with the Revenue Interests), if such option is exercised prior to the third anniversary of the closing date, and 195% of the Cumulative Purchaser Payments (minus all payments Company has made to the Purchasers in connection with the Revenue Interests), if such option is exercised thereafter.
​
In addition, the RIPA contains various representations and warranties, information rights, non-financial covenants, indemnification obligations and other provisions that are customary for a transaction of this nature.
​
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In connection with the arrangement, as of September 30, 2020,March 31, 2021, the Company has recorded a liability, referred to as the “Revenue interest liability” in the condensed balance sheets, of $171.2$181.0 million, net of $0.5 million of capitalized issuance costs in connection with the RIPA. The Company imputes interest expense associated with this liability using the effective interest rate method. The effective interest rate is calculated based on the rate that would enable the debt to be repaid in full over the anticipated life of the arrangement. The interest rate on this liability may vary during the term of the agreement depending on a number of factors, including the level of forecasted net sales. The Company evaluates the interest rate quarterly based on its current net sales forecasts utilizing the prospective method.
​
A significant increase or decrease in net sales will materially impact the revenue interest liability, interest expense and the time period for repayment. The Company recorded approximately $4.9 million and $13.7$4.2 million in interest expense related to this arrangement for the three and nine months ended September 30,March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

The repayment of the RIPA to Oberland does not have a fixed repayment schedule, rather it will be completely repaid and extinguished when the Company has repaid 195% of the aggregate purchase price unless the RIPA is terminated earlier. Since there is not a fixed repayment schedule, the Company does not project its future repayments by year. Each period, the Company estimates the future expected sales of its products in the covered territory and determines the effective annual imputed interest rate, which updates and changes the timing of the Company’s payments. Under the terms of the agreement, every $100 million of net sales generated, less than or equal to $250 million in an annual aggregate year, would result in a repayment obligation of approximately $7.5 million or 7.5% at the stated repayment rate in the first year. Annual Net Sales for a calendar year exceeding $250 million would result in a repayment obligation of approximately $2.5 million or 2.5% for every $100 million of sales above the threshold. If the Company equals or exceeds $350 million of sales in the U.S. in 2021, then the repayment amount would drop to $2.5 million for every $100 million of net sales starting in 2022. If the US net sales are less than $350 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, then the Covered Territory is expanded to include worldwide sales beginning in 2022. The Company’s repayments of the RIPA are directly tied to the growth of its net sales, and as the Company’s net sales grow, the Company expects the related repayments of the RIPA to grow as well. The Company currently expects to repay $10.9$6.4 million in the next twelve months.
​
The Company received $125.0 million in exchange for entering into the RIPA and $25.0 million in March 2020 upon receiving regulatory approval of NEXLETOL. The effective annual imputed interest rate is 14.8%11.8% as of September 30, 2020.March 31, 2021. The Company incurred $0.6 million of issuance costs in connection with the RIPA, which will be amortized to interest expense over the estimated term of the RIPA. Payments made to Oberland as a result of the Company’s net sales will reduce the revenue interest liability.
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​
The following table summarizes the revenue interest liability activity during the ninethree months ended September 30, 2020:March 31, 2021:
​(in thousands)
RevenueTotal revenue interest liability at December 31, 20192020$132,544176,604 
Oberland funding for regulatory approval of NEXLETOL25,000 
Interest expense recognized13,7394,925 
Revenue Interests payments(110)(573)
RevenueTotal revenue interest liability at September 30, 2020March 31, 2021$171,173180,956 
​
​
9. Other Accrued LiabilitiesConvertible Notes
​On November 16, 2020, the Company issued $250.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.0% senior subordinated convertible notes due November 15, 2025. The net proceeds the Company received from the offering of the initial notes was approximately $242.0 million, after deducting the initial purchasers’ discounts and commissions and offering expenses payable by the Company. In connection with the offering of the senior subordinated convertible notes, the Company granted the initial purchasers of the senior subordinated convertible notes a 30-day option to purchase up to an additional $30.0 million aggregate principal amount of the senior subordinated convertible notes on the same terms and conditions. On November 18, 2020 the option was exercised, which resulted in approximately $29.1 million of additional proceeds, for total aggregate principal of $280.0 million and net proceeds of $271.1 million (the additional notes and, together with the initial notes, collectively called the “Convertible Notes”). The Company used approximately $46.0 million of the net proceeds from the offering of the notes to pay the cost of the Capped Call (as defined below) and $55.0 million of the net proceeds from the offering of the initial notes to finance the Prepaid Forward (as defined below). The Convertible Notes are the Company's senior unsecured obligations and mature on November 15, 2025 (the “Maturity Date”), unless earlier repurchased or converted into shares of common stock under certain circumstances described below. The Convertible Notes are convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock, can be repurchased for cash, or a combination thereof, at the Company’s election, at an initial conversion rate of 30.2151 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of the Convertible Notes, which is equivalent to an initial conversion
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price of approximately $33.096 per share of common stock, subject to adjustment. The Company will pay interest on the Convertible Notes semi-annually in arrears on May 15 and November 15 of each year.
The Convertible Notes are general unsecured obligations of the Company that are subordinated in right of payment to indebtedness, obligations and other liabilities under the Company’s RIPA, the revenue interests issued pursuant to such agreement, and any refinancing of the foregoing.
Holders may convert their Convertible Notes at their option at any time prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding August 15, 2025 in the following circumstances: (1) during any calendar quarter commencing after the calendar quarter ending on March 31, 2021 (and only during such calendar quarter), if the last reported sale price per share of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share (“common stock”), is greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price for each of at least 20 trading days, whether or not consecutive, during the 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter; (2) during the 5 business days after any 5 consecutive trading day period (such 5 consecutive trading day period, the “measurement period”) in which the trading price per $1,000 principal amount of notes for each trading day of the measurement period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price per share of the Company’s common stock and the conversion rate for the notes on each such trading day; (3) if the Company calls such notes for redemption, any such notes that have been called for redemption may be converted at any time prior to the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the redemption date, but only with respect to the notes called for redemption; and (4) upon the occurrence of specified corporate events, as provided in the Indenture.
On or after August 15, 2025, to the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately before the maturity date, holders may convert all or any portion of their notes at the applicable conversion rate at any time at the option of the holder regardless of the foregoing conditions.
In addition, following certain corporate events or following issuance of a notice of redemption, the Company will, in certain circumstances, increase the conversion rate for a holder who elects to convert its notes in connection with such a corporate event or to convert its notes called (or deemed called) for redemption during the related redemption period, as the case may be.
The Convertible Notes will be redeemable, in whole or in part, at the Company’s option at any time, and from time to time, on or after November 20, 2023 and before the 41st scheduled trading day immediately before the maturity date, at a cash redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, but only if the last reported sale price per share of the Company’s common stock has been at least 130% of the conversion price then in effect for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive), including the trading day immediately preceding the date the Company sends the related redemption notice, during any 30 consecutive trading day period ending on, and including, the trading day immediately preceding the date on which the Company sends such redemption notice. No sinking fund is provided for the notes. If the Company redeems less than all the outstanding notes, at least $125.0 million aggregate principal amount of notes must be outstanding and not subject to redemption as of the relevant redemption notice date.
If the Company undergoes a “fundamental change” (as defined in the Indenture), holders may require the Company to repurchase their notes for cash all or any portion of their notes at a fundamental change repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest, to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date. The Indenture includes customary terms and covenants, including certain events of default.
The Company incurred approximately $8.9 million of issuance costs related to the issuance of the Convertible Notes, of which, prior to the adoption of ASU 2020-06 on January 1, 2021, $5.8 million and $3.1 million were allocated and recorded to long-term debt and additional paid-in capital, respectively. The $5.8 million of issuance costs recorded as long-term debt on the condensed balance sheet are amortized over the five-year contractual term of the Convertible Notes using the effective interest method.
Prior to the adoption of ASU 2020-06 on January 1, 2021, the $271.1 million of proceeds received from the issuance of the Convertible Notes were allocated between long-term debt (the “liability component”) of $177.6 million and additional paid-in capital (the “equity component”) of $93.5 million. The fair value of the liability component was measured using rates determined for similar debt instruments without a conversion feature. The carrying amount of the equity component, representing the conversion option, was determined by deducting the fair value of the liability component from the aggregate face value of the Convertible Notes and was included in additional paid-in capital in the condensed balance sheet and was not remeasured as long as it did not to meet the conditions for equity classification. The liability component was to be accreted up
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to the face value of the Convertible Notes of $280.0 million, which resulted in additional non-cash interest expense being recognized through the Maturity Date.
With the adoption of ASU 2020-06 as of January 1, 2021, the Company reports the convertible debt liability at the aggregate principal amount less unamortized issuance costs. This resulted in the reclassification of the $93.5 million of the Company’s convertible notes recognized at December 31, 2020 from additional paid in capital to the convertible debt liability. The portion of interest expense previously recognized for the accretion of the convertible debt liability and the true-up of the amortization of the issuance costs of $1.5 million was recorded as an adjustment to accumulated deficit.
The following tables summarizes the outstanding principal and debt issuance cost balances as follows (in thousands):
Convertible note, debt balanceDebt issuance costConvertible notes, net
Balance at December 31, 2020185,100 (5,733)179,367 
Adjustments to net principal due to adoption of ASU 2020-0694,900 (2,973)91,927 
Balance at January 1, 2021280,000 (8,706)271,294 
Balance at March 31, 2021280,000 (8,306)271,694 
The Company recorded $3.2 million of interest expense during the three months ended March 31, 2021, relating to the cash interest on the convertible notes due semi-annually and amortization of the debt issuance costs.
As of March 31, 2021, no Convertible Notes were convertible pursuant to their terms. The estimated fair value of the Convertible Notes was $295.1 million and $283.4 million and as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. The estimated fair value of the Convertible Notes was determined through consideration of quoted market prices. As of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the if-converted value of the Convertible Notes did not exceed the principal value of those notes.
Capped Call Transactions
In connection with the offering of the Convertible Notes, the Company entered into privately-negotiated capped call transactions with one of the initial purchasers of the convertible notes or its affiliate and certain other financial institutions. The Company used approximately $46.0 million of the net proceeds from the offering of the Convertible Notes to pay the cost of the capped call transactions. The capped call transactions are expected generally to reduce potential dilution to the Company’s common stock upon any conversion of the Convertible Notes and/or offset any cash payments the Company is required to make in excess of the principal amount of converted notes, as the case may be, in the event that the market value per share of the Company’s common stock, as measured under the terms of the capped call transactions at the time of exercise, is greater than the strike price of the capped call transactions (which initially corresponds to the initial conversion price of the Convertible Notes, and is subject to certain adjustments), with such reduction and/or offset subject to a cap initially equal to approximately $55.16 (which represents a premium of approximately 100% over the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock on November 11, 2020), subject to certain adjustments. The capped call transactions are separate transactions, entered into by the Company and are not part of the terms of the Convertible Notes.
Given that the transactions meet certain accounting criteria, the convertible note capped call transactions are recorded in stockholders’ equity, and they are not accounted for as derivatives and are not remeasured each reporting period. As of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the Company had not purchased any shares under the convertible note capped call transactions.
Prepaid Forward
In connection with the offering of the Convertible Notes, the Company entered into a prepaid forward stock repurchase transaction (“Prepaid Forward”) with a financial institution (“Forward Counterparty”). Pursuant to the Prepaid Forward, the Company used approximately $55.0 million of the net proceeds from the offering of the Convertible Notes to fund the Prepaid Forward. The aggregate number of shares of the Company’s common stock underlying the Prepaid Forward was approximately 1,994,198. The expiration date for the Prepaid Forward is November 15, 2025, although it may be settled earlier in whole or in part. Upon settlement of the Prepaid Forward, at expiration or upon any early settlement, the Forward Counterparty will deliver to the Company the number of shares of common stock underlying the Prepaid Forward or the portion thereof being settled early. The shares purchased under the Prepaid Forward are treated as treasury stock and not outstanding for purposes of the
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calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share, but will remain outstanding for corporate law purposes, including for purposes of any future stockholders’ votes, until the Forward Counterparty delivers the shares underlying the Prepaid Forward to the Company. The Company’s Prepaid Forward hedge transaction exposes the Company to credit risk to the extent that its counterparty may be unable to meet the terms of the transaction. The Company mitigates this risk by limiting its counterparty to a major financial institution.
10. Balance Sheet Disclosures
Prepaid and other current assets consist of the following (in thousands):
March 31,
2021		December 31,
2020
Accounts receivable$17,255 $12,388 
Insurance receivable5,000 0 
Prepaid inventory cost7,603 5,957 
Other prepaid and current assets4,305 5,609 
Total prepaid and other current assets$34,163 $23,954 
Other accrued liabilities consist of the following:following (in thousands):
​
​September 30,
2020		December 31,
2019
​(in thousands)
Accrued compensation12,156 7,818 
Accrued professional fees5,958 3,842 
Accrued other3,344 211 
Total other accrued liabilities21,458 11,871 
​
​
March 31,
2021		December 31,
2020
Accrued legal settlement$18,250 $0 
Accrued compensation11,243 15,161 
Accrued variable consideration10,082 5,025 
Accrued professional fees4,845 3,183 
Accrued interest on convertible notes4,169 1,369 
Accrued other177 52 
Total other accrued liabilities$48,766 $24,790 
10.11. Stock Compensation
​
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
​
In April 2020, the board of directors approved the Esperion Therapeutics, Inc. 2020 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the "ESPP") which was approved by the Company's shareholders on May 28, 2020. The ESPP allows eligible employees to authorize payroll deductions of up to 10% of their base salary or wages up to $25,000 annually to be applied toward the purchase of shares of the Company's common stock on the last trading day of the offering period. Participating employees will purchase shares of the Company's common stock at a discount of up to 15% on the lesser of the closing price of the Company's common stock on the NASDAQ Global Select Market (i) on the first trading day of the offering period or (ii) the last day of any offering period. Offering periods under the ESPP will generally be in six months increments, commencing on September 1 and March 1 of each calendar year with the administrator having the right to establish different offering periods. In the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020,March 31, 2021, the Company recognized $0.1$0.3 million of stock compensation expense related to the ESPP. As of September 30, 2020,March 31, 2021, there have been no50,818 shares issued and 825,000774,182 shares reserved for future issuance under the ESPP.
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Stock Options
​
The following table summarizes the activity relating to the Company’s options to purchase common stock for the ninethree months ended September 30, 2020:March 31, 2021:
​
​Number of OptionsWeighted-Average Exercise Price Per ShareWeighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)Aggregate Intrinsic Value
​(in thousands)​
Outstanding at December 31, 20194,677,929 $39.31 6.82$109,054 
Granted234,940 $61.14 ​​
Forfeited or expired(213,484)$55.55 ​​
Exercised(270,735)$23.62 ​​
Outstanding at September 30, 20204,428,650 $40.65 5.84$38,247 
Number of OptionsWeighted-Average Exercise Price Per ShareWeighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)Aggregate Intrinsic Value
(in thousands)
Outstanding at December 31, 20204,176,518 $40.24 5.28$18,415 
Granted458,000 $32.12 
Forfeited or expired(431,675)$54.06 
Exercised(172,268)$15.49 
Outstanding at March 31, 20214,030,575 $38.90 5.75$19,711 
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​
The following table summarizes information about the Company’s stock option plan as of September 30, 2020:March 31, 2021:

Number of OptionsWeighted-Average Exercise Price Per ShareWeighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)Aggregate Intrinsic Value
(in thousands)
Vested and expected to vest at March 31, 20214,030,575 $38.90 5.75$19,711 
Exercisable at March 31, 20213,025,257 $36.81 4.75$19,711 
​
​Number of OptionsWeighted-Average Exercise Price Per ShareWeighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)Aggregate Intrinsic Value
​​​​(in thousands)​
Vested and expected to vest at September 30, 20204,428,650 $40.65 5.84$38,247 
Exercisable at September 30, 20203,274,100 $36.40 5.01$36,798 
​
Stock-based compensation related to stock options was $5.1$3.7 million and $16.2$5.6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30,March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, including less than $0.1$0.3 million and $0.5$0.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, that were capitalized into inventory, and $5.5 million and $18.1 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively.inventory. As of September 30, 2020,March 31, 2021, there was $37.5$28.7 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested options, which will be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.22.6 years.
​
Restricted Stock Units (or RSUs)

The following table summarizes the activity relating to the Company’s RSUs for the ninethree months ended September 30, 2020:March 31, 2021:
​
​Number of
RSUs		Weighted-Average
Fair Value Per
Share
Outstanding and unvested December 31, 2019245,966 $44.45 
Granted347,733 $51.42 
Forfeited(48,437)$45.07 
Vested(87,652)$48.78 
Outstanding and unvested September 30, 2020457,610 $48.85 
​
Number of
RSUs		Weighted-Average
Fair Value Per
Share
Outstanding and unvested December 31, 2020401,234 $46.92 
Granted358,280 $31.75 
Forfeited(76,468)$43.09 
Vested(43,465)$52.80 
Outstanding and unvested March 31, 2021639,581 $38.49 
Stock-based compensation related to RSUs was approximately $2.1$1.8 million and $5.4$1.5 million for the three and nine months ended September 30,March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, including $0.1 million and less than $0.1 million and $0.1 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, that were capitalized into inventory, and $0.8 million and $1.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively.inventory. As of September 30, 2020,March 31, 2021, there was $19.5$21.8 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested RSUs, which will be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3.03.2 years.
​
11. Leases
​
The Company has operating leases primarily related to the Company’s principal executive office, automobile leases and other IT related equipment. The lease for the principal executive office has a lease term of 5 years and the automobile leases and IT equipment leases primarily have a term of 3 years. During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, the right of use operating lease assets and operating lease liabilities recognized on the condensed balance sheet increased by $5.2 million and $5.2 million from December 31, 2019, respectively, due to the addition of automobile leases and IT equipment associated with the onboarding of the Company’s commercial sales force to support the commercialization of NEXLETOL and NEXLIZET. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, the Company recognized $0.7 million and $1.5 million, respectively, of operating lease costs, recognized on the condensed statements of operations, and paid cash for the amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities of $0.7 million and $1.5 million, respectively, which were included in operating cash flows on the condensed statements of cash flows. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company recognized $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively, of operating lease costs, recognized on the condensed statements of operations, and paid cash for the amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities of $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively, which were included in operating cash flows on the condensed statements of cash flows. At September 30, 2020, the weighted-average remaining lease term of operating leases was 2.6 years and the weighted average discount rate was 3.5%. There were 0 right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 or 2019. The Company had no additional operating and finance leases that have not yet commenced as of September 30, 2020 or 2019.
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​
The following table summarizes the Company’s future maturities of operating lease liabilities as of September 30, 2020:
​
​(in thousands)
2020 (remaining)$719 
20212,772 
20222,725 
2023820 
20240 
Total lease payments7,036 
Less imputed interest300 
Total$6,736 
​
​
​
12. Income Taxes
​
There was 0 provision for income taxes for the three and nine months ended September 30,March 31, 2021 and 2020, and 2019, because the Company has incurred annual operating losses since inception. At September 30, 2020,March 31, 2021, the Company continues to conclude that it is not more likely than not that the Company will realize the benefit of its deferred tax assets due to its history of losses. Accordingly, a full valuation allowance has been applied against the net deferred tax assets.
​
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13. Net Loss Per Common Share
​
Basic net income (loss) per share is calculated by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period, without consideration for common stock equivalents. Diluted net income (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted-average number of common stock equivalents outstanding for the period, including shares that potentially could be dilutive if they were exercised or vested during the period, determined using the treasury-stock method. For purposes of this calculation, stock options, and unvested RSUs, shares issuable under the ESPP and shares issuable upon conversion of the convertible notes are considered to be common stock equivalents and are only included in the calculation of diluted net loss per share when their effect is dilutive.
The shares outstanding at the end of the respective periods presented below were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share due to their anti-dilutive effect:
​
​Three and Nine Months Ended
September 30,
​20202019
Three Months Ended
March 31,
20212020
Common shares under optionCommon shares under option4,428,650 5,093,262 Common shares under option4,030,575 4,829,454 
Unvested RSUsUnvested RSUs457,610 192,204 Unvested RSUs639,581 389,762 
Shares issuable related to the ESPPShares issuable related to the ESPP17,838 0 
Shares issuable upon conversion of convertible notesShares issuable upon conversion of convertible notes8,460,237 0 
Total potential dilutive sharesTotal potential dilutive shares4,886,260 5,285,466 Total potential dilutive shares13,148,231 5,219,216 
​
​
​
14. Statements of Cash Flows
​
The following table provides a reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash presented on the condensed balance sheets to the same amounts presented on the condensed statements of cash flows on September 30,March 31, 2021 and 2020 and December 31, 2020 and 2019 and December 31, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands):
​
March 31,
2021		March 31,
2020		December 31,
2020		December 31,
2019
Cash and cash equivalents$217,939 $149,386 $304,962 $166,130 
Restricted cash0 928 0 928 
Total cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash shown on the condensed statements of cash flows$217,939 $150,314 $304,962 $167,058 
​September 30,
2020		September 30,
2019		December 31,
2019		December 31,
2018
Cash and cash equivalents$215,748 $211,978 $166,130 $36,973 
Restricted cash0 928 928 0 
Total cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash shown on the condensed statements of cash flows$215,748 $212,906 $167,058 $36,973 
​15. Subsequent events
​Collaboration Agreement with Daiichi Sankyo Co. Ltd.
On April 26, 2021, the Company entered into a license and collaboration agreement (the "DS Agreement") with Daiichi Sankyo Co. Ltd. Pursuant to the agreement, the Company granted DS exclusive development and commercialization rights to bempedoic acid and the bempedoic acid / ezetimibe combination tablet in South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Thailand, Vietnam, Brazil, Macao, Cambodia and Myanmar (collectively the "DS Territory"). The agreement allows for potential expansion across geographies including Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Oman, UAE, Qatar, Bahrain, Yemen, and other Latin American countries. DS will be responsible for commercialization in these territories, while Esperion remains responsible for certain development and regulatory activities in South Korea and Taiwan. The Company will receive an upfront cash payment of $30.0 million in May 2021 and is eligible to receive up to an additional $175.0 million in sales milestones. The Company will also receive tiered royalties ranging from 5 percent to 20 percent on net sales in the DS Territory.
RIPA Amendment
On April 26, 2021, the Company entered into Amendment No. 2 (the “RIPA Amendment”) to the Revenue Interest Purchase Agreement with Eiger III SA LLC (“Oberland”), an affiliate of Oberland Capital LLC, as agent for the purchaser parties thereto dated as of June 26, 2019 (as amended by the Amendment No. 1 dated as of November 9, 2020, the “RIPA”). Pursuant to the RIPA Amendment, Oberland Capital waived the original trailing six-month world-wide net sales condition to the third installment payment under the RIPA and released the final $50 million payment payable to the Company under the terms of the RIPA. The Company and Oberland also agreed to amend additional terms of the RIPA such that the purchasers will
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have a right to receive certain revenue interests (the “Revenue Interests”) from the Company based on net sales of the Company’s certain products, once approved, which will be tiered payments ranging from 3.33% to 10% (the “Third Payment Applicable Percentage”) of the Company’s net sales in the covered territory (the “Covered Territory”); provided that (a) prior to December 31, 2024, with respect to each country defined in the Daiichi Territory, if the percentage of net sales that Company receives from Daiichi (the “Receivables Percentage”) is less than the Third Payment Applicable Percentage, then the Revenue Interest for such country payable to the purchasers will be equal to the Receivables Percentages, and (b) if annual net sales equal or exceed $350 million and if the Purchasers receive 100% of their invested capital by December 31, 2024, the revenue interest rate will be decreased to a single rate of 3.33% of the Company’s net sales in the Covered Territory for all subsequent calendar quarters. The Covered Territory is the United States, but is subject to expand to include the world-wide net sales if the Company’s annual U.S. net sales are less than $350.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Under the Agreement, the Company has an option (the “Call Option”) to terminate the Agreement and repurchase future Revenue Interests at any time upon advance written notice. Additionally, the Purchasers have an option (the “Put Option”) to terminate the Agreement and to require the Company to repurchase future Revenue Interests upon enumerated events such as a bankruptcy event, an uncured material breach, a material adverse effect or a change of control. If the Put Option or the Call Option are exercised, the required repurchase price will be 200% of the Cumulative Purchaser Payments (minus all payments Company has made to the Purchasers in connection with the Revenue Interests), if such option is exercised prior to the third anniversary of the closing date, and 225% of the Cumulative Purchaser Payments (minus all payments Company has made to the Purchasers in connection with the Revenue Interests), if such option is exercised thereafter.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
​
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our condensed financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and our annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 20192020 and other filings that we make with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
​
Forward-Looking Statements
​
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act). These forward-looking statements are based on our management’s belief and assumptions and on information currently available to management. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in these forward-looking statements are reasonable, these statements relate to future events, including our clinical development and commercialization plans, or our future financial performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements, including in relation to the clinical development, commercialization plans, or approval of expanded indications for bempedoic acid and the bempedoic acid / ezetimibe combination tablets to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements, including in relation to the clinical development, commercialization plans, or approval of expanded indications for bempedoic acid and the bempedoic acid / ezetimibe combination tablets, and the impact of COVID-19 on our business, clinical activities and commercial development plans, expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements.
​
Forward-looking statements are often identified by the use of words such as, but not limited to, “may,” “will,” “should,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential,” “continue” or the negative of these terms or other similar terminology. These statements are only predictions. You should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements because they involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, which are, in some cases, beyond our control and that could materially affect results. Factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from current expectations include, among other things, those referred to or discussed in or incorporated by reference into the section titled “Risk Factors” included in Item 1A of Part II of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. If one or more of these risks or uncertainties occur, or if our underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, actual events or results may vary significantly from those implied or projected by the forward-looking statements. No forward-looking statement is a guarantee of future performance.
​
The forward-looking statements in this report represent our views as of the date of this quarterly report. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements.
​
We use the terms “we,” “us,” “our,” or the "Company” in this report to refer to Esperion Therapeutics, Inc.
​
Overview
​
Corporate Overview
​
We are the Lipid Management Company, a pharmaceutical company singularly focused on developing and commercializing affordable, oral, once-daily, non-statin medicines for the treatment of patients struggling with elevated low density lipoprotein cholesterol, or LDL-C. Through scientificOur team of lipid experts are dedicated to lowering bad cholesterol through the discovery, development and clinical excellence,commercialization of innovative medicines and a deep understanding of cholesterol biology,their combinations with established medicines. Our first two products were approved by the experienced Lipid Management Team at Esperion is committed to developing new LDL-C lowering medicines that will make a substantial impact on reducing global cardiovascular disease,U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or CVD; the leading cause of death around the world. NEXLETOL® (bempedoic acid)FDA, European Medicines Agency, or EMA, and NEXLIZET® (bempedoicSwiss Agency for Therapeutic Products, or Swissmedic, in 2020. Bempedoic acid and ezetimibe)the bempedoic acid / ezetimibe combination tablets are the first, oral, once-daily, non-statin, LDL-C lowering medicines approved in the U.S. in nearly 20 years for patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, or ASCVD, or heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, or HeFH.
​
On February 21, 2020,April 26, 2021, we announced thatentered into a license and collaboration agreement with Daiichi Sankyo Co. Ltd, or DS. Pursuant to the U.S. Foodagreement, we granted DS exclusive development and Drug Administration,commercialization rights to bempedoic acid and the bempedoic acid / ezetimibe combination tablet in South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Thailand, Vietnam, Brazil, Macao, Cambodia and Myanmar, or FDA, approved NEXLETOL asthe DS Territory. The agreement allows for potential expansion across geographies including Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Oman, UAE, Qatar, Bahrain, Yemen, and other Latin American countries. DS will be responsible for commercialization in these territories, while we remain responsible for certain development and regulatory activities in South Korea and Taiwan. We will receive an adjunctupfront cash payment of $30.0 million in May 2021 and are eligible to diet and maximally tolerated statin therapy for the treatment of adults with HeFH or established ASCVD who require additional lowering of LDL-C. The effect of NEXLETOL on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality has not been determined. NEXLETOL is the first oral, once-daily, non-statin LDL-C lowering medicine approved since 2002 for indicated patients. NEXLETOL became commercially available on March 30, 2020.
​receive up to an
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On February 26, 2020, we announced that the FDA approved NEXLIZET as an adjunct to diet and maximally tolerated statin therapy for the treatment of adults with HeFH or established ASCVD who require additional lowering of LDL-C. The effect of NEXLIZET on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality has not been determined. NEXLIZET is the first non-statin, LDL-C lowering fixed combination drug product ever approved. NEXLIZET became commercially available on June 4, 2020.
​
On January 31, 2020, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use, or CHMP, of the European Medicines Agency, or EMA, adopted a positive opinion for the Marketing Authorisation Applications, or MAAs, of both bempedoic acid and the bempedoic acid / ezetimibe combination tablets, recommending approval for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and mixed dyslipidemia. On April 6, 2020, we announced that the European Commission, or EC, approved NILEMDO™ (bempedoic acid) and NUSTENDI™ (bempedoic acid and ezetimibe) tablets for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and mixed dyslipidemia. The decision is applicable to all 27 European Union member states plus the United Kingdom, Iceland, Norway and Liechtenstein. NILEMDO (bempedoic acid) and NUSTENDI (bempedoic acid and ezetimibe) are the branded products names for bempedoic acid and the bempedoic acid / ezetimibe combination tablets in Europe. NILEMDO is the first, oral, non-statin, LDL-C lowering medicines approved in Europe in almost two decades for indicated patients, and NUSTENDI is the first non-statin, LDL-C lowering combination medicine ever approved in Europe.
​
On April 17, 2020, we entered into a license and collaboration agreement, or the Otsuka Agreement, with Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., or Otsuka. Pursuant to the Otsuka Agreement, we granted Otsuka exclusive development and commercialization rights to NEXLETOL and NEXLIZET in Japan. Otsuka will be responsible for all development, regulatory, and commercialization activities in Japan. In addition, Otsuka will fund all clinical development costs associated with the program in Japan. We estimate this amount to total up to $100 million over the next few years. We received an upfront cash payment of $60$175.0 million in April 2020 and will receive up to an additional $450 million in total development and sales milestones. We will also receive tiered royalties ranging from 155 percent to 3020 percent on net sales in Japan.
​the DS Territory.
On June 18, 2020,April 26, 2021, we entered into an amendmentAmendment No. 2, or the RIPA Amendment, to the license and collaboration agreement,Revenue Interest Purchase Agreement, or LCA Amendment,RIPA, with Daiichi Sankyo Europe GmbH,Eiger III SA LLC, or DSE,Oberland, an affiliate of Oberland Capital LLC, as agent for the purchaser parties thereto dated as of January 2, 2019. In June 26, 2019 (as amended by the Amendment No. 1 dated as of November 9, 2020, we completed the transfer of the MAAs for NILEMDO and NUSTENDI.“RIPA”). Pursuant to the RIPA Amendment, Oberland Capital waived the original trailing six-month world-wide net sales condition to the third installment payment under the RIPA and released the final $50 million payment payable to us under the terms of the amendment, DSE paid us the second $150 million milestone based on completionRIPA. The Company and Oberland also agreed to amend additional terms of the NUSTENDI MAA transfer rather thanRIPA, which are discussed further in Note 15 "Subsequent Events" in our condensed financial statements included in this Form 10-Q for the first product sale in the EU. Prior to the execution of the LCA Amendment, the milestone payment was due upon the first commercial sale in Europe, which is anticipated later this year. Additionally, we and DSE have agreed to expand the territory in which DSE has exclusive commercialization rights to NILEMDO and NUSTENDI to include Turkey. DSE’s designated affiliate in Turkey will be solely responsible, at its sole cost and expense, for all regulatory matters relating to such products in Turkey, including obtaining Regulatory Approval for such product in Turkey.
​quarter ended March 31, 2021.
We were incorporated in Delaware in January 2008 and commenced our operations in April 2008. Since our inception, we have focused substantially all of our efforts and financial resources on developing bempedoic acid and the bempedoic acid / ezetimibe combination tablets. In February 2020, the FDA approved NEXLETOL and NEXLIZET. NEXLETOL was commercially available in the U.S. on March 30, 2020 and NEXLIZET was commercially available in the U.S. on June 4, 2020. We have funded our operations to date primarily through proceeds from sales of preferred stock, convertible promissory notes and warrants, public offerings of common stock, the incurrence of indebtedness, through collaborations with third parties and revenue interest purchase agreements, and we have incurred losses in each year since our inception.
​
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020,March 31, 2021, our net losses were $85.4 million and $39.1 million, respectively.$90.9 million. In the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019,March 31, 2020, we recorded net losses of $68.4 million and $35.2 million, respectively.$78.2 million. All of our prior net losses resulted from costs incurred in connection with research and development programs and selling, general and administrative costs associated with our operations. We expect to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future. We expect our expenses to increase in connection with our ongoing activities, including, among others:
​
•commercializing NEXLETOL and NEXLIZET tablets in the U.S.; and

•completing the clinical development activities for the CLEAR global cardiovascular outcomes trial, or CVOT.​
​
Accordingly, we may need additional financing to support our continuing operations and further the development of our products. We may seek to fund our operations and further development activities through collaborations with third parties, strategic alliances, licensing arrangements, permitted debt financings, permitted royalty-based financings, permitted public or private equity offerings or through other sources. Adequate additional financing may not be available to us on acceptable terms,
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or at all. Our failure to raise capital as and when needed would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and our ability to pursue our business strategy or continue operations. We will need to generate significant revenues to achieve profitability, and we may never do so.
​
Product Overview
​
NEXLETOL is a first-in-class ATP Citrate Lyase, or ACL, inhibitor that lowers LDL-C by reducing cholesterol biosynthesis and up-regulating the LDL receptors. Completed Phase 3 studies conducted in more than 3,000 patients, with over 2,000 patients treated with NEXLETOL, demonstrated an average 18 percent placebo corrected LDL-C lowering when used in patients on moderate or high-intensity statins. NEXLETOL was approved by the FDA in February 2020 as an adjunct to diet and maximally tolerated statin therapy for the treatment of adults with HeFH or established ASCVD who require additional lowering of LDL-C.
​
NEXLIZET contains bempedoic acid and ezetimibe and lowers elevated LDL-C through complementary mechanisms of action by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis in the liver and absorption in the intestine. Phase 3 data demonstrated NEXLIZET lowered LDL-C by a mean of 38 percent compared to placebo when added on to maximally tolerated statins. NEXLIZET was approved by the FDA in February 2020 as an adjunct to diet and maximally tolerated statin therapy for the treatment of adults with HeFH or established ASCVD who require additional lowering of LDL-C.
​
NILEMDO is a first-in-class ACL inhibitor that lowers LDL-C by reducing cholesterol biosynthesis and up-regulating the LDL receptors. NILEMDO was approved by the EC in March 2020 for use in adults with primary hypercholesterolemia (heterozygous familial and non-familial) or mixed dyslipidemia, as an adjunct to diet in combination with a statin or statin with other lipid-lowering therapies in adult patients unable to reach LDL-C goals with the maximum tolerated dose of a statin, or alone or in combination with other lipid-lowering therapies as an adjunct to diet in adult patients who are statin-intolerant, or for whom a statin is contraindicated.
​
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NUSTENDI contains bempedoic acid and ezetimibe and lowers elevated LDL-C through complementary mechanisms of action by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis in the liver and absorption in the intestine. NUSTENDI was approved by the EC in March 2020 for use in adults with primary hypercholesterolemia (heterozygous familial and non-familial) or mixed dyslipidemia, as an adjunct to diet in combination with a statin in adult patients unable to reach LDL-C goals with the maximum tolerated dose of a statin in addition to ezetimibe, alone in patients who are either statin-intolerant or for whom a statin is contraindicated, and are unable to reach LDL-C goals with ezetimibe alone, or as an adjunct to diet in adult patients already being treated with the combination of bempedoic acid and ezetimibe as separate tablets with or without statin.
​
During the ninethree months ended September 30, 2020,March 31, 2021, we incurred $52.8$15.9 million in expenses related to our CLEAR Outcomes CVOT and other ongoing clinical studies.
​
During the ninethree months ended September 30, 2019,March 31, 2020, we incurred $86.9$14.2 million in expenses related to our CLEAR Outcomes CVOT our open-label extension study, and our 1002FDC-058 study.
​other ongoing clinical studies.
Ongoing Clinical Studies
​
Global Cardiovascular Outcomes Trial—CLEAR Outcomes
​
CLEAR Outcomes is a Phase 3, event driven, randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study designed to evaluate whether treatment of bempedoic acid reduces the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with statin intolerance who have cardiovascular disease or are at high risk for cardiovascular disease. The primary endpoint of the study is the effect of bempedoic acid on major adverse cardiovascular events (cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, or coronary revascularization; also referred to as "four-component MACE"). CLEAR Outcomes is designed to provide 90 percent power to detect an approximately 15 percent relative risk reduction in the primary endpoint in the bempedoic acid treatment group as compared to the placebo group and is expected to complete with a minimum of 1,620 patients experiencing the primary endpoint.

The study over-enrolled with 14,032over 14,000 patients with hypercholesterolemia and high cardiovascular disease risk at over 1,4001,200 sites in 32 countries. Eligible patients at high risk (LDL-C >100 mg/dL in primary prevention) for cardiovascular disease or with cardiovascular disease (LDL-C between 100 mg/dL to 190 mg/dL in secondary prevention) and who are only able to tolerate less than the lowest approved daily starting dose of a statin and considered statin averse, were randomized to receive bempedoic acid 180 mg once-daily or placebo. The expected average baseline LDL-C level in all patients is between 135 mg/dL and 140 mg/dL.
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​
CLEAR Outcomes will conclude once the predetermined number of MACE endpoints occur. We initiated CLEAR Outcomes in December 2016 and completed enrollment in August 2019. The expected average treatment duration will be 3.75 years with a minimum treatment duration of approximately 2.25 years. Based on estimated cardiovascular event rates, we expect to meet the target number of events in the second half of 2022. The study is intended to support our submissions for a CV risk reduction indication in the U.S., Europe and other territories.
​ During the third quarter of 2020, we accumulated 50% of the primary 4-component MACE endpoints
The COVID-19 Pandemic
​
In March 2020,The full extent to which the World Health Organization declaredCOVID-19 pandemic, or the future outbreak of a novel strain of coronavirus,any other highly infectious or COVID-19, as a pandemic,contagious diseases, may impact our business, including our CVOT and commercialization efforts will depend on continuously changing circumstances, which continues to spread throughout the United Statesare highly uncertain and worldwide. We couldcannot be materially and adversely affected by the risks, or the public perception of the risks, related to an epidemic, pandemic, outbreak, or other public health crisis,predicted at this time, such as the recent outbreakduration of COVID-19. We are monitoringsuch pandemic including future waves of infection or the global outbreak and spreadavailability of COVID-19 and have taken steps to identify and mitigateeffective vaccines, the adverse impacts on, and risks to, our business posed by its spread and actions taken by governmentalto contain the pandemic or mitigate its impact, and health authoritiesthe direct and indirect economic effects of the pandemic and containment measures, among others. The ongoing fluidity of this situation precludes any prediction as to address the COVID-19 pandemic. The spread of COVID-19 has caused us to modify our business practices, including implementing a work-from-home policy for all employees who are able to perform their duties remotely and restricting all nonessential travel, and we expect to continue to take actions as may be required or recommended by government authorities or as we determine are in the best interests of our employees, the patients we serve and other business partners in light of COVID-19. Given the fluidityfull impact of the COVID-19 pandemic however, we do not yet know the full extent of the potential impact of COVID-19 on our business operations. The ultimate extent of the impact of any epidemic, pandemic, outbreak, or other public health crisisbut it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. The COVID-19 pandemic may also have the effect of heightening the risks to which we are subject, including potential impacts on the progress and time to completion of our ongoing CVOT, the reliance on third parties in our supply chain for materials and manufacturing and delivery of our drugs and drug candidates, our ability to effectively promote and market our approved products, disruptions in health regulatory agencies' operations globally, the volatility of our common stock, our ability to access capital markets, and our ability to successfully commercialize and generate revenue from our approved drugs.
We are continuing to assess the long-term impact of COVID-19 on our business operations in an effort to mitigate interruption to our commercialization of our approved drugs and other business activities and to ensure the safety and well being of our employees, as well as the physicians and patients participating in our CVOT. Because COVID-19 infections have
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been reported throughout the U.S. and worldwide, certain national, state, and local governmental authorities have issued orders, proclamations, and/or directives aimed at minimizing the spread of COVID-19. Although some of these restrictions were eased or lifted, in response to local surges and new waves of infection, some countries, states, and local governments have reinstituted these restrictions, and additional, more restrictive orders, proclamations, and/or directives may be issued in the future. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we have implemented precautionary measures to protect the health and safety of our employees, partners, and patients, including encouraging all employees to work-from-home if able to perform their duties remotely, and requiring adherence to onsite occupancy limits and appropriate safety measures designed to comply with federal, state, and local guidelines.
We believe our ability to successfully launch, commercialize, and generate revenue from NEXLETOL, NEXLIZET, NILEMDO and NUSTENDI has been and may continue to be adversely affected by the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Physicians’ offices and other medical institutions continue to have limited access for non-patients, which includes our sales personnel. In addition, social distancing requirements and precautionary measures due to COVID-19 have impacted the ability of our sales personnel to interact in-person with customers. As a result, in many circumstances we have needed to limit our interactions with physicians and payors and adapt our launch strategies and tactics to a virtual model, including developing and deploying various technology-enabled platforms for virtual engagement such as remote detailing, digital and non-personal marketing channels, and social media. These circumstances have affected and may continue to adversely affect the ability of our sales professionals to effectively market our approved drugs to physicians and the rates of uptakes for our approved drugs, which may have a negative impact on our sales and our market penetration. In addition, patient visits with physicians have decreased as a result of COVID-19, due to travel restrictions, social distancing requirements, prioritization of healthcare resources to address the pandemic, and/or fear of exposure to the virus, which we believe has adversely affected and could continue to have a material adverse impact on new patient starts and overall patient treatment volume. Market disruption and rising unemployment caused by the COVID-19 pandemic may lead to delays in obtaining insurance coverage and reimbursement of newly approved products.
We have had to optimize our cost structure in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on the conventional healthcare model associated with normal health management practices, such as regular physician office visits, lab tests, and prescription fills. As a result of the impact COVID-19 has had on our business and demand, we adjusted our budgeted production plans accordingly. We also adjusted our original commercialization marketing budget and prioritized initiatives we believe have a high return on investment. We have made adjustments to our workforce for near-term growth potential and modified our sales geographies to adapt for COVID-19 hotspots and shelter-on-place orders. While it is not possible at this time to estimate the entirety of the impact that the COVID-19 pandemic will dependhave on our business or operations, the continued spread or future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including new information that may emerge concerning the severitywaves of such epidemic, pandemic, outbreak, or other public health crisis andCOVID-19, measures taken by governments, actions taken to contain or preventprotect employees, and the further spread, among others. Accordingly, we are unable to reliably estimatebroad impact of the extent to whichpandemic on all business activities may materially and adversely affect our preclinical activities, clinical development progress, data and timelines, commercialization efforts including any revenue from sales, supply chain continuity, and general business operations, and our business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations will or has been affected, including any impacts on product sales or research and development expense. could be materially harmed as a result.
To date, we have not experienced any interruption of our supply of drug products needed to support our ongoing clinical study and product sales. However, such interruptions may occur due to supply chain issues related to COVID-19, such as the demand for vaccines and potential for manufacturing facilities and materials to be commandeered under the Defense Production Act of 1950, or equivalent foreign legislation, which may make it more difficult to obtain materials or manufacturing capacity at our third-party manufacturers to the products needed for our clinical trials and commercial product for the products needed for our clinical trials and commercial product, which could lead to delays in our ongoing trial and/or issues with our commercial supply. We remain focused on maintaining a strong balance sheet, liquidity and financial flexibility and continue to monitor developments as we deal with the disruptions and uncertainties from a business and financial perspective relating to COVID-19. We will continue to work diligently with our partners and stakeholders to continue supporting patient access to our approved medicines, advancing our product under regulatory review as well as in our clinical studies to the extent safe to do so for patients, caregivers and healthcare practitioners, and ensuring the continuity of our manufacturing and supply chain. For additional information related to the potential impact of COVID-19 on our business, please read Part II-ItemI-Item 1A, “Risk Factors” of this Quarterlyour Annual Report on Form 10-Q.

10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020.
Financial Operations Overview
​
Product sales, net
​
Product sales, net is related to our sales of NEXLETOL and NEXLIZET. NEXLETOL was commercially available in the U.S. on March 30, 2020 and NEXLIZET was commercially available in the U.S. on June 4, 20202020.
​
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Collaboration revenue
​
Collaboration revenue is related to our collaboration agreements with DSE and Otsuka. Collaboration revenue in the ninethree months ended September 30, 2020,March 31, 2021 was primarily related to the $150.0 million milestonesales of bulk tablets under supply agreements and royalty revenue received from the MAA transfer to DSE and the $60.0 million from the upfront payment with Otsuka.collaboration partners. In the ninethree months ended September 30, 2019,March 31, 2020, collaboration revenue was primarily relatedattributable to the initial recognition of the $150.0 million upfront paymentongoing performance obligation from our collaboration agreement signed on January 2, 2019 related to the ongoing regulatory efforts for the MAA in the DSE Territory. Under contracted supply agreements with DSE.
​ex-U.S. collaborators, we may manufacture and supply quantities of active pharmaceutical ingredient, or API, or bulk tablets reasonably required by ex-U.S. collaboration partners for the development or sale of licensed products in their respective territory. We recognize revenue when the collaboration partner has obtained control of the API or bulk tablets. We also receive royalties from the commercialization of such products, and record our share of the variable consideration, representing a percentage of net product sales, as collaboration revenue in the period in which such underlying sales occur and costs are incurred by the collaborators.
Cost of goods sold
​
Cost of goods sold is related to our net product sales of NEXLETOL and NEXLIZET and the cost of goods sold from our supply agreements with collaboration partners. Prior to the FDA approval of NEXLETOL and NEXLIZET in February 2020, expenses associated with the manufacturing of our products were recorded as research and development expense.
​
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Research and Development Expenses
​
Our research and development expenses consist primarily of costs incurred in connection with the development of bempedoic acid and the bempedoic acid / ezetimibe combination tablets, which include:

•expenses incurred under agreements with consultants, contract research organizations, or CROs, and investigative sites that conduct our preclinical and clinical studies;

•the cost of acquiring, developing and manufacturing clinical study materials and commercial product manufacturing supply prior to product approval, including the procurement of ezetimibe in our continued development of our bempedoic acid / ezetimibe combination tablet;

•employee-related expenses, including salaries, benefits, stock-based compensation and travel expenses;

•allocated expenses for rent and maintenance of facilities, insurance and other supplies; and

•costs related to compliance with regulatory requirements.
​
We expense research and development costs as incurred. To date, substantially all of our research and development work has been related to bempedoic acid and the bempedoic acid / ezetimibe combination tablets. Costs for certain development activities, such as clinical studies, are recognized based on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks using data such as patient enrollment, clinical site activations or information provided to us by our vendors. Our direct research and development expenses consist principally of external costs, such as fees paid to investigators, consultants, central laboratories and CROs in connection with our clinical studies. We do not allocate acquiring and manufacturing clinical study materials, salaries, stock-based compensation, employee benefits or other indirect costs related to our research and development function to specific programs.
​
We will continue to incur research and development expenses in the foreseeable future as they relate to our ongoing CLEAR Outcomes CVOT and any other development programs or additional indications we choose to pursue. We cannot determine with certainty the duration and completion costs associated with the ongoing or future clinical studies of bempedoic acid and the bempedoic acid / ezetimibe combination tablets. The duration, costs and timing associated with the development of bempedoic acid and the bempedoic acid / ezetimibe combination tablets will depend on a variety of factors, including uncertainties associated with the results of our clinical studies and our ability to obtain regulatory approval outside the U.S. and Europe. For example, if a regulatory authority were to require us to conduct clinical studies beyond those that we currently anticipate will be required for the completion of clinical development or post-commercialization clinical studies of bempedoic acid or the bempedoic acid / ezetimibe combination tablets, we could be required to expend significant additional financial resources and time on the completion of clinical development or post-commercialization clinical studies of bempedoic acid and the bempedoic acid / ezetimibe combination tablets.
​
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Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
​
Selling, general and administrative expenses primarily consist of salaries and related costs for personnel, including stock-based compensation, associated with our sales, executive, accounting and finance, commercial, operational and other administrative functions. Other general and administrative expenses include selling expenses, facility-related costs, communication expenses and professional fees for legal, patent prosecution, protection and review, consulting and accounting services.
​
We anticipate that our selling, general and administrative expenses will increase in the future in connection with the commercialization of NEXLETOL and NEXLIZET, increases in our headcount, expansion of our information technology infrastructure, and increased expenses associated with being a public company and complying with exchange listing and Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, requirements. These increases will likely include higher legal, compliance, accounting and investor and public relations expenses.
​
Interest Expense
​
Interest expense is related to our Revenue Interest Purchase Agreement, or RIPA, with Eiger III SA LLC, or Oberland, an affiliate of Oberland Capital.
​Capital and Convertible Notes for the three months ended March 31, 2021. Interest expense during the three months ended March 31, 2020 related solely to the RIPA.
Other Income, Net
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​
Other income, net, primarily relates to interest income and the accretion or amortization of premiums and discounts earned on our cash, cash equivalents and investment securities.

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates
​
Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in our financial statements. We evaluate our estimates and judgments on an ongoing basis, including those related to our collaboration agreements and revenue interest liability.basis. We base our estimates on historical experience, known trends and events, contractual milestones and other various factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
​
There have been no other material changes to the significant accounting policies previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019. As we continue through fiscal year 2020, we expect that net product sales will become a critical accounting estimate.2020.

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Results of Operations
​
Comparison of the Three Months Ended September 30,March 31, 2021 and 2020 and 2019
​
The following table summarizes our results of operations for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:
Three Months Ended March 31,
20212020Change
(unaudited, in thousands)
Revenue:
Product sales, net$6,350 $858 $5,492 
Collaboration revenue1,628 982 646 
Operating Expenses:
Cost of goods sold1,784 31 1,753 
Research and development27,954 34,702 (6,748)
Selling, general and administrative61,064 41,553 19,511 
Loss from operations(82,824)(74,446)(8,378)
Interest expense(8,125)(4,171)(3,954)
Other income, net14 368 (354)
Net loss$(90,935)$(78,249)$(12,686)
​
​Three Months Ended September 30,​
​20202019Change
​(unaudited, in thousands)​
Revenue:​​​
Product sales, net$3,331 $— $3,331 
Collaboration revenue502 981 (479)
Operating Expenses:​​​
Cost of goods sold275 — 275 
Research and development35,283 48,281 (12,998)
Selling, general and administrative48,826 18,468 30,358 
Loss from operations(80,551)(65,768)(14,783)
Interest expense(4,928)(3,996)(932)
Other income, net42 1,387 (1,345)
Net loss$(85,437)$(68,377)$(17,060)
​
Product sales, net
​
Product sales, net for the three months ended SeptemberMarch 31, 2021 was $6.4 million compared to $0.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, an increase of $5.5 million. The increase is primarily due to NEXLETOL and NEXLIZET being available for sale during the entire first quarter of 2021. NEXLETOL and NEXLIZET became commercially available in the U.S. on March 30, 2020 was $3.3 million relating to our sales of NEXLETOL and NEXLIZET.
​June 4, 2020, respectively.
Collaboration Revenue
​revenue
Collaboration revenue recognized for the three months ended September 30, 2020March 31, 2021 was $0.5$1.6 million compared to $1.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019, a decreaseMarch 31, 2020, an increase of $0.5$0.6 million. Collaboration revenue of $0.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2020March 31, 2021 was related to product sales to collaboration partners under our supply agreements.agreements and royalty revenue from our collaboration agreement with DSE. Collaboration revenue of $1.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019March 31, 2020 was related to the performance obligation from our collaboration agreement with DSE for the regulatory efforts for the MAA in the DSE Territory.
​
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Cost of goods sold
​
Cost of goods sold for the three months ended September 30,March 31, 2021 was $1.8 million compared to less than $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, was $0.3 million,an increase of $1.8 million. The increase is primarily related to cost of goods sold from our supply agreements with collaboration partners and our net product sales of NEXLETOL and NEXLIZET.NEXLIZET which were available for sale during the entire first quarter of 2021. NEXLETOL and NEXLIZET became commercially available in the U.S. on March 30, 2020 and June 4, 2020, respectively.
​
Research and development expenses
​
Research and development expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2020,March 31, 2021, were $35.3$28.0 million, compared to $48.3$34.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019,March 31, 2020, a decrease of $13.0$6.7 million. The decrease in research and development expenses was primarily attributable to a decline in manufacturing costs relatedwhich were classified as research and development expense prior to the completionFDA approval of enrollment of our CLEAR CVOT, which was fully enrolled during the third quarter of 2019.
​NEXLETOL and NEXLIZET on February 21, 2020 and February 26, 2020, respectively.
Selling, general and administrative expenses
​
Selling, general and administrative expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2020,March 31, 2021, were $48.8$61.1 million, compared to $18.5$41.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019,March 31, 2020, an increase of approximately $30.4$19.5 million. The increase in selling, general and administrative expenses was primarily attributable to salaries and benefits from the build out of our customer-facing team and
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other costs to support the commercialization of NEXLETOL and NEXLIZET in the U.S., increases in our headcount resulting from the buildout of our approximately 300-member customer-facing team, stock-based compensation expense, and other costs to support our growth.
​as well as a $13.3 million one-time charge associated with a legal settlement.
Interest Expense
​expense
Interest expense for the three months ended September 30, 2020,March 31, 2021, was $4.9$8.1 million, compared to $4.0$4.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019,March 31, 2020, an increase of $0.9approximately $4.0 million. Interest expense was related to our RIPA with Oberland, which was entered into on June 26, 2019. The increase in interest expense was primarily due to the interest expense attributable to the additional $25.0 million obtained upon regulatory approval of NEXLETOL in MarchRIPA with Oberland and the Convertible Notes entered into during November 2020.
​
Other income, net
​
Other income, net for the three months ended September 30, 2020,March 31, 2021, was less than $0.1 million, compared to $1.4$0.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019,March 31, 2020, a decrease of $1.3$0.4 million. The decrease is related to lower interest income on our investments due to lower interest rates.
​
Comparison of the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020 and 2019
​
The following table summarizes our results of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:
​
​Nine Months Ended September 30,​
​20202019Change
​(unaudited, in thousands)
Revenue:​​​
Product sales, net$4,798 $— $4,798 
Collaboration revenue213,111 147,382 65,729 
Operating Expenses:​​​
Cost of goods sold704 — 704 
Research and development104,972 137,377 (32,405)
Selling, general and administrative138,060 44,142 93,918 
Loss from operations(25,827)(34,137)8,310 
Interest expense(13,739)(3,996)(9,743)
Other income, net491 2,914 (2,423)
Net loss$(39,075)$(35,219)$(3,856)
​
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Product sales, net
​
Product sales, net for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 was $4.8 million relating to our net product sales for NEXLETOL and NEXLIZET. NEXLETOL was commercially available in the U.S. on March 30, 2020 and NEXLIZET was commercially available in the U.S. on June 4, 2020.
​
Collaboration Revenue
​
Collaboration revenue recognized from our collaboration agreements for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 was $213.1 million compared to $147.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, an increase of $65.7 million. Revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 was primarily attributable to $150.0 million for the milestone related to the MAA transfer to DSE and the $60.0 million for the upfront payment in the Otsuka collaboration agreement signed on April 17, 2020. Revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was attributable to the initial recognition of the upfront payment from our DSE collaboration agreement signed on January 2, 2019.
​
Cost of goods sold
​
Cost of goods sold for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 was $0.7 million, primarily related to cost of goods sold from our supply agreements with collaboration partners and our net product sales of NEXLETOL and NEXLIZET. NEXLETOL and NEXLIZET became commercially available in the U.S. on March 30, 2020 and June 4, 2020, respectively.
​
Research and development expenses
​
Research and development expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, were $105.0 million, compared to $137.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, a decrease of $32.4 million. The decrease in research and development expenses was primarily attributable to a decline in costs related to the completion of enrollment of our CLEAR CVOT, which was fully enrolled during the third quarter of 2019, and a decline in costs related to our regulatory submission activities completed in 2019.
​
Selling, general and administrative expenses
​
Selling, general and administrative expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, were $138.1 million, compared to $44.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, an increase of approximately $93.9 million. The increase in selling, general and administrative expenses was primarily attributable to costs to support the commercialization of NEXLETOL and NEXLIZET in the U.S., increases in our headcount resulting from the build out of our approximately 300-member customer-facing team, stock-based compensation expense, and other costs to support our growth.
​
Interest Expense
​
Interest expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, was $13.7 million, compared to $4.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, an increase of $9.7 million. Interest expense was related to our RIPA with Oberland, which was entered into on June 26, 2019.
​
Other income, net
​
Other income, net for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, was $0.5 million, compared to $2.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, a decrease of $2.4 million. The decrease is related to lower interest income on our investments due to lower interest rates.

Liquidity and Capital Resources
​
We have funded our operations to date primarily through proceeds from sales of preferred stock, convertible promissory notes and warrants, public offerings of common stock, the incurrence of indebtedness, milestone payments from collaboration agreements and revenue interest purchase agreement. Pursuant to the license and collaboration agreementagreements with DSE signed on January 2, 2019,and Otsuka, we received an upfront cash payment of $150.0 million from DSE and a cash payment of $150.0 million upon the MAA transfer in June 2020 and are eligible for substantial additional sales and regulatory milestone payments and royalties. Pursuant to the RIPAlicense and collaboration agreements with Oberland,DS, we receivedwill receive an upfront cash payment of $124.4 million, net of issuance costs, and received an additional $25.0 million upon regulatory approval of NEXLETOL. We are eligible for an additional $50.0 million at our option upon reaching certain net product sales thresholds. In return, Oberland will have a right to
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receive revenue interests based on net product sales of our products. Pursuant to the license and collaboration agreement with Otsuka signed on April 17, 2020, we received an upfront cash payment of $60.0$30.0 million in April 2020May 2021 and are eligible for substantial additional development and sales milestone payments and royalties. Pursuant to the amended RIPA with Oberland, we will receive an additional $50.0 million in May 2021 following the completion of the DS Agreement. The amended RIPA increases the revenue interest we will pay Oberland based on the net sales of our products as outlined in Note 15 "Subsequent Events" in our condensed financial statements included in this Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2021. We anticipate that we will incur losses for the foreseeable future.
​
As of September 30, 2020,March 31, 2021, our primary sources of liquidity were our cash and cash equivalents which totaled $215.7$217.9 million. We invest our cash equivalents and investments in highly liquid, interest-bearing investment-grade and government securities to preserve principal.
​
The following table summarizes the primary sources and uses of cash for the periods presented below:
​
​Nine Months Ended September 30,
​20202019
​(in thousands)
Net cash used in operating activities$(16,627)$(20,347)
Net cash provided by investing activities34,032 67,099 
Net cash provided by financing activities31,285 129,181 
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents$48,690 $175,933 
​
Three Months Ended March 31,
20212020
(in thousands)
Net cash used in operating activities$(89,068)$(69,347)
Net cash provided by investing activities— 26,589 
Net cash provided by financing activities2,045 26,014 
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents$(87,023)$(16,744)
Operating Activities
​
We have incurred and expect to continue to incur, significant costs related to the commercialization of NEXLETOL and NEXLIZET and related to ongoing research and development, regulatory and other clinical study costs associated with the development of bempedoic acid and the bempedoic acid / ezetimibe combination tablets.
​
Net cash used in operating activities totaled $16.6$89.1 million and $69.3 million for the ninethree months ended September 30,March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, consisting of the $150.0 million milestone for the MAA transfer from our collaboration agreement with DSE, $60.0 million from the Otsuka collaboration agreement and net product sales of NEXLETOL and NEXLIZET offset by cash used to fund the commercialization activities of NEXLETOL and NEXLIZET and the research and development costs related to bempedoic acid and the bempedoic acid / ezetimibe combination tablets, adjusted for non-cash expenses such as stock-based compensation expense, interest expense related to our RIPA with Oberland, depreciation and amortization and changes in working capital. Net cash used in operating activities totaled $20.3 million for the nine months ended September
30 2019, consisting
Table of the $150.0 million upfront payment from the DSE collaboration offset by cash used to fund the development of bempedoic acid and the bempedoic acid / ezetimibe combination tablets, adjusted for non-cash expenses such as stock-based compensation expense, interest expense related to our RIPA with Oberland, depreciation and amortization and changes in working capital.Contents
​
Investing Activities
​
We did not have cash provided by or used in investing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2021. Net cash provided by investing activities of $34.0 million and $67.1$26.6 million for the ninethree months ended September 30,March 31, 2020, and 2019, respectively, consisted primarily of proceeds from the sale and maturities of highly liquid, interest-bearing investment-grade and government securities.
​
Financing Activities
​
Net cash provided by financing activities of $31.3$2.0 million for the ninethree months ended September 30,March 31, 2021 related primarily to proceeds from exercise of our common stock, offset by payments on our revenue interest liability. Net cash provided by financing activities of $26.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 related primarily to the $25.0 million in cash received from the RIPA with Oberland upon regulatory approval of NEXLETOL and $6.4 million in cash received from stock option exercises. Net cash provided by financing activities of $129.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 related primarily to the upfront cash received from the RIPA with Oberland.
​NEXLETOL.
Plan of Operations and Funding Requirements
​
We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future in connection with our ongoing CLEAR Outcomes CVOT and commercial launch activities associated with NEXLETOL and NEXLIZET in the U.S. Pursuant to the license and collaboration agreement with DSE and Otsuka, we received an upfront cash payment of $150.0 million from DSE in the first quarter of 2019, $150.0 million in June 2020 upon transfer to DSE of MMA for NUSTENDI and are eligible for substantial additional sales and regulatory milestone payments and royalties. Pursuant to the RIPAlicense and collaboration agreements with Oberland,DS, we receivedwill receive an upfront cash payment of $125.0$30.0 million in May 2021 and received $25.0 million upon regulatory approval of NEXLETOL.
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We are eligible for ansubstantial additional sales milestone payments and royalties. Pursuant to the amended RIPA with Oberland, we will receive $50.0 million at our option upon reaching certain net product sales thresholds.in May 2021. In return, Oberland will have a right to receive revenue interest payments from us based on net product sales of certain of our products. Pursuant to the license and collaboration agreement with Otsuka, we received an upfront cash payment of $60.0 million from Otsuka in April 2020 and are eligible for substantial additional development and sales milestone payments and royalties. We estimate that current cash resources, including cash from the RIPA Amendment and the $30.0 million upfront from the DS Agreement to be received in May 2021, and proceeds to be received in the future for product sales and under the DSE, Otsuka and OtsukaDS collaboration agreements and the RIPA with Oberland are sufficient to fund operations throughfor the commercialization of NEXLETOL and NEXLIZET.foreseeable future. We have based these estimates on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we may use our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect. We may need to secure additional cash resources to continue to fund the commercialization and further development of bempedoic acid and the bempedoic acid / ezetimibe combination tablets. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with the development and ongoing commercialization of bempedoic acid and the bempedoic acid / ezetimibe combination tablets and the extent to which we entered and may enter into collaborations with pharmaceutical partners regarding the development and commercialization of bempedoic acid and the bempedoic acid / ezetimibe combination tablets, we are unable to estimate the amounts of increased capital outlays and operating expenses associated with completing the development and commercialization of bempedoic acid and the bempedoic acid / ezetimibe combination tablets. Our future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including, but not limited to:

•our ability to successfully develop and commercialize NEXLETOL and NEXLIZET or other product candidates;

•the costs, timing and outcomes of our CLEAR Outcomes CVOT and other ongoing clinical studies of bempedoic acid and the bempedoic acid / ezetimibe combination tablets;

•the time and cost necessary to obtain regulatory approvals for bempedoic acid and the bempedoic acid / ezetimibe combination tablets in other territories outside the U.S. and Europe;

•our ability to establish any future collaboration or commercialization arrangements on favorable terms, if at all;

•our ability to realize the intended benefits of our existing and future collaboration and partnerships;

•the costs of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent applications, maintaining and enforcing our intellectual property rights and defending intellectual property-related claims; and

•the implementation of operational and financial information technology.

​
Until such time, if ever, as we can generate U.S. substantial product sales,revenues, we expect to finance our cash needs through a combination of collaborations with third parties, strategic alliances, licensing arrangements, permitted debt financings, permitted royalty-based financings and equity offerings or other sources. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership interest of our stockholders will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a common stockholder. Debt
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financing, if available and permitted under the terms of our RIPA, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic alliances or licensing arrangements with pharmaceutical partners or royalty-based financing arrangements, such as the collaboration arrangements with DSE, Otsuka and OtsukaDS and the RIPA with Oberland, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. For instance, as part of the RIPA with Oberland, Oberland has the right to receive certain revenue interests from us based on the net sales of certain products, and we have granted Oberland a senior security interest in certain of our assets. If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to allow us to make required payments, we may have to reduce or delay capital expenditures, sell assets or seek additional capital. If we raise funds by selling additional equity, such sale would result in dilution to our stockholders. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or permitted debt financings or through collaborations, strategic alliances or licensing arrangements or permitted royalty-based financing arrangements when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market bempedoic acid and the bempedoic acid / ezetimibe combination tablets that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.

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Contractual Obligations and Commitments
​
On June 26, 2019, we entered into a RIPA with Oberland. Pursuant to the RIPA, Oberland paid us $125.0 million at closing, less certain issuance costs, and, subject to the terms and conditions of the RIPA, we received $25.0 million in March 2020 upon regulatory approval of NEXLETOL. We are eligible for an additional $50.0 million at our option upon reaching certain product sales thresholds. As consideration for the payments, Oberland has the right to receive certain revenue interests from us based on the net product sales of certain products, which will be tiered payments initially ranging from 2.5% to 7.5% of our net product sales in the covered territory (as detailed in the RIPA). The initial mid-single digit repayment rate on U.S. revenue steps down to less than one percent rate upon certain revenue achievements. Esperion reacquires 100% revenue rights upon repayment completion. We recorded the proceeds from the RIPA as a liability on the condensed balance sheets and are accounting for the RIPA under the effective-interest method over the estimated life of the RIPA. Per the terms of the agreement, every $100 million of net sales generated, less than or equal to $250 million in an annual aggregate, would result in a repayment obligation of approximately $7.5 million at the stated repayment rate in the first year. In the future, as net sales thresholds set forth in the agreement are met and the repayment percentage rate changes, the amount of the obligation and timing of payment is likely to change. A significant increase or decrease in net sales will materially impact the revenue interest liability, interest expense and the time period for repayment. Refer to Note 8 “Liability Related to the Revenue Interest Purchase Agreement” in the Notes to the Condensed Financial Statements for further information.
​
We have entered into a contract manufacturing agreement with a third party commercial manufacturing organization for the production of certain inventory supplies of NEXLETOL and NEXLIZET. The agreement has an initial term of three years and will renew automatically for successive periods of one year each unless terminated by either party. Under the agreement we are obligated to purchase minimum order commitments on a rolling twelve-month period for the batches of inventory supplies produced.
​
There have been no other material changes to our contractual obligations and commitments outside the ordinary course of business from those previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019.

2020 and in Note 5 “Commitments and Contingencies,” Note 8 "Liability Related to the Revenue Interest Purchase Agreement" and in Note 15 "Subsequent Events" in our condensed financial statements included in this Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2021.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
​
We do not currently have, nor did we have during the periods presented, any off-balance sheet arrangements as defined by Securities and Exchange Commission rules.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
​
There have been no material changes with respect to the information appearing in Part II, Item 7A, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk,” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019.

2020.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
​
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
​
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 is (1) recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and (2) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our President and Chief Executive Officer, who is our principal executive officer, and our Chief Financial Officer, who is our principal financial officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
​
As of September 30, 2020,March 31, 2021, our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934). Our management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives, and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Our principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded based upon the evaluation described above that, as of September 30, 2020,March 31, 2021, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.
​
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Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
​
DuringThere were no changes to our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the three months ended September 30, 2020, in connection with the approval of NEXLETOL and NEXLIZET and commercial availability of NEXLETOL, we implemented new procedures and controls aroundperiod covered by this report that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our net product sales and inventory processes.

internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II — OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings
​
The information required with respect to this item can be found under “Commitments and Contingencies” in Note 5 to our condensed financial statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-Q and is incorporated by reference into this Item 1.
​
In the future, we may become party to legal matters and claims arising in the ordinary course of business, the resolution of which we do not anticipate would have a material adverse impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Item 1A. Risk Factors
​
Except for the historical information contained herein or incorporated by reference, this reportFor a discussion of our potential risks and uncertainties, see the information incorporated by reference contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. These statements include projections aboutunder the heading “Risk Factors” in our accounting and finances, plans and objectives for the future, future operating and economic performance and other statements regarding future performance. These statements are not guarantees of future performance or events. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in this report. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed in Part I, Item 2 entitled "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and elsewhere throughout this report and in any documents incorporated in this report by reference.
​
You should consider carefully the following risk factors, together with those set forth in Part I, Item 1A in ourAnnual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019and in all of the other information included2020, or incorporated in this report. The following risk factors represent new risk factors or those containingAnnual Report. There have been no significant changes including material changes, tofrom the risk factors set forthpreviously disclosed in Part I, Item 1A of ourAnnual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019. If any of the previously identified or following risks, either alone or taken together, or other risks not presently known to us or that we currently believe to not be significant, develop into actual events, then our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects could be materially adversely affected. If that happens, the market price of our common stock could decline, and stockholders may lose all or part of their investment.
​
The outbreak of the novel strain of coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, or similar public health crises, could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations, including our commercial launch of NEXLETOL and NEXLIZET, our intended commercial launch of NILEMDO and NUSTENDI lead by DSE in the EU, our ongoing CLEAR Outcomes trial, and operations and sales in general.
​
In December 2019, a novel strain of coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), surfaced in Wuhan, China. Since then, SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 have spread to multiple countries, including the United States. The COVID-19 pandemic is evolving, and to date has led to the implementation of various responses, including government-imposed quarantines, travel restrictions and other public health safety measures. In response to the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, our commercial and medical organizations are following internal guidelines and respective state guidelines when interacting with physicians and customers.
​
As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, or similar pandemics, we may experience disruptions that could severely impact our business, including our clinical development and commercialization plans for the bempedoic acid and bempedoic acid / ezetimibe fixed dose combination tablets. As a result of the current pandemic, or future pandemics, we may not be able to meet expectations with respect to the net product sales of NEXLETOL, NEXLIZET, NILEMDO and NUSTENDI or attain or maintain profitability and positive cash-flow from operations. Our ongoing clinical trial for bempedoic acid tablet and the timing for the review and approval of expanded indications for their effect on cardiovascular events may be impacted as well. Business interruptions from the current or future pandemics may also adversely impact the third parties we solely rely on to sufficiently manufacture NEXLETOL, NEXLIZET, NILEMDO and NUSTENDI and to produce our product candidates in quantities we require, which may impair the commercialization of NEXLETOL, NEXLIZET, NILEMDO and NUSTENDI and our research and development activities. So far, most of our manufacturing partners and CROs have continued to produce at anticipated levels despite these challenges.
​
Some factors from the COVID-19 pandemic that may delay or otherwise adversely affect our business generally, and the third parties which we rely upon, include business disruptions caused by potential workplace, laboratory and office closures and an increased reliance on employees working from home, disruptions to or delays in ongoing laboratory experiments and
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operations, staffing shortages, travel limitations or mass transit disruptions, any of which could adversely impact our business operations or delay necessary interactions with local regulators, ethics committees and other important agencies and contractors.
​
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to rapidly evolve. The extent to which the outbreak impacts our business, including our commercial results and clinical trials will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence, such as the ultimate geographic spread of the disease, the duration of the outbreak, travel restrictions and actions to contain the outbreak or treat its impact, such as social distancing and quarantines or lock-downs in the United States and other countries, business closures or business disruptions and the effectiveness of actions taken in the United States and other countries to contain and treat the disease.

Report.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
​
None.

Item 5. Other Information
Second Amended and Restated Bylaws
On April 29, 2021, the board of directors approved an amendment and restatement of our amended and restated bylaws to designate the federal district courts of the United States of America as the exclusive forum for any action asserting a claim arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum.
The foregoing description is not complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the bylaws, which is included as a part of Exhibit 3.1 filed with this Quarterly Report and incorporated herein by reference.
Item 6. Exhibits
​
The exhibits filed or furnished as part of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are set forth on the Exhibit Index, which Exhibit Index is incorporated herein by reference.
​
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Table of Contents
EXHIBIT INDEX
​
​​​​Incorporated by Reference to:
Exhibit
No.		​Description​Form or
Schedule		​Exhibit
No.		​Filing
Date with
SEC		​SEC File
Number
​​​​​​​​​​​
31.1*3.1*
10.1*
31.1*
​​​​​​​​
​​​​​​​​​​​
31.2*
​​​​​​​​​
​​​​​​​​​​​
32.1+
​​​​​​​​​
​​​​​​​​​​​
101.SCH*​Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
​​​​​​​​​​​
101.CAL*​Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
​​​​​​​​​​​
101.LAB*​Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
​​​​​​​​​​​
101.PRE*​Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
​​​​​​​​​​​
101.DEF*​Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
​​​​​​​​​​​
104*​Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL with applicable taxonomy extension information contained in Exhibits 101.*)

*Filed herewith.
+    The certification furnished in Exhibit 32.1 hereto is deemed to be furnished with this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and will not be deemed to be “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, except to the extent that the Registrant specifically incorporates it by reference.
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SIGNATURES
​
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
​
​ESPERION THERAPEUTICS, INC.
​​​
​​​
November 2, 2020May 4, 2021By:/s/ Tim M. Mayleben
​​Tim M. Mayleben
​​President and Chief Executive Officer
​​(Principal Executive Officer)
​​​
November 2, 2020May 4, 2021By:/s/ Richard B. Bartram
​​Richard B. Bartram
​​Chief Financial Officer
​​(Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)
​

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