TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I 

PART II 

PART III 

DEFINITIONS

3G

The generic term for third generation mobile telecommunications technology. 3G offers high speed connections to cellular phones and other mobile devices, enabling video conference and other applications requiring broadband connectivity to the internet.

3.5G

A grouping of disparate mobile telephony and data technologies designed to provide better performance than 3G systems, as an interim step towards deployment of full 4G/LTE capability.

4G/LTE

A fourth generation super fast internet network technology based on IP that makes the process of data transfer much faster and more stable.

Adjusted EBITDA5G

We calculate Adjusted EBITDA by calculating operating profit before interest, tax, depreciationA fifth generation of cellular mobile communications which targets high data rate, reduced latency, energy saving, cost reduction, higher system capacity and amortization, gain or loss on foreign exchange-net, other income and other expenses. Adjusted EBITDA and other related ratios in this Annual Report serve as additional indicators on our performance and liquidity, which is a non-GAAP financial measure.massive device connectivity.

ADS

American Depositary Share (also known as an American Depositary Receipt, or an “ADR”"ADR"), a certificate traded on a U.S. securities market (such as the New York Stock Exchange) representing a number of foreign shares. Each of our ADS represents 100 shares of common stock.

APMK

Alat Pembayaran Menggunakan Kartu or card-based payment instruments, a payment instrument in the form of credit cards, Automated Teller Machine (“ATM”)ATM and/or debit cards.

ARPU

Average Revenue per User, a measure used primarily by telecommunications and networking companies which states how much money we make from the average user. It is defined as the total revenue from specified services divided by the number of consumers for those services.

ATM

Automated Teller Machine.

Backbone

The main telecommunications network consisting of transmission and switching facilities connecting several network access nodes. The transmission links between nodes and switching facilities include microwave, submarine cable, satellite, fiber optic and other transmission technology.

Bandwidth

The capacity of a communication link.

Bapepam-LK

Badan Pengawas Pasar Modal dan Lembaga Keuangan, or the Indonesian Capital Market and Financial Institution Supervisory Agency, the predecessor to the OJK.

BRAS

Broadband Remote Access Server, a network element that routes Internet Protocol traffic to and from broadband remote access server,  a specialized server based atdevices through an ISPInternet Access Provider's network to the Internet and that facilitates the convergence of multiple internetInternet traffic sources. These sources include cable, DSL, ethernet or broadband wireless. BRAS converges them into a single network that routes traffic to and from digital subscriber line access multiplexers.

Broadband

A signaling method that includes or handles a relatively wide range (or band) of frequencies.

BTS

Base Transceiver Station, equipment that transmits and receives radio telephony signals to and from other telecommunication systems.

BWA

Broadband Wireless Access, a technology that provides high speed wireless internet access or computer networking access over a wide area.

CDMA

Code Division Multiple Access, a transmission technology where each transmission is sent over multiple frequencies and a unique code is assigned to each data or voice transmission, allowing multiple users to share the same frequency spectrum.

Common stock

Our Series B shares having a par value of Rp50 per share.

CPE

Customer Premises Equipment, any handset, receiver, set-top box or other equipment used by the consumer of wireless, fixed line or broadband services, which is the property of the network operator and located on the customer premises.

DCS

Digital Communication System, a cellular system using GSM technology operating in the 1.8 GHz frequency.

Defined Benefit Pension Plan or DBPP

A type of pension plan in which an employer promises a specified monthly benefit on retirement that is predetermined by a formula based on the employee’s earnings history, tenure of service and age, rather than depending on investment returns. It is considered ‘defined’ in the sense that the formula for computing the employer’s contributionretirement benefits is known in advance.

Defined Contribution Pension Plan or DCPP

A type of retirement plan in which the amount of the employer’s annual contribution is specified. Individual accounts are set up for participants and benefits are based on the amounts credited to these accounts (through employer contributions and, if applicable, employee contributions) plus any investment earnings on the money in the account. Only employer contributions to the account are guaranteed, not the future benefits. In defined contribution plans, future benefits fluctuate on the basis of investment earnings.

DLD

Domestic Long Distance, a long distance call service designed for customers who live in different areas but still within one country. These areas normally have different area codes.

DTH

Direct-to-Home satellite broadcasting, the distribution of television signals from high-powered geostationary satellites to small dish antennas and satellite receivers in homes across the country.

Dwiwarna Share

The Series A Dwiwarna Share having a par value of Rp50 per share. The Dwiwarna Share is held by the Government and provides for special voting rights and veto rights over certain matters related to our corporate governance. For more information, see Item 7 "Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions — Major Shareholders — Relationship with the Government and Government Agencies".Agencies."

e-CommerceE-Commerce

Electronic Commerce, the buying and selling of products or services over electronic systems such as the internet and other computer networks.

e-Money

Electronic Money, money or script that is only exchanged electronically.

Earth Station

The antenna and associated equipment used to receive or transmit telecommunication signals via satellite.

EDGE

Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution, a digital mobile phone technology that allows improved data transmission rates as a backward-compatible extension of GSM.

Edutainment

Education and entertainment.

Fiber Optic

Cables using optical fiber and laser technology through which modulating light beams representing data are transmitted through thin filaments of glass.

Fixed Line

Fixed wireline and fixed wireless.

Fixed Wireless

The local wireless transmission link using a cellular, microwave, or radio technology to connect customers at a fixed location to the local telephone exchange.

Fixed Wireline

A fixed wire or cable path linking a subscriber at a fixed location to a local exchange, usually with an individual phone number.

FTTH

Fiber To The Home, the implementation of fiber optic network that reaches up to customer point or known as customer premise.

Gateway

A peripheral that bridges a packet based network (IP) and a circuit based network (PSTN).

Gb

Gigabyte, a unit of information used, for example, to quantify computer memory or storage capacity.

Gbps

Gigabyte per second, the average number of bits, characters, or blocks per unit time passing between equipment in a data transmission system. This is typically measured in multiples of the unit bit per second or byte per second.

GHz

Gigahertz. The hertz (symbol Hz), is the international standard unit of frequency defined as the number of cycles per second of a periodic phenomenon.

GMS

General Meeting of Shareholders, which may be an annual general meeting of shareholders (“AGMS”("AGMS") or an extraordinary general meeting of shareholders (“EGMS”("EGMS").

GPON

Gigabyte-Passive Optical Network, the most widely deployed type of passive optical network system that brings fiber optic cabling and signals all or most of the way to end users.

GPRS

General Packet Radio Service, a data packet switching technology that allows information to be sent and received across a mobile network and only utilizes the network when there is data to be sent.

A connection with access to fixed line voice, IPTV and broadband services.

IDD

International Direct Dialing, a service that allows a subscriber to make an international call without the assistance or intervention of an operator from any telephone terminal.

IGG

Indonesia Global Gateway.

IMT‑2000

International Mobile Telecommunications‑2000, a body of specifications provided by the International Telecommunication Union. Application services include wide area wireless voice telephone, mobile internet access, video calls and mobile TV, all in a mobile environment.

IMS

IP multimedia subsystem, a service which combines wireless and fixed line technologies for voice and data communications.

Installed Lines

Complete lines fully built-out to the distribution point and ready to be connected to subscribers.

Interconnection

The physical linking of a carrier’s network with equipment or facilities not belonging to that network.

Internet of Things

Infrastructure which interconnects physical and virtual things using interoperable information and communication technologies.

IP

Internet Protocol, the method or protocol by which data is sent from one computer to another on the internet.

IP Core

A block of logic data that is used in making a field programmable gate array or application-specific integrated circuit for a product.

IPTV

Internet Protocol Television, a system through which television services are delivered using the Internet Protocol suite over a packet-switched network such as the internet, instead of being delivered through traditional terrestrial, satellite signal, and cable television formats.

Kerjasama Operasi, a form

KPPU

Komisi Pengawasan Persaingan Usaha, or Commission for the Supervision of Business Competition.

Leased Line

A dedicated telecommunications transmissions line linking one fixed point to another, rented from an operator for exclusive uses.

Mbps

Megabytes per second, a measure of speed for digital signal transmission expressed in millions of bits per second.

Metro Ethernet

Bridge or relationship between locations that are apart geographically, this network connects LAN customers at several different locations.

MHz

Megahertz, a unit of measure of frequency equal to one million cycles per second.

Mobile Broadband

The marketing term for wireless internet access through a portable modem, mobile phone, USB Wireless Modem or other mobile devices.

MPLS

Multi-Protocal Label Switching, an advanced routing method used within service provider network infrastructures to speed up and shape traffic flows as data travels from one node to the next.

MoCI

The Ministry of Communication and Informatics of the Republic of Indonesia, to which regulatory responsibility over telecommunications was transferred from the Ministry of Communication and Information (“MoC”) in February 2005.

MSOE

Kementerian Badan Usaha Milik Negara, or the Ministry of State-Owned Enterprises of the Republic of Indonesia.

Network Access Point

A public network exchange facility where ISPs connected with one another in peering arrangements.

OJK

Otoritas Jasa Keuangan, or the Indonesian Financial Services Authority, the successor of Bapepam-LK, an independent institution with authority to regulate and supervise financial services activities in the banking sector, capital market sector as well as non-bank financial industry sector.

OSS

The Online Single Submission; an electronic platform administered by the Investment Coordinating Board of the Republic of Indonesia to facilitate business licensing in Indonesia.

OTN

Optical Transport Network, a technology for sending various types of data traffic over optical fiber networks based on optical wavelengths that enables more efficient transmission for multi-service traffic by relying on multiplexing capability.

Over The Top

A generic term commonly used to refer to the delivery of audio, video and other media over the internet without the involvement of a multiple-system operator in the control or distribution of the content.

Pay TV

Pay Television, premium television, or premium channels, subscription-based television services, usually provided by both analog and digital cable and satellite, but also increasingly via digital terrestrial and internet television.

PKLN

Tim Pinjaman Komersial Luar Negeri, or Foreign Commercial Loan Coordinating Team, an inter-agency team of the Government charged with, among others, considering requests of Indonesian SOEs such as us for consent to obtain foreign commercial loans.

Point of presence

An access point, location or facility that connects to and helps other devices establish a connection with the internet,Internet, which may consist of a router, switches, servers and other data communication devices. We operatesoperate two layers of points of presence, namely main and primary points of presence. A “main"main point of presence”presence" is the transport backbone that aggregates national traffic. A “primary"primary point of presence”presence" is the aggregate regional transport backbone which has the capability of creating services.

PCEF

Policy and Charging Enforcement Function, provides user traffic handling and quality of service (QoS) at the gateway and responsible for providing service data flow detection, counting along with online and offline charging interactions. PCRF and PCEF are closely related functional entities, which include policy control decision making and flow based charging control functionalities.

PSTN

Public Switched Telephone Network, a telephone network operated and maintained by us that provides infrastructure and services for public telecommunication. Originally only an analog system, the KSO units for usPSTN is now almost entirely digital, even though most subscribers are connected via analog circuits, and on our behalf.it now includes mobile phones in addition to fixed-line phones.

Radio Frequency Spectrum

The part of the electromagnetic spectrum corresponding to radio frequencies, i.e. frequencies lower than around 300 GHz (or, equivalently, wavelengths longer than about 1 mm).

RIO

Reference Interconnection Offer, a regulatory term covering all facilities, including interconnection tariffs, technical facilities and administrative issues offered by one telecommunications operator to other telecommunications operator for interconnection access.

RMJ

Regional Metro Junction, an inter-city cable network installation service in one regionalregion (region/province).

Roaming

A general term referring to the extension of connectivity service in a location that is different from the home location where the service was registered.

Satellite Transponder

Radio relay equipment embedded in a satellite that receives signals from earth and amplifies and transmits the signal back to the earth.

SCCS

Submarine Communications Cable System, a cable laid on the sea bed between land-based stations to carry telecommunication signals across stretches of ocean.

SDN

Software Defined Networking, a network architecture that aims to make networks agile and centrally programmable through software to improve control by enabling companies, operators and service providers to respond quickly to changing business requirements.

SME

Small and Medium Enterprise.

SMS

Short Messaging Service, a technology allowing the exchange of text messages between mobile phones and between fixed wireless phones.

SOE

State-Owned Enterprise, a Government-owned corporation, state-owned company, state-owned entity, state enterprise, publicly owned corporation, Government business enterprise, or parastatal, a legal entity created by a Government to undertake commercial activities on behalf of an owner Government.

Softswitch

A central device in a telephone network that connects calls from one phone line to another, entirely by means of software running on a computer system. This work was formerly carried out by hardware, with physical switchboards to route the calls.

Switch

A mechanical, electrical or electronic device that opens or closes circuits, completes or breaks an electrical path, or selects paths or circuits, used to route traffic in a telecommunications network.

TIMES

Telecommunication, Information, Media, Edutainment and Service.

TPE

A normalized way to refer to transponder bandwidth, which means how many transponders would be used if the same total bandwidths used only 36 MHz  transponder (1 TPE = 36 MHz).

UMTS

Universal Mobile Telephone System, one of the 3G mobile systems being developed within the International Telecommunication Union’s IMT‑2000 framework.

USO

Universal Service Obligation, the service obligation imposed by the Government on all telecommunications services providers for the purpose of providing public services in Indonesia.

VoIP

Voice over Internet Protocol, a means of sending voice information using the IP.

VPN

Virtual Private Network, a secure private network connection, built on top of publicly-accessible infrastructure, such as the internet or the public telephone network. VPNs typically employ some combination of encryption, digital certificates, strong user authentication and access control to secure the traffic they carry. These provide connectivity to many machines behind a gateway or firewall.

VSAT

Very Small Aperture Terminal, a relatively small antenna, typically 1.5 to 3.0 meters in diameter, placed in the user’s premises and used for two-way communications by satellite.

CERTAIN DEFINITIONS, CONVENTIONS AND GENERAL INFORMATION

Unless the context otherwise requires, references in this Form 20-F to the “Company”, “Telkom”, “we”, “us”,"Company," "Telkom," "Group,"  "Telkom Group," "we," "us," and “our”"our" are to Perusahaan Perseroan (Persero) PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia Tbk and its consolidated subsidiaries. All references to “Indonesia”"Indonesia" are references to the Republic of Indonesia. All references to the “Government”"Government" herein are references to the Government of the Republic of Indonesia. References to the “United States”"United States" or “US”"US" are to the United States of America. References to the “United Kingdom”"United Kingdom" or the “UK”"UK" are to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. References to "Rupiah", “Indonesian Rupiah”"Rupiah," "Indonesian Rupiah" or “Rp”"Rp" are to the lawful currency of Indonesia. References to “U.S. Dollar”"U.S. Dollar" or “US$”"US$" are to the lawful currency of the United States. Certain figures (including percentages) have been rounded for convenience, and therefore indicated and actual sums, quotients, percentages and ratios may differ.

Our audited consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 20162017 and 20172018 and for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2016, 2017 and 20172018 included in this Form 20-F (the “Consolidated"Consolidated Financial Statements”Statements") have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”("IFRS") as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”("IASB").

The financial statements of 12 of our subsidiaries have been consolidated into the Consolidated Financial Statements. The 12 companies are PT Telekomunikasi Selular (“Telkomsel”, in which we own a("Telkomsel," 65% stake), PT Dayamitra Telekomunikasi (“Dayamitra”, in which we own a("Dayamitra," 100%) stake), PT Multimedia Nusantara (“Metra”, in which we own a("Metra," 100%) stake), PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia International (“Telin”, in which we own a("Telin," 100%) stake), PT PINS Indonesia (“PINS”,("PINS," previously named PT Pramindo Ikat Nusantara, in which we own a 100%) stake), PT Graha Sarana Duta (“("Telkom Property”, in which we own aProperty," 100% stake), PT Telkom Akses (“("Telkom Akses”Akses," 100% stake), in which we own a 100%),PT Telkom Satelit Indonesia ("Telkomsat," previously named PT Patra Telekomunikasi Indonesia, (“Patrakom”, in which we own a 100%) stake), PT Infrastruktur Telekomunikasi Indonesia (“("Telkom Infratel”Infratel," 100% stake), in which we own aPT Metranet ("Metranet," 100%) stake), PT Jalin Pembayaran Nusantara ("Jalin," 100% stake), and PT Napsindo Primatel Internasional (“Napsindo”, in which we own a("Napsindo," 60% stake), PT Metranet (“Metranet” in which we own a 100%), and PT Jalin Pembayaran Nusantara (“Jalin”, in which we own a 100%).

Solely for the convenience of the reader, certain Indonesian Rupiah amounts have been converted into U.S. Dollars at specified rates. Unless otherwise indicated, the U.S. Dollars equivalent information for amounts in Indonesian Rupiah are converted at the Reuters Rate for December 29, 201731, 2018 at 04.00 PM Jakarta time, which was Rp13,567.5Rp14,380 to US$1.00. The exchange rate of Indonesian Rupiah for U.S. Dollars on December 29, 201731, 2018 was Rp13,548Rp14,481 to US$1.00 based on the middle exchange which is calculated based on the Bank Indonesia buying and selling rate. The Federal Reserve Bank of New York does not certify for customs purposes a noon buying rate for cable transfers in Indonesian Rupiah. No representation is made that the Indonesian Rupiah or U.S. Dollar amounts shown herein could have been or could be converted into U.S. Dollar or Indonesian Rupiah, as the case may be, at any particular rate or at all. See Item 3 “Key"Key Information — Selected Financial Data — Exchange Controls”Controls" for further information regarding rates of exchange between the Indonesian Rupiah and the U.S. Dollar.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Form 20‑F contains “forward-looking statements”"forward-looking statements" as defined in Section 27A of the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended (“("Securities Act”Act") and Section 21E of the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“("Exchange Act”Act"), within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, including statements regarding our expectations and projections for our future operating performance and business prospects. The words “believe”, “expect”, “anticipate”, “estimate”, “project”"believe," "expect," "anticipate," "estimate," "project" and similar words identify forward-looking statements. In addition, all statements other than statements of historical facts included in this Form 20‑F are forward-looking statements. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements herein are reasonable, we can give no assurance that such expectations will prove to be correct. These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including changes in the economic, social and political environments in Indonesia. This Form 20‑F discloses, under Item 3 “Key"Key Information — Risk Factors”Factors" and elsewhere, important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from our expectations.

PART I

ITEM 1.              IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISORS

Not applicable.

ITEM 2.              OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not applicable.

ITEM 3.              KEY INFORMATION

A.                         SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

The following tables present our selected consolidated financial information and operating statistics as of the dates and for each of the periods indicated. The selected financial information as of and for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 and 20172018 presented below is based upon our audited consolidated financial statementsConsolidated Financial Statements prepared in conformity with IFRS as issued by the IASB. The selected financial information as of and for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 and 20172018 should be read in conjunction with, and is qualified in its entirety by reference to, our audited Consolidated Financial Statements, including the notes thereto, and the other information include elsewhere in this Form 20-F and in our previous Form 20-F filed with the SEC on March 27, 2017.April 9, 2018.  

The Public Accountant Firm (“KAP”("KAP") Purwantono, Sungkoro & Surja (formerly Purwantono, Suherman & Surja) (a member firm of Ernst & Young Global Limited) ("Purwantono, Sungkoro & Surja") audited our Consolidated Financial Statements prepared as of and for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2017.2018.

KEY CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF PROFIT OR LOSS AND OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME DATA

IFRS

RECONCILIATION OF OPERATING PROFIT TO ADJUSTED EBITDA

KEY CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION DATA

IFRS

Foreign Exchange Controls

Currently, Indonesia operates a liberalhas limited foreign exchange system that permits the free flow of foreign exchange. Capital transactions, including remittances of capital, profits, dividendscontrols. The Rupiah has been, and interest, are free of exchange controls.in general is, freely convertible. A number of regulations, however, have an impact on the exchange system. For example, only banks are authorized to deal in foreign exchange and execute exchange transactions related to the import and export of goods. In addition, Indonesian banks (including branches of foreign banks in Indonesia) are required to report to Bank Indonesia any fund transfers exceeding US$10,000. Based on the decree of the Head of the PKLN, we are required to obtain an approval from the PKLN prior to acquiring foreign commercial loans. We are also required to submit periodical reports to PKLN during the term of the loans.

B.                          CAPITALIZATION AND INDEBTEDNESS

Not applicable.

C.                         REASON FOR THE OFFER AND USE OF PROCEEDS

Not applicable.

D.                          RISK FACTORS

Risks Related to Our Business

Operational Risks

A material failure in the continuing operations of our network, certain key systems, gateways to our network or the networks of other network operators could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects

We depend to a significant degree on the uninterrupted operation of our network to provide our services. For example, we depend on access to our fixed wireline network for the operation of our fixed line network and the termination and origination of cellular telephone calls to and from fixed line telephones, and a significant portion of our cellular and international long distance call traffic is routed through the PSTN. We also depend on access to an internet and broadband network and a cellular network. Our integrated network includes a copper access network, fiber optic access network, BTSs, switching equipment, optical and radio transmission equipment, an IP coreCore network, satellites and application servers.

We may, in the future, be required to share our network infrastructure and capacity with our competitors

In November 2016, the Government announced its intention to amend certain regulations, as a result of which we may, in the future, be required to share our network infrastructure and capacity with our competitors. In particular, the draft revision to Government Regulation No.52/2000 on Telecommunications ("Draft Revision to GR No.52/2000") contemplates providing the Government with the authority to require telecommunication operators such as our Company to share network capacity with other telecommunication operators in Indonesia. Draft Revision to GR No.52/2000 may also require telecommunication operators such as our Company to share proprietary network transmission equipment when the Government deems this to be necessary in order to maintain market competition and network efficiency and sustainability.

In addition, the draft revisionGovernment also announced its intention to amend Government Regulation No.53/2000 on the Utilization of Radio Frequency Spectrum and Satellite Orbit ("Draft Revision to GR No.53/2000"). Draft Revision to GR No.53/2000 may be interpreted to require telecommunication operators such as our Company to share network with other telecommunication operators and service providers.

If these draft regulations are enacted by the Government in their current form, we would be required to share our network infrastructure and capacity with our competitors. This may allow our competitors to expand without significant capital expenditure outlay in areas where we currently operate. In addition, we cannot assure you that we will have sufficient network capacity to maintain our current business, product offerings and quality of service due to the additional traffic that we would need to service as a result of our competitors' access to our network. Our ability to service any increase in traffic within our network may consequently be limited, which may adversely affect our ability to increase our revenues through the expansion of our services.

Neither the Draft Revision to GR No.52/2000 nor the Draft Revision to GR No.53/2000 provide the details of the terms under which we may be required to share our network infrastructure and capacity with our competitors. We cannot assure you that the Government will adopt terms which we consider to be commercially reasonable. For example, we cannot assure you that any subsequent implementing regulations will allow us to charge competitors who lease our network capacity with fees at rates which we consider to be commercially acceptable.

If the Draft Revision to GR No.52/2000 and the Draft Revision to GR No.53/2000 are adopted, and the terms under which such proposed regulations are implemented are not commercially reasonable, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Our networks face both potential physical and cyber security threats, such as theft, vandalism and acts intended to disrupt our operations, which could adversely affect our operating results

Our networks and equipment, particularly our wireline access network, face both potential physical and cyber security threats. Physical threats include theft and vandalism of our equipment and organized attacks against key infrastructure intended to disrupt operations. In addition, telecommunications companies worldwide face increasing cyber security threats as businesses become increasingly dependent on telecommunications and computer networks and adopt

Although we have not experienced any material successful cyber attacks to date that have affected our operations, our network and website are frequently targeted by cyber attacks. For example, in April 2017 Telkomsel's website was hacked leavingand in October 2018 Telkomsat’s website was also hacked. In both cases, customers were unable to access the site and altering the content on the homepage was altered for a portion of one day, before it could be restored. In 2016 our internalday. A few other Telkom websites werehave also been subject to attack, rendering them unusable for a number of days until the hack could beincident was remedied. While none of these eventscyber attacks have caused significant losses to date, a successful cyber attack may lead us to incur substantial costs to repair damage or restore data, implement substantial organizational changes and training to prevent future similar attacks and lost revenues and litigation costs due to misused sensitive information, and cause substantial reputational damage. We take preventive and remedial measures with respect to our systems, including enhanced cooperation with the police, particularly in areas prone to criminal activity and regular upgradesupdates of our datainformation system security measures. While we believe that we have taken appropriate measures to protect our network, there is no assurance that these physical and cyber security measures will be successful. Damage to our network, equipment or data and the need to repair such damage resulting from a physical or cyber attack may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.

We face a number of risks relating to our internet-related services

In addition to cyber security threats, becausesince we provide connections to the internet and host websites for customers and develop internet content and applications, we may be perceived as being associated with the content carried over our network or displayed on websites that we host. For example, in the past, due to an escalation in spam messages generated from email addresses on the Telkom network, Telkom was placed on certain DNS blacklists which blocked all email generated from Telkom addresses for almost a week until remedial measures could be put into place. While we have made certain administrative and technical adjustments to identify and combat spam, we cannot assure you that such measures will always be effective and that we would not be placed on certain DNS blacklists again in the future. In addition, the content carried over our network or the websites that we host may contain materials or information which may be illegal, defamatory, impermissible or infringe on third party copyrights. We cannot and do not screen all of this content and may face litigation claims due to a perceived association with such content. These types of claims can be costly to defend, divert management resources and attention, and may damage our reputation.

A revenue leakage might occur due to internal weaknesses or external factors and if this risk were to materialize, it could have an adverse effect on our operating results

We may face revenue leakage or problems with collecting all the revenues to which we may be entitled, due to the possibility of inaccurate billing, delays in transaction processing, dishonest customers or other factors. Further, our services might be susceptible to piracy and unauthorized usage. Such piracy and unauthorized usage may lead to a loss of revenue for our Group which may affect our financial conditions and results of operations. For example, in recent years the use of simboxes, which are electronic boxes that use cell phone antennae or a BTS on which local operator SIM cards are installed so that international calls can be fraudulently terminated through local numbers so that the fraudster can bypass interconnection rates in the destination country, have led to a loss of revenue for our Group.

We have taken certain preventive measures to mitigate the possibility of revenue leakage by increasing control functions in all of our existing business processes, implementing revenue assurance methods, employing adequate policies and procedures as well as implementing information systems applications to minimize revenue leakages. Nonetheless, there is no assurance that in the future there will be no significant revenue leakages or that any such leakages will not have a material adverse affect on our operating results.

New technologies may adversely affect our ability to remain competitive

The telecommunications industry is characterized by rapid and significant changes in technology. We may face increasing competition due to technologies currently under development or which may be developed in the future. Future development or application of new or alternative technologies, services or standards could require significant changes to our business model, the development of new products, the provision of additional services and substantial new investments by us. New products and services may be expensive to develop and may result in the introduction of additional competitors

Our satellites have limited operational life and they may be damaged or destroyed during in-orbit operation or suffer launch delays or failures. The loss or reduced performance of a  satellite, whether caused by equipment failure or its license being revoked, may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and ability to provide certain services

We operate twothree satellites, namely Telkom-2, Telkom-3S and Telkom-3S.the Merah Putih Satellite. These satellites have limited operational lives, with their estimated operational lives ending approximately in 2020, 2032 and 2033, respectively. A number of factors affect the operational lives of satellites, including the quality of their construction, the durability of their systems, subsystems and component parts, on-board fuel reserves, accuracy of their launch into orbit, exposure to micrometeorite storms, or other natural events in space, collision with orbital debris, or the manner in which the satellite is monitored and operated. We currently use satellite transponder capacity on our satellites in connection with many aspects of our business, including direct leasing of such capacity and routing for our international long distance and cellular services.  

On August 25, 2017, a fuel leak affected the orientation of our Telkom-1 satellite, rendering it unusable and causing disruption to services provided by the satellite. As a result, we had to migrate the services which had previously been provided by Telkom-1 to our other two satellites or to third party satellites, which required us to lease some additional

Our cellular services business, operated through our majority-owned subsidiary, Telkomsel, competes primarily with Indosat and XL Axiata. Several otherHowever, we are also facing increased competition from smaller GSM and CDMA operators alsothat provide cellular services in Indonesia, including PT Hutchison 3 Indonesia (“Hutchison”("Hutchison"), which is part of the Hutchison Asia Telecom Group and operates under the "3" or "Tri" brand and PT Smartfren Telecom Tbk ("Smartfren Telecom"), which is part of the Sinar Mas Group.

XL Axiata completed the acquisition of a majority interest in and merged with PT Axis Telekom in 2014, which resulted in XL Axiata acquiring additional frequency allocations to provide 4G/LTE services as well as acquiring the customers of PT Axis Telekom.

Additional consolidation among cellular services providers may occur which may be driven by competitive factors as well as efforts to reduce operating costs and obtain wider spectrum allocation. In addition, we believe that it is the policy of the MoCI to support industry consolidation by not issuing additional or new licenses for cellular services providers.

If Telkomsel'sConsolidation of competitors are ablefor cellular services may allow them to acquireexpand the geographic coverage of their integrated network infrastructure. In recent years, both Telkomsel and its competitors have acquired wider spectrum allocation this may allowas part of the Government's spectrum refarming initiative. This has allowed them to improve the quality of their cellular services as well as to expand the amount of traffic that they can service through their network, which may allow them to expand their services and increase revenues. In addition,Furthermore, the consolidationGovernment has proposed a draft regulation which would require telecommunication companies to share network infrastructure and capacity. See "—We may, in the future, be required to share our network infrastructure and capacity with our competitors." As the telecommunications operator with the most extensive network infrastructure in Indonesia, this regulation, if it were to become effective, would allow our competitors to take advantage of Telkomsel's competitors may allow them to expand the geographic coverage of their integrated network infrastructure. our existing infrastructure without significant capital expenidture, which would have a significant impact on competition.

As a result, consolidation among cellular services providersany of these developments may present challenges for Telkomsel in maintaining its market position and could adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

In addition, with the increasing popularity of smart phones in Indonesia, we expect that 4G LTEdata and internet services will increasinglyhave become an intense area of competition for data and internet services, as well as cellular services. In 2014, the Government issued licenses for 4G/LTE services on the 900 MHz frequency for cellular operators and in 2015 issued a policy to refarm the 1800 MHz frequency for 4G/LTE services. Our 4G/LTE services covered 490 cities in Indonesia as of December 31, 2017. Furthermore, in 2013, the regulator permitted Wi-Max operators to deploy 4G/LTE technology which has further intensified competition in the broadband internet space. Currently, PT First Media Tbk (“First Media”), which is part of the Lippo Group, provides Wi-Max 4G/LTE services in the Greater Jakarta area.

our industry. We have been taking various measures in order to mitigate the impact of intense competition in our data and internet businesses. However, we cannot assure you that we will be successful in mitigating such adverse impact. Competition may further intensify in the future, which may affect the financial performance of our data and internet services and thus materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and prospects as a whole.

Cellular network congestion and limited spectrum availability could limit our cellular subscriber growth and cause reductions in our cellular service quality

We expect to continue to offer promotional plans to attract subscribers and increase usage of our network by our cellular subscribers. We also expect to continue to promote our data services and fixed broadband services. While we believe that we currently have sufficient spectrum allocation to support our current business, we may in the future need to acquire additional spectrum allocation to accommodate future growth in subscribers and traffic. As a result, we may experience increased network congestion, which may affect our network performance and damage our reputation with our subscribers. The Government occasionally conducts auctions for unused spectrum allocation. We cannot assure you that we will be succesfulsuccessful in acquiring any additional spectrum allocation in future auctions.

Moreover, the increase in smartphone applications that rely on data services has resulted in the significant amount of data traffic and cellular network congestion. To support such additional demands on our network, we may be required to make significant capital expenditures to improve our network coverage. Such additional capital expenditures, together

Our continued investments in the construction of our infrastructure network may not adequately address the issues resulting from the substantial increases in data traffic or otherwise achieve the desired economic returns.

Our wireless data traffic business has experienced significant growth in recent years, which contributed to the growth of our operating revenue and provides our business with further opportunities for development. In addition, we have launched our 4G/LTE services, which are expected to drive further growth in data traffic. The continued substantial increase in data traffic resulting from the growth of our wireless data traffic business, our 4G/LTE business and the proliferation of smartphones significantly strains the existing capacity of our telecommunications network infrastructure. As a result, we have made and will continue to make substantial investments in the construction of our infrastructure network, including our 4G/LTE infrastructure, to carry the increasing data traffic. We cannot assure you that these investments would successfully address the issues resulting from the substantial increases in data traffic or otherwise achieve the desired economic returns.

We are subject to the control of the Government

The Government, through the Ministry of State-Owned Enterprises, currently owns 52.09% of our issued share capital. Consequently, the Government effectively controls the outcome of matters requiring the vote of our shareholders, including the composition of our boards of Directors and Commissioners, and determining the timing and amount of dividend payments. The Government has historically influenced, and is likely to continue to influence, our strategy and operations. In addition, the Government owns a Dwiwarna Share in our Company which gives the Government, represented by the Ministry of State-Owned Enterprises, certain rights such theas right to veto with regard to the nomination, appointment and removal of our Directors the nomination, appointment and removal of our Commissioners, the issuance of new shares and any amendments to our Articles of Association. The rights of the Government attached to this Dwiwarna Share limit the ability of public shareholders to influence certain matters relating to our Company. Under our articles of association, the Government cannot transfer the Dwiwarna Share. The Government’s rights with respect to the Dwiwarna Share will not terminate unless our articles of association are amended, which would require the approval of the Government as holder of the Dwiwarna Share. See "Relationship with the Government and Government Agencies — The Government as Shareholder."

We may not be able to successfully manage our foreign currency exchange risk

Changes in exchange rates have affected and may continue to affect our financial condition and results of operations. Most of our debt obligations are denominated in Indonesian Rupiah and a majority of our capital expenditures are denominated in U.S. Dollars. Most of our revenues are denominated in Indonesian Rupiah, andalthough a portion is denominated in U.S. Dollars (for example, from international services). We may also incur additional long-term indebtedness in currencies other than the Indonesian Rupiah, including the U.S. Dollars, to finance further capital expenditures. Depreciation of the Indonesian Rupiah against the U.S Dollar may material affect our results of operation because, among other things, it would cause an increase in the amount of Indonesian Rupiah required by us to make interest and principal payments on U.S Dollar debt, and increase, in Rupiah terms, the cost of equipment that we purchase from overseas and pay for in U.S Dollars.

From 20132014 to 2017,2018, the Indonesian Rupiah per U.S. Dollar exchange rate ranged from a high of Rp9,634Rp11,271 per U.S. Dollar to a low of Rp14,728Rp15,253 per U.S. Dollar. As a result, we recorded foreign exchange losses of Rp46 billion in 2015, Rp52 billion in 2016 and foreign exchange gain of Rp51 billion in 2017.2017 and Rp71 billion in 2018. As of December 29, 2017,31, 2018, the Indonesian Rupiah per U.S. Dollar exchange rate stood at Rp13,548Rp14,481 per U.S. Dollar, compared to Rp13,436Rp13,548 per U.S. Dollar as of December 30, 2016.29, 2017. To the extent that the Indonesian Rupiah depreciates further from the exchange rate as of December 2017,2018, our U.S. Dollar-denominated obligations under our accounts payable and procurements payable, as well as payments for foreign currency-denominated loans payable and bonds payable, would increase in Indonesian Rupiah terms. A depreciation of the Indonesian Rupiah would also increase the Indonesian Rupiah cost of our capital expenditures as most of our capital expenditures are priced in or with reference to foreign currencies, mainly U.S. Dollars and Euros, while a substantial majority of our revenues are in Indonesian Rupiah. Such depreciation of the Indonesian Rupiah would result in losses on foreign exchange translation and significantly affect our total expenses and net income, and may consequently have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We can give no assurance that we will be able to control or manage our exchange rate risk successfully in the future or that we will not be adversely affected by our exposure to exchange rate risk. 

Legal and Compliance Risks

If we are found liable for anti-competitive practices, we may be subjected to substantial liability which could have an adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects

We are subject to laws and regulations relating to anti-competitive practices and anti-monopoly. Law No.5 of 1999 on Prohibition of Monopolistic Practice and Unfair Business Competition (the “Competition Law”"Competition Law") prohibits agreements and activities which amount to unfair business competition and an abuse of a dominant market position. Pursuant to the Competition Law, the KPPU was established as Indonesia’s antitrust regulator with the authority to enforce the provisions of the Competition Law.

In 2016, our Company, Telkomsel and five other local operators were found to have violated the Competition Law for price-fixing practices related to SMS services. We and Telkomsel have paid penalties to the treasury fund in the amount of Rp18 billion and Rp25 billion, respectively.

In 2017, it was alleged that we had violated the Competition Law by selling our bundling program which is marketed under the retail brand "IndiHome"."IndiHome." This product allows customers to choose one or more of our services, which consist primarily of broadband internet,Internet, fixed wireline phone and interactive TV services, at a competitive price. Although KPPU held that we did not violate the provisions in the Competition Law, the case indicateshighlights the risk that our business strategy could be challenged by our customers.customers or regulators.

In November 2018, we received a summons from the KPPU regarding unspecified allegations of violations of Business Competition Law. We are in the process of gathering information for further discussion with KPPU, but we have not received any information on the exact subject matter of, or reason for such investigation. Our policy is to collaborate fully with KPPU and their investigation.

We cannot assure you that any new or existing governmental regulators will not, in the future, find our business practices to have an anti-competitive effect, nor can we assure you that we will not be found to have violated the relevant laws and regulations relating to anti-competition and anti-monopoly in the future. If we are found to have violated any laws and regulations relating to anti-competition and anti-monopoly, we may be subjected to substantial liability such as payments of fines, the amount of which will be subject to the discretion of the courts, which could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. 

Regulation Risks

We operate in a legal and regulatory environment that is undergoing significant change. These changes may result in increased competition, which may result in reduced margins and operating revenue, among other things. These

The Government has socialized its plan (and has already circulated a white paper) to gradually shift the existing interconnection services regime to be an internet protocol-based. It is expected that, in 2025, all interconnection services will be IP-based and existing interconnection services (e.g. SMS) would only be part of the value added service. If this government initiative is realized, we may need to significantly change our existing infrastructure (which our competitors rely on in carrying out conventional interconnection services, and pay tariffs to us) with the new technologies. Consequently, our revenue from interconnection services may decrease, and we may need to reserve costs to procure new infrastructures.

In the future, the Government may announce or implement other regulatory changes which may adversely affect our business or our existing licenses. We cannot assure you that we will be able to compete successfully with other domestic or foreign telecommunications operators, that regulatory changes will not disproportionately reduce our competitors’ costs or disproportionately reduce our revenues, or that regulatory changes, amendments or interpretations of current or future laws and regulations will not have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.

Regulatory changes may adversely affect our business and results of operations

We operate in a regulated environment, and our telecommunication operations are mainly regulated by the MoCI. We are also required to comply with applicable information and technology, and consumer data protection laws and regulations in carrying out our activities. Future regulatory changes, particularly with respect to telecommunication network, telecommunication service provisions, and data protection may generate incremental costs and delays, thereby adversely affecting our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

In December 2018, the OJK issued two draft regulations to replace BAPEPAM-LK Regulation No. IX.E.1 on Affiliated Party Transactions and Conflicts of Interest in Certain Transactions, as attached to Decision of the Chairman of Bapepam-LK No. Kep-412/BL/2009 ("Draft OJK Regulation on Affiliated Party Transaction") and Bapepam-LK Regulation No. IX.E.2 on Material Transactions and Change of Main Business Activities, as attached to Decision of the Chairman of Bapepam-LK No. Kep-614/BL/2011 ("Draft OJK Regulation on Material Transaction"). Both Draft Regulation on Affiliated Party Transaction and Draft Regulation on Material Transaction introduce a wider coverage of transactions that are subject to stricter requirements than the previous regulations. If these draft regulations are enacted by the Government in their current form, certain actions that used to be exempted will now be subject to public disclosure requirements, and we would be subject to a more stringent and stricter supervision from the Government, especially the OJK.

In addition, licenses obtained by us under applicable Indonesian laws and regulations may be subject to conditions, compliance with which may be expensive, difficult or impossible. It is possible that Governmental authorities could take enforcement actions against us for our failure to comply with such regulations, including the aforementioned conditions. These enforcement actions could result, among other things, in the imposition of fines or the revocation of our licenses. Compliance with such regulations could require us to make substantial capital expenditures and consequently divert funds from our planned construction projects. We could also experience delays in our business schedules as a result of such compliance efforts. Each of the above could adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

Applicable regulations on tariffs and their implementation as supervised by the Indonesian Telecommunication Regulatory Authority ("ITRA") may affect our revenues and earnings

The Government does not set a fixed amount or specified range of tariff that must be charged by telecommunication operators to their customers. However, the Government does set out formulas that telecommunication operators like us must refer to in determining the tariff for our services. MoCI Regulation No.15/PER/M.KOMINFO/4/2008 on Guidelines for Tariff Determination on Basic Telephony Service Distributed through Fixed Line ("MoCI Regulation No.15/2008") and MoCI Regulation No.09/PER/M.KOMINFO/04/2008 on Guidelines for Tariff Determination on Telecommunication Service Distributed through Mobile Cellular Network ("MoCI Regulation No.09/2008") are the applicable regulations for tariff calculation and determination relating to basic telephony and cellular services. Tariff formulation for our internet telephony service is subject to MoCI Regulation No.8 of 2017 on Provision of Internet Telephony Service for Public ("MoCI Regulation No.8/2017"). Based on MoCI Regulation No.8/2017, the tariff for internet telephony service is determined by us, as the operator, on a cost-based calculation. The regulation does not

In order to operate our telecommunications towers, Indonesian regulations allow local governments to impose fees which are determined on a cost basis subject to a formula provided by the Ministry of Finance and the location of the telecommunications towers. While the local governments that have yet begun to impose such fees have not charged material amounts, we cannot assure you that such fees will not be material in the future. In addition, we cannot assure you that there will be no material difference in the amount of fees that we would be liable to pay to the relevant local governments. If these risks were to materialize, it could have an adverse effect on our operating results.

We may experience local community opposition to some of our tower sites

We have experienced, and may in the future experience, local community opposition to our existing sites or the construction of new tower sites for various reasons, including aesthetic and alleged health concerns. As a result of such opposition, we could be required by the local authorities to dismantle and relocate certain towers. If we are required to

Not all of the implementing regulations to the EIT Law have been issued and some have only been recently enacted. Accordingly, the full impact of the EIT Law, the related implementing regulations and any change in Indonesian consumer data protection regulations on our financial and operational status cannot be determined at this time. There is no assurance that we would be able to comply with the EIT Law, or that the compliance would not require us to make substantial capital expenditure or delays in our business schedules.

Furthermore, it is anticipated that a new regulation will be enacted in the future; the form and timing of which is uncertain. The MoCI has issued atwo draft amendmentamendments to GR No.82/2012. The first draft amendment which was issued on February 2018 (i) introduces a broad definition of electronic system operators that provide a "public service",service," (ii) introduces a brand new concept of data categorization, (iii) implements provisions for the registration of electronic system operators, (iv) implements provisions for the right to be forgotten;forgotten and (v) implements provisions for the Government's right to terminate access to electronic information and/or documents (generally in respect of unlawful online content). The second draft amendment which was issued on October 2018 (i) introduces a new concept of electronic system feasibility study, (ii) implements requirements for an electronic transaction, (iii) implements provisions on deletion mechanism, (iv) introduction of new concept of digital identity and (v) amendment on provisions for strategic electronic data. If this draft regulation is enacted by the

Risks Related to Development of New Businesses

We may not succeed in our efforts to develop new businesses

We believe that efforts to develop new businesses other than the telecommunication business such as consumer digital life and smart platform and enterprise digital businesses, as well as international expansion are necessary to ensure continuing business growth. Risks related to new business development include competition from established players, suitability of business model, competition from disruptive new technologies or business models, the need to acquire new expertise in the new areas of operation, and risks related to online media which include intellectual property, consumer protection and confidentiality of customer data. Further, we have to continuously and consistently secure new enterprise customers. If we are unable to secure new contracts, or we are unable to renew our existing contracts with similar contract value, size or margins to existing ones, this may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Focusing on international expansion is one of our strategic business initiatives. In particular, we have expanded into a number of jurisdictions in telecommunications or data related areas, namely Singapore, Hong Kong,  Macau, Timor Leste, Australia, Myanmar, Malaysia, Taiwan, United States,  Saudi Arabia and New Zealand. Expanding our operations internationally exposes us to a number of risks associated with operating in new jurisdictions, for example, our international operations could be adversely affected by political or social instability and unrest, regulatory changes, such as an increase in taxes applicable to our operations, macroeconomic instability, limitations on or controls on the foreign

We were established in Indonesia and it may not be possible for investors to effect service of process or enforce judgments, on us within the United States or to enforce judgments of a foreign court against us in Indonesia 

We are a state-owned limited liability company established in Indonesia, operating within the framework of Indonesian laws governing companies with limited liability, and all of our significant assets are located in Indonesia. In addition, all of our Commissioners and Directors reside in Indonesia and a substantial portion of the assets of such persons are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for investors to effect service of process, or enforce judgments on us or such persons within the United States, or to enforce against us or such persons in the United States, judgments obtained in United States courts. 

We have been advised by Hadiputranto, Hadinoto & Partners, our Indonesian legal advisor, that judgments of United States courts, including judgments predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the United States federal securities laws or the securities laws of any state within the United States, are not enforceable in Indonesian courts, although such judgments could be admissible as non-conclusive evidence in a proceeding on the underlying claim in an Indonesian court. They have also advised that there is doubt as to whether Indonesian courts will enter judgments in original actions brought in Indonesian courts predicated solely upon the civil liability provisions of the United States federal securities laws or the securities laws of any state within the United States. As a result, the claimant would be required to pursue claims against us or such persons in Indonesian courts.

Our controlling shareholder’s interest may differ from those of our other shareholders

Risks Related to Indonesia

Political and Social Risks

Current political and social events in Indonesia may adversely affect our business

Since 1998, Indonesia has experienced a process of democratic change, resulting in political and social events that have highlighted the unpredictable nature of Indonesia’s changing political landscape. In 1999, Indonesia conducted its first free elections for representatives in parliament. In 2004, 2009, 2014 and 2014,most recently, in 2019, elections were held in Indonesia to elect the President, Vice-President and representatives in parliament. The next presidential election will be held in 2019. Indonesia also has many political parties, without any one party holding a clear majority. Due to these factors, Indonesia has, from time to time, experienced political instability, as well as general social and civil unrest. For example, since 2000, thousands of Indonesians have participated in demonstrations in Jakarta and other Indonesian cities both for and against former presidents Abdurrahman Wahid, Megawati Soekarnoputri and Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and current President Joko Widodo as well as in response to specific issues, including fuel subsidy reductions, privatization of state assets, anti-corruption measures, decentralization and provincial autonomy, and the American-led military campaigns in Afghanistan and Iraq. Although these demonstrations were generally peaceful, some turned violent. Indonesia announced in November 2014, and implemented with effect from January 1, 2015, a fixed diesel subsidy of Rp1,000 per liter and scrapped the gasoline subsidy. Although the implementation did not result in any significant violence or political instability, the announcement and implementation also coincided with a period where crude oil prices had dropped very significantly

Terrorist activities in Indonesia could destabilize Indonesia, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations, and the market price of our securities

There have been a number of terrorist incidents in Indonesia in recent years, including the May 2005 bombing in Central Sulawesi, the Bali bombings in October 2002 and October 2005 and the bombings at the JW Marriot and Ritz Carlton hotels in Jakarta in July 2009, which resulted in deaths and injuries. On January 14, 2016, several coordinated bombings and gun shootings occurred in Jalan Thamrin, a main thoroughfare in Jakarta, resulting in a number of deaths and injuries. On May 24, 2017, a bombing at a bus station in Jakarta resulted in multiple deaths and injuries.  In May 2018, three churches were bombed in Surabaya, killing at least 28 people and injuring at least 50 others.

Although the Government has successfully countered some terrorist activities in recent years and arrested several of those suspected of being involved in these incidents, terrorist incidents may continue and, if serious or widespread, might have a material adverse effect on investment and confidence in, and the performance of, the Indonesian economy and may also have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects and the market price of our securities.

Macro EconomicMacro-Economic Risks

Negative changes in global, regional or Indonesian economic activity could adversely affect our business

Changes in the Indonesian, regional and global economies can affect our performance. Two significant events in the past that impacted Indonesia’s economy were the Asian economic crisis of 1997 and the global economic crisis which started in 2008. The 1997 crisis was characterized in Indonesia by, among others, currency depreciation, a significant decline in real gross domestic product, high interest rates, social unrest and extraordinary political developments.  Indonesia entered a recessionary phase with relatively low levels of growth between 1999 and 2002. The rate of growth has stabilized at relatively higher levels in subsequent years, though there has been a moderate slowdown in growth from 2012 to 2016. In addition, the Government continues to have a modest fiscal deficit and a high level of sovereign debt, its foreign currency reserves are modest, the Rupiah continues to be volatile and has poor liquidity, and the banking sector is weak and suffers from high levels of non-performing loans. Accordingly, there is no assurance that the current Indonesian economic

In addition, while the Indonesian Rupiah has generally been freely convertible and transferable, from time to time, Bank Indonesia has intervened in the currency exchange markets in furtherance of its policies, either by selling Indonesian Rupiah or by using its foreign currency reserves to purchase Indonesian Rupiah. We can give no assurance that the current floating exchange rate policy of Bank Indonesia will not be modified or that the Government will take additional action to stabilize, maintain or increase the Indonesian Rupiah’s value, or that any of these actions, if taken, will be successful. Modification of the current floating exchange rate policy could result in significantly higher domestic interest rates, liquidity shortages, capital or exchange controls, or the withholding of additional financial assistance by multinational lenders. This could result in a reduction of economic activity, an economic recession, loan defaults or declining subscriber usage of our services, and as a result, we may also face difficulties in funding our capital expenditures and in implementing our business strategy. Any of the foregoing consequences could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Downgrades of credit ratings of the Government or Indonesian companies could adversely affect our business

As of the date of this Annual Report, Indonesia’s sovereign foreign currency long-term debt was rated “Baa3”"Baa2" by Moody’s, “BBB-”"BBB-" by Standard & Poor’s and “BBB”"BBB" by Fitch Ratings. Indonesia's short-term foreign currency debt is rated “A-3”"A-3" by Standard & Poor’s and “F3”"F2" by Fitch Ratings.

We can give no assurance that Moody’s, Standard & Poor’s or Fitch Ratings will not change or downgrade the credit ratings of Indonesia. Any such downgrade could have an adverse impact on liquidity in the Indonesian financial markets, the ability of the Government and Indonesian companies, including us, to raise additional financing, and the interest rates and other commercial terms at which such additional financing is available. Interest rates on our floating rate Rupiah-denominated debt would also likely increase. Such events could have material adverse effects on our business, financial condition, results of operations, prospects and/or the market price of our securities.

Although we have implemented a business continuity plan and a disaster recovery plan, which we test regularly, and we have insured certain of our assets to protect from any losses attributable to natural disasters or other phenomena beyond our control, there is no assurance that the insurance coverage will be sufficient to cover the potential losses, that the premium payable for these insurance policies upon renewal will not increase substantially in the future, or that natural disasters would not significantly disrupt our operations.

We cannot assure you that future natural disasters will not have a significant impact on us, or Indonesia or its economy. A significant earthquake, other geological disturbance or weather-related natural disaster in any of Indonesia’s more populated cities and financial centers could severely disrupt the Indonesian economy and undermine investor confidence, thereby materially and adversely affecting our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Our operations may be adversely affected by an outbreak of an infectious disease, such as avian influenza, Influenza A (H1N1) virus or other epidemics

An outbreak of an infectious disease such as avian influenza, Influenza A (H1N1) or a similar epidemic, or the measures taken by the governments of affected countries, including Indonesia, against such an outbreak, could severely disrupt the Indonesian economy and undermine investor confidence, thereby materially and adversely affecting our financial condition or results of operations and the market value of our securities. Moreover, our operations could be materially disrupted if our employees remained at home and away from our principal places of business for extended period of time, which would have a material and adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations and the market value of our securities. The perception that an outbreak of infectious diseases or another contagious disease may occur may also have an adverse effect on the economic conditions of countries in Asia, including Indonesia.

We may be affected by uncertainty in the balance of power between local governments and the central government in Indonesia

Indonesian Law No.25 of 1999 regarding Fiscal Decentralization and Law No.22 of 1999 regarding Regional Autonomy were passed by the Indonesian parliament in 1999 and further implemented by Government Regulation No.38 of 2007. Law No.22 of 1999 has been revoked by and replaced by the provisions on regional autonomy of Law No.32 of

In order to achieve such vision and mission, we are currently undergoing a comprehensive transformation incontinue to work to transform five aspects of our business: human resources transformation, business transformation, structural transformation, cultural transformation, and infrastructure and system transformation.