UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
Quarterly report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2019
2020
Transition report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the transition period from _______ to _______

Commission File Number: 001-37848
KINSALE CAPITAL GROUP, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware98-0664337
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)

(I.R.S. Employer
Identification Number)
2221 Edward Holland Drive
Suite 600
Richmond,Virginia23230
(Address of principal executive offices)(Zip Code)
Suite 600
Richmond, Virginia 23230
(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)
(804) 289-1300
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the ActAct:
Title of each classTrading Symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01KNSLNASDAQNasdaq Global Select Market
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒   No  
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  ☒    No  
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer
Accelerated filer
Non-accelerated filer
Smaller reporting companyEmerging growth company
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes       No  ☒
Number of shares of the registrant's common stock outstanding at July 30, 2019: 21,370,82524, 2020: 22,303,443



KINSALE CAPITAL GROUP, INC.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

1



Forward-Looking Statements
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements, within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements include any statement that does not directly relate to historical or current fact. These statements may discuss, among others, our future financial performance, our business prospects and strategy, our anticipated financial position, liquidity and capital, dividends and general market and industry conditions. You can identify forward-looking statements by words such as "anticipates," "estimates," "expects," "intends," "plans," "predicts," "projects," "believes," "seeks," "outlook," "future," "will," "would," "should," "could," "may," "can have" and similar terms. Forward-looking statements are based on management’s current expectations and assumptions about future events, which are subject to uncertainties, risks and changes in circumstances that are difficult to predict. These statements are only predictions and are not guarantees of future performance. Actual results may differ materially from those contemplated by a forward-looking statement. Factors that may cause such differences include, without limitation:

the possibility that our loss reserves may be inadequate to cover our actual losses, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows;
the inherent uncertainty of models resulting in actual losses that are materially different than our estimates;
adverse economic factors, including recession, inflation, periods of high unemployment or lower economic activity resulting in the sale of fewer policies than expected or an increase in frequency or severity of claims and premium defaults or both, affecting our growth and profitability;
a decline in our financial strength rating adversely affecting the amount of business we write;
the potential loss of one or more key executives or an inability to attract and retain qualified personnel adversely affecting our results of operations;
our reliance on a select group of brokers;
the failure of any of the loss limitations or exclusions we employ, or change in other claims or coverage issues, having a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations;
the performance of our investment portfolio adversely affecting our financial results;
the changing market conditions of our excess and surplus lines ("E&S") insurance operations, as well as the cyclical nature of our business, affecting our financial performance;
extensive regulation adversely affecting our ability to achieve our business objectives or the failure to comply with these regulations adversely affecting our financial condition and results of operations;
the ability to pay dividends being dependent on our ability to obtain cash dividends or other permitted payments from our insurance subsidiary;
being forced to sell investments to meet our liquidity requirements;
the inability to obtain reinsurance coverage at reasonable prices and on terms that adequately protect us;
our employees taking excessive risks;

the possibility that severe weather conditions, catastrophes, pandemics and other catastrophessimilar events may result in an increase in the numberadversely affect our business, results of operations and amountfinancial condition;
2

the inability to manage our growth effectively;
the intense competition for business in our industry;
the effects of litigation having an adverse effect on our business;
the failure to maintain effective internal controls in accordance with the Sarbanes-Oxley of 2002 (the "Sarbanes-Oxley Act"); and
the other risks and uncertainties discussed in Part I, Item 1A of the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.

2019.
Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made. Except as expressly required under federal securities laws or the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), we do not assume any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. You should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. All forward-looking statements attributable to us are expressly qualified by these cautionary statements.


3

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements
KINSALE CAPITAL GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited)
June 30,
2020
December 31,
2019
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
Assets
Investments:
Fixed-maturity securities available for sale, at fair value (amortized cost: $856,136 in 2020; $714,817 in 2019)$893,364  $729,532  
Equity securities, at fair value (cost: $96,178 in 2020 $64,245 in 2019)107,905  78,294  
Total investments1,001,269  807,826  
Cash and cash equivalents62,976  100,408  
Investment income due and accrued6,174  4,743  
Premiums receivable, net50,866  34,483  
Reinsurance recoverables73,123  72,574  
Ceded unearned premiums19,399  16,118  
Deferred policy acquisition costs, net of ceding commissions28,942  23,564  
Intangible assets3,538  3,538  
Deferred income tax asset, net—  3,374  
Other assets43,061  23,922  
Total assets$1,289,348  $1,090,550  
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity
Liabilities:
Reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses$525,801  $460,058  
Unearned premiums229,599  187,374  
Payable to reinsurers14,407  7,151  
Accounts payable and accrued expenses9,936  12,366  
Credit facility33,107  16,744  
Deferred income tax liability, net61  —  
Other liabilities20,323  977  
Total liabilities833,234  684,670  
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 400,000,000 shares authorized, 22,302,943 and 22,205,665 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively223  222  
Additional paid-in capital230,265  229,229  
Retained earnings194,323  162,911  
Accumulated other comprehensive income31,303  13,518  
Total stockholders’ equity456,114  405,880  
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity$1,289,348  $1,090,550  
  June 30,
2019
 December 31,
2018
  (in thousands, except share and per share data)
Assets    
Investments:    
Fixed-maturity securities available for sale, at fair value (amortized cost: $577,183 in 2019; $514,237 in 2018)
 $590,077
 $510,251
Equity securities, at fair value (cost: $56,447 in 2019 $56,051 in 2018) 65,910
 57,711
Total investments 655,987
 567,962
Cash and cash equivalents 78,131
 75,089
Investment income due and accrued 3,972
 3,783
Premiums receivable, net 34,150
 24,253
Reinsurance recoverables 65,937
 56,788
Ceded unearned premiums 17,397
 16,072
Deferred policy acquisition costs, net of ceding commissions 18,652
 14,801
Intangible assets 3,538
 3,538
Deferred income tax asset, net 6,068
 7,176
Other assets 10,974
 3,601
Total assets $894,806
 $773,063
     
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity    
Liabilities:    
Reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses $407,433
 $369,152
Unearned premiums 157,752
 128,250
Payable to reinsurers 6,769
 4,565
Accounts payable and accrued expenses 7,655
 7,090
Other liabilities 7,290
 20
Total liabilities 586,899
 509,077
 
Stockholders’ equity:    
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 400,000,000 shares authorized, 21,356,399 and 21,241,504 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively 214
 212
Additional paid-in capital 159,986
 158,485
Retained earnings 135,628
 106,545
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) 12,079
 (1,256)
Total stockholders’ equity 307,907
 263,986
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $894,806
 $773,063

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

4

KINSALE CAPITAL GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income (Unaudited)
Three Months Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
2020201920202019
(in thousands, except per share data)
Revenues:
Gross written premiums$134,091  $94,947  $258,127  $179,573  
Ceded written premiums(16,484) (12,260) (32,467) (23,819) 
Net written premiums117,607  82,687  225,660  155,754  
Change in unearned premiums(20,650) (16,600) (38,942) (28,176) 
Net earned premiums96,957  66,087  186,718  127,578  
Net investment income6,645  4,806  12,605  9,321  
Change in the fair value of equity securities13,839  1,909  (2,322) 7,804  
Net realized investment gains (losses)253  (235) 1,029  45  
Other income13   23   
Total revenues117,707  72,572  198,053  144,757  
Expenses:
Losses and loss adjustment expenses58,304  39,579  112,037  73,311  
Underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses22,961  16,437  44,544  32,053  
Other expenses—  21  —  57  
Total expenses81,265  56,037  156,581  105,421  
Income before income taxes36,442  16,535  41,472  39,336  
Total income tax expense6,180  2,768  6,124  6,849  
Net income30,262  13,767  35,348  32,487  
Other comprehensive income:
Change in unrealized gains on available-for-sale investments, net of taxes of $7,180 and $4,728 in 2020 and $1,743 and $3,544 in 201927,008  6,555  17,785  13,335  
Total comprehensive income$57,270  $20,322  $53,133  $45,822  
  Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
  2019 2018 2019 2018
  (in thousands, except per share data)
Revenues:        
Gross written premiums $94,947
 $69,981
 $179,573
 $133,828
Ceded written premiums (12,260) (9,090) (23,819) (17,846)
Net written premiums 82,687
 60,891
 155,754
 115,982
Change in unearned premiums (16,600) (9,998) (28,176) (17,028)
Net earned premiums 66,087
 50,893
 127,578
 98,954
Net investment income 4,806
 3,782
 9,321
 7,011
Net unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities 1,909
 94
 7,804
 (1,185)
Net realized (losses) gains on investments (235) 174
 45
 286
Other income 5
 4
 9
 7
Total revenues 72,572
 54,947
 144,757
 105,073
         
Expenses:        
Losses and loss adjustment expenses 39,579
 29,967
 73,311
 58,866
Underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses 16,437
 12,519
 32,053
 24,917
Other expenses 21
 
 57
 14
Total expenses 56,037
 42,486
 105,421
 83,797
Income before income taxes 16,535
 12,461
 39,336
 21,276
Total income tax expense 2,768
 2,349
 6,849
 3,877
Net income 13,767
 10,112
 32,487
 17,399
Other comprehensive income (loss):        
Change in unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale investments, net of taxes of $1,743 and $3,544 in 2019 and $(270) and $(1,561) in 2018 6,555
 (1,016) 13,335
 (5,872)
Total comprehensive income $20,322
 $9,096
 $45,822
 $11,527
Earnings per share:
Basic$1.37  $0.65  $1.60  $1.53  
Diluted$1.33  $0.63  $1.56  $1.49  
Weighted-average shares outstanding:
Basic22,153  21,210  22,131  21,190  
Diluted22,707  21,832  22,694  21,803  
Earnings per share:        
Basic $0.65
 $0.48
 $1.53
 $0.83
Diluted $0.63
 $0.47
 $1.49
 $0.80
         
Weighted-average shares outstanding:        
Basic 21,210
 21,070
 21,190
 21,058
Diluted 21,832
 21,666
 21,803
 21,648

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

5

KINSALE CAPITAL GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity (Unaudited)
Shares of Common StockCommon StockAdditional Paid-in CapitalRetained EarningsAccumu-
lated
Other
Compre-
hensive
Income
Total
Stock-
holders' Equity
(in thousands)
Balance at December 31, 201922,206  $222  $229,229  $162,911  $13,518  $405,880  
Adoption of new accounting standard for credit losses, net—  —  —  78  —  78  
Issuance of common stock under stock-based compensation plan48   701  —  —  702  
Stock-based compensation expense—  —  812  —  —  812  
Dividends declared ($0.09 per share)—  —  —  (2,001) —  (2,001) 
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax—  —  —  —  (9,223) (9,223) 
Net income—  —  —  5,086  —  5,086  
Balance at March 31, 202022,254  223  230,742  166,074  4,295  401,334  
Issuance of common stock under stock-based compensation plan61  —  395  —  —  395  
Stock-based compensation expense—  —  931  —  —  931  
Restricted shares withheld for taxes(12) —  (1,803) —  —  (1,803) 
Dividends declared ($0.09 per share)—  —  —  (2,013) —  (2,013) 
Other comprehensive income, net of tax—  —  —  27,008  27,008  
Net income—  —  —  30,262  —  30,262  
Balance at June 30, 202022,303  $223  $230,265  $194,323  $31,303  $456,114  
 Shares of Common Stock Common Stock Additional Paid-in Capital Retained Earnings 
Accumu-
lated
 Other
Compre-
hensive
Income (Loss)
 
Total
Stock-
holders' Equity
 (in thousands)
Balance at December 31, 2018 21,242
 $212
 $158,485
 $106,545
 $(1,256) 263,986
Balance at December 31, 201821,242  $212  $158,485  $106,545  $(1,256) $263,986  
Issuance of common stock under stock-based compensation plan 43
 1
 597
 
 
 598
Issuance of common stock under stock-based compensation plan43   597  —  —  598  
Stock-based compensation expense 
 
 507
 
 
 507
Stock-based compensation expense—  —  507  —  —  507  
Dividends declared ($0.08 per share) 
 
 
 (1,702) 
 (1,702)Dividends declared ($0.08 per share)—  —  —  (1,702) —  (1,702) 
Other comprehensive income, net of tax 
 
 
 
 6,780
 6,780
Other comprehensive income, net of tax—  —  —  —  6,780  6,780  
Net income 
 
 
 18,720
 
 18,720
Net income—  —  —  18,720  —  18,720  
Balance at March 31, 2019 21,285
 213
 159,589
 123,563
 5,524
 288,889
Balance at March 31, 201921,285  213  159,589  123,563  5,524  288,889  
Issuance of common stock under stock-based compensation plan 78
 1
 393
 
 
 394
Issuance of common stock under stock-based compensation plan78   393  —  —  394  
Stock-based compensation expense 
 
 621
 
 
 621
Stock-based compensation expense—  —  621  —  —  621  
Restricted shares withheld for taxes
 (7) 
 (617) 
 
 (617)Restricted shares withheld for taxes(7) —  (617) —  —  (617) 
Dividends declared ($0.08 per share) 
 
 
 (1,702) 
 (1,702)Dividends declared ($0.08 per share)—  —  —  (1,702) —  (1,702) 
Other comprehensive income, net of tax 
 
 
 
 6,555
 6,555
Other comprehensive income, net of tax—  —  —  —  6,555  6,555  
Net income 
 
 
 13,767
 
 13,767
Net income—  —  —  13,767  —  13,767  
Balance at June 30, 2019 21,356
 $214
 $159,986
 $135,628
 $12,079
 $307,907
Balance at June 30, 201921,356  $214  $159,986  $135,628  $12,079  $307,907  
            
Balance at December 31, 2017 21,036
 $210
 $155,082
 $73,502
 $9,395
 $238,189
Cumulative effect adjustment - unrealized gains on equity securities, net of tax 
 
 
 6,490
 (6,490) 
Balance at December 31, 2017, as adjusted 21,036
 210
 155,082
 79,992
 2,905
 238,189
Reclassification of tax effect of TCJA 
 
 
 (1,308) 1,308
 
Issuance of common stock under stock-based compensation plan 36
 
 545
 
 
 545
Stock-based compensation expense 
 
 158
 
 
 158
Dividends declared ($0.07 per share) 
 
 
 (1,473) 
 (1,473)
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax 
 
 
 
 (4,856) (4,856)
Net income 
 
 
 7,287
 
 7,287
Balance at March 31, 2018 21,072
 210
 155,785
 84,498
 (643) 239,850
Issuance of common stock under stock-based compensation plan 97
 1
 78
 
 
 79
Stock-based compensation expense 
 
 401
 
 
 401
Dividends declared ($0.07 per share) 
 
 
 (1,481) 
 (1,481)
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax 
 
 
 
 (1,016) (1,016)
Net income 
 
 
 10,112
 
 10,112
Balance at June 30, 2018 21,169
 $211
 $156,264
 $93,129
 $(1,659) $247,945


See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.


6

KINSALE CAPITAL GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)
Six Months Ended June 30,
20202019
(in thousands)
Operating activities:
Net cash provided by operating activities$132,587  $71,292  
Investing activities:
Purchase of property and equipment(20,113) (5,999) 
Sale of property and equipment4,999  —  
Purchases – fixed-maturity securities(231,112) (115,356) 
Purchases – equity securities(31,985) (3,593) 
Sales – fixed-maturity securities54,525  31,441  
Sales – equity securities—  2,869  
Maturities and calls – fixed-maturity securities42,079  25,699  
Net cash used in investing activities(181,607) (64,939) 
Financing activities:
Proceeds from credit facility16,300  —  
Debt issuance costs—  (284) 
Payroll taxes withheld and remitted on share-based payments(1,803) (617) 
Proceeds from stock options exercised1,097  991  
Dividends paid(4,006) (3,401) 
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities11,588  (3,311) 
Net change in cash and cash equivalents(37,432) 3,042  
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year100,408  75,089  
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period$62,976  $78,131  

  Six Months Ended June 30,
  2019 2018
  (in thousands)
Operating activities:    
Net cash provided by operating activities $71,292
 $50,423
     
Investing activities:    
Purchase of property and equipment (5,999) (458)
Purchases – fixed-maturity securities (115,356) (110,023)
Purchases – equity securities (3,593) (7,199)
Sales – fixed-maturity securities 31,441
 3,913
Sales – equity securities 2,869
 1,910
Maturities and calls – fixed-maturity securities 25,699
 61,681
Net cash used in investing activities (64,939) (50,176)
     
Financing activities:    
Debt issuance costs (284) 
Payroll taxes withheld and remitted on share-based payments

 (617) 
Proceeds from stock options exercised 991
 624
Dividends paid (3,401) (2,948)
Net cash used in financing activities (3,311) (2,324)
Net change in cash and cash equivalents 3,042
 (2,077)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year 75,089
 81,747
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period $78,131
 $79,670


See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.


7

KINSALE CAPITAL GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
1. Summary of significant accounting policies
Basis of presentation
The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements and notes have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("U.S. GAAP") for interim financial information and do not contain all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. For a more complete description of the Company’sKinsale Capital Group, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries' (the "Company") business and accounting policies, these condensed consolidated interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements of Kinsale Capital Group, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries (the "Company")the Company included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.2019. In the opinion of management, all adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the condensed consolidated financial statements have been included. Such adjustments consist only of normal recurring items. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Interim results are not necessarily indicative of results of operations for the full year.
Use of estimates
The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Management periodically reviews its estimates and assumptions.
Recently adopted accounting pronouncements
ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842)
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, "Leases (Topic 842)" to improve the financial reporting of leasing transactions. Under this ASU, lessees will recognize a right-of-useAccounting Standards Update ("ROU"ASU") asset and corresponding liability on the balance sheet for all leases, except for leases covering a period of 12 months or less. The lessee’s income statement treatment for leases will vary depending on the nature and classification of the lease. Effective January 1, 2019, the Company adopted this ASU and recorded a ROU asset and corresponding lease liability of approximately $0.9 million. The ROU and operating lease liability are included in "other assets" and "other liabilities," respectively, in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet.
The Company elected the package of practical expedients permitted under the adoption of the new standard, which allowed the Company to account for existing leases under their current classification, as well as omit any new costs classified as initial direct costs, under the new standard. This election kept the existing agreements as operating leases. The Company also elected the practical expedient allowing an accounting policy election by class of underlying asset, to account for separate lease and nonlease components as a single lease component. In addition, the Company has implemented the necessary internal controls relating to the adoption of the standard.
ASU 2017-08, Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities
In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-08, "Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities," which shortens the amortization period of the premium for certain callable debt securities, from the contractual maturity date to the earliest call date. Effective January 1, 2019, the Company adopted ASU 2017-08 using a

modified retrospective approach. The adoption of ASU 2017-08 did not have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.
Prospective accounting pronouncements
ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326)
InOn June 16, 2016, the FASBFinancial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued ASU 2016-13, "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326)" to provide more useful information about the expected credit losses on financial instruments. Current GAAP delays the recognition of credit losses until it is probable a loss has been incurred. The update will requirerequires a financial asset measured at amortized cost to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected by means of an allowance for credit losses that runs through net income. Credit losses relating to available-for-sale debt securities willmust also be recorded through an allowance for credit losses. However, the amendments would limit the amount of the allowance to the amount by which fair value is below amortized cost. The measurement of credit losses on available-for-sale securities is similar under currentprevious GAAP, but the update requires the use of the allowance account through which amounts can be reversed, rather than through an irreversible write-down. ThisThe FASB has issued additional ASUs on Topic 326 that do not change the core principle of the guidance in ASU is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted beginning after December 15, 2018. Upon adoption,2016-13 but clarify certain aspects of it.
Effective January 1, 2020, the update will be appliedCompany adopted this ASU using the modified-retrospective approach and recorded a cumulative effect adjustment to beginning retained earnings. The adoption of this ASU resulted in the recognition of an allowance for credit loss related to the Company’s reinsurance recoverables. However, since the Company enters into contracts with reinsurers that have A.M. Best ratings of “A” (Excellent) or better, the allowance was not material to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
ASU 2018-15, Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract
On August 29, 2018, the FASB issued new guidance on a customer's accounting for implementation, set-up and other up-front costs incurred in a cloud computing arrangement hosted by whichthe vendor. The new guidance requires an
8

entity to determine the stage of a cumulative-effect adjustment will be madeproject that the implementation activity relates to retained earnings asand the nature of the beginningassociated costs in order to determine whether those costs should be expensed as incurred or capitalized. The new guidance also requires the entity to amortize the capitalized implementation costs as an expense over the term of the first reporting period presented.hosting arrangement. Effective January 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASU 2018-15 using a modified-retrospective approach. The Company is currently evaluatingadoption of ASU 2018-15 did not have a material impact on the impact of the adoption on its consolidatedCompany's financial statements.
There are no other prospective accounting standards which, upon their effective date, would have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

2.  Investments
Available-for-sale investments
The following tables summarize the available-for-sale investments at June 30, 20192020 and December 31, 2018:2019:
June 30, 2020
Amortized CostGross Unrealized GainsGross Unrealized LossesEstimated Fair Value
(in thousands)
Fixed maturities:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies$1,130  $—  $(17) $1,113  
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions178,620  11,939  (15) 190,544  
Corporate and other securities277,485  17,968  (1,120) 294,333  
Commercial mortgage and asset-backed securities261,734  6,916  (2,763) 265,887  
Residential mortgage-backed securities137,167  4,500  (180) 141,487  
Total available-for-sale investments$856,136  $41,323  $(4,095) $893,364  
  June 30, 2019
  Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Holding Gains Gross Unrealized Holding Losses Estimated Fair Value
  (in thousands)
Fixed maturities:        
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies $110
 $3
 $
 $113
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions 125,619
 6,344
 (2) 131,961
Corporate and other securities 125,873
 3,572
 (229) 129,216
Commercial mortgage and asset-backed securities 175,355
 2,995
 (485) 177,865
Residential mortgage-backed securities 150,226
 1,626
 (930) 150,922
Total available-for-sale investments $577,183
 $14,540
 $(1,646) $590,077


December 31, 2019
Amortized CostGross Unrealized GainsGross Unrealized LossesEstimated Fair Value
(in thousands)
Fixed maturities:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies$110  $ $—  $112  
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions166,312  7,542  (961) 172,893  
Corporate and other securities180,287  4,736  (255) 184,768  
Commercial mortgage and asset-backed securities195,750  2,930  (710) 197,970  
Residential mortgage-backed securities172,358  1,819  (388) 173,789  
Total available-for-sale investments$714,817  $17,029  $(2,314) $729,532  
  December 31, 2018
  Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Holding Gains Gross Unrealized Holding Losses Estimated Fair Value
  (in thousands)
Fixed maturities:        
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies $610
 $2
 $(1) $611
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions 153,884
 2,010
 (1,294) 154,600
Corporate and other securities 97,889
 264
 (1,401) 96,752
Commercial mortgage and asset-backed securities 151,137
 252
 (1,522) 149,867
Residential mortgage-backed securities 110,717
 354
 (2,650) 108,421
Total available-for-sale investments $514,237
 $2,882
 $(6,868) $510,251

Available-for-sale securities in a loss position
The Company regularly reviews all its available-for-sale investments with unrealized losses to assess whether the decline in the securities’ fair value is deemed to be an other-than-temporary impairment ("OTTI").a credit loss. The Company considers a number of factors in completing its OTTI
9

review including the length of time andcredit losses, including the extent to which a security's fair value has been below cost and the financial condition of an issuer. In addition to specific issuer information, the Company also evaluates the current market and interest rate environment. Generally, a change in a security’s value caused by a change in the market or interest rate environment does not constitute an OTTI, but rather a temporary decline in fair value.credit loss.
For fixed-maturity securities, the Company also considers whether it intends to sell the security or if it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery and the ability to recover all amounts outstanding when contractually due. When assessing whether it intends to sell a fixed-maturity security or if it is likely to be required to sell a fixed-maturity security before recovery of its amortized cost, the Company evaluates facts and circumstances including, but not limited to, decisions to reposition the investment portfolio, potential sales of investments to meet cash flow needs and potential sales of investments to capitalize on favorable pricing.
For fixed-maturity securities where a decline in fair value is considered to be other-than-temporarybelow the amortized cost basis and the Company intends to sell the security, or it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost, an impairment is recognized in net income based on the fair value of the security at the time of assessment, resulting in a new cost basis for the security. IfFor fixed-maturity securities that the decline in fair value of a fixed-maturity security below its amortized cost is consideredCompany has the intent and ability to be other-than-temporary based upon other considerations,hold, the Company compares the estimated present value of the cash flows expected to be collected to the amortized cost of the security. The extent to which the estimated present value of the cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost of the security represents the credit-related portion of the OTTI,impairment, which is recognized in net income resulting in a new cost basisthrough an allowance for the security.credit losses. Any remaining decline in fair value represents the noncredit portion of the OTTI,impairment, which is recognized in other comprehensive income. Beginning on January 1, 2020, credit losses are recognized through an allowance account. See Note 1 - Recently adopted accounting pronouncements - ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326) for additional information.

The Company reports investment income due and accrued separately from fixed-maturity securities, available for sale, and has elected not to measure an allowance for credit losses for investment income due and accrued. Investment income due and accrued is written off through net realized gains (losses) on investments at the time the issuer of the bond defaults or is expected to default on payments.
10

The following tables summarize gross unrealized losses and estimated fair value for available-for-sale investments by length of time that the securities have continuously been in an unrealized loss position:
June 30, 2020
Less than 12 Months12 Months or LongerTotal
Estimated Fair ValueGross Unrealized LossesEstimated Fair ValueGross Unrealized LossesEstimated Fair ValueGross Unrealized Losses
(in thousands)
Fixed maturities:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies$573  $(17) $—  $—  $573  $(17) 
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions2,007  (15) —  —  2,007  (15) 
Corporate and other securities32,899  (1,120) —  —  32,899  (1,120) 
Commercial mortgage and asset-backed securities86,355  (1,912) 23,256  (851) 109,611  (2,763) 
Residential mortgage-backed securities12,716  (162) 276  (18) 12,992  (180) 
Total available-for-sale investments$134,550  $(3,226) $23,532  $(869) $158,082  $(4,095) 
  June 30, 2019
  Less than 12 Months 12 Months or Longer Total
  Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Holding Losses Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Holding Losses Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Holding Losses
  (in thousands)
Fixed maturities:            
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions $
 $
 $1,425
 $(2) $1,425
 $(2)
Corporate and other securities 9,716
 (29) 5,359
 (200) 15,075
 (229)
Commercial mortgage and asset-backed securities 41,047
 (195) 32,809
 (290) 73,856
 (485)
Residential mortgage-backed securities 5,059
 (8) 53,187
 (922) 58,246
 (930)
Total available-for-sale investments $55,822
 $(232) $92,780
 $(1,414) $148,602
 $(1,646)

At June 30, 2019,2020, the Company held 10189 fixed-maturity securities in an unrealized loss position with a total estimated fair value of $148.6$158.1 million and gross unrealized losses of $1.6$4.1 million. Of these securities, 7912 were in a continuous unrealized loss position for greater than one year. As discussed above, the Company regularly reviews all fixed-maturity securities within its investment portfolio to determine whether any other-than-temporary impairmenta credit loss has occurred. Based on the Company's review as of June 30, 2019,2020, unrealized losses were caused by interest rate changes or other market factors and were not credit-specific issues. At June 30, 2019, 85.9%2020, 82.6% of the Company’s fixed-maturity securities were rated "A-" or better and all of the Company’s fixed-maturity securities made expected coupon payments under the contractual terms of the securities. For the six months ended June 30, 2019,2020, the Company concluded that there were no other-than-temporary impairments0 credit losses from fixed-maturity securities with unrealized losses.

December 31, 2019
Less than 12 Months12 Months or LongerTotal
Estimated Fair ValueGross Unrealized LossesEstimated Fair ValueGross Unrealized LossesEstimated Fair ValueGross Unrealized Losses
(in thousands)
Fixed maturities:
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions$28,997  $(961) $254  $—  $29,251  $(961) 
Corporate and other securities22,409  (251) 1,509  (4) 23,918  (255) 
Commercial mortgage and asset-backed securities37,723  (303) 46,623  (407) 84,346  (710) 
Residential mortgage-backed securities36,986  (148) 24,815  (240) 61,801  (388) 
Total available-for-sale investments$126,115  $(1,663) $73,201  $(651) $199,316  $(2,314) 
  December 31, 2018
  Less than 12 Months 12 Months or Longer Total
  Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Holding Losses Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Holding Losses Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Holding Losses
  (in thousands)
Fixed maturities:            
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies $
 $
 $499
 $(1) $499
 $(1)
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions 42,718
 (440) 34,326
 (854) 77,044
 (1,294)
Corporate and other securities 62,045
 (890) 12,092
 (511) 74,137
 (1,401)
Commercial mortgage and asset-backed securities 93,247
 (1,017) 25,746
 (505) 118,993
 (1,522)
Residential mortgage-backed securities 24,571
 (155) 55,638
 (2,495) 80,209
 (2,650)
Total available-for-sale investments $222,581
 $(2,502) $128,301
 $(4,366) $350,882
 $(6,868)
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At December 31, 2018, the Company held 317 fixed-maturity securities in an unrealized loss position with a total estimated fair value of $350.9 million and gross unrealized losses of $6.9 million. Of those securities, 158 were in a continuous unrealized loss position for greater than one year. Based on the Company's review as of December 31, 2018, unrealized losses were caused by interest rate changes or other market factors and were not credit-specific issues. At December 31, 2018, 86.4% of the Company’s fixed-maturity securities were rated "A-" or better and all of the Company’s fixed-maturity securities made expected coupon payments under the contractual terms of the securities. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company concluded that there were no other-than-temporary impairments from fixed-maturity securities with unrealized losses.
Contractual maturities of available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities
The amortized cost and estimated fair value of available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities at June 30, 20192020 are summarized, by contractual maturity, as follows:
June 30, 2020
AmortizedEstimated
CostFair Value
(in thousands)
Due in one year or less$11,926  $12,047  
Due after one year through five years114,967  122,401  
Due after five years through ten years142,571  152,692  
Due after ten years187,771  198,850  
Commercial mortgage and asset-backed securities261,734  265,887  
Residential mortgage-backed securities137,167  141,487  
Total fixed-maturity securities$856,136  $893,364  
  June 30, 2019
  Amortized Estimated
  Cost Fair Value
  (in thousands)
Due in one year or less $3,914
 $3,922
Due after one year through five years 95,702
 98,079
Due after five years through ten years 50,116
 52,709
Due after ten years 101,870
 106,580
Commercial mortgage and asset-backed securities 175,355
 177,865
Residential mortgage-backed securities 150,226
 150,922
Total fixed maturities $577,183
 $590,077

Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties, and the lenders may have the right to put the securities back to the borrower.

Net investment income
The following table presents the components of net investment income for the three and six months ended June 30, 20192020 and 2018:2019:
Three Months Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
2020201920202019
(in thousands)
Interest:
Taxable bonds$5,259  $3,476  $9,870  $6,543  
Tax exempt municipal bonds908  888  1,823  1,896  
Cash equivalents and short-term investments11  156  261  401  
Dividends on equity securities879  566  1,454  1,087  
Gross investment income7,057  5,086  13,408  9,927  
Investment expenses(412) (280) (803) (606) 
Net investment income$6,645  $4,806  $12,605  $9,321  
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  Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
  2019 2018 2019 2018
  (in thousands)
Interest:        
Taxable bonds $3,476
 $2,239
 $6,543
 $4,000
Tax exempt municipal bonds 888
 1,083
 1,896
 2,168
Cash equivalents and short-term investments 156
 217
 401
 477
Dividends on equity securities 566
 512
 1,087
 924
Gross investment income 5,086
 4,051
 9,927
 7,569
Investment expenses (280) (269) (606) (558)
Net investment income $4,806
 $3,782
 $9,321
 $7,011

Realized investment gains and losses
The following table presents realized investment gains and losses for the three and six months ended June 30, 20192020 and 2018:2019:
Three Months Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
2020201920202019
(in thousands)
Fixed-maturity securities:
Realized gains$320  $25  $1,107  $396  
Realized losses(67) —  (90) (79) 
Net realized gains from fixed-maturity securities253  25  1,017  317  
Equity securities:
Realized gains—  30  —  34  
Realized losses—  (290) —  (306) 
Net realized losses from equity securities—  (260) —  (272) 
Realized gains from the sales of short-term investments—  —  12  —  
Net realized investment gains (losses)$253  $(235) $1,029  $45  
  Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
  2019 2018 2019 2018
  (in thousands)
Fixed-maturity securities:        
Realized gains $25
 $189
 $396
 $244
Realized losses 
 (4) (79) (4)
Net realized gains from fixed-maturity securities 25
 185
 317
 240
         
Equity securities:        
Realized gains 30
 
 34
 57
Realized losses (290) (11) (306) (11)
Net realized (losses) gains from equity securities (260) (11) (272) 46
Net realized investment (losses) gains $(235) $174
 $45
 $286

Change in net unrealized gains (losses) on fixed-maturity securities
For the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, the changes in net unrealized gains for fixed-maturity securities were $34.2 million and $22.5 million, respectively. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, the changes in net unrealized gains for fixed-maturity securities were $8.3 million and $16.9 million, respectively. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, the changes in net unrealized losses for fixed-maturity securities were $1.3 million and $7.4 million, respectively.
Insurance – statutory deposits
The Company had invested assets with a carrying value of $6.9 million on deposit with state regulatory authorities at both June 30, 20192020 and December 31, 2018.

2019.
Payable for investments purchased
The Company recorded a payable for investments purchased, not yet settled, of $5.5$7.3 million at June 30, 2019.2020. The payable balance was included in the "other liabilities" line item of the consolidated balance sheet and treated as a non-cash transaction for purposes of cash flow presentation. 

3.  Fair value measurements
Fair value is estimated for each class of financial instrument for which it is practical to estimate fair value. Fair value is defined as the price in the principal market that would be received in exchange for an asset or a liability to facilitate an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Market participants are assumed to be independent, knowledgeable, able and willing to transact an exchange and not acting under duress. Fair value hierarchy disclosures are based on the quality of inputs used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1
13

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measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). Adjustments to transaction prices or quoted market prices may be required in illiquid or disorderly markets in order to estimate fair value.
The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are defined as follows:
Level 1 - Inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities traded in active markets.
Level 2 - Inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability and market-corroborated inputs.
Level 3 - Inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable for the asset or liability and are significant to the fair value measurement.
Fair values of the Company's investment portfolio are estimated using unadjusted prices obtained by its investment manager from third party pricing services, where available. For securities where the Company is unable to obtain fair values from a pricing service or broker, fair values are estimated using information obtained from the Company's investment manager. Management performs several procedures to ascertain the reasonableness of investment values included in the condensed consolidated financial statements including 1) obtaining and reviewing internal control reports from the Company's investment manager that obtains fair values from third party pricing services, 2) discussing with the Company's investment manager its process for reviewing and validating pricing obtained from outside pricing services and 3) reviewing the security pricing received from the Company's investment manager and monitoring changes in unrealized gains and losses. The Company has evaluated the various types of securities in its investment portfolio to determine an appropriate fair value hierarchy level based upon trading activity and the observability of market inputs.

The following tables present the balances of assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 20192020 and December 31, 2018,2019, by level within the fair value hierarchy.
June 30, 2020
Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
(in thousands)
Assets
Fixed maturities:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies$1,113  $—  $—  $1,113  
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions—  190,544  —  190,544  
Corporate and other securities—  294,333  —  294,333  
Commercial mortgage and asset-backed securities—  265,887  —  265,887  
Residential mortgage-backed securities—  141,487  —  141,487  
Total fixed-maturity securities1,113  892,251  —  893,364  
Equity securities:
Exchange traded funds79,818  —  —  79,818  
Nonredeemable preferred stock—  28,087  —  28,087  
Total equity securities79,818  28,087  —  107,905  
Total$80,931  $920,338  $—  $1,001,269  
  June 30, 2019
  Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total
  (in thousands)
Assets        
Fixed maturities:        
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies $113
 $
 $
 $113
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions 
 131,961
 
 131,961
Corporate and other securities 
 129,216
 
 129,216
Commercial mortgage and asset-backed securities 
 177,865
 
 177,865
Residential mortgage-backed securities 
 150,922
 
 150,922
Total fixed maturities 113
 589,964
 
 590,077
         
Equity securities:        
Exchange traded funds 46,396
 
 
 46,396
Nonredeemable preferred stock 
 19,514
 
 19,514
Total equity securities 46,396
 19,514
 
 65,910
Total $46,509
 $609,478
 $
 $655,987
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December 31, 2019
Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
(in thousands)
Assets
Fixed maturities:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies$112  $—  $—  $112  
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions—  172,893  —  172,893  
Corporate and other securities—  184,768  —  184,768  
Commercial mortgage and asset-backed securities—  197,970  —  197,970  
Residential mortgage-backed securities—  173,789  —  173,789  
Total fixed-maturity securities112  729,420  —  729,532  
Equity securities:
Exchange traded funds54,463  —  —  54,463  
Nonredeemable preferred stock—  23,831  —  23,831  
Total equity securities54,463  23,831  —  78,294  
Total$54,575  $753,251  $—  $807,826  

  December 31, 2018
  Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total
  (in thousands)
Assets        
Fixed maturities:        
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies $611
 $
 $
 $611
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions 
 154,600
 
 154,600
Corporate and other securities 
 96,752
 
 96,752
Commercial mortgage and asset-backed securities 
 149,867
 
 149,867
Residential mortgage-backed securities 
 108,421
 
 108,421
Total fixed maturities 611
 509,640
 
 510,251
         
Equity securities:        
Exchange traded funds 38,987
 
 
 38,987
Nonredeemable preferred stock 
 18,724
 
 18,724
Total equity securities 38,987
 18,724
 
 57,711
Total $39,598
 $528,364
 $
 $567,962


There were no transfers into or out of Level 1 and Level 2 during the six months ended June 30, 2019. There were no assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of June 30, 20192020 or December 31, 2018.2019.
DueThe carrying value of cash equivalents approximates its fair value at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, due to the relatively short-term naturematurities of cashthese assets. In addition, the estimated fair value of the Credit Facility approximated its carrying value as of June 30, 2020 and cash equivalents, receivables and payables, their carrying amounts are reasonable estimatesDecember 31, 2019. See Note 12 for further information regarding the Credit Facility.

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Table of fair value.Contents

4.  Deferred policy acquisition costs
The following table presents the amounts of policy acquisition costs deferred and amortized for the three and six months ended June 30, 20192020 and 2018:2019:
Three Months Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
2020201920202019
(in thousands)
Balance, beginning of period$26,005  $16,314  $23,564  $14,801  
Policy acquisition costs deferred:
Direct commissions19,496  13,880  37,574  26,243  
Ceding commissions(3,891) (3,258) (7,763) (6,514) 
Other underwriting and policy acquisition costs1,282  849  2,469  1,814  
Policy acquisition costs deferred16,887  11,471  32,280  21,543  
Amortization of net policy acquisition costs(13,950) (9,133) (26,902) (17,692) 
Balance, end of period$28,942  $18,652  $28,942  $18,652  
  Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
  2019 2018 2019 2018
  (in thousands)
Balance, beginning of period $16,314
 $12,768
 $14,801
 $11,775
Policy acquisition costs deferred:        
Direct commissions 13,880
 10,298
 26,243
 19,675
Ceding commissions (3,258) (2,609) (6,514) (5,150)
Other underwriting and policy acquisition costs 849
 694
 1,814
 1,503
Policy acquisition costs deferred 11,471
 8,383
 21,543
 16,028
Amortization of net policy acquisition costs (9,133) (7,028) (17,692) (13,680)
Balance, end of period $18,652
 $14,123
 $18,652
 $14,123


Amortization of net policy acquisition costs is included in the line item "Underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses" in the accompanying consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income.

5.  Property and equipment, net
Property and equipment are included in "other assets" in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and consists of the following:
June 30, 2020December 31, 2019
(in thousands)
Equipment$2,444  $2,353  
Software3,733  2,356  
Furniture and fixtures1,699  1,025  
Leasehold improvements984  984  
Construction in progress - corporate headquarters37,803  19,789  
46,663  26,507  
Accumulated depreciation(4,273) (3,873) 
Total property and equipment, net$42,390  $22,634  

Construction in progress includes the purchased land and capitalized expenses related to the construction of the new corporate headquarters' building and parking deck. Construction is expected to be completed in the third quarter of 2020.

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6.  Underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses
Underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses for the three and six months ended June 30, 20192020 and 20182019 consist of the following:
Three Months Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
2020201920202019
(in thousands)
Underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses incurred:
Direct commissions$16,341  $11,387  $31,483  $22,061  
Ceding commissions(3,463) (3,114) (6,646) (6,052) 
Other operating expenses10,083  8,164  19,707  16,044  
Total$22,961  $16,437  $44,544  $32,053  
  Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
  2019 2018 2019 2018
  (in thousands)
Underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses incurred:        
Direct commissions $11,387
 $8,756
 $22,061
 $17,135
Ceding commissions (3,114) (2,464) (6,052) (4,908)
Other operating expenses 8,164
 6,227
 16,044
 12,690
Total $16,437
 $12,519
 $32,053
 $24,917

Other operating expenses within underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses include salaries, bonus and employee benefits expenses of $7.1$9.2 million and $5.3$7.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 20192020 and 2018,2019, respectively. Salaries, bonuses, and employee benefit expenses were $13.9$18.0 million and $10.3$13.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 20192020 and 2018,2019, respectively.


6.7. Stock-based compensation
On July 27, 2016, the Kinsale Capital Group, Inc. 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the "2016 Incentive Plan") became effective. The 2016 Incentive Plan, which is administered by the Compensation, Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee of the Company's Board of Directors, provides for grants of stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units and other stock-based awards to officers, employees, directors, independent contractors and consultants. The number of shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2016 Incentive Plan may not exceed 2,073,832.
The total compensation cost that has been charged against income for share-based compensation arrangements was $1.1$1.7 million and $0.6$1.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 20192020 and 2018,2019, respectively.
Restricted Stock Awards
During the six months ended June 30, 2019,2020, the Company granted restricted stock awards under the 2016 Incentive Plan. The restricted stock awards were valued on the date of grant and will vest over a period of 1 year to 4 years, corresponding to the anniversary date of the grants.years. The fair value of restricted stock awards was determined based on the closing trading price of the Company’s shares on the grant date or, if no shares were traded on the grant date, the last preceding date for which there was a sale of shares. Except for restrictions placed on the transferability of restricted stock, holders of unvested restricted stock have full stockholder’s rights, including voting rights and the right to receive dividends. Unvested shares of restricted stock awards and accrued dividends, if any, are forfeited upon the termination of service to or employment with the Company.
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A summary of all restricted stock activity under the equity compensation plans2016 Incentive Plan for the six months ended June 30, 20192020 is as follows:
For the Six Months Ended
June 30, 2020
Number of SharesWeighted Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share
Non-vested outstanding at the beginning of the period122,723  $67.01  
Granted41,217  $145.46  
Vested(41,010) $63.86  
Forfeited(559) $68.13  
Non-vested outstanding at the end of the period122,371  $94.48  
  For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
  Number of Shares Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share
Non-vested outstanding at the beginning of the period 92,465
 $52.98
Granted 62,015
 $80.59
Vested (27,628) $51.53
Forfeited (1,677) $53.60
Non-vested outstanding at the end of the period 125,175
 $66.97

Employees and directors have the option to surrender shares to pay for withholding tax obligations resulting from any vesting of restricted shares.stock awards. During the six months ended June 30, 2019, restricted2020, shares withheld for taxes in connection with the vesting of restricted sharesstock awards totaled 11,966.
7,365.
The weighted average grant-date fair value of the Company's restricted shares vested was $2.1 millionstock awards granted during the six months ended June 30, 2019.2020 and 2019 was $145.46 and $80.59, respectively. The fair value of restricted stock awards that vested during the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 was $5.8 million and $2.1 million, respectively. As of June 30, 2019,2020, the Company had $8.0$11.0 million of total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense expected to be charged to earnings over a weighted-average period of 3.43.2 years.

Stock Options
On July 27, 2016, the Board of Directors approved, and the Company granted, 1,036,916 stock options with an exercise price equal to the Initial Public Offering price of $16.00 per share and a weighted-average grant-date fair value of $2.71 per share. The options have a maximum contractual term of 10 years and vest in 4 equal annual installments following the date of the grant.

The value of the options granted was estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes pricing model using the following assumptions:
Risk-free rate of return1.26%
Dividend yield1.25%
Expected share price volatility(1)
18.50%
Expected life in years(2)
6.3 years
(1)
Expected volatility was based on the Company’s competitors within the industry.
(1)
(2)Expected life was calculated using the simplified method, which was an average of the contractual term of the option and its ordinary vesting period, as the Company did not have sufficient historical data for determining the expected term of our stock option awards.
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Expected volatility was based on the Company’s competitors within the industry.
(2)
Expected life was calculated using the simplified method, which was an average of the contractual term of the option and its ordinary vesting period, as the Company did not have sufficient historical data for determining the expected term of our stock option awards.
A summary of option activity as of June 30, 2019,2020, and changes during the period then ended is presented below:
Number of SharesWeighted-average exercise priceWeighted-average remaining years of contractual termAggregate intrinsic value (in thousands)
Outstanding at January 1, 2020614,345  $16.00  
Granted—  —  
Forfeited(234) 16.00  
Exercised(68,586) 16.00  
Outstanding at June 30, 2020545,525  $16.00  6.1$75,943  
Exercisable at June 30, 2020325,028  $16.00  6.1$45,247  
  Number of Shares Weighted-average exercise price Weighted-average remaining years of contractual term Aggregate intrinsic value (in thousands)
Outstanding at January 1, 2019 804,303
 $16.00
    
Granted 
 
    
Forfeited (13,200) 16.00
    
Exercised (61,922) 16.00
    
Outstanding at June 30, 2019 729,181
 $16.00
 7.1 $55,039
Exercisable at June 30, 2019 278,015
 $16.00
 7.1 $20,985

The total intrinsic value of options exercised was $3.4$7.6 million and $1.4$3.4 million during the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, and 2018, respectively. AsSince stock options are fully vested on July 27, 2020, the amount of unrecognized compensation is not material at June 30, 2019, the Company had $0.7 million of total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense expected to be charged to earnings over a weighted-average period of 1.1 years.2020.


7.8. Earnings per share
The following represents a reconciliation of the numerator and denominator of the basic and diluted earnings per share computations contained in the consolidated financial statements:
Three Months Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
2020201920202019
(in thousands, except per share data)
Net income$30,262  $13,767  $35,348  $32,487  
Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic22,153  21,210  22,131  21,190  
Effect of potential dilutive securities:
Conversion of stock options490  583  500  579  
Conversion of restricted stock64  39  63  34  
Weighted average common shares outstanding - diluted22,707  21,832  22,694  21,803  
Earnings per common share:
Basic$1.37  $0.65  $1.60  $1.53  
Diluted$1.33  $0.63  $1.56  $1.49  
  Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
  2019 2018 2019 2018
  (in thousands, except per share data)
Net income $13,767
 $10,112
 $32,487
 $17,399
         
Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic 21,210
 21,070
 21,190
 21,058
Effect of potential dilutive securities:        
Conversion of stock options 583
 593
 579
 588
Conversion of restricted stock 39
 3
 34
 2
Weighted average common shares outstanding - diluted 21,832
 21,666
 21,803
 21,648
         
Earnings per common share:        
Basic $0.65
 $0.48
 $1.53
 $0.83
Diluted $0.63
 $0.47
 $1.49
 $0.80

There were approximately 37 thousand anti-dilutive stock awards for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and approximately 55 thousand anti-dilutive stock awards for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and approximately 88 thousand anti-dilutive stock awards for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018.2019.

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9. Income taxes
The Company uses the estimated annual effective tax rate method for calculating its tax provision in interim periods, which represents the Company's best estimate of the effective tax rate expected for the full year. The estimated annual effective tax rate typically differs from the U.S. statutory tax rate primarily as a result of tax-exempt investment income and any discrete items recognized during the period. The Company's effective tax rates were 16.7%14.8% and 17.4% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The Company's effective tax rates were 18.9% and 18.2% forlower than the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively. The decrease in the effective tax rates in the second quartersfederal statutory rate of 2019 and 2018 and first half of 2019 and 2018 compared21% due to the U.S. statutory tax rate was primarily due to stock options exercisedbenefits from stock-based compensation and tax-exempt interestfrom income ongenerated by certain tax-advantaged investments.

The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (“CARES”) Act was enacted on March 27, 2020. The purpose of the CARES Act is to provide emergency assistance and health care response for individuals, families, and businesses affected by the 2020 coronavirus pandemic. The CARES Act builds on and clarifies a number of changes in corporate tax law implemented by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. The Company does not expect that the CARES Act will have a significant impact on its financial statements.
9.
10.  Reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses
The following table presents a reconciliation of consolidated beginning and ending reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses:
June 30
20202019
(in thousands)
Gross reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, beginning of year$460,058  $369,152  
Less: reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses69,792  55,389  
Adoption of new accounting standard for credit losses(282) —  
Net reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, beginning of year390,548  313,763  
Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses:
Current year118,662  81,127  
Prior years(6,625) (7,816) 
Total net losses and loss adjustment expenses incurred112,037  73,311  
Payments:
Current year3,245  5,530  
Prior years42,259  36,100  
Total payments45,504  41,630  
Net reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, end of period457,081  345,444  
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses68,720  61,989  
Gross reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, end of period$525,801  $407,433  
  June 30,
  2019 2018
  (in thousands)
Net reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, beginning of year $313,763
 $267,493
Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses:    
Current year 81,127
 62,389
Prior years (7,816) (3,523)
Total net losses and loss adjustment expenses incurred 73,311
 58,866
     
Payments:    
Current year 5,530
 1,858
Prior years 36,100
 33,309
Total payments 41,630
 35,167
Net reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, end of period 345,444
 291,192
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses 61,989
 53,373
Gross reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, end of period $407,433
 $344,565

During the six months ended June 30, 2020, the reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses held at December 31, 2019 developed favorably by $6.6 million. The favorable development was primarily attributable to
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the 2019 accident year of $5.0 million, which resulted from reported losses emerging at a lower level than expected across most statutory lines of business.
During the six months ended June 30, 2019, the reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses held at December 31, 2018 developed favorably by $7.8 million. The favorable development was primarily attributable to the 2017 through 2018 accident years byof $14.1 million, which mostly resulted from reported losses emerging at a lower level than expected across most statutory lines of business. This favorable development was offset in part by adverse development from the 2011 through 2016 accident years of $6.2 million, which primarily related to a modest amount of conservatism added to our reserves forresulted from higher incurred but not yet reported ("IBNR") losses to provide for uncertainty associated with the emergence of reported losses over a longer period of time.
During the six months ended June 30, 2018, the reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses held at December 31, 2017 developed favorably by $3.5 million. The favorable development was primarily attributable to the 2015 through 2017 accident years of $6.3 million, which resulted from reported losses emerging at a lower level than expected. This favorable development was offset in part by adverse development from the 2011 through 2014 accident years of $2.8 million.

10.11.  Reinsurance
The following table summarizes the effect of reinsurance on premiums written and earned for the three and six months ended June 30, 20192020 and 2018:2019:
Three Months Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
2020201920202019
(in thousands)
Premiums written:
Direct$134,091  $94,885  $258,127  $179,448  
Assumed—  62  —  125  
Ceded(16,484) (12,260) (32,467) (23,819) 
Net written$117,607  $82,687  $225,660  $155,754  
Premiums earned:
Direct$112,149  $77,920  $215,883  $149,998  
Assumed 16  21  73  
Ceded(15,198) (11,849) (29,186) (22,493) 
Net earned$96,957  $66,087  $186,718  $127,578  
  Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
  2019 2018 2019 2018
  (in thousands)
Written:        
Direct $94,885
 $69,981
 $179,448
 $133,828
Assumed 62
 
 125
 
Ceded (12,260) (9,090) (23,819) (17,846)
Net written $82,687
 $60,891
 $155,754
 $115,982
         
Earned:        
Direct $77,920
 $59,603
 $149,998
 $116,196
Assumed 16
 
 73
 
Ceded (11,849) (8,710) (22,493) (17,242)
Net earned $66,087
 $50,893
 $127,578
 $98,954

IncurredThe following table summarizes ceded losses and loss adjustment expenses were net of reinsurance (ceded incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses) of $9.4 million and $5.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Ceded incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses were $13.7 million and $7.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 20192020 and 2018, respectively. At June 30, 2019,2019:
Three Months Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
2020201920202019
(in thousands)
Ceded incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses$4,453  $9,440  $10,905  $13,745  



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The following table presents reinsurance recoverables on paid and unpaid losses were $3.9 millionas of June 30, 2020 and $62.0 million, respectively. At December 31, 2018, reinsurance recoverables on paid and unpaid losses were $1.4 million and $55.4 million, respectively.2019:

June 30, 2020December 31, 2019
(in thousands)
Reinsurance recoverables on paid losses$4,403  $2,782  
Reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses68,720  69,792  
Reinsurance recoverables$73,123  $72,574  

11.
12.  Credit Agreement
On May 28, 2019, the Company entered into a Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) that provided the Company with a $50$50.0 million senior unsecured revolving credit facility (the “Credit Facility”). and an uncommitted accordion feature that permits the Company to increase the commitments by an additional $30.0 million. The Credit Facility has a maturity of May 28, 2024.2024. Borrowings under the Credit Facility will be used to fund construction of the Company’s new headquarters and may also be used for working capital and general corporate purposes. Interest
Loans under the Credit Facility may be subject to varying rates of interest depending on borrowings are based on prevailingwhether the loan is a Eurodollar loan or an alternate base rate (ABR) loan, at the Company's election. Eurodollar loans bear an interest rates andrate per annum equal to adjusted LIBOR for the applicable interest period plus a margin of 1.75%. ABR loans bear an interest rate per annum equal to (a) the higher of the prime rate, the New York Federal Reserve Board Rate plus 0.50% or the one-month adjusted LIBOR plus 1%, plus (b) the applicable margin as described inof 0.75%. During the six months ended June 30, 2020, the Company drew down $16.3 million on its Credit Agreement.Facility. As of June 30, 2019,2020, there were nowas $33.1 million outstanding balances under the Credit Facility, net of debt issuance cost of $0.5 million, with a weighted average interest rate of 2.33%.
The Credit Agreement also contains representations and warranties and affirmative and negative covenants customary for financings of this type, as well as customary events of default provisions. As of June 30, 2020, the Company was in compliance with all of its financial covenants under the Credit Facility.


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12.13.  Other comprehensive income (loss)
The following table summarizes the components of other comprehensive (loss) income for the three and six months ended June 30, 20192020 and 2018:2019:
  Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
  2019 2018 2019 2018
  (in thousands)
Unrealized gains (losses) on fixed-maturity securities arising during the period, before income taxes: $8,323
 $(1,101) $17,196
 $(7,193)
Income taxes (1,748) 232
 (3,611) 1,511
Unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period, net of income taxes 6,575
 (869) 13,585
 (5,682)
Less reclassification adjustment:        
Net realized gains on fixed-maturity securities, before income taxes 25
 185
 317
 240
Income taxes (5) (38) (67) (50)
Reclassification adjustment included in net income, net of income taxes 20
 147
 250
 190
Other comprehensive income (loss) $6,555
 $(1,016) $13,335
 $(5,872)

Three Months Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
2020201920202019
(in thousands)
Unrealized gains on fixed-maturity securities arising during the period, before income taxes$34,323  $8,323  $23,412  $17,196  
Income taxes(7,208) (1,748) (4,917) (3,611) 
Unrealized gains arising during the period, net of income taxes27,115  6,575  18,495  13,585  
Less reclassification adjustment:
Net realized gains on fixed-maturity securities, before income taxes135  25  899  317  
Income taxes(28) (5) (189) (67) 
Reclassification adjustment included in net income, net of income taxes107  20  710  250  
Other comprehensive income$27,008  $6,555  $17,785  $13,335  
The sale of an available-for-sale fixed-maturity security results in amounts being reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to realized gains or losses in current period earnings. The related tax effect of the reclassification adjustment is recorded in income tax expense in current period earnings. See Note 2 for additional information.

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Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The discussion and analysis below includes certain forward-looking statements that are subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors described in "Risk Factors" in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q andin the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.2019. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors.
The results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 20192020 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the full year ended December 31, 2019,2020, or for any other future period. The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report, and in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.2019.
References to the "Company," "Kinsale," "we," "us," and "our" are to Kinsale Capital Group, Inc. and its subsidiaries, unless the context otherwise requires.

Overview
Founded in 2009, Kinsale is a specialty insurance company. Kinsale focuses exclusively on the excess and surplus lines ("E&S") market in the U.S., where we use our underwriting expertise to write coverages for hard-to-place small business risks and personal lines risks. We market these insurance products in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, primarily through a network of independent insurance brokers.
We have one reportable segment, our Excess and Surplus Lines Insurance segment, which offers property and casualty ("P&C") insurance products through the E&S market. For the first six months of 2019,2020, the percentage breakdown of our gross written premiums was 90.4%87% casualty and 9.6%13% property. Our underwriting divisions include construction, small business, excess casualty, energy,commercial property, allied health, product liability, life sciences, general casualty, professional liability, allied health, general casualty, life sciences, management liability, commercial property,energy, health care, environmental, inland marine, commercial insurance and public entity. We also write a small amount of homeowners insurance in theour personal lines market,division, which in aggregate represented 4.8%4% of our gross written premiums in the first six months of 2019.2020, and is included in our property business.
COVID-19
We are closely monitoring the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and related economic effects on all aspects of our business, including how it will impact premium volume, losses and the fair value of our investment portfolio.

To date, management has not seen a significant decrease in the growth rate of its gross written premiums since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic and related economic downturn. Over the past year, including a time period preceding COVID-19, the E&S segment of the P&C market has been experiencing rapid growth due to dislocation in the overall property and casualty market and management expects premium growth to continue throughout the remainder of 2020.

With respect to reported claims, Kinsale does not write lines of business with heightened exposure to COVID-19 related claims. Specifically, Kinsale does not write event cancellation, mortgage insurance, trade credit or surety, workers' compensation or reinsurance business. Lines of business written by Kinsale that could be subject to COVID-19 related claims include general liability, management liability, healthcare-related professional liability
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and commercial property. In each case, policy terms and conditions would be expected to preclude coverage for virus-related claims. Although management cannot definitively determine the ultimate impact of COVID-19 and related economic conditions at this time, management does not currently expect a material adverse effect on Kinsale’s loss ratios due to COVID-19 related claims. 

With respect to our investment portfolio, we seek to hold a high-quality, diversified portfolio of investments. During the first quarter of 2020, we experienced a significant decline in the fair value of our investment portfolio due to disruption in the global financial markets associated with COVID-19. During the second quarter of 2020, the fair values of our investment portfolio rebounded sharply, gaining back a significant portion of the decline in fair value. However, during economic downturns, certain investments may default or become impaired due to deterioration in the financial condition or due to deterioration in the financial condition of an insurer that guarantees an issuer’s payments on such investments. Given the conservative nature of our investment portfolio, we do not expect a material adverse impact on the value of our investment portfolio or a long-term negative impact on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows as it relates to COVID-19.

Components of our results of operations
Gross written premiums
Gross written premiums are the amounts received or to be received for insurance policies written or assumed by us during a specific period of time without reduction for policy acquisition costs, reinsurance costs or other deductions. The volume of our gross written premiums in any given period is generally influenced by:
New business submissions;
Conversion of new business submissions into policies;
Renewals of existing policies; and
Average size and premium rate of bound policies.
We earn insurance premiums on a pro rata basis over the term of the policy. Our insurance policies generally have a term of one year. Net earned premiums represent the earned portion of our gross written premiums, less that portion of our gross written premiums that is ceded to third-party reinsurers under our reinsurance agreements.
Ceded written premiums
Ceded written premiums are the amount of gross written premiums ceded to reinsurers. We enter into reinsurance contracts to limit our exposure to potential large losses. Ceded written premiums are earned over the reinsurance contract

period in proportion to the period of risk covered. The volume of our ceded written premiums is impacted by the level of our gross written premiums and any decision we make to increase or decrease retention levels.
Net investment income
Net investment income is an important component of our results of operations. We earn investment income on our portfolio of cash and invested assets. Our cash and invested assets are primarily comprised of fixed-maturity securities, and may also include cash and cash equivalents, equity securities and short-term investments. The principal factors that influence net investment income are the size of our investment portfolio and the yield on that portfolio. As measured by amortized cost (which excludes changes in fair value, such as from changes in interest rates), the size of our investment portfolio is mainly a function of our invested equity capital along with premiums we receive from our insureds less payments on policyholder claims.
Net investment gains (losses)
Net investment gains (losses) are a function of the difference between the amount received by us on the sale of a security and the security's amortized cost, the unrealized gains and losses on our equity portfolio, as well as any "other-than-temporary" impairments recognized in earnings.
Losses and loss adjustment expenses
Losses and loss adjustment expenses are a function of the amount and type of insurance contracts we write and the loss experience associated with the underlying coverage. In general, our losses and loss adjustment expenses are affected by:
Frequency of claims associated with the particular types of insurance contracts that we write;
Trends in the average size of losses incurred on a particular type of business;
Mix of business written by us;
Changes in the legal or regulatory environment related to the business we write;
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Trends in legal defense costs;
Wage inflation; and
Inflation in medical costs.
Losses and loss adjustment expenses are based on an actuarial analysis of the estimated losses, including losses incurred during the period and changes in estimates from prior periods. Losses and loss adjustment expenses may be paid out over a period of years.
Underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses
Underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses include policy acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses. Policy acquisition costs are principally comprised of the commissions we pay our brokers, net of ceding commissions we receive on business ceded under certain reinsurance contracts. Policy acquisition costs also include underwriting expenses that are directly related to the successful acquisition of those policies which are deferred. The amortization of such policy acquisition costs is charged to expense in proportion to premium earned over the policy life.
Other underwriting expenses represent the general and administrative expenses of our insurance business includingsuch as employment costs, telecommunication and technology costs, the costs of our lease, and legal and auditing fees.
Net investment income
Net investment income is an important component of our results of operations. We earn investment income on our portfolio of cash and invested assets. Our cash and invested assets are primarily comprised of fixed-maturity securities, and may also include cash equivalents, equity securities and short-term investments. The principal factors that influence net investment income are the size of our investment portfolio and the yield on that portfolio. As measured by amortized cost (which excludes changes in fair value), the size of our investment portfolio is mainly a function of our invested equity capital combined with premiums we receive from our insureds less payments on policyholder claims.
Change in fair value of equity securities
Change in fair value of equity securities represents the increase or decrease in the fair value of equity securities held during the period.
Net realized gains (losses) on investments
Net realized gains (losses) on investments are a function of the difference between the amount received by us on the sale of a security and the security's amortized cost, as well as any credit impairments recognized in earnings.
Income tax expense
Currently all of our income tax expense relates to federal income taxes. Our insurance subsidiary, Kinsale Insurance Company, is generally not subject to income taxes in the states in which it operates; however, our non-insurance subsidiaries are subject to state income taxes.taxes, but have not generated any taxable income to date. The amount of income tax expense or benefit recorded in future periods will depend on the jurisdictions in which we operate and the tax laws and regulations in effect.

Key metrics
We discuss certain key metrics, described below, which we believe provide useful information about our business and the operational factors underlying our financial performance.
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Underwriting income is a non-GAAP financial measure. We define underwriting income as net income, excluding net investment income, net unrealized gains and losses onchange in the fair value of equity securities, net realized gains and losses on investments, other income, other expenses and income tax expense. See "—Reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures" for a reconciliation of net income in accordance with GAAP to underwriting income.
Net operating earnings is a non-GAAP financial measure. We define net operating earnings as net income excluding the net change in the fair value of equity securities, after taxes, and net realized gains and losses on investments, after taxes. See "—Reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures" for a reconciliation of net income in accordance with GAAP to net operating earnings.
Loss ratio, expressed as a percentage, is the ratio of losses and loss adjustment expenses to net earned premiums, net of the effects of reinsurance.premiums.
Expense ratio, expressed as a percentage, is the ratio of underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses to net earned premiums.
Combined ratio is the sum of the loss ratio and the expense ratio. A combined ratio under 100% generally indicates an underwriting profit. A combined ratio over 100% generally indicates an underwriting loss.
Return on equity is net income expressed on an annualized basis as a percentage of average beginning and ending total stockholders’ equity during the period.
Net operating earnings is a non-GAAP financial measure. We define net operating earnings as net income excluding net unrealized gains and losses on equity securities, after taxes, and net realized gains and losses on investments, after taxes.
Operating return on equity is a non-GAAP financial measure. We define operating return on equity as net operating earnings expressed as a percentage of average beginning and ending total stockholders’ equity during the period. See "—Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures"non-GAAP financial measures" for a reconciliation of net income in accordance with GAAP to net operating income.earnings.
Net retention ratio is the ratio of net written premiums to gross written premiums.
Gross investment return is investment income from fixed-maturity and equity securities, before any deductions for fees and expenses, expressed as a percentage of average beginning and ending balances of those investments during the period.

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Three months ended June 30, 20192020 compared to three months ended June 30, 20182019
The following table summarizes our results of operations for the three months ended June 30, 20192020 and 2018:2019:
Three Months Ended June 30,
($ in thousands)20202019Change% Change
Gross written premiums$134,091  $94,947  $39,144  41.2 %
Ceded written premiums(16,484) (12,260) (4,224) 34.5 %
Net written premiums$117,607  $82,687  $34,920  42.2 %
Net earned premiums$96,957  $66,087  $30,870  46.7 %
Losses and loss adjustment expenses58,304  39,579  18,725  47.3 %
Underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses22,961  16,437  6,524  39.7 %
Underwriting income (1)
15,692  10,071  5,621  55.8 %
Net investment income6,645  4,806  1,839  38.3 %
Change in the fair value of equity securities13,839  1,909  11,930  NM
Net realized gains (losses) on investments253  (235) 488  NM
Other income (expense), net13  (16) 29  (181.3)%
Income before taxes36,442  16,535  19,907  120.4 %
Income tax expense6,180  2,768  3,412  123.3 %
Net income$30,262  $13,767  $16,495  119.8 %
Net operating earnings (2)
$19,129  $12,445  $6,684  53.7 %
Loss ratio60.1 %59.9 %
Expense ratio23.7 %24.9 %
Combined ratio83.8 %84.8 %
Annualized return on equity28.2 %18.5 %
Annualized operating return on equity(2)
17.8 %16.7 %
  Three Months Ended June 30,
($ in thousands) 2019 2018 Change % Change
         
Gross written premiums $94,947
 $69,981
 $24,966
 35.7 %
Ceded written premiums (12,260) (9,090) (3,170) 34.9 %
Net written premiums $82,687
 $60,891
 $21,796
 35.8 %
         
Net earned premiums $66,087
 $50,893
 $15,194
 29.9 %
Losses and loss adjustment expenses 39,579
 29,967
 9,612
 32.1 %
Underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses 16,437
 12,519
 3,918
 31.3 %
Underwriting income (1)
 10,071
 8,407
 1,664
 19.8 %
Net investment income 4,806
 3,782
 1,024
 27.1 %
Net unrealized gains on equity securities 1,909
 94
 1,815
 1,930.9 %
Net realized (losses) gains on investments (235) 174
 (409) (235.1)%
Other (expense) income, net (16) 4
 (20) (500.0)%
Income before taxes 16,535
 12,461
 4,074
 32.7 %
Income tax expense 2,768
 2,349
 419
 17.8 %
Net income $13,767
 $10,112
 $3,655
 36.1 %
         
Annualized return on equity 18.5% 16.6%    
Annualized operating return on equity(2)
 16.7% 16.2%    
         
Loss ratio 59.9% 58.9%    
Expense ratio 24.9% 24.6%    
Combined ratio 84.8% 83.5%    
NM - Percentage change not meaningful.
(1) Underwriting income is a non-GAAP financial measure. See "—Reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures" for a reconciliation of net income in accordance with GAAP to underwriting income.
(2) OperatingNet operating earnings and operating return on equity are non-GAAP financial measures. Net operating earnings is defined as net income excluding the effects of the net change in the fair value of equity securities, after taxes, and net realized gains and losses on investments, after taxes. Annualized operating return on equity is a non-GAAP financial measure. We define operating return on equitydefined as net operating earnings expressed on an annualized basis as a percentage of average beginning and ending total stockholders’ equity during the period. See "—Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures"non-GAAP financial measures" for a reconciliation of net income in accordance with GAAP to net operating income.earnings.
Net income was $30.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 compared to $13.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019, an increase of 119.8%. The increase in net income for the second quarter of 2020 over the second quarter of 2019 was due to higher underwriting income, resulting from favorable E&S market conditions and strong growth in broker submissions, and higher unrealized gains on our equity investment portfolio as fair values on equity securities rebounded sharply during the second quarter of 2020.
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Underwriting income was $15.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 compared to $10.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018,2019, an increase of 36.1%55.8%. The increase in net income for the second quarter of 2019 over the second quarter of 2018 was due to higher earned premiums, resulting from strong growth in broker submissions and higher returns on our investment portfolio. These increasescorresponding combined ratios were offset in part by lower favorable development on loss reserves related to prior accident years.
Underwriting income was $10.1 million83.8% for the three months ended June 30, 20192020 compared to $8.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018, an increase of 19.8%. The corresponding combined ratios were 84.8% for the three months ended June 30, 2019 compared to 83.5% for the three months ended June 30, 2018.2019. The increase in our underwriting income in the second quarter of 20192020 compared to the second quarter of 2018,2019, was largely due to

premium growth quarter over quarter offset in part by lowerand higher favorable development on loss reserves from prior accident years.
Premiums
Our gross written premiums were $134.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 compared to $94.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019, compared to $70.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018, an increase of $25.0$39.1 million, or 35.7%41.2%. The increase in gross written premiums for the second quarter of 20192020 over the same period last year was due to a combination of factors including higher submission activity from brokers aand higher rates on bound accounts, resulting from favorable E&S market and rate increases on new and renewal policies.conditions. The average premium on a policy written was approximately $8,500 in the second quarter of 2020 compared to approximately $7,600 in the second quarter of 2019 compared to approximately $7,200 in the second quarter of 2018.2019. Excluding our personal lines insurance, which has a relatively low premium per policy written, the average premium on a policy written was approximately $11,400 in the second quarter of 2020 compared to $10,500 in the second quarter of 2019 compared to $10,000 in the second quarter of 2018.2019.
Net written premiums increased by $21.8$34.9 million, or 35.8%42.2%, to $117.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 from $82.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019 from $60.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018.2019. The increase in net written premiums for the second quarter of 20192020 compared to the same period last year was primarily due to higher gross written premiums and higher retention of gross written premiums. The net retention ratio was 87.7% for the three months ended June 30, 2020 compared to 87.1% for the three months ended June 30, 2019. The increase in the net retention ratio was largely due to higher retention levels under the reinsurance treaties effective with the June 1, 2019 comparedcontract renewal, as well as the property catastrophe reinsurance treaty renewal effective June 1, 2020.
Net earned premiums increased by $30.9 million, or 46.7%, to 87.0%$97.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018.
Net earned premiums increased by $15.2 million, or 29.9%, to2020 from $66.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019 from $50.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and was directly related to growth in gross written premiums.
Loss ratio
The loss ratio was 60.1% for the three months ended June 30, 2020 compared to 59.9% for the three months ended June 30, 2019 compared to 58.9% for the three months ended June 30, 2018.2019. The increase in the loss ratio in the second quarter of 20192020 compared to the second quarter of 20182019 was due primarily to lowerhigher loss selections for the current accident year, offset in part by higher favorable development on loss reserves from prior accident years.years and a slight decrease in catastrophe losses related to the current accident year.
During the second quarterquarters of 2020 and 2019, and 2018, the overall favorable development on loss reserves from prior accident years was primarily due to reported losses emerging at lower levels than expected. During the three months ended June 30, 2019,2020, prior accident years developed favorably by $1.4 million.$3.6 million, which was primarily attributable to the 2019 accident year. During the three months ended June 30, 2018,2019, loss reserves for prior accident years developed favorably by $2.2$1.4 million.
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The following table summarizes the loss ratios for the three months ended June 30, 20192020 and 2018:2019:
Three Months Ended June 30,
20202019
($ in thousands)Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses% of Earned PremiumsLosses and Loss Adjustment Expenses% of Earned Premiums
Loss ratio:
Current accident year before catastrophe losses$61,530  63.4 %$40,360  61.1 %
Current year catastrophe losses390  0.4 %639  1.0 %
Effect of prior year development(3,616) (3.7)%(1,420) (2.2)%
Total$58,304  60.1 %$39,579  59.9 %
  Three Months Ended June 30,
  2019 2018
($ in thousands) Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses % of Earned Premiums Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses % of Earned Premiums
Loss ratio:        
Current accident year before catastrophe losses $40,360
 61.1 % $32,050
 63.0 %
Current year catastrophe losses 639
 1.0 % 156
 0.3 %
Effect of prior year development (1,420) (2.2)% (2,239) (4.4)%
Total $39,579
 59.9 % $29,967
 58.9 %


Expense ratio
The following table summarizes the components of the expense ratio for the three months ended June 30, 20192020 and 2018:2019:
Three Months Ended June 30,
20202019
($ in thousands)Underwriting Expenses% of Earned PremiumsUnderwriting Expenses% of Earned Premiums
Commissions incurred:
Direct$16,341  16.9 %$11,387  17.2 %
Ceding(3,463) (3.6)%(3,114) (4.7)%
Net commissions incurred12,878  13.3 %8,273  12.5 %
Other underwriting expenses10,083  10.4 %8,164  12.4 %
Underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses$22,961  23.7 %$16,437  24.9 %
  Three Months Ended June 30,
  2019 2018
($ in thousands) Underwriting Expenses % of Earned Premiums Underwriting Expenses % of Earned Premiums
         
Commissions incurred:        
Direct $11,387
 17.2 % $8,756
 17.2 %
Ceding (3,114) (4.7)% (2,464) (4.8)%
Net commissions incurred 8,273
 12.5 % 6,292
 12.4 %
Other underwriting expenses 8,164
 12.4 % 6,227
 12.2 %
Underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses $16,437
 24.9 % $12,519
 24.6 %

The expense ratio was 23.7% for the three months ended June 30, 2020 compared to 24.9% for the three months ended June 30, 2019 compared2019. The decrease in the expense ratio was due to 24.6% for the three months ended June 30, 2018. The slighthigher net earned premiums without a proportional increase in the amount of other underwriting expense ratio forexpenses as a result of management's focus on controlling costs. This decrease was offset in part by higher net commissions incurred as a percentage of earned premiums and was largely due to an increase in the three months ended June 30, 2019 compared to the same period last year reflected higher variable compensation from improved underwriting performanceretention on our reinsurance treaties, which resulted in relatively lower ceded premiums and higher stock-based compensation.associated commissions. Direct commissions paid as a percent of gross written premiums was 14.5% for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 14.6% for the three months ended June 30, 20192019.
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Investing results
The following table summarizes net investment income and 14.7%net realized and unrealized gains and losses on investments for the three months ended June 30, 2018.2020 and 2019:
Investing results
Three Months Ended June 30,
($ in thousands)20202019Change% Change
Interest from fixed-maturity securities$6,167  $4,364  $1,803  41.3 %
Dividends from equity securities879  566  313  55.3 %
Other11  156  (145) (92.9)%
Gross investment income7,057  5,086  1,971  38.8 %
Investment expenses(412) (280) (132) 47.1 %
Net investment income6,645  4,806  1,839  38.3 %
Change in the fair value of equity securities13,839  1,909  11,930  NM
Net realized gains (losses) on investments253  (235) 488  NM
Total$20,737  $6,480  $14,257  220.0 %
NM - Percentage change not meaningful.

Our net investment income increased by 27.1%38.3% to $6.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 from $4.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019 from $3.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018.2019. This increase was primarily due to growth in our investment portfolio balance generated from the investment of excess operating funds since June 30, 20182019 and from higher gross investment returns.
The following table summarizes net investment income and net realized and unrealized investment gains and losses forproceeds from our equity offering in the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018:
  Three Months Ended June 30,
($ in thousands) 2019 2018 Change % Change
         
Interest from fixed-maturity securities $4,364
 $3,322
 $1,042
 31.4 %
Dividends from equity securities 566
 512
 54
 10.5 %
Other 156
 217
 (61) (28.1)%
Gross investment income 5,086
 4,051
 1,035
 25.5 %
Investment expenses (280) (269) (11) 4.1 %
Net investment income 4,806
 3,782
 1,024
 27.1 %
Net unrealized gains on equity securities 1,909
 94
 1,815
 1,930.9 %
Net realized (losses) gains on investments (235) 174
 (409) (235.1)%
Total $6,480
 $4,050
 $2,430
 60.0 %


third quarter of 2019.
Our investment portfolio, excluding cash equivalents and unrealized gains and losses, had an annualized gross investment return of 3.0% for the three months ended June 30, 2020, compared to 3.2% for the three months ended June 30, 2019, compared2019.
Unrealized gains on our equity investment portfolio increased by $13.8 million during the second quarter of 2020. This increase was mostly related to 2.9%our ETF securities which are largely reflective of the broader domestic capital market. Fair values on these securities rebounded sharply during the second quarter of 2020 from significant declines in fair value driven by the disruption in the financial markets in March 2020 associated with the COVID-19 pandemic.

Income tax expense
Our effective tax rate was 17.0% for the three months ended June 30, 2018.
We perform quarterly reviews of all available-for-sale securities within our investment portfolio to determine whether any other-than-temporary impairment has occurred. Management concluded that there were no other-than-temporary impairments from available-for-sale investments for the three months ended June 30, 2019 or 2018.
Income tax expense
Our income tax expense was $2.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 20192020 compared to $2.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018. Our effective tax rate was approximately 16.7% for the three months ended June 30, 2019 compared to 18.9% for the three months ended June 30, 2018.2019. The effective tax rates were lower than the federal statutory rate of 21% due to the tax benefits from the exercise of stock optionsstock-based compensation and from income generated by certain tax-advantaged investments.
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Six months ended June 30, 20192020 compared to six months ended June 30, 20182019
The following table summarizes our results of operations for the six months ended June 30, 20192020 and 2018:2019:
Six Months Ended June 30,
($ in thousands)20202019Change% Change
Gross written premiums$258,127  $179,573  $78,554  43.7 %
Ceded written premiums(32,467) (23,819) (8,648) 36.3 %
Net written premiums$225,660  $155,754  $69,906  44.9 %
Net earned premiums$186,718  $127,578  $59,140  46.4 %
Losses and loss adjustment expenses112,037  73,311  38,726  52.8 %
Underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses44,544  32,053  12,491  39.0 %
Underwriting income (1)
30,137  22,214  7,923  35.7 %
Net investment income12,605  9,321  3,284  35.2 %
Change in fair value of equity securities(2,322) 7,804  (10,126) NM
Net realized gains on investments1,029  45  984  NM
Other income (expense), net23  (48) 71  (147.9)%
Income before taxes41,472  39,336  2,136  5.4 %
Income tax expense6,124  6,849  (725) (10.6)%
Net income$35,348  $32,487  $2,861  8.8 %
Net operating earnings (2)
$36,369  $26,286  $10,083  38.4 %
Loss ratio60.0 %57.5 %
Expense ratio23.9 %25.1 %
Combined ratio83.9 %82.6 %
Annualized return on equity16.4 %22.7 %
Annualized operating return on equity(2)
16.9 %18.4 %
  Six Months Ended June 30,
($ in thousands) 2019 2018 Change % Change
         
Gross written premiums $179,573
 $133,828
 $45,745
 34.2 %
Ceded written premiums (23,819) (17,846) (5,973) 33.5 %
Net written premiums $155,754
 $115,982
 $39,772
 34.3 %
         
Net earned premiums $127,578
 $98,954
 $28,624
 28.9 %
Losses and loss adjustment expenses 73,311
 58,866
 14,445
 24.5 %
Underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses 32,053
 24,917
 7,136
 28.6 %
Underwriting income (1)
 22,214
 15,171
 7,043
 46.4 %
Net investment income 9,321
 7,011
 2,310
 32.9 %
Net unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities 7,804
 (1,185) 8,989
 (758.6)%
Net realized gains on investments 45
 286
 (241) (84.3)%
Other expense, net (48) (7) (41) 585.7 %
Income before taxes 39,336
 21,276
 18,060
 84.9 %
Income tax expense 6,849
 3,877
 2,972
 76.7 %
Net income $32,487
 $17,399
 $15,088
 86.7 %
         
Annualized return on equity 22.7% 14.3%    
Annualized operating return on equity(2)
 18.4% 14.9%    
         
Loss ratio 57.5% 59.5%    
Expense ratio 25.1% 25.2%    
Combined ratio 82.6% 84.7%    
NM - Percentage change not meaningful.
(1) Underwriting income is a non-GAAP financial measure. See "—Reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures" for a reconciliation of net income in accordance with GAAP to underwriting income.

(2) OperatingNet operating earnings and operating return on equity are non-GAAP financial measures. Net operating earnings is defined as net income excluding the effects of the net change in the fair value of equity securities, after taxes, and net realized gains and losses on investments, after taxes. Annualized operating return on equity is a non-GAAP financial measure. We define operating return on equitydefined as net operating earnings expressed on an annualized basis as a percentage of average beginning and ending total stockholders’ equity during the period. See "—Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures"non-GAAP financial measures" for a reconciliation of net income in accordance with GAAP to net operating income.earnings.
Net income was $35.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to $32.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019, compared to $17.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, an increase of 86.7%8.8%. The increase in net income for the first six months of 20192020 over the same period last year was due to higher earned premiums, resulting from a combinationnumber of strongfactors including growth in broker submissions,the business from favorable market conditions, higher net investment income and a favorable E&S market, higher returnslower effective tax rate generated from the tax benefits related to stock-based compensation activity. These increases were offset in part by a decline in fair value on our equity investment portfolio and higher favorable development on loss reserves related to prior accident years.driven by volatility in the financial markets.
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Underwriting income (1)was $30.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to $22.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019, compared to $15.2 millionan increase of 35.7%. The corresponding combined ratios were 83.9% for the six months ended June 30, 2018, an increase of 46.4%. The corresponding combined ratios were2020 compared to 82.6% for the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to 84.7% for the six months ended June 30, 2018.2019. The increase in our underwriting income infor the first six months of 20192020 compared to the same period last year was due to premium growth yearin earned premiums period over year and higherperiod, offset in part by lower favorable development on loss reserves from prior accident years.
Premiums
Our gross written premiums were $258.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to $179.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019, compared to $133.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, an increase of $45.7$78.6 million, or 34.2%43.7%. The increase in gross written premiums for the first six months of 20192020 over the same period last year was due to a combination of factors including higher submission activity from brokers aand higher rates, resulting from continued favorable E&S market conditions in the excess and rate increases on new and renewal policies.surplus lines market. The average premium on a policy written was approximately $8,800 in the first six months of 2020 compared to approximately $7,800 in the first six months of 2019 compared to approximately $7,500 in the first six months of 2018.2019. Excluding our personal lines insurance, which has a relatively low premium per policy written, the average premium on a policy written was approximately $11,600 for the first six months of 2020 and $10,500 for the first six months of 2019 and $10,200 for the first six months of 2018.2019.
Net written premiums increased by $39.8$69.9 million, or 34.3%44.9%, to $225.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 from $155.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 from $116.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018.2019. The increase in net written premiums for the first six months of 20192020 compared to the same period last year was primarily due to higher gross written premiums. The net retention ratio was 86.7%87.4% for both the six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to 86.7% for the same period last year. The slight increase in the net retention ratio was primarily due to higher retention levels on the reinsurance treaties effective with the June 1, 2019 and 2018.contract renewal.
Net earned premiums increased by $28.6$59.1 million, or 28.9%46.4%, to $186.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 from $127.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 from $99.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 due to growth in gross written premiums.
Loss ratio
The loss ratio was 60.0% for the six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to 57.5% for the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to 59.5% for the six months ended June 30, 2018.2019. The decreaseincrease in the loss ratio in the first six months of 20192020 compared to the first six months of 20182019 was due primarily to higherlower favorable development on loss reserves from prior accident years.
During the first halfsix months of 2020 and 2019, and 2018, the overall favorable development on loss reserves from prior accident years was primarily due to reported losses emerging at lower levels than expected. During the six months ended June 30, 2020, prior accident years developed favorably by $6.6 million, of which $5.0 million was attributable to the 2019 accident year. During the six months ended June 30, 2019, loss reserves for prior accident years developed favorably by $7.8 million, of which $14.0 million was largely attributable to accident years 2017 and 2018. This favorable development in 2019 was offset in part by adverse development in the accident years 2011 through 2016 of $6.2 million, primarily related to a modest amount of conservatism added to ourwhich resulted from higher IBNR reservereserves to provide for emergence of reported losses over a longer period of time. During the six months ended June 30, 2018,time based on observed trends. The favorable development on loss reserves forfrom prior accident years developed favorably by $3.5 million, which was largely attributablelower in the first half of 2020 compared to accident years 2015 through 2017 of $6.3 million. This favorable development in 2018 was offsetthe prior year in part by adverse developmentto provide for the uncertainty associated with the emergence of reported losses over a longer period of time in light of recent economic conditions and other effects related to the accident years 2011 through 2014COVID-19 pandemic.
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Table of $2.8 million.Contents

The following table summarizes the loss ratios for the six months ended June 30, 20192020 and 2018:2019:
Six Months Ended June 30,
20202019
($ in thousands)Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses% of Earned PremiumsLosses and Loss Adjustment Expenses% of Earned Premiums
Loss ratio:
Current accident year before catastrophe losses$118,201  63.3 %$80,458  63.1 %
Current year catastrophe losses461  0.2 %669  0.5 %
Effect of prior year development(6,625) (3.5)%(7,816) (6.1)%
Total$112,037  60.0 %$73,311  57.5 %
  Six Months Ended June 30,
  2019 2018
($ in thousands) Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses % of Earned Premiums Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses % of Earned Premiums
Loss ratio:        
Current accident year before catastrophe losses $80,458
 63.1 % $62,233
 62.9 %
Current year catastrophe losses 669
 0.5 % 156
 0.2 %
Effect of prior year development (7,816) (6.1)% (3,523) (3.6)%
Total $73,311
 57.5 % $58,866
 59.5 %

Expense ratio
The following table summarizes the components of the expense ratio for the six months ended June 30, 20192020 and 2018:2019:
Six Months Ended June 30,
20202019
($ in thousands)Underwriting Expenses% of Earned PremiumsUnderwriting Expenses% of Earned Premiums
Commissions incurred:
Direct$31,483  16.9 %$22,061  17.3 %
Ceding(6,646) (3.6)%(6,052) (4.7)%
Net commissions incurred24,837  13.3 %16,009  12.6 %
Other underwriting expenses19,707  10.6 %16,044  12.5 %
Underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses$44,544  23.9 %$32,053  25.1 %
  Six Months Ended June 30,
  2019 2018
($ in thousands) Underwriting Expenses % of Earned Premiums Underwriting Expenses % of Earned Premiums
         
Commissions incurred:        
Direct $22,061
 17.3 % $17,135
 17.3 %
Ceding (6,052) (4.7)% (4,908) (4.9)%
Net commissions incurred 16,009
 12.6 % 12,227
 12.4 %
Other underwriting expenses 16,044
 12.5 % 12,690
 12.8 %
Underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses $32,053
 25.1 % $24,917
 25.2 %

The expense ratio was 23.9% for the six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to 25.1% for the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to 25.2% for the six months ended June 30, 2018.2019. The decrease in the other underwriting expense ratio for the six months ended June 30, 2019 comparedwas due to the same period last year reflected the benefit of higher net earned premiums without a proportional increase in totalthe amount of other underwriting expenses resulting fromas a result of management's focus on controlling costs. This decrease was offset in part by higher net commissions incurred as a percentage of earned premiums period over period, which was largely due to an increase in the retention on our reinsurance treaties and resulted in relatively lower ceded premiums and associated commissions for the six months ended June 30, 2020. Direct commissions paid as a percent of gross written premiums was 14.6% for both the six months ended June 30, 20192020 and 14.7%2019.
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Investing results
The following table summarizes net investment income, change in the fair value of equity securities and net realized investment gains for the six months ended June 30, 2018.2020 and 2019:
Investing results
Six Months Ended June 30,
($ in thousands)20202019Change% Change
Interest from fixed-maturity securities$11,693  $8,439  $3,254  38.6 %
Dividends from equity securities1,454  1,087  367  33.8 %
Other261  401  (140) (34.9)%
Gross investment income13,408  9,927  3,481  35.1 %
Investment expenses(803) (606) (197) 32.5 %
Net investment income12,605  9,321  3,284  35.2 %
Change in fair value of equity securities(2,322) 7,804  (10,126) NM
Net realized gains on investments1,029  45  984  NM
Total$11,312  $17,170  $(5,858) (34.1)%
NM - Percentage change not meaningful.

Our net investment income increased by 32.9%35.2% to $12.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 from $9.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 from $7.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018.2019. This increase in the first six months of 20192020 compared to the same period last year was primarily due to growth in our investment portfolio balance generated from the investment of excess operating funds since June 30, 20182019 and proceeds from higherour equity offering in the third quarter of 2019. This increase was offset in part by lower gross investment returns.

The following table summarizes net investment income and net realized and unrealized investment gains and losses forreturns in the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018:
  Six Months Ended June 30,
($ in thousands) 2019 2018 Change % Change
         
Interest from fixed-maturity securities $8,439
 $6,168
 $2,271
 36.8 %
Dividends from equity securities 1,087
 924
 163
 17.6 %
Other 401
 477
 (76) (15.9)%
Gross investment income 9,927
 7,569
 2,358
 31.2 %
Investment expenses (606) (558) (48) 8.6 %
Net investment income 9,321
 7,011
 2,310
 32.9 %
Net unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities 7,804
 (1,185) 8,989
 (758.6)%
Net realized gains on investments 45
 286
 (241) (84.3)%
Total $17,170
 $6,112
 $11,058
 180.9 %

first half of 2020 compared to the first half of 2019. Our fixed-maturity investment portfolio, excluding cash equivalents and unrealized gains and losses, had an annualized gross investment return of 3.0% for the six months ended June 30, 2020, compared to 3.2% for the six months ended June 30, 2019, compared2019. The decrease in annualized gross investment returns was due to 2.9% for the six months endeda lower interest rate environment since June 30, 2018.2019.
During the first half of 2020, the change in fair value of equity securities was comprised of unrealized losses related to preferred stock of $1.5 million and ETF securities of $0.8 million. Fair values of ETF securities declined by $13.1 million during the first quarter of 2020, driven by the disruption in the financial markets associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, and rebounded sharply during the second quarter of 2020. During the first half of 2019, the change in fair value of equity securities was comprised of unrealized gains related to ETF securities of $5.9 million and preferred stock of $1.9 million. The unrealized gains related to ETF securities during the first half of 2019 reflected increased volatility in the financial markets during that time period
We perform quarterly reviews of all available-for-sale securities within our investment portfolio to determine whether any other-than-temporary impairment has occurred.the decline in the securities' fair value is deemed to be a credit loss. Management concluded that there were no credit losses (previously known as other-than-temporary impairmentsimpairments) from available-for-sale investments for the six months ended June 30, 20192020 or 2018.2019.
Income tax expense
Our income tax expense was $6.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to $6.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to $3.9 million2019. Our effective tax rate was 14.8% for the six months ended June 30, 2018. Our effective tax rate was approximately2020 compared to 17.4% for the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to 18.2% for the six months ended June 30, 2018.2019. The effective tax rates wererate was lower than the federal statutory rate of 21% primarily due to the tax benefits from the exercisestock-based compensation and tax-exempt investment income.
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Return on equity
Our annualized return on equity was 16.4% for the six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to 22.7% for the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to 14.3%2019. Our annualized operating return on equity was 16.9% for the six months ended June 30, 2018. Our annualized operating return on equity was2020 compared to 18.4% for the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to 14.9% for the six months ended June 30, 2018.2019. The increasedecrease in annualized operating return on equity for the six months ended June 30, 20192020 compared to the prior-year period was due largely to a numberthe proceeds received from our equity offering in the third quarter of factors, including premium growth, higher overall returns on the investment portfolio and higher favorable development on loss reserves from prior accident years.2019.

Liquidity and capital resources
Sources and uses of funds
We are organized as a Delaware holding company with our operations primarily conducted by our wholly-owned insurance subsidiary, Kinsale Insurance Company, which is domiciled in Arkansas. Accordingly, we may receive cash

through (1) loans from banks and other third parties, (2) issuance of equity and debt securities, (3) corporate service fees from our insurance subsidiary, (4) payments from our subsidiaries pursuant to our consolidated tax allocation agreement and other transactions, and (5) dividends from our insurance subsidiary. We may use the proceeds from these sources to contribute funds to Kinsale Insurance Company in order to support premium growth, reduce our reliance on reinsurance, pay dividends and taxes and for other business purposes.
We receive corporate service fees from Kinsale Insurance Company to reimburse us for most of the operating expenses that we incur. Reimbursement of expenses through corporate service fees is based on the actual costs that we expect to incur with no mark-up above our expected costs.
In August 2019, we filed a universal shelf registration statement with the SEC that expires in 2022. We can use this shelf registration to issue an unspecified amount of debt securities, common stock, preferred stock, depositary shares and warrants. The specific terms of any securities we issue under this registration statement will be provided in the applicable prospectus supplements.
Management believes that the Company has sufficient liquidity available both in Kinsale and in its insurance subsidiary, Kinsale Insurance Company, as well as in its other operating subsidiaries, to meet its operating cash needs and obligations and committed capital expenditures for the next 12 months.
In January 2019, we purchased land for $2.5 million in Henrico County, Virginia for the development of a new corporate headquarters and we are currently targeting a third quarter 2020 completion date. The project is estimated to cost approximately $50 million to $55 million, substantially all of which we expect will be capitalized. We expect to fund the project through a combination of existing cash flows from operations and debt financing. In May 2019, we entered in to a Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) which provides for a 5-year senior unsecured revolving credit facility of $50 million (the “Credit Facility”). As of June 30, 2019, there were no outstanding balances under the Credit Facility. See "Liquidity and Capital Resources, Credit agreement" below for further details regarding this financing.
Cash flows
Our most significant source of cash is from premiums received from our insureds, which, for most policies, we receive at the beginning of the coverage period. Our most significant cash outflow is for claims that arise when a policyholder incurs an insured loss. Because the payment of claims occurs after the receipt of the premium, often years later, we invest the cash in various investment securities that earn interest and dividends. We also use cash to pay commissions to insurance brokers, as well as to pay for ongoing operating expenses such as salaries, rentconsulting services and taxes. As described under "—Reinsurance" below, we use reinsurance to manage the risk that we take related to the issuance of our policies. We cede, or pay out, part of the premiums we receive to our reinsurers and collect cash back when losses subject to our reinsurance coverage are paid.
The timing of our cash flows from operating activities can vary among periods due to the timing by which payments are made or received. Some of our payments and receipts, including loss settlements and subsequent reinsurance receipts, can be significant, so their timing can influence cash flows from operating activities in any given period. Management believes that cash receipts from premiums, proceeds from investment sales and redemptions and investment income are sufficient to cover cash outflows in the foreseeable future.
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Our cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 20192020 and 20182019 were:
Six Months Ended June 30,
20202019
(in thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents provided by (used in):
Operating activities$132,587  $71,292  
Investing activities(181,607) (64,939) 
Financing activities11,588  (3,311) 
Change in cash and cash equivalents$(37,432) $3,042  
  Six Months Ended June 30,
  2019 2018
  (in thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents provided by (used in):    
Operating activities $71,292
 $50,423
Investing activities (64,939) (50,176)
Financing activities (3,311) (2,324)
Change in cash and cash equivalents $3,042
 $(2,077)

Net cash provided by operating activities was approximately $71.3$132.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019,2020, compared to $50.4$71.3 million for the same period in 2018.2019. This increase was largely driven by higher premium volume, the timing of claim payments and reinsurance recoveries, andoffset in part by changes in operating assets and liabilities.

Net cash used in investing activities was $181.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020, compared to $64.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019, compared to $50.22019. Net cash used in investing activities during the first six months of 2020 included purchases of fixed-maturity securities of $231.1 million, forwhich in part reflected the deployment of cash equivalents held at December 31, 2019. Purchases of fixed-maturity securities were comprised primarily of corporate bonds, asset- and mortgage-backed securities, and municipal securities. During the first six months of 2020, we received proceeds of $54.5 million from sales of fixed-maturity securities, largely corporate bonds, and $42.1 million from redemptions of asset- and mortgage-backed securities and corporate bonds. For the six months ended June 30, 2018. 2020, purchases of ETFs and non-redeemable preferred stock were $26.2 million and $5.8 million, respectively. Net cash used in investing activities included net purchases of property and equipment of $15.1 million, primarily related to the development of our new corporate headquarters, previously disclosed.
Net cash used in investing activities during the first six months of 2019 reflected purchases of fixed-maturityfixed-income securities of $115.4 million, comprised of assetasset- and mortgage-backed securities and corporate bonds. During the first six months of 2019, we received proceeds of $31.4 million from sales of fixed-maturity securities, principally municipal bonds, and $25.7 million from redemptions of corporate bonds and assetasset- and mortgage-backed securities. During the six months ended June 30, 2019, purchases and sales of non-redeemable preferred stocks were $2.1 million and $2.9 million, respectively, and purchases of ETFs were $1.5 million. In addition, net cash used in investing activities included the purchase of property and equipment offor $6.0 million mostly related to the development of our new corporate headquarters, discussed previously.
Cash used in investing activities during the first six months of 2018 reflected purchases of fixed-income securities of $110.0 million, principally corporate bonds and asset-backed securities. In addition, we purchased $7.2 million of equity securities during the first six months of 2018, principally exchange traded funds (ETFs). During the first half of 2018, we received proceeds of $65.6 million from maturities and sales of fixed-maturity securities and $1.9 million from the sale of an intermediate-term bond ETF and preferred stocks.headquarters.
During the first six months of June 30, 20192020, we drew down $16.3 million on our Credit Facility, which was used to fund the construction of our new headquarter facilities. In addition, during the first six months of June 30, 2020, cash used in financing activities reflected dividends paid of $0.08$0.18 per common share, or $3.4$4.0 million in aggregate. During the first six months of June 30, 2018,2019, cash used in financing activities primarily reflected dividends paid of $0.07$0.16 per common share, or $2.9$3.4 million in aggregate. Net proceedsProceeds received from our equity compensation plans were $0.4$1.1 million, offset by payroll taxes withheld and $0.6remitted on restricted stock awards of $1.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 20192020. and 2018, respectively. In addition, debt issuance costs related toNet proceeds from equity compensation totaled $0.4 million for the credit facility previously discussed were $0.3 million.six months ended June 30, 2019.
Credit agreement
OnIn May 28, 2019, the Companywe entered into a Credit Agreement that provided the Companyus with a $50 million Credit Facility.Facility and an uncommitted accordion feature that permits us to increase the commitments by an additional $30 million. The Credit
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Facility has a maturity of May 28, 2024. Borrowings under the Credit Facility will be used to fund construction of the Company’sour new headquarters and may also be used for working capital and general corporate purposes. Interest rates on borrowings are based on prevailing interest rates and the applicable margin, as described in the Credit Agreement. As of June 30, 2019,2020, there were nowas $33.1 million outstanding balances under the Credit Facility.Facility, net of debt issuance costs.
Reinsurance
We enter into reinsurance contracts primarily to limit our exposure to potential large losses. Reinsurance involves an insurance company transferring ("ceding") a portion of its exposure on a risk to another insurer, the reinsurer. The reinsurer assumes the exposure in return for a portion of the premium. Our reinsurance is primarily contracted under quota-share reinsurance contracts and excess of loss contracts. In quota-share reinsurance, the reinsurer agrees to assume a specified percentage of the ceding company's losses arising out of a defined class of business in exchange for a corresponding percentage of premiums, net of a ceding commission. In excess of loss reinsurance, the reinsurer agrees to assume all or a portion of the ceding company's losses, in excess of a specified amount. Under excess of loss reinsurance, the premium payable to the reinsurer is negotiated by the parties based on their assessment of the amount of risk being ceded to the reinsurer because the reinsurer does not share proportionately in the ceding company's losses.
We use facultative reinsurance coverage on a limited basis. Facultative coverage refers to a reinsurance contract on individual risks as opposed to a group or class of business. It is used for a variety of reasons, including supplementing the limits provided by the treaty coverage or covering risks or perils excluded from treaty reinsurance.

We renew our reinsurance treaties annually. During each renewal cycle, there are a number of factors we consider when determining our reinsurance coverage, including (1) plans to change the underlying insurance coverage we offer, (2) trends in loss activity, (3) the level of our capital and surplus, (4) changes in our risk appetite and (5) the cost and availability of reinsurance coverage.

To manage our natural catastrophe exposure, we use computer models to analyze the risk of severe losses. We measure exposure to these losses in terms of probable maximum loss ("PML"), which is an estimate of the amount of loss we would expect to meet or exceed once in a given number of years (referred to as the return period). When managing our catastrophe exposure, we focus on the 100 year and the 250 year return periods. Effective with the June 1, 2020 renewal, we entered into a new personal insurance quota share treaty. We used model results previously noted to stress test the completeness of our program and determined that over 70% of the modelled losses from catastrophes costing over $10 million came from our personal insurance business. We determined that utilizing a personal lines quota share treaty combined with a catastrophe treaty was a more efficient and cost effective way to manage the total loss exposure on our property coverages.
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The following is a summary of our significant reinsurance programs as of June 30, 20192020:
Line of Business CoveredCompany Policy LimitReinsurance CoverageCompany Retention
Property - per risk (1)Up to $10.0 million per risk$8.0 million excess of $2.0 million$2.0 million per occurrence
Property - personal insurance (2)N/A50% up to $47.5 million per catastrophe50% of all personal property losses
Property - catastrophe (1)(3)N/A$77.545.0 million excess of $7.5$10.0 million$7.510.0 million per catastrophe
Primary casualty (2)(4)Up to $10.0 million per occurrence$8.0 million excess of $2.0 million$2.0 million per occurrence
Excess casualty (3)(5)
Up to $10.0 million per occurrence

Variable quota share$2.0 million per occurrence except as described in note (3)(5) below
(1)Our property catastrophe reinsurance reduces the financial impact of a catastrophe event involving multiple claims and policyholders. Our property catastrophe reinsurance includes a reinstatement provision which requires us to pay reinstatement premiums after a loss has occurred in order to preserve coverage. Including the reinstatement provision, the maximum aggregate loss recovery limit is $155 million and is in addition to the per-occurrence coverage provided by our facultative and other treaty coverages. 
(2)Reinsurance is not applicable to any individual policy with a per occurrence limit of $2.0 million or less.
(3)
(1) Our property per-risk reinsurance reduces the financial impact of a large loss on a single commercial property or inland marine policy. This treaty includes a reinstatement provision which requires us to pay reinstatement premiums after a loss has occurred in order to preserve coverage.
(2) Our personal insurance quota share reinsurance reduces the financial impact of property losses on our personal insurance policies.
(3) Our property catastrophe reinsurance reduces the financial impact of a catastrophe event involving multiple claims and policyholders. Our property catastrophe reinsurance includes a reinstatement provision which requires us to pay reinstatement premiums after a loss has occurred in order to preserve coverage. Including the reinstatement provision, the maximum aggregate loss recovery limit is $90 million and is in addition to the per-occurrence coverage provided by our facultative and treaty coverages.
(4) Reinsurance is not applicable to any individual policy with a per occurrence limit of $2.0 million or less.
(5) For policies with a per occurrence limit higher than $2.0 million, the quota-share ceding percentage varies such that the retention is always $2.0 million or less. For example, for a $4.0 million limit excess policy, our retention would be 50%, whereas for a $10.0 million limit excess policy, our retention would be 20%. For policies for which we also write an underlying primary limit, the retention on the primary and excess policy combined would not exceed $2.0 million.
At each renewal, we consider any plans to change the underlying insurance coverage we offer, as well as updated loss activity, the level of our capital and surplus, changes in our risk appetite and the cost and availability of reinsurance treaties.
Reinsurance contracts do not relieve us from our obligations to policyholders. Failure of the reinsurer to honor its obligations could result in losses to us, and if such an event occurred, we would establish an allowance for those amounts considered uncollectible. In formulating our reinsurance programs, we are selective in our choice of reinsurers and we consider numerous factors, the most important of which are the financial stability of the reinsurer, its history of responding to claims and its overall reputation. In an effort to minimize our exposure to the insolvency of our reinsurers, we review the financial condition of each reinsurer annually. In addition, we continually monitor for rating downgrades involving any of our reinsurers. At June 30, 2019,2020, all reinsurance contracts that our insurance subsidiary was a party to were with companies with A.M. Best ratings of "A" (Excellent) or better. As of June 30, 2019,2020, we have never had a loss for uncollectible reinsurance.
Ratings
Kinsale Insurance Company has a financial strength rating of "A-""A" (Excellent) with a positivestable outlook from A.M. Best. A.M. Best assigns 16 ratings to insurance companies, which currently range from "A++" (Superior) to "F" (In
39

Liquidation). "A-""A" (Excellent) is the fourththird highest rating issued by A.M. Best. The "A-""A" (Excellent) rating is assigned to insurers that have, in A.M. Best's opinion, an excellent ability to meet their ongoing obligations to policyholders. This rating is intended to provide an independent opinion of an insurer's ability to meet its obligation to policyholders and is not an evaluation directed at investors.
The financial strength ratings assigned by A.M. Best have an impact on the ability of the insurance companies to attract and retain agents and brokers and on the risk profiles of the submissions for insurance that the insurance companies receive. The "A-""A" (Excellent) rating obtained by Kinsale Insurance Company is consistent with our business plan and allows us to actively pursue relationships with the agents and brokers identified in our marketing plan.

Financial condition
Stockholders' equity
At June 30, 2019,2020, total stockholders' equity was $307.9$456.1 million and tangible stockholders' equity was $305.1$453.3 million, compared to total stockholders' equity of $264.0$405.9 million and tangible stockholders' equity $261.2$403.1 million at December 31, 2018.2019. The increases in both total and tangible stockholders' equity over the prior year-end balances were primarily due to profits generated during the period, an increase in unrealized gainshigher fair values on our available-for-sale investments, net of taxes, and activity related to stock-based compensation plans,plans. These increases were offset in part by the payment of dividends.
Tangible stockholders’ equity is a non-GAAP financial measure. We define tangible stockholders’ equity as total stockholders’ equity less intangible assets, net of deferred taxes. Our definition of tangible stockholders’ equity may not be comparable to that of other companies, and it should not be viewed as a substitute for stockholders’ equity calculated in accordance with GAAP. We use tangible stockholders' equity internally to evaluate the strength of our balance sheet and to compare returns relative to this measure.
Stockholders' equity at June 30, 20192020 and December 31, 2018,2019, reconciles to tangible stockholders' equity as follows:
June 30, 2020December 31, 2019
(in thousands)
Stockholders' equity$456,114  $405,880  
Less: intangible assets, net of deferred taxes2,795  2,795  
Tangible stockholders' equity$453,319  $403,085  
  June 30, 2019 December 31, 2018
  (in thousands)
Stockholders' equity $307,907
 $263,986
Less: intangible assets, net of deferred taxes 2,795
 2,795
Tangible stockholders' equity $305,112
 $261,191

Investment portfolio
At June 30, 2019,2020, our cash and invested assetsof $1.1 billion of $734.1 million consisted of fixed-maturity securities, equity securities and cash and cash equivalents and equity securities.equivalents. At June 30, 2019,2020, the majority of the investment portfolio was comprised of fixed-maturity securities of $590.1$893.4 million that were classified as available-for-sale. Available-for-sale investments are carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses on these securities, net of applicable taxes, reported as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income. At June 30, 2019,2020, we also held $78.1 million of cash and cash equivalents and $65.9$107.9 million of equity securities, which were comprised of ETFs and non-redeemable preferred stock. stock, and $63.0 million of cash and cash equivalents.
Our fixed-maturity securities, including cash equivalents, had a weighted average duration of 3.94.6 years at June 30, 20192020 and 4.3 years at December 31, 20182019 and an average rating of "AA""AA-" at June 30, 20192020 and "AA" at December 31, 2018.2019.
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At June 30, 20192020 and December 31, 2018,2019, the amortized cost and fair value on fixed-maturity securities were as follows:
June 30, 2020December 31, 2019
Amortized CostEstimated Fair Value% of Total Fair ValueAmortized CostEstimated Fair Value% of Total Fair Value
($ in thousands)
Fixed-maturity securities:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies$1,130  $1,113  0.1 %$110  $112  — %
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions178,620  190,544  21.3 %166,312  172,893  23.7 %
Corporate and other securities277,485  294,333  33.0 %180,287  184,768  25.4 %
Commercial mortgage and asset-backed securities261,734  265,887  29.8 %195,750  197,970  27.1 %
Residential mortgage-backed securities137,167  141,487  15.8 %172,358  173,789  23.8 %
Total fixed-maturity securities$856,136  $893,364  100.0 %$714,817  $729,532  100.0 %
  June 30, 2019 December 31, 2018
  Amortized Cost Estimated Fair Value % of Total Fair Value Amortized Cost Estimated Fair Value % of Total Fair Value
  ($ in thousands)
Fixed-maturity securities:            
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies $110
 $113
 % $610
 $611
 0.1%
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions 125,619
 131,961
 22.4% 153,884
 154,600
 30.3%
Corporate and other securities 125,873
 129,216
 21.9% 97,889
 96,752
 19.0%
Asset-backed securities 175,355
 177,865
 30.1% 151,137
 149,867
 29.4%
Residential mortgage-backed securities 150,226
 150,922
 25.6% 110,717
 108,421
 21.2%
Total fixed-maturity securities $577,183
 $590,077
 100.0% $514,237
 $510,251
 100.0%


The table below summarizes the credit quality of our fixed-maturity securities at June 30, 20192020 and December 31, 2018,2019, as rated by Standard & Poor’s Financial Services, LLC ("Standard & Poor's"):
June 30, 2020December 31, 2019
Standard & Poor’s or Equivalent DesignationEstimated Fair Value% of TotalEstimated Fair Value% of Total
($ in thousands)
AAA$260,398  29.2 %$213,174  29.2 %
AA271,026  30.3 %259,873  35.6 %
A206,171  23.1 %176,338  24.2 %
BBB132,181  14.8 %74,872  10.3 %
Below BBB and unrated23,588  2.6 %5,275  0.7 %
Total$893,364  100.0 %$729,532  100.0 %
  June 30, 2019 December 31, 2018
Standard & Poor’s or Equivalent Designation Estimated Fair Value % of Total Estimated Fair Value % of Total
  ($ in thousands)
AAA $180,920
 30.7% $133,028
 26.1%
AA 205,877
 34.9% 199,026
 39.0%
A 120,307
 20.3% 108,972
 21.3%
BBB 77,738
 13.2% 61,037
 12.0%
Below BBB and unrated 5,235
 0.9% 8,188
 1.6%
Total $590,077
 100.0% $510,251
 100.0%

The amortized cost and fair value of our fixed-maturity securities summarized by contractual maturity as of June 30, 20192020 and December 31, 2018,2019, were as follows:
June 30, 2020December 31, 2019
Amortized
Cost
Estimated Fair Value% of Total Fair ValueAmortized
Cost
Estimated Fair Value% of Total Fair Value
($ in thousands)
Due in one year or less$11,926  $12,047  1.3 %$9,940  $9,990  1.4 %
Due after one year through five years114,967  122,401  13.7 %115,480  118,611  16.3 %
Due after five years through ten years142,571  152,692  17.1 %79,235  82,314  11.3 %
Due after ten years187,771  198,850  22.3 %142,054  146,858  20.1 %
Commercial mortgage and asset-backed securities261,734  265,887  29.8 %195,750  197,970  27.1 %
Residential mortgage-backed securities137,167  141,487  15.8 %172,358  173,789  23.8 %
Total fixed maturities$856,136  $893,364  100.0 %$714,817  $729,532  100.0 %
41

  June 30, 2019 December 31, 2018
  
Amortized
Cost
 Estimated Fair Value % of Total Fair Value Amortized
Cost
 Estimated Fair Value % of Total Fair Value
  ($ in thousands)
Due in one year or less $3,914
 $3,922
 0.7% $10,283
 $10,252
 2.0%
Due after one year through five years 95,702
 98,079
 16.6% 67,670
 67,426
 13.2%
Due after five years through ten years 50,116
 52,709
 8.9% 55,725
 56,235
 11.0%
Due after ten years 101,870
 106,580
 18.1% 118,705
 118,050
 23.1%
Asset-backed securities 175,355
 177,865
 30.1% 151,137
 149,867
 29.4%
Residential mortgage-backed securities 150,226
 150,922
 25.6% 110,717
 108,421
 21.3%
Total fixed maturities $577,183
 $590,077
 100.0% $514,237
 $510,251
 100.0%

Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because some borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.
As of June 30, 2019, approximately 6.3%2020, 7.5% of our total cash and investments were invested in ETFs. At June 30, 20192020 and December 31, 2018,2019, our ETF balances were comprised of the following funds:
June 30, 2020December 31, 2019
FundFair Value% of TotalFair Value% of Total
($ in thousands)
Domestic stock market fund$51,666  64.7 %$42,873  78.7 %
Dividend yield equity fund28,152  35.3 %11,590  21.3 %
Total$79,818  100.0 %$54,463  100.0 %
  June 30, 2019 December 31, 2018
Fund Fair Value % of Total Fair Value % of Total
  ($ in thousands)
Domestic stock market fund $23,613
 50.9% $19,899
 51.0%
Dividend yield equity fund 10,624
 22.9% 9,344
 24.0%
Foreign stock market fund 10,011
 21.6% 8,817
 22.6%
Small-cap index 2,148
 4.6% 927
 2.4%
Total $46,396
 100.0% $38,987
 100.0%

As of June 30, 2019, approximately 2.7%2020, 2.6% of our total cash and investments were invested in non-redeemable preferred stock. A summary of these securities by industry segment is shown below as of June 30, 20192020 and December 31, 20182019:

June 30, 2020December 31, 2019
IndustryFair Value% of TotalFair Value% of Total
($ in thousands)
Financial$24,815  88.3 %$20,369  85.5 %
Utilities2,880  10.3 %2,992  12.5 %
Industrials and other392  1.4 %470  2.0 %
Total$28,087  100.0 %$23,831  100.0 %
  June 30, 2019 December 31, 2018
Industry Fair Value % of Total Fair Value % of Total
  ($ in thousands)
Financial $15,665
 80.3% $14,618
 78.1%
Utilities 2,785
 14.3% 2,734
 14.6%
Industrials and other 1,064
 5.4% 1,372
 7.3%
Total $19,514
 100.0% $18,724
 100.0%

Restricted investments
In order to conduct business in certain states, we are required to maintain letters of credit or assets on deposit to support state-mandated insurance regulatory requirements and to comply with certain third-party agreements. Assets held on deposit or in trust accounts are primarily in the form of high-grade securities. The fair value of our restricted assets was$6.9 $6.9 million at both June 30, 20192020 and December 31, 2018.2019.
Off-balance sheet arrangements
We do not have any material off-balance sheet arrangements at June 30, 2019.2020.

Reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures
Reconciliation of underwriting income
Underwriting income is defined as net income excluding net investment income, the net unrealized gains and losses onchange in the fair value of equity securities, net realized gains and losses on investments, other income, other expenses and income tax expense. The Company uses underwriting income as an internal performance measure in the management of its operations because the Company believes it gives management and users of the Company's financial information useful insight into the Company's results of operations and underlying business performance. Underwriting income should not be viewed as a substitute for net income calculated in accordance with GAAP, and other companies may define underwriting income differently.
42

Net income for the three and six months ended June 30, 20192020 and 2018,2019, reconciles to underwriting income as follows:
 Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,Three Months Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
(in thousands) 2019 2018 2019 2018(in thousands)2020201920202019
        
Net income $13,767
 $10,112
 $32,487
 $17,399
Net income$30,262  $13,767  $35,348  $32,487  
Income tax expense 2,768
 2,349
 6,849
 3,877
Income tax expense6,180  2,768  6,124  6,849  
Income before income taxes 16,535
 12,461
 39,336
 21,276
Income before income taxes36,442  16,535  41,472  39,336  
Other expenses 21
 
 57
 14
Other expenses—  21  —  57  
Net investment income (4,806) (3,782) (9,321) (7,011)Net investment income(6,645) (4,806) (12,605) (9,321) 
Net unrealized (gains) losses on equity securities (1,909) (94) (7,804) 1,185
Net realized losses (gains) on investments 235
 (174) (45) (286)
Change in the fair value of equity securitiesChange in the fair value of equity securities(13,839) (1,909) 2,322  (7,804) 
Net realized (gains) losses on investmentsNet realized (gains) losses on investments(253) 235  (1,029) (45) 
Other income (5) (4) (9) (7)Other income(13) (5) (23) (9) 
Underwriting income $10,071
 $8,407
 $22,214
 $15,171
Underwriting income$15,692  $10,071  $30,137  $22,214  

Reconciliation of netnet operating earnings
Net operating earnings is defined as net income excluding the effects of the net unrealized gains and losses onchange in the fair value of equity securities, after taxes, and net realized gains and losses on investments, after taxes. Management believes the exclusion of these items provides a more useful comparison of the Company's underlying business performance

from period to period. Net operating earnings and percentages or calculations using net operating earnings (e.g., diluted operating earnings per share and annualized operating return on equity) are non-GAAP financial measures. Net operating earnings should not be viewed as a substitute for net income calculated in accordance with GAAP, and other companies may define net operating earnings differently.
Net income for the three and six months ended June 30, 20192020 and 2018,2019, reconciles to net operating earnings as follows:
Three Months Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
(in thousands)2020201920202019
Net operating earnings:
Net income$30,262  $13,767  $35,348  $32,487  
Change in the fair value of equity securities, after taxes(10,933) (1,508) 1,834  (6,165) 
Net realized (gains) losses on investments, after taxes(200) 186  (813) (36) 
Net operating earnings$19,129  $12,445  $36,369  $26,286  
Operating return on equity:
Average stockholders' equity (1)
$428,724  $298,398  $430,997  $285,947  
Annualized return on equity (2)
28.2 %18.5 %16.4 %22.7 %
Annualized operating return on equity (3)
17.8 %16.7 %16.9 %18.4 %
  Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
(in thousands) 2019 2018 2019 2018
       
Net operating earnings:        
Net income $13,767
 $10,112
 $32,487
 $17,399
Net unrealized (gains) losses on equity securities, after taxes (1,508) (74) (6,165) 936
Net realized losses (gains) on investments, after taxes 186
 (137) (36) (226)
Net operating earnings $12,445
 $9,901
 $26,286
 $18,109
         
Operating return on equity:        
Average equity (1)
 $298,398
 $243,898
 $285,947
 $243,067
Annualized return on equity (2)
 18.5% 16.6% 22.7% 14.3%
Annualized operating return on equity (3)
 16.7% 16.2% 18.4% 14.9%
(1) Computed by adding the total stockholders' equity as of the date indicated to the prior quarter-end or year-end total, as applicable, and dividing by two.
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(2) Annualized return on equity representsis net income expressed on an annualized basis as a percentage of average beginning and ending total stockholders’ equity during the period.
(3) Annualized operating return on equity is net operating earnings expressed on an annualized basis as a percentage of average beginning and ending total stockholders’ equity during the period.

Critical accounting estimates
We identified the accounting estimates which are critical to the understanding of our financial position and results of operations. Critical accounting estimates are defined as those estimates that are both important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations and require us to exercise significant judgment. We use significant judgment concerning future results and developments in applying these critical accounting estimates and in preparing our consolidated financial statements. These judgments and estimates affect our reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and the disclosure of our material contingent assets and liabilities.liabilities, if any. Actual results may differ materially from the estimates and assumptions used in preparing the consolidated financial statements. We evaluate our estimates regularly using information that we believe to be relevant. Our critical accounting policies and estimates are described in our annual consolidated financial statements and the related notes in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.2019.


Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Market risk is the risk of economic losses due to adverse changes in the estimated fair value of a financial instrument as the result of changes in interest rates, equity prices, foreign currency exchange rates and commodity prices.Our primary market risks have been equity price risk associated with investments in equity securities and interest rate risk associated with investments in fixed maturities. We do not have any material exposure to foreign currency exchange rate risk or commodity risk.
There have been no material changes in market risk from the information provided in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.2019.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the "Exchange Act") is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer ("CEO") and Chief Financial Officer ("CFO"), as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required financial disclosure.
As of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our CEO and CFO, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures defined under Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act. Based upon this evaluation, our CEO and CFO concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.effective as of that date.
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Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting during the second quarter of 20192020 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls
The effectiveness of any system of controls and procedures is subject to certain limitations, and, as a result, there can be no assurance that our controls and procedures will detect all errors or fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system will be attained.


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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
We are party to legal proceedings which arise in the ordinary course of business. We believe that the outcome of such matters, individually and in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
There have been no material changesIn addition to the other information set forth in our risk factors from those disclosedthis Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, you should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described under the heading “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.2019 (our "2019 Form 10-K"), as updated and supplemented by the below risk factor.  The below risk factor updates the risk factorcaptioned “Severe weather conditions and other catastrophes may result in an increase in the number and amount of claims filed against us.” in our 2019 Form 10-K.  These risks and uncertainties are not the only ones facing us.  There may be additional risks and uncertainties of which we are currently unaware or currently believe to be immaterial.  The occurrence of any of these risks could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations and prospects.

Severe weather conditions, catastrophes, pandemics and similar events may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our business is exposed to the risk of severe weather conditions and other catastrophes. Catastrophes can be caused by various events, including natural events such as severe winter weather, tornadoes, windstorms, earthquakes, hailstorms, severe thunderstorms and fires, and other events such as explosions, war, terrorist attacks and riots. The incidence and severity of catastrophes and severe weather conditions are inherently unpredictable. The extent of losses from catastrophes is a function of the total amount of losses incurred, the number of insureds affected, the frequency and severity of the events, the effectiveness of our catastrophe risk management program and the adequacy of our reinsurance coverage. Insurance companies are not permitted to reserve for a catastrophe until it has occurred. Severe weather conditions and catastrophes can cause losses in our property lines and generally result in both an increase in the number of claims incurred and an increase in the dollar amount of each claim asserted, which may require us to increase our reserves, causing our liquidity and financial condition to deteriorate. In addition, our inability to obtain reinsurance coverage at reasonable rates and in amounts adequate to mitigate the risks associated with severe weather conditions and other catastrophes could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Our business is also exposed to the risk of pandemics, outbreaks, public health crises, and geopolitical and social events, and their related effects. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization designated COVID-19 as a global pandemic. In response, governmental authorities (including the U.S. federal government, states and localities) have mandated, and continue to introduce, measures to slow the transmission of the virus, including shelter-in-place orders, significant restrictions on travel, limits on gatherings, quarantines and business shutdowns. While to date we have not seen a decrease in the growth rate of our gross written premiums since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic and related economic downturn, the COVID-19 situation remains fluid and continues to evolve, and at this time we are unable to determine the ultimate impact of COVID-19 and related economic downturn on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. While policy terms and conditions in the lines of business written by Kinsale would be expected to preclude coverage for virus-related claims, court decisions and governmental actions may challenge the validity of any exclusions or our interpretation of how such terms and conditions operate. In addition, in response to COVID-19, legislative, regulatory and judicial actions may include,
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but are not limited to, actions prohibiting us from cancelling insurance policies in accordance with our policy terms, ordering us to provide premiums refunds, granting extended grace periods for payment of premiums and providing for extended periods of time to pay past due premiums. We are closely monitoring the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and related economic downturn on all aspects of our business, including how it will impact premium volume, losses and the fair value of our investment portfolio as well as how it may result in other effects such as the potential for delayed reporting and settlement of claims due to limited access to business locations. During the first quarter of 2020, we experienced a significant decline in the fair value of our investment portfolio due to disruption in the global financial markets associated with COVID-19, which adversely affected our total comprehensive income (loss) for the quarter. During the second quarter of 2020, the fair values of our investment portfolio rebounded sharply, gaining back a significant portion of the decline in fair value. If the COVID-19 pandemic continues for a significant length of time and measures put in place to stabilize the economy are not effective, or pandemics, outbreaks and other events occur or re-occur, our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows may be materially adversely affected.


Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
None.
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Item 6. Exhibits
Exhibit

Number
Description
101.INS **XBRL Instance Document
101.SCHXBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CALXBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEFXBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LABXBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PREXBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104
Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

* This certification is deemed not filed for purposes of section 18 of the Exchange Act, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act.
** The instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document




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Signatures
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
KINSALE CAPITAL GROUP, INC.
Date: August 1, 2019July 30, 2020By:/s/ Michael P. Kehoe
Michael P. Kehoe
President and Chief Executive Officer
Date: August 1, 2019July 30, 2020By:/s/ Bryan P. Petrucelli
Bryan P. Petrucelli
SeniorExecutive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer


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