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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Item 18. Financial Statements
INDEX TO THE NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
INDEX TO THE CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT

Table of Contents

As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 22, 2010May 11, 2011

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549



FORM 20-F

o REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(B) OR (G) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
OR

ý

 

ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 20092010

OR

o

 

TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
OR

o

 

SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission File Number: 1-15040

PRUDENTIAL PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANY

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

England and Wales
(Jurisdiction of Incorporation)

Laurence Pountney Hill,12 Arthur Street,
London EC4R 0HH,9AQ, England
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)

David Martin
Head of Financial Accounting
Prudential plc
Laurence Pountney Hill,12 Arthur Street,
London EC4R 0HH,9AQ, England
+44 20 7548 3640
david.martin@prudential.co.uk
(Name, telephone, e-mail and/or facsimile number and address of company contact person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each ClassName of Each Exchange on Which Registered

American Depositary Shares, each representing 2 Ordinary Shares, 5 pence par value each


 

New York Stock Exchange

Ordinary Shares, 5 pence par value each


 

New York Stock Exchange*


6.75% Perpetual Subordinated Capital Securities Exchangeable at the Issuer's Option into Non-Cumulative Dollar Denominated Preference Shares


 

New York Stock Exchange


6.50% Perpetual Subordinated Capital Securities Exchangeable at the Issuer's Option into Non-Cumulative Dollar Denominated Preference Shares


 

New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:

None

The number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer's classes of capital or common stock as of December 31, 20092010 was:

2,532,227,4712,545,594,506 Ordinary Shares, 5 pence par value each

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes   X        No         

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Yes                 No   X   

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes   X        No 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrants have submitted electronically and posted on their corporate Web sites, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).**

Yes                  No          

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of "accelerated filer and large accelerated filer" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer    X           Accelerated filer                  Non-accelerated filer          

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

U.S. GAAP         International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board   X   Other         

If "Other" has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow:

Item 17         Item 18         

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes         No   X   

*
Not for trading, but only in connection with the registration of American Depositary Shares.
**
This requirement does not apply to the registrant until its fiscal year ending December 31,2011.


Table of Contents


TABLE OF CONTENTS

 
  
 Page
Item 1. Not Applicable  
Item 2. Not Applicable  
Item 3. Key Information 1
  

    Selected Historical Financial Information of Prudential

 1
  

    Dividend Data

 3
  

    Exchange Rate Information

 4
  

    Risk Factors

 5
  

    Forward-Looking Statements

 12
  

    EEV Basis and New Business Results

 1213
Item 4. Information on the Company 14
  

    Business of Prudential

 14
  

        Overview

 14
  

        Group Strategy Overview

 1615
  

        Company Address and Agent

 2018
  

        Significant Subsidiaries

 2019
  

        Asian Business

 2019
  

        US Business

 2523
  

        UK Business

 3533
  

        Group Risk Framework

 5150
  

        Investments

 64
  

        Description of Property – Property—Corporate property

 7978
  

        Competition

 8180
  

        Intellectual Property

 8381
  

        Legal Proceedings

 8382
  

        Sources

 8482
  

    Supervision and Regulation of Prudential

 8483
  

        Asian Supervision and Regulation

 8483
  

        UK Supervision and Regulation

 115102
  

        US Supervision and Regulation

 125114
Item 4A. Unresolved staff comments 132121
Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects 133122
  

    Introduction

 133122
  

    IFRS Critical Accounting Policies

 138126
  

    Summary Consolidated Results and Basis of Preparation of Analysis

 155143
  

        Explanation of Movements in Profits After Tax and Profits Before
        Shareholder Tax by Reference to the Basis Applied for Segmental Disclosure

 155144
  

        Explanation of Movements in Profits Before Shareholder Tax by Nature of
        Revenue and Charges

 189182
  

    Other information

196

    IFRS Shareholders' Funds and Summary Balance Sheet

 204199
  

    Liquidity and Capital Resources

 207206
Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees 217216
  

    Compensation

 222
  

    Share Ownership

 239238
  

    Board Practices

 241240
  

    Employees

 248
Item 7.Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions249

    Major Shareholders

249

i


Table of Contents


TABLE OF CONTENTS

 
  
 Page
Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions249

    Major Shareholders

249

    Related Party Transactions

 250251
Item 8. Financial Information 250251
Item 9. The Offer and Listing 251252
  

    Comparative Market Price Data

 251252
  

    Market Data

 252253
Item 10. Additional Information 252253
  

    Memorandum and Articles of Association

 252253
  

    Material Contracts

 259260
  

    Exchange Controls

 259260
  

    Taxation

 259261
  

    Documents on Display

 263267
Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk 264268
  

    Overview

 264268
  

    Major Risks

 264268
  

    Currency of Investments

 264268
  

    Currency of Core Borrowings

 265269
  

    Sensitivity Analysis

 265269
Item 12. Description of Securities other than Equity Securities 268272
Item 13. Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies 269273
Item 14. Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders 269273
Item 15. Controls and Procedures 270274
Item 16A. Audit Committee Financial Expert 272276
Item 16B. Code of Ethics 272276
Item 16C. Principal Accountant Fees and Services 272276
Item 16D. Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees 274278
Item 16E. Purchases of Equity Securities by Prudential plc and Affiliated Purchasers 274279
Item 16F. Not Applicable  
Item 16G. Corporate Governance 275279
Item 17. Not Applicable  
Item 18. Financial Statements F-1
  

    Consolidated Financial Statements

 F-1
  

    Condensed Financial Information of Registrant

 S-1
Item 19. Exhibits  

ii


Table of Contents


Item 3. Key Information


SELECTED HISTORICAL FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF PRUDENTIAL

        The following table sets forth Prudential's selected consolidated financial data for the periods indicated. Certain data is derived from Prudential's audited consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards ("IFRS") as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ("IFRS"IASB"). Were the Group to apply International Financial Reporting Standards as adoptedendorsed by the European Union ("EU"). EU-endorsed IFRS may differ from IFRS as opposed to those issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ("IASB"),IASB if, at any point in time, new or amended IFRSs have not been endorsed by the EU. As at December 31, 2010, there were no additional adjustments would be required.unendorsed standards effective for the years presented below affecting the consolidated financial information of Prudential and there were no differences between IFRSs endorsed by the EU and IFRSs issued by the IASB in terms of their application to Prudential. Accordingly, selected consolidated financial data presented below that is derived from Prudential's audited consolidated financial statements is derived from audited consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB. This table is only a summary and should be read in conjunction with Prudential's consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this document, together with Item 5, "Operating and Financial Review and Prospects".

        The following table presents the income statement, and statement of financial position and other data for and as at the years ended December 31, 20052006 to 2009,2010, as presented in accordance with IFRS, and has been derived from Prudential's consolidated financial statements, audited by KPMG Audit Plc:


 Year Ended December 31,  Year Ended December 31, 

 2009(1) 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005  2010(1) 2010(1) 2009 2008 2007 2006 

 (In $ Millions)
 (In £ Millions)
  (In $ Millions)
 (In £ Millions)
 

Income statement data

  

Gross premium earned

 32,817 20,299 18,993 18,359 16,157 15,225  37,815 24,568 20,299 18,993 18,359 16,157 

Outward reinsurance premiums

 (522) (323) (204) (171) (171) (197) (549) (357) (323) (204) (171) (171)
                          

Earned premiums, net of reinsurance

 32,295 19,976 18,789 18,188 15,986 15,028  37,266 24,211 19,976 18,789 18,188 15,986 

Investment return

 43,472 26,889 (30,202) 12,225 17,141 23,120  33,507 21,769 26,889 (30,202) 12,225 17,141 

Other income

 1,995 1,234 1,146 2,457 1,917 1,862  2,564 1,666 1,234 1,146 2,457 1,917 
                          

Total revenue, net of reinsurance

 77,762 48,099 (10,267) 32,870 35,044 40,010  73,337 47,646 48,099 (10,267) 32,870 35,044 
                          

Benefits and claims and movement in unallocated surplus of with-profits funds, net of reinsurance

 (66,600) (41,195) 10,824 (26,785) (28,267) (33,100) (62,365) (40,518) (41,195) 10,824 (26,785) (28,267)

Acquisition costs and other operating expenditure

 (7,391) (4,572) (2,459) (4,859) (4,489) (4,514)

Acquisition costs and other expenditure

 (7,387) (4,799) (4,572) (2,459) (4,859) (4,489)

Finance costs: interest on core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations

 (338) (209) (172) (168) (177) (175) (396) (257) (209) (172) (168) (177)

Goodwill impairment charge

      (120)

Loss on sale of Taiwan agency business

 (904) (559)         (559)    
                          

Total charges, net of reinsurance

 (75,233) (46,535) 8,193 (31,812) (32,933) (37,909) (70,148) (45,574) (46,535) 8,193 (31,812) (32,933)
                          

Profit (loss) before tax(being tax attributable to shareholders' and policyholders' returns)(2)

 2,529 1,564 (2,074) 1,058 2,111 2,101  3,189 2,072 1,564 (2,074) 1,058 2,111 

Tax (charge) credit attributable to policyholders' returns

 (1,323) (818) 1,624 5 (830) (1,147) (940) (611) (818) 1,624 5 (830)
                          

Profit (loss) before tax attributable to shareholders

 1,206 746 (450) 1,063 1,281 954  2,249 1,461 746 (450) 1,063 1,281 

Tax (charge) credit attributable to shareholders' profits

 (89) (55) 59 (354) (365) (242)

Tax (charge) credit attributable to shareholders' returns

 (39) (25) (55) 59 (354) (365)
                          

Profit (loss) from continuing operations after tax

 1,117 691 (391) 709 916 712  2,210 1,436 691 (391) 709 916 

Discontinued operations (net of tax)(3)

 (22) (14)  241 (105) 48 

Discontinued operations (net of tax)

   (14)  241 (105)
                          

Profit (loss) for the year

 1,095 677 (391) 950 811 760  2,210 1,436 677 (391) 950 811 
                          


Table of Contents



 As of and for the Year Ended December 31, 
 As of and for the Year Ended December 31, 


 2009(1) 2009(1) 2008 2007 2006 2005 
 2010(1) 2010(1) 2009 2008 2007 2006 


 (In $ Millions,
Except Share
Information)

 (In £ Millions, Except Share Information)
 
 (In $ Millions,
Except Share
Information)

 (In £ Millions, Except Share Information)
 

Statement of financial position data

Statement of financial position data

 

Statement of financial position data

 

Total assets

Total assets

 368,210 227,754 215,542 219,382 216,528 207,436 

Total assets

 401,433 260,806 227,754 215,542 219,382 216,528 

Total policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds

Total policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds

 317,547 196,417 182,391 190,317 178,539 170,315 

Total policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds

 346,289 224,980 196,417 182,391 190,317 178,539 

Core structural borrowings of shareholder financed operations

 5,487 3,394 2,958 2,492 3,063 3,190 

Core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations

Core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations

 5,658 3,676 3,394 2,958 2,492 3,063 

Total liabilities

Total liabilities

 389,004 252,731 221,451 210,429 213,218 210,972 

Total equity

Total equity

 10,190 6,303 5,113 6,164 5,556 5,366 

Total equity

 12,429 8,075 6,303 5,113 6,164 5,556 

Based on profit (loss) for the year attributable to the equity holders of the Company:

 

Based on profit (loss) for the year attributable to Prudential's equity holders:

Based on profit (loss) for the year attributable to Prudential's equity holders:

 

Basic earnings per share

 43.65¢ 27.0p (16.0)p 38.7p 33.6p 31.6p 

Basic earnings per share

 87.3¢ 56.7p 27.0p (16.0)p 38.7p 33.6p 

Diluted earnings per share

 43.65¢ 27.0p (16.0)p 38.6p 33.6p 31.6p 

Diluted earnings per share

 87.1¢ 56.6p 27.0p (16.0)p 38.6p 33.6p 

Dividend per share declared and paid in reporting period(6)

 31.04¢ 19.2p 18.29p 17.42p 16.44p 15.95p 

Equivalent cents per share(7)

  30.62¢ 35.36¢ 34.70¢ 30.74¢ 29.61¢ 

Market price at end of period

 1,034.69¢ 640.0p 416.5p 712p 699.5p 550p 

Dividend per share declared and paid in reporting period(5)

Dividend per share declared and paid in reporting period(5)

 31.05¢ 20.17p 19.2p 18.29p 17.42p 16.44p 

Equivalent cents per share(6)(8)

Equivalent cents per share(6)(8)

  30.15¢ 30.62¢ 35.36¢ 34.70¢ 30.74¢ 

Market price per share at end of period(8)

Market price per share at end of period(8)

 1,028.19¢ 668.0p 640.0p 416.5p 712p 699.5p 

Weighted average number of shares (in millions)

Weighted average number of shares (in millions)

   2,501 2,472 2,445 2,413 2,365 

Weighted average number of shares (in millions)

   2,524 2,501 2,472 2,445 2,413 

Other data

Other data

 

Other data

 

New business from continuing operations:

 

New business:

New business:

 

Single premium sales(5)

 23,434 14,495 15,186 14,818 13,928 12,763 

Single premium sales(4)(7)

 27,978 18,177 14,438 15,071 14,696 13,860 

New regular premium sales(4)(5)

 2,339 1,447 1,360 1,177 942 708 

New regular premium sales(3)(4)(7)

 2,566 1,667 1,401 1,330 1,155 935 

Gross investment product contributions

Gross investment product contributions

 155,295 96,057 63,147 53,759 33,894 26,373 

Gross investment product contributions

 164,647 106,969 96,057 63,147 53,759 33,894 

Funds under management

Funds under management

 468,843 290,000 249,000 267,000 251,000 234,000 

Funds under management

 523,328 340,000 290,000 249,000 267,000 251,000 

(1)
Amounts stated in US dollars have been translated from pounds sterling at the rate of $1.6167$1.5392 per £1.00 (the noon buying rate in New York City on December 31, 2009)2010).

(2)
This measure is the formal profit (loss) before tax measure under IFRS but is not the result attributable to shareholders. See "Presentation of results before tax" in note A3 to Prudential's consolidated financial statements in Item 18 for further explanation.

(3)
Additional information on discontinued operations is set out in note I9 to Prudential's consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

(4)
New regular premium sales are reported on an annualized basis, which represents a full year of installments in respect of regular premiums irrespective of the actual payments made during the year.

(5)(4)
The new business premiums in the table shown above are provided as an indicative volume measure of transactions undertaken in the reporting period that have the potential to generate profits for shareholders. The amounts shown are not, and are not intended to be, reflective of premium income recorded in the IFRS income statement. Department of Work and Pensions ("DWP") rebate business is classified as single recurrent business. Internal vesting business is classified as new business where the contracts include an open market option.

The details shown above for new business include contributions for contracts that are classified under IFRS 4 "Insurance Contracts" as not containing significant insurance risk. These products are described as investment contracts or other financial instruments under IFRS. Contracts included in this category are primarily certain unit-linked and similar contracts written in UK insurance operations and Guaranteed Investment Contracts and similar funding agreements written in US operations.

Investment products included in the table for funds under management above are unit trust, mutual funds and similar types of retail fund management arrangements. These are unrelated to insurance products that are classified as "investment contracts" under IFRS 4, as described in the preceding paragraph, although similar IFRS recognition and measurement principles apply to the acquisition costs and fees attaching to this type of business.

    The table above includes new business for the Taiwan bank distribution operation. New business of the Taiwan agency business, which was sold in June 2009, is excluded from the table. The comparative figures have been restated accordingly.

(6)(5)
Under IFRS, dividends declared after the balance sheet date in respect of the prior reporting period are treated as a non-adjusting event. The appropriation reflected in the statement of changes in equity, therefore, includes the final dividend in respect of the prior year. Parent company dividends relating to the reporting period were an interim dividend of 6.29p6.61p per share in 2009 (2008: 5.99p, 2007: 5.70p)2010 (2009: 6.29p, 2008: 5.99p) and a final dividend of 13.56p17.24p per share in 2009 (2008: 12.91p, 2007: 12.30p)2010 (2009: second interim dividend of 13.56p, 2008: 12.91p). See "Dividend Data" section below for information regarding the 2009 final dividend.

(7)(6)
The dividends have been translated into US dollars at the noon buying rate on the date each payment was made.

(7)
The new business premiums shown, including the comparative figures, exclude the new business premiums from the Group's Japanese insurance subsidiary, which ceased selling new business with effect from February 15, 2010, and the new business premiums for the Taiwan agency business, which was sold in June 2009, but include amounts for the retained Taiwan bank distribution operation. Japan's new business premiums for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008 are shown in Item 4 "Asian Business".

(8)
Market prices presented are the closing prices of the shares on the London Stock Exchange on the last day of trading for each indicated period.

Table of Contents


Dividend Data

        Under UK company law, Prudential may pay dividends only if "distributable profits" of the holding company are available for that purpose. "Distributable profits" are accumulated, realized profits not previously distributed or capitalized less accumulated, realized losses not previously written off, on the applicable GAAP basis. Even if distributable profits are available, under UK law Prudential may pay dividends only if the amount of its net assets is not less than the aggregate of its called-up share capital and undistributable reserves (such as, for example, the share premium account) and the payment of the dividend does not reduce the amount of its net assets to less than that aggregate. For further information about the holding company refer to Schedule II. The financial information in Schedule II has been prepared under UK GAAP reflecting the legal basis of preparation of the Company's separate financial statements as distinct from the IFRS basis that applies to the Company's consolidated financial statements.

        As a holding company, Prudential is dependent upon dividends and interest from its subsidiaries to pay cash dividends. Many of its insurance subsidiaries are subject to regulations that restrict the amount of dividends that they can pay to Prudential. These restrictions are discussed in more detail in Item 4, "Information on the Company—Supervision and Regulation of Prudential—UK Supervision and Regulation—Regulation of Insurance Business—Distribution of Profits and With-profits Business" and Item 4, "—Information on the Company—Supervision and Regulation of Prudential—US Supervision and Regulation—General".

        Historically, Prudential has declared an interim and a final dividend for each year (with the final dividend being paid in the year following the year to which it relates). Subject to the restrictions referred to above, Prudential's directors have the discretion to determine whether to pay a dividend and the amount of any such dividend but must take into account the Company's financial position.

        On March 1, 2010, Prudential's directors recommended a final dividend for 2009 of 13.56 pence per share payable on May 27, 2010 to shareholders on the register at the close of business on April 9, 2010. On the same date, Prudential announced its agreement with American International Group Inc. ("AIG") for the combination of Prudential and AIA Group Limited ("AIA"), a wholly owned subsidiary of AIG. The cash component of the consideration was envisaged to be part financed by a rights issue which would have required shareholder approval at a General Meeting. In order to minimize the inconvenience to shareholders of having two shareholder's meetings within a short period, Prudential's directors adjourned the AGM on May 19, 2010 and reconvened it on June 7, 2010. One of the consequences of adjourning the AGM was that, in order to pay a dividend of 13.56 pence on May 27, 2010 (as announced on March 1, 2010) that dividend was paid as a second interim dividend. Accordingly, references in this annual report on Form 20-F to the 2009 final dividend should be read as references to the second interim dividend of the same amount. On June 2, 2010, Prudential announced that its agreement with AIG had been terminated.

The following table shows certain information regarding the dividends per share that Prudential declared for the periods indicated in pence sterling and converted into US dollars at the noon buying rate in effect on each payment date. Interim dividends for a specific year now generally have a record date in August and a payment date in September of that year, and final dividends now generally have a record date in the following March/April and a payment date in the following May.

Year
 Interim Dividend Interim Dividend Final Dividend Final Dividend  Interim Dividend Interim Dividend Final/Second Interim*
Dividend
 Final/Second Interim*
Dividend
 

 (pence)
 (US Dollars)
 (pence)
 (US Dollars)
  (pence)
 (US Dollars)
 (pence)
 (US Dollars)
 

2005

 5.30 0.0942 11.02 0.2046 

2006

 5.42 0.1028 11.72 0.2317  5.42 0.1028 11.72 0.2317 

2007

 5.70 0.1153 12.30 0.2424  5.70 0.1153 12.30 0.2424 

2008

 5.99 0.1112 12.91 0.2052  5.99 0.1112 12.91 0.2052 

2009

 6.29 0.1011 13.56 0.1963  6.29 0.1011 13.56 0.1976 

2010

 6.61 0.1039 17.24   


*
The dividend of 13.56 pence for 2009 was paid as a second interim dividend. All other dividends shown in this column of the table are final dividends.

        The final dividend for 2009 was 13.562010 is 17.24 pence per share.share, subject to the shareholders' approval at the Annual General Meeting to be held on May 19, 2011. The interim dividend for 20092010 was 6.296.61 pence per share. The total dividend for the year, including the interim dividend and the final dividend, amounts to 19.8523.85 pence per share compared with 18.9019.85 pence per share for 2008,2009. In view of the progress that the Group has made in recent years to improve the IFRS operating profitability and free surplus generation of the Group's life and asset management business, the Board has decided to rebase the full year dividend upwards by 4 pence per share, equivalent to an increase of five20 per cent. Thecent compared to the 2009 total cost of dividends in respect of 2009 was £502 million. Dividend cover is calculated as operating profit based on longer-term investment returns after tax on an IFRS basis, divided by the current year total dividend. The full dividend for 2009 is covered 2.2 times by post-tax operating profit based on longer-term investment returns as discussed in Item 5. This compares with dividend cover of 2.2, 1.8, 1.8 and 1.8 for the years 2008, 2007, 2006 and 2005 respectively. The Board will maintain its focus on delivering a growing dividend from this new higher base, which will continue to be determined after taking into account the Group's financial flexibility and thePrudential's assessment of opportunities to generate attractive returns by investing in specific areas of the business. The Board believes that in the medium term a dividend cover of around two times is appropriate.


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Exchange Rate Information

        Prudential publishes its consolidated financial statements in pounds sterling. References in this document to "US dollars", "US$", "$" or "¢" are to US currency, references to "pounds sterling", "£", "pounds", "pence" or "p" are to UK currency (there are 100 pence to each pound) and references to "Euro" or "€" are to the Euro. The following table sets forth for each year the average of the noon buying rates on the last business day of each month of that year, as certified for customs purposes by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, for pounds sterling expressed in US dollars per pound sterling for each of the five most recent fiscal years. Prudential has not used these rates to prepare its consolidated financial statements.

Year ended December 31,
 Average rate  Average rate 

2005

 1.82 

2006

 1.86  1.86 

2007

 2.01  2.01 

2008

 1.84  1.84 

2009

 1.62  1.62 

2010

 1.54 

        The following table sets forth the high and low noon buying rates for pounds sterling expressed in US dollars per pound sterling for each of the previous six months:

 
 High Low 

December 2009

  1.66  1.59 

January 2010

  1.64  1.59 

February 2010

  1.60  1.52 

March 2010

  1.53  1.49 

April 2010

  1.55  1.52 

May 2010

  1.52  1.43 
 
 High Low 

November 2010

  1.63  1.56 

December 2010

  1.59  1.54 

January 2011

  1.60  1.55 

February 2011

  1.62  1.58 

March 2011

  1.64  1.60 

April 2011

  1.67  1.61 

        On June 18, 2010,May 6, 2011, the latest practicable date prior to this filing, the noon buying rate was £1.00 = $1.48.$1.64.


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RISK FACTORS

        A number of factors (risk factors) affect Prudential's operating results and financial condition and, accordingly, the trading price of its shares. The risk factors mentioned below should not be regarded as a complete and comprehensive statement of all potential risks and uncertainties. The information given is as of the date of this report, is not updated, and any forward looking statements are made subject to the reservations specified below under "Forward Looking Statements".

Risks relating to Prudential's business

Prudential's businesses are inherently subject to market fluctuations and general economic conditions

        Prudential's businesses are inherently subject to market fluctuations and general economic conditions. Uncertain or negative trends in international economic and investment climates which havecould adversely affectedaffect Prudential's business and profitability could be repeated, or prolonged, or could worsen.profitability. The adverse effects of volatility arising from such uncertainty and negative trends, including the unprecedented market dislocation across asset classes and geographical markets witnessed in 2008 and in the first half of 2009, have been and would be felt principally through the following:

        During the period of market dislocation in 2008 and the first half of 2009, Prudential had to operate against a challenging background of unprecedented volatility in the global capital and equity markets and interest rates and widespread economic uncertainty. Government interest rates fell to historic lows in the US, global credit spreads widened to historic levels, and credit markets seized up reducing liquidity. These factors had a significant adverse effect on Prudential's business and profitability during that period. Although global markets have begun to stabilize beginningpartially stabilized in 2009 and 2010, interest rates remain low, and many of the challenges of 2008 persist in the credit markets. New challenges may continue to emerge.

        A significant part of Prudential's shareholders' profit is related to bonuses for policyholders declared on its with-profits products, which are broadly based on historical and current rates of return on equity, real estate and fixed income securities, as well as Prudential's expectations of future investment returns. During 2008 and for the first half of 2009, Prudential had to operate in the UK against a challenging background of unprecedented volatility in capital and equity markets, interest rates and widespread economic uncertainty. This has led, among other things, to reduced consumer spending, an increase in unemployment, and consequently reduced liquidity, requiring the intervention of the Bank of England via a quantitative easing program to restore credit liquidity in the market.

        For some non-unit-linked investment products, in particular those written in some of the Group's Asian operations, it may not be possible to hold assets which will provide cash flows to match exactly those relating to policyholder liabilities. This is particularly true in those countries where bond markets are not developed and in certain markets where regulated surrender values are set with reference to the



interest rate environment prevailing at the time of policy issue. This results in a mismatch due to the duration and uncertainty of the liability cash flows and the lack of sufficient assets of a suitable duration. This


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While this residual asset/liability mismatch risk can be managed, but notit cannot be eliminated. Where interest rates in these markets remain lower than interest rates used to calculate surrender values over a sustained period, this could have an adverse impact on Prudential's reported profit.

        In the US, fluctuations in prevailing interest rates can affect results from Jackson National Life Insurance Company ("Jackson") which has a significant spread-based business, with the majority of its assets invested in fixed income securities. In particular, fixed annuities and stable value products written by Jackson expose Prudential to the risk that changes in interest rates, which are not fully reflected in the interest rates credited to customers, will reduce spread. The spread is the difference between the rate of return Jackson is able to earn on the assets backing the policyholders' liabilities and the amounts that are credited to policyholders in the form of benefit increases, subject to minimum crediting rates. During 2008, the US financial services industry faced an unprecedented array of challenges: the S&P 500 index fell by 38.5 per cent, government interest rates fell to historic lows, and global markets experienced a significant increase in volatility. In addition, credit markets seized up and global credit spreads widened to historic levels. These factors contributed to substantial increases in Jackson's unrealized losses.

        Declines in spread from these products or other spread businesses that Jackson conducts could have a material impact on its businesses or results of operations. Jackson also writes a significant amount of variable annuities that offer capital or income protection guarantees. There could be unforeseen market circumstances where the derivatives that it enters into to hedge its market risks may not fully offset its losses, and any cost of the guarantees that remain unhedged will also affect Prudential's results.

        A significant part of the profit from Prudential's UK insurance operations is related to bonuses for policyholders declared on with-profits products, which are broadly based on historical and current rates of return on equity, real estate and fixed income securities, as well as Prudential's expectations of future investment returns.

Prudential will beis subject to the risk of potential sovereign debt credit deterioration owing to the amounts of sovereign debt obligations held in its investment portfolio

        Prudential will beis subject to the risk of potential sovereign debt credit deterioration and default. Investment in sovereign debt obligations involves risks not present in debt obligations of corporate issuers. Investing in such instruments creates exposure to the direct or indirect consequences of political, social or economic changes (including changes in governments, heads of states or monarchs) in the countries in which the issuers are located and the creditworthiness of the sovereign. In addition, the issuer of the debt or the governmental authorities that control the repayment of the debt may be unable or unwilling to repay principal or pay interest when due in accordance with the terms of such debt, and Prudential may have limited recourse to compel payment in the event of a default. A sovereign debtor's willingness or ability to repay principal and to pay interest in a timely manner may be affected by, among other factors, its cash flow situation, its relations with its central bank, the extent of its foreign currency reserves, the availability of sufficient foreign exchange on the date a payment is due, the relative size of the debt service burden to the economy as a whole, the sovereign debtor's policy toward local and international lenders, and the political constraints to which the sovereign debtor may be subject. Periods of economic uncertainty may affect the volatility of market prices of sovereign debt to a greater extent than the volatility inherent in debt obligations of other types of issues. If a sovereign were to default on its obligations, this could have a material adverse effect on Prudential's financial condition and results of operations.

Prudential is subject to the risk of exchange rate fluctuations owing to the geographical diversity of its businesses

        Due to their geographical diversity, Prudential's businesses are subject to the risk of exchange rate fluctuations. Prudential's operations in the US and Asia, which represent a significant proportion of operating profit and shareholders' funds, generally write policies and invest in assets denominated in local currency. Although this practice limits the effect of exchange rate fluctuations on local operating



results, it can lead to significant fluctuations in Prudential's consolidated financial statements upon


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translation of results into pounds sterling. The currency exposure relating to the translation of reported earnings is not currently separately managed. The impact of gains or losses on currency translations is recorded as a component of shareholders' funds within the statement of changes in equity.other comprehensive income. Consequently, this could impact on Prudential's gearing ratios (defined as debt over debt plus shareholders' funds).

Prudential conducts its businesses subject to regulation and associated regulatory risks, including the effects of changes in the laws, regulations, policies and interpretations and any accounting standards in the markets in which it operates

        Changes in government policy, legislation (including tax) or regulatory interpretation applying to companies in the financial services and insurance industries in any of the markets in which Prudential operates, which in some circumstances may be applied retrospectively, may adversely affect Prudential's product range, distribution channels, capital requirements and, consequently, reported results and financing requirements. Also, regulators in jurisdictions in which Prudential operates may change the level of capital required to be held by individual businesses or could introduce possible changes in the regulatory framework for pension arrangements and policies, the regulation of selling practices and solvency requirements. Furthermore, as a result of the recent interventions by governments in response to global economic conditions, it is widely expected that there will be a substantial increase in government regulation and supervision of the financial services industry, including the possibility of higher capital requirements, restrictions on certain types of transaction structure, and enhanced supervisory powers.

        Current EU directives, including the EU Insurance Groups Directive ("IGD") require European financial services groups to demonstrate net aggregate surplus capital in excess of solvency requirements at the group level in respect of shareholder-owned entities. The test is a continuous requirement, so that Prudential needs to maintain a somewhat higher amount of regulatory capital at the group level than otherwise necessary in respect of some of its individual businesses to accommodate, for example, short-term movements in global foreign exchange rates, interest rates, deterioration in credit quality and equity markets. The EU is also developing a new solvency framework for insurance companies, referred to as "Solvency II". The new approach will be based on the concept of three pillars—minimum capital requirements, supervisory review of firms' assessment of risk, and enhanced disclosure requirements—and will cover valuations, the treatment of insurance groups, the definition of capital and the overall level of capital requirements. A key aspect of Solvency II is that the assessment of risks and capital requirements will be aligned more closely with economic capital methodologies, and may allow Prudential to make use of its internal economic capital models, if approved by the Financial Services Authority (FSA). or other relevant supervisory authority. The Solvency II Directive was formally approved by a meeting of the EU's Economic and Financial Affairs Council on November 10, 2009. The European Commission has already initiatedis in the process of developingconsulting on the detailed rules that will complement the high-level Principles of the Directive, referred to as "implementing measures", which are subject to a consultation process and are not expected to be finalized until late 2011. There is a significant uncertainty regarding the final outcome of this process. As a result there is a risk that the effect of the measures finally adopted could be adverse for Prudential, including potentially a significant increase in capital required to support theits business.

        Various jurisdictions in which Prudential operates have created investor compensation schemes that require mandatory contributions from market participants in some instances in the event of a failure of a market participant. As a major participant in the majority of its chosen markets, circumstances could arise where Prudential, along with other companies, may be required to make such contributions.

        The Group's accounts are prepared in accordance with current International Financial Reporting Standards ("IFRS") applicable to the insurance industry. The International Accounting Standards Board ("IASB") introduced a framework that it described as Phase I, which permitted insurers to continue to



use the statutory basis of accounting for insurance assets and liabilities that existed in their jurisdictions prior to January 2005. TheIn July 2010, the IASB has published proposals inan Exposure Draft for its Phase II discussion paper,on


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insurance accounting, which would introduce significant changes to the statutory reporting of insurance entities that prepare accounts according to IFRS andIFRS. The IASB has stated its intention to publish an Exposure Draft in 2010. It isindicated a target date of June 2011 for issuing a final standard but it remains uncertain whether and how the proposals in the discussion paperExposure Draft will become definitive IFRS and when such changes might take effect.

        Any changes or modification of IFRS accounting policies may require a change in the future results or a restatement of reported results.

        European Embedded Value ("EEV") basis results are published as supplementary information by Prudential using principles issued by the European CFO (Chief Financial Officers) Forum. The EEV basis is a value-based reporting method for Prudential's long-term business which is used by market analysts and which underpins a significant part of the key performance indicators used by Prudential's management for both internal and external reporting purposes. In June 2008, in an effort to improve the consistency and transparency of embedded value reporting, the CFO Forum published the Market Consistent Embedded Value (MCEV)("MCEV") Principles. Following a review of the impact of turbulent market conditions on the MCEV Principles, the CFO Forum announced in May 2009 the postponement of the mandatory reporting on an MCEV basis untilto December 31, 2011 and subsequently, in October 2009, changes in the principles to allow for the inclusion of a liquidity premium, which is the additional return investors require for investing in less liquid assets and is a key component in the calculation of the profitability of UK annuity business. It also announced that it was performing further work to develop more detailed application guidance to increase consistency going forward. When the work has been completed, Prudential will consider its approach to the new Principles. The adoption of the new Principles would give rise to different embedded value results from those prepared under the application of European Embedded Value Principles. In April 2011, the CFO Forum withdrew the intention that the MCEV principles be the only recognized format of embedded value reporting from December 31, 2011. The withdrawal reflects the ongoing development of insurance reporting under Solvency II and IFRS.

The resolution of several issues affecting the financial services industry could have a negative impact on Prudential's reported results or on its relations with current and potential customers

        Prudential is, and in the future may be, subject to legal and regulatory actions in the ordinary course of its business, both in the UK and internationally. ThisThese actions could beinvolve a review of business sold in the past under previously acceptable market practices at the time, such as the requirement in the UK to provide redress to certain past purchasers of pension and mortgage endowment policies, changes to the tax regime affecting products and regulatory reviews on products sold and industry practices, including, in the latter case, businesses it has closed.

        Regulators particularly, but not exclusively, in the US and the UK are moving towards a regime based on principles-based regulation which brings an element of uncertainty. These regulators are increasingly interested in the approach that product providers use to select third party distributors and to monitor the appropriateness of sales made by them. In some cases, product providers can be held responsible for the deficiencies of third-party distributors.

        In the US, federal and state regulators have focused on, and continue to devote substantial attention to, the mutual fund, fixed index variable annuity and insurance product industries. This focus includes new regulations in respect of the suitability of broker-dealers' sales of certain products. As a result of publicity relating to widespread perceptions of industry abuses, there have been numerous regulatory inquiries and proposals for legislative and regulatory reforms.

        In Asia, regulatory regimes are developing at different speeds, driven by a combination of global factors and local considerations. There is a risk that new requirements are introduced that challenge current practices, or are retrospectively applied to sales made prior to their introduction.


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Litigation, disputes and regulatory investigations may adversely affect Prudential's profitability and financial condition

        Prudential is, and may be in the future, subject to legal actions, disputes and regulatory investigations in the ordinary course of its insurance, investment management and other business operations. These legal actions, disputes and investigations may relate to aspects of Prudential's businesses and operations that are specific to Prudential, or that are common to companies that operate in Prudential's markets. Legal actions and disputes may arise under contracts, regulations (including tax) or from a course of conduct taken by Prudential, and may be class actions. Although Prudential believes that it has adequately provided in all material aspects for the costs of litigation and regulatory matters, no assurance can be provided that such provisions are sufficient. Given the large or indeterminate amounts of damages sometimes sought, and the inherent unpredictability of litigation and disputes, it is possible that an adverse outcome could, from time to time, have an adverse effect on Prudential's results of operations or cash flows.

Prudential's businesses are conducted in highly competitive environments with developing demographic trends and continued profitability depends on management's ability to respond to these pressures and trends

        The markets for financial services in the UK, US and Asia are highly competitive, with several factors affecting Prudential's ability to sell its products and continued profitability, including price and yields offered, financial strength and ratings, range of product lines and product quality, brand strength and name recognition, investment management performance, historical bonus levels, developing demographic trends and customer appetite for certain savings products. In some of its markets, Prudential faces competitors that are larger, have greater financial resources or a greater market share, offer a broader range of products or have higher bonus rates or claims-paying ratios. Further, heightened competition for talented and skilled employees and agents with local experience, particularly in Asia, may limit Prudential's potential to grow its business as quickly as planned.

        In Asia, the Group's principal regional competitors are international financial companies, including Allianz, AXA, ING, AIA and Manulife. In a number of markets, local companies have a very significant market presence.

        Within the UK, Prudential's principal competitors in the life market include many of the major retail financial services companies including, in particular, Aviva, Legal & General, Lloyds Banking Group and Standard Life.

        Jackson's competitors in the US include major stock and mutual insurance companies, mutual fund organizations, banks and other financial services companies such as AIG, AXA Financial Inc., Hartford Life Inc., Lincoln National, MetLife and TIAA-CREF.

        Prudential believes competition will intensify across all regions in response to consumer demand, technological advances, the impact of consolidation, regulatory actions and other factors. Prudential's ability to generate an appropriate return depends significantly upon its capacity to anticipate and respond appropriately to these competitive pressures.

Downgrades in Prudential's financial strength and credit ratings could significantly impact its competitive position and hurt its relationships with creditors or trading counterparties

        Prudential's financial strength and credit ratings, which are used by the market to measure its ability to meet policyholder obligations, are an important factor affecting public confidence in most of Prudential's products, and as a result its competitiveness. Downgrades in Prudential's ratings, as a result of, for example, decreased profitability, increased costs, increased indebtedness or other concerns, could have an adverse effect on its ability to market products and retain current policyholders. In addition, the


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interest rates Prudential pays on its borrowings are affected by its debt credit ratings, which are in place to measure the Group's ability to meet its contractual obligations.

        As at March 31, 2010:

        In addition, changes in methodologies and criteria used by rating agencies could result in downgrades that do not reflect changes in the general economic conditions or Prudential's financial condition.

Adverse experience in the operational risks inherent in Prudential's business could have a negative impact on its results of operations

        Operational risks are present in all of Prudential's businesses, including the risk of direct or indirect loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal and external processes, systems and human error or from external events. Prudential's business is dependent on processing a large number of complex transactions across numerous and diverse products, and is subject to a number of different legal and regulatory regimes. In addition, Prudential outsources several operations, including a significant part of its UK back office and customer-facing functions as well as a number of IT functions, resulting in reliance upon the operational processing performance of its outsourcing partners.

        Further, because of the long-term nature of much of the Group's business, accurate records have to be maintained for significant periods. Prudential's systems and processes incorporate controls which are designed to manage and mitigate the operational risks associated with its activities. For example, any weakness in the administration systems or actuarial reserving processes could have an impact on its results of operations during the effective period. Prudential has not experienced or identified any operational risks in its systems or processes during 2009,2010, which have subsequently caused, or are expected to cause, a significant negative impact on its results of operations.

Adverse experience against the assumptions used in pricing products and reporting business results could significantly affect Prudential's results of operations

        Prudential needs to make assumptions about a number of factors in determining the pricing of its products and setting reserves and for reporting its capital levels and the results of its long-term business operations. For example, the assumption that Prudential makes about future expected levels of mortality is particularly relevant for its UK annuity business. In exchange for a premium equal to the capital value of their accumulated pension fund, pension annuity policyholders receive a guaranteed payment, usually monthly, for as long as they are alive. Prudential conducts rigorous research into longevity risk, using data from its substantial annuitant portfolio. As part of its pension annuity pricing and reserving policy, Prudential's UK business assumes that current rates of mortality continuously improve over time at levels based on adjusted data from the Continuous Mortality Investigations (CMI) as published by the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries. If mortality improvement rates significantly exceed the improvement assumed, Prudential's results of operations could be adversely affected.


        A further example is the assumption that Prudential makes about future expected levels of the rates of early termination of products by its customers (persistency). This is particularly relevant to its lines of business other than its UK annuity business. Prudential's persistency assumptions reflect recent past


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experience for each relevant line of business. Any expected deterioration in future persistency is also reflected in the assumption. If actual levels of future persistency are significantly lower than assumed (that is, policy termination rates are significantly higher than assumed), the Group's results of operations could be adversely affected.

        Another example is the impact of epidemics and other effects that cause a large number of deaths. Significant influenza epidemics have occurred three times in the last century, but the likelihood, timing, or the severity of future epidemics cannot be predicted. The effectiveness of external parties, including governmental and non-governmental organizations, in combating the spread and severity of any epidemics could have a material impact on the Group's loss experience.

        In common with other industry participants, the profitability of the Group's businesses depends on a mix of factors including mortality and morbidity trends, policy surrender rates, investment performance and impairments, unit cost of administration and new business acquisition expense.

As a holding company, Prudential is dependent upon its subsidiaries to cover operating expenses and dividend payments.

        The Group's insurance and investment management operations are generally conducted through direct and indirect subsidiaries.

        As a holding company, Prudential's principal sources of funds are remittances from subsidiaries, shareholder-backed funds, the shareholder transfer from long-term funds and any amounts that may be raised through the issuance of equity, debt and commercial paper. Certain of the subsidiaries are restricted by applicable insurance, foreign exchange and tax laws, rules and regulations that can limit the payment of dividends, which in some circumstances could limit the ability to pay dividends to shareholders or to make available funds held in certain subsidiaries to cover operating expenses of other members of the Group.

Prudential operates in a number of markets through joint ventures and other arrangements with third parties (including in China and India), involving certain risks that Prudential does not face with respect to its consolidated subsidiaries

        Prudential operates, and in certain markets is required by local regulation to operate, through joint ventures (including in China and India). TheFor the Group's ability to exercise management control over its joint venture operations, and its investment in themmanagement control is exercised jointly with the venture participants. The level of control exercisable by the Group depends on the terms of the joint venture agreements, in particular, the allocation of control among, and continued co-operation between, the joint venture participants. Prudential may also face financial or other exposure in the event that any of its joint venture partners fails to meet its obligations under the joint venture or encounters financial difficulty. In addition, a significant proportion of the Group's product distribution is carried out through arrangements with third parties not controlled by Prudential and is dependent upon continuation of these relationships. A temporary or permanent disruption to these distribution arrangements could adversely affect the results of operations of PrudentialPrudential.

Prudential's Articles of Association contain an exclusive jurisdiction provision

        Under Prudential's Articles of Association, certain legal proceedings may only be brought in the courts of England and Wales. This applies to legal proceedings by a shareholder (in its capacity as such) against Prudential and/or its directors and/or its professional service providers. It also applies to legal proceedings between Prudential and its directors and/or Prudential and Prudential's professional service providers that arise in connection with legal proceedings between the shareholder and such professional



service provider. This provision could make it difficult for US and other non-UK shareholders to enforce their shareholder rights.


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Changes in tax legislation may result in adverse tax consequences

        Tax rules, including those relating to the insurance industry, and their interpretation, may change, possibly with retrospective effect, in any of the jurisdictions in which Prudential operates. Significant tax disputes with tax authorities, and any change in the tax status of any member of the Group or in taxation legislation or its interpretation could affect Prudential's profitability and ability to provide returns to shareholders or alter the post-tax returns to shareholders.


FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

        This annual report on Form 20-F includes 'forward-looking statements',may contain certain "forward-looking statements" with respect to certain of Prudential's plans and its current goals and expectations relating to its future financial condition, performance, results, strategy and objectives. Forward-lookingStatements that are not historical facts, including statements include, without limitation,about Prudential's beliefs and expectations, are forward-looking statements. These statements that typically contain words such as 'will', 'may', 'should', 'continue', 'aims', 'believes', 'expects', 'estimates', 'intends', 'anticipates', 'projects', 'plans' or similar expressions.are based on current plans, estimates and projections, and therefore undue reliance should not be placed on them. By their nature, all forward-looking statements involve material risksrisk and uncertainties because they relateuncertainty. A number of important factors could cause Prudential's actual future financial condition or performance or other indicated results to events and depend on circumstances that all occurdiffer materially from those indicated in the future. Many of these risks and uncertainties relateany forward-looking statement. Such factors include, but are not limited to, factors that are beyond Prudential's ability to control or estimate precisely, such as future market conditions, fluctuations in interest rates and exchange rates, and the performance of financial markets generally; the policies and actions of regulatory authorities, including, for example, new government initiatives related to the financial crisis and the effect of the European Union's "Solvency II" requirements on Prudential's capital maintenance requirements; the impact of competition, inflation, and deflation; experience in particular with regard to mortality and morbidity trends, lapse rates and policy renewal rates; the timing, impact and other uncertainties of future acquisitions or combinations within relevant industries; and the impact of changes in capital, standards, solvency standards or accounting standards, and tax and other legislation and regulations in the jurisdictions in which Prudential and its affiliates operate; and the impact of legal actions and disputes, together withdisputes. These and other important factors discussed in this item under "Risk Factors". This may for example result in changes to assumptions used for determining results of operations or re-estimations of reserves for future policy benefits. As a result,Further discussion of these and other important factors that could cause Prudential's actual future financial condition or performance andor other indicated results mayto differ, possibly materially, from those anticipated in Prudential's forward-looking statements can be found under the plans, goalsheading "Risk factors" in this section of this annual report and expectations set forthunder the heading "Risk Factors" of Prudential's most recent Annual Report, as well as under the heading "Risk factors" in any subsequent Prudential Half Year Financial Report furnished to the US Securities and Exchange Commission on Form 6-K or filed in the forward-looking statements.UK. This annual report on Form 20-F, as well as Prudential's Annual Report and any subsequent Half Year Financial Report are/will be available on the Company's website at www.prudential.co.uk.

        TheAny forward-looking statements contained in this annual report on Form 20-F are made only as of the date hereof. Prudential may also make or disclose written and/or oral forward-looking statements in reports filed or furnished to the US Securities and Exchange Commission, as well as in its annual report and accounts to shareholders, proxy statements, offering circulars, registration statements and prospectuses, press releases and other written materials and in oral statements made by directors, officers or employees of Prudential to third parties, including financial analysts. Prudential assumes no obligation or has any intention to publicly update or revise these forward-looking statements, whether as a result of future events, new information or otherwise. All of the forward-looking statements are qualified in their entirety by reference to the factors discussed in this Item 3 "Risk Factors" of this annual report on Form 20-F. These risk factors are not exhaustive as Prudential operates in a continually changing business environment with new risks emerging from time to time that it may be unable to predict or that it currently does not expect to have a material adverse effect on its business. Prudential undertakes no obligation to update the forward-looking statements contained in this statement or any other forward-looking statements it may make, whether as a result of future events, new information or otherwise except as required pursuant to the Prospectus Rules, the Listing Rules, the Disclosure and Transparency Rules, the Hong Kong Listing Rules, or the SGX-ST listing rules.


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EEV BASIS AND NEW BUSINESS RESULTS

        In addition to IFRS basis results, the Group'sPrudential's filings with the UK Listing Authority, the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong, the Singapore Stock Exchange and Group Annual Reports include reporting by Key Performance Indicators ("KPIs"). These include results prepared in accordance with the European Embedded Value ("EEV") Principles and Guidance issued by the Chief Financial Officers' ("CFO") Forum of European Insurance Companies, and New Business measures.


        The EEV basis is a value based method of reporting in that it reflects the change in the value of in-force long-term business over the accounting period. This value is called the shareholders' funds on the EEV basis which, at a given point in time, is the value of future cash flows expected to arise from the current book of long-term insurance business plus the net worth (based on statutory solvency capital (or economic capital where higher) and free surplus) of the Group'sPrudential's life insurance operations. Prudential publishes its EEV basis results are published semi-annually by the Company in the UK Market.market and, beginning in 2010, Prudential also publishes in the Hong Kong and Singapore markets.

        New Business results are published quarterly and are provided as an indicative volume measure of transactions undertaken in the reporting period that have the potential to generate profits for shareholders. New business results are categorized as single premiums and annual regular premiums. New business results are also summarized by annual premium equivalents (APE) which are calculated as the aggregate of regular new business amounts and one-tenth of single new business amounts. The amounts are not, and are not intended to be, reflective of premium income recorded in the IFRS income statement. FromAs from the first quarter of 2010, EEV basis new business profits and margins are also published quarterly.

        The Company's KPIs also include IFRS basis operating profit based on longer-term investment returns as explained in Item 5.


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Item 4. Information on the Company


BUSINESS OF PRUDENTIAL

Overview

        Prudential is a large globalan international financial services group, providing retail financial serviceswith significant operations in the United Kingdom,Asia, the United States and Asia.the United Kingdom. It has been in existence for over 160 years, serves over 25 million customers and has £290£340 billion in assets under management (as at December 31, 2009)2010). Prudential is not affiliated with Prudential Financial, Inc. or its subsidiary, The Prudential Insurance Company of America.

        Prudential is structured around four main business units: Prudential Corporation Asia, Jackson, Prudential UK insurance operations and M&G. These are supported by central functions which are responsible for Prudential strategy, cash and capital management, leadership development and succession, reputation management and other core group functions.

        Prudential Corporation Asia's core business is life insurance, health and protection, either attached to a life policy or on a standalone basis, and mutual funds. It also provides selected personal lines property and casualty insurance, group insurance, institutional fund management and consumer finance (Vietnam only). The product range offered is tailored to suit the individual country markets. Insurance products are distributed mainly through an agency sales force together with selected banks, while the majority of mutual funds are sold through banks and brokers. Joint venture partners are mandatory in some markets: for example, the life insurance operation in China is a 50 per cent equity joint venture with CITIC,CITIC; in India Prudential has a 26 per cent equity stake in a joint venture with ICICI and in Malaysia its Takaful business is a 70 per cent equity joint venture with Bank Simpanan Nasional. In the fund management business Prudential holds a 49 per cent equity stake in a joint venture with ICICI, in China it has a 49 per cent equity stake in a joint venture with CITIC and in Hong Kong it has a 36 per cent equity stake in a joint venture with Bank of China International.

        As at December 31, 2009,2010, Prudential Corporation Asia had:

        In the United States, Prudential offers a range of products through Jackson, including fixed, fixed index and variable annuities; life insurance; guaranteed investment contracts; and funding agreements. Jackson distributes these products through independent insurance agents; securitiesindependent broker-dealers; regional broker-dealers; registered investment advisers; a small captive agency channel, consisting of approximately 100 life insurance agents; and banks, credit unions and other financial institutions.

        Jackson also offers fee-based separately managed accounts and investment products through Curian Capital, LLC, which is Jackson's registered investment adviser.


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        As at December 31, 2009,2010, in the United States, Jackson:


        As at March 31, 2010, Jackson was rated A1 (negative outlook) by Moody's, AA (negative watch) by Standard & Poor's and A+ (under review–negative) by AM Best.

        In the United Kingdom, Prudential offers a range of retail financial products and services, including long-term insurance and asset accumulation and retirement income products (life insurance, pensions and pension annuities), retail investment and unit trust products, and fund management services. Prudential in the United Kingdom primarily distributes these products through financial advisers, partnership agreements with banks and other financial institutions, and direct marketing, by telephone, mail, internet and face-to-face advisers.

        As at December 31, 2009,2010, Prudential in the United Kingdom:


Group Strategy Overview

        At the centre of M&G's retail fundsPrudential's strategy is the acceleration of its profitable growth in Asia, which offers many of the highest growth and return opportunities. The emerging markets of South-East Asia—such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, the Philippines and Thailand, together with Hong Kong and Singapore—are particularly attractive. They remain the priority destination for Prudential's new capital investment. With Prudential's compelling platform of distribution, brand and product development capabilities in the three yearshigh growth markets of Asia, Prudential believes it is particularly well positioned to December 2009(6).take advantage of the considerable opportunity that the region offers.

        As at March 31, 2010,In the financialUS, Prudential continues to build on the strength of Theits operations to make them a more significant component of the Group in terms of IFRS earnings as well as cash generation. In the UK, Prudential Assurance Company Limited ("PAC") was rated Aa2 (negative outlook) by Moody's, AA (negative watch) by Standard & Poor'sremains focused on generating cash and AA+ (negative watch) by Fitch.capital and providing resilience to the Group's balance sheet.


(1)
Source: Statutory financial data per National Underwriter Insurance Data Services from Highline Data, rankings as at September 30, 2009,of December 31, 2010, latest rankings available

(2)
Source: Life Insurance and Market Research Association

(3)
Source: Adviser Insight Marketing Effectiveness, 2009

(4)
Source: Service Quality Measurement Group

(5)(4)
Source: Association of British Insurers ("ABI")

(6)(5)
Source: Morningstar


Group Strategy Overview

        Prudential aims to deliver growth in shareholder value across three continents and different economies, in different stagesTable of development, focusing on the most profitable opportunities in the pre- and post- retirement sector. Prudential has sought to achieve this by maintaining a strong discipline in relation to profitable new business growth in the long term. As a result, Prudential has delivered a strong performance even during the recent testing market conditions.

        Prudential's strategy is to profitably meet its customers' changing needs for savings, income and protection in its chosen markets. By maintaining focus and discipline in the implementation of this strategy, and by allocating capital to the most attractive opportunities, Prudential believes it is able to generate sustainable and differentiated value for shareholders.

        Through Prudential's international, selective and disciplined approach, it seeks to maintain a diverse portfolio of businesses, which embrace countries at different stages of development, but which share one key attribute: the opportunity for Prudential to build a market-leading operation with prospects for sustainable, long-term, profitable growth and a superior rate of return on capital. Prudential's financial strength is fundamental to its strategy and it has combined a disciplined approach to risk management with targeted group-wide actions to grow and protect its capital.

        A key part of Prudential's growth strategy and differentiation from its competitors is its presence in Asia, which includes 28 businesses that are spread over 13 countries. Its approach to Asia intends to be highly sophisticated and discriminating in terms of product offering, distribution and branding.

        Asia is complex and its economies differ significantly, with varying levels of economic development, from the OECD members, the significant potential of India and China, the dynamic city states of Singapore and Hong Kong, to the fast-growing markets of South East Asia such as Indonesia, Vietnam and Malaysia.Contents

        In the US, which remains the world's largest retirement market,asset management, Prudential's strong track record, both at M&G and in its asset management business in Asia, is enabling Prudential aims to continuegrow its funds under management. These businesses make an increasingly important contribution to focus on building its sharePrudential's profits and cash generation.

        Each part of the expandingGroup plays a key role in Prudential's strategy. Prudential's flexibility and cash-generative annuities market.diversification were instrumental in allowing it to navigate successfully the economic and market cycle in 2008 and 2009.

        In executing this strategy, Prudential aimsis guided by three clearly-defined Group wide operating principles. The first of these is that from 2008, Prudential decided to build on its progress intake a more balanced approach to performance management across the US by maintaining focus on value over volume,three key measures of Embedded Value (EEV), IFRS and cash, with a particularan increased emphasis on variable annuity products, continuingIFRS and cash. Second, Prudential has focused on allocating capital with total discipline to target the most profitable business. It will also look to diversify earnings growthhighest return and capitalize on its scaleable platform by making bolt-on acquisitions of closed books, when suitableshortest payback opportunities emerge.

        Inacross the UK, the strategy remains to focus rigorously on balancingGroup. This means that Prudential restricts new business with cash and capital preservation, withto areas of the aim market where these stringent criteria are met. Finally, Prudential's third operating principle—of generating surplus capital for investment group-wide that delivers significantly higher returns than in the UK. The UK business continues to use its strong brand heritage and customer franchise and provides a good foundation for the group-wide strategy.

        The strategy for the asset management businesses in the UK and Asia equal importance—is to continuetake a proactive approach to capitalize on their strong investment track record and trusted brands. Asset management is a core competence of Prudential and is a key component of its strategy, providing a reliable source of cash and high-quality profits.managing risk across the cycle.


20092011 Priorities

        A summary of the 2009 priorities and the level of achievement in respect of these for the year is detailed in the table below:

2009 Summary Priorities
2009 Summary Achievements

Group


•       Balancing growth with cash and capital conservation

•       Effectively manage the Group's risk profile

•       Deliver growing dividend, determined after taking into account the Group's financial flexibility and opportunities to invest in areas of business offering attractive returns

•       Targeting 2 times cover over time

•       Through prudent and proactive management Prudential enhanced the strength and flexibility of its capital base, increasing its Insurance Groups Directive capital surplus at December 31, 2009 to £3.4 billion

•       Full year dividend increased by five per cent

•       Dividend cover of 2.2 times


Asia


•       Expand the agency force and continue to improve
productivity

•       Maximize the potential from non-agency distribution and add new partners

•       Further develop direct marketing channels and up-sell and cross-sell

•       Increase focus on retirement services and health products

•       Record results across a number of metrics in challenging markets

•       Maintained agency channel momentum

•       Improved proportion of Health and Protection products

•       Successful disposal of capital intensive Taiwan agency back book

•       Increased new business profit margins

•       Excellent investment performance


Jackson National Life Insurance Company

•       Capitalize on market dislocation to advance Jackson market position

•       Write profitable business and conserve IGD capital

•       Grow existing retail distribution through organic growth of National Planning Holdings (NPH), Jackson's independent broker-dealer network

•       Retail sales set a record of £8.9 billion (28 per cent increase year-on-year). Jackson benefited from 'Flight to Quality' as many competitors were downgraded

•       Total annuity market share grew from 2.3 per cent in 2001 to 5.9 per cent in 2009, and Jackson climbed from 17th to 4th in the annuity sales rankings

•       Jackson had the largest increase in VA market share in the industry from 2001 to 2009, growing from 1 per cent in 2001 to 8 per cent during 2009

•       New business was written at an aggregate after-tax IRR of more than 20 per cent on fully allocated 'AA' capital


2009 Summary Priorities
2009 Summary Achievements

United Kingdom

•       Build on strength in the retirement market and risk products

•       Make the most of Prudential's core capabilities and assets including longevity experience, multi-asset investment expertise, brand, financial strength and large customer base

•       Strengthen distribution capabilities

•       Deliver improvement in operational performance and customer service whilst preserving a focus on costs

•       Selectively participate in the wholesale market

•       Continued to deploy cash, capital and resources effectively across the UK business

•       Focused on core strengths including annuities, pensions and investment products, where its advantage in offering with-profits and other multi-asset investment funds can be maximized

•       Launched a new Income Choice Annuity product

•       Prudential's With-Profits Fund has consistently outperformed the market for its long-term investors

•       Gained over 50 new panel positions across 24 key accounts, meaning that Prudential's products are more widely available to intermediaries

•       Won two Five-Star awards at the Financial Adviser Service Awards as well as the award for best annuity provider at the Professional Adviser Awards 2010


Asset Management

•       Maintain superior investment performance for both internal and external funds

•       Continue growth in third-party retail and institutional businesses

•       Over the three years to December 2009, 38 per cent of M&G's retail funds delivered top-quartile investment performance

•       M&G had a very strong year in 2009 posting record external gross fund inflows of £24.9 billion, an increase of 54 per cent on 2008

•       External net inflows of £13.5 billion

•       Ranked number 2 based on retail FUM in the UK

2010 Priorities

Group

        Prudential's overriding objective for 2010 is to accelerate its proven strategy to capitalize on the most profitable growth opportunities in its chosen markets. On a business unit basis        Prudential aims to focus on the following priorities in 2010:2011:

Group

Life insurance

In Asia:

In the US:


In the UK:


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Asset management

Summary2013 Financial Objectives

The following discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve inherent risks and uncertainties. Prudential's actual future financial condition or performance or other indicated results may differ materially from those indicated in any such forward-looking statement due to a number of important factors (including those discussed under Item 3 "Risk factors" in this filing). See the discussion under the heading "Forward-looking statements" in Item 3. The objectives assume current exchange rates and a normalized economic environment consistent with the economic assumptions made by Prudential in calculating the EEV basis supplementary information for the half-year ended June 2010. They have been prepared using current solvency rules and do not pre-judge the outcome of Solvency II, which remains uncertain.

        In December 2010, Prudential announced new objectives for the Group that reflect its determination to accelerate growth in Asia and its belief that it can continue to deliver both growth and cash sustainably to its shareholders.

        Its core objectives are:

        These objectives reflect Prudential's goal of providing—through strategy and disciplined execution—both growth and cash to its shareholders at a sustained pace.


Summary

        Prudential deliveredreported a very strong performance generatingin 2010, with results significantly higher profits while consuming less capital.ahead of 2009 achieved by remaining focused on rigorous capital allocation and effective management of its balance sheet.

        AfterThese principles have served Prudential well during the severe difficulties encountered by the world economy and financial markets in the second half of 2008, Prudential entered 2009 with a deliberately defensive position. Recognizing early on the implications of the new economic climate, the Group focused its strategy on capital conservation and cash generation by prioritizing value over volume and allocating capital strictly to the products and channels with the highest rates of return and shortest payback periods. This has led Prudential to significantly reduce its volumes of wholesale business,crisis allowing it to growemerge from the 2008-2009 period with a stronger balance sheet, higher profits, higher cash flows and an increased dividend. Prudential believes that its relatively more2010 results support its view that its current strategy, underpinned by its operating principles, should increasingly allow it to differentiate itself through its ability to combine growth and cash generation.


(1)
Representing the underlying remittances excluding the £150 million impact of pro-active financing techniques used to bring forward cash emergence of the in-force book during the financial crisis.

(2)
Free surplus for the insurance business represents the excess of the net worth over the required capital included in the EEV results, and IFRS net assets for the asset management businesses excluding goodwill.

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        Prudential's aim across all of its businesses is to develop and market a suite of products that deliver good value solutions that meet its customers' needs, in a way that is profitable retail sales.and capital efficient for the Group.

        In 2010, Prudential announced an agreement with AIG to acquire its Asia is the engineoperations, AIA. The proposed acquisition was a unique opportunity to accelerate Prudential's strategy of Prudential's future growth, particularlyfocusing on the fast growing economiesmarkets in South East Asia. In Asia,Prudential could not agree a challenging economic climatepurchase price that was acceptable to the AIG Board. The costs associated with the transaction are detailed in the first half of 2009 gave way to more positive conditions in the second half of the year. While Prudential saw its single premium volumes decline as a result of economic uncertainty, its regular premium and higher margin protection business remained resilient, ensuring Prudential outperformed the competition, while remaining protected, especially in the second half.

        On March 1, 2010, Prudential announced its agreement with AIG for the combination of Prudential and AIA Group Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of AIG. On June 2, 2010 Prudential announced that this agreement had been terminated. See note I11B1 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18 for further details.of this annual report.

        JacksonPrudential believes that its financial performance in Asia will continue to be based on three principal drivers. First, as a result of its strong new business growth, and its contribution to the increase in its in-force policies book, net inflows in Prudential's Asian businesses are expected to be a major contributor to its IFRS earnings. Second, it is expected that there will continue to be a contribution from investment returns, which are expected to increase as the business grows. Third, as the scale of the business increases, the Group's profitability is expected to continue to benefit from the efficiency of its Asian platform, with expected revenues growing faster than expected cost base.

        In the US, Prudential has maintained its focus on value over sales volume growth, ensuring sales are delivered at highly profitable margin levels. Prudential has maintained its pricing discipline and has been consistent in its approach of not chasing market share for its own sake. In 2010 Prudential continued to benefit from the market changes following the financial turmoil in 2008 and 2009. As part of a trend, mostly driven by distributors who guide their customers towards the companies that held firm through the crisis and never closed to business, Jackson has significantly improved its position in the key variable annuity market. This flight to quality has allowed the Jackson team to increase sales volumes and market share.

        Prudential's business in the US annuityUK in 2010 remained highly disciplined and generated differentiated returns relative to the market. Jackson hasPrudential continued to implementbe a market leader in both individual annuities and with-profits business. Prudential maintained its focus on balancing the strategywriting of targeting increasing volumesnew business with the generation of relatively less capital-intensive variable annuity sales, higher fixed index annuity salescash and contained fixed annuity sales.

        Incapital, successfully delivering attractive returns on capital employed. Prudential's emphasis on value and generating strong returns saw the UK Prudentialbusiness continue to prioritize the retail market, while selectively participating in the wholesale market.

        M&G had a very good 2010, a performance which is all the more impressive as it comes after an exceptional year in 2009. M&G continues to focus on realizing value fromoffering customers superior investment performance over the opportunities created bylonger term, building on its proven track record of success in the increasing need for retirement solutions. The business benefits from a numberretail investment market through ongoing expansion in Europe and the innovative range of competitive advantagesspecialist fixed income strategies, including its longevity experience, multi assetleveraged finance and infrastructure investment, capabilities, strong brand and financial strength.that are offered in the institutional market.


        In Asia, Prudential's asset management business saw strong inflows overalso had a very successful year. It is a key feature of Prudential's strategy that asset management profits are very capital efficient and are "cash rich" profits. In 2010, Prudential appointed a new Chief Executive for the year as its record of generating superior investment performance attracted funds in a turbulent market environment. M&G benefited from its high level of trust and brand loyalty among investors, achieving record net fund inflows, at a time when many other asset managers suffered net redemptions. In Asia, where savers are increasingly becoming investors, Prudential'sAsian asset management business, putand is determined to continue to invest to capture a significant share of the growth and profits available in a resilient performance, while focusing on maintaining profitability across its internal life and third-party clients.

        At the start of 2009, Prudential was positioned defensively, butasset management in 2010, Prudential will accelerate and amplify its proven strategy to capitalize on the most profitable growth opportunities in its chosen markets supported by its strong capital position.Asia.


Company Address and Agent

        Prudential plc is a public limited company incorporated on November 1, 1978, and organized under the laws of England and Wales. Prudential's registered office is Laurence Pountney Hill, London EC4R 0HH, England (telephone: +44 20 7220 7588) and its principal executive offices are at 12 Arthur Street, London EC4R 9AQ, England (telephone: +44 20 7220 7588). Prudential's agent in the United States for purposes of Item 4 of this annual report on Form 20-F is Jackson National Life Insurance Company, located at 1 Corporate Way, Lansing, Michigan 48951, United States of America.


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Significant Subsidiaries

        The table below sets forth Prudential's significant subsidiaries.

Name of Company
 Percentage
Owned(1)
 Country of
Incorporation

The Prudential Assurance Company Limited

  100%100%England and Wales

Prudential Annuities Limited(2)

  100%100%England and Wales

Prudential Retirement Income Limited(2)

  100%100%Scotland

M&G Investment Management Limited(2)

  100%100%England and Wales

Jackson National Life Insurance Company(2)

  100%100%United States

Prudential Assurance Company Singapore (Pte) Limited(2)

  100%100%Singapore

(1)
Percentage of equity owned by Prudential directly or indirectly. The percentage of voting power held is the same as the percentage owned. Each subsidiary has one class of ordinary shares and operates mainly in its country of incorporation, except for Prudential Retirement Income Limited which operates mainly in England and Wales.

(2)
Owned by a subsidiary of Prudential.


Asian Business

Life Insurance

Market Overview

        AsiaOverall, Asia's life insurance industry saw a sharp recovery in new business volumes during 2010 as markets moved beyond the 2008/2009 crisis.

        The competitive landscape for the life sector varies by market but has attractivelargely remained consistent with that seen in prior years. Most markets feature a mix of local and multinational players whose definitions of business success may differ.

        Competition is primarily around securing distribution. With insurance penetration rates being generally low, growth opportunities dueis less constrained by the size of the market than by companies' ability to its current high levelsfurther expand it by adding distribution and making their products available to parts of economic activitythe population who have never used them. A large proportion of sales in Prudential's target markets with low penetration are to consumers who have never bought a policy before, thus expanding the market itself.

        Tied agency continues to dominate although distribution through banks is becoming increasingly significant, with examples like HSBC Life and Bank of China Life in Hong Kong. Across the region there is little direct competition on products; there are no patents or copyrights in life insurance, or on product pricing, where regulators typically define the parameters for the industry.

        The region's life insurance regulators tend to adopt a conservative stance and remain focused on driving development of the sector in a way that balances the need to ensure consumers have, first and foremost, access to appropriate products that are translating into higher levelssold in a fair and transparent manner with the need to reward shareholders for taking on the risks of personal wealth, greater disposable incomes, higher savings rates and a growing appetite for good quality protection and savings products. Traditionally older people have relied on their children to provide for them, but within just one generation this is expected to be far less common. Demographic shifts towards an increasingly ageing population are also beginning to drive increased household savings rates and an increasing need for healthcare and retirement solutions.

        Asian governments are actively encouraginginvesting in the development of a strong, dynamic private sectorrelatively young and capital intensive industry. The industry also employs millions of people in the region, an important consideration when high unemployment rates can be a catalyst for political friction. India saw regulatory change with the most impact during 2010, which in summary, was designed to meet people's growing need forshift the emphasis of the industry away from products which are mostly investment orientated and encourage more traditional savings and protection.

        A positive development in a number of markets has been the development of the financial solutions.press. Many leading publications carry regular sections on personal financial planning and there is healthy debate on the uses of particular types of product.


        Consequently, Asia's life insurance markets can appear very attractive to US and European insurers. However, there are some formidable barriers to successful entry, including entrenched incumbents, unfamiliar regulations, language and cultural differences, mandatory domestic partners in some markets and a shortageTable of experienced staff.Contents

Introduction

        Prudential's current strategyThe overarching objective for Prudential in Asia is to leveragecontinue building scale profitably, leveraging its platformadvantaged platform. The strategic priorities articulated in 2006 remain entirely relevant and continue to generate further shareholder value by continuing to increase the scale of its operations. This is reflectedbe driven in the following strategic commitments: further increasing agency scalea highly focused and productivity, continuing to build distribution through partnerships, an increased focus on health and protection and retirement products, further developing direct marketing channels and up-sell and cross-selling capabilities.

        Prudential was an early mover in recognizing the long-term growth potential in the Asian insurance industry. From the presence it established in Asia in the 1920s, it has created a business in the region that holds market-leading positions in the world's most populous and dynamic economies. Prudential is one of the leading foreign companies or joint ventures in seven of its 12 life markets.

        Prudential's operations in Asia are unified under the 'Prudence' face icon. This icon has a consistently high recognition rate, outperforming other financial service companies in the region. Prudential operates distinct life insurance businesses in 12 markets. These are all managed by local teams, with strategic leadership and technical support provided by the regional team (based in Hong Kong). Opportunities are taken to leverage synergies and best practices around the region, and from the wider Prudential, particularly in areas such as product development, distribution channel management and asset liability practices. The Asian businesses operate with common principles and within a regionally managed risk framework. Prudential consistently wins industry awards for the quality of its operations in Asia, including its customer service.

        Underpinning Prudential's success in the region is the breadth and depth of its management teams and staff. These comprise a combination of market-leading international specialists and the best local talent.

        Although externally the highest profile measure of success is new business volumes and how this translates intodisciplined way. While market share, Prudential's internal focus is on EEV new business profit, as opposed to these volume measures. Prudential's business in Asia maintains strict financial discipline to ensure that there is always a strong correlation between business volumes and the value generated, as reflected in the shareholders' embedded value metrics. As the scale of Prudential's business in Asia continues to increase, as evidenced by the increase in embedded value before acquired goodwill from £5.3 billion at December 31, 2008 to £5.8 billion at December 31, 2009, there is a greater focus on demonstrating the emergence of this valueoutperformance in terms of distributable IFRS profitsnew business growth is an indicator of scale, Prudential does not pursue volume for its own sake as Prudential puts profitability, returns on capital and cash.

        Given the current economic climate, a thorough review has been undertaken of all the operations' solvency positions from the local regulatory and the IGD perspectives. Optimizing capital efficiency from Prudential's perspective has always been a priority, and with the recent market turbulence across the world, Prudential continued to pay particular attention to this during 2009.

Disposalahead of PCA Life Taiwan's Agency Business

        When Prudential entered the Taiwanese market in 1999, traditional "compulsory dividend" life policies were the only type of savings and protection policy permitted by the regulator. These policies are unique to Taiwan and have claims, guaranteed surrender values and local statutory reserves calculated on a prescribed actuarial basis, which includes an underlying interest rate assumption based on two-year interest rates at the time the policy is sold.


        Prudential's acquisition of Chinfon Life in 1999 included a back book with interest rate assumptions at around 6.5 per cent and expected liability duration of 30 to 40 years. Since then interest rates in Taiwan have declined and stood at just 1.4 per cent at December 31, 2008. Under the local solvency rules, the related provisions can be offset by profits generated from new business, which was an important consideration in introducing a unit-linked business in 2002. The net cash strain Prudential experienced from this back book was running at the rate of around £50 million per annum.

        However, Prudential is domiciled in the EU and therefore is subject to the requirements of the EU's Insurance Groups Directive ("IGD") when assessing solvency. Prudential saw an opportunity to materially improve its capital position by releasing the economic capital supporting the Taiwan back book. Therefore on February 20, 2009, Prudential announced that it had agreed to transfer the assets and liabilities derived from its agency distribution channel, including the back book, to China Life Insurance Ltd (Taiwan). The disposal which was completed on June 19, 2009 led to a one-off negative IFRS shareholders' funds impact of approximately £600 million after restructuring costs but increased Prudential's IGD solvency position by approximately £800 million.topline growth.

        Prudential remains an activecurrently insures over 11 million life customers in Asia and committed playerhas 15 million in force policies. Highlighting the Taiwanese life insurance market throughvalue Prudential policies have for its successful bancassurance, direct marketingcustomers, Prudential paid out £2.6 billion in claims and other non-agency distribution channels.

Distribution

        Agencymaturities during 2010. This customer base is the primary distribution channel in most Asian markets and for Prudential the agency force generated 63 per centa tremendously valuable asset as a high proportion of new business volumescame from existing customers in 2009. Success in agency distribution requires building2010 (excluding India). This reflects Prudential's enduring relationship with its customers and maintaining meaningful scale in terms of agent numbers together with managing agent traininghow its solutions are meeting their needs over time. The customer retention rate continues to improve and sales practices that drive agency productivity.

        At the end of 2009, Prudential had approximately 410,000 agents, only marginally below the 413,000 number for 2008 (excluding Taiwan). Throughout 2009 agent activity remained at 2008 levels, a testament to how this distribution channel has been managed amid a challenging environment, in which Prudential continued to focus on maintaining a professional and productive agency force with the discipline to terminate agents not meeting specific performance criteria.

        Average premiums per policy in 2009 declined from 2008 levels as the proportion of sales derived from health and protection products increased (while these products have high new business margins, they tend to have lower average premiums). More recently the trend for average premiums per case reflects a return to 2008's pre-crisis levels.

        Prudential complements its agency distribution in the region with a number of distribution agreements with leading banks and brokers. The strategy for bank distribution, which accounted for 2491 per cent of APE sales in 2009, does not rely on a single approach, with bank staff (relationship managers) selling insurance products as well as deploying a trained and specialized sales force within the bank branches. These Financial Service Consultants ("FSCs") are managed to quality and productivity standards, and they are rewarded for results. During 2009, sales from FSCs accounted for 60it is one per cent of the region's new businessup on 2009.

        On February 1, 2010 , Prudential acquired from the bank channel. Overall, the bank channel grew 13United Overseas Bank (UOB) its 100 per cent interest in 2009.

        During 2008 and in early 2009 Prudential expanded and extended its bank distribution agreement with SCB. Prudential now works with SCB in nine markets.

        On January 6, 2010, Prudential announced an agreement to acquire UOB Life Assurance Limited in Singapore. TheSingapore for total cash consideration was SGD428of SGD495 million (approximately £192(£220 million). As part of thisthe transaction Prudentialthe Group also entered into a long-term strategic partnership to develop a major regional bancassurance business with UOB. Through this partnership, Prudential's life insurance products are now being distributed through UOB Group's bank branches across Singapore, Indonesia and Thailand.


        On January 15, 2010 Prudential's Japanese insurance subsidiary announced the cessation of the underwriting ofPCA Life Japan ceased writing new policyholder contracts postbusiness with effect from February 15, 2010. This decision will be reviewed on an ongoing basis in the light of changes to the business environment. Prudential reinforced its commitment to honoring all existing policyholder contracts and providing policyholders with an appropriate level of customer service. Measures have been taken to ensure there is adequate staff and supporting infrastructure for customer servicing, taking into account that the company closed its proprietary distribution channel in 2006 and since then has been working with third party distributors only.

        This cessation does not affectIn June 2009, Prudential sold the assets and liabilities of its agency distribution and its agency force in Taiwan to China Life Insurance Company Ltd of Taiwan. Prudential remains an active and committed player in the Taiwanese life insurance market through its successful bancassurance, direct marketing and other non-agency distribution channels.

Distribution

        One of the key components of Prudential's assetAsia strategy is driving agency distribution scale and productivity. Its agency structures are differentiated by market depending upon their size and maturity with the management business in Japan, whichemphasis balanced between recruitment (newer markets like Indonesia and Vietnam) and productivity growth (more established markets like Hong Kong and Singapore). However this is a separate entity fromsimplification as those two priorities are always present and not mutually exclusive; local management will always focus on both.

        Prudential's agency management competencies drive effective selection discipline and training designed to "fast start" new agents and improve the skills and productivity of the more experienced ones. The combination of training programs, comprehensive product suites, specialized support allowing agents to address the evolving needs of existing customers and technology solutions to facilitate the fact finding and proposal submission processes combine to add value to agents, shareholders and customers.

        During 2010 total average agent numbers excluding India at 154,000 were up 7.5 per cent over 2009. In India, where significant regulatory changes were introduced during the year, agent numbers were down 27 per cent to 168,000 at the end of December 2010. This is in line with the strategy to rationalize expense levels and focus on productivity improvements, which puts Prudential in a strong position to respond to the recent regulatory changes.


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        Prudential is a pioneer and regional leader in partnership distribution in Asia. Key success drivers are its expertise in developing, training and motivating in branch insurance businessspecialists and the investment in enduring and mutually beneficial relationships with partners, including Standard Chartered Bank across the region, E.Sun in Taiwan and most recently United Overseas Bank (UOB) in Singapore, Thailand and Indonesia. In April 2011, Prudential extended its own operating platform and distribution networks. Prudential does not expect any significant impact on its asset management business.arrangement with UOB to include Malaysia.

Products

        The life insurance products offered by Prudential Corporation Asia include a range of with-profits (participating) and non-participating term, whole life endowment and unit-linked policies. Prudential also offers health, disablement, critical illness and accident cover to supplement its core life products. Prudential's businessAsian product mix in Asia has a2010 continued its emphasis on regular premium policies and protection riders. The high proportion of regular premium mode products that provide both savingshealth and protection, benefits. In 2009,standalone and riders, supports the new business profit mix was 56 per cent healthprofitability and protection products, 31 per cent unit-linked and 13 per cent non-linked products. Atreflects the endhigher proportion of 2009 Prudential Corporation Asia offered health and protectionrisk based products in all of its markets and unit-linked products in 11 of the 12 countries, the exception being Thailand as the regulation permitting unit-linked products only came into place in 2009.book than some competitors who focus on single premium investment orientated policies.

        Unit-linked products combine savings with protection, with the cash value of the policy depending on the value of the underlying unitized funds. Participating products provide savings with protection where the basic sum assured can be enhanced by a profit share (or bonus) from the underlying fund as determined at the discretion of the insurer. Non-participating products offer savings with protection where the benefits are guaranteed or determined by a set of defined market-related parameters. Health and protection products provide mortality or morbidity benefits and include health, disablement, critical illness and accident covers. Health and protection products are commonly offered as supplements to main life policies but can also be sold separately.

        The profits from participating policies are shared between the policyholder and insurer (typically in a 90:10 ratio) in the same way as with-profits business in the United Kingdom as detailed under the heading "With Profits"With-Profits Products" below. Under unit-linked products the profits that arise from managing the policy, its investments and the insurance risk accrue entirely to shareholders, with investment gains accruing to the policyholder within the underlying unitized fund. The profits from health and protection and non-participating products consist of any surplus remaining after paying policy benefits.

        Prudential has implemented a structured and disciplined approach to expanding its health and protection portfolio with the local businesses supported by a regional team with sales management, product development, underwriting, claims, operations and business development expertise. Underwriting processes have been re-engineered to improve customer service and claims turnaround has been enhanced while quotation systems have been upgraded to inform agents of the availability of appropriate health riders e.g. augmenting a core life policy with critical illness cover.

        Critical factors in Prudential's success in health and protection include integrating the product initiatives with the distribution channels and tailoring sales support activities to the sales force. For example, health products have been incorporated into agency incentive programs and a standalone healthcare product was launched into the SCB channel with simplified underwriting and compelling media campaigns to capture direct business and provide leads for other channels.


        In Malaysia and Indonesia, Prudential also offers life insurance policies that are constructed to comply with Islamic principles, known as Takaful. The main principles are that policyholders co-operate among themselves for the common good, uncertainty is eliminated in respect of subscription and compensation and there is no investment in prohibited areas such as gambling or alcohol.


        Asian's growing and increasingly urban middle class population face a growing need for financial advice and products to help people save for retirement, secure an income during retirement and protect their financial well-being throughout life. Prudential has already taken a lead in raising the awarenessTable of the need for retirement financial planning through the 'What's Your Number?' campaigns, and the retirement planning message continues to be reinforced through fully integrated marketing and promotional materials and refreshed product ranges.Contents

New Business Premiums

        In 2009,2010, total sales of insurance products, excluding Japan, were £2,019£2,495 million, down 17up 30 per cent from 200820092,422 million excluding Taiwan agency)1,916 million). Of this amount, regular premium insurance sales increased nine23 per cent to £1,177£1,391 million and single premium insurance sales decreased 37increased 41 per cent to £842£1,104 million.

        The following table shows Prudential's Asian life insurance new business premiums by territory for the periods indicated. In this table, "Other Countries" includes Thailand, the Philippines and Vietnam.


 2009 2008 2007 
Single premiums
Single premiums
 2010 2009 2008 


 (£ million)
 
 (£ million)
 

Singapore

Singapore

 395 419 660 

Singapore

 318 297 341 

Hong Kong

Hong Kong

 326 661 618 

Hong Kong

 107 94 507 

Malaysia

Malaysia

 203 127 119 

Malaysia

 58 63 28 

Taiwan (excluding Taiwan agency)

Taiwan (excluding Taiwan agency)

 201 91 31 

Taiwan (excluding Taiwan agency)

 146 104 36 

Japan

 103 145 144 

Korea

Korea

 156 289 420 

Korea

 66 38 78 

China (Prudential's 50% interest in joint venture with CITIC)

China (Prudential's 50% interest in joint venture with CITIC)

 110 95 69 

China (Prudential's 50% interest in joint venture with CITIC)

 103 72 63 

Indonesia

Indonesia

 227 261 227 

Indonesia

 141 41 94 

India (Prudential's 26% interest in joint venture with ICICI)

India (Prudential's 26% interest in joint venture with ICICI)

 210 262 203 

India (Prudential's 26% interest in joint venture with ICICI)

 85 47 60 

Other countries

Other countries

 88 72 91 

Other countries

 80 29 18 
               

Total excluding Japan

Total excluding Japan

 1,104 785 1,225 

Total

 2,019 2,422 2,582 

Japan

 13 57 115 
               

Total including Japan

Total including Japan

 1,117 842 1,340 
       


Regular premiums
 2010 2009 2008 
 
 (£ million)
 

Singapore

  143  98  78 

Hong Kong

  276  232  154 

Malaysia

  198  140  99 

Taiwan (excluding Taiwan agency)

  105  97  55 

Korea

  89  118  211 

China (Prudential's 50% interest in joint venture with CITIC)

  48  38  32 

Indonesia

  269  186  167 

India (Prudential's 26% interest in joint venture with ICICI)

  180  163  202 

Other countries

  83  59  54 
        

Total excluding Japan

  1,391  1,131  1,052 
 

Japan

  6  46  30 
        

Total including Japan

  1,397  1,177  1,082 
        


 
 2010 2009 2008 
 
 (£ million)
 

Total excluding Japan

  2,495  1,916  2,277 
 

Japan

  19  103  145 
        

Total including Japan

  2,514  2,019  2,422 
        

Asset Management

        Prudential's Asian asset management business in Asia manages investments for UK insurance operations and the Asian life companies and has also successfully leveraged these investment capabilities to build a strategically significant and market leading third party funds management business.


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        Under the leadership of a new Chief Executive, the team has driven strong improvements in the business. The priorities for Prudential's Asianasset management business in Asia are: to build and UK Life businesses. It further supportsdevelop institutional relationships, securing pan-Asia discretionary mandates; to increase its focus on Japan and China, as the Asian Life business with the design ofregion's largest and fastest growing markets respectively; and, finally, to grow its offshore funds for investment-linked products.business.

        In addition,        Prudential's Asian asset management business runs a sizeable third-party client business which accounts for 46 per cent of itsbusiness' total funds under management as(FUM) crossed the £50 billion mark for the first time and closed the year at December 31, 2009. Today it has retail operations in ten markets. During£52 billion, which includes a core £25 billion from Prudential Corporation Asia's life funds, £5 billion of assets from the Group and £22 billion from third-party customers. Compared to 2009, in China, CITIC-Prudential was awarded the Qualified Domestic Institutional Investors ("QDII") licence,overall FUM increased by 22 per cent, driven by net inflows of £1.8 billion and in Malaysia, Asia Asset Management launched Prudential Al-Wara as its new Islamic fund management subsidiary.a total of £7.7 billion of positive market and currency related movements.

        The mutual fund industry continues to diversify its investments, with expectations being for a significant increase in net flows over the coming years. Bank distribution continues to dominate in most markets in Asia, with Prudential having established strong relationships with both regional and local banks and placing significant emphasis on providing good service. Prudential's Asian asset management business is also growing its third party institutional and pension fund management business.


Distribution

        In order to capitalize on the exciting and sizeable opportunities in Asia's retail financial services market, Prudential's Asian asset management business maintained its focus on building a strong third-party customer retail franchise. The customer proposition is driven by Prudential's strong investment capabilities, which enable it to develop innovative product suites, and distribute them through diverse channels including regional banks, local banks, private banks, and securities houses and an internal sales force. Prudential's Asian asset management business has become one of the largest and most successful domestic asset management companies in the region, as demonstrated by the fact that Prudential occupies a number of top ten market share positions in the markets in which it operates and the fact that a significant proportion of its funds are either in the top-two quartiles or outperformed their benchmarks as of Januaryover a three year period ended December 31, 2010.

        During 2009, Prudential's Asian asset management business continued to build its retail distribution network across Asia. For example, in Japan, the business has successfully established distribution relationships with mega distributors.

Products

        Prudential's Asian asset management business offers mutual fund investment products in India, Taiwan, Japan, Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Korea, Vietnam, China and the United Arab Emirates, allowing customers to participate in debt, equity, money market and alternative asset investments.

        Fund innovation is essentialThe business has been actively implementing its strategy of targeting higher-margin equity and bond asset classes. Third party net inflows of £1.8 billion were driven predominantly by Japan, which saw strong interest for stimulating salesits white-labeled Asia Oceanic High Dividend Equity and gaining 'shelf space' with distributors. During 2009its open-ended Indonesian Equity Open funds. In addition, positive bond fund flows resulted from Taiwan and China's successful new product launches were curtailed reflecting the difficultand strong demand for its offshore product range. Money market conditions; nevertheless, there were some notable successes:funds saw net outflows totaling £2.1 billion in Dubai, Prudential successfully raised £300 million (US$469 million) from2010, mainly attributed to redemptions in India as a Qatar Fixed Maturity Plan Series; £220 million (US$345 million) was raised from an equity fund in China; £109 million (US$170 million) from a target return fund in India; and a new Brazil Fund, launched in Taiwan, raised £94 million (US$147 million).result of tighter liquidity conditions.

        Prudential's Asian asset management business levies transaction charges (initial and surrender depending on the type of fund and the length of the investment) and also a service charge based on assets under management. The charges vary by country and fund, with money market style funds generally having the lowest charges and equity funds the highest.

Net Flows and Funds under Management

        Prudential's Asian asset management business's total funds under management ("FUM") as at December 31, 2009 were £42.4 billion. This included £4.2 billion of assets from Prudential, £18.7 billion from Prudential Corporation Asia's life funds, and £19.5 billion from third-party customers. Compared to 2008, the overall FUM increased by 22 per cent (excluding the FUM related to the sold Taiwan agency business).

        Third party net inflows were £2 billion in 2009, driven principally by money market funds in India, with strong net equity inflows in Japan and the United Arab Emirates being offset by net outflows of equity funds in Korea and fixed income funds in India.


US Business

        Prudential conducts its US insurance operations through Jackson and its subsidiaries, including Curian Capital, LLC, a registered investment adviser. The US operations also include PPM America, Prudential's US internal and institutional fund manager, and Prudential's US broker-dealer operations (National


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(National Planning Corporation, SII Investments, Inc., INVEST Financial Corporation and Investment Centers of America, Inc.). At December 31, 2009,2010, Prudential's US operations had more than 2.8 million



policies and contracts in effect and PPM America managed approximately £47£54 billion of assets. In 2009,2010, new business premiums totaled a record £8,909£11,439 million.

US Market Overview

        The United States is the world's largest retirement savings market, and is continuing to grow rapidly. As 78 million baby boomers(1) reach retirement age, their retirement assets will be expected to shift from asset accumulation to income distribution. There are already US$2 trillion of assets generating retirement income in the US—and this amount is forecast to rise to approximately US$7 trillion by 2029(2).


(1)
Source: US Census Bureau

(2)
Source: Tiburon Strategic Advisers, LLC

        During 2009, the US financial services industry continued to face an array of challenges. After the S&P 500 index fell to a 12-year low in March, it rebounded and ended the year up 23.5 per cent (compared to a 38.5 per cent decline in 2008). Governmental interest rates increased but remained at historic lows, and rating agencies downgraded the financial strength ratings of many of the largest US insurance companies.

        Further uncertainty arose early in 2009 as several companies scaled back their product offerings due to capital constraints which, combined with the financial strength downgrades, caused consumers to question the long-term financial stability of product providers. At the same time, tightening credit spreads and the rally in equity markets throughout the last nine months of 2009 created more favorable market conditions for the sale of variable annuities. These developments in the annuity market provided a competitive advantage to companies with strong financial strength ratings and a relatively consistent product set.

        Prudential's US business, Jackson, benefited from this activity in the US annuity market, as customers are increasingly seeking product providers that offer consistency, stability and financial strength. Jackson's strategy continues to target increasing volumes in variable annuities in line with the goal of capital preservation. As Jackson focused on optimizing the balance between new business profits and capital consumption, no institutional sales were made during the full year of 2009.

Jackson National Life Insurance Company

        Jackson is a leading provider of retirement income and savings solutions in the mass and mass-affluent segments of the US market, primarily to those planning for retirement or in retirement already. It offers tools that help people plan for their retirement, and offers products with specialized features and guarantees to meet customers' needs. By seeking to add value to both the representatives who sell Jackson products, and to their customers, Jackson has built a strong position in the US retirement savings and income market with a more than nine-foldthirteen-fold increase in variable annuity sales from 2001 to 2009.2010. Over the same period, Jackson improved its total annuity market share from 2.3 per cent in 2001 to 5.98.0 per cent in 20092010 and moved from 17th in total annuity sales to 4th.3rd.(3)(1)


(3)(1)
Source: Life Insurance and Market Research Association

        The success in the marketplace ofDuring 2010, Jackson continuescontinued to be driveninnovative in its product offerings, implementing various changes to increase sales, to comply with revised regulations or to enhance risk management flexibility and/or increase profitability. In 2010, Jackson added two new optional lifetime guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits (GMWBs) to its variable annuity products. LifeGuard Freedom 6 Net GMWB, introduced in May, gives investors the opportunity to help offset their tax liability by increasing their available withdrawal amounts to generate more income. LifeGuard Freedom Flex, introduced in October, is the industry's first customizable guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefit. Freedom Flex extends the menu-driven construction that Jackson offers in its industry-leading distribution organization and product innovation, coupled with its sound evaluation of product economics. Prudential's long-term goals for Jackson include the continued and profitable expansion of its share of the US annuities and retail asset management markets, which it plans to achieve by building on its strong position in the advice-based distribution channels. Ongoing profitable growth in Jackson's share of the US annuities market largely depends on the continued enhancement and expansion of its existing product offering, increased penetration of existing distribution channels and entry into new distribution channels, as well as opportunistic inorganic growth.


        Jackson markets its retail products primarily through advice-based distribution channels, including independent agents, independent broker dealer firms, regional broker dealers, banks and registered investment advisors. Jackson also markets life insurance and fixedvariable annuity products, through its captive insurance agency, which is concentrated ingives investors the south eastern United States.

        The annuity industry is consolidatingability to the strongest players, and this consolidation has contributed tobuild a substantial increase in Jackson's distribution relationships. Jackson experienced a large influx of new advisers in 2009, increasing its licensed agent and registered representative count by more than 30,000 to 117,453, which has driven significant increases in market share for Jackson, particularly in variable annuities. Jackson signed a distribution agreement with Merrill Lynch, which began selling Jackson products in late 2009.

        Many baby boomers are increasingly seeking advice to help them recover the losses suffered during the crisis. With strong growth in its distribution relationships in advice-based channels, Jackson is well positioned topersonalized benefit from this trend.

        Innovation in product design and speed to market continue to be key drivers of Jackson's competitiveness in the variable annuity market. High-quality and cost-effective technology has allowed Jackson to offer a comprehensive product portfolio that can be customized to meet the needs ofbased on their individual customers. Jackson offers products on an unbundled basis, enabling customers to select those benefits that meet their unique financial requirements and to payretirement planning objectives, while paying only for those benefits they desire. In Prudential's view, leveraging this advantage is a more sustainable long-term strategy than competing on price:options elected. Additionally, Jackson will not sacrifice product economics for a short-term increase in market share.

        During 2009, Jackson maintained its track record of continued product innovation by enhancingadded six portfolios from American Funds and added BlackRock, managing two portfolios, to its variable annuity product line through offering a bonusfund line-up during the year.

        Jackson's strategy continues to focus on balancing volume and capital consumption for both variable and fixed annuities. Jackson did not sell any institutional products during 2010, as available capital was directed to support higher-margin variable annuity and six new portfolio investment options. Jackson also continued to modify its Guaranteed Minimum Withdrawal Benefits ("GMWB").sales.

        The significant increase in new business during 2010, as a result of the continuing improvement in 2009, following the difficult market conditions in 2008,equity markets, resulted in higher call volumes to Jackson's service centers. Despite this increased workload, JacksonAs a result, workloads continued to demonstraterise. Jackson continues to invest in its back office staffing and systems to provide world class customer service in an efficient and cost effective manner. In 2010, for the ability tofifth consecutive year, Jackson was rated "World Class" service investors' and advisers' needs accurately and efficiently, earning a World Class certificationprovider by Service Quality Measurement Group's ("SQM"), for its Michigan call centre in the Service Quality Measurement Group's ("SQM")SQM's latest benchmarking study of North American service centers. Historically, this World Class designation is earned by only five per cent of service centers. Furthermore, 20092010 marked the fifthsixth year that Jackson has achieved a World Class designation for customer service. Jackson was able to provide this level of service in 2010 while processing record retail sales and maintaining its ratio of statutory general expenses to average assets (one measure of efficiency) at the 2009 level of 44 basis points. Jackson also earned SQM's "Highest Customer Satisfaction by Industry" award for having the highest rate of customer satisfaction in the financial services industry.

        With consistent, high-quality wholesaling support and customer service, combined with stability in product offering, pricing and financial strength ratings and the ability to bring new products to market swiftly, Jackson continues to be an attractive business partner for its long-term distributors, as well as attract new distributors. During 2009,2010, Jackson created a seriesincreased the number of educational presentationslicensed agents and materials designedregistered representatives to address the concerns that advisers were facing in such a challenging economic environment. In Financial Research Corporation's 2009 Advisor Insight study, Jackson ranked number one in overall adviser satisfaction with marketing effectiveness.more than 130,000.

        National Planning Holdings ("NPH") is Jackson's affiliated independent broker-dealer network. The business is comprised of four broker-dealer firms, including INVEST Financial Corporation, Investment


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Centers of America, Inc, National Planning Corporation and SII Investments, Inc., INVEST Financial Corporation and Investment Centers of America, Inc. The US broker-dealer business continued to grow in 2009 through strong recruiting efforts. By utilizing its high-quality, state-of-the-art technology, NPH'sNPH provides advisers receive the tools they need to operate their practices more efficiently. At the same time, through its relationship with NPH, Jackson continues to benefit from an important retail distribution outlet, in addition to receiving valuable insight into the needs of financial advisers and their clients.

        Curian Capital LLC ("Curian"), Jackson's registered investment adviser, provides innovative fee-based separately managed accounts and investment products to advisers through a sophisticated technology platform. Curian expands Jackson's access to advisers and provides a complement towhile also complementing Jackson's core annuity product lines.lines with Curian's retail asset management products.


Products

        The following table shows total new business premiums in the United States by product line and distribution channel for the periods indicated. Total new business premiums include Jackson's deposits for investment contracts with limited or no life contingencies.



 Year Ended December 31, 
 Year Ended December 31, 


 2009 2008 2007 
 2010 2009 2008 


 (£ million)
 
 (£ million)
 

By Product

By Product

 

By Product

 

Annuities

Annuities

 

Annuities

 

Fixed annuities

 

Fixed annuities

 
 

Interest-sensitive

 915 1,629 481  

Interest-sensitive

 755 915 1,629 
 

Fixed index

 1,433 501 447  

Fixed index

 1,089 1,433 501 
 

Immediate

 138 95 91  

Immediate

 81 138 95 

Variable annuities

 6,389 3,491 4,554 

Variable annuities

 9,481 6,389 3,491 
               
 

Total

 8,875 5,716 5,573  

Total

 11,406 8,875 5,716 
               

Life insurance

Life insurance

 34 31 26 

Life insurance

 33 34 31 
               

Institutional products

Institutional products

 

Institutional products

 

GICs, funding agreements and Federal Home Loan Bank of Indianapolis (FHLBI) advances

  560 408 

GICs, funding agreements and Federal Home Loan Bank of Indianapolis (FHLBI) advances

   560 

Medium term note funding agreements

  634 527 

Medium term note funding agreements

   634 
               
 

Total

  1,194 935  

Total

   1,194 
               

Total

Total

 8,909 6,941 6,534 

Total

 11,439 8,909 6,941 
               

By Distribution Channel

By Distribution Channel

 

By Distribution Channel

 

Independent agents

Independent agents

 1,229 1,225 623 

Independent agents

 846 1,229 1,225 

Bank

Bank

 1,566 1,077 812 

Bank

 2,285 1,566 1,077 

Broker-dealer

 6,099 3,428 4,153 

Independent broker-dealer

Independent broker-dealer

 6,503 5,062 2,927 

Regional broker-dealer

Regional broker-dealer

 1,789 1,037 501 

Captive agents

Captive agents

 15 16 10 

Captive agents

 16 15 16 

Institutional products department

Institutional products department

  1,195 936 

Institutional products department

   1,195 
               

Total

Total

 8,909 6,941 6,534 

Total

 11,439 8,909 6,941 
               

        Of the total new business premiums of £11,439 million in 2010 (2009:£8,909 million; 2008:£6,941 million), £11,417 million (2009: £8,885 million; 2008: £6,917 million) were single premiums and £22 million (2009: £24 million; 2008: £24 million) were regular premiums.


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Annuities

Fixed Annuities

Interest-sensitive Annuities

        In 2009,2010, interest-sensitive fixed annuities accounted for 10seven per cent of total new business premiums and 2419 per cent of policyholder liabilities of the US operations. These annuities, which allow for tax-deferred accumulation of funds, are used for asset accumulation in retirement planning and for providing income in retirement and offer flexible payout options. The contract holder pays Jackson a premium, which is credited to the contract holder's account. Periodically, interest is credited to the contract holder's account and administrative charges are deducted, as appropriate. On more than 9088 per cent of in-force business, Jackson may reset the interest rate on each contract anniversary, subject to a guaranteed minimum, in line with state regulations. When the annuity matures, Jackson either pays the contract holder the amount in the contract holder account or begins making payments to the contract holder in the form of an immediate annuity product. This latter product is similar to a UK annuity in payment.


        Fixed annuity policies are subject to early surrender charges for the first six to nine years of the contract. In addition, the contract may be subject to a market value adjustment at the time of surrender. During the surrender charge period, the contract holder may cancel the contract for the surrender value.

        Jackson's profits on fixed annuities arise primarily from the spread between the return it earns on investments and the interest credited to the contract holder's account, (netnet of any surrender charges or market value adjustment)adjustment, and less expenses.

        Jackson's fixed annuities continue to be a profitable book of business, benefiting from favorable spread income in recent years. However, the fixed annuity portfolio could be impacted by the continued low interest rate environment as lower crediting rates could result in increased surrenders and lower sales if customers seek alternative investment opportunities.

        Approximately 6145 per cent of the interest-sensitive fixed annuities Jackson wrote in 20092010 provide for a market value adjustment that could be positive or negative, on surrenders in the surrender period of the policy. This formula-based adjustment approximates the change in value that assets supporting the product would realize as interest rates move up or down. The minimum guaranteed rate is not affected by this adjustment.

Fixed Index Annuities

        Fixed index annuities accounted for 1610 per cent of total new business premiums in 20092010 and 10nine per cent of policyholder liabilities of the US operations. Fixed index annuities are similar to fixed annuities in that the contract holder pays Jackson a premium, which is credited to the contract holder's account, and periodically, interest is credited to the contract holder's account and administrative charges are deducted, as appropriate. Jackson guarantees an annual minimum interest rate, although actual interest credited may be higher and is linked to an equity index over its indexed option period.

        Jackson's profit arises from the investment income earned and the fees charged on the contract, less the expenses incurred, which include the costs of the guarantees, and the interest credited to the contract. Fixed index annuities are subject to early surrender charges for the first five to 12 years of the contract. During the surrender charge period, the contract holder may cancel the contract for the surrender value.

        Fixed index annuities continue to be a profitable product, benefiting from favorable spread and the effective management of equity risk. The fixed index book provides a natural offsetting equity exposure to the guarantees issued in conjunction with Jackson's variable annuity products, which allows for an efficient hedging of the net equity exposure.


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Immediate Annuities

        In 2009,2010, immediate annuities accounted for twoless than one per cent of total new business premiums and two per cent of policyholder liabilities of the US operations. Immediate annuities guarantee a series of payments beginning within a year of purchase and continuing over either a fixed period of years and/or the life of the policyholder. If the term is for the life of the policyholder, then Jackson's primary risk is mortality risk. This product is generally used to provide a guaranteed amount of income for policyholders and is used both in planning for retirement and in retirement itself. The implicit interest rate on these products is based on the market conditions that exist at the time the policy is issued and is guaranteed for the term of the annuity.

Variable Annuities

        In 2009,2010, variable annuities accounted for 7283 per cent of total new business premiums and 4958 per cent of policyholder liabilities of the US operations. Variable annuities are tax-advantaged deferred annuities where the rate of return depends upon the performance of the underlying portfolio, similar in



principle to UK unit-linked products. They are also used for asset accumulation in retirement planning and to provide income in retirement.

        The contract holder can allocate the premiums between a variety of variable sub-accounts with a choice of fund managers and/or a guaranteed fixed-rate option. The contract holder's premiums allocated to the variable accounts are held apart from Jackson's general account assets, in a separate account, which is analogous to a unit-linked fund. The value of the portion of the separate account allocated to variable sub-accounts fluctuates with the underlying investments. Variable annuity policies are subject to early surrender charges for the first four to sevennine years of the contract. During the surrender charge period, the contract holder may cancel the contract for the surrender value. Jackson offers one variable annuity that has no surrender charges.

        Jackson offers a choice of guaranteed benefit options within its variable annuity product portfolio, which customers can elect and pay for. These include the guaranteed minimum death benefits ("GMDB"), which guarantees that, upon death of the annuitant, the contract holder or beneficiary receives a minimum value regardless of past market performance. These guaranteed death benefits might be expressed as the return of original premium, the highest past anniversary value of the contract, or as the original premium accumulated at a fixed rate of interest. In addition, there are three other types of guarantees: guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits ("GMWB"), guaranteed minimum accumulation benefits ("GMAB") and guaranteed minimum income benefits ("GMIB"). GMWBs provide a guaranteed return of the principal invested by allowing for periodic withdrawals that are limited to a maximum percentage of the initial premium. One version of the GMWBs provides for a minimum annual withdrawal amount that is guaranteed for the contract holder's life without annuitization. GMABs generally provide a guarantee for a return of a certain amount of principal after a specified period. GMIBs provide for a minimum level of benefits upon annuitization regardless of the value of the investments underlying the contract at the time of annuitization. Due to the inability to economically hedge or reinsure new issues, GMIBs areJackson no longer offered,offers GMIBs, with existing coverage being reinsured with an unaffiliated reinsurer.

        As the investment return on the separate account assets is attributed directly to the contract holders, Jackson's profit arises from the fees charged on the contracts, less the expenses incurred, which include the costs of guarantees.

        In addition to being a profitable book of business in its own right, the variable annuity book also provides an opportunity to utilize the offsetting equity risk among various lines of business to manage Jackson's equity exposure in a cost-effective fashion. Jackson believes that the internal management of equity risk coupled with the utilization of external derivative instruments where necessary, continues to provide a cost-effective method of managing equity exposure.


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        ProfitsAccounting volatility arises within Prudential's IFRS total profit due to the difference between the movement in the fair value of free standing derivatives within Jackson's equity annuity hedging program and the movement in the accounting value of Jackson's liabilities for variable and fixed index annuity bookguarantees. Typically, under IFRS, reserves are not fair valued, which for the US variable annuities business produces a distorting accounting effect on the IFRS total profit that is not representative of business will continuethe true economics of Jackson's hedging program. Jackson's economically based hedges are marked to be subjectmarket. As a result, when the marked to market value of the hedges changes, there are offsetting changes in the economic value of the hedged liabilities which are not reflected in the accounts. This is particularly relevant for the GMDB and the GMWB with "for-life" features. This mismatch creates additional short-term variability in the IFRS total profit which does not reflect changes in the underlying economic position.

        Assuming a set of reasonable long-term assumptions, the impact of market movements both on sales and allocationsthis accounting distortion should cumulatively net out to a broadly neutral effect, but in the variable accounts andshort-term, the effects of the economic hedging program. While Jackson hedges its risk on an economic basis, the nature and duration of the hedging instruments, which are recorded at fair value through the income statement, will fluctuate and produce some accounting volatility. Jackson continues to believe that, on a long-term economic basis, the equity exposure remains well managed. As evidence of Jackson's hedging program, over the cumulative 24-month period of 2008 and 2009, which included a historic decline and partial recovery of equity markets as well as significant interest rate movements,IFRS total profit can be highly volatile. The recent growth in Jackson's variable annuity guaranteed benefits and related hedgesbusiness had resulted in this short-term effect having a net operating lossgreater impact on the IFRS total profit than in prior years. In 2010, Prudential amended its presentation of £7 million, after allowing for variable annuity guarantee feesthis accounting mis-match within its supplementary analysis of profit before tax attributable to shareholders as described further in the period.note A4d(ii) to Prudential's consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

Life Insurance

        Reflecting the competitive life insurance market and the overall trend towards asset accumulation products, Jackson's life insurance products accounted for less than one per cent of the total new



business premiums and nineseven per cent of policyholder liabilities of the US operations in 2009.2010. Jackson sells several types of life insurance, including term life, universal life and variable universal life. Term life provides protection for a defined period and a benefit that is payable to a designated beneficiary upon death of the insured. Universal life provides permanent individual life insurance for the life of the insured and includes a savings element. Variable universal life is a life insurance policy that combines death benefit protection and the important tax advantages of life insurance with the long-term growth potential of professionally managed investments. Jackson's life insurance book has also delivered consistent profitability, driven primarily by positive mortality and persistency experience.

Institutional Products

        Institutional products consist of traditional guaranteed investment contracts ("GICs"), funding agreements, including agreements issued in connection with participation in the Federal Home Loan Bank of Indianapolis ("FHLBI") mortgage-collateralized loan advance program, and medium term note funding agreements. DuringThe US operations sold no institutional products during 2010 and 2009, thereas available capital was no new institutional business as the company restricted sales in this business line in orderdirected to conserve and direct capital to higher marginsupport higher-margin variable annuity business.sales. As at December 31, 2009,2010, institutional products accounted for sixfive per cent of policyholder liabilities of the US operations. The GICs are marketed by the institutional products department to defined contribution pension and profit sharing retirement plans. Funding agreements are marketed to institutional investors, including corporate cash accounts and securities lending funds, as well as money market funds, and are issued to the FHLBI in connection with its program. Three types of institutional products are offered:

Traditional Guaranteed Investment Contracts

        Under a traditional GIC, the policyholder makes a lump sum deposit. Interest is paid on the deposited funds, usually on a quarterly basis. The interest rate paid is fixed and is established when the contract is issued.

        Traditional GICs have a specified term, usually two to three years, and typically provide for phased payouts. Jackson tailors the scheduled payouts to meet the liquidity needs of the particular retirement


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plan. If deposited funds are withdrawn earlier than scheduled, an adjustment is made that approximates a market value adjustment.

        Jackson sells GICs to retirement plans, in particular 401(k) plans. The traditional GIC market is extremely competitive. This is due in part to competition from synthetic GICs, which Jackson does not sell.

Funding Agreements

        Under a funding agreement, the policyholder either makes a lump sum deposit or makes specified periodic deposits. Jackson agrees to pay a rate of interest, which may be fixed but which is usually a floating short-term interest rate linked to an external index. Interest is paid quarterly to the policyholder. The average term for the funding agreements is one to two years. At the end of the specified term, policyholders may re-deposit the principal in another funding agreement. Jackson makes its profit on the spread between the yield on its investment and the interest rate credited to policyholders.

        Typically, brokerage accounts and money market mutual funds are required to invest a portion of their funds in cash or cash equivalents to ensure sufficient liquidity to meet their customers' requirements. The funding agreements permit termination by the policyholder on seven to 90 days'



days notice, and thus qualify as cash equivalents for the clients' purposes. There were no fundingFunding agreements terminable by the policyholder with less than 90 days' notice outstandingaccount for less than one per cent of total policyholder reserves as at December 31, 2009.2010.

        Jackson is a member of the FHLBI. Membership allows Jackson access to advances from FHLBI that are collateralized by mortgage-related assets in Jackson's investment portfolio. These advances are in the form of funding agreements issued to FHLBI.

Medium Term Note Funding Agreements

        Jackson has also established European and global medium-term note programs. The notes offered may be denominated in any currency with a fixed or floating interest rate. Notes are issued to institutional investors by a special purpose vehicle and are secured by funding agreements issued by Jackson.

Distribution and Marketing

        Jackson distributes products in all 50 states of the United States and in the District of Columbia, although not all products are available in all states. Operations in the state of New York are conducted through a New York insurance subsidiary. Jackson markets its retail products primarily through advice-based distribution channels, including independent agents, independent broker dealer firms, regional broker dealers, banks and registered investment advisors. Jackson also markets life insurance and fixed annuity products through its captive insurance agency, which is concentrated in the south eastern United States.

        Jackson focuses on independent distribution systems and supports its network of independent agents and advisers with education and training programs.

Independent Agents and Broker-Dealers

        Jackson's subsidiary, Jackson National Life Distributors, LLC ("JNLD"), is the primary marketing and distribution organization for annuities and life insurance products. The insurance and fixed annuity products are distributed through independent agents located throughout the United States. These approximately 21,00022,000 appointed insurance agents or brokers (as at December 31, 2009),2010, who also may represent other companies, are supported by four regionalwith marketing divisions.materials and multi-media presentations to help advisers choose the right solutions for their clients' individual financial situations. JNLD generally


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deals directly with writing agents and brokers thereby eliminating intermediaries, such as general agents. This distribution channel has enabled Jackson to generate significant volumes of business on a low, variable cost basis. Jackson also provides agents with product information and sales materials.

        JNLD's wholesalers meet directly with independent broker-dealers and financial planners and are supported by an extensive internal sales staff. As atAt December 31, 2009, there were more than 7802010, Jackson had active selling agreements with regional and independent broker-dealer organizations throughout the United States which provides Jacksonproviding access to nearly 65,000more than 51,000 appointed agents.

Jackson provides training for its broker-dealers and also provides them with product information and sales materials.

Regional Broker-Dealers

        JNLD's Regional Broker-Dealer ("RBD") team provides dedicated service and support to regional brokerage firms and wirehouses. Regional broker-dealers are a hybrid between independent broker-dealers and wirehouses. Like representatives who work for wirehouses, financial representatives at regional broker-dealers are actual employees of the firm. However, unlike wirehouses, RBD firms have limited institutional investment banking services. The RBD team develops relationships with regional firms throughout the US and provides customized materials and support to meet their specialized advisory needs.

        Jackson's RBD team also provides support for the wirehouse channel, which produced £1.6 billion of premium in 2010. Jackson first entered the wirehouse market in late 2006.

        Jackson's RBD team supports 25,000 representatives in regional broker-dealers and wirehouses.

Banks, Credit Unions and Other Financial Institutions

        Jackson's Institutional Marketing Group distributes annuity and life insurance products through banks, credit unions and other financial institutions and through third-party marketing organizations that serve these institutions. Jackson is a leading provider of annuities offered through banks and credit unions and as at December 31, 20092010 had access to more than 12,50033,900 financial institution representatives through existing relationships with banks and credit unions. Jackson has established distribution relationships with medium-sized regional banks, which it believes are unlikely to develop their own insurance product capability.


Independent Broker-Dealers

        Jackson's retail distribution is managed by Prudential's independent broker-dealer network, NPH, which is made up of four firms, National Planning Corporation, SII Investments, Inc., INVEST Financial Corporation and Investment Centers of America, Inc. NPH had 3,4783,461 registered representatives at the end of 2009.

Registered Investment Adviser

        Curian Capital, LLC, Jackson's registered investment adviser channel, provides innovative fee-based separately managed accounts and investment products to advisers through a sophisticated technology platform. Curian expands Jackson's access to advisers while also providing a complement to Jackson's core annuity product lines.

        The registered investment adviser industry began as a service offered to very high net worth investment clients, focusing on platforms rather than specific products, and providing institutional quality management, custom portfolios and tax services. The industry has evolved to offer personalized investment advice, high-quality money management, good returns and reasonable costs to a broader range of clients.2010.

Institutional Products Department

        Jackson markets its institutional products through its institutional products department. It has direct contacts with banks, municipalities, asset management firms and direct plan sponsors. Institutional products are distributed and marketed through intermediaries to these groups.

Captive Agency

        In connection with the acquisition of Life of Georgia in 2005, Jackson established the JNL Southeast Agency ("JNLSA"), the company's first captive agency since 1970. JNLSA, with more than 100 life insurance agents as at December 31, 2009,2010, was formed to help retain the Life of Georgia book of business and to create a new distribution channel for Jackson's life insurance.


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Registered Investment Adviser

        Curian Capital, LLC, Jackson's registered investment adviser channel, provides innovative fee-based separately managed accounts and investment products to advisers through a sophisticated technology platform. Curian expands Jackson's access to advisers while also complementing Jackson's core annuity product lines.

        The registered investment adviser industry began as a service offered to very high net worth investment clients, focusing on platforms rather than specific products, and providing institutional quality management, custom portfolios and tax services. The industry has evolved to offer personalized investment advice, high-quality money management, good returns and reasonable costs to a broader range of clients.

        Curian's sales, not included in Jackson's premiums and deposits, totaled £1,361 million and £796 million in 2010 and 2009, respectively.

Factors Affecting Pricing of Products and Asset Liability Management

        Jackson prices products based on assumptions about future mortality, investment yields, expenses and persistency. Pricing is influenced by its objectives for return on capital and by competition. Although Jackson includes a profit margin in the price of its products, the variation between the assumptions and actual experience can result in the products being more or less profitable than it was assumed they would be. This variation can be significant.

        Jackson designs its interest-sensitive products and conducts its investment operations to match closely with the duration of the assets in its investment portfolio with the annuity, term life, whole life, universal life and guaranteed investment contract product obligations. Jackson seeks to achieve a target spread between what it earns on its assets and what it pays on its liabilities by investing principally in fixed-rate securities and in options and futures to hedge equity-related movements in the value of its products.

        Jackson segregates its investment portfolio for certain investment management purposes, and as part of its overall investment strategy, into four portfolios: life and fixed annuities without market value adjustment, fixed annuities with market value adjustment, fixed index annuities and institutional liabilities. The portfolios backing life and fixed annuities with and without market value adjustments and the fixed index annuities have similar characteristics and differ primarily in duration. The portfolio backing the institutional liabilities has its own mix of investments that meet more limited duration tolerances. Consequently, the institutional portfolio is managed to permit less interest rate sensitivity and has limited



exposure to mortgage-backed securities. As atAt December 31, 2009, 102010, eight per cent of the institutional portfolio was invested in residential mortgage-backed securities.

        The fixed-rate products may incorporate surrender charges, market value adjustments, two-tiered interest rate structures or other limitations relating to when policies can be surrendered for cash, in order to encourage persistency. As atof December 31, 2009, 622010, 73 per cent of Jackson's fixed annuity reserves had surrender penalties or other withdrawal restrictions. Substantially all of the institutional portfolio had withdrawal restrictions or market value adjustment provisions.

        Fixed index annuities issued by Jackson also include an equity component that is hedged using equity options and futures contracts issued on the corresponding exchange. The equity component of these annuities constitutes an embedded derivative under IAS 39 "Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement" that is carried at fair value, as are other derivative instruments.

        Guaranteed benefits issued by Jackson in conjunctionconnection with the sales of variable annuity contracts expose Jackson to equity risk as the benefits generally become payable when equity markets decline and contract values fall below the guaranteed amount. CertainAs discussed previously, certain of these benefits are carried at fair value under IAS 39 with changes in fair value recorded in income. Jackson hedges the tail


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risk associated with the equity exposure using equity options and futures contracts, which are also carried at fair value under IAS 39. Jackson hedges the economic risk associated with these contracts and, therefore, has not explicitly hedged its fair value risk. In addition, certain benefits have mortality risk and are therefore precluded from being carried at fair value. As a result of these factors, the income statement may include a timing mismatch related to changes in fair value. However, as demonstrated during 2008the economic crisis and 2009,the subsequent rebound in the equity markets, Jackson's hedges have effectively operated effectively, as designed.

Reserves

        Except for certain non-insurance deposit-type accounts and as allowed under IFRS, Jackson uses reserves established on a grandfathered US GAAP basis as the basis for consolidation into Prudential's IFRS accounts.

        For the fixed and variable annuity contracts and institutional products, the reserve is the policyholder's account value. For the immediate annuities, reserves are determined as the present value of future policy benefits. Mortality assumptions are based on the 1983 Individual Annuitant Mortality Table and the Annuity 2000 Mortality Table for newer issues. Interest rate assumptions currently range from two per cent to seven per cent.

        The IFRS accounting for guarantees on Jackson's variable annuity contracts has a mixed measurement approach. GMWB "not for life" contract features are fair valued under IAS 39 and current US GAAP, with a capping feature to prevent early anticipation of expected fees for guarantees. However, the GMDB and GMWB "for life" blocks of business are accounted for under grandfathered US GAAP which does not, and is not intended to, fair value the liabilities.

For the traditional term life contracts, reserves for future policy benefits are determined using the net level premium method and assumptions as to mortality, interest, policy persistency and expenses. Mortality assumptions are generally from 25 per cent to 160 per cent of the 1975-1980 Basic Select and Ultimate tables, depending on underwriting classification and policy duration. Interest rate assumptions range from four per cent to eightsix per cent. Persistency and expense assumptions are based on Jackson's experience.

        For the interest-sensitive and single premium life contracts, reserves approximate the policyholder's account value.

Reinsurance

        Jackson reinsures portions of the coverage provided by its life insurance products with other insurance companies under agreements of indemnity reinsurance. Reinsurance assumed from other companies is not material.

        Indemnity reinsurance agreements are intended to limit a life insurer's maximum loss on a large or unusually hazardous risk or to obtain a greater diversification of risk for the life insurer. Indemnity reinsurance does not discharge the original insurer's primary liability to the insured. Jackson's reinsured



business is ceded to numerous unaffiliated reinsurers and the amount of businessreserves ceded to any one reinsurer is not material.material to Jackson's overall financial position. Typically, the reinsurers have an AM Best Co rating of A or higher.

        Jackson limits the amount of risk it retains on new policies. Currently, the maximum risk that is retained on new policies is US$2.0 million. Jackson is not a party to any risk reinsurance arrangement with any reinsurer pursuant to which the amount of reserves on reinsurance ceded to such reinsurer equaled more than one per cent of total policy reserves.


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        Beginning in late 1995, Jackson entered into reinsurance agreements to cede 80 per cent of its new level premium term life insurance business written in the United States to take advantage of competitive pricing in the reinsurance markets. Beginning on January 1, 1999, it began to cedetypically cedes 90 per cent of new writings of level premium term products. Jackson intends to continue to cede a significant proportion of new term life insurance business for as long as pricing in the reinsurance markets remains favorable.

        Jackson cedesceded the guaranteed minimum income benefit on variable annuities to an unaffiliated reinsurer.

Policy administration

        Jackson provides a high level of administrative support for both new and existing policyholders. Jackson's ability to implement new products quickly and provide customer service is supported by integrated computer systems that issue and administer complex life insurance and annuity contracts. Jackson continues to develop its life insurance administration and underwriting systems and its fixed and variable annuity administration systems to enhance the service capabilities for both new and existing policies.

PPM America

        PPM America is Prudential's US fund management operation, with offices in Chicago and New York. PPM America manages assets for Prudential's US, UK and Asian affiliates. Its primary focus is to manage funds for Jackson and therefore the majority of funds under management are fixed interest in nature. PPM America also serves asprovides other affiliated and unaffiliated institutional clients with investment adviser for certainservices, including collateralized debt obligations (CDOs), private equity funds, institutional accounts, and mutual funds, several private investment funds and structured finance vehicles, and the US equity and fixed income portion of portfolios of certain affiliates within Prudential.funds.


UK Business

Introduction

        As at December 31, 2009,2010, Prudential's UK business was structured into two business units, each focusing on its respective target customer markets. The Prudential's UK business units are Prudential UK Insurance Operations and M&G.

        The following discussion describes:

        In 2009,2010, Prudential's UK business generated new business insurance premiums of £5,014£5,910 million and gross investment inflows of £24,875£26,372 million. As at December 31, 2009,2010, M&G had £174£198 billion of funds under management.


Prudential UK Retail Financial Services Business Overviewbusiness overview

        Prudential UK (the UK insurance operations) continues to focus on realizing value from the opportunities created by the increasing need for retirement solutions. Prudential's UK business competes selectively in selected areas of the UK's retirement savings and income markets where it believes that it can generate attractive returns from capital employed. In line with Prudential's strategy, the business continues to place significant emphasis on the disciplined deployment of capital to seize opportunities that play to the core strengthsmarket. The focus of the business is to balance writing profitable new business at attractive returns on capital with sustainable cash generation, which is key for the Group and capital preservation. It is this focusdiscipline that has enabled itPrudential UK to deliver aanother strong relative performance in 2009.

        In 2009, Prudential UK performed strongly against a challenging background of difficult capital markets, volatile equity markets and widespread economic uncertainty which led consumers to look for greater certainty and security through trusted and financially strong brands. Prudential UK believes that the business has a strong combination of competitive advantages including its longevity experience, multi-asset investment capabilities, strong brand and financial strength. These help put Prudential UK in a robust position to generate attractive returns across its businesses.2010.

        The UK has a mature life and pensions market which is characterized by an ageing populationpopulation—in particular, through two waves of baby-boomers born after World War II and the concentration of wealth in the mass affluent1960s—with wealth distribution significantly skewed and high net worth sectors—a combination that positionsvery much concentrated in the 45-74 age group. In this context, the retirement and near-retirement segmentsegments are highly attractive.


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        UK consumers are insufficiently prepared as the fastest-growing in the marketplace. Low savings rates and high levels of consumer debt, coupled with an increasing shift in responsibility for providing retirement income away from the Government and employers towards individuals,they will have resulted in individuals in the UK being inadequately provided for duringto face increasingly long periods of retirement. This will result in longer working lives and a more flexible approach towards retirement. It will also mean that the baby-boomers will need to target their wealth on the provision of dependable retirement income. Prudential UK's expertise in areas such as longevity risk management and multi-asset investment, together with its financial strength and strong brand, mean that the business is strongly positioned in the retirement planning space with a particular focus on with-profits and annuities.

Areas of focus in 2009

        Therobust pipeline of internal vestings from maturing individual and corporate pension policies is expected to remain strong at least over the next ten years. Management have based this assessment on a combination of analysis of the projected value of maturities of in-force business (after allowing for lapses) used within Prudential's actuarial valuation models as at December 31, 2008 and analysis of the Selected Retirement Date contained with the policy data for a population covering approximately 75 per cent of in-force pension business. Thispolicies. The internal vestings pipeline is supplemented by sales through intermediaries and strategic partnerships with third parties where Prudential UK is the recommended annuity provider for customers vesting their pensions at retirement.

        The strength and investment performance of Prudential UKUK's With-Profits Fund is one of the largest annuity providerswidely recognized in the UK market(1), with approximately 1.5 million annuities in payment as at December 31, 2009. Looking ahead,industry and was demonstrated by the UK annuities market is expected to grow12.7 per cent pre-tax investment return achieved for policyholder asset shares in the near-term,Fund in 2010. The Fund has delivered investment returns of 82.1 per cent over ten years, which compares favorably with other with-profits funds and Prudential UK believes it is well-positioned to maintain a significant sharethe FTSE All-Share Index (total return) of this market.


(1)
Source: ABI

        Prudential UK's43.3 per cent over the same period. This strong performance has shown that the with-profits type of business, performed strongly during 2009, showing that with-profits, when invested in an actively managed, and financially strong fund like Prudential's, continues to be ana very attractive medium to long-term investment, offering strong annualized returns compared with other investment options. Prudential UK'sPrudential's with-profits customers benefit from the security offered by Prudential's large inherited estate, with the free assets of the with-profits fund has delivered investment returns of 66.3 per cent


overvalued at approximately £6.8 billion at the last ten years through the end of 2009 compared with the FTSE All-Share Index (total return) of 17.7 per cent over the same period.year-end, valued on a realistic basis.

        In September 2010, Prudential UK announced a five-year exclusive agreement with Santander to distribute its market-leading investment bonds in the wholesale markets,UK. Prudential UK's aimFlexible Investment Plan, including PruFund, will be available to Santander's UK customers in 1,300 high street branches throughout the country. This new agreement, which is expected to participate selectivelygo live in bulkthe second half of 2011, forms part of Prudential UK's continuing strategy to develop diversified and back-book buyouts using Prudential's financial strength, superior investment track recordcomplementary distribution across its Direct, Intermediary and annuitant mortality risk assessment capabilities. Maintaining a strictPartnership channels.

        Prudential UK's focus on value means that Prudential UK will only participatedelivering improved levels of customer service was recognized again at the 2010 Financial Adviser Service Awards, where it retained its 5-Star rating for excellent service in transactions that meet its strict return on capital requirements.the Investment category.

        The business has also continued to make good progress againstmet its cost reduction plans, with Prudential UK expecting that it will have achieved its total cost savings target of £195 million per annum by the end of 2010. The first phase of theJune 2010, six months early. Prudential UK has commenced a number of cost reduction program (completed in 2007) delivered savings of £115saving initiatives to reduce costs by a further £75 million per annum withon a further £60 million per annum of savings expected to be deliveredconsistent basis by the end of 2010 through the administration outsourcing agreement with Capita, which commenced2013. The business has already made good progress towards this objective in April 2008. The remaining £20 million per annum is expected to be generated from across the rest of the UK business by the end of 2010. By the end of 2009, a total of £156 million per annum of savings had been delivered.

        Over time, the Capita contract is expected to result in the migration of approximately seven million in-force policies from a number of Prudential legacy IT systems to two Capita proprietary platforms, significantly enhancing operational performance and efficiencies. The first migration from a legacy system to a Capita platform was completed during 2009.

UK products and profitability

        In common with other UK long-term insurance companies, Prudential's UK products are structured as either with-profits (or participating) products, or non-participating (including unit-linked) products. Depending upon the structure, the level of shareholders' interest in the value of policies and the related profit or loss varies.

        With-profits policies are supported by a with-profits sub-fund and can be single premium (for example, Prudence Bond) or regular premium (for example, certain corporate pension products). Prudential'sPrudential UK's primary with-profits sub-fund is part of PAC's long-term fund. The return to shareholders on virtually all with-profits products is in the form of a statutory transfer to PAC shareholders' funds which is analogous to a dividend from PAC's long-term fund and is dependent upon the bonuses credited or declared on policies in that year. Prudential UK's with-profits policyholders currently receive 90 per cent of the distribution from the main with-profits sub-fund as bonus additions to their policies and shareholders receive the remaining 10 per cent as a statutory transfer.


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        The profits from almost all of Prudential'sthe Prudential UK's new non-participating business accrue solely to shareholders. Such business is written in the non-profit sub-fund within PAC's long-term fund, or in various shareholder owned direct or indirect subsidiaries, the most significant of which is Prudential Retirement Income Limited ("PRIL"), which also writes all new immediateconventional annuities arising from vesting deferred annuity policies in the with-profits sub-fund of PAC. There is a substantial volume of in-force non-participating business in PAC's with-profits sub-fund, which also writes new with-profit annuities, and that fund's wholly-owned subsidiary Prudential Annuities Limited ("PAL"), which is closed to new business; profits from this business accrue to the with-profits sub-fund.

        The defined charge participating sub-fund ("DCPSF") forms part of PAC's long-term fund and comprises the accumulated investment content of premiums paid in respect of the defined charge participating with-profits business issued in France, the defined charge participating with-profits business reassured into PAC from Prudential International Assurance plc and Canada Life (Europe) Assurance Ltd and the with-profits annuity business transferred to PAC from the Equitable Life Assurance Society on December 31, 2007. All profits in this fund accrue to policyholders in the DCPSF.


Products

        The traditional life insurance product offered by UK life insurance companies wasis a long-term savings product with a life insurance component. The life insurance element conferred tax advantages that distinguished the traditional life insurance products offered in the United Kingdom from the savings products offered by banks, building societies and unit trust companies. The gradual reduction of these tax advantages and increasing sales of single premium life products have resulted in the distinction between life insurance and other long-term savings products becoming less important. Pension products remain tax-advantaged within certain limits.

        Prudential UK expects demand for private personal pension and savings products to increase over the medium to long term,long-term, in part reflecting a change in the UK government's approach to social security that has encouraged long-term savings through tax advantages, but also in reaction to the growing realization that state provided pensions are unlikely to provide sufficient retirement income. An ageing population is focusing on asset accumulationannuities and other retirement products to supplement their state benefits, while younger generations are focusing on pension and long-term savings products as well as health and income protection cover.

Distribution

        Retail financial services and products are distributed face to face through bank branches, tied agents, company sales forces and financial advisers, or directly by mail, telephone and over the internet. Independent Financial Advisers dominate the intermediary marketplace and offer products from a range of insurance companies selected from the whole of the market. Tied agents are either "single tied" exclusive agents who represent only one insurer andor "multi-tied"; advising on the products of a limited range of providers. Tied agents must offer customers the products most suitable to their needs, but only from the range of products offered by that insurer. In recent years the high costs of company sales forces and tied agency networks, combined with customers perceiving a lack of choice, have meant that sales forces and tied agents have lost significant market shareinsurers to financial advisers, with the result that many insurers, including Prudential, have chosen to close these tied agents and direct sales force networks.

which they are tied. Direct and e-commerce distribution methods are generally lower-cost than other methods but have not generally been conducive to providing financial advice to the consumer to date.consumer. Accordingly, products distributed directly are generally more straightforward and have lower often fee-based, charges.

        The FSA, following a consultation process, implemented "depolarization" rules at the end of 2004. Advisers have the choice of being "single tied" as before, or "multi-tied"; advising on the products of a limited range of providers, or equivalent to an independent financial adviser ("IFA"), where they offer products from the "whole of market" as now, but they also have to offer a "fee alternative", a fee-based charging structure as an alternative to commission. Prudential UK worked with major financial adviser groups to design and build multi-tie propositions and has been appointed to a number of multi-tie panels of these major financial adviser groups.

        The FSA is conducting aFSA's review of the retail distribution marketplace called the Retail Distribution Review ("RDR") and publishedculminated in a policy statement on March 26, 2010, which follows nearly two years of discussion and consultation papers.2010. The changes contained in the review are designed to encourage greater levels of transparency, professionalism and sustainability within the industry, with the prime aim of increasing consumers' confidence in the industry and therefore their desire to engage with it. Prudential supports the conceptsremoval of commission payments, the introduction of adviser remunerationcharging and the new professional standards which are included as part of the RDR and believes that these provide an opportunity to put in place a


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framework that will better align the interests of consumers, advisers and providers. The proposed implementation date for the proposals remainsnew rules reflecting these changes have been confirmed and will come into force on December 31, 2012.

        The changes to be implemented are centered on improvingimprove the clarity with which firms describe their services to customers and the role of advisers, particularly with regards to remuneration. The



advice market will be split between independent and restricted advice. This will be supported by the need for specific disclosure of status both in writing and orally at point of sale. Commission will be replaced by "Adviser Charging" with prescriptive rules aimed at ensuring consumers have total clarity on the cost of advice services. ThisThe changes will in particular significantly increase the requirements for firms to be able to describe themselves as independent. As a result it is widely expected that the popularity of restricted advice models will grow and that a return of provider-led direct to consumer advice models is therefore likely.

        While the new rules apply to all retail investment advice, but advisers will continue to be able to be remunerated by commission for pure protection business. In a separate discussion paper,business as the FSA proposedbelieves that the focus on competitive premiums provides adequate controls. The FSA has, however, confirmed that similar rules to ban commission are to be implemented in the group pensions marketplace.

        A significant feature of the UK retail marketplace over the past five years has been the emergence of investment platforms. From an initial concept of providing easy access by consumers and advisers to unwrapped investments from a numberrange of changesfund managers, many models have been developed into distribution-led propositions with the objective of capturing total business flows from adviser firms.

        As a result, in parallel to the Platform market which made clear thatoverall RDR, the same standards will apply asFSA has been paying specific attention to the Retail market.

        The Professionalism and Qualification elements are expected to be agreed in 2010. A greater role is proposed for professional bodies in helping to set and manage the ethics agendaof platforms in the industry.marketplace and in December 2010 published a consultation paper confirming their proposals for the integration of platforms into the overall RDR. The FSA has focused on ensuring that where investment rebates are paid by fund managers and product providers to platforms, these do not create investment bias and are fully transparent to consumers. In parallel, the FSA also confirmed its intention to ban rebates payable directly to consumer cash accounts as it believes that there is proposing to revert to an internal model fora significant risk that such payments would undermine the Professional Standards Board rather than establishing this as a separate independent entity.

        The proposals on independent advice (which is restricted and unbiased) and raising professional standards will help to achieve improved outcomes for consumers.remuneration transparency which they are seeking.

        The full impact of the RDR cannot yet be predicted, but it is likely that cash flow will be an issue for IFA firms that are currently reliant on initial commission. Although somepredicted. Some IFAs may choose to exit the market, whilst others may seek partnership arrangements with product providers through restricted advice models. Prudential believes that many will adaptis well placed to the new environment. Prudential UK has been preparing for the introduction of RDR for some time—for instance, Prudential UK's current individual pensions product, the Flexible Retirement Plan is now priced excluding commission, which allows the margin deducted for advice to be specifically agreed between the customerparticipate in such arrangements with partnerships already in place with third party distributors and the adviser.a major bank. A large proportion of Prudential UK's annuity sales are made on a non-advised basis and will be unaffected by these changes.

        Prudential UK is continuing to work with the regulator, industry bodies and distributors on ways to help advisers make the transition to the new environment as it believes that a strong IFAadviser sector is beneficial for the market, and for Prudential.

        As at December 31, 2009, Prudential's2010, Prudential UK Insurance Operations distributes its products through the following channels:


 Year Ended December 31,  Year Ended December 31, 

 2009 2008 2007  2010 2009 2008 

 (£ million)
  £ million
 

Direct & Partnerships

 2,015 2,567 2,597  1,915 2,015 2,567 

Intermediated

 2,810 3,029 2,319  2,937 2,810 3,029 

Wholesale (including Credit Life)

 62 1,434 1,820 

Wholesale

 945 62 1,434 
              

Sub-Total

 4,887 7,030 6,736  5,797 4,887 7,030 
       

DWP Rebates

 127 153 143  113 127 153 
              

Total New Business Premiums

 5,014 7,183 6,879  5,910 5,014 7,183 
              

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Direct and Partnerships

        The direct distribution channel is primarily charged with increasing revenue from existing Prudential UK customers and with seeking new customers. Direct distribution channels include the telephone, internetmail and face to face advisersinternet and focuses on annuities, investments, protection and health products. Partnerships focus on developing strong relationships with banks, retail brands and other distributors. Partnerships also seeksseek to help Prudential'sthe Prudential UK's distribution partners in their distribution and product development strategies. Prudential UK now has a range of distribution partners including Barclays, National Australia Bank, Royal London Mutual, Save and Prosper, Scottish Life,Santander, St James's Place and Threadneedle.Openwork.


Intermediaries

        Prudential UK's intermediaries distribution channel increased its field sales force with an additional 13 regional sales unitsThe focus in 2009, and the focus is2010 has been on continuing to continue developing deeper and better relationships with key accounts and through partnership arrangements. Prudential UK was successful in gaining over 50 newwin panel positions across its 24 key accountsand strengthening relationships, which has resulted in 2009, meaning that its products are now even more widely available to intermediaries than before.a five per cent increase in sales through this channel.

Wholesale

        In the Wholesale market, Prudential UK's aim is to continue to participate very selectively in bulk and back-book buyouts using its financial strength, superior investment track record and annuitant mortality risk assessment and servicing capabilities. Prudential UK maintained itsmaintains a strict focus on value and will only participate in transactions that meet its strict return on capital requirements. In line with this approach, in the fourth quarter of 2010, Prudential UK signed a bulk annuity and back-book markets in 2009, completing transactions generating premium incomebuy-in insurance agreement of £39 million compared with £1,417 million in 2008. The 2008 figure included the large bulk annuity transactions which have not been repeated in 2009, due to the unavailabilitytotal new business premiums of transactions which met Prudential's return criteria.£885 million.

UK Business Units

Long-term Products

        Prudential's long-term products in the United Kingdom consist of life insurance, pension products and pensions annuities. The following table shows Prudential's UK Insurance Operationsthe Prudential UK's new business insurance and investment premiums by product line for the periods indicated. New business premiums include deposits for policies with limited or no life contingencies. Prudential UK also distributes life insurance products,


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primarily investment bonds, in other European countries. The volume of such business is relatively small and is included in the table below.



 Year Ended December 31, 
 Year Ended December 31, 


 2009 2008 2007 
 2010 2009 2008 


 (£ million)
 
 (£ million)
 

Life insurance

Life insurance

 

Life insurance

 

With-profits

 1,320 968 406 

With-profits

 1,464 1,320 968 

Unit-linked

 610 939 899 

Unit-linked

 562 610 939 
               
 

Total life insurance

 1,930 1,907 1,305 

Total life insurance

 2,026 1,930 1,907 

Pensions

Pensions

 

Pensions

 

With-profits individual

 154 77 29 

With-profits individual

 150 154 77 

Unit-linked individual

 86 89 80 

Unit-linked individual

 109 89 93 

Department of Work and Pensions rebates

 127 153 143 

Department of Work and Pensions rebates

 113 127 153 

Corporate

Corporate

 426 383 647 

Corporate

 386 651 680         

Total pensions

Total pensions

 798 753 970 

Pension annuities and other retirement products

Pension annuities and other retirement products

 

Fixed

Fixed

 1,232 1,445 2,427 

Retail Price Index

Retail Price Index

 1,341 493 1,404 

With-profits

With-profits

 501 382 459 
               
 

Total pensions

 753 970 932 

Pension annuities and other retirement products

 

Fixed

 1,445 2,427 1,742 

Retail Price Index

 493 1,404 659 

With-profits

 382 459 2,228 
       
 

Total pension annuities and other retirement products

 2,320 4,290 4,629 
       

Total pension annuities and other retirement products

Total pension annuities and other retirement products

 3,074 2,320 4,290 

Healthcare

Healthcare

 11 16 13 

Healthcare

 12 11 16 
               

Total new business premiums

Total new business premiums

 5,014 7,183 6,879 

Total new business premiums

 5,910 5,014 7,183 
               

        Of the total new business premiums of £5,910 million (2009: £5,014 million; 2008:£7,183 million), £5,656 million (2009: £4,768 million; 2008: £6,929 million) were single premiums and £254 million (2009: £246 million; 2008: £254 million) were regular premiums.

Life Insurance Products

        Prudential's UK life insurance products are predominantly medium to long-term savings products with life cover attached, and also include pure protection (term) products. The main savings products Prudential UK offers are investment bonds.


Savings Products—Investment Bonds

        Prudential UK offers customers a choice through a range of investment funds to meet different risk and reward objectives. Prudential UK launched the Flexible Investment Plan ("FIP") in 2003 and the Prudential Investment Plan ("PIP") in 2007. Through these plans, itswhich are single premium with no fixed term, customers have the option to invest in the With-Profits fund or in a range of unit-linked investment funds. Advisers can build an individual

        In January 2010, Prudential UK launched Dynamic Portfolios, which offer advisers a choice of portfolio and asset allocation modeloptions to accurately match a client's risk/reward profile.profile as an alternative to building an individual portfolio. Both FIP and PIP also give financial advisers the opportunity to choose from different external fund management groups and the flexibility to make changes to portfolio and asset allocation over time. In 2009,2010, sales of the unit-linked option of FIP and PIP were £117£188 million.

        The Prudence Bond,Prudential UK offers a single premium, unitized with-profits policy with no fixed term, is one of the United Kingdom's leading investment bond products in terms of with-profits market share. In September 2004, Prudential launched the next generationand smoothed with-profits investment bond entitled PruFund, which is designed to provide increased transparency and smoothed investment returns to the customer. PruFund also offers clients an optional five-year guarantee on the initial investment. In 2008, PruFund


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became available as a fund option on the FIP and PIP products. In 2009,2010, total new business premiums attributable to PruFund, including new business through FIP and PIP, was £1,082£1,140 million.

        In March 2008, Prudential UK launched the International Portfolio Account ("IPA") offering clients access to a wide range of quoted UK investments. Sales of Prudential's offshore bonds, the International Prudence Bond, International Prudential Portfolio Bond and International Portfolio Account were £315£255 million in 2009.2010.

        With-profits products aim to provide capital growth over the medium to long term, and access to a range of investment sectors without the costs and risks associated with direct investment into these sectors. Capital growth for the policyholder on with-profits bonds apart from PruFund is achieved by the addition of reversionary or annual bonuses, which are credited to the bond on a daily basis from investment returns achieved within PAC's long-term with-profits fund, offset by charges and expenses incurred in the fund. A final bonus may also be added when the bond is surrendered. PruFund delivers growth through a published expected growth rate, updated quarterly, and a transparent formulaic smoothing mechanism. In contrast the capital return on unit-linked bonds directly reflects the movement in the value of the assets underlying those funds. When funds invested in PAC's long-term with-profits fund are either fully or partially withdrawn, PAC may apply a market value adjustment to the amount paid out.

        Sales of PruFund Prudential UK's unitized and smoothed investment plan, were particularlyremained strong in 2009.2010. Since October 2008, PruFund has been available across Prudential UK's range of tax wrappers, including individual pensions, income drawdown and onshore and offshore bonds. Over £1.3 billion was invested across the Prudential UK retail savings product range in 2009.2010. In 2009, Prudential UK extended further the PruFund range of investments with the launch of the PruFund Cautious series to sit alongside the PruFund Growth series within the on-shore bond wrapper. As at December 31, 2009, approximately £300 million2010, over £1.2 billion had been invested in PruFund Cautious since it was launched in the second half of 2008.launched. Prudential also launched the new PruSelect range of unit-linked funds across its UK pensions and investments products in 2008, more than doubling the number of funds available.

        The sales growth across Prudential UK's with-profits range has been achieved on the back of sustained strong investment performance in its Life Fund over a number of years, reflecting the benefits of its diversified investment policy. Prudential believes that this market will continue to see further growth as investors turn to trusted and financially strong brands and products offering an element of capital protection.


Life and Health Protection

        Prudential UK has a joint venture with Discovery of South Africa which uses the Prudential brand and Discovery's expertise to build branded distribution and innovative product offerings in the private healthcare and protection markets.

        Since its launch PruHealth was launched in October 2004 PruHealth has established itself in the marketplace as a private medical insurance provider and it now has more than 200,000 customers insured.

PruProtect, launched in September 2007, follows the success of PruHealth by applying the Vitality points system. PruProtect's product is focused around a core philosophy of helping people become healthier while protecting and improving the quality of their lives.

        In August 2010, Prudential UK's joint venture partner Discovery SA announced the completion of the acquisition of Standard Life Healthcare and its combination with the PruHealth business. As part of the transaction, Prudential UK reduced its shareholding in the combined PruHealth and PruProtect continues to grow sales strongly following the re-launch of its product range and improved distribution model in November 2008. Sales of £14 million were achieved in 2009, an increase of 311businesses from 50 per cent over 2008.to 25 per cent of the enlarged group.

Pension Products

        Prudential UK provides both individual and corporate pension products. In 20092010 new business premiums totaled £240totalled £259 million for individual pensions and £386£426 million for corporate pensions. Pension products are tax-advantaged long-term savings products that comply with rules established by HMRCthe HM Revenue and Customs ("HMRC") and are designed to supplement state-provided pensions. These rules require that, upon retirement,


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products provide policyholders with a number of options at retirement. Policyholders may elect to use part or all of their maturity benefits are used to purchase a pension annuities by policyholder election at retirementannuity, they may choose to draw down funds without purchasing an annuity (subject to a number of rules and restrictions on the amount able to be drawn down each year), they may delay taking any benefits, or at least by the agetake a combination of 75, although they do permitthese options. They are also permitted a portion to be taken as a tax-free lump sum. For draw down products, the investment risk remains with the policyholder, payments are not guaranteed, and tend to cost more to administer. This means that the option to enter draw down will tend to apply mainly to more sophisticated policyholders and to larger retirement funds. This, combined with the individual's own need for a secured income in retirement, means that in practice most policyholders are likely to purchase an annuity.

        Prior to retirement, these products typically have minimal mortality risk to Prudential UK and are primarily considered investment products. An exception is where a guaranteed annuity option has been offered on the product, with an element of risk to Prudential UK both in underlying mortality and investment assumptions.

Prudential UK ceased marketing Guaranteed Annuity Options ("GAOs") in 1987, but for a minority of corporate pension schemes GAOs still apply for new members. Current liabilities for this type of business make up less than one1 per cent of the with-profits sub-fund as at December 31, 2009.2010.

        Many of the pension products Prudential UK offers are with-profits products or offer the option to have all or part of the contributions allocated to a with-profits fund. Where funds invested in the with-profits fund are withdrawn prior to the pension date specified by the policyholder, Prudential UK may apply a market value adjustment to the amount paid out. The remaining pension products are non-participating products, which include unit-linked products.

Individual Pensions

        Prudential UK's individual pension range offers unit-linked and unitized with-profits products.

        In 2001, Prudential UK introducedoffers products that continue to meet the criteria of the UK government's stakeholder pension program. The stakeholder pension is intended for individuals earning enough to be able to afford to make contributions to a pension but who are not currently doing so. The introduction of stakeholder pensions has had implications for, among other things, how Prudential UK designs, administers and charges for and distributes pension products. The most significant requirements involve capped charges and a low minimum contribution which must be accepted by the provider. The UK government has capped charges at 1.5 per cent per annum of the policyholder account balance for stakeholder pensions for the first ten years, decreasing to one1 per cent thereafter, which is below the charges on personal pension products previously offered by the UK pensions industry.


        Starting from 2012, individuals who are not already in a pension scheme, who are over 21 and below retirement age and whose earnings are over a minimum amount will have to be automatically enrolled in a pension scheme by their employer, who will be required to make contributions. These requirements will apply first to larger employers and will be rolled out gradually to medium-sized and smaller employers.

Department of Work and Pensions Rebates ("DWP Rebate")

        Prudential UK also provides individual personal pension products through the DWP Rebate arrangement. Under this arrangement, individuals may elect to contract out of the UK's State Second Pension (referred to as "S2P") which was previously known as State Earnings Related Pension Scheme, administered by the UK Department of Work and Pensions. If an individual elects to contract out, then he or she will designate a pension provider, such as Prudential.Prudential UK. Premiums on products sold in this manner are paid through "rebates" from the Department of Work and Pensions, which represent the amount that would be otherwise paid into S2P. Rebate amounts are invested to provide benefits to the individual. Premiums from Department of Work and Pensions Rebates are typically reported in the first


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quarter of each year. The option to contract out will be removed from April 2012 and no further contributions will be received, although Prudential will continue to administer in-force policies.

Corporate Pensions

        There are two categories of corporate pension products: defined benefit and defined contribution. Prudential UK has an established defined benefit plan client base covering the small to medium-sized employer market. Prudential UK's defined contribution client base ranges from small unlisted companies to some of the largest companies in the United Kingdom as well as a number of clients in the public sector (in particular where Prudential UK offers the Additional Voluntary Contribution facility). Additional Voluntary Contribution plans enable employees to make additional pension contributions, either regularly or as a lump sum, to supplement their occupational pension plans. Prudential UK administers corporate pensions for over 600,000 scheme members sponsored by some of the UK's largest employers and has also built a very strong position in the provision of with-profits Additional Voluntary Contribution (AVC) arrangements. Prudential UK provides AVCs to 66 of the 99 Local Government Authorities in England & Wales.

        Defined benefit plans and products continue to dominatehave previously dominated the corporate pensions market in terms of funds under management. In recent years, however, most new plans established have been defined contribution products. In addition, there is an increasing trend among companies to close defined benefit plans to new members or to convert existing schemes from defined benefit to defined contribution in order to stabilize or reduce potential pension liabilities.

        Prudential UK offers group unit-linked policies and with-profits policies to the corporate pensions market. Prudential UK's defined contribution products are Additional Voluntary Contribution plans, Group Money Purchase plans, Group Personal Pension plans, Group Stakeholder Pension plans and Executive Pension plans.

        In addition Prudential UK has a Company Pension Transfer Plan (or "Bulk S32"), designed to accept benefits from both defined benefit and defined contribution pension schemes which are winding up (ceasing to exist or being replaced by a new type of scheme). Prudential UK also has the facility to accept enhanced transfers from deferred members of a corporate's defined benefit pensions scheme into Prudential UK Personal Pension plan where the member has received advice from an independent financial adviser (often called an Enhanced Transfer Value exercise).

Pension Annuities and other retirement products

        Prudential UK offers individual conventional immediate annuities that are either fixed or retail price indexed (referred to as "RPI"), where annuity payments are guaranteed from the outset, or with-profits annuities, where annuity payments are variable dependent on the investment performance of underlying assets. Prudential UK also offers products with an income drawdown option which allow customers greater flexibility in terms of the amount of income they take in retirement and the option to delay buying an annuity up to age 75. In 2009,2010, Prudential UK sold £91£100 million of income drawdown products. A total of £2,189£2,049 million of individual annuities were sold in 2009.2010. Of this total, £1,357£1,235 million were sold to existing Prudential UK customers with maturing pension policies. The other £832£814 million were sold to new customers, typically individuals with a pension maturing with another provider who chose Prudential UK to provide their annuity. Prudential UK also offers bulk annuities selectively, whereby it manages the assets and accepts the liabilities of a company pension scheme, usually when it is being wound up by the employer. Due to the nature of the product, thescheme. The volume of Prudential UK's bulk annuity sales is



unpredictable as it dependsthe business maintains a very strict focus on the decision of scheme trustees.value and only participates in capital-efficient transactions that meet its strict return on capital requirements. In 2009,2010, Prudential UK sold £39£925 million of bulk annuities.

        Prudential UK's immediate annuity products provide guaranteed income for a specified time, usually the life of the policyholder, in exchange for a lump sum capital payment. No surrender value is available


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under any of these products. The primary risks to Prudential UK from immediate annuity products, therefore, are mortality improvements and credit risk.

Conventional Annuities

        Prudential UK's conventional annuities include level (non-increasing), fixed increase and RPI annuities. Prudential UK's fixed increase annuities incorporate automatic increases in annuity payments by fixed amounts over the policyholder's life. The RPI annuities provide for a regular annuity payment to which an additional amount is added periodically based on the increase in the UK Retail Prices Index. In 2009,2010, sales of RPI annuities were £493£1,341 million (including £19£919 million of bulk annuities). In 2009,2010, sales of level and fixed increase annuities amounted to £1,445£1,232 million (including £20£6 million of bulk annuities and £43£57 million of unit-linked income drawdown products).

With-profits Annuities

        Prudential UK's with-profits annuities combine the income features of annuity products with the investment smoothing features of with-profits products and enable policyholders to obtain equity-type returns over time. Through this product, Prudential UK brings its product development strengths to bear while also capitalizingcapitalising on people's need for protection from inflation through increasingly long periods of retirement. Prudential is one of only a few companies in the United Kingdom which are active in the with-profits annuities market and has been operating in this market since 1991. In 2009,2010, Prudential UK's premiums for this business were £382£501 million (including £48£43 million of with-profits income drawdown products). Prudential UK is now the market leader, with a new business market share of over 8478 per cent in the nine months to September 20092010(1).


(1)
Source: ABI

        In the first quarter of 2009, Prudential UK launched athe new Income Choice Annuity which allows customers to choose an income between a defined maximum and minimum level, with the option of re-setting this every two years. It also provides an opportunity for pension income to grow becausebased on the product is backed by Prudential's strongreturns of the with-profits fund.

Income drawdownDrawdown

        Given the UK's historic requirement for compulsory annuitization by a maximum age of 75,(removed completely in April 2011), an increasingly sophisticated consumer population, and the rising incidence of second careers and semi-retirement as a result of increasing longevity, the market has seen good growth in the 'bridge'"bridge" between pensions and annuities through income drawdown products. Prudential UK launched an income drawdown option as a part of the Flexible Retirement Plan in late 2007 and achieved premiums of £91£100 million in 20092010 compared to £75£91 million in the previous year for this and the existing product, the Flexible Income Retirement Account. These products help customers manage their pensions through the various stages of retirement, and also offer flexibility while providing potential for capital growth.

Lifetime mortgageMortgage

        In November 2009, Prudential UK announced the decision to close its equity release operation to new business. For this product, a significant cash expense is incurred up front in acquiring new business and the payback period on capital employed is long. Prudential UK management concluded that this is



not sustainable and that cash and capital can be deployed more effectively across other parts of the business. Prudential UK's existing lifetime mortgageExisting customers are unaffected by this decision.may, however, still draw down additional funds, subject to their overall borrowing limits.

Reinsurance

        In view of the size and spread of PAC's long-term insurance fund, there is little need for reinsurance to protect this business. Some limited reinsurance is maintained and treaties relating to


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annuities, critical illness, permanent health insurance, term insurance and certain unit-linked products are in place. In addition PMI policies issued by PruHealth are reinsured.

Reserves

        In the United Kingdom, a life insurance company's reserve and other requirements are determined by its Board, with advice from its Actuarial Function Holder, subject to minimum reserve requirements. These minimum reserve requirements are established by the rules and guidance of the FSA.

        The reserves are published in annual returns to the FSA. In practice, similar provisions are included in the life insurance company's statutory accounts with limited adjustments. The Actuarial Function Holder must pay due regard to the fair treatment of policyholders in making recommendations to the company's board. The Actuarial Function Holder is required to report directly to the FSA any serious concerns regarding the company's ability to treat its customers fairly.

        Prudential UK's regulatory reserving for with-profits products, as required by UK regulation, takes into account annual bonuses/annual interest credited to policyholders because these are "attached" to the policies and are guaranteed. Realistic reserves are also calculated for with-profits products under UK regulation. These include an allowance for final bonuses based on the asset share or a prospective valuation of the policies and the cost of guarantees, smoothing and enhancements.

        Prudential UK reserves for unit-linked products on the basis of the value of the unit fund and additional reserves are held for expenses and mortality where this is required by the contract design.

        As well as the reserves, the company's assets must also cover other capital requirements set out in the FSA Prudential Sourcebook. These comprise a with-profits insurance capital component, which is a measure of the difference in the surplus assets on regulatory and realistic bases; a resilience capital requirement for entities other than PAC, which makes prudent allowance for potential future adverse movements in investment values; and the long-term insurance capital requirement, which must be held by all EU insurance companies. See "Financial Strength of PAC's Long-term Fund" for further information on solvency and "Realistic Financial Strength Reporting" for further information on realistic reporting.

Financial Strengthstrength of PAC's Long-term Fundwith-profits fund

        As at March 31, 2010, the financial strength of PAC was rated Aa2 (negative outlook) by Moody's, AA (negative watch) by Standard & Poor's, and AA+ (negative watch) by Fitch.

        PAC's with-profits fund is one of the largest and financially strongest in the UK, continuingand continues to cover comfortably all of its regulatory solvency requirements. The fund is supported by ana large inherited estate, with the free assets of £6.4the with-profits fund valued at approximately £6.8 billion(2) (as at December 31, 2009) which2010), valued on a realistic basis. This provides the working capital required to support the fund for the long-term benefit of current and future policyholders.



(2)
As estimated at March 8, 2011 and included in the consolidated financial statements.

        The table below shows the change in the investment mix of PAC's main with-profits fund:

        The following table contains balances derived from unaudited information contained in underlying financial accounting systems and other management documents.


 2009 2008  2010 2009 

 (%)
  %
 %
 

UK equities

 25 34  26 25 

International equities

 12 17  13 12 

Property

 12 14  12 12 

Fixed Interest

 40 29  42 40 

Cash and other asset classes

 11 6  7 11 
          

Total

 100 100  100 100 
          

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        Despite difficult conditions in financial markets throughout 2008a low interest rate environment and during the first halfthree consecutive years of 2009,market uncertainty, the with-profits sub-fund performedcontinued to perform strongly in 2009. With-profits, when invested in an actively managed and financially strong fund like PAC's, continues to be an attractive medium to long-term investment, offering annualized returns which compare favorably with other investment options.2010. The with-profits sub-fund has delivered investment returns of 66.382.1 per cent over ten years for policyholder asset shares in the fund, compared with the FTSE All-share index (total return) of 17.743.3 per cent over the same period (figures are to December 31, 2009,2010, before tax and charges). MuchThese returns clearly demonstrate the value for policyholders of investing in PAC's financially strong, well-managed With-Profits Fund and the benefits that this strong investment performance was achieved throughstyle of more cautious investing can provide over the active asset allocation of the fund. As part of its asset allocation process, Prudential UK constantly evaluates prospects for different markets and asset classes. During the year, PAC's long-term fund reduced its exposuremedium to equities and increased its exposure to fixed interest securities.long-term.

Realistic Financial Strength Reporting

        In accordance with the FSA Prudential Sourcebook, PAC has to demonstrate solvency on a "realistic" valuation basis as well as the regulatory basis. In the aggregate, the basis has the effect of placing a value on the liabilities of UK with-profits contracts that reflects the amounts expected to be paid based on the current value of investments held by the with-profits funds and current circumstances.

        This basis makes companies' financial health more transparent to policyholders, intermediaries and regulators alike, and enables more informed choices to be made by policyholders. The PAC long-term with-profits sub-fund is very strong with the inherited estate (free assets) measured on a realistic basis, valued at approximately £6.4£6.8 billion(2) at the end of 20092010 before deduction for the risk capital margin.

        In line with FSA requirements, PAC produces an Individual Capital Assessment ("Pillar II") which is an assessment of the economic capital required to ensure that there is a high likelihood that the company can meet its liabilities as they fall due.

Shareholders' Interests in Prudential UK's Long-term Insurance Business

        In common with other UK long-term insurance companies, the Prudential UK's products are structured as either with-profits products or non-participating (including unit-linked) products. For statutory and management purposes, PAC's long-term fund consists of a number of sub-funds in which shareholders and policyholders have varying interests.

With-profits Products

        With-profits products provide an equity-type return to policyholders through bonuses that are "smoothed". There are two types of bonuses: "annual" and "final". Annual bonuses, often referred to as reversionary bonuses, are declared once a year and, once credited, are guaranteed in accordance with the terms of the particular product. Unlike annual bonuses, final bonuses are only guaranteed until the next bonus declaration. Final bonuses are only credited on a product's maturity or surrender or on the death of the policyholder. Final bonuses can represent a substantial portion of the ultimate return to policyholders.


        With-profits policies are supported by a with-profits fund. Prudential UK's primary with-profits fund is part of PAC's long-term fund. With-profits products provide benefits that are generally either the value of the premiums paid, less charges and fees and with the addition of declared bonuses, or the guaranteed death benefit with the addition of declared bonuses. Smoothing of investment returns is an important feature of with-profits products. It is designed to reduce the impact of fluctuations in investment return from year to year and is accomplished predominantly through the level of final bonuses declared.

        The return to Prudential's shareholders in respect of with-profits business Prudential UK writes is an amount equal to up to one-ninth of the value of the bonuses the Prudential UK credits or declares to policyholders in that year. Prudential UK has a large block of in-force with-profits business with varying maturity dates that generates a relatively stable stream of shareholder profits from year to year.


(2)
As estimated at March 8, 2011 and included in the consolidated financial statements.

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        PAC's board of directors, with the advice of its Actuarial Function Holder and its With-Profits Actuary, determines the amount of annual and final bonuses to be declared each year on each group of contracts.

        When determining policy payouts, including final bonuses, PAC follows an actuarial practice of considering "asset shares" for specimen policies. Asset shares broadly reflect the value of premiums paid in respect of a policy accumulated at the investment return on the assets PAC notionally attributes to the policy. In calculating asset shares, PAC takes into account the following items:

        However, Prudential UK does not take into account the surplus assets of the long-term fund, or their investment return, in calculating asset shares. Asset shares are used in the determination of final bonuses together with treating customers fairly, the need to smooth claim values and payments from year to year and competitive considerations.

        Prudential UK is required by UK law and regulation to consider the fair treatment of its customers in setting bonus levels. The concept of treating customers fairly is established by statute but is not defined. In practice, it provides one of the guiding principles for decision-making in respect of with-profits products.

        The overall return to policyholders is an important competitive measure for attracting new business. The ability to declare competitive bonuses depends, in part, on the financial strength of PAC's long-term fund, enabling it to maintain high levels of investment in equities and real estate, if it wishes to do so. Equities and real estate have historically over the long-term provided a return in excess of fixed interest securities.

        In 2009,2010, PAC declared a total surplus of £2,367 million (2009: £2,149 millionmillion) from PAC's primary with-profits sub-fund, of which £2,131 million (2009: £1,935 millionmillion) was added to with-profits policies and £236 million (2009: £214 millionmillion) was distributed to shareholders. This includesThese amounts included annual bonus rates of three per cent per annum for the Prudence Bond and three per cent per annum for personal pensions. In 2008, PAC declared a total surplus of £3,029 million from PAC's primary with-profits sub-fund, of which £2,730 million was added to with-profits policies and £298 million was distributed to shareholders. This includes annual bonus rates of 3.53.0 per cent for the Prudence Bond and 3.53.0 per cent for personal pensions.


        The closed Scottish Amicable Insurance Fund ("SAIF") declared total bonuses in 20092010 of £533£471 million compared to £777£533 million in 2008.2009. Shareholders have no interest in profits from the SAIF fund, although they are entitled to the investment management fees paid by this business. For greater detail on the SAIF fund, see "The SAIF sub-fund and accounts" below.

Surplus Assets in PAC's Long-term With-profits Fund

        The assets of the main with-profits sub-fund within the long-term fund of PAC comprise the amounts that it expects to pay out to meet its obligations to existing policyholders and an additional amount used as working capital. The amount payable over time to policyholders from the with-profits sub-fund is equal to the policyholders' accumulated asset shares plus any additional payments that may be required by way of smoothing or to meet guarantees. The balance of the assets of the with-profits sub-fund is called the 'inherited estate'"inherited estate" and has accumulated over many years from various sources.

        The inherited estate, as working capital, enables PAC to support with-profits business by providing the benefits associated with smoothing and guarantees, by providing investment flexibility for the fund's assets, by meeting the regulatory capital requirements that demonstrate solvency and by absorbing the costs of significant events or fundamental changes in its long-term business without affecting the bonus


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and investment policies. The size of the inherited estate fluctuates from year to year depending on the investment return and the extent to which it has been required to meet smoothing costs, guarantees and other events.

        Prudential UK, of which PAC is part, announced in March 2006 that it had begun a process to determine whether it could achieve greater clarity as to the status of the inherited estate through reattribution. In June 2008, Prudential announced that it did not believe that it was in the interests of current or future policyholders or shareholders to continue the reattribution process. This announcement reflects PAC's overriding priority, which is to maintain the long-term financial security of the with-profits sub-fund and to continue delivering strong relative performance for the benefit of its policyholders.

Depletion of Surplus Assets and Shareholders' Contingencies

        As a proprietary insurance company, PAC is liable to meet its obligations to policyholders even if the assets of the long-term funds are insufficient to do so. The assets, represented by the unallocated surplus of with-profits funds, in excess of amounts expected to be paid for future terminal bonuses and related shareholder transfers (the excess assets) in the long-term funds, represented by the unallocated surplus of with-profits funds could be materially depleted over time by, for example, a significant or sustained equity market downturn, costs of significant fundamental strategic change or a material increase in the pension mis-selling provisions.provision. In the unlikely circumstance that the depletion of the excess assets within the long-term fund was such that Prudential'sPAC's ability to treat its customers fairlysatisfy policyholders' reasonable expectations was adversely affected, it might become necessary to restrict the annual distribution to shareholders or to contribute shareholders' funds to the long-term funds to provide financial support.

        In 1998, Prudential UK stated that deducting personal pensions mis-selling costs from the inherited estate of the with-profits sub-fund would not impact Prudential UK's bonus or investment policy. Prudential UK gave an assurance that if this unlikely event were to occur, it would make available support to the fund from shareholder resources for as long as the situation continued, so as to ensure that policyholders were not disadvantaged.

The assurance was designed to protect both existing policyholders at the date it was announced, and policyholders who subsequently purchased policies while the pension mis-selling review was continuing.

        The mis-selling review was completed on June 30, 2002 and consequently the assurance has not applied to new business issued since January 1, 2004. New business in this context consists of new policies, new members to existing pension schemes plus regular and single premium top-ups, transfers



and switches to existing arrangements. The maximum amount of capital support available under the terms of the assurance will reduce over time as claims are paid on the policies covered by it.

        The bonus and investment policy for each type of with-profits policy is the same irrespective of whether or not the assurance applies. Hence removal of the assurance for new business has had no impact on policyholder returns and this is expected to continue for the foreseeable future.

        During 2009, the FSA issued a policy statement confirming that certain payments of compensation and redress for events occurring after July 31, 2009 may only be paid from assets attributable to shareholders. As the pensions mis-selling review was concluded prior to this date, the requirements of the policy statement do not impact the pensions mis-selling provision met from the inherited estate described above.

The SAIF Sub-fund and Accounts

        The SAIF sub-fund is a ring-fenced sub-fund of PAC's long-term fund and was formed following the acquisition of the mutual Scottish Amicable Life Assurance Society in 1997. No new business may be written in SAIF, although regular premiums are still being paid on policies in-force at the time of the acquisition and "top-ups" are permitted on these policies.

        This fund is solely for the benefit of those Scottish Amicable Life Assurance Society policyholders whose policies were transferred to SAIF. Shareholders have no interest in the profits of this fund, although they are entitled to the investment management fees paid on this business. The brand name and rights to profit on new business were transferred to a new Prudential UK subsidiary, Scottish Amicable Life plc, which operated for the benefit of shareholders.

        With the exception of certain guaranteed annuity products, referred to below, the majority of SAIF with-profits policies do not guarantee minimum rates of return to policyholders. Should the assets of


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SAIF be inadequate to meet the guaranteed benefit obligations to the policyholders of SAIF, the PAC long-term fund would be liable to cover any such deficiency. Due to the quality and diversity of the assets in SAIF and the ability of SAIF to revise guaranteed benefits in the event of an asset shortfall, the Directors believe that the probability of either the PAC's long-term fund or Prudential UK's shareholders' funds having to contribute to SAIF is remote.

Non-participating Business

        The majority of Prudential-branded non-participating business is written in the non-profit sub-fund of PAC's long-term fund or in subsidiaries owned by Prudential UK. Since mid-2004, Prudential UK has written all of its new non-profit annuity business through Prudential Retirement Income limited ("PRIL"), from which the profits are attributed solely to shareholders. Prior to that time, certain non-profit annuity business was written through Prudential Annuities Limited ("PAL"), which is wholly owned by PAC's with-profits fund. The profits on this business are attributable to the fund and not to shareholders, although indirectly shareholders get one-ninth of additional amounts paid to policyholders through the declaration of bonuses.

        The unit-linked business written by PAC and Prudential International Assurance is written with capital provided by shareholders.

Guaranteed Annuities

        PAC used to sell guaranteed annuity products in the United Kingdom and held a technical provision of £31£24 million as at December 31, 2009,2010, within the main with-profits fund to honor guarantees on these products. PAC's main exposure to guaranteed annuities in the United Kingdom is through SAIF and a provision of £284£336 million was held in SAIF as at December 31, 2009,2010, to honor the guarantees. As SAIF is a separate sub-fund of PAC's long-term business fund, wholly attributable to the policyholders of the fund, the movement in this provision has no impact on shareholders.



M&G

        M&G is Prudential'sthe UK and European fund management business inmanager of the United KingdomPrudential Group with responsibility for investments on behalf of both internal and continental Europe and comprises retail, institutional and internal fund management activities. Its key metrics of performance are investment performance, net investment flows and profits.

Fund management

external clients. M&G is an investment-led business which aimswhose aim is to delivergenerate superior long-term returns for its third party investors and the internal funds of the Prudential Group.

        This aim is achieved by creating an environment that is attractive to investment talent. The core focus on investment performance, combined with a well-diversified business mix and maximize risk-adjusted returns in a variety of macro-economic environments. Throughestablished distribution capabilities, has helped M&G Prudential seeks to add value by generating attractive returns on internalachieve strong net sales performance, growth in funds as well as growing profits from theunder management of third party assets. Such external funds now represent 40 per cent of M&G's total FUM as at December 31, 2009.and increased profitability.

Fund management

        In the retail market, M&G's strategyaim is to maximizeoperate a single fund range and to diversify the valuedistribution base by accessing a wide variety of its centralized investment function through a multi-channel, multi-geography distribution approach. Key themes inchannels and geographies. In recent years, key themes have included growing the growing proportion of business sourced from intermediated channels and the growthincreased sales of cross-border products. M&G has benefited from having a diverse product portfolio during the recent financial turmoil as inflows were received throughout 2009 despite investors' appetite for bondUK-based funds switching to equity funds during the second half of the year.in European and other international markets.

        In the institutional marketplace, M&G's institutional strategy centersapproach centres on leveraging capabilities developed primarily for the Prudential internal funds intoto create higher margin external business opportunities. In recent years thisThis has allowed M&G to operate at the forefront of a numberoffer third-party clients an innovative range of specialist fixed income strategies, including leveraged finance and infrastructure investment. The recent chaos in capital markets has resulted in a renewed focus on more traditional credit and equity mandates, again drawing on its core research and investment expertise.


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Key initiatives and performancePerformance overview

        Delivering fund performance remains critical and is the key determinant of success for an active asset management business. M&G has continued to deliver market-leadingstrong investment performance in 20092010 with strong results.

        InThe consistency and excellence of its performance resulted in M&G being awarded the prestigious 2010 Global Group of the Year award at the 15th annualInvestment Week Fund Manager of the Year Awards. This is the second time in three years to December 2009, 38 per centthat M&G has received this award. Further, M&G's institutional business was also recognized for its investment performance winning the 2010 UK Asset Management Firm of M&G's retail funds delivered top-quartile investment performance(1). Over the same period, 89 per cent of M&G's active institutional funds delivered returns ahead of their benchmarks.Year award atFinancial News' Awards for Excellence in Institutional Asset Management. On the back of this strongoutstanding investment performance M&G delivered record net third party fund inflows of £13.5 billion in 2009, an increase of 296 per cent year on year.£9.1 billion.


(1)
Source: Morningstar

        Gross third party fund inflows for the full year rose 54six per cent to £26.4 billion. This set a new record for the M&G business, surpassing the £24.9 billion. These third partybillion achieved in 2009. Maintaining this strong sales performance over 2010, and in some highly volatile markets, demonstrates M&G's strength in depth across all the main asset classes and distribution channels.

        2009 was an exceptional year for M&G in terms of net sales. The Retail business experienced unprecedented net purchases of its top-performing bond funds by investors seeking to exploit a near unique opportunity in fixed income markets. On the institutional side, M&G benefited in particular from winning a very substantial single institutional mandate. It was not expected that the business would be able to repeat these levels of net sales in 2010. In the event, the Retail business achieved full year net inflows andof £7.4 billion, a decrease of only one per cent compared to the recoveryrecord level of equity markets£7.5 billion in 2009. On the institutional side, M&G achieved very healthy net sales of £1.7 billion.

        M&G's Retail business in the latter halfUK has been number one for gross and net retail sales over nine consecutive quarters based on data to the end of 2009 led to a 23 per cent increase in M&G's total funds under management to £174 billion. As at December 31, 2009, 40 per cent of M&G's funds under management were for third party clients.

        M&G's retail business had a strong year in 2009, seeing net inflows jump by 259 per cent over the year to £7.5 billion. Gross fund2010(1). It was sales were up 50 per cent at £13.6 billion. Sales of M&G's top-performing fixed income funds that accounted for mostthe lion's share of net inflows in 2009 with 68 per cent of the inflowsnet retail flows. During 2010, fixed income products continued to sell well, accounting for most43 per cent of the year beforeflows, but, with market sentiment turning more bullish, investor appetite switched to M&G'sfor our equity and property funds duringincreased. Net inflows into equity funds have increased in share from 26 per cent in 2009 to 48 per cent of total net retail sales in 2010. Over the second halfsame period, property funds' share of 2009 as sentiment turned more bullish.total net sales trebled to nine per cent.

        Similarly, the Institutional Business attracted a high levelThe improved diversification of sales by asset class was matched by an increased diversification of sales performance by region. In 2009, 19 per cent of net new third party business. Net inflowsretail flows were £6.0 billion, a risefrom M&G's distribution business outside of 354the UK, primarily based in Europe. This figure had increased to 39 per cent on 2008. This includedby the awardend of a single fixed income mandate valued at £4 billion2010.

        The retail investment market in Europe is substantially larger than the UK market. In further response to this opportunity, M&G's European Retail business registered its core OEIC fund range for distribution in the Netherlands and £0.8 billion of net new money into M&G's leveraged loan funds. Gross fund sales were up 59 per cent at £11.3 billion.


        Net sales remained robustSweden in the fourth quarter of 2009. The retail business attracted net new money2010. Registration in both markets has already boosted sales results with M&G being able to leverage off existing client relationships established in other European markets. M&G already has a proven track record of £1.8success in distributing into Europe with its registration in France in 2007, for example, having already generated funds under management of £1.3 billion more than double the £0.7 billion takenand achieved status as a top ten cross border player in the same quarter in 2008. Gross retail sales were £3.8 billion. TheFrench market by the end of 2010(2).


(1)
Fundscape Pridham Report
(2)
Lipper FMI Saleswatch

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        In the institutional business took £0.6 billion ofmarket, M&G also attracted healthy net new business overon the final three months comparedback of outstanding investment performance with inflows of £1.7 billion. This compares with net inflows of almost £6.0 billion in 2009, although this latter figure was dominated by a single £4 billion fixed income mandate. Like M&G's retail distribution, the institutional business also benefits from an outflowincreasingly diverse investor base with distribution activities covering Scandinavia and the Netherlands.

        M&G's total funds under management at December 31, 2010 were at a record level of £1.4£198.3 billion, forup 14 per cent on the same period a2009 year ago. Gross salesend. External funds under management at the end of 2010 of £89.3 billion were 9327 per cent higher year-on-year at £2.7 billion.

        During 2009,than the start of the year and now represent 45 per cent of M&G's cost/income ratio was 65 per cent, increasing from 60 per cent in 2008. The increase can largely be attributed to the reinstatement of costs associated with the long-term incentive plan ("LTIP") as the medium-term outlook for the business improved in light of strong fund inflows and recovering market levels.total funds under management.

        M&G remains focused on cost control.control with the cost/income ratio(1) at 63 per cent over the full year, an improvement on the 2009 result of 65 per cent. A key aspect to cost management is to create a more flexible operational cost base, where appropriate, to enable the business to react to significant changes in its business profile. During 2010, M&G outsourced fund accounting, taxation and pricing operations for its UK regulated retail funds to an external supplier. The transition of these services has secured for M&G access to a scalable global platform to support both the current and future needs of its funds. Outsourcing this element of its operational platform to a dedicated provider of these services also ensures that M&G can focus on the continued delivery of strong investment performance and winning new business.

        The following table shows funds managed by M&G at the dates indicated.


 December 31,  At December 31, 

 2009 2008  2010 2009 

 (£ billion)
  £ billion
 

Retail fund management

 31 19  42 31 

Institutional fund management

 39 28  47 39 

Internal fund management

 104 94  109 104 
          

Total

 174 141  198 174 
          

Prudential Capital

        Prudential Capital (PruCap) manages Prudential'sthe Group's balance sheet for profit by leveraging Prudential'sits market position. This business has three strategic objectives: to provide professional treasury services to the Group; to operate a first-class wholesale and capital markets interface; and to realize profitable proprietary opportunities within a tightly controlled risk framework; and to provide professional treasury services to Prudential. Prudential Capitalframework. PruCap generates revenue by providing bridging finance, managing investments and operating a securities lending and cash management business for Prudentialthe Group and its clients.

        The business has consolidated its position in a period of difficult and volatile markets, focusing on liquidity across Prudential,the Group, management of existing asset portfolio and conservative levels of new investment. Development of new product and infrastructure has continued, helping to maintain the dynamism and flexibility necessary to identify and realize opportunities for profit within acceptable risk parameters. Prudential CapitalPruCap is committed to workingcontinuing to work closely with other business units across the Prudential Group to exploit opportunities and increase value creation for Prudential as a whole. In particular, Prudential CapitalPruCap offers to the Prudential Group a holistic view on hedging strategy, liquidity and capital management.


(1)
Excluding performance related fees and carried interest on private equity investments.

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Group Risk Framework

Risk Management

Introduction

        As a provider of financial services, including insurance, Prudential recognizes that the managed acceptancemanagement of risk lies at the heart of itsPrudential's business. As a result, effective risk management capabilities represent a key source of competitive advantage for the Group.

        The Group's risk appetite framework sets out its tolerance toappetite for risk exposures as well as its approach to risk management and return optimization. Under this approach, Prudential monitors its risk profile continuously against agreed limits. Prudential's main strategies for managing and mitigating risk include asset liability management, using derivatives to hedge relevant market risks, and implementing reinsurance and corporate insurance programs.


Risk oversight

Group risk appetite

        Prudential defines and monitors aggregate risk limits for its earnings volatility and its capital requirements based on financial and non-financial stresses:

        Prudential's risk appetite framework forms an integral part of its annual business planning cycle. ItsPrudential's Group Risk function monitors Prudential'sthe Group's risk profile against the agreed limits. Using submissions from business units, Group Risk calculates Prudential'sthe Group's aggregated position (allowing for diversification effects between business units) relative to the limits implied by the risk appetite statements.

        Local limits are agreed with each of the business units to ensure that the aggregate risk exposure remains within the defined group-level risk appetite. Each business unit determines its own individual risk position by calculating the impacts (on earnings and capital measures) of a shock to its market, credit, insurance and operational risk exposures and agrees them with Group Risk and the Group Executive Risk Committee ("GERC").

Prudential uses a two-tier approach to apply the limits at business unit level. First, itFirstly, Prudential calculates business unit risk limits. These ensure that, provided each business unit keeps within its limits, the groupGroup risk position will remain within the groupGroup limits. Secondly, the impact on the risk position is considered as part of Group Risk's scrutiny of large transactions or departures from plans proposed by individual business units.

        In the event that any of the business unit plans imply risk limits will be exceeded, this will necessitate a dialogue between GERCthe executive and the relevant business unit or units. Exceeding groupGroup limits may be avoided if, for example, limits in other business units are not fully utilized, or if the diversification effect at groupGroup level of a particular risk with other business units means the groupGroup limit is not breached.

        Market risk is managed such that as conditions evolve the risk profile is maintained within risk appetite. In addition to business unit operational limits on credit risk, Prudential sets counterparty risk limits at groupGroup level. The limits on its total group-wideGroup-wide exposures to a single counterparty are specified


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within different credit rating "categories". The Group Risk and the GERCGroup Credit Risk Committee monitor Prudential'sits actual exposures against these limits on at least a monthly basis.basis, escalating matters to the Group Executive Risk Committee (GERC) as appropriate.


Risk exposures

        The Group Risk Framework deploys a common risk language, allowing meaningful comparisons to be made between different business units. Risks are broadly categorized as shown below.

Category
 Risk type Definition

1. Financial risks

 (a) Market risk The risk that arises from adverse changes in the value of, or income from, assets and changes in interest rates or exchange rates.

 

(b)

 

Credit risk

 

The risk of loss if another party fails to meet its obligations, or fails to do so in a timely fashion.

 

(c)

 

Insurance risk

 

The inherent uncertainty as to the occurrence, amount and timing of insurance cash flows.liabilities. This includes the impact of adverse mortality, morbidity and persistency experience.

 

(d)

 

Liquidity risk

 

The risk that a business, though solvent on a balance sheet basis, either does not have the financial resources to meet its obligations as they fall due or can secure them only at excessive cost.

2. Non-financial risks

 

(a)

 

Operational risk

 

The risk of direct or indirect loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people or systems, or from external events. This includes legal and regulatory compliance risk.

 

(b)

 

Business environment risk

 

Exposure to forces in the external environment that could significantly change the fundamentals that drive the business's overall objectives and strategy.

 

(c)

 

Strategic risk

 

Ineffective, inefficient or inadequate senior management processes for the development and implementation of business strategy in relation to the business environment and Prudential'sthe Group's capabilities.


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Financial Risks

(a) Market risk

(i) Equity risk

        In the UK business, most of Prudential's equity exposure is incurred in the with-profits fund, which includes a large inherited estate estimated at £6.4£6.8 billion(1) as at December 31, 2009 (2008: £5.42010 (2009: £6.4 billion), which can absorb market fluctuations and protect the fund's solvency. The inherited estate itself is partially protected against falls in equity markets through an active hedging policy. In


(1)
As estimated at March 8, 2011 and included in the course of 2009, Prudential has reduced the with-profits fund's exposure to UK equities whilst increasing the proportion of fixed income assets.


consolidated financial statements.

        In Asia, a high proportion of Prudential's in-force book is made up of unit-linked products with limited shareholder exposure to equities. Prudential has minimal direct shareholder exposure to Asian equity markets outside its unit-linked holdings.

        In the US, where Jackson is a leading provider of variable annuities, there are well-understood risks associated with the guarantees embedded in its products. Jackson provides guarantees forguaranteed minimum death benefits ("GMDB")(GMDB) on all policies in this class, guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits ("GMWB")(GMWB) on 4764 per cent of the book, and guaranteed minimum income benefits ("GMIB")(GMIB) on only eightsix per cent. To protect the shareholders against the volatility inducedintroduced by these embedded options, Jackson uses both a comprehensive hedging program and reinsurance are used.reinsurance. Due to the inability to economically reinsure economically or hedge the GMIB, Jackson ceased offering this benefit in 2009.

        Jackson'sIn its variable annuity sales activities, focusJackson focuses on meeting the needs of conservative and risk averse customers who are seeking accumulation pre-retirement and/or reliable income in retirement, and who display little tendency to arbitrage their guarantees. These customers generally select conservative investment options and, importantly, have historically bought fewer guarantee products compared to the industry as a whole.options. Jackson is able to meet the needs of these customers because its unique and market leading operational platform allows it to tailor more than 1,4003,400 product combinations.

        It is Prudential'sJackson's philosophy not to compete on price. ItsJackson's individual guarantees tend to be more expensive than the market average because itJackson seeks to sell at a price capable of funding the cost itJackson's incurs to hedge or reinsure its risks.

        PrudentialJackson uses a macro approach to hedging that covers the entire equity risk in the US business. Within this macro approach Prudential makes use is made of the natural offsets that exist between the variable annuity guarantees and the fixed index annuity book, and then use a combination of over the counterOTC options and futures is used to hedge the residual risk, allowing for significant market shocks and limiting the amount of capital being put at risk. Internal positions are generally netted before any external hedge positions are considered. The hedging program also covers the fees on variable annuity guarantees.

        Jackson hedges the economics of its products rather than the accounting result. This focus means that Jackson sometimes accepts a degree of variability in its accounting results in order to ensure Jackson achieves the appropriate economic result. Accordingly, while its hedges are effective on an economic basis, due to different accounting treatment for the hedges and some of the underlying hedged items on an IFRS basis, the reported income effect is more volatile. Forvariable. This resulted in a negative net equity hedge accounting effect of £367 million in the period (net of related DAC amortization) as compared to an equivalent negative effect of £159 million in 2009. During 2010 Prudential reclassified these effects from operating profit based on longer-term investment returns to short-term fluctuations to ensure the Group's operating results better reflect Jackson's variable annuities guaranteed benefits and related hedges, while there has been some volatilitycontinued focus on optimizing economic value.


Table of results in 2008 and 2009, there has been a small cumulative net operating loss of £7 million over the 24-month period, reflecting the overall effectiveness of the hedging program. With its large fixed annuity and fixed indexed annuity books, Jackson has natural offsets for its variable annuity interest rate related risks. Specific limits are set for each major risk.Contents

(ii) Interest rate risk

        Interest rate risk arises primarily from Prudential's investments in long-term debt and fixed income securities. Interest rate risk also exists in policies that carry investment guarantees on early surrender or at maturity, where claim values can become higher than the value of backing assets as a result of rises or falls in interest rates.

        Interest rates primarily affect the Asia, the US and the UK with-profits businesses. Following the sale of the agency-based business in Taiwan, the exposure to interest rate risk in Asia has significantly reduced. The remaining risk in the region relates mostly to guarantees on traditional shareholder-backed life products and asset-liability mismatches, driven by limited availability of long-term assets in some territories. This exposure is monitored and managed carefully on an ongoing basis, for example by setting clear limits on duration risk set in the investment guidelines. Prudential has a range of risk mitigation options available that would help to reduce the exposure to interest rate movements.


In the US there is interest rate risk across the portfolio. The majority of Jackson's fixed annuity and life liabilities allow for an annual reset of the crediting rate, which provides for a greater level of discretion in determining the amount of interest rate risk to assume. The primary concerns with these liabilities relate to potential surrenders when rates increase and, in a low interest environment, the minimum guarantees required by state law. With its large fixed annuity and fixed index annuity books, Jackson has natural offsets for its variable annuity interest rate related risks. Jackson manages fixed annuity interest rate exposure through a combination of interest rate swaps and interest rate options, to protect capital against rates rising quickly, and through the contractual ability to reset crediting rates annually.options.

        In the UK the investment policy for the shareholder-backed annuity business is to match the cash flowflows from investments with the annuity payments. As a result, assets and liabilities are closely matched by duration. The impact on profit of any residual cash flow mismatching can be adversely affected by changes in interest rates,rates; therefore the mismatching position is regularly monitored.

        The exposure to interest rate risk arising from Asia is at modest levels.

(iii) Foreign exchange risk

        Prudential principally operates in the UK, the US, and in 13 countries in Asia. The geographical diversity of theits businesses means that itPrudential is inevitably subject to the risk of exchange rate fluctuations. The results of Prudential's international operations in the US and Asia, which represent a significant proportion of the Group'sits operating profit and shareholders' funds. These operationsfunds, generally write policies and invest in assets denominated in local currency. Although this practice limits the effect of exchange rate fluctuations on local operating results, it can lead to significant fluctuations in theits consolidated financial statements when results are expressed in pounds sterling.

        Prudential does not generally seek to hedge foreign currency revenues, as these are substantially retained locally to support the growth of Prudential'sthe Group's business and meet local regulatory and market requirements. However, in cases where a foreign surplus is deemed to be supporting grouparising in an overseas operation supports Group capital or shareholders' interest, this exposure is hedged if it is deemed economically optimal to do so. Currency borrowings, swaps and other derivatives are used to manage exposures.

(b) Credit risk

        In addition to business unit operational limits on credit risk, Prudential monitors closely its counterparty exposures at Group level, highlighting those that are large or of concern. Where appropriate, Prudential will reduce its exposure, purchase credit protection or make use of collateral arrangements to control its levels of credit risk.

Debt portfolio

1. Information regarding the 20092010 results

        Prudential's debt portfolio on an IFRS basis was £101.8£116.4 billion as at December 31, 2009. £45.62010. £54.0 billion of these assets backed shareholder business, of which 9395 per cent were investment grade, compared to 9693 per cent at December 31, 2008. This change was a result of downgrades, largely occurring in March and April, with the pace of downgrade significantly slowing subsequently.2009. Sovereign debt backing shareholder business represented 1116 per cent of the debt portfolio backing shareholder business, or £4.9£8.8 billion, as at December 31, 2009; 672010. Exposures to sovereign debt have increased since December 2009 due mainly to an enlarged position in US Treasuries. Seventy three per cent of this was rated AAA and 9193 per cent investment grade. Eurozone sovereign exposures backing


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shareholder business were £3.1£3.6 billion as at December 31, 2009; 982010, of which 99 per cent of these were AAA rated. Of the remaining twoone per cent, the highest exposure was in respect of Italy (£5552 million) and Spain (£1(less than £1 million) whilst there was no sovereign exposure to Greece, Portugal or Ireland. The total banking exposure to Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece and Spain (PIIGS) was £363 million at December 31, 2010.

Asia

        Asia's debt portfolio totaled £10.0£14.1 billion as at December 31, 2009.2010. Of this, approximately 7569 per cent was invested in unit-linked and with-profits funds with minimal shareholders' risk. The remaining 2531 per cent wasis shareholder exposure and wasis invested predominantly (79(84 per cent) in investment grade bonds. For Asia, the portfolio has performed very well, and did not experience any default losses in 2009.2010.

UK

        The UK's debt portfolio on an IFRS basis was £67.8£74.3 billion as at December 31, 2009,2010, including £42.3£46.5 billion within the UK with-profits fund. Shareholders' risk exposure to the with-profits fund is limited as the solvency is protected by the large inherited estate. Outside the with-profits fund there was £6.4is £6.0 billion in unit linkedunit-linked funds where the shareholders' risk is limited, with the remaining £19.0£21.8 billion backing the shareholders' annuity business and other non-linked business (of which 7880 per cent is rated AAA to A, 1918 per cent BBB and threetwo per cent non-investment grade).


        On a statutory (Pillar 1) basis at December 31, 2010, Prudential held prudent credit reserves within the UK shareholder annuity funds of £1.6£1.8 billion as at December 31, 2009 to allow for future credit risk. For Prudential Retirement Income Limited ("PRIL")(PRIL) this allowance wasis set at 7168 bps asdecrease in the valuation discount rate at December 31, 2009 (2008: 802010 (2009: 71 bps). This represented 41now represents 43 per cent of the portfolio spread over swaps compared to 31 per cent as at June 30, 2009 and 2541 per cent as at December 31, 2008. A low level of new2009. No defaults (£11 million) were reported on the debt portfolio held by the UK shareholder-backedshareholder backed annuity business in 2009.2010.

        During the second half of 2009,2010, Prudential continued to materially reducedreduce its holdings in subordinated financial debt backing theits annuity business, which improvedimproving the overall credit quality of its bond portfolios. This has resulted in gross losses of £254£104 million on shareholder-backed business and £80£62 million on policyholderwith-profits fund backed business.business in the period. On a Pillar I basis these losses werehave been fully offset by a reduction in long-term default reserves of £180£98 million shareholder/£3139 million policyholderwith-profits fund that arose as a result of the improvement in the quality of its remaining bond portfolios and a further £74 million shareholder/£49 million policyholder release of short-term default reserves of £6 million shareholder and £23 million with-profits fund, which were allocated to the assets sold. On an IFRS basis, the gross costs less the reduction in long-term and short-term default reserves resulted in ana small overall pre-tax loss to operating lossprofit of £51£4 million shareholder/£32to shareholders and £15 million policyholder in 2009.to the with-profits fund.

US

        The most significant area of exposure to credit risk for the shareholders is Jackson in the US. As atAt December 31, 20092010 Jackson's fixed income portfolio totaled £22.8totaling £26.4 billion comprised of £16.5£20.2 billion corporate and government debt, £2.8 billion of Corporate Debt, £2.1residential mortgage-backed securities (RMBS), £2.4 billion of Commercial Mortgage Backed Securities ("CMBS"), £3.3 billion of Residential Mortgage Backed Securities ("RMBS")commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS) and £0.9£1 billion of other instruments.

        The US Corporate Debtcorporate and government debt portfolio of £16.5£20.2 billion was 94comprised £17.8 billion of corporate debt and £2.4 billion of government debt. Of the £17.8 billion of corporate debt 95 per cent is investment grade as at December 31, 2009.grade. Concentration risk waswithin the corporate debt portfolio is low, with the top ten holdings accounting for less than sevenapproximately eight per cent of the portfolio. The non-investment grade portfolio was also well diversified with an average holding of £8 million. TheJackson's largest sector exposures in the investment grade corporate debt portfolio wereare Utilities and Energy both at 16 per cent and 15 per cent. Thecent respectively. Prudential actively manages the portfolio is actively managed and will sell exposures are sold as events dictate.


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        Within the RMBS portfolio of £3.3£2.8 billion, the agency guaranteed portion was 60is 55 per cent as at December 31, 2009.cent. Another 2122 per cent of the portfolio wasis non-agency prime and Alt-A investments with pre-2006/2007 vintages, where experience has been much more positive than later vintages. Prudential'sJackson's exposure to the 2006/2007 vintages totaled £466totals £424 million as at December 31, 2009 of which £373£413 million wasis invested in the senior part of the capital structure, thereby significantly reducing the risk of defaults and the magnitude of loss if a shortfall were todoes occur. The actual exposure to non-senior 2006/2007 Prime and Alt-A RMBS was £93is only £11 million. The total RMBS portfolio hadhas an average fair value price of 7888 cents inon the dollar.

        The CMBS £2.1portfolio of £2.4 billion portfolio is performing strongly, with 4636 per cent of the portfolio rated AAA and less than one per cent rated below investment grade as at December 31, 2009.grade. The entire portfolio hadhas an average credit enhancement level of 30 per cent. This level provides significant protection, since it means the bond has to incur a 30 per cent loss, net of recoveries, before Prudential is at risk.

        In Jackson, total amounts charged to profits relating to debt securities waswere £213 million (2009: £631 million as at December 31, 2009 (2008: £624 million). This wasis net of recoveries/reversals recognized in the year of £5£10 million (2008: £3(2009: £5 million).

        In 2009,2010, Jackson's total defaults were £nil (2009: less than £1 million (2008: £78 million). In addition, as part of its active management of the book, itPrudential incurred losses net losses of £6recoveries and reversals of £89 million (2008: £130(2009: less than £1 million) on the salecredit related sales of impaired bonds.

        IFRS write downswrite-downs excluding defaults for 2009the year were £630£124 million compared to £419£630 million in 2008.2009. Of this amount £509£71 million (2008: £167(2009: £509 million) was in respect of RMBS securities.


        The impairment process reflects a rigorous review of every single bond and security in itsJackson's portfolio. TheJackson's accounting policy requires Prudentialit to book full mark to marketmark-to-market losses on impaired securities through theits income statement. However itPrudential would expect only a proportion of these losses eventually to turn into defaults, and some of the impaired securities to recover in price over time.

        In considering potential futureUnrealized gains and losses for Jackson, it is essentialon debt securities in the US

        Jackson's net unrealized gains from debt securities has steadily improved from negative £2,897 million at December 31, 2008 to examine the key components of the debt portfolio. Aspositive £4 million at December 31, 2009 93to positive £1,210 million at December 31, 2010. The gross unrealized loss position moved from £966 million at December 31, 2009 to £370 million at December 31, 2010. Gross unrealized losses on securities priced at less than 80 per cent of Jackson's total debt portfolio of £22.8 billion consisted of investment grade securities and seven per cent were non-investment grade.face value totaled £224 million at December 31, 2010 compared to £594 million at December 31, 2009.

Asset management

        The debt portfolio of Prudential'sthe Group's asset management operations of £1.2£1.6 billion as at December��December 31, 20092010 is principally comprises £1.1 billion related to Prudential Capital operations. Of this amount debt securities of £1.1£1.5 billion were rated AAA to A- by S&P or Aaa by Moody's.

2. Information regarding the position at March 31, 20102011

        On May 17, 2010,11, 2011, Prudential published its first quarter 20102011 Interim Management Statement with the UK Listing Authority. This statement included details on credit risk as at March 31, 20102011 as follows:

        The Group'sPrudential's total debt portfolio on an IFRS basis is estimated at £102.8£109.9 billion at March 31, 20102011 excluding holdings attributable to external unit holders of consolidated unit trusts. Of this total, £68.9£72.8 billion is in the UK, including £44.5£45.4 billion within the UK with-profits fund. Shareholders have limited risk exposure to the with-profits fund as theits solvency is protected by the inherited estate. Outside the with-profits fund there is £4.5£5.7 billion in unit-linked funds where the shareholder risk is limited, with the remaining £19.9£21.7 billion backing the shareholder annuity business and other non-linked business (of


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which 78.479 per cent is rated AAA to A, 18.819 per cent BBB and 2.82 per cent non-investment grade). No defaults were reported in the first quarter of 20102011 for UK shareholder backed business.

        Asia's debt portfolio totals £7.2£10.1 billion, of which £3.5£6.0 billion is invested in unit-linked and with-profits funds with minimal shareholder risk and £3.7£4.1 billion held by shareholder backed non-linked business. No defaults were reported in the first quarter of 2010.2011.

        Therefore, theThe most significant area of exposure to credit risk for the shareholder remains Jackson in the US. Jackson's fixed income portfolio at March 31 2010 is estimated £25.4at £25.5 billion. As reported at December 31, 20092010 the net unrealized position continues to benefit from the market recovery from the historically wide spreads experienced at the end of 2008. Jackson's net unrealized gains has increased to £0.4were £1.2 billion at March 31, 2010 from £42011 (December 31, 2010: £1.2 billion).

        Gross unrealized losses on securities priced below 80 per cent of book value were £0.2 billion at March 31, 2011 (December 31, 2010: £0.2 billion).

        Jackson did not experience any defaults on its fixed income portfolio during the first quarter of 2011. Write downs of impaired securities in the first quarter of the year were £6 million atwhich primarily related to Residential Mortgage Backed Securities (RMBS). No write downs were reported on corporate bonds. This compares to total write downs of £35 million for the endfirst quarter 2010.

        In addition to the impairments on the debt securities portfolio, Jackson incurred impairments of December£9 million on its commercial mortgage book in the first quarter to March 31, 2009.2011 (first quarter 2010: £1 million).

Loans

        Of the total Group loans of £8.8£9.3 billion as at December 31, 2009, £6.92010, £7.1 billion wereare held by shareholder-backed operations comprisingcomprised of £4.5£4.7 billion commercial mortgage loans and £2.4 billion of other loans.

        Of this totalthe £7.1 billion held by shareholder-backed operations, the Asian insurance operations held £0.4£0.5 billion of other loans, the majority of which are commercial loans held by the Malaysian operation that are rated investment gradedgrade by two local rating agencies. The US insurance operations held £4.3£4.2 billion of loans, comprising £3.8£3.6 billion of commercial mortgage loans, all of which are collateralized by properties, and £0.5 billion of policy loans. The US commercial mortgage loan portfolio does not include any single-family residential mortgage loans and therefore is not exposed to the risk of defaults associated with residential sub-prime mortgage loans. The UK insurance operations held £0.8£1.0 billion of loans, the majority of which are mortgage loans collateralized by properties.

        The balance of the total shareholder loans amounts to £1.4 billion and relates to bridging loan finance managed by Prudential Capital. The bridging loan assets generally have no external credit ratings



available, with internal ratings prepared by Prudential's asset management operations as part of the risk management process, with the majority being rated BBB+ to BBB-.

Unrealized Credit Losses in the US

1. Information regarding the 2009 results

        Jackson's net unrealized position moved from a loss of £2,897 million as at December 31, 2008 to a net gain of £4 million as at December 31, 2009 as the markets rebounded from the historically wide spreads at the end of 2008. The gross unrealized loss position moved from £3,178 million as at December 31, 2008 to £966 million as at December 31, 2009. Gross unrealized losses on securities priced at less than 80 per cent of face value totaled £594 million as at December 31, 2009 compared to £1.9 billion as at December 31, 2008.

2. Information regarding the position at March 31, 2010

        Prudential's first quarter 2010 Interim Management Statement as mentioned above also included updates on the Jackson's unrealized losses position as at March 31, 2010 as follows. Further information on Jackson's unrealized losses position at March 31, 2010 is also provided in Item 5 in the section headed"IFRS Critical Accounting Policies".

        Gross unrealized losses on securities priced below 80 per cent of book value were £0.5 billion at March 31, 2010 compared to £0.6 billion at the end of December 31, 2009.

        Jackson did not experience any losses on defaults during the first quarter of 2010. Write downs of impaired securities in the first quarter of the year were £35 million, of which £26 million were on Residential Mortgage Backed Securities (RMBS). No write downs were reported on corporate bonds. This compares to total write downs of £152 million for the first quarter 2009. In addition losses of £76 million were incurred in the first quarter of 2010 on sales of impaired and deteriorating bonds (first quarter 2009: £15 million). The increase over first quarter 2009 was the result of Jackson utilizing opportunities to continue de-risk the portfolio.

(c) Insurance risk

        The processes of determining the price of Prudential's products and reporting the results of its long-term business operations require Prudential to make a number of assumptions. In common with other industry players, the profitability of Prudential'sits businesses depends on a mix of factors including mortality and morbidity trends, persistency, investment performance, unit cost of administration and new business acquisition expenses. Almost all of Prudential's

        Prudential continues to conduct rigorous research into longevity risk arises in the UK, where this is managed as a key risk and where Prudential conducts rigorous research using data from its substantial annuitantannuity portfolio. In other partsThe assumptions that Prudential makes about future expected levels of the world, longevitymortality are particularly relevant in its UK annuity business. The attractiveness of reinsurance is regularly evaluated. It is used as a risk management tool where it is a very minor partappropriate and attractive to do so.


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        Prudential's persistency assumptions reflect recent experience for each relevant line of business, and any expectations of future persistency. Persistency risk is mitigated by appropriate training and sales processes and managed proactively post sale. Where appropriate, allowance is also made for the relationship—either assumed or historically observed—between persistency and investment returns, and for the resulting additional risk.

(d) Liquidity risk

        The holding company has significant internal sources of liquidity which are sufficient to meet all of its expected requirements for the foreseeable future without having to make use of external funding. In aggregate Prudential hadthe Group has £2.1 billion of undrawn committed facilities, as at March 31, 2010, of which, in February 2009, it renewed £1.4 billion of the undrawn syndicated committed banking facility for a further three years. Prudential also has two £100 million undrawn bilateral committed banking facilities expiring inbetween 2011 and 2012, with the balance being an annually renewable £500 million committed securities lending facility.2015. In addition Prudentialthe Group has access to liquidity via the debt capital markets,



which was demonstrated most recently through the two hybrid instruments, £400 million of Lower Tier 2 debt issued in May 2009 and US$750 million (approximately £455 million) of Innovative Tier 1 debt issued in July 2009, andmarkets. Recent issues include a £250 million senior three-year MTNMedium Term Note (MTN) in 2010 and the US$550 million perpetual subordinated tier 1 securities issued in January 2010.2011. Prudential also has in place an unlimited commercial paper program and has maintained a consistent presence as an issuer in this market for the last 10 years. Liquidity is alsouses and sources have been assessed at a business unit level under base case and stressed assumptions. The liquidity resources available and the subsequent Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) have been assessed to be sufficient under both sets of assumptions.

Non-financial Risk

        Prudential is exposed to operational, business environment and strategic risk in the course of running its businesses. It processes

        With regard to operational risk, the Group is dependent on processing a large number of complex transactions across numerous and diverse products, and is subject to a number of different legal and regulatory, including tax, regimes. ItPrudential also has a significant number of third-party relationships that are important to the distribution and processing of its products, both as market counterparties and as business partners. This results in reliance upon the operational performance of these outsourcing partners.

        Prudential's systems and processes incorporate controls that are designed to manage and mitigate the operational risks associated with its activities. The Prudential usesGroup Governance Manual was developed to make a key contribution to the sound system of internal control that the Group is expected to maintain under the Combined Code of Corporate Governance in the UK and the Hong Kong Code on Corporate Governance Practices. Business units confirm that they have implemented the necessary controls to evidence compliance with the Manual.

        The Group also has an operational risk management framework in place that facilitates both the qualitative and quantitative analysis of operational risk exposures materialexposures. The output of this framework, in particular management information on key operational risk components such as risk and control assessments, internal incidents and external incidents, is reported by the business operations and presented to Prudential to supportthe Group Operational Risk Committee. This information also supports business decisions, to informdecision making and lessons learned activities; the ongoing improvement of the control environment; the informing of overall levels of capital heldheld; and to assessdetermination of the adequacy of thePrudential's corporate insurance program.

        With regard to business environment risk, the Group has a wide-ranging program of active and constructive engagement with governments, policymakers and regulators in its key markets and with relevant international institutions. Such engagement is undertaken both directly and indirectly via trade associations. The Group has procedures in place to monitor and track political and regulatory developments. Where appropriate, Prudential provides submissions and technical input to officials and others, either via submissions to formal consultations or through interactions with officials.


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        With regard to strategic risk, both business operations and the corporate centre are required to adopt a forward-looking approach to risk management by performing risk assessments as part of the annual strategic planning process. This supports the identification of potential threats and the initiatives needed to address them, as well as competitive opportunities. The impact on the underlying businesses and/or Group-wide risk profile is also considered to ensure that strategic initiatives are within the Group's risk appetite.

Capital Managementmanagement

Regulatory capital (IGD)

        Prudential is subject to the capital adequacy requirements of the EUEuropean Union (EU) Insurance Groups Directive (IGD) as implemented by the FSAFinancial Services Authority (FSA) in the UK. The IGD capital adequacy requirements involve aggregating surplus capital held in Prudential'sits regulated subsidiaries, from which groupGroup borrowings, except those subordinated debt issues that qualify as capital, are deducted. No credit for the benefit of diversification is permitted under this approach.

        Prudential's capital position remained strong during 2010. Prudential has been further strengthened during 2009, driven bycontinued to place emphasis on maintaining its prudent but proactive risk management.financial strength through optimizing the balance between writing profitable new business, conserving capital and generating cash. Its IGD capital surplus was £3.4£4.3 billion as at December 31, 2010 (before taking into account the 2010 final dividend), covering its capital requirements 3.0 times. This compares to a capital surplus of £3.4 billion at the end of 2009 (before allowing fortaking into account the 2009 final dividend) giving solvency ratio of 283 per cent. This compared to a surplus as at December 31, 2008 (before allowing for the 2008 final dividend) of £1.5 billion(1) and a solvency ratio of 152 per cent..

        The positive movement of £1.9 billionmovements during 20092010 mainly comprised:


(1)
Source: Audited annual regulatory return under Insurance Groups Directive (Form 95)

    Net capital generation mainly through operating earnings (in-force releases less investment in new business) of £1.1£1.7 billion;

    The impactRelease of the saletax provisions of the agency distribution business in Taiwan of £0.8£0.2 billion;

    Hybrid debt issues in May and July 2009, totaling £0.9 billion;

    Additional recognitionForeign exchange movements of £0.4 billion of surplus in respect of part of the shareholders' interest in the future transfers from the PAC with-profit fund, recognition of £0.2 billion of future profits in the UK and Hong Kong and other intra-group capital efficiencies of £0.3positive £0.1 billion;

        Offset by:


        Prudential has strengthened its IGD capital position in challenging markets. It continues to have further options available to it to manage available and required capital. These could take the form of either increasing available capital (for example, through financial reinsurance or debt issuance)reinsurance) or reducing required capital (for example, through the levelmix and the mixlevel of new business, notably by maintaining pricing disciplinebusiness) and through the use of other risk mitigation strategiesmeasures such as hedging and reinsurance).reinsurance.

        In addition to thisits strong capital position, on a statutory (Pillar 1) basis, the total credit reserve for the UK shareholder annuity funds whichalso protects Prudential'sits capital position in excess of the IGD surplus, has been strengthened to £1.6 billionsurplus. This credit reserve as at December 31, 2009 (from £1.5 billion at September 30, 2009).2010 was £1.8 billion. This reserve is equivalent to 71 bpsrepresented 43 per annum over the lifetimecent of the assets.portfolio spread over swaps, compared to 41 per cent as at December 31, 2009.


        During the severe equity market conditions experienced in the first quarterTable of 2009 Prudential entered into exceptional overlay short-dated hedging contracts to protect against potential tail-events on the IGD capital position, in addition to the regular operational hedging programs. The hedge contracts have expired and not been renewed.Contents

Stress testing

        As at December 31, 2009, the impact of an instantaneous 20 per cent fall in equity markets levels (which is equivalent to the worst historic daily fall in the S&P index), would reduce IGD surplus by £150 million. Were equity markets to fall by more than 20 per cent, Prudential believes that this would not be an instantaneous fall but rather this would be expected to occur over a period during which it would be able to put into place mitigating management actions. For example, Prudential has estimated that the impact (net of mitigating management actions) of an additional 20 per cent fall in equity markets over a four-week period following an instantaneous 20 per cent fall would be an estimated reduction in the IGD surplus of a further £350 million.

        In summary, the findings of Prudential's stress testing and sensitivity analysis, which are part of the continual process of assessing the resilience of Prudential's IGD capital position to withstand significant further deterioration in market conditions include:

        Prudential believes that the results of these stress tests, together with its strong underlying earnings capacity, its established hedging programs and its additional areas of financial flexibility, demonstrate that it is in a position to withstand possible significant further deterioration in market conditions.

        Prudential also uses an economic capital assessment to monitor its capital requirements across the group, allowing for realistic diversification benefits, and continues to maintain a strong position. This assessment provides valuable insights into its risk profile.


Information regarding the capital position at March 31, 2010

        On May 17, 2010, Prudential published its first quarter 2010 Interim Management Statement with the UK listing Authority. This statement included details on the capital position as at March 31, 2010 as follows:

        Prudential's capital position remains strong. Prudential has continued to place emphasis on maintaining the Group's financial strength through optimizing the balance between writing profitable new business, conserving capital and generating cash. The Group's IGD capital surplus was estimated at £3.4 billion at March 31, 2010 (before taking into account the 2009 final dividend of £0.3 billion), covering its capital requirements 2.7 times. This compared to £3.4 billion at the end of 2009 and £2.3 billion at the end of the first quarter of 2009 (before taking into account the 2008 final dividend of £0.3 billion).

        The IGD capital surplus at March 31, 2010 was unchanged since the end of 2009. This primarily reflected a positive contribution from the underlying earnings, offset by inadmissible assets arising on the purchase of UOB's life insurance subsidiary in Singapore of £0.2 million and the impact of costs incurred to the end of March 2010 in relation to the proposed AIA acquisition and its financing. On June 2, 2010, Prudential announced that its agreement with AIG for the combination of Prudential and AIA had been terminated. See note I11 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18 for further details.

        As at March 31, stress testing of theits IGD capital position to various events had the following results:

        Prudential believes that the results of these stress tests, together with the Group's strong underlying earnings capacity, its established hedging programs and its additional areas of financial flexibility, demonstrate that Prudential is in a position to withstand significant deterioration in market conditions.

        Prudential also uses an economic capital assessment to monitor its capital requirements across the Group, allowing for realistic diversification benefits and continue to maintain a strong position. This assessment provides valuable insights into its risk profile.

2. Information regarding the capital position at March 31, 2011

        On May 11, 2011, Prudential published its first quarter 2011 Interim Management Statement with the UK Listing Authority. This statement included details in the capital position as at March 31, 2011 as follows:

        Prudential's capital position remains strong. Prudential has continued to focus on maintaining the Group's financial strength through optimizing the balance between writing profitable new business, conserving capital and generating cash. Prudential estimates that its Insurance Groups Directive (IGD) capital surplus was £4.2 billion at March 31, 2011 (after taking into account the 2010 final dividend of £0.4 billion), covering its capital requirements 3.0 times. This compares to £4.3 billion at the end of 2010 (before taking into account the 2010 final dividend) and £3.1 billion at the end of the first quarter of 2010 (after taking into account the 2009 final dividend of £0.3 billion).

        The movement in the IGD surplus in the first quarter of 2011 results reflects underlying earnings and the proceeds of the £0.3 billion of hybrid debt issued in January 2011 offset by investment in new business, the 2010 final dividend and foreign exchange movements. The proceeds of the hybrid debt raised are intended to finance the repayments of the Euro 500 million Tier 2 subordinated notes in December 2011.

        Prudential continues to have a number of options to manage both available and required capital. These could take the form of increasing its available capital (for example, through financial reinsurance) or reducing required capital (for example, through the mix and level of new business) and the use of other risk mitigation measures such as hedging and reinsurance.

        As at March 31, stress testing of our IGD capital position to various events has the following results:


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        In addition to the Group'sPrudential's strong capital position, on a statutory (Pillar 1) basis the total credit reserve for the UK shareholder annuity funds also protects the Group'scontributes to protecting its capital position in excess of the IGD surplus. This credit reserve as at March 31, 20102011 was £1.6£1.8 billion. This represented 44represents 46 per cent of the portfolio spread over SWAPs,swaps, compared to 4143 per cent at December 31, 2010, and 31 per cent as at June 30, 2009.2010.

Solvency II

        The EUEuropean Union (EU) is developing a new solvency framework for insurance companies, referred to as "Solvency II". The Solvency II Directive, which sets out the new solvency framework, for insurers in the European Union, was formally approved by the Economic and Financial Affairs Council in November 2009.2009 and is expected to be implemented from January 1, 2013. The new approach is based on the concept of three pillars—minimum capital requirements, supervisory review of firms' assessments of risk, and enhanced disclosure requirements.

        Specifically, Pillar 1 covers the quantitative requirements around own funds, valuation rules for assets and liabilities and capital requirements. Pillar 2 provides the qualitative requirements for risk management, governance and controls, including the requirement for insurers to submit an Own Risk and Solvency Assessment ("ORSA")(ORSA) which will be used by the Regulatorregulator as part of the supervisory review process. Pillar 3 deals with the enhanced requirements for supervisory reporting and public disclosure.


        A key aspect of Solvency II is that the assessment of risks and capital requirements will be aligned more closely with economic capital methodologies. Companies may be allowed to make use of internal economic capital models if approved by the local regulator.

        The European Commission has already initiatedis in the process of developingconsulting on the detailed rules that complement the high-level principles in the Directive, referred to as "implementing measures". These, which are subject to a consultation process that is not expected to be finalized until late 2011.before early 2012.

        In particular, the Committee of European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Supervisors ("CEIOPS")(CEIOPS) published a number of consultation papers in 2009 and 2010 covering advice to the European Commission on the implementing measures but there remains significant uncertainty regarding the outcome from this process. Prudential is actively participating in shaping the outcome through its involvement in industry bodies and trade associations, including the Chief Risk Officer and Chief Financial Officer Fora,Forums, together with the Association of British Insurers ("ABI")(ABI) and the Comité Européen des Assurances ("CEA")(CEA). In addition, further guidance and technical standards are currently being developed by the European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority (EIOPA). These are expected to be subject to a formal consultation beginning in late 2011, but may not be finalized until late 2012 or, in some cases, potentially after January 1, 2013.

        Many of the issues being actively debated have received considerable focus both within the industry and from national bodies. However, the application of Solvency II to international groups is still unclear and there remains a risk of inconsistent application, which may place Prudential at a competitive disadvantage to other European and non-European financial services groups. There is also a risk that the effect of the measures finally adopted could be adverse for the Group, including potentially a significant increase in capital required to support its business.

        Having assessed the high-level requirements of Solvency II, an implementation program was initiated with dedicated teams to manage the required work across Prudential.the Group. The activity of the local Solvency II teams is being coordinated by Group Head Officecentrally to achieve consistency in the understanding and application of the requirements.


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        Over the coming months Prudential iswill be progressing its implementation plans further and remaining in regular contact with the FSA as it prepares forPrudential continues to engage in the initial"pre-application" stage of the approval process for the internal model.

Capital allocation

        Prudential's approach to capital allocation takes into account a range of factors, especially risk-adjustedrisk adjusted returns on capital, the impact of alternative capital measurement bases (accounting, regulatory, economic and ratings agency assessments), tax efficiency, and wider strategic objectives.

        Prudential optimizes capital allocation across the groupGroup by using a consistent set of capital performance metrics across all business units to ensure meaningful comparison. Capital utilization, return on capital and new business value creation are measured at a product level. The use of these capital performance metrics is embedded into its decision-making processes for product design and product pricing.

        CapitalPrudential's capital performance metrics are based on economic capital, which provides a view of the Prudential'sits capital requirements across the group,Group, allowing for realistic diversification benefits. Economic capital also provides valuable insights into the Prudential'sits risk profile and is used both for risk measurement and capital management.

Risk mitigation and hedging

        Prudential manages its actual risk profile against its tolerance of risk. To do this, itPrudential maintains risk registers that include details of the risks itPrudential has identified and of the controls and mitigating actions itPrudential employs in managing them. Any mitigation strategies involving large transactions—such as a material derivative transaction—are subject to review at groupGroup level before implementation.

        Prudential uses a range of risk management and mitigation strategies. The most important of these include: adjusting asset portfolios to reduce investment risks (such as duration mismatches or overweight counterparty exposures); using derivatives to hedge market risks; implementing reinsurance programs to limit insurance risk; implementing corporate insurance programs to limit the impact of operational risks; and revising business plans where appropriate.


Risk Governancegovernance

        Organization:Organization

        Prudential's risk governance framework requires that all of Prudential's businessthe Group's businesses and functions establish processes for identifying, evaluating and managing the key risks faced by Prudential.the Group. The framework is based on the concept of "three lines of defence" ("LoD"): risk management, risk oversight and independent assurance.

        Risk management:management (1st LoD):    The primary responsibility for strategy, performance management and risk control lies with the Board, which has established the Risk Committee to assist in providing leadership, direction and oversight, and with the Group Chief Executive and the chief executives of each business unit.

        Balance Sheet and Capital Management Committee:    Meets monthly to monitor the Group's liquidity and oversee the activities of Prudential Capital.


Table of Contents

Risk oversight:oversight (2nd LoD):    Risk exposures are monitored and reviewed by group-levelGroup-level risk committees chaired by the Group Chief Risk Officer or the Chief Financial Officer:

        Independent assurance:    The Group Audit Committee, supported by group-wideGroup-wide Internal Audit, provides independent assurance and oversight of the effectiveness of Prudential'sthe Group's system of internal control and risk management.

Principles and objectives

        Risk is defined as the uncertainty that Prudential faces in successfully implementing its strategies and objectives. This includes all internal or external events, acts or omissions that have the potential to threaten the success and survival of Prudential.

        The control procedures and systems established within Prudentialthe Group are designed to manage rather than eliminate the risk of failure to meet business objectives. They can only provide reasonable and not absolute assurance against material misstatement or loss and focus on aligning the levels of risk-taking with the achievement of business objectives.

        Material risks will only be retained where this is consistent with Prudential's risk appetite framework and its philosophy towards risk-taking, i.e.:


        PrudentialThe Group has the following five objectives for risk and capital management:

Reporting

        The Group Executive Committee and the Board are provided with regular updates on Prudential'sGroup's economic capital position and overall position against risk limits is reviewed regularly by the Group Executive Risk Committee. Key economic capital metrics, as well as RAP information, are included in business plans, which are reviewed by the Group Executive Committee and RAP. They also receiveapproved by the annual financial condition reports prepared by Prudential's insurance operations.Board.

        The Group Audit Committee isand Group Risk Committee are provided with minutesregular reports on the activities of Group Risk. These reports include information on the activities of the Group Operational Risk Committee and regular updates on financial and operational risk exposures.Group Credit Risk Committee.

        Group Head Office oversight functions have clear escalation criteria and processes for the timely reporting of risks and incidents by business units. As appropriate, these risks and incidents are escalated to the various group-levelGroup-level risk committees and the Board.

        Internal business unit routine reporting requirements vary according to the nature of the business. Each business unit is responsible for ensuring that its risk reporting framework meets both the needs of the business unit (for example reporting to the business unit risk and audit committees) and the minimum standards set by Prudentialthe Group (for example, to meet group-levelGroup-level reporting requirements).

        Business units review their risks as part of the annual preparation of their business plans, and review opportunities and risks against business objectives regularly with Group Head Office. Group Risk reviews and reports to Group Head Office on the impact of large transactions or divergences from the business plan.


Table of Contents


Investments

General

        The overall financial strength of Prudential and the results, both current and future, of the insurance business are in part dependent upon the quality and performance of the various investment portfolios in the United Kingdom, the United States and Asia.

Prudential's Total Investments

        The following table shows Prudential's insurance and non-insurance investments, net of derivative liabilities, at December 31, 2009.2010. In addition, at December 31, 20092010 Prudential had £80.9£100.4 billion of external mutual funds under management. Assets held to cover linked liabilities relate to unit-linked and variable annuity products.



In this table, investments are valued as set out in note A4 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.



 At December 31, 2009 
 At December 31, 2010 


 UK
Insurance
 US
Insurance
 Asia
Insurance
 Total
Insurance
 Asset
Mgmt(a)
 Other Total Less:
assets to
cover
linked
liabilities
and
external
unit
holders(b)
 Group
excluding
assets to
cover
linked
liabilities
and
external
unit
holders
 
 UK
Insurance
 US
Insurance
 Asia
Insurance
 Total
Insurance
 Asset
Management(a)
 Other Total Less:
assets to
cover
linked
liabilities
and
external
unit
holders(b)
 Group
excluding
assets to
cover
linked
liabilities
and
external
unit
holders
 


 (£ million)
 
 (£ million)
 

Investment properties

Investment properties

 10,861 33 11 10,905   10,905 (884) 10,021 

Investment properties

 11,212 26 9 11,247   11,247 (987) 10,260 

Investments accounted for using the equity method

Investments accounted for using the equity method

 4  2 6   6  6 

Investments accounted for using the equity method

 69  2 71   71  71 

Financial investments:

Financial investments:

 

Financial investments:

 

Loans

 1,815 4,319 1,207 7,341 1,413  8,754 (27) 8,727 

Loans

 2,302 4,201 1,340 7,843 1,418  9,261  9,261 

Equity securities

 37,051 20,984 11,182 69,217 137  69,354 (35,517) 33,837 

Equity securities

 40,519 31,501 14,464 86,484 151  86,635 (48,835) 37,800 

Debt securities

 67,772 22,831 9,984 100,587 1,164  101,751 (13,364) 88,387 

Debt securities

 74,304 26,366 14,108 114,778 1,574  116,352 (14,954) 101,398 

Other investments

 3,630 955 258 4,843 113 176 5,132 (116) 5,016 

Other investments

 3,998 1,199 382 5,579 59 141 5,779 (134) 5,645 

Deposits

 11,557 454 746 12,757 63  12,820 (929) 11,891 

Deposits

 9,022 212 638 9,872 80  9,952 (750) 9,202 
                                       

Total financial investments

Total financial investments

 121,825 49,543 23,377 194,745 2,890 176 197,811 (49,953) 147,858 

Total financial investments

 130,145 63,479 30,932 224,556 3,282 141 227,979 (64,673) 163,306 
                                       

Total investments

Total investments

 132,690 49,576 23,390 205,656 2,890 176 208,722 (50,837) 157,885 

Total investments

 141,426 63,505 30,943 235,874 3,282 141 239,297 (65,660) 173,637 

Derivative liabilities

Derivative liabilities

 (792) (799) (222) (1,813) (78) (146) (2,037) 85 (1,952)
                                       

Total investments

Total investments

 140,634 62,706 30,721 234,061 3,204 (5) 237,260 (65,575) 171,685 
                   

(a)
Investments held by asset management operations are further split in note E2 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

(b)
Assets to cover external unit holders relate to assets attributable to unit holders of consolidated unit trusts and similar funds for which an equivalent liability is held in the balance sheet.statement of financial position. Prudential's interest in these trusts and similar funds are included in equity securities within the column 'Group"Group excluding assets to cover linked liabilities and external unit holders'holders". This differs from the Group accounts where the funds are consolidated in full with the underlying investments held by the funds being shown in the Prudential balance sheet.Prudential's statement of financial position.

        The disclosure below has been provided on a consistent basis as that included in previous Form 20-F submissions, with analysis focusing on the investments attributable to shareholders and consequently excluding those held to cover linked liabilities or attributable to unit holders of consolidated unit trusts and similar funds.

        In addition to the detail provided below further analysis is included in the consolidated financial statements, in accordance with IFRS 7 "Financial Instruments: Disclosures". The further analysis is included in notes D2(i), D3(i), D4(i), E2, G1 and G2 to Prudential's consolidated financial statements in Item 18.


Table of Contents

Prudential's Investment YieldsAverage Investment Return

        The following table shows the income from the investments of Prudential's operations, net of derivative liabilities, by asset category for the periods indicated. This table does not include investment income from assets held to cover linked liabilities and those attributable to external unit holders of consolidated unit trusts and



similar funds. Yields haveAverage investment return has been calculated using the average of opening and closing balances for the appropriate asset.



 Year Ended December 31,  

 Year Ended December 31,  


 2009  
 2008  
 2007  

 2010  
 2009  
 2008  


 Yield  
 Amount  
 Yield  
 Amount  
 Yield  
 Amount  

 Average
investment return
  
 Amount  
 Average
investment return
  
 Amount  
 Average
investment return
  
 Amount  


  
  
 (£ million)
  
  
  
 (£ million)
  
  
  
 (£ million)
  

  
  
 (£ million)
  
  
  
 (£ million)
  
  
  
 (£ million)
  

Investment properties

Investment properties

 

Investment properties

 

Net investment income

 6.6%  700   5.6%  676   4.9%  611 

Net investment income

 5.6%  564   6.6%  700   5.6%  676 

Net realized investment (losses) gains

 (0.6)%  (63)  (0.4)%  (51)  1.2%  147 

Net realized investment (losses) gains

 0%  4   (0.6)%  (63)  (0.4)%  (51) 

Net unrealized investment (losses) gains

 (0.7)%  (76)  (28.2)%  (3,372)  (5.8)%  (723) 

Net unrealized investment (losses) gains

 5.2%  527   (0.7)%  (76)  (28.2)%  (3,372) 

          

          

Ending assets

     10,021       11,282       12,658  

Ending assets

     10,260       10,021       11,282  

          

          

Investments accounted for using the equity method

Investments accounted for using the equity method

 

Investments accounted for using the equity method

 

Net investment income

 0%  0   0%  0   0%  0 

Net investment income

 0%  0   0%  0   0%  0 

Net realized investment gains

 0%  0   0%  0   0%  0 

Net realized investment gains

 78.5%  30   0%  0   0%  0 

Net unrealized investment gains

 0%  0   0%  0   0%  0 

Net unrealized investment gains

 0%  0   0%  0   0%  0 

          

          

Ending assets

     6       10       12  

Ending assets

     71       6       10  

          

          

Loans

Loans

 

Loans

 

Net investment income

 4.8%  461   6.0%  549   6.4%  425 

Net investment income

 5.2%  469   4.8%  461   6.0%  549 

Net realized investment (losses) gains

 (1.1)%  (105)  2.3%  210   0.7%  47 

Net realized investment (losses) gains

 (0.3)%  (26)  (1.1)%  (105)  2.3%  210 

Net unrealized investment gains

 0%  0   0%  0   0%  0 

Net unrealized investment gains

 (0.1)%  (10)  0%  0   0%  0 

          

          

Ending assets

     8,727       10,378       7,887  

Ending assets

     9,261       8,727       10,378  

          

          

Equity securities

Equity securities

 

Equity securities

 

Net investment income

 3.9%  1,373   3.8%  1,731   4.5%  2,388 

Net investment income

 2.6%  948   3.9%  1,373   3.8%  1,731 

Net realized investment gains

 5.5%  1,905   4.5%  2,014   8.7%  4,633 

Net realized investment gains

 4.2%  1,500   5.5%  1,905   4.5%  2,014 

Net unrealized investment gains (losses)

 14.8%  5,165   (39.7)%  (17,897)  (3.0)%  (1,589) 

Net unrealized investment gains (losses)

 6.6%  2,368   14.8%  5,165   (39.7)%  (17,897) 

          

          

Ending assets

     33,837       35,821       54,452  

Ending assets

     37,800       33,837       35,821  

          

          

Debt securities

Debt securities

 �� 

Debt securities

 

Net investment income

 6.9%  5,939   1.3%  1,071   5.9%  4,335 

Net investment income

 5.1%  4,823   6.9%  5,939   1.3%  1,071 

Net realized investment losses

 (0.7)%  (572)  (0.7)%  (573)  (0)%  (18) 

Net realized investment gains (losses)

 1.5%  1,422   (0.7)%  (572)  (0.7)%  (573) 

Net unrealized investment gains (losses)

 3.9%  3,380   (2.9)%  (2,348)  (1.5)%  (1,129) 

Net unrealized investment gains (losses)

 2.3%  2,209   3.9%  3,380   (2.9)%  (2,348) 

          

          

Ending assets

     88,387       84,929       75,114  

Ending assets

     101,398       88,387       84,929  

          

          

Other investments

 

Other investments (including derivative liabilities)

Other investments (including derivative liabilities)

 

Net investment income

 0.6%  32   3.0%  155   2.5%  119 

Net investment income

 0.3%  13   1.2%  32   6.2%  155 

Net realized investment (losses) gains

 (9.7)%  (541)  (33.6)%  (1,745)  6.4%  306 

Net realized investment (losses) gains

 (11.0)%  (403)  (20)%  (541)  (69.7)%  (1,745) 

Net unrealized investment (losses) gains

 (0.4)%  (23)  (34.8)%  (1,805)  14.4%  687 

Net unrealized investment (losses) gains

 8.2%  299   (0.8)%  (23)  (72.1)%  (1,805) 

          

          

Ending assets

     5,016       6,097       4,275  

Ending assets, net of derivative liabilities

     3,693       3,604       1,809  

          

          

Deposits

Deposits

 

Deposits

 

Net investment income

 0.7%  64   8.4%  534   5.5%  365 

Net investment income

 0.5%  56   0.7%  64   8.4%  534 

Net realized investment gains

 0%  0   0%  0   0%  0 

Net realized investment gains (losses)

 0%  0   0%  0   0%  0 

Net unrealized investment gains

 0%  0   0%  0   0%  0 

Net unrealized investment gains

 0%  0   0%  0   0%  0 

          

          

Ending assets

     11,891       6,391       6,353  

Ending assets

     9,202       11,891       6,391  

          

          

Total

Total

 

Total

 

Net investment income

 5.5%  8,569   3.0%  4,716   5.2%  8,243 

Net investment income

 4.2%  6,874   5.5%  8,569   3.0%  4,716 

Net realized investment gains (losses)

 0.4%  624   (0.1)%  (145)  3.3%  5,115 

Net realized investment gains (losses)

 1.5%  2,526   0.4%  624   (0.1)%  (145) 

Net unrealized investment gains (losses)

 5.4%  8,446   (16.1)%  (25,422)  (1.8)%  (2,754) 

Net unrealized investment gains (losses)

 3.3%  5,394   5.4%  8,446   (16.1)%  (25,422) 

          

          

Ending assets

     157,885       154,908       160,751  

Ending assets, net of derivative liabilities

     171,685       156,473       150,620  

          

          

Table of Contents

Prudential's Insurance Investment Strategy and Objectives

        Prudential's insurance investments support a range of businesses operating in many geographic areas. Each of the operations formulates a strategy based on the nature of its underlying liabilities, its level of capital and its local regulatory requirements.


Internal funds under management

        Prudential manages 8681 per cent of its group funds principally through its fund management businesses, M&G in the United Kingdom, PPM America in the United States and Prudential Asset Management in Asia. The remaining 1419 per cent of the Group's funds mainly relate to assets held to back unit-linked, unit trust and variable annuity liabilities.

        In each of the operations, local management analyzes the liabilities and determines asset allocation, benchmarks and permitted deviations from these benchmarks appropriate for its operation. These benchmarks and permitted deviations are agreed with internal fund managers, who are responsible for implementing the specific investment strategy through their local fund management operations.

Investments Relating to UK Insurance Business

Strategy

        In the United Kingdom, Prudential tailors its investment strategy for long-term business, other than unit-linked business, to match the type of product a portfolio supports. The primary distinction is between with-profits portfolios and non-participating portfolios, which include the majority of annuity portfolios. Generally, the objective is to maximize returns while maintaining investment quality and asset security and adhering to the appropriate government regulations.

        With-profits contracts are long-term contractsConsistent with minimal guaranteed amounts. Accordingly,the product nature, in particular regarding guarantees, the with-profits fundfund's investment strategy emphasizes a well-diversified equity portfolio (containing some international equities), real estate (predominantly in the United Kingdom), UK and international fixed income securities and cash.

        For Prudential's UK pension annuities business and other non-participating business the objective is to maximize profits while ensuring stability by closely matching the cash flows of assets and liabilities. To achieve this matching, the strategy is to invest in fixed income securities of appropriate maturity dates.

        For Prudential's unit-linked business, the primary objective is to maximize investment returns subject to following an investment policy consistent with the representations Prudential has made to its unit-linked product policyholders.


Table of Contents

Investments

        The following table summarizes the total investments, net of derivative liabilities, of the UK insurance business at December 31, 2009.2010.



 At December 31, 2009 
 At December 31, 2010 


 SAIF PAC Other Total Less: assets
to cover
linked
liabilities
and external
unit holders(a)
 Total
excluding
assets to
cover linked
liabilities
and external
unit holders
 
 SAIF PAC Other Total Less: assets
to cover
linked
liabilities
and external
unit holders(a)
 Total
excluding
assets to
cover linked
liabilities
and external
unit holders
 


 (£ million)
 
 (£ million)
 

Investment properties

Investment properties

 710 8,049 2,102 10,861 (884) 9,977 

Investment properties

 673 8,320 2,219 11,212 (987) 10,225 

Investment accounted for using the equity method

Investment accounted for using the equity method

   4 4  4 

Investment accounted for using the equity method

   69 69  69 

Financial investments:

Financial investments:

 

Financial investments:

 

Loans

 138 968 709 1,815  1,815 

Loans

 153 1,117 1,032 2,302  2,302 

Equity securities

 2,994 23,277 10,780 37,051 (11,248) 25,803 

Equity securities

 3,105 23,945 13,469 40,519 (12,726) 27,793 

Debt securities

 4,797 37,542 25,433 67,772 (6,861) 60,911 

Debt securities

 4,704 41,798 27,802 74,304 (6,796) 67,508 

Other investments

 340 3,035 255 3,630 (72) 3,558 

Other investments

 276 3,419 303 3,998 (75) 3,923 

Deposits

 869 8,755 1,933 11,557 (550) 11,007 

Deposits

 793 6,473 1,756 9,022 (499) 8,523 
                           

Total financial investments

Total financial investments

 9,138 73,577 39,110 121,825 (18,731) 103,094 

Total financial investments

 9,031 76,752 44,362 130,145 (20,096) 110,049 
                           

Total investments

Total investments

 9,848 81,626 41,216 132,690 (19,615) 113,075 

Total investments

 9,704 85,072 46,650 141,426 (21,083) 120,343 

Derivative liabilities

Derivative liabilities

 (38) (549) (205) (792) 85 (707)
                           

Total investment, net of derivative liabilities

Total investment, net of derivative liabilities

 9,666 84,523 46,445 140,634 (20,998) 119,636 
             

(a)
Please refer to the notes in the total Group investments table.

Table of Contents

        The following table shows additional analysis of the investments relating to Prudential's UK insurance business, excluding assets to cover linked liabilities and those attributable to external unit holders of consolidated unit trusts and similar funds, at December 31, 2009.2010. The "Other" column includes investments relating to solvency capital of unit-linked funds and investments relating to non-life long-term business.




 At December 31, 2009 
 At December 31, 2010 


 With-
Profits
 PRIL SAIF Other Total Total % 
 With-
Profits
 PRIL SAIF Other Total Total % 


 (£ million)
 
 (£ million)
 

Investment properties

Investment properties

 7,975 968 710 324 9,977 8.8 

Investment properties

 8,239 1,057 673 256 10,225 8.5 

Investments accounted for using the equity method

Investments accounted for using the equity method

    4 4  

Investments accounted for using the equity method

    69 69 0.1 

Financial investments:

Financial investments:

 

Financial investments:

 

Loans:

 

Loans:

 
 

Mortgage loans

 145 37  666 848    

Mortgage loans

 234 37 22 990 1,283   
 

Policy loans

 15  9  24    

Policy loans

 13  8  21   
 

Other loans

 808 6 129  943    

Other loans

 870 5 123  998   
                           

Total loans and receivables

Total loans and receivables

 968 43 138 666 1,815 1.6 

Total loans and receivables

 1,117 42 153 990 2,302 1.9 
                           

Equity securities:

Equity securities:

 

Equity securities:

 

United Kingdom:

 

United Kingdom:

 
 

Listed

 14,121 3 1,805 77 16,006    

Listed

 15,200 2 1,952 86 17,240   
 

Unlisted

 323  45  368    

Unlisted

 306  48 4 358   
             

Total United Kingdom

Total United Kingdom

 14,444 3 1,850 77 16,374 14.5 

Total United Kingdom

 15,506 2 2,000 90 17,598 14.7 
             

International:

International:

 

International:

 

United States

 1,482  195  1,677   

United States

 1,879  185  2,064   

Europe (excluding the United Kingdom)

 2,807  392  3,199   

Europe (excluding the United Kingdom)

 2,829 1 346 1 3,177   

Japan

 680  99  779   

Japan

 754  98  852   

Pacific (excluding Japan)

 1,741  253 5 1,999   

Pacific (excluding Japan)

 1,686  237 7 1,930   

Other

 1,569  206  1,775   

Other

 1,926 7 239  2,172   
                           

Total international

Total international

 8,279  1,145 5 9,429 8.3 

Total international

 9,074 8 1,105 8 10,195 8.5 
                           

Total equity securities

Total equity securities

 22,723 3 2,995 82 25,803 22.8 

Total equity securities

 24,580 10 3,105 98 27,793 23.2 
                           

Debt securities:

Debt securities:

 

Debt securities:

 

UK government

 2,364 1,424 205 415 4,408   

UK government

 3,950 1,759 293 527 6,529   

US government

 529  1 4 534   

US government

 514  181 1 696   

Other

 34,174 15,210 4,591 1,994 55,969   

Other

 36,587 17,289 4,230 2,177 60,283   
                           

Total debt securities

Total debt securities

 37,067 16,634 4,797 2,413 60,911 53.9 

Total debt securities

 41,051 19,048 4,704 2,705 67,508 56.4 
                           

Other investments:

Other investments:

 

Other investments:

 

Participation in investment pools

Participation in investment pools

 1,590  223  1,813   

Participation in investment pools

 1,935  216  2,151   

Other financial investments

Other financial investments

 850    850   

Other financial investments

 851    851   

Derivative assets

Derivative assets

 590 174 117 14 895   

Derivative assets

 631 220 60 10 921   
                           

Total other investments

Total other investments

 3,030 174 340 14 3,558 3.2 

Total other investments

 3,417 220 276 10 3,923 3.3 
                           

Deposits

Deposits

 8,755 586 868 798 11,007 9.7 

Deposits

 6,473 733 793 524 8,523 7.1 
                           

Total investments

Total investments

 80,518 18,408 9,848 4,301 113,075 100.0 

Total investments

 84,877 21,110 9,704 4,652 120,343 100.6 
                           

Derivative liabilities

Derivative liabilities

 (515) (154) (38)  (707) (0.6)
             

Total investment, net of derivative liabilities

Total investment, net of derivative liabilities

 84,362 20,956 9,666 4,652 119,636 100.0 
             

Table of Contents

Equity Securities

        Prudential's UK insurance operations, excluding assets to cover linked liabilities and those attributable to external unit holders of consolidated unit trusts and similar funds, had £25,803£27,793 million invested in equities at December 31, 2009.2010. Most of these equities support Prudential Assurance's with-profits fund and the SAIF fund, both of which are managed using the same general investment strategy.


        The following table shows the geographic spread of this equity portfolio by market value in accordance with the policies described in note A4 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.


 At December 31, 2009  At December 31, 2010 

 Market Value  
  Market Value  
 

 (£ million)
 (%)
  (£ million)
 (%)
 

United Kingdom

 16,374 63.5  17,598 63.3 

United States

 1,677 6.5  2,064 7.4 

Europe (excluding United Kingdom)

 3,199 12.4  3,177 11.5 

Japan

 779 3.0  852 3.1 

Pacific (excluding Japan)

 1,999 7.7  1,930 6.9 

Other

 1,775 6.9  2,172 7.8 
          

Total

 25,803 100.0  27,793 100.0 
          

        The UK equity holdings are well diversified and broadly mirror the FTSE All-Share share index. Prudential held equities in 463442 UK companies at December 31, 2009.2010. The ten largest holdings in UK equities at December 31, 20092010 amounted to £6,731£6,873 million, accounting for 41.139.0 per cent of the total UK equity holdings of £16,374£17,598 million supporting the UK insurance operations. The following table shows the market value of the ten largest holdings in UK equities at December 31, 2009.2010.


 At December 31, 2009  At December 31, 2010 

 Market Value  
  Market Value  
 

 (£ million)
 (%)
  (£ million)
 (%)
 

BP

 1,109 6.8  972 5.5 

HSBC Holdings

 1,007 6.1  870 4.9 

Vodafone Group

 807 4.9  874 5.0 

GlaxoSmithKline

 749 4.6  692 3.9 

Royal Dutch Shell

 681 4.2  697 4.0 

British American Tobacco

 544 3.3  637 3.6 

Rio Tinto

 705 4.3  897 5.1 

Tesco

 376 2.3 

B G Group

 385 2.2 

Astrazeneca

 396 2.4  393 2.2 

BHP Billiton

 357 2.2  456 2.6 
          

Total

 6,731 41.1  6,873 39.0 
          

        A wide variety of industry sectors are represented in Prudential's equity portfolio. At December 31, 2009,2010, within the £16,374£17,598 million in UK equities supporting the UK insurance operations, Prudential had £10,341£14,297 million, or 63.281.2 per cent of the holdings, invested in ten industries. The following table shows


Table of Contents


the primary industry concentrations based on market value of the portfolio of UK equities relating to the UK insurance business at December 31, 2009.2010.



 At December 31, 2009  At December 31, 2010 

 Market Value  
  Market Value  
 

 (£ million)
 (%)
  (£ million)
 (%)
 

Oil and Gas Producers

 2,324 14.2  2,779 15.8 

Mining

 1,546 9.4  2,469 14.0 

Banks

 1,527 9.3  2,469 14.0 

Pharmaceuticals and Biotech

 1,225 7.5  1,553 8.8 

Tobacco

 853 5.2  942 5.4 

Mobile Telecommunications

 808 4.9  1,147 6.5 

Travel & Leisure

 628 3.8  881 5.0 

Aerospace and defense

 507 3.2  656 3.8 

Gas, Water & Multi Utilities

 482 2.9  692 3.9 

Support Services

 441 2.8 

Media

 710 4.0 
          

Total

 10,341 63.2  14,298 81.2 
          

Debt Securities

        At December 31, 2009,2010, of the debt securities held by the UK insurance operations, excluding assets to cover linked liabilities and those attributable to external unit holders of consolidated unit trusts and similar funds, 91.989.3 per cent were issued by corporations and overseas governments other than the US, 7.29.7 per cent were issued or guaranteed by the UK government and 0.91.0 per cent were issued or guaranteed by the US government. These guarantees relate only to payment and, accordingly, do not provide protection against fluctuations in market price that may occur during the term of the fixed income securities.

        The following table shows the market value of the debt securities portfolio by maturity at December 31, 2009,2010, in accordance with the policies described in note A4 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.


 At December 31, 2009  At December 31, 2010 

 Market Value  
  Market Value  
 

 (£ million)
 (%)
  (£ million)
 (%)
 
Securities maturing:  
Within one year 1,263 2.1  1,445 2.1 
Over one year and up to five years 8,986 14.8  7,754 11.5 
Over five years and up to ten years 14,253 23.4  15,324 22.7 
Over ten years and up to fifteen years 8,926 14.7  9,508 14.1 
Over fifteen years 27,483 45.0  33,477 49.6 
          
Total debt securities 60,911 100.0  67,508 100.0 
          

Table of Contents

        The following table shows debt securities by rating:


 At December 31, 2009  At December 31, 2010 

 Market Value  
  Market Value  
 

 (£ million)
 (%)
  (£ million)
 (%)
 
S&P—AAA 13,628 22.4  16,318 24.2 
S&P—AA+ to AA- 5,651 9.3  6,229 9.2 
S&P—A+ to A- 17,785 29.2  19,673 29.1 
S&P—BBB+ to BBB- 11,189 18.4  11,956 17.7 
S&P—Other 2,165 3.5  2,976 4.4 
          
 50,418 82.8  57,152 84.6 
          
Moody's—Aaa 459 0.8  682 1.0 
Moody's—Aa1 to Aa3 275 0.4  307 0.5 
Moody's—A1 to A3 800 1.3  596 0.9 
Moody's—Baa1 to Baa3 815 1.3  857 1.3 
Moody's—Other 339 0.6  220 0.3 
          
 2,688 4.4  2,662 4.0 
          
Fitch 1,022 1.7  580 0.9 
Other 6,783 11.1  7,114 10.5 
          
Total debt securities 60,911 100.0  67,508 100.0 
          

Real Estate

        At December 31, 2009,2010, Prudential's UK insurance operations, excluding assets to cover linked liabilities and those attributable to external unit holders of consolidated unit trusts and similar funds, had £9,977£10,225 million of investments in real estate. The following table shows the real estate portfolio by type of investment. The real estate investments are shown at market value in accordance with the policies described in note A4 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.


 At December 31, 2009  At December 31, 2010 

 Market Value  
  Market Value  
 

 (£ million)
 (%)
  (£ million)
 (%)
 
Office buildings 4,427 44.4  4,121 40.3 
Shopping centers/commercial 3,540 35.5  3,459 33.8 
Retail warehouses/industrial 1,472 14.8  2,043 20.0 
Development 20 0.2  402 3.9 
Other 518 5.1  200 2.0 
          
Total 9,977 100.0  10,225 100.0 
          

        Approximately 41.444.8 per cent of the UK held real estate investment is located in London and Southeast England (Buckinghamshire, Berkshire, East and West Sussex, Hampshire, Isle of Wight, Kent, Oxfordshire and Surrey) with 39.236.4 per cent located throughout the rest of the UK and the remaining 19.418.7 per cent located overseas.


Table of Contents

Investments Relating to Prudential's US Insurance Business

Strategy

        The investment strategy of the US insurance operations, for business other than the variable annuity business, is to maintain a diversified and largely investment grade debt securities portfolio that maintains



a desired investment spread between the yield on the portfolio assets and the rate credited on policyholder liabilities. Interest rate scenario testing is continually used to monitor the effect of changes in interest yields on cash flows, the present value of future profits and interest rate spreads.

        The investment portfolio of the US insurance operations consists primarily of debt securities, although the portfolio also contains investments in mortgage loans, policy loans, common and preferred stocks, derivative instruments, cash and short-term investments and miscellaneous other investments.

Investments

        The following table shows total investments, net of derivative liabilities, relating to the US insurance operations at December 31, 2009.2010.



 At December 31, 2009 
 At December 31, 2010 


 Variable
annuity
separate
account
assets
 Fixed
annuity, GIC
and other
business
 Total 
 Variable
annuity
separate
account
assets
 Fixed
annuity, GIC
and other
business
 Total 


 (£ million)
 
 (£ million)
 

Investment properties

Investment properties

  33 33 

Investment properties

  26 26 

Financial investments:

Financial investments:

 

Financial investments:

 

Loans

  4,319 4,319 

Loans

  4,201 4,201 

Equity securities

 20,639 345 20,984 

Equity securities

 31,203 298 31,501 

Debt securities

  22,831 22,831 

Debt securities

  26,366 26,366 

Other investments

  955 955 

Other investments

  1,199 1,199 

Deposits

  454 454 

Deposits

  212 212 
               

Total financial investments

Total financial investments

 20,639 28,904 49,543 

Total financial investments

 31,203 32,276 63,479 
               

Total investments

Total investments

 20,639 28,937 49,576 

Total investments

 31,203 32,302 63,505 

Derivative liabilities

Derivative liabilities

  (799) (799)
               

Total investment, net of derivative liabilities

Total investment, net of derivative liabilities

 31,203 31,503 62,706 
       

Table of Contents

        The following table further analyzes the insurance investments, net of derivative liabilities of the US insurance operations, excluding the separate account investments supporting the variable annuity business, at December 31, 2009.2010.



 December 31, 2009 
 December 31, 2010 


 (£ million)
 (%)
 
 (£ million)
 (%)
 

Non-institutional

Non-institutional

 

Non-institutional

 

Investment properties

 26 0.1 

Investment properties

 33 0.1 

Loans

 3,844 12.2 

Loans

 3,916 13.5 

Equity securities

 240 0.7 

Equity securities

 270 0.9  

Corporate securities

 16,215 51.5 
 

Corporate securities

 14,881 51.4  

Government securities

 2,345 7.4 
 

Residential mortgage-backed securities

 3,072 10.7  

Residential mortgage-backed securities

 2,572 8.2 
 

Commercial mortgage-backed securities

 1,805 6.2  

Commercial mortgage-backed securities

 2,071 6.6 
 

Other debt securities

 862 3.0  

Other debt securities

 887 2.8 
           

Total debt securities

 20,620 71.3 

Total debt securities

 24,090 76.5 
           

Other investments

 955 3.3 

Other investments

 1,199 3.8 

Deposits

 454 1.6 

Deposits

 212 0.7 
     

Derivative liabilities

 (528) (1.7)

Total non-institutional

 26,248 90.7       
     

Total non-institutional

 28,988 92.0 

Institutional

Institutional

 

Institutional

 

Investment properties

   

Investment properties

   

Loans

 403 1.4 

Loans

 357 1.1 

Equity securities

 75 0.3 

Equity securities

 58 0.2 
 

Corporate securities

 1,574 5.5  

Corporate securities

 1,576 5.0 
 

Residential mortgage-backed securities

 244 0.8  

Government securities

 95 0.3 
 

Commercial mortgage-backed securities

 299 1.0  

Residential mortgage-backed securities

 212 0.7 
 

Other debt securities

 94 0.3  

Commercial mortgage-backed securities

 304 1.0 
      

Other debt securities

 89 0.3 

Total debt securities

 2,211 7.6       
     

Total debt securities

 2,276 7.3 

Other investments

         

Deposits

   

Other investments

   
     

Deposits

   

Total institutional

 2,689 9.3 

Derivative liabilities

 (271) (0.9)
           

Total institutional

 2,420 7.7 
     

Total

Total

 

Total

 

Investment properties

 33 0.1 

Investment properties

 26 0.1 

Loans

 4,319 14.9 

Loans

 4,201 13.3 

Equity securities

 345 1.2 

Equity securities

 298 0.9 
 

Corporate securities

 16,455 56.9  

Corporate securities

 17,791 56.5 
 

Residential mortgage-backed securities

 3,316 11.5  

Government securities

 2,440 7.7 
 

Commercial mortgage-backed securities

 2,104 7.2  

Residential mortgage-backed securities

 2,784 8.9 
 

Other debt securities

 956 3.3  

Commercial mortgage-backed securities

 2,375 7.6 
      

Other debt securities

 976 3.1 

Total debt securities

 22,831 78.9       
     

Total debt securities

 26,366 83.8 

Other investments

 955 3.3       

Deposits

 454 1.6 

Other investments

 1,199 3.8 
     

Deposits

 212 0.7 

Total

 28,937 100.0 

Derivative liabilities

 (799) (2.6)
           

Total

 31,503 100.0 
     

Table of Contents

        Under IFRS, debt securities are shown at fair value and loans are at amortized cost. Equity securities and investment properties are shown at fair value. The fair value of unlisted securities is estimated by Jackson using independent pricing services or analytically determined values.

Debt Securities

Corporate Securities

        At December 31, 2009,2010, the US insurance operations had £16,455£17,791 million of corporate securities representing 56.956.5 per cent of US insurance operations total investments excluding separate account investments. Of the £16,455£17,791 million, £13,338£14,747 million consisted of debt securities that are publicly traded or trade under Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended ("Rule 144A") and £3,117£3,044 million consisted of investments in non-Rule 144A privately placed fixed income securities.

        For statutory reporting in the United States, debt securities are classified into six quality categories specified by the Securities Valuation Office of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners ("NAIC"). The categories range from Class 1 (the highest) to Class 6 (the lowest). Performing securities are designated Classes 1-5. Securities in or near default are designated as Class 6. Securities designated as Class 3, 4, 5 and 6 are non-investment grade securities. Generally, securities rated AAA to A by nationally recognized statistical ratings organizations are Class 1, BBB are Class 2, BB are Class 3 and B and below are Classes 4 through 6. If a designation is not currently available from the NAIC, Jackson's investment adviser, PPM America, provided the designation for the purposes of the disclosure contained herein.

        The following table shows the credit quality of the portfolio of publicly traded and Rule 144A fixed income securities at December 31, 2009.2010.


 At December 31,
2009
  At December 31,
2010
 

 Book Value  
  Book Value  
 

 (£ million)
 (%)
  (£ million)
 (%)
 

NAIC Class Designation

  

1

 5,067 38.0  5,338 36 

2

 7,508 56.3  8,550 58 

3

 598 4.5  644 5 

4

 122 0.9  201 1 

5

 40 0.3  11  

6

 3   3  
          

Total

 13,338 100.0  14,747 100 
          

Table of Contents

        The following table shows the credit quality of the non-Rule 144A private placement portfolio at December 31, 2009.2010.


 At December 31,
2009
  At December 31,
2010
 

 Book Value  
  Book Value  
 

 (£ million)
 (%)
  (£ million)
 (%)
 

NAIC Class Designation

  

1

 1,084 34.8  1,125 37 

2

 1,792 57.5  1,772 58 

3

 162 5.2  114 4 

4

 54 1.7  18 1 

5

 20 0.6  13  

6

 5 0.2  2  
          

Total

 3,117 100.0  3,044 100 
          

Residential Mortgage-Backed Securities

        At December 31, 2009,2010, the US insurance operations had £3,316£2,784 million of residential mortgage-backed securities, representing 11.58.6 per cent of US insurance operations total investments, excluding separate account investments. At December 31, 2009, 73.92010, 66.5 per cent of this total were rated AAA. (Standard & Poor's ratings have been used where available and for securities where Standard & Poor's ratings are not immediately available, those produced by Moody's and then Fitch have been used as an alternative).

        The primary investment risk associated with residential mortgage-backed securities is that a change in the interest rate environment or other economic conditions could cause payment of the underlying obligations to be made slower or quicker than was anticipated at the time of their purchase. If interest rates decline, then this risk is called "pre-payment risk" and the underlying obligations will generally be repaid quicker when the yields on reinvestment alternatives are lower. Alternatively, if interest rates rise, the risk is called "extension risk" and the underlying obligations will generally be repaid slower when reinvestment alternatives offer higher returns. Residential mortgage-backed securities offer additional yield to compensate for these risks. The US Operationsoperations can manage pre-payment risk, in part, by reducing crediting rates on its products.

Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities

        At December 31, 2009,2010, the US insurance operations had £2,104£2,375 million of commercial mortgage-backed securities, representing 7.27.6 per cent of US insurance operations total investments, excluding separate account investments. 46.036 per cent of this total were rated AAA (Standard & Poor's ratings have been used where available and for securities where S&P ratings are not immediately available, those produced by Moody's and then Fitch have been used as an alternative). Due to the structures of the underlying commercial mortgages, these securities do not present the same pre-payment or extension risk as residential mortgage-backed securities.

Other Debt Securities

        At December 31, 2009,2010, the US insurance operations had £956£976 million of other debt securities, representing 3.33.1 per cent of US insurance operations total investments, excluding separate account investments.


Table of Contents

Loans

 ��      At December 31, 2009,2010, loans totaled £4,319£4,201 million, representing 14.913.3 per cent of US insurance operations total investments, excluding separate account investments. Of the total, £3,774£3,641 million related to commercial mortgage loans, £530£548 million to policy loans and £15£12 million to other loans.

Commercial Mortgage Loans

        At December 31, 2009,2010, commercial mortgage loans represented 13.011.6 per cent of US insurance operations total investments, excluding separate account investments. This total included 595567 first mortgage loans with an average loan balance of approximately £6.3£6.6 million, collateralized by properties located in the United States.

        Jackson has addressed the risk of these investments by building a portfolio that is diverse both in geographic distribution and property type, emphasizing five main institutional property types: multi-family residential, retail, suburban office, industrial and hotel.

        As at December 31, 2009,2010, approximately 31.831 per cent of the portfolio was industrial, 17.818 per cent multi-family residential, 20.519 per cent suburban office, 19.521 per cent retail, 9.510 per cent hotel and 0.91.0 per cent other. Approximately 1413.8 per cent of the portfolio is collateralized by properties in California, 10.39.7 per cent by properties in Texas and 7.98.4 per cent by properties in Illinois. No other state represents more than six per cent.

        Commercial mortgages generally involve more credit risk than residential mortgages due to several factors, including larger loan size, general and local economic conditions, local real estate conditions and the credit quality of the underlying tenants for the properties. Jackson's investment policy and strict underwriting standards are designed to reduce these risks while maintaining attractive yields. In contrast to residential mortgage loans, commercial mortgage loans have minimal or no pre-payment and extension risk.

Policy Loans

        Policy loans represented 1.81.7 per cent of US insurance operations total investments, excluding separate account investments at December 31, 2009.2010. Policy loans are fully secured by individual life insurance policies or annuity policies and are contractual arrangements made under the policy.

Equity Securities

        Equity securities supporting US insurance operations, excluding separate account investments, totaled £345£298 million at December 31, 2009.2010.

Other

        Other financial investments of £955£1,199 million, representing 3.33.8 per cent of US insurance operations total investments, excluding separate account investments at December 31, 2009, were made up of £436£554 million of limited partnership interests and derivative assets of £519£645 million.

        The largest investment in the limited partnerships category is a £68 million interest in the PPM America Private Equity Fund. The remainder of this category consists of diversified investments in 159161 other partnerships managed by independent money managers that generally invest in various equity and fixed income loans and securities.


Table of Contents

Investments Relating to Asian Insurance Business

        Prudential's Asian insurance operations' investments, excluding assets to cover linked liabilities and those attributable to external unit holders of consolidated unit trusts and similar funds, largely support the business of Prudential's Singapore, Hong Kong, Malaysia, and Japan operations.

        The following table shows Prudential Corporation Asia's investments, net of derivative liabilities, at December 31, 2009.2010. In this table, investments are valued in accordance with the policies described in note A4 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.



 At December 31, 2009 
 At December 31, 2010 


 With-
profits
business
 Unit-
linked
assets
 Other Total Less: assets
to cover
linked
liabilities
and
external
unit
holders(a)
 Total
excluding
assets to
cover
linked
liabilities
and
external
unit holders
 % 
 With-
profits
business
 Unit-
linked
assets
 Other Total Less: assets
to cover
linked
liabilities
and
external
unit
holders(a)
 Total
excluding
assets to
cover
linked
liabilities
and
external
unit holders
 % 


 (£ million)
  
 
 (£ million)
 

Investment properties

Investment properties

     11 11  11 0.1 

Investment properties

   9 9  9 0.1 

Investments accounted for using the equity method

Investments accounted for using the equity method

   2 2  2  

Investments accounted for using the equity method

   2 2  2 0.0 

Financial investments:

Financial investments:

 

Financial investments:

 

Loans

 781 27 399 1,207 (27) 1,180 9.2 

Loans

 874  466 1,340  1,340 7.7 

Equity securities

 3,691 7,224 267 11,182 (3,630) 7,552 59.0 

Equity securities

 4,321 9,637 506 14,464 (4,906) 9,558 55.1 

Debt securities

 4,988 2,462 2,534 9,984 (6,503) 3,481 27.2 

Debt securities

 6,759 3,009 4,340 14,108 (8,158) 5,950 34.3 

Other investments

 73 44 141 258 (44) 214 1.7 

Other investments

 192 58 132 382 (59) 323 1.9 

Deposits

 14 196 536 746 (379) 367 2.8 

Deposits

 6 251 381 638 (251) 387 2.2 
                               

Total financial investments

Total financial investments

 9,547 9,953 3,877 23,377 (10,583) 12,794 99.9 

Total financial investments

 12,152 12,955 5,825 30,932 (13,374) 17,558 101.2 
                               

Total investments

Total investments

 9,547 9,953 3,890 23,390 (10,583) 12,807 100 

Total investments

 12,152 12,955 5,836 30,943 (13,374) 17,569 101.3 

Derivative liabilities

Derivative liabilities

 (121)  (101) (222)  (222) (1.3)
                               

Total investment, net of derivative liabilities

Total investment, net of derivative liabilities

 12,031 12,955 5,735 30,721 (13,374) 17,347 100.0 
               

(a)
Please refer to notes in the total Group investments table.

        Prudential manages interest rate risk in Asia by matching liabilities with fixed interest assets of the same duration to the extent possible. Asian fixed interest markets however generally have a relatively short bond issue term, which makes complete matching challenging. A large proportion of the Hong Kong liabilities are denominated in US dollars and Prudential holds US fixed interest securities to back these liabilities.


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Debt Securities

        The following table shows rating categorization of the debt security investments of Prudential Corporation Asia's long-term insurance fund, excluding assets to cover linked liabilities and those attributable to external unit holders of consolidated unit trusts and similar funds, at December 31, 2009.2010.


 At December 31, 2009  At December 31, 2010 

 Market Value  
  Market Value  
 

 (£ million)
 (%)
  (£ million)
 (%)
 

S&P—AAA

 904 26.0  1,331 22.4 

S&P—AA+ to AA-

 632 18.2  1,327 22.3 

S&P—A+ to A-

 303 8.7  798 13.4 

S&P—BBB+ to BBB-

 115 3.3  216 3.6 

S&P—Other

 596 17.1  661 11.1 
          

 2,550 73.3  4,333 72.8 
          

Moody's—Aaa

 51 1.5  44 0.7 

Moody's—Aa1 to Aa3

 303 8.7  59 1.0 

Moody's—A1 to A3

 16 0.5  86 1.5 

Moody's—Baa1 to Baa3

 8 0.2  47 0.8 

Moody's—Other

 15 0.4  18 0.3 
          

 393 11.3  254 4.3 
          

Fitch

    15 0.3 

Other

 538 15.4  1,348 22.6 
          

Total debt securities

 3,481 100.0  5,950 100.0 
          

Equity Securities

        The following table shows a geographic analysis of equity security investments of Prudential Corporation Asia's long-term insurance fund, excluding assets to cover linked liabilities and those attributable to external unit holders of consolidated unit trusts and similar funds, at December 31, 2009.2010.


 At December 31, 2009  At December 31, 2010 

 Market Value  
  Market Value  
 

 (£ million)
 (%)
  (£ million)
 (%)
 

Hong Kong

 4,123 54.6  4,650 48.6 

Singapore

 3,224 42.7  4,330 45.3 

Taiwan

 47 0.6  282 3.0 

Vietnam

 26 0.3  27 0.3 

Malaysia

 126 1.7  200 2.1 

Other

 6 0.1  69 0.7 
          

Total

 7,552 100.0  9,558 100.0 
          


Description of Property—Corporate Property

        As at December 31, 2009,2010, Prudential's UK headquartered businesses occupied approximately 3541 properties in the United Kingdom, Europe, India, South Africa and Namibia. These properties are primarily offices with some ancillary storage and warehouse facilities. Prudential's global headquarters are located in London. Of the remainder, the most significant are offices in London and Reading in England, Stirling in Scotland and Mumbai in India. The property in Stirling is held on a freehold basis, and is leased by the business from PAC's long-term fund. The rest of the properties occupied by


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Prudential's UK based businesses, in the UK, India, South Africa and Namibia, are held leasehold. In Europe, fiveseven of the properties are occupied leasehold and the rest (three)(two) are short term serviced offices. The leasehold properties range in size from 500 to 160,000 square feet.sq. ft. Overall, the UK, Europe, Mumbai, South Africa and Namibia occupied property portfolio totals approximately 650,000 square feet.630,000 sq. ft.

        In addition to these properties, Prudential owns the freehold of a sports facility in Reading for the benefit of staff.

        Prudential also holds approximately 7472 other leasehold properties in the United Kingdom, spread geographically throughout the country. There are also three in Dublin, Ireland. This surplus accommodation totals approximately 740,000 square feet.615,000 sq. ft.

        In the United States, Prudential owns Jackson National Life's executive and principal administrative office located in Michigan. Prudential owns a total of sixseven facilities in Lansing, Michigan, which total 550,842 square feet.564,840 sq. ft. Prudential also leases premises in Michigan, Colorado, Tennessee, California, Illinois, New York, New Jersey, Georgia, Florida, Wisconsin, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Indiana and North Dakota for certain of its operations. Prudential holds 30 operating leases with respect to office space, throughout the United States. The leasehold properties range in size from 500—180,000 square feet.500-180,000 sq. ft. In the United States, Prudential owns and leases a total of approximately 872,584 square feet.882,584 sq. ft. of property. In addition to the owned and leased properties, Prudential also owns a total of 238 acres of surplus land. This property is all located in Lansing, Michigan.

        In Asia, Prudential owns or leases properties principally in Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, China (JV), Taiwan, Japan, Vietnam, India (JV) and Korea.

        Within these countries, Prudential owns 2444 property assets, ranging from office space warehouse storage units to land holdings. The breakdownbreak down of these owned assets by country is as follows:

        Prudential also has (excluding India), a total of 539407 operating leases, (expense and intercompany leases), totaling approximately 4.84.13 million square feet of property.

        In India, Prudential holds a minority stake in a joint venture with ICICI who hold the property interests. The property is occupied by the ICICIPruLifeICICIPru Life and ICICIPru AMC businesses. The holding comprises approximately 2,450 properties, totaling approximately 3.5 million square feet.sq. ft. There is one owned and occupied asset comprising approximately 30,000 square feetsq. ft in Mumbai.

        Prudential Corporation Asia's real estate strategy moving forward involves consolidation of its existing property portfolio to support its local business strategies throughout the region, to take advantage of opportunities in the downturnregional markets in regional and global markets securing long term cost savings tofor the business while maintaining competitive advantage.

        The total value of Prudential's owner occupied properties, discussed in the narrative above and as reported in the financial information, is £153 million as at December 31, 2009. This represents less than 0.1 per cent of Prudential's total assets.

        Post December 31, 2009, the following two agreements have been approved and either have been or are expected to be completed in due course. The first agreement covers the lease of a property in Tennessee in the United States, which is required to provide additional space to accommodate expansion and an Eastern region sales desk. The initial lease will run for a period of 10 years and six months,



commencing in January 2011, based on an initial occupancy of 90,000 square feet. This occupancy will be increased to 150,000 square feet in a phased approach as headcount increases. The second agreement is in respect of the lease of a property in Singapore, with the purpose of allowing the relocation of six other separate office functions to a single location. The leased office space consists of 37,000 square feet with the lease commencing in 2011 and having an initial nine year term.

        The characteristics of the agreements mean that both of these leases will be accounted for as operating leases.

There have been no other property transactions subsequent to December 31, 20092010 which would have a material impact on the financial position of Prudential.

        Prudential believes that its facilities are adequate for its present needs in all material respects. Prudential confirms that Prudential's owner occupied properties and leased properties are individually


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and collectively not crucial and material to its operations, and that Prudential's operating leases have no material commercial value.

        As set out above, Prudential owns 3119 properties which Prudential also occupies, which are accounted for as owner occupied property. These properties are comprised of 2411 in Asia, one in the UK and sixseven in the US. The total value of Prudential's owner occupied properties at December 31, 20092010 was £153£172 million. This represents less than 0.1 per cent of Prudential total assets.

        Prudential also holds interests in properties within its investment portfolios accounted for as investment property. At December 31, 20092010 the total value of investment propertyproperties was £10,905£11,247 million and was comprised 592586 properties held by the UK, sixthree held by the US and fivetwo held by the Asia business. In total they comprise 4.8comprised 4.3 per cent of Prudential's total assets. The UK business' holdings account for over 98 per cent by value of the total investment property.properties.

        Prudential is the lessee under 600473 operating leases used as office accommodation, comprised of 539comprising 407 leases held by the Asia,Asian business, 30 leases held by the US business and 3136 leases held by the UK business. Inbusinesses. For the UK based businesses, Prudential holds threetwo short-term serviced offices and a further 7775 leases that are not occupied and represent surplus accommodation.


Competition

General

        There are other significant participants in each of the financial services markets in which Prudential operates. Its competitors include both mutual and stock financial companies. In addition, regulatory and other developments in many of Prudential's markets have blurred traditional financial service industry lines and opened the market to new competitors and increased competition. In some of the Prudential's markets, other companies may have greater financial resources, allowing them to benefit from economies of scale, and may have stronger brands than Prudential does in that market.

        The principal competitive factors affecting the sale of Prudential's products in its chosen markets are:


        An important competitive factor is the ratings Prudential receives in some of its target markets, most notably in the United States, from recognized rating organizations. The intermediaries with whom the Prudential works, including financial advisers, tied agents, brokers, wholesalers and financial institutions consider ratings as one factor in determining which provider to purchase financial products from.

        As at March 31, 2010:

Prudential offers different products in its different markets in Asia, the United Kingdom and the United States and, accordingly, faces different competitors and different types of competition in these markets. In all of the markets in which Prudential operates, its products are not unique and, accordingly,


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it faces competition from market participants who manufacture a varying range of similar and identical products.

Asia

        The competitive landscape across the Asia Pacific region differs widely by geographical market, reflecting differing levels of market maturity and regulation. Prudential's competitors include both the subsidiaries of global life insurers and local domestic (including state- owned)state-owned) entities. Subsidiaries of global life insurance groups that operate in the Asia Pacific region tend to operate in multiple markets in the region, and some currently have top five market shares in a small number of markets. The majority of local domestic life insurers in the Asia Pacific region remain focused on their core home markets. The developed and liberalized markets of Hong Kong and Singapore are dominated by subsidiaries and branches of global life insurance groups. The developing markets in South East Asia such as Indonesia, Vietnam and the Philippines also see a high level of participation by global life insurance groups. The large and relatively mature markets of Korea and Taiwan are dominated by local domestic insurers. In certain countries with continued foreign ownership restrictions (such as China and India), the life insurance markets are dominated by local domestic insurers or by joint venture entities between global insurance groups and local companies.

        The global life insurers that are Prudential's competitors in the Asia Pacific region include AIA, Allianz, Aviva, AXA, Asia Pacific, ING and Manulife. Other competitors relevant in one or two of Prudential's key markets include HSBC Life in Hong Kong, Korea Life, Kyobo Life and Samsung Life in Korea, Thai Life in Thailand, Great Eastern in Singapore and Malaysia, and China Life, China Pacific and Ping An in China.

United States

        Prudential's insurance operations in the US operate under the Jackson brand. Prudential is not affiliated with Prudential Financial, Inc. or its subsidiary, The Prudential Insurance Company of America.

        Jackson's competitors in the United States include major stock and mutual insurance companies, mutual fund organizations, banks and other financial services companies. National banks, in particular, may become more significant competitors in the future for insurers who sell annuities, as a result of



recent legislation, court decisions and regulatory actions. Jackson's principal life insurance company competitors in the United States include Prudential Financial, MetLife, Lincoln National, AXA Financial Inc., Hartford Life Inc., Lincoln National, AIG, ING, MetLife, Prudential Financial and TIAA-CREF.Allianz.

        Jackson does not have a significant career agency sales force to distribute its annuity products in the United States and, consequently, competes for distributors such as banks, broker-dealers and independent agents.

United Kingdom

        Prudential's principal competitors include many of the major stock and mutual retail financial services and fund management companies operating in the United Kingdom. These companies include Aviva, Legal & General, Standard Life, Resolution, Lloyds Banking Group, Aegon, AXA, Just Retirement, Zurich Financial Services, Fidelity, Invesco Perpetual, Jupiter, Threadneedle, Schroders and Schroders.BlackRock. Prudential competes with other providers of financial products to be included on financial advisorsadvisors' panels of preferred providers.

        In the United Kingdom, the level of bonuses on Prudential's with-profits products is an important competitive measure for attracting new business through financial advisers. The ability to declare competitive bonuses depends, in part, on a company's financial strength, which enables it to adopt an investment approach with a higher weighting in equities and real estate and allows it to smooth the fluctuations in investment performance upon which bonuses are based.

        M&G's principal competitors are the main fund management companies operating in the United Kingdom and Europe. These companies include Fidelity, Invesco Perpetual, Jupiter, Threadneedle, Schroders, Legal and General Investment Management, Standard Life Investments and BlackRock.


Intellectual Property

        Prudential conducts business under the "Prudential", "Jackson" and "M&G" brand names and logos. It is also the registered owner of over 1,000 domain names, including "www.prudential.co.uk", "www.prudentialcorporation-asia.com", "www.jackson.com", "www.mandg.co.uk" and "www.pru.co.uk".


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        Prudential does not operate in the United States under the Prudential name and there have been long-standing arrangements between it and Prudential Financial, Inc. and its subsidiary, the Prudential Insurance Company of America, relating to their respective uses of the Prudential name. Under these arrangements Prudential Financial Inc has the right to use the Prudential name in the Americas and certain parts of the Caribbean, Japan, Korea and Taiwan and Prudential has the right to use the name everywhere else in the world although third parties have rights to the name in certain countries.


Legal Proceedings

Prudential

        Prudential and its subsidiaries are involved in various litigation matters. While an adverse ruling in any individual case may not in itself be material to Prudential, if applied across all similar cases, the potential liabilities may be more significant. Although the outcome of such matters cannot be predicted with certainty, management believes that the ultimate outcome of such litigation will not have a material adverse effect on the group's financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Jackson

        ��    Jackson is involved as a defendant in class action and other litigation substantially similar to class action and other litigation pending against many life insurance companies that allege misconduct in the sale and administration of insurance products. Jackson generally accrues a liability for legal contingencies with respect to pending litigation once management determines that the contingency is probable and



estimable. Accordingly, at April 30, 201015, 2011 Jackson had recorded an accrual of $16.7$29 million for class action litigation. Management, based on developments to date, believes that the ultimate disposition of the litigation is not likely to have a material impact on Jackson's financial condition or results of operations.

Prudential Staff Pension Scheme

        In April 2011 the English High Court found in favor of Prudential in a case involving the Prudential Staff Pension Scheme (PSPS). The case related to the defined benefit section of PSPS and was heard at the request of the trustees of the scheme who were seeking to clarify Prudential's obligations relating to discretionary pensions increases. In his judgment the judge decided that Prudential had acted properly in applying its policy on such increases. Pensioners who were party to the case have indicated that they will not seek to appeal this decision through the courts.


Sources

        Throughout this annual report, Prudential describes the position and ranking of its overall business and individual business units in various industry and geographic markets. The sources for such descriptions come from a variety of conventional sources generally accepted as relevant business indicators by members of the financial services industry. These sources include information available from the Association of British Insurers, Association of Unit Trusts and Investment Funds, Investment Management Association, Neilsen Net Ratings, Moody's, Standard & Poor's, Fitch, UBS, Life Insurance Marketing and Research Association, the Variable Annuity Research Data Service, referred to as Morningstar/VARDS, LIMRA International, Townsend and Schupp, The Advantage Group, the Life Insurance Association of Singapore, the Hong Kong Federation of Insurers, Life Insurance Association of Malaysia, Life Insurance Association of Taiwan and the Taiwanese Securities Investment Trust Consulting Association, US National Underwriter Insurance Data Services Adviser Insight Wholesaler Effectiveness and Service Quality Management Group.


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SUPERVISION AND REGULATION

        Prudential's principal insurance and investment operations are in Asia, the United Kingdom and the United States. Accordingly, it is subject to applicable Asian, United Kingdom and United States insurance and other financial services regulation which is discussed below.


Asian Supervision and Regulation

1.    Regulation of insurance business

        Prudential's businesses in Asia are subject to all relevant local regulatory and supervisory schemes. These laws and regulations vary from country to country, but the regulators typically grant (or revoke) licenses and therefore control the ability to operate a business.

        The industry regulations are usually widely drawn and will include provisions governing both financial matters and the way business is conducted in general. Examples include the registration of agents, the approval of products, asset allocation, minimum capital and the basis for calculating the company's solvency and reserves and the valuation of policyholder liabilities. Regulatory authorities may also regulate affiliations with other financial institutions, shareholder structures and the injection of capital and payment of dividends. Financial statements and other returns are filed with the regulators. The regulators may also conduct physical inspections of the operations from time to time.

        A number of jurisdictions across Asia require insurance companies to participate in policyholder protection schemes (i.e. contribute to a fund to support policyholders in the event of an insurance company failing).

        For Prudential Corporation Asia's ("PCA") business units will be required to adhere with Prudential's group-wide policy designed to comply with the EU Solvency II requirements but are not each required to be compliant on a solo entity basis. Asian regulators are monitoring closely how Solvency II is developed and implemented but are not currently requiring regulated insurance entities to comply.

        For PCA's insurance operations the details of the regulatory regimes are as follows:

Hong Kong—The Prudential Assurance Company Limited

Overview

        The Hong Kong branch of PAC is authorized to carry on both long-term business and general business in Hong Kong under a composite license.


        The Office of the Commissioner of Insurance (OCI)("OCI") is the regulatory body set up for the administration of the Insurance Companies Ordinance (the "ICO"("ICO"). The Office is headed by the Commissioner of Insurance who has been appointed as the Insurance Authority ("IA") for administering the ICO. The principal functions of the IA are to ensure that the interests of policyholders or potential policyholders are protected and to promote the general stability of the insurance industry. The IA has the following major duties and powers:

        The branch is also subject to the codes and guidance stipulated by a self-regulatory body—the Hong Kong Federation of Insurers (the "HKFI"("HKFI"). HKFI actively promotes its self-regulatory regime with respect to areas like conduct of insurers and insurance intermediaries, cooling off initiatives, policy replacement and initiative on needs analysis, etc. The Insurance Agents Registration Board of the HKFI is


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responsible for administering the registration and approval of insurance intermediaries of insurance agents, their responsible officers and technical representatives; and handling complaints against them and providing enquiry services to and handling complaints from the public relating to insurance agents. Please see "The Code of Conduct for Insurers", "The Insurance Claims Complaints Bureau" and "Regulation of Insurance Intermediaries" in this section.

        In addition, the selling of MPFmandatory pension products by our agents is regulated by the Mandatory Provident Fund Authority (the "MPFA"). The MPFA is responsible for the licensing of MPF intermediaries and the supervision of the conduct of MPF intermediaries.

        The branch is regulated by the Hong Kong Securities and Futures Commission (the "SFC") for its operationsoffering of Investment Linked products.

        Currently,In 2010, the Hong Kong government is researching into the possibility of makingconducted a public consultation on a proposal to make the IA an independent governing body as thisthat would givebe better placed to exercise prudential and regulatory supervision over the OCI more flexibilityinsurance industry. A bill regarding the detailed proposal may be introduced to the Legislative Council in its operations and prepare Hong Kong for the risk-based capital regulatory regime.2011. The OCI is also exploring with the HKFI the possibility of setting up a policyholder protection fund in the event of an insurer's insolvency. In addition, the government has formulatedintroduced a proposal tobill into the legislative Council in 2010 with detailed proposals that would provide statutory backing and appropriate sanctions for customer due diligence and impose record keeping requirements foron financial institutions (including insurance companies), which is expected to enhance the anti-money laundering regulatory regime in Hong Kong. A bill regarding detailed proposal may be introduced into the Legislative Council in 2010.

Authorization under the ICO

        Companies carrying on insurance business in or from Hong Kong must obtain authorization from the OCI. Authorization will be granted only to insurers meeting certainCapital requirements set out in section 8 of the ICO, which focuses on, among other things, the following items:

        In addition, an insurer must meet certain other criteria contained in the authorization guidelines issued by the OCI which are intended to ensure that the insurer is financially sound and competent to provide an adequate level of services to the insured public. These conditions continue to apply to an insurer after its authorization.


Types of insurance business under the ICO

        The ICO requirements vary depending on the type of insurance business being undertaken by an insurer. The ICO defines two main types of business as follows:

        Both types of business defined in the ICO include reinsurance as well as direct insurance business. With the exception of certain capital requirements in the case of pure reinsurers, the authorization criteria are the same for both direct insurers and reinsurers.

        An insurer that undertakes both long-term and general business is referred to by the OCI as a composite business insurer.

        In addition to these main types of business, the ICO imposes further requirements on insurers conducting insurance business relating to liabilities or risks in respect of which persons are required by law to be insured ("Statutory Business"), including employees' compensation insurance and third party insurance in respect of motor vehicles.

Minimum paid-up capital requirement

        Section 8(3)(b) of the ICO sets the following minimum paid up capital requirements for insurers depending on the type of business they intend to undertake:

Solvency margin

        Pursuant to sections 8(3)(a) and 35AA of the ICO, an insurer is required to maintain at all times an excess of assets over liabilities of not less than a required solvency margin. The objective is to provide a reasonable safeguard against the risk that the insurer's assets may be inadequate to meet its liabilities arising from unpredictable events, such as adverse fluctuations in its operating results or the value of its assets and liabilities.

        For general business insurers, the ICO stipulates an absolute minimum solvency margin of HK$10 million, or HK$20 million in the case of insurers carrying on Statutory Business. Above these minimum levels, solvency margins are calculated on the basis of the greater of an insurer's relevant premium income (defined as the greater of gross premium income after deduction of reinsurance premium payments or 50 per cent of gross premium income) or relevant outstanding claims (defined as the sum of unexpired risks plus the greater of 50 per cent of claims outstanding before deduction of sums recoverable from reinsurers or the amount of claims outstanding after deduction of sums recoverable from reinsurers) as follows:


        To determine whether a general business insurer meets the solvency margin requirement, its assets are valued in accordance with the Insurance Companies (General Business) (Valuation) Regulation (Chapter 41 G of the Laws of Hong Kong) (the "Valuation Regulation"). The Valuation Regulation prescribes the valuation methods for different types of assets commonly found on an insurer's balance sheet. To ensure a prudent diversification of investments, the Valuation Regulation also stipulates admissibility limits for different categories of assets. The admissibility limits, however, do not apply to assets maintained in Hong Kong pursuant to section 25A of the ICO as described below.

        For long-term business insurers, the ICO stipulates an absolute minimum solvency margin of HK$2 million. Above this minimum level, solvency margins are determined in accordance with the Insurance Companies (Margin of Solvency) Regulation (Chapter 41 F of the Laws of Hong Kong), which sets out a series of calculations to be used depending on the particular class of long-term business involved.

        To determine whether a long-term business insurer meets the solvency margin requirements, its assets and liabilities are valued in accordance with the Insurance Companies (Determination of Long-Term Liabilities) Regulation (Chapter 41 E of the Laws of Hong Kong), which sets out the bases for the determination of the amount of long-term business liabilities. An insurer is required to adopt prudent provisions and assumptions, particularly on interest rates, when valuing the amount of long-term business liabilities. Among others, valuation methods are specified for calculating the yields on assets and the amount of future premiums payable under an insurance contract.

For composite insurers, the ICO stipulates a minimum solvency margin based on the aggregate of the solvency margin required in respect of an insurer's general business and its long-term business, both calculated as described above.

Fit and proper directors and controllers

        Section 8(2) of the ICO requires that all directors and controllers of an insurer must be "fit and proper" persons to hold such positions. Section 9 of the ICO defines an insurer's controllers as including, among others, a managing director of the insurer or its corporate parent, a chief executive officer of the insurer or its corporate parent (only if the parent is also an insurer), a person in accordance with whose directions or instructions the directors of the insurer or its corporate parent are accustomed to act or who, alone or with any associate or through a nominee, is entitled to exercise, or control the exercise of, 15 per cent or more of the voting power at any general meeting of the insurer or its corporate parent. Sections 13A, 13B and 14 of the ICO also require notification to the OCI of any change in the directors or controllers of an authorized insurer and the prior approval of the OCI for the appointment of certain controllers, including the chief executive of an insurer.

        Although the term "fit and proper" is not defined further in the ICO, the OCI has issued a guidance note which sets out those factors that the OCI will take into account in applying the "fit and proper" test to the directors or controllers of an insurer. These factors include a director's or controller's financial status, character, reputation, integrity, reliability, qualifications and experience regarding the functions to be performed by such director or controller and ability to perform such functions efficiently, honestly and fairly.

Adequate reinsurance arrangements

        Section 8(3)(c) of the ICO requires all insurers to have adequate reinsurance arrangements in-force in respect of the risks of those classes of insurance business they carry out, or to justify why such arrangements are not necessary. In considering the adequacy of reinsurance arrangements of an insurer, the OCI will take into account the following factors:


        With regard to the spread of risks among reinsurers, the OCI considers that additional risks arise where a reinsurer is a related company of the insurer. To address this concern, the OCI has issued a guidance note on reinsurance with related companies, which sets out the criteria to be used in determining the adequacy of such arrangements. The OCI will consider a related reinsurer to provide adequate security if any of the following requirements are met:

        In the event that none of these requirements is met by a related reinsurer, the OCI will restrict the amount of net reinsurance it deems recoverable from that reinsurer when assessing the cedent's financial position, unless it determines that acceptable collateral security, such as an irrevocable and permanently renewable letter of credit, is in place in respect of the arrangement with that reinsurer.

Maintenance of assets

        Section 25A of the ICO requires insurers carrying on general business to maintain assets in Hong Kong in respect of the liabilities arising from their Hong Kong business. The minimum amount of assets to be maintained is calculated on the basis of an insurer's net liabilities and the proportion of its solvency margin requirement attributable to its general business in Hong Kong, taking into account the level of reinsurance that has been entered into by the insurer in respect of its liabilities.

        Sections 22 to 23 of the ICO require insurers carrying on long-term business to keep separate accounts for different classes of long-term business and to maintain certain levels of assets calculated on the basis of their solvency margins in respect of each class of business in funds that are applicable only to that particular business.

        The OCI has also issued a guidance note on reserve provisioning for Class G of long-term business (defined in the ICO as long-term business involving retirement scheme contracts which provide for a guaranteed capital or return) to reinforce and enhance the required standard of provision for Class G business. Policies classified under Class G of long-term business are mainly offered as retirement scheme contracts under retirement schemes regulated pursuant to the Mandatory Provident Fund Schemes Ordinance (Chapter 485 of the Laws of Hong Kong) (the "MPFSO") and the Occupational Retirement Schemes Ordinance (Chapter 426 of the Laws of Hong Kong) (the "ORSO"). An insurer authorized to carry on long-term business is required, among other things, to maintain a separate long-term business fund for its Class G business carried on in or from Hong Kong. In respect of the Class G business fund, the OCI requires that the value of the assets contained in the fund are in the aggregate not less than the amount of the liabilities attributable to such business.

Accounting and reporting requirements

        The ICO requires insurers to maintain proper books of accounts which must exhibit and explain all transactions entered into by them in the course of their business. Insurers must submit information



including audited financial statements, a directors' report and statistics relating to the valuation of their insurance business and outstanding claims to the OCI on an annual basis.

        Insurers carrying on long-term business are also required to appoint an actuary to conduct an annual actuarial investigation and submit a report to the OCI on their financial condition in respect of the long-term business. The appointed actuary is responsible for advising on all actuarial aspects of the financial management of an insurer's long-term business including proper premium setting, a prudent reserving policy, a suitable investment allocation, appropriate reinsurance arrangements and due reporting of irregularities to the OCI.

Corporate governance of authorized insurers

        The OCI has issued a guidance note on the corporate governance of authorized insurers, which aims to enhance the integrity and general well-being of the insurance industry by providing assistance to authorized insurers for the evaluation and formulation of their internal practices and procedures. This guidance note sets out the minimum standard of corporate governance expected of authorized insurers and applies to both authorized insurers incorporated in Hong Kong and authorized insurers incorporated outside Hong Kong where 75 per cent or more of their annual gross premium income pertains to their Hong Kong insurance business, unless written consent for exemption has been obtained from the OCI. This guidance note covers the following key items:

        Irrespective of the proportion of an overseas insurer's Hong Kong insurance business, the OCI expects such an insurer to observe strictly any applicable guidelines on corporate governance promulgated by its home regulatory authority.

Asset management

        In order to ensure that an insurer will meet its contractual liabilities to policyholders, its assets must be managed in a sound and prudent manner, taking into account the profile of liabilities and risks of the insurer. The OCI has issued a guidance note on asset management by authorized insurers, which is adopted from the paper "Supervisory Standard on Asset Management By Insurance Companies" as approved by the International Association of Insurance Supervisors in 1999. This guidance note applies to both an insurer incorporated in Hong Kong and the Hong Kong branch of an insurer incorporated outside Hong Kong whose investment in financial assets exceeds HK$100 million. This guidance note provides a checklist for assessing how insurers should control the risks associated with their investment activities and includes guidance and commentary on the following key items:


        In order to assess how insurers control the risks associated with their investment activities, the OCI may periodically request information from insurers, including accessing information through on-site inspections and discussion with insurers.

Power of intervention

        The IA is empowered under Part V of the ICO to intervene in an insurer's business and take appropriate actions in the following circumstances:

        The IA may also intervene in an insurer's business, whether or not any of the above circumstances exist, at any time during the five year period following authorization of the insurer or a person becoming a controller of an insurer.

        The actions that the IA may take in intervening in an insurer's business include:

The Code of Conduct for Insurers

        As part of the self-regulatory initiatives taken by the industry, the HKFI has published The Code of Conduct for Insurers. This code seeks to: describe the expected standard of good insurance practice in the establishment of insurance contracts and claims settling; promote the disclosure of relevant and



useful information to customers; facilitate the education of customers about their rights and obligations under insurance contracts; foster a high professional standard in the transaction of insurance business; and encourage insurers to promote and enhance the industry's public image and standing. This code applies to all general insurance members and life insurance members of the HKFI and applies to insurance effected in Hong Kong by individual policyholders resident in Hong Kong and insured in their private capacity only. As a condition of membership of the HKFI, all general insurance members and life insurance members undertake to abide by this code and use their best endeavors to ensure that their staff and insurance agents observe its provisions.

The Insurance Claims Complaints Bureau

        The Insurance Claims Complaints Bureau was established to implement self-regulation in the interpretation and handling of insurance claims complaints arising from all types of personal insurance policies taken out by residents of Hong Kong. The Insurance Claims Complaints Panel was established by the Insurance Claims Complaints Bureau with the objective of providing independent and impartial adjudication of complaints between insurers and their policyholders. The Insurance Claims Complaints Panel is in charge of handling claims complaints from both policyholders themselves and their beneficiaries and rightful claimants. The Insurance Claims Complaints Panel, in making its rulings, is required to act in conformity with the terms of the relevant policy, general principles of good insurance practice, any applicable rule of law or judicial authority, and any codes and guidelines issued from time to time by the HKFI.

Regulation of insurance intermediaries

        Insurance intermediaries are defined under the ICO as either insurance agents or insurance brokers. The key difference between the two types of insurance intermediaries is that insurance agents act as agents or subagents of insurers, while insurance brokers act as agents of policyholders and potential policyholders. Both are subject to a self-regulatory system supported by provisions contained in Part X of the ICO.

        Under the ICO, a person is prohibited from holding itself out as an insurance agent or insurance broker unless such person is properly appointed or authorized. A person is also prohibited from holding itself out as an appointed insurance agent and an authorized insurance broker at the same time. It is also an offence under the ICO for an insurer to effect a contract of insurance through, or accept insurance business referred to it by, an insurance intermediary who has not been properly appointed or authorized.

        To act as an insurance agent, a person is required to be appointed by an insurer and registered with the Insurance Agents Registration Board established by the HKFI. Under Section 66 of the ICO, an insurer is required to keep a register of appointed insurance agents and to make such register available for public inspection at its registered office (or principal place of business) in Hong Kong, or the registered office of the HKFI. An insurer is required to give the OCI and/or the Insurance Agents Registration Board details of the registration or removal of its appointed insurance agents within seven days of such registration or removal.

        An insurer is required to comply with the Code of Practice for the Administration of Insurance Agents issued by the HKFI and endorsed by the OCI pursuant to section 67 of the ICO. The Code of Practice for the Administration of Insurance Agent specifies the rules and procedures governing the registration and de-registration of insurance agents, the power of the Insurance Agents Registration Board to handle complaints and to require insurers to take disciplinary actions against their insurance agents, the "fit and proper" criteria for insurance agents and the minimum requirements of agency agreements. An insurer is responsible for the actions of its appointed insurance agents in their dealings



with clients in respect of the issue of insurance contracts and related insurance business. The OCI has the power to direct the de-registration of an appointed insurance agent.

Taiwan—PCA Life Assurance Company Limited

        Currently, composite licenses to sell both life and non-life insurance are not granted and PCA Life Assurance Company Limited is licensed for conducting life insurance business only.in Taiwan.

        The Financial Supervisory Commission (the "FSC"("FSC") is responsible for regulating the entire financial services sector.industry, including the bank, security and insurance sectors. The FSC's responsibilities include supervision, examination and investigation. The Insurance Bureau (the "IB"("IB") ofunder the FSC is responsible for the insurance sector. The Financial Examination Bureau (the "FEB") under the FSC acts as the executive supervisory authority for the FSC and principally carries out examination of financial institutions. In essence, the FEB conducts on-site visit and examination every two years on the insurance company.

        In respect of anti-money laundering, the Investigation Bureau under the Ministry of Justice is responsible for supervision of anti-money laundering and counter-terrorism financing efforts.

        According to the Taiwan Insurance Act, a company is not permitted to operate both life and non-life insurance at the same time. Since June 2007 a company operating a non-life license is permitted to distribute Accident & Health ("A&H") products.

        Taiwanese laws are based on athe civil code modellaw system and each competent authority is given powers to develop and issue regulation on specific topics or issues. ManyThe FSC prescribes many detailed regulations and enforces rules in respect of the current insurance regulations were revised and promulgated in 2007 in responseindustry.

        On April 27, 2010, the Legislative Yuan completed the amendment to the significant amendmentPersonal Data Protection Law (previously known as the Computer-Processed Personal Data Protection Law), which will significantly change the requirement for collection, processing and use of the Insurance Act in 2007. Similar to many Asian countries, the provisionspersonal data. The effective date of insurance regulations tendthis revision has yet to be prescriptive.

        In 2007, the FSC promulgated the guidance notes related to foreign currency denominated traditional life business. Insurers must satisfy several requirements related to disciplinary performance, risk-based capital, risk management controls, and complaints efficiency in order to qualify. At this stage, only life insurance and annuity products denominated in US dollars are permitted. Prior approval from the Central Bank and IB is required and the underlying foreign portfolio is also subject to the 45 per cent foreign investment limit as per the Insurance Act.

        In 2007, the FSC promulgated a regulation governing the engagement by insurers in insurance trust business. Before engaging in insurance trust business, an insurer is required to meet certain qualifying requirements and to apply to the IB for approval. The insurer may invest the entrusted money into cash, bank deposits, bonds, financial debentures, short-term bills, and other instruments otherwise approved by the IB. Further, it is required not only to segregate the trust assets from its own assets by establishing a separate account for the trust assets, but also to build a risk management and internal control system to ensure the proper management of the business.

        Generally, the insurance law and regulations focus mainly on administrative supervision of insurance operations rather than conduct of business. An exception is the Regulation, Guideline and Self-Discipline Regulation related to the sale of investment-linked insurance products, where specific requirements, such as the obligations on insurers to disclose to prospective customers the costs of the product and the risks involved, to set up "Know Your Customers" operating principles and to perform needs analysis in identifying risk appetite and financial objectives of policy applicants are established. Other requirements include establishing risk classes for structured notes products, sample testing of new business to determine appropriateness of sales process and policy suitability, and conducting regular inspection to avoid the use of inappropriate sale materials.published.

Korea—PCA Life Insurance Company Limited

Overview

        PCA Life Insurance Company Limited is authorized to carry on life insurance business in Korea including but not limited to casualty insurance, illness insurance, nursing insurance and incidental business and services related thereto.

        Korea's financial supervision structure underwent major change on February 29, 2008, when the Financial Supervisory Commission was integrated with the Financial Policy Bureauis composed of the former Ministry of Finance and Economy to become the Financial Services Commission (the "FSC") and the Financial Supervisory Service (the "FSS"). As Korea's principal supervisory authority, the new FSC is given a broad statutory mandate to carry out three key functions,functions: financial policy formulation, financial institution and market oversight, and anti-money laundering. The



FSC thus has the statutory authority to draft and amend financial laws and regulations and issue regulatory licenses to financial institutions. The Financial Supervisory Service (the "FSS") acts as the executive supervisory authority for the FSC and principally carries out examination of financial institutions along with enforcement and other oversight activities as directed or charged by the FSC. Therefore, detailed rules under the supervisory regulation are prepared by the FSS.

        In respect of anti-money laundering, the Korea Financial Intelligence Unit (KoFIU)("KoFIU"), which was also integrated into the FSC asa part of the reorganization,FSC leads the government's anti-money laundering and counter-terrorismcounter terrorism financing efforts.

        Currently, the country does notKorean laws permit a companyan insurer to operate both life and non-life insuranceonly one license (life or non-life) at the sameany one time. The Republic of Korea operates a civil law system, with the FSC prescribing many detailed regulations for insurers to comply with.insurers. In the past, the FSC has also been very interventionist in setting and enforcing rules on the insurance industry. However,In recent years the style of regulationFSC has moved away from its interventionist approach, responding to the evolving and liberalized landscape, the most prominent change has been gradually changing along with the trend of liberalization of financial services. This is most pronounced with the regulator focusing on thea deregulation in asset management and product design activities. Furthermore,In deregularization the FSS is setting an aggressive insurance supervisoryFSC has in turn set a strong agenda that wouldto strengthen supervision while promoting deregulation.supervision. The regulator is moving towardsmaintains risk-based supervision focusing on various risks of insurers' operations. As partThis risk-based supervision is composed of the shift to risk-based supervision, the FSS has introducedRisk-Based Capital ("RBC")


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solvency requirement, the Risk Assessment and Application System ("RAAS") to assesswhich assesses insurers' various risks and relevant internal controlcontrols, and Risk-Based Capital ("RBC") solvency requirement.Risk Disclosure.

        BothRecently, both the Insurance Business Act and Insurance Business Supervisory Regulations have not been very specific on the entity's responsibilities for the suitabilitywere amended to protect customers. The amendments were originally proposed in December 2008 and were passed at a plenary session of products. There is no explicit requirement for an insurer to consider the suitability of the product for the potential customer. However, on December 18, 2008, the FSC introduced a revised bill for an Insurance Business Act to the National Assembly (Korea's legislative body)on June, 29, 2010 and became effective on January 24, 2011. Among the revisions were those relating to:

Capital requirements

        In respect of an insurer's capital adequacy requirement, Korea previously had a solvency margin requirement.        Effective from April 1, 2009, Korea adopted a risk-based capital requirementrequirements to replace the solvency margin requirement. A two-year transition period between the two requirements is currently in place, which means that both requirements will be enforced in parallel until March 31, 2011. During this transition period, insurers have the discretion to elect which of the two requirements to comply with.measurements. From April 1, 2011, it will bewas mandatory for all insurers to comply with thethese risk-based capital requirement.requirements.

        The solvency margin requirement under the Korean Insurance Business Act is intended to ensure that insurers maintain a solvency surplus against future liabilities, and the requirement is based on the European Union solvency ratio model. In particular, all insurers, including branches of foreign insurers, must maintain net assets of equal or greater value to an amount calculated on the basis of the liabilities that they insure such that they maintain a solvency margin ratio of at least 100 per cent.


        The risk-based capital requirement was introduced pursuant to amendments to the Insurance Business Supervisory Regulation and its relevant enforcement regulations issued pursuant to the Insurance Business Act. Under this requirement, the ratio of an insurer's available capital to required capital is calculated, and the analysis of equity capital used to determine capital adequacy is expanded, to take into account market, credit, operational, insurance and interest rate risks, which areis not currently taken into consideration under the solvency margin requirement.

        In the event an insurer fails to satisfy the applicable capital adequacy requirement and this poses a threat to the financial soundness of that insurer in Korea, the FSC may take prompt corrective action which ranges from issuing a recommendation to an insurer to increase its capital reserves or restrict its investments in high-risk securities and other assets to issuing an order to an insurer to suspend its business or transfer it to a third party.

Reserve requirements

        In order to satisfy the payment obligations of an insurer's policies, which include claims, reimbursements and dividends payable to policyholders, an insurer must establish and maintain a separate liability reserve in respect of each of the following: insurance premiums reserve, unexpired insurance premiums reserve, insurance claim payments reserve, dividends reserve, profit dividends reserve, dividend insurance loss maintenance reserve and reinsurance premiums reserve. However, if an insurer acquires reinsurance of its liability under an insurance contract and such reinsurance satisfies stipulated regulatory conditions, the liability reserve in respect of that insurance contract need not be maintained by the insurer.

Statutory fund

        Under the Depositor Protection Act of Korea, the Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation insures certain liabilities (the "KDIC Insured Liabilities") owed to the public in Korea by financial institutions. The KDIC Insured Liabilities of an insurer under the Depositor Protection Act of Korea include insurance premiums, surrender values and insurance claims payable by an insurer to an individual policyholder. Under the Depositor Protection Act of Korea, all insurers are required to contribute an annual insurance premium to the Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation at a rate determined pursuant to the Depositor Protection Act, up to a maximum of 0.5 per cent of an insurer's KDIC Insured Liabilities in that year. The annual insurance premium payable by an insurer is currently approximately 0.16 per cent of the average of the insurer's annual premium income and liability reserve. Under the current rules, the Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation insures only up to a total of Korean Won 50 million per individual against each insurer.

Asset management

        Subject to certain exceptions, the Insurance Business Act provides for caps on the proportion of an insurer's total investments that can be held in particular classes of assets or exposure to particular counterparts. Such caps may be revised by the FSC from time to time as it deems necessary.

        The Insurance Business Act restricts, among other things, certain asset management transactions such as the making of speculative loans, loans for the acquisition of the insurer's own securities, loans for political funds and foreign exchange and financial derivative transactions that fail to meet the requirements of the FSC.

        Use of insurance funds by an insurer is subject to certain restrictions, including a general prohibition on an insurer offering its assets as security or guaranteeing debts of any other person (unless permitted under the Insurance Business Act), and a general prohibition on an insurer owning more than 15 per cent of the voting shares of another corporation unless that corporation is a subsidiary of the insurer and the approval of the FSC has been obtained.


Reinsurance

        Pursuant to the Insurance Business Supervisory Regulation issued pursuant to the Insurance Business Act, an insurer will be given credit for the purposes of its solvency margin and risk-based capital calculations only for ceded reinsurance covering a maximum of 50 per cent of its total insurance liabilities. Any reinsurance ceded by an insurer in excess of 50 per cent will be disregarded in calculating its capital requirements. In addition, insurers are required to give notice to the FSS within one month after execution of (or change of) every reinsurance treaty where the reinsurance treaty determines reinsurance premiums with reference to an expected rate of investment return, or the reinsurance treaty provides for a limitation of the reinsurer's liability.

Regulation of products

        Any new product (including its terms, introduction to the market and premium rates and their calculation methods) is subject toex ante orex post review by the FSS ("Process for File & Use" or "Use & File", depending on the product). In addition, an insurer must disclose on its internet website certain information, including a summary of its products, insurance terms, applicable interest rates and, in relation to the premium rates of variable insurance products, the calculation method for such rates and information on any designated accounts for such variable insurance products.

Restrictions on foreign insurers

        In the event that the head office of a Korean branch of a foreign insurer is closed due to a merger or transfer of business in its home jurisdiction, is subject to suspension or revocation of its insurance licence by any foreign financial supervisory agency on grounds of illegal conduct or unfair business practices, or suspends its insurance business or ceases to operate, the insurance licence of that insurer's Korean branch may be revoked.

        A branch of a foreign insurer must hold assets located in Korea equivalent to the liability reserve sufficient to fulfill all insurance contracts written in Korea. If the amount of assets located in Korea held by the branch of a foreign insurer is determined to be insufficient based on the annual audited accounts, the assets must be supplemented through an injection of capital within 60 calendar days. In the event an insurer is instructed to remedy any deficiency following a decision of the FSS in consultation with the FSC, remedial action must be taken within 30 calendar days.

Financial reporting requirement

        An insurer is required to close its books on March 31, of each year and submit its financial statements, including supplementary statements, audit reports, a statement of repaid funds and a statement of interest on funds, to the FSC within three months.

Singapore—Prudential Assurance Company Singapore (Pte.) Limited

Overview

        Prudential Assurance Company Singapore (Pte.) Limited is registered by the Monetary Authority of Singapore (the "MAS") to design and sell both life and general insurance business pursuant to the Singapore Insurance Act.

        Under the Singapore Insurance Act, the MASMonetary Authority of Singapore ("MAS") is responsible for insurance company regulation and supervision.supervision of insurance companies. In order to sell insurance in Singapore,


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companies need to be registered with the MAS. The MAS also has responsibility for supervising compliance with anti-money laundering ("AML") provisions, though suspicious transactions must be notified to the Commercial Affairs Department, an enforcement agency of the Singapore Police Force. In 2007, new regulations were introduced to strengthen further the AML requirements. TheyThese were further revised in 2009.


        Another relevant regulatory authority for the business is the Central Provident Fund (the "CPF") Board. The CPF Board is a social security savings scheme jointly supported by employees, employers and the government. CPF members are employees and self-employed persons in Singapore with the CPF Board acting as the trustee. The CPF Board regulates insurers in the operation of various CPF schemes including the CPF Investment Scheme where CPF monies are used by policyholders to purchase insurance policies such as annuities and investment-linkedinvestment linked policies.

        The MAS is empowered under the Singapore Insurance Act to makepromulgate regulations for the sector and it also issues,inter alia, Notices, Circulars and Guidelines. In practice, the MAS and CPF Board have very detailed legislation frameworks to govern insurance companies and the distribution of insurance products in Singapore.

        Registered insurers in Singapore are subject to an RBCa risk based capital ("RBC") framework. The framework sets out the valuation methodology for assets and liabilities, rules relating to the operations of life insurance funds, capital requirement rules, the role of actuaries, and a set of statutory reporting standards. An insurer has to notify the MAS when it has failed or is likely to fail to comply with the mandated RBC indicators or when a financial resources warning event has occurred or is likely to occur.

        The MAS has also issued Notices that cover the market conduct standards for life insurers including such areas as appointing and training representatives, maximum tier structure, loans and advances, disciplinary action, product disclosure, sales process and replacement (switching) of life policies. In addition, theThe MAS has recently issued a set of guidelines in April 2009 entitled "Guidelines on Fair Dealing—Board and Senior Management Responsibility for Delivering Fair Dealing Outcomes to Consumers". In addition, the MAS issued and amended certain regulations, notices and guidelines relating to the Singapore Financial Advisers Act ("FAA") in December 2010; this was due to MAS' implementation of the Representative Notification Framework ("RNF"). Under the RNF, financial institutions will have to notify MAS when they intend to appoint a representative to provide financial advisory or capital markets services under the Singapore FAA and the Singapore Securities and Futures Act ("SFA"). Only representatives whose names appear on the Public Register of Representatives will be allowed to conduct the stated regulated activities.

        In 2009 and 2010, MAS issued consultation papers on Regulatory Regime for Listed and Unlisted Investment Products. These aim to:

        MAS issued their responses to the feedback received as well as the finalized proposals. Proposals which do not require legislative amendments will be implemented first, whilst proposals that require more substantive legislative amendments will be implemented subsequently.


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Capital requirements

        A registered insurer is required at all times to maintain a minimum level of paid-up ordinary share capital and to ensure that its financial resources are not less than the greater of:

        The MAS has the authority to direct that the insurer satisfy capital adequacy requirements other than those that the insurer is required to maintain under the Singapore Insurance Act if the MAS considers it appropriate.

Statutory deposit

        A person carrying on insurance business in Singapore as an insurer, while registered in respect of any class of insurance business, is required to have at all times in respect of that class of business a deposit (in assets of such nature as the MAS may specify) with the MAS of a value of not less than 500,000 Singapore Dollars. Subject to the approval of the MAS, a bank covenant for an equivalent amount may be provided to the MAS in lieu of the deposit.


Statutory fund

        The MAS maintains a Policy Owners' Protection Fund for the purposes of indemnifying, assisting or protecting policy owners and others who may be prejudiced by the inability of registered insurers to meet their liabilities under life policies and compulsory insurance policies issued by such insurers. For the purposes of funding the Policy Owners' Protection Fund, the MAS may impose a levy on registered insurers. Among other things, in order to secure continuity of insurance for every policy owner of a registered insurer in liquidation or in financial difficulties who is a policy owner in respect of a life policy which was a Singapore policy or an offshore policy and not being a contract of reinsurance, the MAS may take measures to secure or facilitate the transfer of the life business of the insurer, or part of that business, to another registered insurer or to secure the issue by another registered insurer to the policy owners of life policies in substitution of their existing policies.

Asset management

        The MAS Notice 104 "Use of Derivatives for Investment of Insurance Fund Assets" provides that insurers are only permitted to enter into or effect derivative transactions for the purposes of hedging and efficient portfolio management. In addition, insurers are prohibited from taking uncovered positions in derivatives.

        The MAS Notice 105 "Appointment of Custodian and Fund Manager" requires a registered insurer to file with the MAS a list of all assets of all insurance funds established and maintained under the Singapore Insurance Act by the insurer where documents evidencing title are kept by custodians for the insurer as at the end of that accounting period, to apply best practice standards in appointing overseas custodians, and to notify the MAS prior to the appointment of a fund manager or revocation of such appointment.

        The MAS Notice 317 "Asset Management of Life Insurance Funds" sets out the basic principles that govern the oversight of the asset management process of life insurance funds. It requires insurers to establish an investment committee and prescribes the main elements that must be incorporated in the investment policy of an insurer carrying on life insurance business.

        The MAS Notice 320 "Management of Participating Life Insurance Business" requires an insurer which has established or will be establishing a participating fund to put in place an internal governance policy which shall include information on, among other things, the investment of participating fund assets.

Separate accounts requirement

        Every registered insurer is required to establish and maintain a separate insurance fund (a) for each class of insurance business carried on by the insurer that (i) relates to Singaporean policies and (ii) relates to offshore policies; (b) for its investment-linked policies and for its non-investment-linked policies; and (c) if no part of the surplus of assets over liabilities from an insurer's non-participating policies is allocated by the insurer by way of bonus to its participating policies, in respect of non-investment-linked policies (i) for participating policies and (ii) for non-participating policies.

        The MAS Notice 101 "Maintenance of Insurance Funds", the MAS Notice 313 "Basis for Establishing Separate Funds for Participating and Non-participating Policies" and the MAS Guidelines on Implementation of Insurance Fund Concept provide further guidance and requirements on the establishment and maintenance of insurance funds and the segregation of the assets of registered insurers in Singapore as required under the Singapore Insurance Act.

        The solvency requirement in respect of an insurance fund must at all times be such that the "financial resources" of the fund are not less than the "total risk requirement" of the fund. Each of the "financial resources" of an insurance fund and its "total risk requirement" is determined, and assets are



valued, in accordance with the requirements of the Insurance (Valuation and Capital) Regulations 2004. The MAS has the authority to direct that the insurer satisfy fund solvency requirements other than those that the insurer is required to maintain under the Singapore Insurance Act if the MAS considers it appropriate.

        The assets in the insurance fund shall only be applicable to meet such part of the insurer's liabilities and expenses as is properly attributable (excluding certain levies).

Reinsurance

        The MAS Notice 114 "Reinsurance Management Strategy" sets forth the guiding principles relating to the oversight of the reinsurance management process of insurers and includes the principle that the Board of directors and senior management of an insurer are required to develop, implement and maintain a reinsurance management strategy appropriate to the operations of the insurer to ensure that the insurer has sufficient capacity to meet obligations as they fall due.

        The MAS Notices 208 and 316 "Financial Reinsurance" impose certain requirements in respect of financial reinsurance for insurers registered to carry on general business and life business respectively. These include guidelines and mandatory requirements on, among other things, prudent management oversight, disclosure and reporting obligations and transfers of insurance risk.

Regulation of products

        A direct insurer registered to carry on life business may only issue a life policy or a long-term accident and health policy if the premium chargeable under the policy is in accordance with rates fixed with the approval of an appointed actuary or, where no rates have been so fixed, is a premium approved by the actuary.

        Before offering certain new products, an insurer is required under the MAS Notice 302 "Product Development and Pricing" to obtain approval from the MAS. For products that do not require the MAS's approval, an insurer should notify the MAS of any such product launched within a prescribed period. Such request or notification shall include information on, among other things, the tables of premium rates.

Appointment and duties of actuaries

        Insurers carrying on life and general business are required to appoint an actuary approved by the MAS, and are required to (a) in respect of their life business, have an investigation made by an actuary approved by the MAS into the financial condition of that business; and (b) in respect of their general business, have an investigation made by an actuary approved by the MAS into their liabilities in respect of insurance policies. Reports of such investigations must be lodged with the MAS.

        The appointed actuary is responsible for, among other things, reporting to the principal officer of a life insurer on various matters including matters which in the actuary's opinion have a material adverse effect on the financial condition of a life insurer. In the event a life insurer fails to take steps to rectify any matter reported by the actuary to its principal officer, the actuary is required to report directly to the MAS.

Financial reporting requirements

        The Insurance (Accounts and Statements) Regulations 2004 sets forth various reporting requirements and prescribes the forms in which the relevant returns and statements of a registered insurer are to be made. The regulatory framework also prescribes the valuation of assets and liabilities of an insurance fund, as well as the valuation of life and general insurance policy liabilities at a policy-by-policy level.


        A registered insurer is required to file with the MAS, among other things, (a) for each quarter and each accounting period, statements for each insurance fund established and maintained under the Singapore Insurance Act; (b) a report by an actuary on its investigation into the valuation of policy liabilities and the financial soundness in respect of the insurer's life insurance business; (c) a report by an actuary on its investigation into the valuation of policy liabilities in respect of the insurer's general insurance business; (d) statements on the fund solvency requirement and capital adequacy requirement; (e) an auditor's report and supplementary report (if any); and (f) any other information the MAS may require for the discharge of its functions under the Singapore Insurance Act.

        In the case of a company incorporated or established outside Singapore, the financial audit need not extend beyond the business for which an insurance fund is maintained under the Singapore Insurance Act. Such a registered insurer incorporated outside Singapore is required to file with the MAS for each fiscal year, in respect of the insurer's global business operations, a statement of the financial position of the insurer as of the end of that fiscal year. A registered insurer incorporated in Singapore is required to file with the MAS statements in respect of its global business operations for each quarter and each accounting period.

        In addition, the MAS Notice 306 "Market Conduct Standards for Life Insurers Providing Financial Advisory Services" and the MAS Notice 318 "Market Conduct Standards for Direct Life Insurer as a Product Provider" require insurers to submit information on their businesses to the MAS annually.

Malaysia—Prudential Assurance Malaysia Berhad

Overview

        Prudential Assurance Malaysia Berhad has composite licenses to carry on both life and general insurance business in Malaysia pursuant to the Insurance Act 1996. In addition, the company is a member of the Life Insurance Association of Malaysia and the General Insurance Association of Malaysia.

        In Malaysia, Bank Negara Malaysia ("BNM") is the regulatory body responsible for supervising and regulating the conduct of insurance business. All insurance companies must be licensed by the Minister of Finance. Licensed insurers must comply with the provisions of the Insurance Act 1996, the Insurance Regulations 1996, the Companies Act 1965 and guidelines and circulars issued by BNM. The Life Insurance Association of Malaysia and the General Insurance Association of Malaysia are self-regulated bodies. Resolutions and circulars issued by these associations are binding on the member insurance companies.

        At the end of 2006, BNM carried out an exercise of realignment of its regulatory and supervisory functions which resulted in the establishment of a Consumer and Market Conduct Department. More emphasis has been placed on fair market conduct by the insurance industry and protection of the consumers' interests.

        With the objective of promoting greater transparency in the sale of insurance products, BNM has issued guidelines on the minimum disclosure requirements to be observed by insurers and their intermediaries in their interaction with prospective policy owners. The guidelines specify the timing and minimum information that must be disclosed to a prospective policy owner at the pre-contract stage and at the point of entering into a contract to enable them to make informed decisions and during the term of the contract. This information, which should be timely, clear, concise, accurate, relevant, consistent and comparable and with important information highlighted, includes details of types of cover offered, product features, benefits, restrictions, premium payments and exclusions of the policy as well as any significant conditions and obligations which the policy owner must meet. There are additional product-specificproduct specific disclosure requirements to be met. The Board of directorsDirectors or a committee of the Board of directorsDirectors is expected to ensure that proper systems and processes are in place to implement the guidelines.


        In an effort to further reform the regulation of insurers and reflect better the risks being faced by each entity, BNM has implemented an RBC framework for insurers, which took effect on January 1,


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2009. Compliance with the RBC framework is a condition of licence for all insurers, and any failure to comply with the RBC framework could result in the revocation of an insurer's licence. The RBC framework sets out the capital adequacy ratio calculations, capital requirements to mitigate major risks, the valuation bases for assets and liabilities, and supervisory expectations relating to the investment of insurance funds. Additionally in early 2008, BNM released a consultation paper on risk governance framework for insurers. The consultation paper outlines the risk governance function of an insurer, including the roles and responsibilities of the Board of directorsDirectors and management in relation to risk governance. The paper further outlines the function of risk management, compliance and internal audit and their respective oversight responsibilities relating to risk management.

        In its risk-based approach in regulating and supervising the insurance industry, more specific responsibilities have been placed on the Board of directorsDirectors and the senior management in managing the risks of the business. BNM continues to assess the performance of an insurer by analyzing its statutory returns and reports submitted and regular communication with the insurer concerned.

        With regard to the subject of Treating Customers Fairly ("TCF"), the Life Insurance Association of Malaysia ("LIAM") embarked on an initiative in early 2010 by working closely with the life insurance companies towards developing a best practice framework for TCF. The TCF framework is intended to raise the professionalism and integrity of the life insurance industry. LIAM is currently in the midst of formalizing the minimum standards to be observed by all life insurance companies as well as to provide a mechanism for LIAM to monitor non-compliance with the TCF requirements.

Capital requirements

        As noted above, BNM has recently introduced an RBC framework aimed at improving the risk management practices of insurers. Under the RBC framework, insurers are required to maintain a capital adequacy level that is commensurate with their risk profiles. Each insurer is required to determine the adequacy of the capital available in its insurance and shareholders' fund to support the total capital required by the Insurer. This will serve as a key indicator of the insurer's financial resilience and will be used to determine any supervisory interventions by BNM.

        Under the RBC framework guidelines, the Board of directorsDirectors and senior management of an insurer are also expected to identify, monitor and control risks which are not adequately addressed under the framework. An insurer is also expected to manage actively its capital adequacy by taking into account the potential impact of its business strategies on its risk profile and overall financial resilience.

Reserve requirements

        The RBC framework requires the appointed or signing actuary of a life insurer to determine the required amount of policy reserves for the life insurance liabilities and the general insurance signing actuary to determine the level of reserves for general insurance business. The basis used should be no less stringent than that prescribed in the RBC framework.

Separate accounts requirements

        An insurer is required to establish and maintain separate insurance funds for its Malaysian policies and for its foreign policies and, where directed by BNM, for different categories or description of its insurance business or classes of policies. An insurer is required to pay into the applicable insurance fund all money received in respect of policies of a class to which the insurance fund relates, keep the assets of its insurance fund separate from its other assets and maintain assets of equivalent or higher value than the liabilities of that insurance fund. An insurer may apply the assets of an insurance fund only to meet such of its liabilities and expenses as are properly attributable to that insurance fund.

        An insurer may withdraw the surplus from a general insurance fund where there is a surplus of assets over liabilities at the end of a fiscal year, subject to any instrument or contract binding the licensed insurer or its constituent documents. For a life insurance fund, upon the actuarial valuation and recommendation by the appointed actuary, the life insurer may allocate a part of the surplus attributable to participating and non-participating policies by way of a bonus paid to participating policies and for



transfer out of that life insurance fund to the shareholders' fund, subject to such limits and such proportions as may be prescribed.

Asset management

        The investment limits on individual asset classes and exposure limits to counterparties are provided in the RBC framework. The RBC framework also sets out the supervisory expectations in respect of the investment of an insurer's assets.

Reinsurance

        A licensed insurer's reinsurance arrangements must be consistent with sound insurance principles. The general principles to be observed in a reinsurance arrangement are the appropriateness of retention level, security of reinsurers, spread of reinsurers and appropriateness of reinsurance treaties. An insurer is required both to design its reinsurance program in line with its exposure and portfolio of business, taking into account, among other things, its insurance risk profile and the concentration of its business and to ensure that its reinsurance arrangements provide adequate protection for all classes of business underwritten to enable it to pay its liabilities as they come due, In placing reinsurance in respect of general insurance, an insurer must accord priority to local reinsurers up to such local reinsurers' full retention capacity before securing reinsurance support from foreign insurers.

Financial reporting requirements

        In general, insurers are required to submit each of the following to BNM within a specified timeframe: (a) audited annual accounts; (b) an auditor's report and certificate; (c) an appointed actuary's report and certificate; (d) a report on the action taken by the Board of directors on the auditor's report; (e) the Board of directors' report on its operations; and (f) quarterly returns of each fiscal year. BNM has also issued guidelines which require an insurer to submit additional reports which, among other things, relate to such insurer's investments, claims, reinsurance, solvency and capital adequacy.

        BNM has announced that it is undertaking a comprehensive review of the Insurance Act 1996. Detailed proposals of the legislative changes are expected to be finalized by the end of 2010.

Malaysia (Takaful business)—Prudential BSN Takaful Berhad

        Prudential BSN Takaful Berhad ("Prudential Takaful") (a Prudential joint venture with Bank SimpanonSimpanan Nasional) was the first overseas insurer to be granted a domestic Takaful License in Malaysia.

        The Takaful business in Malaysia is also governed by BNM similarly to the insurance companies. In addition, the business is required to be a member of the Malaysian Takaful Association ("MTA"), which is an association for Takaful operators to improve industry self-regulation through uniformity in market practice and to promote a higher level of co-operation among operators. Resolutions and circulars issued by the MTA are binding on the member insuranceTakaful companies.

        Takaful in Malaysia is considered to be part of mainstream mercantile law, and hence part of civil law, and is therefore subject to the civil court structure of Malaysia. It is not regulated by ShariahSharia law in ShariahSharia courts. However, the operation system of a Takaful operator must conform to the rules and requirements of ShariahSharia as regulated in the Takaful Act 1984, which elevates the ShariahBNM's Sharia Advisory Council to the position as the sole authority on ShariahSharia matters. A Takaful operator is required to establish a ShariahSharia advisory body approved by the Director General of Takaful to adviseBNM and BNM's Sharia Advisory Council will give guidance and advice on the operations of its Takaful business.and business activities. To strengthen further the ShariahSharia and legal


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infrastructure, the Guidelines on the Governance of Shariah Committeethe Sharia Framework for Islamic Financial Institutions were issued in 2004 to streamline the functions and duties of ShariahSharia Committee of Takaful operators and strengthen their independence. BNM has indicated that, in line with efforts to enhance the ShariahSharia governance of



Islamic financial institutions, issued a new ShariahSharia governance framework will be issued in 2010 to provide a more comprehensive guidance on the roles and responsibilities of the ShariahSharia committee and the Boardboard management of Islamic financial institutions in ensuring that the operations of the Islamic financial institutions are in compliance with ShariahSharia principles.

        To further promote the orderly growth of Takaful business, the Guidelines on Takaful Operational Framework were issued in December 2010, outlining parameters to govern operational processes of Takaful operators, the various rules and requirements for Takaful operators without limiting or specifying particular contracts to apply to the Takaful operations.

        Although the Takaful operator is also governed by the same regulator (BNM), the industry is regulated slightly differently from insurance companies. The differences relate in the mainmainly to matters where the regulators still find the Takaful operators are not yet ready. For example, the risk-based capital framework that has been implemented for insurers has not beenyet to be implemented yet for Takaful operators given the nature of the business (i.e. ShariahSharia compliant) and the maturity of the industry. However, as reported in the Financial Stability and Payment Systems Report 2009, the conceptual parameters of the capital model and development of the valuation components for family and general Takaful business under the RBC Framework for Takaful operators ("RBCT") has been substantially completed. Consultation withThe RBCT is still being finalized and the industry ontimeline might be further extended for the detailed RBCT and impact assessments will commence in 2010 with a targetparallel implementation to 2012. Nonetheless, the implementation timeline for implementation of the framework on a parallel basis by 2011.is still subject to change. In other areas of Takaful regulation, it is quite similar to the insurance industry.

        The regulators acknowledge that comprehensive regulatory and supervisory frameworks need to be developed to support the sound expansion of the Takaful industry. The regulators are taking steps to, among other things: (i) review the Takaful Act 1984 and subsidiary legislation to address existing inadequacies of the acts; (ii) progressively increase the statutory minimum paid up capital for Takaful operators; (iii) introduce accounting standards for Takaful businesses and draft model accounts for Takaful operators; and (iv) monitor and refine further code of ethics and standard market practices for Takaful operators.

        BNM has announced that it is undertaking a comprehensive review of the Takaful Act 1984. Detailed proposals of the legislative changes are expectedstill to be finalized by the end of 2010.finalized.

China—CITIC-Prudential Life Insurance Company Limited

Overview

        CITIC-Prudential Life Insurance Company Limited (Prudential's joint venture with CITIC) is authorized to conduct life insurance business in China. As at the end of 2009,2010, CITIC-Prudential Life had business in 3133 cities across China, including in the key markets of Guangdong, Beijing, Shanghai, Hubei, Shandong, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Tianjin, Guangxi, Fujian and Hebei.

        The body responsible for regulation of the insurance sector is the CIRCChinese Insurance Regulatory Commission ("CIRC") established in 1998. CIRC reports directly to the State Council. The main laws and regulations that govern the CITIC-Prudential joint venture in China are the Insurance Law of the People's Republic of China (enacted in 1995 and amended in 2009) and the Regulation on the Administration of Foreign Funded Insurance Companies (enacted in 2001) and the Regulation on the Administration of Insurance Companies (enacted in 2004 and amended in 2009).


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        CIRC is authorized to conduct the administration, supervision and regulation of the Chinese insurance market, and to ensure that the insurance industry operates in a stable manner in compliance with the law. It drafts relevant regulations regarding insurance supervision, examines and approves the establishment of insurance companies and their branches and supervises market conduct. In November 2008, to ensure enforcement of the regulations, CIRC established a special department, namely the inspection bureau,Inspection Bureau, to strengthen the function of investigating significant non-compliance issues and the conduct of insurance companies and the handling of complaints. CIRC has local offices in all the provinces and selected direct administrative cities and regions across the country. One of the key responsibilities of the local offices is to set and administer implementation rules and guidelines in the application of the regulations introduced by CIRC. The local offices will also regulate many aspects of



the insurance companies' activities within the locations for which they are responsible, including but not limited to business, sales and agent conducts, sales licensing practices, approving new sales offices and assessing minor administrative penalties.

        CIRC has focused specific attention on the area of risk prevention. Accordingly, it has identified five lines of defencedefense against risks, namely internal management and control systems, supervision of solvency adequacy, on-site inspection, fund management regulation and insurance security fund. In 2008, in response to the effects of the global financial crisis, more importance has been attached to the supervision of internal control systems, corporate governance, marketingand market conduct and information disclosure of insurance companies. In addition to theBesides introduction of additional regulations and rules, a classified supervision system was developed by the regulator to detect and monitor the operation and financial risks of the industry. Under the system, insurance companies will be classified into four groups based on the risk indicators relating to solvency margins, corporate governance, capital management, financial status and market conduct. Different administrative measures such as risk warning, on-site inspection, restriction of business expansion and investment, may be imposed on different groups.

        China promulgated a new Anti-Money Laundering ("AML") Law applicable to all financial institutions in November 2006. The People's Bank of China ("PBOC") was entrusted with the responsibility and authority for regulating all AML activities in China. PBOC also introduced several additional AML measures between November 2006 to June 2007 to provide specific rules and guidelines in the application of the AML Law. The areas covered would include customer identification, reporting of large volume and other suspicious transactions, record-keeping and reporting of suspicious transactions involving terrorism financing. CIRC issued a regulation in 2010 requiring insurance companies to observe the AML Law and regulations in capital investment, shares transfer and set-up of new branches, and specify senior management's responsibilities on AML.

Capital requirements

        The minimum registered paid-up capital of a foreign invested insurance company is RMB200 million. A similar requirement is imposed on a Chinese branch of a foreign insurance company. Both foreign invested insurance companies and Chinese branches of foreign insurance companies are required to maintain a solvency ratio that is not lower than 100 per cent. Under relevant PRC regulations, the solvency ratio is the ratio of actual capital to the minimum capital requirement applicable to the insurer pursuant to relevant regulations. The actual capital is the difference between the admitted assets and admitted liabilities. The CIRC requires solvency reports to be submitted quarterly, annually orad hoc as required by the CIRC. Where an insurer is not able to meet its solvency requirement, it is required to immediately report to the CIRC.

Reserve requirements

        The CIRC has promulgated various rules and regulations on the reserves to be established and maintained by insurers, and the reserve requirements pursuant to such rules and regulations depend on the nature and type of insurance product. Reserves that the CIRC generally requires a life insurer to maintain include an unearned premium reserve, a life insurance reserve, a long-term health insurance reserve and an insurance -claims payment reserve. The reserve amounts are generally determined with reference to, among other things, actuarial projections of future cash flows.

Statutory and other deposit requirements

        A foreign invested insurance company is required to deposit 20 per cent of its registered capital and a foreign insurer's Chinese branch is required to deposit 20 per cent of its working capital with a bank designated by the CIRC. This statutory deposit may only be used to discharge debts owed by an insurer in the event that it is put into liquidation or declared bankrupt.

        A life insurer is required by the CIRC to contribute up to 1 per cent of its total assets to an insurance protection fund, which is a non-governmental fund maintained by a state-owned fund



management company. In the event any insurer is put into liquidation or declared bankrupt or deemed by the CIRC to pose material risks to the public interest and financial stability, this insurance protection fund may be used, among other things, to pay policyholders or other life insurance companies accepting life policies assigned from the insolvent life insurer.

Separate accounts requirement

        An insurer is required to maintain assets in separate accounts for certain typesTable of products specified by the CIRC, including participating, universal life and investment-linked products. Establishment, amalgamation, demerger and closure of investment accounts maintained in respect of investment-linked products are subject to the approval of the CIRC.

Asset managementContents

        An insurer is required to invest its insurance funds in a stable and prudent manner. An insurer may only invest its insurance funds in bank deposits, securities, including, without limitation bonds, stocks and securities, investment fund shares, real estate and other permitted investments as stipulated by the China State Council. The CIRC also sets caps on the proportion of an insurer's total investments that can be held in particular classes of assets. Such caps may be revised by the CIRC from time to time. The approvals of the CIRC and State Administration of Foreign Exchange are required if the insurer wishes to invest insurance funds denominated in foreign currencies offshore.

Reinsurance

        An insurer may reinsure its liabilities within its authorized scope as stated in its insurance business permit and business licence. An insurer is required to implement a comprehensive risk management system and report to the CIRC annually regarding its reinsurance arrangements. An insurer may only cede its liabilities to reinsurers who satisfy the CIRC's credit rating requirements (as specified from time to time) or are Chinese state-owned reinsurers.

Regulation of products

        Products which are legally mandatory, newly developed life insurance or may concern the public interest are required to be reviewed and approved by the CIRC before they can be introduced to the market for sale.

Financial reporting requirements

        The CIRC requires each insurer to file with the CIRC monthly financial accounts, annual audited financial statements and annual audited solvency statements prepared in accordance with applicable Chinese laws, rules and regulations.

Thailand—Prudential Life Assurance (Thailand) Public Company Limited

Overview

        Prudential Life Assurance (Thailand) Public Company Limited is authorized to carry on long-term insurance business in Thailand.

        In Thailand, the insurance business(PLT) is regulated and supervised by the Office of Insurance Commission ("OIC"). ThePLT holds a life insurance license and is authorized to offer life and general insurance products. This also includes an authorization granted by the OIC came about as a result of the September 2007 statutory transformation of the Department of Insurance of the Ministry of Commerce.in December 2010 on offering products with an investment linked feature.

        The OIC is now the independent regulatory organization handling day-to-day insurance business affairs and reporting to the Ministry of Finance. The Secretary General of the Insurance Commission holds the statutory appointment of Insurance Registrar. Each quarter, insurers must contribute a proportion of their insurance premia to the OIC to cover the



OIC's operational expenses. The current rate for life insurers is between 0.1 per cent and 0.3 per cent (depending on the type of policy, its duration and payment terms) and the current rate for non-life insurers is between 0.2 per cent and 0.3 per cent (depending on the amount of insurance premia received).

        The Insurance Commission Act 2007 embodies the Insurance Commission, the principal decision-maker for the insurance business. The Insurance Commission consists of a 13-member Board, chaired by the Permanent Secretary of Finance and includes the Permanent Secretary of Commerce, the Secretary General of the Consumer Protection Board, the Governor of the Bank of Thailand and the Secretary General of the Securities and Exchange Commission asex officio commissioners. The other six to eight Commissioners are selected from experts in the fields of law, accountancy, business administration, finance, economics and insurance.

        The life insurance business is governed by the Life Insurance Act 1992 (as amended by the Life Insurance Act (No. 2) 2008). As well as governing the operations of the life business, this Act regulates funds, investments and insurance policies and imposeimposes a variety of statutory requirements. The OIC has the power to manage and supervise insurance companies, protect insured persons and the general public, implement policies with respect to insurance funds, and regulate the professional conduct, qualifications and licensing of insurance brokers, agents and actuaries.

        In respect of AML, all life insurance businesses are also regulated by the Anti-Money Laundering Office "AMLO." All suspicious reporting is to be made to Thailand's Financial Intelligence Unit ("FIU").

        In the private sector, the Thai Life Assurance Association and the General Insurance Association play an active development role for their membership and support the insurance business as its representative bodies.

        The OIC has initiated a 5 year insurance development plan 2010-2014 with the objective of strengthening the Thai insurance system, developing the quality of the system to meet international standards and preparing for free trade in the future.

Capital requirements

        A branch office of a life foreign insurer must maintain assets in Thailand of not less than the amount of the capital funds required pursuant to relevant Thai regulations. In addition, lifeLife insurers are required to maintain capital funds at the greater of 2 per cent of their insurance reserve andor 50 million Thai Baht. In its Early Intervention Guidelines, the OIC requires insurers to maintain capital funds of more than 150 per cent of the amount required by law. An insurer that fails to maintain capital funds in line with these guidelines and does not take corrective action to address the deficiency will be subject to sanctions in the form of a range of restrictions on its investment and other business activities.

        The 2008 amendments to the Life Insurance Act require the implementation of risk-based capital adequacy tests by 2011.

Reserve and asset management requirements

        The OIC requires a life insurance company to allocate a portion of its premium income to an insurance reserve for policies that remain in force. The insurance reserve may consist of a mixture of different classes of assets. The assets in the insurance reserve must match the insurer's liabilities as they come due over the duration of its policies. The types of assets that a life insurance company must place in its insurance reserve and the rules, conditions and basis for assessing the value of assets placed in the insurance reserve are regulated by the OIC.

        Thai regulations require every life insurer to place a security deposit with the OIC of not less than 20 million Thai Baht, which may consist of a mix of cash and certain types of bonds, treasury bills and similar specified instruments. Every life insurer is also required to place 25 per cent of its insurance reserves with the OIC.

        Under the Life Insurance Act of Thailand and relevant bankruptcy laws of Thailand, in the event that an insurer goes bankrupt, policyholders entitled to receive payment under their insurance policies have preferential rights to the assets placed with the OIC and have the right to receive payment from such assets as secured creditors. The amount which a policyholder may receive from the assets placed



with the OIC and statutory fund is capped as 1 million Baht. Policyholders would also have preferential rights over the other assets of the insurer and the right to receive payment from such assets subject to the rights of secured creditors and certain other classes of preferred creditors.

Statutory fund

        Life insurance companies are required to contribute to a central life insurance fund intended to compensate policyholders in the event that an insurer is declared bankrupt or has its licence revoked. The OIC requires insurers to make payments twice a year into this central life insurance fund. The current amount payable is 0.1 per cent of the premium income received in the six months prior to the payment date.

Reinsurance

        When a life insurer wishes to cede its insurance liability under a policy by entering into a reinsurance treaty, it may only reinsure in respect of the net amount at risk that is outstanding on the policy as of each anniversary of the policy during its term.

        A copy of every reinsurance treaty that an insurer enters into must be submitted to the OIC within 30 days of the date of its execution. Life insurers should also inform the OIC in the event a reinsurance treaty is amended or terminated and provide details of the same. The OIC may, if it deems it appropriate, request a life insurer to submit the reinsurer's annual report as to the reinsurer's financial and business condition in the previous year.

        The OIC has proposed new reinsurance regulations which will require an insurer to adopt a formal reinsurance management strategy and submit it at regular intervals to the OIC for approval. The regulations will also prohibit an insurer from obtaining certain reinsurance without OIC approval, including finite risk reinsurance, financial reinsurance and other alternative risk transfer arrangements, and impose limitations on reinsurance that may be placed overseas based on the credit rating of the overseas reinsurers.

Regulation of products

        Insurance policies, including their related documents and endorsements, must be in the form approved by the OIC. The use of non-approved policy documentation may result in policyholders having the option to terminate the policy with a full refund of premiums or to continue to benefit under the policy as written (or as amended by the order of the OIC). Marketing materials for an insurance policy are deemed to form part of the policy with any inconsistency between the marketing materials and policy to be construed in favor of the policyholder or beneficiary.

        The premium rates for an insurance policy are also subject to the approval of the OIC. A notification issued by the OIC sets out the factors that it will take into account in determining premium rates.

        The OIC prohibits all insurers from underwriting policies denominated in currencies other than Thai Baht but insurers may access reinsurance from overseas that is denominated in foreign currencies.

        Life insurance policies are also affected by the eligibility criteria imposed by the Revenue Department of the Ministry of Finance on tax deductibility of premiums.

Regulation of agents and brokers

        Insurance agents and brokers are licensed by the OIC. The OIC imposes caps on the commission rates that insurers may pay to insurance agents and brokers. The OIC prohibits insurers from paying commissions to other persons.


        The OIC imposes general obligations on insurance agents and brokers in relation to their dealings with customers. It also imposes specific requirements on telephone sales, including restrictions on hours of operation, pre-vetting the types of policies that may be marketed, recording requirements and a 30-day cooling-off period, and on bancassurance.

Restrictions on foreign insurers

        Expansion of the branch office network of a foreign insurer in Thailand is restricted pursuant to the Life Insurance Act of Thailand. Consequently, a foreign insurer currently may not open additional branch offices in Thailand.

        Thai insurance companies generally must be at least 75 per cent Thai-owned. The Insurance Commission may allow up to 49 per cent foreign ownership and, where an insurer's condition or operation is likely to place policyholders or the public in jeopardy, the Minister of Finance may (on advice from the Insurance Commission) allow up to 100 per cent foreign ownership.

Restrictions on dividends and distributions

        Although there are no formal limitations on dividends or other distributions by a Thai insurer or the Thai branch of a foreign insurer, the approval of the Bank of Thailand is required for remittances outside Thailand. In practice, the Bank of Thailand will typically consult with the OIC before permitting a Thai insurer or the Thai branch of a foreign insurer to make any remittances outside Thailand.

Financial reporting requirements

        A life insurer is required to prepare and submit monthly and annual reports and interim quarterly and audited annual financial statements to the OIC in respect of both its branch offices and operations as a whole. A branch office of a foreign life insurance company must comply with the additional requirement of submitting an annual report of its parent company within five months of the end of the parent company's fiscal year. In addition, a certified actuarial report must be submitted annually by all insurers. An insurer is also required to post summary financial information on its website and at its head office and branch offices.

Philippines—Pru Life Insurance Corporation of UK

        Pru Life Insurance Corporation of UK is licensed and regulated by the Insurance Commission (the "IC"("IC") as a life insurance company.company also offers health, accident and disability insurance.

        The Insurance Code of the Philippines, as amended, ("Insurance Code") gives the power to supervise and regulate the operations and business of insurance companies to the IC. The IC is a government agency under the Department of Finance, and is headed by the Insurance Commissioner. The IC is a part of the Anti-Money Laundering Council together with the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas and the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC").

        The mandate of the IC is to regulate and supervise the insurance industry in accordance with the provisions of the Insurance Code in order to ensure that adequate insurance protection is available to the public at a fair and reasonable cost and to ensure the financial stability of the insurance industry so that all legitimate claims of the insured public are met promptly and equitably. The objectives of the IC are to promote growth and financial stability of insurance companies, to develop professionalism in the


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insurance services industry, to develop insurance consciousness among the general populace, to establish a sound national insurance market, and to safeguard the rights and interests of the insured.

        The IC issues licenses to insurance companies, reinsurance companies, agents, general agents, resident agents, underwriters, brokers, adjusters and actuaries. It also has the authority to suspend or



revoke such licenses under certain circumstances and after observance of the required procedure under the IC Rules of Procedure.

        The Insurance Code empowers the IC to adjudicate insurance claims and complaints involving any loss, damage or liability where the amount involved does not exceed Php 100,000.00100,000 for any single claim. Decisions or orders of the IC may be appealed to the Court of Appeals. Moreover, informal and administrative complaints against malpractices by insurance companies or agents may also be filed with the IC. The IC is available to render assistance in settling any controversy between an insurance company and a policyholder relating to insurance.

        Any life insurance company existing, operating, or otherwise doing business in the Philippines with at least sixty percent (60%) foreign equity must meet a minimum capital requirement and also adopt a Risk-Based Capital Framework (RBC).

India—ICICI Prudential Life Insurance Company Limited

        ICICI Prudential Life Insurance Company Limited (Prudential's joint venture with ICICI) is authorized to carry on long-term insurance business in India.

        Insurance is subject to federal regulation in India. The primary legislation is the Insurance Act, 1938, and the Insurance Regulatory & Development Authority Act, 1999. The Insurance Regulatory & Development Authority (the "IRDA") is the key regulator for the ICICI Prudential Life Insurance operation.

        The IRDA's duties include the issue of certificates of registration to insurance companies, and it has a mandate to protect the interests of the policyholder, to regulate, promote and ensure the orderly growth of the insurance industry. Regulatory direction is currently focusing on corporate governance and disclosures to stakeholders. IRDA's regulations also encourage the sale of insurance to customers in rural parts of India.

        In his Budget speech on February 26, 2010A high-level body, the Finance Minister of India stated that a Financial Stability and Development Council will bewas set up in December 2010, to institutionalize and strengthen and institutionalize the mechanismmechanisms for maintaining financial stability without prejudice to the autonomy of regulators. It is proposed thatAmong other things this Council would monitor macro-prudentialcouncil deals with issues relating to financial sector development, macro prudential supervision of the economy, including the functioning of large financial conglomerates, and address inter-regulatory coordination issues. It will also focus on financial literacy and financial inclusion.

        There has been a significant volume of regulatory developments in India during the period, the most significant of which was on the product regulation of investment linked policies known as Unit-Linked Insurance Policies ("ULIPs"). The IRDA first issued the ULIPs guidelines on August 4, 2010, with further clarification in subsequent months. The objective of these initiatives is to rationalize the product features of such policies through clauses that:


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        In addition, the IRDA has issued directions in 2010 on agents and corporate agents and is also proposing changes that are designed to improve the clarity of the products prior to sale and the system to prevent mis-selling.

        Further, among other things, regulatory initiatives or changes in the period also cover areas of corporate governance, customer grievance, the level of persistency and anti-money laundering.

Indonesia—PT. Prudential Life Assurance

        PT. Prudential Life Assurance is authorized to carry on long-term (for an indefinite period) insurance business in Indonesia.

        The insurance industry is regulated by the Insurance Bureau under the Capital Market Supervisory Board and Financial Institution Supervisory Board of the Ministry of Finance. Previously, insurance companies in Indonesia were supervised by the Directorate of Insurance under the Directorate General of Financial Institutions of the Ministry of Finance (the "MoF"("MoF"). In December 2005, the Government of Indonesia merged the Capital Market Supervisory Board and Directorate General of Financial Institutions under a single Capital Markets Supervisory BoardMarket and Financial Institution (the "BapepamSupervisory Board ("Bapepam LK"). The current role of Bapepam LK is to act as a supervisory board, with responsibility over capital markets, pension funds, insurance and other non-banking financial institutions with the objective to manage risks in the financial sector, as well as to increase consumer protection and market confidence and promote transparency and strong financial business practices and standards.

        The MoF issuedissues decrees on, among other things, licensing of insurance companies, business conduct, auditing, solvency, fit and the licensingproper test for directors and commissioners of insurance companies.companies, Sharia insurance and know your customer ("KYC") Principles. These decrees wereare usually supplemented by implementing regulations issued by the Bapepam LK. During 2010, the MoF promulgated and issued the following:


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        The local Life Insurance Association (the "AAJI"("AAJI") continues to act as a conduit between insurers and the MoF and Bapepam LK in terms of the development of new regulations and guidelines. Insurance sales forces are licensed by the AAJI.


        The implementation of anti-money laundering controls in the insurance industry is monitored by the Indonesian Financial Transaction Reports and Analysis Center (the "PPATK"). The PPATK is an institution withwhose mission is the mission of preventing and eradicatingeradication of money laundering in Indonesia. The Money Laundering Criminal Act Law (UU-TPPU) is the governing statute that establishes and empowers the PPATK as the key authority in the anti-money laundering regime in Indonesia. The Government released an updated statute (and relevant regulations) relating to Money Laundering (Law No. 8 year 2010 of Prevention and Eradication of Money Laundering on October 22, 2010.

        Prudential's operations in Indonesia are authorized to distribute life insurance products with either conventional or Shariah principles. WhilstSharia principles through agency and bancassurance (including direct marketing) channels. While the regulations for life products with conventional principles are fully developed (in accordance towith current market conditions), the government has promulgated new regulations in relation to life products with ShariahSharia principles. In addition,The Government has also taken steps to accommodatere-visit existing statutes and to assess their ongoing relevance following significant developments in the Indonesian insurance industry over the past few years, the government is taking proactive measures to revisitsuch as Law No. 2 of 1992 on Insurance Business. MeetingsIn this context the Government has held meetings with various insurance associations have been conducted by the Government over the past year to obtain input from local as well as joint venture insurance companies. The amendment of Law No. 2 of 1992 on Insurance Business is expected to be promulgated in 2011. In this regard the MoF has registered and submitted the amended Bill to the House of Representatives.

Japan—PCA Life Insurance Company Limited ("PCA Life Japan")

        The Financial Services Agency of Japan (the "JFSA") regulates insurance companies and other financial institutions. In particular, the Insurance Business Division of the JFSA specifically undertakes the supervision of insurance companies. The fundamental principles underlying insurance regulation are set out in the Insurance Business Law. PCA Life Japan is licensed by the Prime Minister of Japan (who delegates most of the supervisory functions to the JFSA) as a life insurance company. PCA Life Japan ceased underwriting new policyholder contracts from February 15, 2010.

        OnThe JFSA fundamentally revised the Inspection Manual for Insurance Companies in order to recognize the insurance companies' risk in a comprehensive manner. The Manual applies to inspections after April 1, 2010,2011. The main pillar of this revision is the Commercial Codeenhancement of Japan was revisedinspection criteria regarding reinsurers' financial strength and the "insurance contract law" becameintegrated risk management schemes. Additionally, the management responsibility is clearly described as the manual sets out guidelines for a separate piececompany's management, for responsible persons and for specific issues.

        The JFSA revised the standard for calculating solvency margin ratio which is one of legislationthe key indicators for supervising insurance companies and will adopt this revised standard beginning from the Commercial Code of Japan, now known2012 financial year end. The stricter capital and risk measurement requirements were introduced as the "Insurance Act".

        Ina response to the recent financial crisis,crisis.

        With the JFSA revised the "solvency margin ratio", an indicator for regulatory purposes, to introduce stricter rules for the calculation of capital and risk measurements and to ensure its appropriateness by involving an appointed actuary. The new standard is to become effective for the fiscal year ending on March 31, 2012. However, reportinglaunch of the solvency margin ratio onnew financial Alternative Dispute Resolution ("ADR") system in April 2010, financial institutions were required to have contracted a JFSA designated ADR institution by October 1, 2010 to handle future disputes. From October 1, 2010, all life insurers were required to enter into contracts with the new basis will be required forLife Insurance Association of Japan (LIAJ) that designate the fiscal year ending on March 31, 2011 for monitoring purposes. The new solvency margin standard was officially issued on April 9, 2010.

        On January 15, 2010, Prudential's Japanese insurance subsidiary announcedArbitration Council within the cessationLIAJ as the designated dispute settlement institution.


Table of the underwriting of new policyholder contracts post February 15, 2010. This decision will be reviewed on an ongoing basis in the light of changes to the business environment. Prudential reinforced its commitment to honoring all existing policyholder contracts and providing policyholders with an appropriate level of customer service. This cessation does not affect Prudential's asset management business in Japan, which is a separate entity from the insurance business with its own operating platform and distribution networks.Contents

Vietnam—Prudential Vietnam Assurance Private Limited

        Prudential Vietnam Assurance Private Limited is licensed and regulated by the Ministry of Finance of Vietnam (the "MOF") as a life insurance company. Currently, the applicable law does not permit an insurance company to operate both life and non-life insurance at the same time, unless a life insurance company conducts personal health and protection care insurance as a supplement to life insurance.

        The MOF is responsible for carrying out state administration of insurance business for and on behalf of the Government. The Insurance Division of the MOF specifically undertakes the supervision of insurance companies. The fundamental principles of the operation of insurance companies are set out in the Insurance Business Law.


        The first insurance regulation that was implemented in Vietnam was the governmental decree on insurance No. 100/CP which was issued in late 1993. As the Vietnamese insurance market grew, the first law on insurance business, the Insurance Business Law, was passed in 2000 by the National Assembly of Vietnam. In 2001, the Government promulgated further regulations relating to the implementation of the Insurance Business Law.

        At the end of 2007, many of the then current insurance regulations were revised and a number of new regulations were introduced, including: minimum legal capital requirements for insurance enterprises, equivalent to VND 600 billion, security deposit requirements equivalent to 2two per cent of legal capital, new regulations for investment-linkedcapital; and with respect to investment linked products such as universal life and unit-linked products. The MOF has also provided specific regulations on establishing new insurance companies, modification of licenses or opening/closure of insurers' branches/representative offices and agent recruitment and training.

        Generally, the Insurance Business Law and its guiding regulations focus mainly on administrative supervision of insurance operations. In practice, the Insurance Business Law reserves most of its items for insurance contracts (the(that is, for the terms and conditions of policy)policies) in order to protect policyholders' interests. Furthermore, the MOF has set a proactive insurance supervisory agenda on controlling the solvency of insurance companies in order to take timely intervention to the insurance market by issuingissued the new regulation on bankruptcy procedures for insurers, securities and financial institutions in late 2008.2008 to allow it to take timely intervention to control the solvency of insurance companies.

        In 2010, ten years after the application of Insurance Business Law, many issues had arisen. To enhance the insurance business environment and to keep pace with international practice, Law on 61/2010/QH ("Law 61") was passed on December 24, 2010 to amend the Insurance Business Law, effective from July 1, 2011. Under the new law, state administration of insurance business will conduct supervision of insurance business taking the necessary measures to ensure that insurers satisfy their financial requirements for fulfilling their obligations to policyholders.

        Circular no. 148/2010/TT-BTC was issued on September 24, 2010 to guide the implementation of anti-money laundering controls in the insurance industry monitored by the Anti-Money Laundering Department under the Banking Inspection, State Bank of Vietnam.

        The MOF issued Circular 09/2011/TT-BTC dated January 21, 2011 to unify VAT and CIT for insurance business activities. Notably, scopes of services exempted from VAT or entitled to 0% tax rate are narrowed. According to the Circular, life insurance, accidental dismemberment in life insurance package, hospitalization and surgical, agency training and commission for life insurance corporate agents are not subject to VAT.

2.    Regulation of investment and funds businesses and other regulated operations

        Prudential conducts investment and fund businesses through subsidiaries or joint ventures in the following countries in Asia: The People's Republic of China, Dubai (Dubai International Financial Centre), Hong Kong, Republic of India, Japan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Republic of Singapore, Taiwan and Socialist Republic of Vietnam. All operations are authorized and licensed by the relevant authorities, or exempted from licensing under the relevant regulations.


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Hong Kong

Overview

        Certain types of products and services offered by Prudential in Hong Kong are regulated under separate statutory regimes by otherdifferent regulatory bodies, including the Securities and Futures Commission, the Hong Kong Monetary Authority and the Mandatory Provident Fund Schemes Ordinance (Chapter 485 of the Laws of Hong Kong) (the "MPFSO"), administered by the Mandatory Provident Fund Schemes Authority (the "MPFA"("MPFA") for compulsory Mandatory Provident Fund ("MPF.MPF"). In addition, the selling of MPF products by agents is regulated by the MPFA. The MPFA is responsible for the licensing and supervision of trustees who wish to administer MPF schemes and MPF intermediaries.

        The Securities and Futures Ordinance (the "SFO"("SFO") and other subsidiary legislation comprisegovern the lawskey regulatory requirements in Hong Kong relating to certain investment-linkedlicensing requirements for persons carrying out regulated activities, including dealing in securities, advising on securities, fund management, market conduct, disclosure of interests, prospectus requirements for securities and products including MPFmutual funds and ORSO retirement schemes, securities dealing, investment advisory and investment management services.unit trusts, as well as investment-linked assurance products. The Hong Kong Securities and Futures Commission (the "HKSFC"("HKSFC") is the statutory body responsible for the administration of the SFO and the related subsidiary legislations and rules.

        The Hong Kong branch of PAC is regulated by the HKSFC for its operations relating to investment-linkedinvestment linked products. It is also registered with the MPFA as a MPF corporate intermediary.

        Prudential Asset Management (Hong Kong) Limited ("PAMHK"), incorporated in Hong Kong, is an ultimately a wholly-ownedwholly owned subsidiary of the Company. PAMHK is licensed with the HKSFC and is authorized to carry out Type 1 (Dealing in Securities), Type 4 (Advising on Securities) and Type 9 (Asset Management) regulated activities in Hong Kong.

        PAMHK is registered with the China Securities Regulatory Commission ("CSRC") as a QFII (Qualified Foreign Institutional Investors) license holder. PAMHK holds a certificate of Investment Registration issued by the Korea Financial Supervisory Service and is also registered with the Korea Financial Supervisory Service as an offshore investment advisor for investment advisory business and investment discretionary management business. The funds registered in Hong Kong by PAMHK are also registered in Macau with the Monetary Authority of Macau.


        BOCI-Prudential Asset Management Limited ("BOCIP"), incorporated in Hong Kong, is a joint venture between Prudential Corporation Holdings Limited (36 per cent) and BOCI Asset Management Limited (64 per cent). BOCIP is licensed with the HKSFC, and is authorized to carry out Type 1, Type 4, Type 5 (Advising on Futures Contracts), Type 6 (Advising on Corporate Finance) and Type 9 regulated activities in Hong Kong. It is also registered with the MPFA as a MPF corporate intermediary. BOCIP offers a comprehensive range of investment products, including MPF products, pension funds, retail unit trusts, institutional mandates and other advisory funds. It also offers private investors and institutional clients investment portfolios and charity fund management services. As one of the pioneers in the asset management industry in Hong Kong, BOCIP launched a series of capital guaranteed funds linked to various underlying indices or baskets of stocks with varying currencies and maturities, as well as certain exchange traded funds which are listed in Hong Kong.

        BOCI-Prudential Trustee Limited is a joint venture between Prudential Corporation Holdings Limited (36 per cent) and BOC Group Trustee Company Limited (64 per cent). The company is incorporated in Hong Kong and is an approved trustee under the MPFSO and an associated entity to the BOCIP under the SFO.

Regulation under the MPFSO

        Companies that operate compulsory retirement schemes in Hong Kong are regulated under the MPFSO. The MPFA shares responsibility with other regulatory bodies for supervision of the institutions, such as banks and insurance companies, that act as MPF intermediaries that provide MPF products to customers. The MPFSO includes rules on prudential management and the permissible investments that may be made using scheme funds, accounting and reporting requirements and the powers of the MPFA to intervene and terminate a trustee's administration of a scheme.

Regulation under the SFO

        Companies that wish to conduct business in regulated activities (as stipulated in the SFO) which include, but are not limited to, Type 1 (Dealing in Securities), Type 4 (Advising on securities) and Type 9 (Asset Management) in Hong Kong must be licensed to do so under the SFO, and the marketing and promotion of certain financial products and schemes that involve investment in securities is also regulated under the SFO. Licensed corporations under the SFO are subject to certain requirements which include, but are not limited to; financial adequacy and reporting and directors, senior management and individuals responsible for carrying out the regulated activities in Hong Kong must satisfy suitability and qualification requirements and be approved by the HKSFC.

        The operation, marketing and promotion of investment-linked products and schemes, including long-term insurance schemes by insurers, is subject to authorization by the SFC in accordance with Part IV of the SFO and related codes and guidelines issued by the SFC that require certain information to be disclosed to potential investors and impose restrictions on the content of advertisements and the claims that can be made with respect to risks and potential returns on an investment.

Japan

        PCA Asset Management Limited ("PCAAM") is registered with the Kanto Local Finance Bureau which is under the Financial Services Agency ("JFSA") to engage in (a) second financial instruments business, (b) investment management business, (c) investment advisory & agency business and


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(d) ancillary business under the Financial Instruments and Exchange LawAct ("FIEL"FIEA") which became effective as of September 30, 2007.

        PCAAM is a member of the Investment Trusts Association, Japan and also a member of the Japan Securities Investment Advisers Association. Both the associations are self-regulatory bodies under FIEL.FIEA. PCAAM is required to comply with the policies and regulations issued by these associations, which are authorized to conduct on and off-site inspection in addition to the inspection conducted by the



Securities and Exchange Surveillance Commission which is part of the Financial Services Agency of Japan ("the JFSA").FSA.

        Under its registration in respect of the second financial instruments business, PCAAM focuses on explaining the products.products and does not aim at the sale of Prudential's funds directly to investors. PCAAM hence does not set up or maintain customer accounts for purposes of investment in Prudential's funds or their settlement, which are to be opened at relevant salesdistributors such as registered financial institutions and type one financial instruments business operators like securities companies. TheIn 2010, PCAAM resolved to start an investment agency business to provide group companies with intermediary services to conduct investment advisory & agencyor discretionary agreement with a domestic asset management company for further business is limited to the investment advisory business excluding agency business.opportunity.

Korea

        Prudential conducts fund business in Korea through an indirect, wholly ownedwholly-owned subsidiary, PCA Investment TrustAsset Management Co. Ltd. The bodies responsible for the regulation of asset management companies, investment advisers and discretionary management companies are the Financial Services Commission ("FSC") and its executive arm, the Financial Supervisory Service ("FSS").

        Traditionally, the FSC in Korea operates in a prescriptive way, with a significant amount of detailed regulation that asset management companies must comply with. In recent years, the style of regulation of the indirect investment industry has been changing in line with the trend towards liberalization of financial services. In particular, the regulator is focusing on deregulation in asset management and product design activities and shifting towards a principles-based regulatory regime.

Taiwan

        The body responsible for regulation of the Securities Investment Trust Enterprises ("SITE"), Securities Investment Consulting Enterprises ("SICE") and discretionary investment business is the Securities and Futures Bureau ("SFB") under the Financial Supervisory Commission ("FSC"). The SFB is responsible for promulgating laws, regulations and policies in relation to these business areas.

        PCA Securities Investment Trust Co., Ltd is registered as a SITE with the FSC. It is compulsory that all SITEs are members of the Securities Investment Trust and Consulting Association ("SITCA"), which is a self-regulatory organization ("SRO"). SITE and SICE may not commence business without being admitted as members of the Association. SROs supportSITCA supports the regulatory and administrative operations entrusted to the SFB by adopting self-regulatory rules and overseeing self-regulation by its members, establishing a membership disciplinary framework and carrying out matters that the SFB has authorized it to handle, such as previewing product filing documents before submission for the SFB's final review. The SROSITCA also acts as liaison between the SFB and its members for matters of business development.

        In 2010, the FSC issued a Circular which, among with other things, allows funds to invest in more types of financial instruments, including domestic managed futures funds, short type ETF, commodity ETF and warrants, and requests formalization of stress testing process for money market funds.

        In addition the FSC Circular announced the decrease of investment concentration (from 90% to 70%) in individual offshore funds by Taiwan investors.


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        Further, in 2010, the FSC announced the amendments to the "Regulation Governing Offshore Funds" and "Regulations Governing the Public Offering of Securities Investment Trust Funds by Securities Investment Trust Enterprises" as follows:

China

        CITIC-Prudential Fund Management Company Limited, a joint venture between Prudential and CITIC Group (China International Trust and Investment Corporation), is regulated by the China Securities Regulatory Commission ("CSRC"). The CSRC supervises the establishment of fund management companies ("FMCs") and the launch of securities investment funds.

        The legislative framework of China's fund industry comprises the China Securities Investment Funds Law (the "Fund Law") and a set of ancillary regulations (the "Fund Regulations"). While the Fund Law and Fund Regulations spell out the rules and requirements which must be adhered to by all FMCs, the supervisory approach of CSRC, to a certain extent, is also principles-based.principle based. The Chinese authorities aim to protect the legitimate rights and interests of investors and other relevant parties, and thereby to promote the healthy development of securities investment funds and securities markets.

        The CSRC has slowly started a process of deregulation. One major deregulation measure in 2010 was to lift the control of product approval, which enables the fund management companies to launch more fund products.

        The National People's Congress ("NPC"), China's top legislator, has begun the process of revising the Fund Law. The key proposed changes include registration of hedge funds, individual ownership of fund management companies, lifting of personal trading, and lifting of investment restrictions.

India

        ICICI Prudential Asset Management Company Limited ("the AMC"), a joint venture between Prudential and ICICI Bank Ltd., is approved by the Securities and Exchange Board of India ("SEBI")



under SEBI (Mutual Funds) Regulations, 1996 to act as Investment Manager of ICICI Prudential Mutual Fund (the "Fund"). The Fund was set up as a Trust sponsored by Prudential (through its wholly-ownedwholly owned subsidiary Prudential Corporation Holdings Ltd) and ICICI Bank Ltd. ICICI Prudential Trust Limited (the "Trust Company"), a company incorporated under the Companies Act 1956, is the Trustee to the Fund.

        Mutual funds in India are regulated by the guidelines and statutes promulgated under the SEBI (Mutual Funds) Regulations, 1996, the Indian Trusts Act, 1882, relevant provisions of the Companies Act 1956 and other applicable laws. Any change of control of the AMC by virtue of 10 per cent or more of voting rights in the AMC or the right to appoint a majority of directors entitled to exercise control of the AMC will require the prior approval of the SEBI and the grant of an option to unit holders to exit the Schemes at the prevailing net asset value without any exit load.

        As specified by the Indian Trusts Act 1882 and reiterated by the SEBI regulations, all mutual funds are required to be in the form of trusts. The trustee functions are carried out by separately established trust companies or boards of trustees. In all cases, the trust deed must be approved by the SEBI. The


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AMC has obtained registration from the SEBI to act as a Portfolio Manager under SEBI (Portfolio Managers) Regulations 1993.

        Also, SEBI, via its letter dated May 31, 2005, also conveyed that it had no objection to the AMC undertaking Advisory Services to Offshore Funds. The AMC has commenced the provision of Advisory Services.

        The AMC also received a mandate from the Central Board of Trustees, Employees Provident Fund Organization to act as a Portfolio Manager for the Funds of Employees Provident Fund, Staff Provident Fund and Pension and Gratuity Fund.

Recent regulatory trends

        SEBI has decided        In 2010, AMFI via its circulars (a) advised asset management companies to ensure that KYC formalities are carried out for all Mutual Funds shall have a systems audit conductedindividual investors, irrespective of amount of investment, with effect from January 1, 2011, (b) recommended the operational guidelines to implement know your customer (KYC) for all individual investors, (c) advised non-acceptance of third party cheques which had to be implemented by an independent CISA/CISM qualified or equivalent auditor. Such an audit shall be conducted once every two years.

        SEBI has provided a framework to facilitateAMCs by November 15, 2010 and (d) revised the criteria for reporting of suspicious transactions in Mutual Fund schemes through the Stock Exchange. For this purpose, Mutual Funds alongby mutual funds, with Registrar and Transfer Agents, Depositories and Depository Participants, shall take steps to facilitate the same.effect from July 1, 2010.

Singapore

        Prudential Asset Management (Singapore) Limited ("PAMS"), an indirect wholly-ownedwholly owned subsidiary of Prudential plc, holds a Capital Markets Services ("CMS") license, to conduct the regulated activities of fund management and dealing in securities, issued by the Monetary Authority of Singapore under the Securities and Futures Act, Chapter 289. PAMS is also an exempt financial adviser under the Financial Advisers Act, Chapter 110. PAMS is included under the Central Provident Fund Investment Scheme ("CPFIS") and may manage unit trusts included under the CPFIS. In addition, PAMS is registered with the US Securities and Exchange Commission, US, under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940; the Financial Services Commission of South Korea, as a Cross-borderCross border Investment Advisor under the Capital Market Consolidation Act and the Securities and Exchange Board of India ("SEBI") under the SEBI (Foreign Institutional Investors) Regulations, 1995. PAMS is also registered as a Foreign Institutional Investment with Japan's Financial Supervisory Authority. Further, PAMS is relying on the Class Order Exemption CO 03/1102 from the Australian Securities and Investments Commission for exemption from the need to hold an Australian financial services license for provision of services to wholesale clients in Australia.

        Prudential Property Investment Management (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. ("Prupim SGP") is an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Prudential plc. It is a real estate fund management company, and operates in Singapore as an exempt fund manager and exempt financial adviser under the Securities and Futures Act and the Financial Advisers Act respectively.


        As an exempt fund manager and exempt financial adviser, Prupim SGP provides services to not more than 30 qualified investors (for fund management services) and accredited investors (for financial advisory services).

        In January 2010, MAS issued a consultation paper on the proposed changes to the Regulatory Regime for Listed and Unlisted Investment Products. One of the proposals is the introduction of the Product Highlights Sheet ("PHS") requirement. MAS issued Guidelines on PHS on October 21, 2010.

        A PHS will be in a "Question & Answer" format prescribed by the MAS and will describe, among other things, the profile of customers a given product is suitable for, what the product invests in and what the risks are. The PHS must be provided to investors together with the prospectus before the sale of an investment product

        Specifically, the PHS Guidelines applies to new offers of unlisted Collective Investment Schemes ("CIS") for which prospectuses are lodged with MAS on or after March 1, 2011. The PHS Guidelines also apply to existing CIS with prospectuses that expire on or after March 1, 2011. For such CIS, the


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PHS should be submitted to MAS when the updated prospectuses are lodged with MAS, regardless of the date of lodgment. New investment-linked life policy sub-funds submitted on or after March 1, 2011 need to comply with the PHS requirements. For existing investment-linked life policy sub-funds, there will be a one-year transition period for compliance with the PHS requirements. Insurers are required to prepare and submit the PHS for their existing investment-linked life policy sub-funds by November 30, 2011, to ensure that all existing investment-linked life policy sub-funds are in compliance by March 1, 2012.

        In addition, in April 2010, MAS issued a consultation paper on proposed changes to the regulatory regime for fund management companies (FMCs) and Exempt Financial Intermediaries affecting the categories under which FMCs are licensed.

        MAS conducted a consultation on the proposed amendments to the Code on Collective Investment Schemes in May / June 2010, which, among other things, have significant impact on investment guidelines and limits. The revised code was issued on April 8, 2011 and will come into effect on October 1, 2011 for all authorized schemes other than structured product funds. Structured product funds are allowed to comply with the revised code by April 1, 2012 or be grandfathered.

        In 2010, MAS conducted a "closed door" consultation on the proposed amendments to the Regulatory Capital Framework for Capital Markets Services Licensees. MAS indicated that an open consultation will follow after the "closed door" consultation. PAMS is currently subject to the Adjusted Net Capital Framework. Under the proposals in the consultation paper, PAMS would be subject to a risk-based capital framework. The proposals include changes to the computation of risk requirements and financial resources.

Malaysia

        Prudential Fund Management Berhad ("PFMB") was incorporated in November 2000 and is a wholly-ownedwholly owned subsidiary of a Malaysian incorporated company, Nova Sepadu Sdn Bhd, which is in turn a subsidiary of Prudential.

        Prudential Al Wara' Asset Management Berhad ("WARA") was incorporated in June 2009 and is a wholly-ownedwholly owned subsidiary of Prudential Corporation Holdings Limited. WARA is an Islamic Shariah-compliantSharia compliant asset management company. Both PFMB and WARA are regulated by the Securities Commission (the "SC"), which is a statutory body formed under the Securities Commission Act 1993 ("SCA") which reports to the Minister of Finance. It has the power to investigate and enforce the areas within its jurisdiction. Among many other things, SC regulates all matters relating to unit trust schemes and supervises licensed persons dealing in assets and fund management activities and products. The Guidelines on Unit Trust Funds issued by the SC set out requirements to be complied with bywhich any person intending to establish a unit trust fund in Malaysia and issue, offer or invite any person to subscribe or purchase units of a unit trust fund.fund must comply. Underpinning all its functions is the SC's ultimate responsibility of protecting the investor. Apart from discharging its regulatory functions, the SC is also obliged by statute to encourage and promote the development of the securities and futures markets in Malaysia.

        Effective June 1, 2010, the Securities Commission Malaysia amended the Guidelines on Unit Trust Funds (GUTF) to facilitate a multi-class structure for unit trust funds, giving investors more flexibility as well as helping the growth of cross-border offerings of Malaysian unit trusts. A single unit trust fund is now able to offer multiple classes of units over a single investment pool, with each class of units capable of having different features with respect to the fees and charges imposed and the currency in which is the units are denominated.

        The amendments are also expected to facilitate the growth of cross-border offerings of Malaysian unit trust funds under the Mutual Recognition Agreements (MRAs) which the SC has signed with the Dubai International Financial Centre and Hong Kong. Investors holding foreign currencies can now invest


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directly into a class of units denominated in that foreign currency as opposed to converting their investment sum into in Malaysian Ringgit.

Dubai

        Prudential Asset Management Limited ("PAMD") was incorporated in the Dubai International Financial Centre ("DIFC") in September 2006. PAMD is an ultimately wholly-owned subsidiary of Prudential plc.

        PAMD is regulated by the Dubai Financial Services Authority ("DFSA"), which is the independent regulator for DIFC. PAMD holds a license for Dealing in Investments as Agent, Managing Assets, Arranging Credit or Deals in Investments, Advising on Financial Products or Credit, Arranging Custody, Operating a Collective Investment Fund, Providing Fund Administration and Operating an Islamic Window and has a Retail Endorsement on its license.

        The supervisory approach of DFSA, to a large extent, is risk-based.

        Following the end of the consultation period on a number of proposed legislative changes, a new Collective Investment Law has been enacted in 2010 and the DFSA Rulebook has been amended (effective July 11, 2010). The most relevant change is that a foreign fund manager is allowed to manage local funds (with a fund administrator in the DIFC);

Vietnam

        Prudential Vietnam Fund Management Private Limited Company ("PVN FMC") was established and currently operates under Business Registration Certificate No. 410400113 issued by the Department of Planning and Investment of Ho Chi Minh City on May 24, 2005 and Licence No. 03/UBCK-GPHDQLQ dated May 26, 2005 and Decision No. 459/QD-UBCK dated August 13, 2007 by the State Securities Commission of Vietnam (SSC) for operation in securities investment fund management and securities portfolio management.

        Prudential Vietnam Assurance Private Limited is the sole owner of PVN FMC.

        PVN FMC is regulated by the State Securities Commission of Vietnam ("SSC"), which is overseen by the Ministry of Finance ("MOF"). Given its mandate which is to establish and develop the securities markets, the SSC supervises the organization, and operation of securities investment funds and fund management companies.


        In late 2007, Prudential also opened a separate consumer finance business in Vietnam authorized by the State Bank of Vietnam.

        The Ministry of Finance issued Circular 09/2010/TT-BTC on January 15, 2010 on public disclosures by public companies, listed companies, and fund management companies. The implications of this were to expand the scope of reportable events, to include "any thing that may affect the securities" price, rather than specifying only certain events.


UK Supervision and Regulation

The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000

        Prudential's insurance and investment businesses in the United Kingdom are regulated by the Financial Services Authority ("FSA"), the statutory regulator granted powers under the Financial Services and Markets Act ("FSMA 2000"). In addition, those businesses are subject to various United Kingdom laws (for example, the Data Protection Act 1998 in relation to the processing of customer data and various Pension Acts) some of which require the relevant Prudential entity to be licensed or registered.


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Risk-based regulation

        The FSA employs a risk-based regulatory approach to supervision under the FSMA 2000 pursuant to which each regulated firm's risk is assessed by the FSA using a risk assessment methodology known as ARROW (Advanced, Risk-Responsive Operating Framework). This is a high-level review aimed at assessing the significance of a particular risk posing threats to the FSA's statutory objectives under the FSMA 2000. These objectives relate to maintaining market confidence, the protection and enhancement of the stability of the UK financial system, promoting public awareness, securing consumer protection and the reduction of financial crime.

        The ARROW framework, supported by a 'close"close and continuous'continuous" relationship, is the core of the FSA's risk-based approach to regulation. Using this process, the FSA will consider the particular risks a firm might pose to its statutory objectives by assessing the impact and probability of particular risks materializing.

        Prudential is regarded by the FSA as a high impact firm in view of the nature and complexity of its business and as such generally receives ARROW assessments at least once in every two-yeartwo year regulatory period. The last ARROW assessment across Prudential (including Prudential UK) was conducted in July 2008, and the final letter setting out the results of the assessment and the accompanying Risk Mitigation Program which sets out the intended outcomes and follow-up work associated with the assessment was received by Prudential in December 2008. An updated version was provided (for both the Prudential Group and UK businesses) in October 2009. The next FSA ARROW visit for Prudential Group is scheduled to take place during 2011.

        Between ARROW visits, the FSA meets regularly with members of senior management and persons holding controlled functions to understand developing strategy and challenges and key issues arising and in particular any significant risks identified and how Prudential is mitigating these. This 'close"close and continuous' monitoringcontinuous" supervision is supported by focused (relating to a firm or group) and themed (relating to the industry or market as a whole) visits where appropriate. In advance of discussions, the FSA request relevant mandatory management information at prescribed intervals, which helps to frame the agenda for these meetings.

Overview of FSMA 2000 regulatory regime

Single regulator

        The FSA is currently the single regulator for all authorized persons with respect to regulated activities in the financial services sector. In this regard, the FSA is authorized to make rules and issue guidance in relation to a wide sphere of activity encompassing the governance of a firm, the way it conducts its business and the prudential supervision of firms.

New regulatory regime

        On May 25, 2010 it was announced that the UK government would be introducing legislation to give the Bank of England control of macro-prudential regulation and oversight of micro-prudential regulation. Following an HM Treasury consultation paper published on July 26, 2010, further detail on the proposals was set out in a second consultation paper published on February 17, 2011. The proposals envisage the FSA ceasing to exist in its current form and the establishment of three new regulators. The Financial Policy Committee (which will sit within the Bank of England) will be given responsibility for macro-prudential regulation and micro-prudential regulation will be overseen by the Prudential Regulation Authority (which will be a subsidiary of the Bank of England). The Financial Conduct Authority will also be established, separate from the Bank of England, and will have responsibility for conduct of business regulation in relation all authorized firms, the prudential regulation of firms not


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regulated by the Prudential Regulation Authority and it will also inherit the majority of the FSA's market regulatory functions.

        The FSA is currently preparing for transition to the new regulatory regime and has begun to introduce a shadow internal structure. The intention is for the new regulatory structure to be in place by the end of 2012.

Permission to carry on "Regulated Activities"

        Under the FSMA 2000, no person may carry on or purport to carry on a regulated activity by way of business in the United Kingdom unless he is an authorized person or is an exempt person. A firm which is authorized by the FSA to carry on regulated activities becomes an authorized person for the purposes of the FSMA 2000. "Regulated activities" are currently prescribed in the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Regulated Activities) Order 2001 (as amended) and include insurance and investment business, as well as certain other activities such as establishing, operating and winding up stakeholder or personal pension schemes, the mediation of general insurance and certain mortgage mediation and lending activities. When authorizing a firm, the FSA will limit the permissions it grants to the regulated activities in which the firm is intending to engage.

Authorization procedure

        In granting an application by a firm for authorization, the FSA may delineate the scope of, and include such restrictions on, the grant of permission as it deems appropriate. In granting or varying the terms of a firm's permissions, the FSA must ensure that the firm meets certain threshold conditions, which, among other things, require the firm to have adequate resources for the carrying on of its business, and to be a fit and proper person, having regard to all the circumstances.

        Once authorized, and in addition to continuing to meet the threshold conditions for authorization, firms are obliged to comply with the FSA's "Principles for Businesses", which are high level principles for conducting financial services business in the United Kingdom.

        Moreover, the FSMA 2000 obliges firms to secure the FSA's prior approval of the appointment of individuals performing certain important functions within a firm or on its behalf with respect to the carrying on of regulated activities (approved persons).

Principles for Businesses

        An authorized firm will be subject to a range of ongoing regulatory requirements from the FSA, including compliance with general principles as well as more specific conduct of business rules and financial resources requirements. A key feature of the FSA regime is the existence of 11 "Principles for Businesses", by which all firms are expected to abide. These cover key areas such as the firm's relationship with the FSA and the need to act with integrity as well as to treat customers fairly.

        In the wake of the recent financial crisis, the FSA has announced, and has followed, a new strategy of "intensive supervision" and a move to what it has described as "outcomes-focused regulation". This has been coupled with a publicly announced strategy of "credible deterrence", involving an increased focus on its enforcement activities.

Application of FSMA 2000 regulatory regime to Prudential

        Each of Prudential's principal UK insurance and investment businesses is subject to regulation and supervision by the FSA in the carrying on of its regulated activities. The following discussion considers, in turn, the main features of the FSMA 2000 regime applicable to the Group's insurance and investment businesses in the United Kingdom.


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Regulation applicable to the Prudential's insurance and investment businesses

Supervision of management and change of control of authorized firms

        The FSA closely supervises the management of authorized firms through the "approved persons" regime, under which any appointment of persons who hold a "controlled function" including functions



that enable the exercise of significant influence over an authorized firm must be preapprovedpre-approved by the FSA.

        The FSA also regulates the acquisition and increase of control over UK authorized firms. Under the FSMA 2000, any person proposing to acquire control of or increase control over an authorized firm must first obtain the consent of the FSA. The assessment process and assessment criteria for this process are set out in the FSMA 2000. In considering whether to grant or withhold its approval to the acquisition of control, the FSA must consider, among other things, the suitability of the person seeking consent and seek to ensure the sound and prudent management of the UK authorized firm.

        "Control" for these purposes includes a holding of 10 per cent or more in the share capital or entitlement to 10 per cent of more of the exercise of voting power of an authorized firm or its parent undertaking.undertaking or a holding of shares or voting power of an authorized firm or its parent undertaking as a result of which a person is able to exercise significant influence over the management of the authorized firm. When determining a person's level of control, that person's holding of shares or entitlement to exercise voting power will be aggregated with the holdings or entitlements of any person with whom he is "acting in concert". A person will be treated as increasing his control over an authorized firm, and therefore requiring further approval from the FSA, if the level of his shareholding or entitlement to voting power in the authorized firm or, as the case may be, its parent undertaking, increases by any threshold step. The threshold steps occur on the acquisition of 10 per cent, 20 per cent, 30 per cent and 50 per cent of the shares or voting power in an authorized firm or its parent undertaking.

        The Acquisitions Directive was introduced across the EU on March 21, 2009, establishing EU-wide procedural and evaluation criteria for the prudential assessment of acquisitions and increases of holdings in the financial sector. The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Controllers) Regulations 2009 gave effect to the Acquisitions Directive in the UK by making various changes to the FSMA 2000.

Intervention and enforcement

        The FSA has extensive powers to investigate and intervene in the affairs of an authorized firm. The FSMA 2000 imposes on the FSA statutory obligations to monitor compliance with the requirements imposed by, and to enforce the provisions of the FSMA 2000, related secondary legislation and the rules made thereunder.

        The FSA's enforcement powers, which may be exercised against both authorized firms and approved persons, include public censure, imposition of unlimited fines and, in serious cases, the variation or revocation of permission to carry on regulated activities or of an approved person's approved status. In addition, the FSA may vary or revoke an authorized firm's permission if it is desirable to protect the interests of consumers or potential consumers, or if the firm has not engaged in regulated activity for 12 months, or if it is failing (or is likely to fail) to meet the threshold conditions for authorization. The FSA has further powers to obtain injunctions against authorized persons and to impose or seek restitution orders where persons have suffered loss. Once the FSA has made a decision to take enforcement action against an authorized or approved person (other than in the case of an application to the court for an injunction or restitution order), the person affected may refer the matter to the Financial Services and Markets Tribunal. Breaches of certain FSA rules by an authorized firm may also give a private person who suffers loss as a result of the breach a right of action against the authorized firm for damages.


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        In addition to its ability to apply civil sanctions for market abuse, the FSA has the power to prosecute criminal offences arising under the FSMA 2000, insider dealing under Part V of the Criminal Justice Act 1993 and breaches of money laundering regulations. The FSA has indicated that it is prepared to prosecute more cases in the criminal courts where appropriate.

        The FSA, although not a creditor, may seek administration orders under the Insolvency Act 1986 (as amended), present a petition for the winding-up of an authorized firm or have standing to be heard in



the voluntary winding-up of an authorized firm. It should be noted that insurers carrying on long-term insurance business cannot voluntarily be wound up without the consent of the FSA.

FSA Conduct of Business Rules

        The FSA's Conduct of Business Rules apply to every authorized firm carrying on regulated activities and regulate the day-to-day conduct of business standards to be observed by authorized persons in carrying on regulated activities. The Conduct of Business Rules incorporate the requirements of the Markets in Financial Investments Directive ("MiFID") which relate to investment business, and now place greater reliance on principles and higher-level rules.

        The scope and range of obligations imposed on an authorized firm under the Conduct of Business Rules varies according to the scope of its business and the range of its clients. Generally speaking, however, the obligations imposed on an authorized firm by the Conduct of Business Rules will include the need to classifycategorize its clients according to their level of sophistication, provide them with information about the firm, meet certain standards of product disclosure, ensure that promotional material which it produces is clear, fair and not misleading, assess suitability when advising on certain products, manage conflicts of interest, report appropriately to its clients and provide certain protections in relation to client assets.

Treating Customers Fairly

        The FSA's Treating Customers Fairly initiative ("TCF") is an important example of its principles-based approach to regulation. This initiative is based upon Principle 6 of the FSA's Principles for Businesses (that a firm must pay due regard to the interests of its customers and treat them fairly).

        Although the FSA has, with the exception of rules relating to with-profits policyholders, refrained from making detailed rules on how to comply with TCF, it has published a number of case studies providing an indication of its expectations of authorized firms in the areas of product development, complaints handling, financial promotions and systems and controls. TCF assessments of firms will beare incorporated into the ARROW assessment process.

Prudential supervision

        As set out above, in order to maintain authorized status under the FSMA 2000, a firm must continue to satisfy the threshold conditions, which, among other things, require the firm to have adequate resources for the carrying on of its business. The FSA has published detailed rules relating to the maintenance of minimum levels of regulatory capital for all authorized firms including insurance and investment businesses in the Prudential Standards section of its Handbook. The capital adequacy requirements set out in the Handbook which include the type of capital held must be satisfied at all times by authorized firms.

        The FSA's regulatory capital rules for insurers and investment firms are primarily contained in the FSA's General Prudential Sourcebook ("GENPRU"), Prudential Sourcebook for Banks, Building Societies and Investment Firms ("BIPRU") and Prudential Sourcebook for Insurers ("INSPRU"). Although it has been the intention in recent years of the FSA to move towards a unified prudential regime for FSA authorized firms, the FSA has been obliged to revise this approach and its rules to accommodate


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developments at an international level, including EU legislation relating to the regulatory capital requirements for investment firms and financial groups.

The Financial Ombudsman Service

        Authorized firms must have appropriate complaints handling procedures and the principles of complaints handling are defined in the FSA Handbooks.Handbook. However, once these procedures have been



exhausted, qualifying complainants may turn to the Financial Ombudsman Service which is intended to provide speedy, informal and cost-effective dispute resolution of complaints made against authorized firms by individuals and small-business customers. The Ombudsman is empowered to order firms to pay fair compensation for loss and damage and may order a firm to take such steps as the Ombudsman determines to be just and appropriate in order to remedy a complaint. The Financial Ombudsman Service is funded by levies and case fees payable by businesses covered by the Ombudsman.

The Financial Services Compensation Scheme ("FSCS")

        The FSCS is intended to compensate individuals and small businesses for claims against an authorized firm where the authorized firm is unable or unlikely to be able to meet those claims (generally, when it is insolvent or has gone out of business). The scheme is divided into five sub-schemes"classes": of deposits, investments, insurance mediation, insurance business (life and general) and home finance, reflecting the different kinds of business undertaken by authorized firms. The scheme is funded by contributions from industry participants referable to the particular sub-schemesclass and sub-classes within each class, so as to minimize cross-subsidy between authorized persons whose businesses are not similar. The recent

        Defaults by investment advisers have resulted in additional levies on the sub-classes to which Prudential is exposed by virtue of M&G. Furthermore, defaults by a number of deposit-takers havein 2007 and 2008 led to a large payoutpayouts by the FSCS, which have been funded mainly by obtaining loans from the Bank of England which were later refinanced by HM Treasury. The outstanding principal on HM Treasury loan is due to be repaid from 2012. A repayment schedule will be agreed between the FSCS and HM Treasury based on market conditions closer to the FSCS. The interest costs on the loans willtime and although repayments may be funded out of the deposits sub-scheme alone. However, the repayment of the loans is likely to be funded to an extent by the 'general pool' with such payments commencing 2011/12. The "general pool" (which is in part funded by levies on the Insurance sub-schemeclass in which Prudential sits.sits) current indications are that recoveries from the various defaulting firms will, in large part, be sufficient to repay the outstanding loan. This reduces the possibility that repayments will be funded by the "general pool".

        The FSA has committed to starthad commenced a comprehensive review of the FSCS funding model but, in November 2010, postponed its consultation due to uncertainty attributable to changes to implementation of the new UK regulatory regime described above and intendsEU Directives currently under consultation relevant to consult with firms and other relevant industry bodies in 2010/2011.the funding of such compensation schemes.

Regulation of insurance business

        Effecting and carrying out contracts of insurance as principal are regulated activities for the purposes of the FSMA 2000, and the carrying on of such regulated activities is referred to as insurance business. Some of the Company's subsidiaries, including PAC, Prudential Annuities Limited, Prudential Retirement Income Limited, Prudential Pensions Limited and Prudential Holborn Life Limited and Prudential (AN) Limited carry on insurance business in the United Kingdom with the permission of the FSA and are regulated by the FSA under the FSMA 2000.

Conduct of business requirements for insurance business

        The Conduct of Business rules issued by the FSA apply differing requirements to the sale of general and long-term insurance contracts, as well as applying certain requirements to transactions in other designated investments. Authorized firms which advise and sell to privateretail customers packaged products such as life insurance policies are subject to detailed conduct of business obligations relating to product


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disclosure, assessment of suitability, the range and scope of the advice which the firm provides, and fee and remuneration arrangements.

        The FSA launched athe Retail Distribution Review (the "RDR") in 2006 with the specific aim of improving the retail investment market. In June 2009 the FSA published a consultation paper containing proposals for implementing the RDR with proposals seeking to: (i) improve the clarity with which firms describe their services to consumers; (ii) address the potential for adviser remuneration to distort consumer outcomes; and (iii) increase the professional standards of advisers. Detailed proposals for enhancing the professionalism of investment advisers under the RDR were published by the FSA in December 2009 and a further consultation paper in this area is expected to be published in the third quarter of 2010. In relation to the first two elements of the RDR, on March 26, 2010 the FSA published a policy statement presenting final rules. These rules include requiring firms to describe services as either "independent" or "restricted" and updating the FSA's rules on what is expected of a firm that



describes its advice as being independent. The FSA is also proceeding with proposals to introduce a system of "Adviser Charging", which will involve all firms that give investment advice to retail clients setting their own charges. Once the rules come into effect, adviser firms will no longer be able to receive commissions set by product providers in return for recommending their products, but will have to operate their own charging tariffs in accordance with the FSA's new rules. In relation to the third element of the RDR (increasing the professional standards of advisers), on January 20, 2011, the FSA published a policy statement detailing new reporting and notification requirements and initial and on-going knowledge and accreditation requirements.

The changes introduced by the RDR will have broad-ranging impact on Prudential, including requiring significant system changes, affecting decisions as to which products Prudential offers and the pricing of those products as well as expanding UK regulatory reporting requirements.

        With limited exceptions for small businesses, the proposals are expected to take effect at the end of 2012.

Capital requirements for insurers

        The FSA's rules which govern the prudential regulation of insurers are found in INSPRU, GENPRU and the Interim Prudential Sourcebook for Insurers ("IPRU (INS)"). Overall, the requirements of GENPRU are intended to align the capital adequacy requirements for insurance businesses more closely with those of banking and investment firms and building societies, for example, by addressing tiers of capital, rather than looking at net admissible assets. Solvency II, described further below, is the European Commission's project to reform prudential regulation of European Union insurers. A framework directive for the new regime was approved by the European Parliament on April 22, 2009, the final text was adopted by the European Council on November 10, 2009 and the planned implementation date for the regime iswas October 31, 2012. Subsequently there have been proposals (as discussed below in relation to the Omnibus II proposal) to delay the implementation date to January 1, 2013.

        The FSA's rules now require an insurer to prepare and submit to the FSA its own assessment of its capital requirements, known as an individual capital assessment ("ICA"), based on the risks it faces. The FSA will usereview the ICA in order to form its own view of a firm's capital requirements. If the FSA considers that the firm does not hold adequatedisagrees with a firm's capital resources,requirement assessment, it will issue individual capital guidance ("ICG") which it can impose as a requirement.

        The rules also require that insurance companies maintain assets sufficient to meet the relevant capital requirement at all times in respect of both any long-term insurance and general insurance business undertaken by the insurance company, thecompany. The calculation of which requirement in any particular case beingsuch capital requirements would be dependent on the type and amount of insurance business a company writes. The method of calculation of the capital requirement is set out in GENPRU and the level of an insurer's capital resources is also determined in accordance with the rules set out in that Sourcebook. Failure to maintain the required capital resources requirement is one of the grounds on which wide powers of intervention conferred upon the FSA may be exercised.


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        Under the rules in GENPRU, an insurer must hold capital resources equal at least to the Minimum Capital Requirement (the "MCR"). Insurers with with-profits liabilities of £500 million or more must hold capital equal to the higher of MCR and the Enhanced Capital Requirement (the "ECR"). The ECR is intended to provide a more risk responsive and "realistic" measure of a with-profits insurer's capital requirements, whereas the MCR is broadly speaking equivalent to the previously required minimum margin under the IPRU (INS) and satisfies the current minimum EU standards.

        Determination of the ECR involves the comparison of two separate measurements of the firm's financial resources requirements, which the FSA refers to as the "twin peaks" approach. The term twin peaks is meant to reflect the fact that capital is determined by reference to the higher of the two bases for calculating liabilities (regulatory or realistic). The regulatory basis reflects strict contractual liabilities whereas the realistic one includes more discretionary but expected benefits, including those required to treat customers fairly.

        Long-term business assets and liabilities—those assets and liabilities relating to, broadly, life and health insurance policies—must be segregated from the assets and liabilities attributable to non-life insurance business or to shareholders. Separate accounting and other records must be maintained and a separate fund must be established to hold all receipts of long-term business.


        The extent to which long-term fund assets may be used for purposes other than long-term business is restricted by the rules in INSPRU. Only the "established surplus"—the excess of assets over liabilities in the long-term fund, as determined by an actuarial investigation—may be transferred so as to be available for other purposes. Restrictions also apply to the payment of dividends by the insurance company, as described below. The rules in INSPRU require, in addition to the capital requirements referred to above, the maintenance of sufficient assets in the separate long-term insurance fund to cover the actuarially determined value of the insurance liabilities.

        In December 2010, the FSA introduced new rules that require banks, building societies, insurers and investment firms to undertake reverse stress testing. Reverse stress testing is intended to be separate but complementary to the existing range of stress tests that firms are required to undertake, and is aimed at further improving the understanding of the risks faced by firms. Firms must identify and assess scenarios most likely to cause their current business models to become unviable, being the point at which the market loses confidence in the firm and noting that this is likely to be before the exhaustion of capital resources. Reverse stress testing requires firms to work backwards from an assumed point of business model failure, to identify the stress scenarios that could result in such adverse outcomes. Each firm must then consider whether the likelihood of these scenarios, taking into account likely management actions, is consistent with its risk appetite and, if not, must initiate actions to address any inconsistencies. Prudential incorporated reverse stress testing capability into its existing structure of stress tests and risk management tools by the implementation deadline of December 14, 2010.

Actuarial functions

        The rules in the FSA's Supervision Manual require that every insurance company that carries on long-term business must appoint one or more actuaries to perform the "actuarial function" in respect of all classes of its long-term insurance business and, if it has any with-profits business, the "with-profits actuary function" in respect of all classes of that with-profits business.

        The actuary performing the "actuarial function" must prepare at least annually, a report for the company's directors quantifying the company's long-term liabilities attributable to the insurance company's long-term insurance business, determining the value of any excess over those liabilities of the assets representing the long-term insurance fund and, where any rights of long-term policyholders to participate in profits relate to particular parts of such a fund, a valuation of any excess of assets over liabilities in respect of each of those parts.


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        The actuary performing the "with-profits actuary function" must advise the firm's management, at the level of seniority that is reasonably appropriate, on key aspects of the discretion to be exercised affecting those classes of the with-profits business of the firm in respect of which he has been appointed. He must also, at least once a year report to the firm's governing body on key aspects (including those aspects of the firm's application of its Principles and Practices of Financial Management ("PPFM") on which the advice described has been given) of the discretion exercised in respect of the period covered by his report affecting those classes of with-profits business of the firm.

        All firms that carry out with-profits business are required to publish the PPFM that are applied in the management of their with-profits funds.

Distribution of profits and with-profits business

        The Interim Prudential Sourcebook for Insurers provides that, once an allocation of surplus in a with-profits fund has been made to policyholders, no transfer of assets representing any part of a subsequent surplus can be made, to shareholders or otherwise, unless either the "relevant minimum" (as defined in the Interim Prudential Sourcebook for Insurers) of the surplus has been allocated to policyholders or a statutory notification procedure has been followed. Calculation of the relevant minimum is based upon the percentage of the relevant surplus previously allocated to eligible policyholders.

        There has been considerable public debate about the rights and legitimate expectations of with-profits policyholders to assets forming part of an insurance company's surplus, particularly where such assets do not derive from the payment of current policyholders' premiums but are rather "inherited" from previous generations of policyholders or from other entities. In 2008, the Treasury Select Committee of the House of Commons conducted an inquiry into the inherited estate held by life assurance companies, one of the recommendations of which was that the FSA consult on a redesign of the regulatory system for with-profits funds.


        The FSA confirmed in July 2009 that proprietary life insurance companies will not be able to meet future compensation and redress payments from their with-profits funds. Following two previous consultations, the FSA confirmed a rule change meaning that liabilities arising from operational failures (including mis-selling) after the rule came into effect from July 31, 2009 should be met by shareholder funds rather than policyholder funds. Under FSA rules prior to July 31, 2009, compensation and redress could be paid from assets attributable to shareholders or from the inherited estate of a firm's with-profits fund (if any).

Treating Customers Fairly and with-profits business

        One of the areas of focus of the FSA's TCF initiative has been with-profitwith-profits business. The FSA has issued specific rules on this area in relation to with-profits policyholders, which address, among other things, the costs charged to a with-profits fund by the firm managing the fund; penalties and charges levied on policyholders who surrender their policies early, the need for funds to be managed with the objective of ensuring that maturity payouts fall within a target range set for the fund; and the provision of information to with-profits policyholders or potential policyholders in a format that they can more readily understand—through the introduction of "Consumer Friendly Principles and Practices of Financial Management" ("CFPPFMs").

        On February 24, 2011 the FSA published a Consultation Paper which presented proposals for a range of changes to rules and guidance concerning the operation of with-profits funds. The consultation encompasses a number of areas, principally conflicts of interest with the potential to prejudice with-profits policyholders; the fair treatment of with-profits policyholders in mutually-owned funds; the terms on which new business may be written; by with-profits insurers; communications and planning surrounding material reductions in new business; the application of market value reductions; the use of


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with-profits funds to make strategic investments; charges made to with-profits funds; the removal of the ability of firms to reattribute excess surplus; rules surrounding reattribution of inherited estates; and changes to the rules surrounding corporate governance (such as rules in relation to the composition of with-profits committees).

Reporting requirements

        The main financial reporting rules for insurers are contained in the Interim Prudential Sourcebook for Insurers. Insurance companies must file a number of items with the FSA, including their audited annual accounts and balance sheets and life insurers annual reports from the actuary performing the actuarial function. Returns enumerating policy sales are submitted by firms, including insurance companies on a quarterly basis. Non-insurance companies must also file quarterly returns which include details of sales, numbers of advisers, tests of capital adequacy, balance sheets and profit and loss accounts.

Transfer of insurance business

        Before any transfer of insurance business may take place, the FSMA 2000 requires a scheme of transfer to be prepared and approved by the High Court.

Winding-up rules

        The general insolvency laws applicable to UK companies are modified in certain respects in relation to insurance companies. Since the introduction of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Administration Orders Relating to Insurers) Order 2002 (the "2002 Order"), now amended, insurance companies in the United Kingdom have been subject, with some modifications, to the administration regime contained in Part II of the Insolvency Act 1986.

        Additionally, in the United Kingdom, all FSA authorized insurance companies, except for pure reinsurers, are subject to the Insurers (Reorganisation and Winding-up) Regulations 2004 (as amended).

        These Regulations provide, among other things, that direct insurance claims will have priority over the claims of other unsecured creditors (with the exception of preferred creditors), including reinsurance creditors, on a winding-up by the court or a creditors' voluntary winding-up of the insurance company. Furthermore, instead of making a winding-up order when an insurance company has been proved unable to pay its debts, a UK court may, under section 377 of the FSMA 2000, reduce the amount of one or more of the insurance company's contracts on terms and subject to conditions (if any) which the court considers fit. Where an insurance company is in financial difficulties but not in liquidation, the FSCS may take measures for securing the transfer of all or part of the business to another insurance company.


        Section 376 of the FSMA 2000 provides further insolvency protection to policyholders of insurance companies effecting or carrying out contracts of long-term insurance. Unless the court orders otherwise, a liquidator must carry on the insurer's business so far as it consists of carrying out the insurer's contracts of long-term insurance with a view to it being transferred as a going concern to a person who may lawfully carry out those contracts. In carrying on the business, the liquidator may agree to the variation of any contracts of insurance in existence when the winding-up order is made, but must not effect any new contracts of insurance.

EU Directives on groups

        Prudential is subject to the capital adequacy requirements of the Insurance Groups Directive ("IGD") as implemented in the FSA rules. The IGD pertains to groups whose activities are primarily concentrated in the insurance sector, and has applied to the Group from December 2007, following the salesector.


Table of Egg Banking during 2007. Prior to this, the Group was required to meet the requirements of the Financial Conglomerates Directive ("FCD") as implemented in the FSA rules, as the Group was classified as an insurance conglomerate.

        Prudential's move during 2007 from being treated as an insurance conglomerate to being treated as an insurance group under the FSA rules did not have a significant impact on the Group, as the FSA's prudential requirements pertaining to insurance groups are very similar to those applying to insurance conglomerates.Contents

        As lead supervisor of Prudential under the IGD, the FSA supervises Prudential on a group basis in addition to supervising the UK insurance companies within Prudential individually. This is referred to in the IGD as supplementary supervision and encompasses such matters as general supervision over intra-group transactions (including, inter alia, loans, guarantees and off-balance sheet transactions, investments, reinsurance, retrocession and cost sharing agreements), group risk management processes and internal control mechanisms, and reporting and accounting procedures. In accordance with the IGD, the FSA requires the calculation of group capital resources on a consolidated basis and requires that such group capital resources are equal to or in excess of Prudential's group capital resources requirement (each as calculated in accordance with INSPRU). As lead supervisor of Prudential under the IGD, the FSA also plays a co-ordinatingcoordinating role amongst EU regulators under the IGD. Due to the geographically diverse nature of Prudential's operations, the application of these requirements to Prudential is complex. In particular, for the purposes of calculating the group capital requirement and actual group capital resources under INSPRU, for many of the Asian operations, the assets, liabilities and capital requirements have to be recalculated based on FSA regulations as if the companies were directly subject to FSA regulation.

New EU solvency framework

        The European Commission is continuing to develop a new prudential framework for insurance companies, "the Solvency II project" that will update the existing life, non-life, re-insurance and insurance group's directives. The main aim of this framework is to ensure the financial stability of the insurance industry and protect policyholders through establishing solvency requirements better matched to the true risks of the business. Solvency II adopts a three-pillar approach to prudential regulation which is similar to the "Basel II" approach which has already been adopted in the banking sector in Europe. TheseThe pillars are quantitivequantitative requirements (Pillar 1); qualitative requirements (Pillar 2); and supervisory and reporting disclosure (Pillar 3).

        Although the Solvency II directive has similarities to the current UK regime set out in GENPRU and INSPRU in terms of its risk-based approach to the calculation of capital resources requirements and use of capital tiering, there are also many differences both in terms of substance and terminology.


        A key aspect of Solvency II is the focus on a supervisory review at the level of the individual legal entity. Insurers will be encouraged to improve their risk management processes and will be allowed to make use of internal economic capital models to calculate capital requirements if approved by the FSA. In addition, Solvency II requires firms to develop and embed an effective risk management system as a fundamental part of running the firm.

        Solvency II is being developed in accordance with the Lamfalussy four-level process. The "Level 1" directive was formally approved by the European Parliament on April 22, 2009 and the final text was adopted by the European Council on November 10 2009 and sets out a framework which will be supplemented by further and more detailed technical implementing measures at "Level 2". AtAlthough the process is expected to change following proposals made in the draft Omnibus II Directive (discussed below), currently, at "Level 3", non-binding standards and guidance will be agreed between national supervisors and, at "Level 4", the European Commission will monitor compliance by Member States and take enforcement action as necessary. Separately

        On January 19, 2011 the European Commission published the draft Omnibus II Directive, This draft directive proposes a number of amendments to the existing "Level 1" Solvency II proposed changesdirective including to take account of the EuropeanLisbon Treaty and the new EU supervisory architecture which are yetis currently being implemented within the EU. The latter has included. the establishment of the European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority (EIOPA) as the successor to the Committee of European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Supervisors (CEIOPS) Omnibus II would define the scope of EIOPA's powers in the context of the Solvency II regime, including its powers to resolve disagreements amongst national


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supervisors and to act as a coordinator in "emergency situations". The proposed amendments also define the areas in which draft technical standards may be developed by EIOPA and then be made binding by the European Commission (which would go beyond the non-binding standards and guidance currently to be finalized, are likely to mean that, in addition, binding technical standards will be producedagreed at "Level 3".) and an expanded role for EIOPA in monitoring compliance by Member States.

        The opportunity has also been taken in the draft Omnibus II Directive to develop Solvency II in a number of areas unrelated to EIOPA or the Lisbon Treaty. These include extending the date of Solvency II's implementation to January 1, 2013 and authorizing the European Commission expects to legally adopt Level 2 implementingimplement transitional measures byin certain areas, (subject to specified maximum periods). The areas in which transitional measures can be adopted include a framework within which third country insurance and reinsurance prudential and supervisory regimes that do not meet the end of 2011. The planned implementation datecriteria for the new regime is October 31, 2012. However, the Commissioner for Internal Market and Services recently proposed that"equivalence" on the implementation date shouldof Solvency II may still be movedtreated as equivalent during a transitional period of up to December 31, 2012.five years thereafter.

Regulation of investment business

        Certain of Prudential's subsidiaries are authorized by the FSA to carry on investment business. These entities are subject to regulation and supervision by the FSA and must comply with the FSA Conduct of Business and Prudential Rules made under the FSMA 2000.

Conduct of business requirements for investment businesses and the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive ("MiFID")

        MiFID, unlike its predecessor legislation, the Investment Services Directive, sets out detailed and specific requirements in relation to organizational and conduct of business matters for investment firms and regulated markets. In particular, MiFID and its implementing measures make specific provision in relation to, among other things, organizational requirements, outsourcing, client categorization, conflicts of interest, best execution, client order handling and suitability and appropriateness, and investment research and financial analysis, pre- and post-trade transparency obligations and transaction reporting and make substantial changes to the responsibility for the supervision of cross-border investment services provided by firms in exercise of their single market passport rights.

        On December 8, 2010 the European Commission launched a public consultation on MiFID, which closed on February 2, 2011. The consultation covered a range of issues including: addressing developments in market structures and, in particular, new trading venues, participants and products entering the market since MiFID was introduced; improvements to pre- and post-trade transparency in EU equity markets (including in relation to "dark pools"), and new measures on pre- and post-trade transparency in non-equity markets; improvements to the availability, quality and consolidation of trading data; measures specific to commodity derivative markets; clarifications and extensions to transaction reporting; investor protection; and further changes to the supervision of various activities, particularly in light of the new European supervisory architecture.

        The European Commission currently plans to adopt a legislative proposal for amending MiFID on June 1, 2011. The proposals will then pass to the European Parliament and the Council for consideration.

Capital requirements for investment businesses

        The FSA's capital requirements for investment businesses are also contained in the Prudential Standards section of its Handbook, primarily in GENPRU and BIPRU. These rules implement the requirements of European Union legislation relating to the prudential supervision of investment firms, including the Capital Adequacy Directive (Directive 93/6/93/6/EEC), as re-cast by the Capital Requirements Directive (Directive 2006/49/EC).


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Liquidity requirements for investment businesses

        In October 2009 the FSA published its final rules on the liquidity requirements expected of BIPRU firms, which are designed to enhance firms' liquidity risk management practices. The qualitative aspects of the new rules, which affect the systems and controls that firms are required to have in place to deal with liquidity risk, came into force on December 1, 2009. The quantitative aspects of the new rules are subject to staggered implementation. The rules require changes to firms' business models and include an



updated quantitative regime (in the form of Individual Liquidity Adequacy Standards (ILAS)) coupled with a narrow definition of liquid assets, enhanced systems and control requirements and more frequent reporting requirements.

Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive (AIFMD)

        The European Commission has published a draftParliament agreed the Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive, a directive designed to regulate private equity and hedge funds. As currently drafted,funds, in November 2010. Implementation of the directive by national regulators is expected to be completed by mid-2013. The European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) is due to provide advice to the European Commission on the detailed rules at Level 2 which will implement the Directive. ESMA issued a consultation on possible implementation measures in April 2011 and its formal advice is expected in Summer 2011.

        Many of Prudential's early concerns regarding the impact of the directive have been allayed with the agreement of its final text, however the way in which the regime established under the Directive may have significant consequences for funds which are not a "UCITS". This could,operates in turn, materially increase compliancepractice will in large part be determined by the Level 2 (legislation) and regulatory costs for certain funds.

        TheLevel 3 (guidance) measures to be adopted by the European Commission and ESMA before the Directive comes into force. Further clarification is subjectawaited by Prudential, in particular, regarding delegation to consultationnon EU regulated entities and potential revision and redrafting, so the final text remains uncertain and it is not expectedrules relating to come into effect until 2011.the precise identification of an alternative investment fund manager under the Directive.

US Supervision of M&G Investment Management

        One of the Prudential's UK subsidiaries, M&G Investment Management Limited, is also regulated by the United States' Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") so that it can act as investment adviser to a number of US mutual funds.


US Supervision and Regulation

US regulation

Overview

        Prudential conducts its US insurance activities through Jackson, a stock life insurance company licensed to transact its insurance business in, and subject to regulation and supervision by, the District of Columbia, the Cayman Islands and 49 of the 50 states. Jackson operates a subsidiary, Jackson National Life Insurance Company of New York, in the state of New York. The extent of such regulation varies, but most jurisdictions have laws and regulations governing the financial aspects of insurance companies, including standards of solvency, reserves, reinsurance and capital adequacy and the business conduct of insurance companies. In addition, statutes and regulations usually require the licensing of insurers and their agents and the approval of policy forms and related materials. These statutes and regulations in a US insurance company's state of domicile (Michigan in the case of Jackson) also regulate the investment activities of insurers.

        Insurance regulatory authorities in the jurisdictions in which Jackson does business require it to file detailed quarterly and annual financial statements and these authorities have the right to examine its operations and accounts. In addition, Jackson is generally subject to federal and state laws and regulations that affect the conduct of its business. New York and Michigan require their state insurance


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authorities to conduct an examination of an insurer under their jurisdiction at least once every five years. The New York insurance authorities completed a triennial examination of Jackson National Life of New York in 2010 for the examination period of January 1, 2006 through December 31, 2008. Michigan insurance authorities completed an examination of Jackson in 2010 for the period January 1, 2005 through December 31, 2008. Initial verbal feedback thatThere were not anyno material findings butin the final examination reports have not yet been issued by either the Michigan orand New York authorities.

        Jackson's ability to pay shareholder dividends is limited under Michigan insurance law. The Commissioner of the Michigan Office of Financial and Insurance Regulation (the "Michigan Insurance Commissioner") may limit, or not permit, the payment of shareholder dividends if the Michigan Insurance Commissioner determines that an insurer's surplus, as regards policyholders, is not reasonable in relation to its outstanding liabilities and is not adequate to meet its financial needs as required by Michigan insurance law. Jackson must report any shareholder dividends to the Michigan Insurance Commissioner before they can be paid. In the case of an extraordinary shareholder dividend or



distribution, an insurer may not pay the dividend or distribution until 30 days after the Michigan Insurance Commissioner has received notice of the declaration and has not disapproved, or has approved, the payment within that period. For this purpose, an extraordinary dividend or distribution means any dividend or distribution of cash or other property where the fair market value, together with that of other dividends or distributions that an insurer made within the preceding twelve months, exceeds the greater of 10 per cent of the insurer's surplus, as regards policyholders as of December 31, of the immediately preceding year, or the net gain from operations of the insurer, not including realized capital gains, for the prior year. In 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2009,2010, Jackson paid shareholder dividends of US$246.0313.1 million, US$313.10250.0 million, and US$250.0275.0 million, respectively.

        State regulators also require prior notice or regulatory approval of changes in control of an insurer or its holding company and of certain material transactions with affiliates. Under New York and Michigan insurance laws and regulations, no person, corporation or other entity may acquire control of an insurance company or a controlling interest in any parent company of an insurance company, unless that person, corporation or entity has obtained the prior approval of the regulator. For the purpose of each of New York and Michigan law, any person acquiring, directly or indirectly, 10 per cent or more of the voting securities of an insurance company is presumed to have acquired "control" of the company. To obtain approval of any change in control, the proposed acquirer must file an application with the New York Superintendent of Insurance or the Michigan Insurance Commissioner, as appropriate. This application requires the proposed acquirer to disclose, among other information, its background, financial condition, the financial condition of its affiliates, the source and amount of funds by which it will effect the acquisition, the criteria used in determining the nature and amount of consideration to be paid for the acquisition, proposed changes in the management and operations of the insurance company and other related matters. The Michigan Insurance Commissioner can grant an exemption from filing an application inif an acquisition does not have the effect of changing or influencing control.

Guaranty associations and similar arrangements

        Each of the 50 states of the United States, the District of Columbia and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico has laws requiring insurance companies doing business within their jurisdictions to participate in various types of guaranty associations or other similar arrangements. These associations and arrangements provide certain levels of protection to policyholders from losses under insurance policies issued by insurance companies that become impaired or insolvent. Typically, these associations levy assessments, up to prescribed limits, on member insurers on a basis that is related to the member insurer's proportionate share of the business in the relevant jurisdiction of all member insurers in the lines of business in which the impaired or insolvent insurer is engaged. Some jurisdictions permit member insurers to recover assessments that they paid through full or partial premium tax offsets, usually over a period of years. The Prudential Group estimated its reserve for future guarantee fund assessments for


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Jackson to be £18.1£15.4 million (US$26.024.9 million) at December 31, 2008.2009. Prudential estimated its reserve for future guarantee fund assessments for Jackson to be £15.4£15.9 million (US$24.9 million) as December 31, 2009.2010. The Prudential Group believes this reserve to be adequate for all anticipated payments for known insolvencies.

Asset valuation reserve

        State regulators generally require that insurers establish an asset valuation reserve that consists of two components: a "default component" to provide for future credit-related losses on fixed income investments and an "equity component" to provide for losses on all types of equity investments. The asset valuation reserve establishes statutory reserves for fixed maturity securities, equity securities, mortgage loans, real estate, derivative instruments and other invested assets. The reserve is designed to provide for a normalized level of future losses based on the credit rating of each individual investment. The level of reserves is based on both the type of investment and its rating. Contributions to the reserve may result



in a slower growth in surplus or a reduction in Jackson's unassigned surplus, which, in turn, may reduce funds available for shareholder distributions. The extent of the impact of the asset valuation reserve on Jackson's statutory surplus depends in part on the future composition of the investment portfolio.

Interest maintenance reserve

        State regulators generally require that insurers establish an interest maintenance reserve to defer non-credit-related realized capital gains and losses, net of taxes, on fixed income investments (primarily bonds, derivative instruments and mortgage loans) which are amortized into net income over the estimated remaining periods to maturity of the investments sold and to defer material gains or losses, net of taxes, resulting from market value adjustments on policies and contracts backed by assets carried at book value. The extent of the impact of the interest maintenance reserve on earnings and surplus depends on the amount of future interest rate-related realized capital gains and losses on fixed maturity investments and deferred gains or losses resulting from market value adjustments on policies and contracts backed by assets that are valued at book value.

The National Association of Insurance Commissioners ratios

        On the basis of statutory financial statements that insurers file with state insurance regulators, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners annually calculates 12 financial ratios to assist state regulators in monitoring the financial condition of insurance companies. A usual range of results for each ratio is used as a benchmark and departure from the usual range on four or more of the ratios can lead to inquiries from individual state insurance departments. In 2009 and 2010, all of Jackson's ratios fell within the usual range. In 2008, Jackson had one ratio fall outside the usual range for which there were no regulatory consequences.

Policy and contract reserve sufficiency analysis

        State insurance laws require life insurance companies to conduct annually an analysis of the sufficiency of its life and annuity reserves. A qualified actuary must submit an opinion that states that the reserves, when considered in the light of the assets that an insurance company holds with respect to such reserves, make good and sufficient provision for the associated contractual obligations and related expenses of the insurance company. If a qualified actuary cannot provide such an opinion, then the insurance company must set up additional reserves by moving funds from surplus. The 20092010 opinion has been submitted to the Michigan Office of Financial and Insurance Regulation without any qualifications.


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Jackson's capital and surplus

        Michigan insurance law requires Jackson, as a domestic stock life insurance company, to maintain at least US$7,500,000 in unimpaired capital and surplus. In addition, insurance companies are required to have sufficient capital and surplus to be safe, reliable and entitled to public confidence.

        As a licensed insurer in the District of Columbia and every state but New York, where it operates through a subsidiary, Jackson is subject to the supervision of the regulators of each jurisdiction. In connection with the continual licensing of Jackson, regulators have discretionary authority to limit or prohibit the new issuance of business to policyholders when, in their judgment, the regulators determine that such insurer is not maintaining minimum surplus or capital or if the further transaction of business will be hazardous to policyholders.

        Jackson has received approval from the Michigan Office of Financial and Insurance Regulation regarding the use of a permitted accounting practice. This permitted practice allows Jackson to carry certain interest rate swaps at book value as if statutory hedge accounting were in place instead of at fair value as would have been otherwise required. The permitted practice is effective December 31, 20092010 and expires October 1, 2010,2011, unless extended by the Michigan Insurance Commissioner. The effects of this


permitted practice may not be considered by the companyJackson when determining the surplus available for dividends, nor the nature of dividends as ordinary or extraordinary.

Risk-based capital

        The National Association of Insurance Commissioners has developed risk-based capital standards for life insurance companies as well as a model act for state legislatures to enact. The model act requires that life insurance companies report on a combination of formula-based risk-based capitaland model-based standards. The model-based standard that they calculate by applyingis primarily used to evaluate market risk for variable annuities, while the formula-based standard applies generally to all products and is comprised of factors applied to various asset, premium, and reserve items. The risk-based capital formula takes into account the risk characteristics of a company, including asset risk, insurance risk, interest rate risk, market risk and business risk. The National Association of Insurance Commissioners designed the formula as an early warning tool to identify potentially inadequately capitalized companies for purposes of initiating regulatory action. The National Association of Insurance Commissioners intended the formula as a regulatory tool only and did not intend it as a means to rank insurers generally. The model act imposes broad confidentiality requirements on those engaged in the insurance business (including insurers, agents, brokers and others) and on state insurance departments as to the use and publication of risk-based capital data.

        ��Any state adopting the model act gives the state insurance commissioner explicit regulatory authority to require various actions by, or take various actions against, insurance companies whose adjusted capital does not meet minimum risk-based capital standards. The Michigan Office of Financial and Insurance Regulation takes into account the National Association of Insurance Commissioners' risk-based capital standards to determine compliance with Michigan insurance law.

        At December 31, 2009, due in part to the permitted practice noted in "Jackson's Capital and Surplus" above,2010, the Company's total adjusted capital under the National Association of Insurance Commissioners' definition substantially exceeded Michigan minimum capital standards.

Regulation of investments

        Jackson is subject to state laws and regulations that require diversification of its investment portfolio, limit the amount of investments in certain investment categories such as below investment grade fixed income securities, common stock, real estate and foreign securities and forbid certain other types of investments altogether. Jackson's failure to comply with these laws and regulations would cause investments exceeding regulatory limitations to be treated by the Michigan Insurance Commissioner as non-admitted assets for purposes of measuring surplus and, in some instances, the Michigan Insurance Commissioner could require divestiture of non-qualifying investments.


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USA Patriot Act

        The USA Patriot Act, enacted in 2001, includes numerous provisions designed to fight international money laundering and to block terrorist access to the US financial system. The US Treasury Department has issued a number of regulations implementing the Patriot Act that apply certain of its requirements to financial institutions including broker dealers and insurance companies. Among other things, the regulations impose obligations on financial institutions to maintain appropriate policies, procedures and controls to detect, prevent and report money laundering and terrorist financing. Jackson and, to the extent applicable, certain of its affiliates, hashave established policies and procedures to ensure compliance with the Patriot Act's provisions and the Treasury Department regulations.

Securities laws

        Jackson, certain of its affiliates and certain policies and contracts that Jackson issues are subject to regulation under the federal securities laws administered by the US Securities and Exchange Commission ("the SEC").


        The primary intent of these laws and regulations is to protect investors in the securities markets and generally grant supervisory agencies broad administrative powers, including the power to limit or restrict the conduct of business for failure to comply with such laws and regulations.regulations and (in the case of broker-dealers) to impose capital and related requirements. Jackson may also be subject to similar laws and regulations in the states in which it provides investment advisory services, offers the products described above or conducts other securities-related activities.

        Jackson National Asset Management, LLC ("JNAM") is registered with the SEC as an investment adviser pursuant to the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended (the "Investment Advisers Act"). JNAM is registered as a transfer agent pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Securities Exchange Act"). The investment companies (mutual funds) for which JNAM serves as an investment adviser are subject to SEC registration and regulation pursuant to the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), and the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the "Investment Company Act"). In addition, each variable annuity and variable life product sponsored by Jackson is subject to SEC registration and regulation pursuant to the Securities Act and the Investment Company Act, and applicable state insurance and securities laws. Each variable annuity and variable life product areis organized as separate accounts that are unit investment trusts.

        Curian Capital, LLC and Jackson Investment Management LLC are registered with the SEC pursuant to the Investment Advisers Act and are also registered or notice filed in all applicable states.

        Curian Clearing, LLC is registered as a broker-dealer with the SEC pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act, and is registered as a broker-dealer in all applicable states. In addition, Curian Clearing, LLC is a member firm of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (the "FINRA").

        Jackson National Life Distributors LLC is registered as a broker-dealer with the SEC pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act, and is registered as a broker-dealer in all applicable states. In addition, Jackson National Life Distributors LLC is a member firm of the FINRA.

        National Planning Holdings, Inc. ("NPH") owns four retail brokerretail-broker dealers, being IFC Holdings, Inc. (doing business as INVEST Financial Corporation) ("IFC"), Investment Centers of America, Inc ("ICA"), National Planning Corporation ("NPC") and SII Investments, Inc. ("SII"). These entities are registered as broker-dealers, investment advisers, and insurance agencies (or affiliated with insurance agencies), and are licensed and qualified to transact business pursuant to their respective registration on licensure with the SEC and state securities and insurance authorities, and membership with FINRA and the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board. NPC, SII, and ICA are also members of the National Futures Association ("NFA"). Membership of the NFA is required for commodities and futures trading.


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        Prudential also conducts certain of its US institutional investment management activities through PPM America, Inc., which is registered with the SEC as an investment adviser under the Investment Advisers Act. PPM America serves as the investment adviser to Jackson and as an adviser or sub-adviser to other US, UK and Asian entities affiliated with Prudential, other institutional clients such as CDOs or similar structured vehicles and private investment funds (in which PPM America affiliates such as Prudential UK entities and Jackson are generally investors), US mutual funds and other foreign-pooled investment vehicles primarily sponsored by affiliated entities, UK based unit trusts or OEICs, a SICAV and similar vehicles sponsored by affiliates, unaffiliated US and foreign institutional accounts, as well as a limited number of trusts of individuals and their family members. Currently, only a limited number of PPM America clients are unaffiliated or have underlying investors who are unaffiliated institutions, trusts or individuals. The US mutual funds for which PPM America serves as sub-adviser are subject to regulation under the Securities Act and the Investment Company Act, and other similar vehicles organized outside of the US may also be subject to regulation under applicable local law.

        PPM America and certain of its subsidiaries are subject to various levels of regulation under the federal securities laws that the SEC administers as well as state securities laws. In connection with



providing investment advisory services to certain of its clients, PPM America may also be subject to regulation under applicable foreign laws.

        To the extent that PPM America or the NPH broker-dealers maintain accounts with assets of employee benefit plans subject to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 ("ERISA"), or the Internal Revenue Code, they may be subject to certain restrictions imposed by ERISA or the Internal Revenue Code. Such restrictions are summarized in "Employee Benefit Plan Compliance" in the Section below. The US Department of Labor (the "Department of Labor") and the US Internal Revenue Service have interpretive and enforcement authority over the applicable provisions of ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code.

Employee benefit plan compliance

        Jackson issues certain types of general account stable value products, such as GICs and funding agreements, to employee benefit plans and to investment vehicles that pool the investments of such plans. Many of these plans are retirement plans that are subject to the fiduciary standards of ERISA and that are tax-qualified under the Internal Revenue Code. As such, Jackson may be subject to certain restrictions imposed by ERISA and taxes imposed by the Internal Revenue Code. These restrictions include:

        In general, the Internal Revenue Code imposes taxes on persons involved in certain of the transactions described above.

        The Department of Labor and the Internal Revenue Service have interpretive and enforcement authority over the applicable provisions of ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code.

        In the instance where an insurer issues a guaranteed benefit policy to a plan, ERISA provides that the insurer need not become a fiduciary with respect to the plan solely as a result of the issuance of the


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policy. Under Section 401 of ERISA, a guaranteed benefit policy means an insurance policy to the extent such policy provides for benefits the amount of which the insurer guarantees.

        In 1993, in John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company v. Harris Trust & Savings Bank, the US Supreme Court held that a portion of the funds held under a certain type of general account annuity contract did not constitute a "guaranteed benefit policy" within the meaning of ERISA, a holding which potentially exposes insurers with similar types of contracts to the application of ERISA's fiduciary and prohibited transaction provisions in connection with the management of assets in their general accounts.

        Although no assurances can be given, Jackson believes that none of its contracts isare of the type to which the holding in Harris Trust would be applicable. Moreover, the Department of Labor has issued PTE 95-60, which generally exempts external, unaffiliated investment transactions from ERISA's prohibited transaction provisions. If the Harris Trust holding is applied to its contracts, Jackson would be subject to ERISA's fiduciary and prohibited transaction provisions described above.


Financial services regulatory and legislative issues

        In the US, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (the "Dodd-Frank Act"), which represents a comprehensive overhaul of the financial services industry within the United States, was enacted in July 2010. The full impact of the Dodd-Frank Act on Prudential's businesses is not currently clear, however, as many of its provisions have a delayed effectiveness and/or require rulemaking by various US regulators over the coming years.

        The Dodd-Frank Act vests a newly created Financial Services Oversight Council with the power to designate "systemically important" institutions, which will be subject to special regulatory supervision and other provisions intended to prevent, or mitigate the impact of, future disruptions in the US financial system. If Prudential is designated as a systemically important institution, its US operations may be subject to heightened prudential standards to be promulgated and administered by the US Federal Reserve Board, including, among other things, heightened capital, leverage and liquidity standards, risk management requirements, concentration limits, resolution plans and stress tests, and potential discretionary requirements relating to contingent capital, enhanced public disclosure and short-term debt limits.

        Other changes in the Dodd-Frank Act include the creation of a new "Federal Insurance Office" within the Treasury Department that will, among other things, monitor (but not regulate) the insurance industry and, conduct a study of how to improve insurance regulation in the United States; discretionary authority for the SEC to impose a harmonized standard of care for investment advisers and broker-dealers which provide personalized advice about securities to retail customers; and requiring that certain derivatives be traded on registered exchanges and cleared through registered central counterparties.

        Proposals to change the laws and regulations governing the financial services industry are frequently introduced in the US Congress, in the state legislatures and before the various regulatory agencies. The likelihood and timing of any proposals or legislation, and the impact they might have on Jackson, its subsidiaries, or other Prudential subsidiaries doing business in the US, cannot be determined at this time.

        State legislatures and/or state insurance regulatory authorities frequently enact laws and/or regulations that significantly affect insurers supervised by such authorities. Although the US federal government does not directly regulate the insurance business, federal initiatives may also have an impact on the insurance industry.

        The US Congress has been actively attempting to address financial reform. The Senate and House have passed their versions of reform legislation and a conference committee has been appointed to reconcile the two bills. The conference committee began meeting on June 10, 2010 and is expected to hold several public sessions with a goal of concluding its work by June 25, 2010. To meet the Administration and Congressional Democrats' goal of sending a bill to the President before the 4th of July, Chairman of the House Financial Services Committee's schedule anticipates House passage of a conference report by June 29, 2010, leaving the Senate several days to act upon the conference report.

        Among the key differences to be resolved during the conference are the House and Senate approaches to the jurisdiction and powers of a consumer financial protection entity, the scope of derivatives regulations, potential restrictions on interchange fees, and whether to establish the "Volcker Rule" prohibition on proprietary trading by banks.

        Many Democrats support the Obama Administration's proposal for an independent Consumer Financial Protection Agency, but several Republicans strongly oppose this idea and have suggested housing a new consumer protection entity within the Federal Reserve or the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. The Senate Banking Committee Chairman's tentative embrace of housing this entity within the Federal Reserve met with particularly sharp criticism from several Senate Banking Committee Democrats. These Senators, along with the House Financial Services Committee Chairman, objected to giving additional consumer responsibility to the Federal Reserve.

        The US President has in the past proposed to increase the taxes levied against the insurance industry to increase the federal budget revenues. In February 2009, President Obama proposed a 2.9 per cent tax on so-called unearned income from certain investments, including annuities. The industry has been very successful in resisting these proposals on the grounds that an increase in taxes on insurance companies or insurance policies would have a negative affect on US citizens saving for their retirement. The insurance industry is very vigilant in monitoring these proposals and taking action to oppose them, as well as to support proposals that would provide more favorable tax treatment for certain annuity products.

A coalition of national insurance and banking organizations has supported the introduction of US federal legislation that would allow insurance companies to obtain a federal charter as a regulatory alternative to a state charter. A coalition of insurers has also been formed that is opposed to the so-called optional federal charter. Prudential cannot predict whether any federal charter or any other


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federal (or state) legislative initiative to change the nature or scope of the regulation of the insurance industry will be enacted into law.

        Federal and state regulators have focused on the mutual fund, and variablefixed-index annuity and insurance product industries including the broker-dealer system. As a result of publicity relating to widespread perceptions of industry abuses, including fraudulent and anti-competitive practices among insurance brokers and mutual funds, there have been numerous regulatory inquiries and proposals for legislative and regulatory reforms.actions that could affect the operations and management of market participants. It is difficult to predict at this time whether changes resulting from industry



investigations and/or new laws and regulations will affect the Group's insurance or investment management businesses, and, if so, to what degree.

        Federal regulators have determined that fixed indexed annuities, previously regulated by the states, should instead be regulated at the federal level. In early 2009, the SEC issued a release adopting a new rule (151A) that will bring fixed-indexed annuities under the jurisdiction of the federal regulatory system. This rule will apply prospectively to annuities that are issued on or after January 12, 2011. Subsequent to adoption, Rule 151A became the subject of litigation. In late 2009, the US Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit ordered the litigants (the SEC and Old Mutual US, et al) to submit briefs on the appropriate remedy for the SEC's failure to consider the rule's effect on efficiency and competition when promulgating the rule. Old Mutual argued that the rule should be vacated or stayed. The SEC disagreed but offered a two-year stay of the rule. In early 2010, the court directed Old Mutual to file an additional brief addressing the SEC's proposal to defer the effective date of Rule 151A for 2 years if and from the time the rule is reissued. Practically speaking, the SEC's offer to stay the rule, if implemented, will likely move the effective date of the rule from January 12, 2011 to mid-2012 or late 2012. The court is currently considering the supplemental briefs. Jackson is well positioned to operate under this change of regulatory structure.


Item 4A. Unresolved staff comments


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Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects

        The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with Prudential's consolidated financial statements and the related notes to Prudential's consolidated financial statements included in this document.

        A summary of the critical accounting policies which have been applied to these statements is set forth in the section below entitled "IFRS Critical Accounting Policies".

        The results discussed below are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected in any future periods. This discussion contains forward-looking statements based on current expectations, which involve risks and uncertainties. Actual results and the timing of certain events may differ significantly from those projected in these forward-looking statements due to a number of factors, including those set forth in the section below entitled "—Principal Factors Affecting Results of Operations" and in Item 3, "Key Information—Risk Factors" and elsewhere in this document.


Introduction

        Prudential is an international retail financial services group with significant operations in Asia, the US and the UK. Prudential's aim is to promote the financial well-being of itsPrudential serves over 25 million customers and their families, with a particular focus on saving for retirement and security in retirement.

has £340 billion of assets under management. Prudential is structured around four main business units: Prudential Corporation Asia, Jackson, Prudential UK insurance operations and M&G. These are supported by central functions which are responsible for leading Prudential strategy, cash and capital management, leadership development and succession, reputation management and other core group functions.

        Prudential Corporation Asia is thea leading European-based life insurer in Asia operating in terms12 markets. Prudential is in the top three for market share of market coverage and the number of top five market positions. Prudential has life insurance and asset management operationsnew business in 13 markets covering China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam and Vietnam. In Asia Prudential provides a comprehensive range of savings, protection and investment products tailored to meet customers' needs in each market. Prudential's Asian asset management business manages investments across a broad range of asset classes for internal, retail and institutional clients. Prudential is one of the United Arab Emirates. On January 6, 2010region's leaders of Asian sourced assets under management. Prudential announced it had entered into an agreement to acquire from United Overseas Bank Limited ("UOB") its 100 per cent interestis also the largest onshore mutual fund manager in UOB Life Assurance in Singapore for a total cash considerationAsia.

        Jackson is one of SGD428 million (approximately £192 million), subject to a post-completion adjustment to reflect the net asset value as at the completion date. This acquisition accompanied the announcement of a long-term strategic partnership with UOB. Through this partnership Prudential'slargest life insurance products will be distributed through UOB Group's 414 bank branches across Singapore, Indonesia and Thailand. Furthermore, on January 15, 2010 Prudential's Japanese insurance subsidiary announced its intention to cease writing new policyholder contractscompanies in Japan after February 15, 2010. The company reinforced its commitment to servicing its existing policyholder base, which comprised over 170,000 contracts as at September 30, 2009. This decision will be reviewed on an on-going basis in light of changes to the business environment. On March, 1, 2010, Prudential announced the proposed combination of Prudential and the AIA Group. However, subsequently, on June 2, 2010, Prudential confirmed that its agreement with AIG for this proposed combination had been terminated. See note I11 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18 for further details.

        Jackson providesUS, providing retirement savings and income solutions to more than 2.8 million customers. Jackson is also one of the top three providers of variable annuities in the massUS. Founded 50 years ago, Jackson has a long and mass-affluent segmentssuccessful record of providing advisers with the US market, primarilyproducts, tools and support to retirees and those nearing retirement.design effective retirement solutions for their clients.

        Prudential UK insurance operations is a leading life and pensions provider of retirement savings and income solutions and life assuranceto approximately seven million customers in the UKUnited Kingdom. Prudential believes that its expertise in areas such as longevity, risk management and believes it hasmulti-asset investment, together with its financial strength and highly respected brand, means that the business is strongly positioned to continue pursuing a strong combination of competitive advantages, including its significant longevity experience, multi-asset management capabilities and its brand and financial strength. Prudential UK provides a range of financial products and services, including annuities, corporate pensions,value-driven strategy built around our core strengths in with-profits and unit-linked bonds, savings and investment products, protection and health insurance products.annuities.


        M&G is Prudential's UK and European fund management business with total company and has £174 billion ofexternal assets under management as atof £198 billion (at December 31, 2009,2010). M&G has been investing money for individual and institutional clients for 80 years. It is one of which £104 billion relates to Prudential's long-term business funds. M&G aims to maximize profitable growth by operating in markets where it has leading positions and competitive advantages, including the markets for retail fund management, institutional fixed income, pooled life and pension funds, property and private finance.Europe's largest active investment managers.

Principal factors affecting Prudential's results of operations

        Prudential's results of operations are affected, to a greater or lesser degree, by a variety of factors, including demographics, general economic and market conditions, government policy and legislation and regulation, as discussed in greater detail below. In addition, changes in interest rates and returns from equity, real estate and other investments as well as volatility in these items may affect Prudential's profitability.


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        See Item 3 "Key Information—Risk Factors" for more information on risks associated with these and other factors. In addition, changes to the composition of its businesses and the execution of its growth strategy may result in increased variation in profits from year to year.

General economic and market conditions

        After2010 was a good year for the severe difficulties encountered byGroup in uncertain conditions as global economies emerged from the world economy and financial markets incrisis. Prudential believes these results demonstrate that the second half of 2008, Prudential entered 2009 with a deliberately defensive position. Prudential recognized early onGroup is maximizing the implications of the new economic climate and focused its strategy on capital conservation and cash generation. Prudential prioritized value over volume and allocated capital strictly to the products and channels with the highest rates of return and shortest payback periods. This led Prudential to reduce significantly its volumes of wholesale business, allowing it to grow the relatively more profitable retail sales by 11 per cent in a year when many companies saw a contraction or stagnation of sales. This disciplined approach meant that, as conditions started to improve, Prudential's capital strength allowed it to capture a more than proportionate share of manygrowth opportunities of its target markets.

        Through Prudential's international, selectivehigh quality franchises in Asia, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Prudential remains disciplined in its approach it maintains a diverse portfolio of businesses, which embraces countries at different stages of economic development, but which all share one key attribute:optimizing value and is very focused on improving the opportunity for Prudential to build a market-leading operation with prospects for sustainable, long-term, profitable growth and a superior rate of return on capital.

        Prudential's financial strength is fundamental to its strategy and as a resultquality of its disciplined risk management approach and targeted group-wide actions to grow and protect its capital, Prudential is emerging from the global economic downturn with greater strength demonstrated by its increased IGD capital. Prudential believes that this capital strength has been instrumental in Prudential's ability to invest in profitable growth in 2009, especially in its chosen markets in Asia and the US.earnings.

        Particular features for the Prudential's geographic areas of operations are shown below:

Asia

        AsiaThe Asian economies continue to lead the world in terms of current and prospective growth and it is home to 60 per cent of the world's population and, given its impressive economic transformation over the last few years,clear that Asia's historic reliance on exports is increasingly balanced with rapidly growing domestic consumption. Across the region Prudential is seeing major demographic and socioeconomic changes—with the emergence of a sizeable and growing middle class. The Asian Development Bank estimates that there are now has an increasingly significant roleover 1.9 billion middle class Asians, a threefold increase since 1990 and this means that, within a generation, hundreds of millions of households in the global economy. Thisregion have ascended from poverty to living standards and lifestyle aspirations that are consistent with those seen in Western Europe and the US. These are urbanized households that are smaller, that are better educated, that want good quality housing, consumer goods, access to good medical services, transport, holidays, entertainment, education, to provide a quality of life for their children that is translating intobetter than the rapid emergence of an increasingly urbanized and wealthy mass affluent sector that generates outstanding growth potential in retail financial services as people look to protect their financial well-being and manage their savings in more sophisticated and efficient ways. In addition, Asia's growing and increasingly middle class population face a growing need for financial advice and products to help people save for retirement, secure an income during retirement and protect their financial well-being throughout life.


        The word 'Asia' is used extensively and broadly to describe what is, in fact, a highly diverse region of the world. This diversity exhibits itself in a myriad of ways: culture, religion, politics, wealth and distribution of wealthone they had and not least language. Furthermore, withinto have a long life with a comfortable retirement.

        Household savings rates in Asia have historically been multiples of those in the financial services sector there are complex legalUK and regulatory environments which varyUS and in markets where little exists in the way of state backed social security benefits or welfare support, the need to save in case of an unplanned life changing event such as a medical incident involving hospitalization is real and strong. As households have become wealthier the quantum of these emergency funds has increased materially, by country. These are important considerations for any business with aspirations to develop businessesresulting in Asia. While there are undoubtedly commonalities and opportunities for synergy across the region, a 'one size fits all' approach will generally produce suboptimal results. Prudential's own diversity in termssignificant amounts of geographic presence, distribution channels and products continuesundeployed or under-deployed capital waiting to be a key factorbrought into the formal economy as they migrate to insurance companies' and banks' balance sheets. Life insurance companies are ideally placed to provide some financial protection and security to household balance sheets.

        Although there will inevitably be some short-term fluctuations in the success of itsdemand for life insurance and asset management businesses.products as other factors come into play, the fundamental social and political drivers for growth in these sectors will continue to support long-term growth.

        The concept that AsianIn 2010, in line with its strategy, Prudential's core investment was in the fast growing and highly profitable markets of South-East Asia and Hong Kong and Singapore. Due to the long-term structural changes taking place in these economies, are decoupling from Western economies is a point for continued debate, but external indicators suggest that Asia is recovering more quickly from the recent global financial crisis. Sound fundamentals coupled with aggressive stimuli have enabled most Asian economies to outperform the developed Western markets over the course of 2009. So long as inflation remains under control, Prudential expects that the Asian central banks are likely to resist currency appreciation and maintain low interest rates. Prudential also anticipates that capital flows into Asia should increase as Asia's GDP growth continues to outpacebelieve it offers the rest of the world.

        In Asia, Prudential continued to benefit in 2009 from its focus on regular premium products, as sales of single premium products suffered amid the market dislocation experiencedmost attractive opportunity in the first half of the year. In addition, the breadth of offering enabled Prudential to refocus its energies on higher-margin health and protection products, and also on with-profits for the more cautious investor.

        Overall, Prudential believes that its strategy, and the consistency with which it executes it, are the core factors that differentiate it from its peers.global life insurance market today.

USUnited States

        The United States is the world's largest retirement savings market, and is continuing to grow rapidly. Asmarket. Each year, more of the 78 million baby boomers(1) reach retirement age, their retirement assets willtriggering a shift from assetsavings accumulation to retirement income distribution. There are already US$2generation for more than $10 trillion of assets generating retirement income inaccumulated wealth over the US—and this amount is forecast to rise to some US$7 trillion by 2029next decade(2).


(1)
Source: US Census Bureau

(2)
Source: Tiburon Strategic Advisers, LLCMcKinsey

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        During 2009,2010, the US financial services industry continued to face an array ofmany challenges. AfterThe recovery witnessed in the first quarter reversed in the second quarter but was more visible again in the third and fourth quarters. At half year, the S&P 500 index fellwas down 7.6 per cent, 10-year Treasury rates had dropped below three per cent, swap rates had declined to a 12-year lownear historic lows, AA corporate spreads had increased slightly and volatility had risen to levels more consistent with the first half of 2009. By year-end, the S&P 500 index was up 12.8 per cent for the year. 10-year Treasury rates, continued to decline through the third quarter before increasing in March, it rebounded and endedthe fourth quarter, finished the year up 23.5at 3.3 per cent, (compared to a 38.5down from 3.9 per cent declineat the end of 2009. Swap rates also declined through the third quarter before rebounding slightly in 2008). Governmental interest rates increased but remained atthe fourth quarter, although they still were near historic lows and rating agencies downgraded the financial strength ratings of many of the largest US insurance companies.

        Further uncertainty arose early in the year as several companies scaled back their product offerings due to capital constraints which, combined with the financial strength downgrades, caused consumers to question the long-term financial stability of product providers. At the same time, tightening creditat year-end. Corporate AA spreads and volatility both declined through the rally in equity markets throughout the last nine monthssecond half of the year created more favorableto fall below year-end 2009 levels.

        Prudential believes these unstable market conditions for the sale of variable annuities. These developments in the annuity market providedcontinue to provide a competitive advantage to companies with strong financial strength ratings and a relatively consistent product set.

        Prudential's US business, Companies that were hardest hit by the market disruption over the last few years are in general still struggling to regain market share as customers and distributors continue to seek product providers that offer consistency, stability and financial strength. Jackson benefitedcontinues to benefit significantly from this flight to quality inas its financial strength ratings from the US annuity market.four primary rating agencies have remained unchanged for more than eight years. Through its financial stability and innovative products that provide clear value to the consumer, Jackson has enhanced its reputation as a high-quality and reliable business partner, with sales increasing as more advisers have recognized the benefits of working with Jackson.

        Jackson's strategy continues to target increasing volumes in variable annuities in line with the goal of capital preservation. As Jackson focusedfocus on optimizing the balance between new business profitsbalancing volume and capital consumption for both variable and fixed annuities. Jackson continued to sell no institutional sales were madeproducts during the full year of 2009.2010, as available capital was directed to support higher-margin variable annuity sales.


        Jackson was predominantly a spread-based business until recently, with the majority of its assets invested in fixed income securities. Recently its fee-based business has become more prominent and now represents a significant part of Jackson's business mix.

        In general, Jackson's results are heavily affected by fluctuations in economic and market conditions, especially interest rates, credit conditions and equity markets. The profitability of Jackson's spread-based business depends in large part on its ability to manage interest rate spreads, as well as the credit and other risks inherent in its investment portfolio. Jackson designs its US products and manages the investments supporting this business to reduce interest rate sensitivity. This has the effect of moderating the impact on Prudential's results of changes in prevailing interest rates.

        Changes in interest rates either upward or downward, including changes in the difference between the levels of prevailing short-term and long-term rates, can expose Jackson to the risk of not earning anticipated spreads between the rate earned on investments and the rate credited on its policies. For example, if interest rates go up and/or competitors offer higher crediting rates, withdrawals on annuity contracts may increase as policyholders seek higher investment returns elsewhere. In response, Jackson could (i) raise its crediting rates to stem withdrawals, decreasing its spread; (ii) sell assets which may have depressed values in a high interest rate environment, creating realized investment losses; or (iii) pay out existing cash which would otherwise have earned interest at the higher interest rates. Moreover, to the extent that Jackson holds illiquid private placements and commercial mortgages, there is a risk that it will incur losses if it needs to sell those assets.

        Conversely, if interest rates decrease, withdrawals from annuity contracts may decrease relative to original expectations, creating more cash than expected to be invested at lower rates. Jackson may have the ability to lower the rates it credits to policyholders as a result, but may be forced to maintain crediting rates for competitive reasons or because there are minimum interest rate guarantees in certain contracts. In either case, the spread earned by Jackson would be lowered.


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        The profitability of Jackson's fee-based business depends in large part on its ability to manage equity market risk. As the investment return on the separate account assets is attributed directly to the contract holders, Jackson's profit arises from the fees charged on the contracts, less the expenses incurred, which include the costs of guarantees. In addition to being a profitable book of business in its own right, the variable annuity book also provides an opportunity to utilize the offsetting equity risk among various lines of business to manage Jackson's equity exposure in a cost-effective fashion. Jackson believes that the internal management of equity risk coupled with the utilization of external derivative instruments where necessary, continues to provide a cost-effective method of managing equity exposure. Profits in the variable annuity book of business will continue to be subject to the impact of market movements both on sales and allocations to the variable accounts and the effects of the economic hedging program. While Jackson hedges its risk on an economic basis, the nature and duration of the hedging instruments, which are recorded at fair value through the income statement, will fluctuate and produce some accounting volatility.

        Jackson continues to believe that, on a long-term economic basis, its equity exposure remains well managed.

UKUnited Kingdom

        In 2009, PrudentialThe UK performed strongly against a challenging background of difficult capital markets, volatile equity markets and widespread economic uncertainty which led to consumers looking for greater certainty and security through trusted and financially strong brands. Prudential UK believes that the business has a good combination of competitive advantages including its longevity experience, multi-asset investment capabilities, strong brandmature life and financial strength. These helped put Prudential UK in a robust position to generate attractive returns across its businesses.


        The UKpensions market which is characterized by an ageing populationpopulation—in particular, through two waves of baby-boomers born after World War II and the concentration of wealth in the mass affluent1960s—with wealth distribution significantly skewed and high net worth sectors, a combination that positionsvery much concentrated in the 45-74 age group. In this context, the retirement and near-retirement segmentsegments are highly attractive.

        UK consumers are insufficiently prepared as the fastest growing in the marketplace. Low savings rates and high levels of consumer debt, coupled with an increasing shift in responsibility for providing retirement income away from Government and employers towards individuals,they will have resulted in individuals in the UK being inadequately provided for duringto face increasingly long periods of retirement.

This will result in longer working lives and a more flexible approach towards retirement. It will also mean that the baby-boomers will need to target their wealth on the provision of dependable retirement income. Prudential UK has a significant pipeline of internal vestings intoUK's expertise in areas such as longevity risk management and multi-asset investment, together with its annuityfinancial strength and strong brand, mean that the business from maturing individual and corporate pension policies, which is expected to remain strong at least over the next ten years. Management have based this assessment on a combination of analysis of the projected value of maturities of in-force business (after allowing for lapses) used within Prudential's actuarial valuation models as at December 31, 2008 and analysis of the Selected Retirement Date contained with the policy data for a population covering approximately 75 per cent of in-force pension business. Prudential UK is one of the largest annuity providersstrongly positioned in the UK market,retirement planning space with approximately 1.5 million annuities in payment as at December 31, 2009. Looking ahead, the UK annuities market is expected to grow in the near-term,a particular focus on with-profits and Prudential UK believes it is well positioned to maintain a significant share of this market.annuities.

        In the United Kingdom, where Prudential's with-profits fund invests in debt and other fixed income securities, equity securities and real estate, shareholders' profits under IFRS are strongly related to the bonuses it declares. The most important influences on the bonus rates are the overall rate of return earned on investments and Prudential's expectation of future investment returns. Further information on with-profits products is provided in Item 5 "Basis of Profits", "—With-Profits Products" and "—Bonus Rates" below. In addition, the shareholders' profits under IFRS are significantly influenced by the contribution from the growing shareholder backed annuity business. The key factors affecting the profitability of this business are described in note D2 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

Government policy and legislation

        Changes in government policy or legislation applying to companies in the financial services and insurance industries in any of the jurisdictions in which Prudential operates, particularly in Asia, the United Kingdom and the United States, may adversely affect the result of its operations. These include possible changes in the tax treatment of financial products and services, government pension arrangements and policies, the regulation of selling practices and solvency standards.

        These changes may affect Prudential's existing and future business by, for example, causing customers to cancel existing policies, requiring Prudential to change its range of products and services, redesign its technology or other systems, retrain staff, pay increased tax or incur other costs.


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Regulation

        In recent years, the insurance sectors in the markets in which Prudential operates have seen considerable regulatory change. Failure to comply with local regulation may result in sanctions, which could take the form of a financial penalty.

        Additional regulation, scrutiny and related costs have put pressure on the margins on new business. In the United States, Jackson has been the subject of class action litigation which areis discussed in more detail in Item 4 "Information on the Company—Business of Prudential—Legal Proceedings". Whilst the outcome of such matters cannot be predicted with certainty, Prudential believes that the ultimate outcome of such litigation and regulatory issues will not have a material adverse effect on Prudential's financial condition, resultresults of operations, or cash flows. Changes in pension, financial services and tax regulation could have an impact on Prudential's results.


Exchange rates

        Due to the geographical diversity of Prudential's businesses, it is subject to the risk of exchange rate fluctuations. Prudential's international operations in Asia, the United States and Europe, which represent a significant proportion of total group income and expenses, generally write policies and invest in the same local currency, which although limiting the effect of exchange rate fluctuations on local operating results, can lead to fluctuations in Prudential's consolidated financial information upon translation of results into pounds sterling.


IFRS Critical Accounting Policies

        Prudential's discussion and analysis of its financial condition and results of operations are based upon Prudential's audited consolidated financial statements, prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and as endorsed by the European Union (EU). EU-endorsed IFRS may differ from IFRS as issued by the IASB if, at any point in time, new or amended IFRS have not been endorsed by the EU. As at December 31, 2009,2010, there were no unendorsed standards effective for the three years ended December 31, 20092010 affecting the consolidated financial information of Prudential, or the parent company financial information, and there waswere no differencedifferences between IFRS endorsed by the EU and IFRS issued by the IASB in terms of their application to Prudential. Accordingly, Prudential's financial information for the three years ended December 31, 20092010 is prepared in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB. It is Prudential's policy to adopt mandatory requirements of new or altered EU-adopted IFRS standards where required, with earlier adoption applied where permitted and appropriate in the circumstances.

        The preparation of these financial statements requires Prudential to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, and revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, Prudential evaluates its estimates, including those related to long-term business provisioning, the fair value of assets and the declaration of bonus rates. Prudential bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

        Critical accounting policies are defined as those that are reflective of significant judgments and uncertainties, and potentially give rise to different results under different assumptions and conditions. Prudential believes that its critical accounting policies are limited to those described below.

        The critical accounting policies in respect of the items discussed below are critical for Prudential's results in so farinsofar as they relate to Prudential's shareholder-financed business. In particular, this applies for Jackson, which is the largest shareholder-backed business in Prudential. The policies are not critical in


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respect of Prudential's with-profits business except for the treatment of the unallocated surplus.business. This distinction reflects the basis of recognition of profitsprofit and the accounting treatment of unallocated surplus of with-profits funds as a liability.

        Additional explanation is provided below and in cross-referenced notes within the consolidated financial statements in Item 18, as to why the distinction between with-profits business and shareholder-backed business is relevant.

        The items discussed below and in cross-referenced notes within the consolidated financial statements in Item 18 explain the effect of changes in estimates and the effect of reasonably likely changes in the key assumptions underlying these estimates as of the latest statement of financial position date so as to provide analysis that recognizes the different accounting effects on profit and loss or equity. In order to provide relevant analysis that is appropriate to the circumstances applicable to Prudential's businesses, the explanations refer to types of business, fund structure, the relationship between asset and policyholder liability measurement, and the differences in the method of accounting



permitted under IFRS 4 for accounting for insurance contract assets, policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of Prudential's with-profits funds.

Investments

Determining the fair value of financial investments when the markets are not active

        Prudential holds certain financial investments for which the markets are not active. These can include financial investments which are not quoted on active markets and financial investments for which markets are no longer active as a result of market conditions e.g. market illiquidity. When the markets are not active, there is generally no or limited observable market data to account for financial investments at fair value. The determination of whether an active market exists for a financial investment requires management's judgment.

        If the market for a financial investment of Prudential is not active, the fair value is determined by using valuation techniques. Prudential establishes fair value for these financial investments by using quotations from independent third parties, such as brokers or pricing services or by using internally developed pricing models. Priority is given to publicly available prices from independent sources, when available but overall, the source of pricing and/or the valuation technique is chosen with the objective of arriving at a fair value measurement which reflects the price at which an orderly transaction would take place between market participants on the measurement date. The valuation techniques include the use of recent arm's length transactions, reference to other instruments that are substantially the same, discounted cash flow analysis, option adjusted spread models and, if applicable, enterprise valuation and may include a number of assumptions relating to variables such as credit risk and interest rates. Changes in assumptions relating to these variables could positively or negatively affectimpact the reported fair value of these financial investments.

        The financial investments measured at fair value are classified (from January 1, 2009) into the following three level hierarchy on the basis of the lowest level of inputs that is significant to the fair value measurement of the financial investmentsinvestment concerned:

        As at December 31, 2009,2010, £4,573 million (2009: £5,557 millionmillion) of the financial investments (net of derivative liabilities) valued at fair value were classified as level 3, which represents three per cent of the total financial investments (net of derivative liabilities) carried at fair value at that date.3. Of these, £866 million (2009: £1,684 millionmillion) are held to back shareholder non-linked business, and so changes to these valuations will


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directly affectimpact shareholders' equity. Further details of the classification of financial instruments are given in note G1 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

Determining impairments relating to financial assets

Available-for-sale securities

1.    Information regarding the 20092010 and 20082009 results

        Under IAS 39, Prudential has the option on purchase to account for individual financial instruments as available-for-sale. Currently, the only financialFinancial investments carried on an available-for-sale basis by Prudential are represented by Jackson's debt securities portfolio. The consideration of evidence of impairment requires management's judgment. In making this determination the factors considered include, for example,example:


        For Jackson's residential mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities all of which are classified as available-for-sale, the model used to analyze cash flows begins with the current delinquency experience of the underlying collateral pool for the structure, by applying assumptions about how much of the currently delinquent loans will eventually default, and multiplying this by an assumed loss severity. Additional factors are applied to anticipate ageing effect. After applying a cash flow simulation an indication is obtained as to whether or not the security has suffered, or is anticipated to suffer, contractual principal or interest payment shortfall. If a shortfall applies an impairment charge is recorded.

        The difference between the fair value and book cost for unimpaired securities accounted for as available-for-sale falls to beis accounted for as unrealized gains or losses, with the movements in the accounting period being accounted for in other comprehensive income.

        Prudential's review of fair value involves several criteria, including economic conditions, credit loss experience, other issuer-specific developments and future cash flows. These assessments are based on the best available information at the time. Factors such as market liquidity, the widening of bid/ask spreads and a change in cash flow assumptions can contribute to future price volatility. If actual experience differs negatively from the assumptions and other considerations used in the consolidated financial information,statements, unrealized losses currently in equity may be recognized in the income statement in


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future periods. The preceding note in this section provides explanation on how fair value is determined when the markets for the financial investments are not active. Further additional details on the impairments of the available-for-sale securities of Jackson are described in notes D3 and G5 of the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

        Impairment losses recognized on available-for-sale securities amounted to £124 million (2009: £630 million (2008:million; 2008: £497 million; 2007: £35 million). Of this amount, 90 per cent (2009: 86 per cent (2008: 29 per cent; 2007: 142008: 19 per cent) has been recorded on structured asset-backed securities, primarily due to reduced cash flow expectations on such securities that are collateralized by diversified pools of primarily below investment grade securities. Of the losses related to the impairment of fixed maturity securities the top five individual corporate issuers made up 32 per cent (2009: 11 per cent (2008:cent; 2008: 27 per cent; 2007: 57 per cent) reflecting a deteriorating business outlook of the companies concerned. The impairment issueslosses have been recorded in "investment return" in the income statement.


        In 2009,2010, Prudential realized gross losses on sales of available-for-sale securities of £160 million (2009: £134 million (2008:million; 2008: £184 million; 2007: £86 million) and with 45 per cent (2009: 60 per cent (2008:cent; 2008: 55 per cent; 2007: 46 per cent), and of these losses related to the disposal of fixed maturity securities of five (2008 and 2007:15 (2009: five; 2008: six) individual issuers, which were disposed of as part of risk reduction programs intended to rebalancelimit future credit loss exposure. Of the portfolio in the US operations in response£160 million (2009: £134 million; 2008: £184 million), £99 million (2009: £6 million; 2008: £130 million) related to the unstable mortgage lending.losses on sales of impaired and deteriorating securities.

        The effect of those reasonably likely changes in the key assumptions underlying the estimates that underpin the assessment of whether impairment has taken place depends on the factors described above. A key indicator of whether such impairment may arise in future, and the potential amounts at risk, is the profile of gross unrealized losses for fixed maturity securities accounted for on an available-for-sale basis by reference to the time periods by which the securities have been held continuously in an unrealized loss position and by reference to the maturity date of the securities concerned.

        The unrealized losses in the US insurance operations statement of financial position on unimpaired securities are £966£370 million (2008: £3,178(2009: £966 million). This reflectsrelates to assets with fair market value of £7,254£4,002 million (2008: £17,422(2009: £7,254 million) and a book value of £4,372 million (2009: £8,220 million (2008: £20,600 million). respectively.

(a) Fair value of securities as a percentage of book value

        The following table shows the fair value of the debt securities in a gross unrealized loss position for various percentages of book value as at December 31, 20092010 and 2008.2009. Book value represents cost/amortized cost of the debt securities.


 2009 2008  2010 2009 
Fair value of securities as a percentage of book value
 Fair
value
 Unrealized
loss
 Fair
value
 Unrealized
loss
  Fair
value
 Unrealized
loss
 Fair
value
 Unrealized
loss
 

 (£ million)
  (£ million)
 

Between 90 per cent and 100 per cent

 5,127 (169) 8,757 (431) 3,390 (102) 5,127 (169)

Between 80 per cent and 90 per cent

 1,201 (203) 4,581 (809) 273 (44) 1,201 (203)

Below 80 per cent

 926 (594) 4,084 (1,938)

Below 80 per centnote (d)

 339 (224) 926 (594)
                  

Total

 7,254 (966) 17,422 (3,178) 4,002 (370) 7,254 (966)
                  

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        Included within the table above are amounts relating to sub-prime and Alt-A securities of :of:


 2009 2008  2010 2009 
Fair value of securities as a percentage of book value
 Fair
value
 Unrealized
loss
 Fair
value
 Unrealized
loss
  Fair
value
 Unrealized
loss
 Fair
value
 Unrealized
loss
 

 (£ million)
  (£ million)
 

Between 90 per cent and 100 per cent

 102 (3) 479 (27) 98 (6) 102 (3)

Between 80 per cent and 90 per cent

 160 (28) 120 (19) 55 (9) 160 (28)

Below 80 per cent

 159 (88) 192 (166)

Below 80 per centnote (d)

 56 (25) 159 (88)
                  

Total

 421 (119) 791 (212) 209 (40) 421 (119)
                  

        Sub-prime and Alt-A securities with unrealized losses of £21 million (2008: £91 million) in the statement of financial position at December 31, 2009 and 2008 respectively, have been in an unrealized loss position for less than one year with the remaining securities with unrealized losses of £98 million (2008: £121 million) being in an unrealized loss position for more than one year.


(b) Unrealized losses by maturity of security


 2009
Unrealized
loss
 2008
Unrealized
loss
  2010
Unrealized
loss
 2009
Unrealized
loss
 

 (£ million)
  (£ million)
 

Less than 1 year

  (21)   

1 to 5 years

 (29) (537) (6) (29)

5 to ten years

 (127) (1,236) (47) (127)

More than ten years

 (92) (395) (49) (92)

Mortgage-backed and other debt securities

 (718) (989) (268) (718)
          

Total

 (966) (3,178) (370) (966)
          

(c) Age analysis of unrealized losses for the periods indicated

        The following table shows the age analysis for all the unrealized losses in the portfolio by reference to the length of time the securities have been in an unrealized loss position:


 2009 2008  2010 2009 
Aged analysis of unrealized losses for the
periods indicated
 Non-
investment
grade
 Investment
grade
 Total Non-
investment
grade
 Investment
grade
 Total  Non-
investment
grade
 Investment
grade
 Total Non-
investment
grade
 Investment
grade
 Total 

 (£ million)
  (£ million)
 

Less than 6 months

 (7) (51) (58) (108) (362) (470) (3) (67) (70) (7) (51) (58)

6 months to 1 year

 (25) (59) (84) (125) (1,164) (1,289) (2)  (2) (25) (59) (84)

1 year to 2 years

 (59) (234) (293) (154) (622) (776) (13) (20) (33) (59) (234) (293)

2 years to 3 years

 (125) (199) (324) (15) (91) (106) (27) (55) (82) (125) (199) (324)

More than 3 years

 (35) (172) (207) (61) (476) (537) (58) (125) (183) (35) (172) (207)
                          

Total

 (251) (715) (966) (463) (2,715) (3,178) (103) (267) (370) (251) (715) (966)
                          

        At December 31, 2010, the gross unrealized losses in the statement of financial position for the sub-prime and Alt-A securities in an unrealized loss position were £40 million (2009: £119 million), as shown above in note (a). Of these losses £1 million (2009: £21 million) relate to securities that have been in an unrealized loss position for less than one year and £39 million (2009: £98 million) to securities that have been in an unrealized loss position for more than one year.

(d) Securities whose fair value was below 80 per cent of the book value

        As shown in the table (a) above, £594£224 million, (2008: £1,938 million), of the £966£370 million (2008: £3,178 million) of gross unrealized losses at December 31, 2009,2010 (2009: £594 million of the £966 million of gross unrealized losses), related to securities whose fair value was below 80 per cent of the book value. The analysis of the £224 million


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(2009: £594 million (2008: £1,938 million), by category of debt securities and by age analysis indicating the length of time for which their fair value was below 80 per cent of the book value, is as follows:



 2009 2008  2010 2009 
Category analysis
 Fair
value
 Unrealized
Loss
 Fair
value
 Unrealized
Loss
  Fair
value
 Unrealized
Loss
 Fair
value
 Unrealized
Loss
 

 (£ million)
  (£ million)
 

Residential mortgage-backed securities

  

Prime

 322 (153) 287 (115)

Prime (including agency)

 88 (39) 322 (153)

Alt-A

 77 (33) 144 (127) 15 (4) 77 (33)

Sub-prime

 82 (55) 48 (39) 41 (20) 82 (55)
                  

 481 (241) 479 (281) 144 (63) 481 (241)

Commercial mortgage-backed securities

 87 (86) 811 (375) 8 (29) 87 (86)

Other asset-backed securities

 183 (188) 198 (86) 123 (105) 183 (188)
                  

Total structured securities

 751 (515) 1,488 (742) 275 (197) 751 (515)

Corporates

 175 (79) 2,596 (1,196) 64 (27) 175 (79)
                  

Total

 926 (594) 4,084 (1,938) 339 (224) 926 (594)
                  

        Age analysis of fair value being below 80 per cent for the period indicated:


 2009 2008  2010 2009 
Age analysis
 Fair
value
 Unrealized
loss
 Fair
value
 Unrealized
loss
  Fair
value
 Unrealized
loss
 Fair
value
 Unrealized
loss
 

 (£ million)
  (£ million)
 

Less than 3 months

 153 (45) 3,118 (1,364)  (1) 153 (45)

3 months to 6 months

 5 (3) 696 (403)   5 (3)

More than 6 months

 768 (546) 270 (171) 339 (223) 768 (546)
                  

Total

 926 (594) 4,084 (1,938) 339 (224) 926 (594)
                  

2.    Information regarding the position as at March 31, 20102011

        On May 17, 2010,11, 2011, Prudential published its first quarter 20102011 Interim Management Statement with the UK Listing Authority. This statement included details on the financial position as at March 31, 20102011 in relation to Jackson's available-for-sale securities as follows:

Defaults, losses from sales of impaired and deteriorating bonds and write-downs for non-linked shareholder backed business

        In general, the debt securities of Jackson are purchased with the intention and the ability to hold them for the longer-term.

        The majority of Jackson's debt securities are classified as available-for-sale under IAS 39. Under this classification realized losses from defaults, sales of impaired and deteriorating bonds and write-downs are recorded in the income statement. Changes in unrealized appreciation and depreciation are recorded as a movement directly in shareholders' equity.other comprehensive income.

        Jackson continues to review its investments on a case-by-case basis to determine whether any decline in fair value (other-than-temporary market value movements) represents an impairment and therefore requiring an accounting write-down. IFRS requires available-for-sale debt securities which are impaired to be written down to fair value through the profit and loss account.income statement.


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        The defaults, losses on sales of impaired and deteriorating bonds (net of recoveries) and write-downs for the three months to March 31, 20102011 were as follows:



 Defaults Bond
write downs
 Losses on sales of
impaired and
deteriorating
bonds
(net of
recoveries)
 
 Defaults Bond
write downs
 Losses on sales of
impaired and
deteriorating
bonds
(net of
recoveries)
 


 (£ million)
 
 (£ million)
 

Corporate debt securities

Corporate debt securities

   18 

Corporate debt securities

   2 

Residential mortgage backed securities

Residential mortgage backed securities

    

Residential mortgage backed securities

 

Prime

  5 33 

Prime

  5  

Alt-A

  14 19 

Alt-A

  1  

Sub-prime

  7  

Sub-prime

    

Other

Other

  9 6 

Other

   (4)
               

  35 76 

  6 (2)
               

        In addition to the impairments on the debt securities portfolio, Jackson incurred impairments of £9 million on its commercial mortgage book.

Debt securities in an unrealized loss position

        For Jackson's securities classified as available-for-sale under IAS 39, at March 31, 20102011 there was a net unrealized lossgain position of £438£1,168 million. This amount comprised £1,142£1,478 million of gross unrealized gains and £704£310 million of gross unrealized losses on individual securities. Under IFRS unrealized losses are only applicable for securities which have not been impaired during the period. Securities impaired during the period are written down to fair value through the profit and lossincome statement in full. The table above shows the element of write downs in 2010.the first quarter of 2011. Included within the gross unrealized losses is £454£170 million for securities which are valued at less than 80 per cent of book value, of which 14eight per cent have been at this level for less than six months.

        IFRS requires securities to be carried at fair value, being the amount for which the security would be exchanged between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm's length transaction. The best evidence of fair value is quoted prices in an active market, but if the market is not active then a valuation technique is used to establish fair value.


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(a)
Movements in the values for the three months to March 31, 2010:2011:

        Movements in the values of available-for-sale securities for the three months to March 31, 20102011 are included in the table shown below:



  
 Changes reflected directly in
shareholders' equity
  
 
  
 Changes reflected directly in shareholders' equity  
 


 March 31,
2010
 Movement in
Quarter 1
 Foreign
exchange
translation*
 Quarter 1
including
foreign
exchange
 December 31,
2009
 
 March 31,
2011
 Movement in
Quarter 1
 Foreign
exchange
translation*
 Quarter 1
including
foreign
exchange
 December 31,
2010
 


 (£ million)
 
 (£ million)
 

Assets fair valued at below book value

Assets fair valued at below book value

 

Assets fair valued at below book value

 

Book value

 7,589 (1,131) 500 (631) 8,220 

Book value

 5,422 1,152 (102) 1,050 4,372 

Unrealized loss

 (704) 316 (54) 262 (966)

Unrealized loss

 (310) 51 9 60 (370)
                       

Fair value (as included in balance sheet)

 6,885 (815) 446 (369) 7,254 

Fair value (as included in the balance sheet)

Fair value (as included in the balance sheet)

 5,112 1,203 (93) 1,110 4,002 
                       

Assets fair valued at or above book value

Assets fair valued at or above book value

 

Assets fair valued at or above book value

 

Book value

 17,218 1,791 983 2,774 14,444 

Book value

 18,864 (1,396) (483) (1,879) 20,743 

Unrealized gain

 1,142 106 66 172 970 

Unrealized gain

 1,478 (66) (36) (102) 1,580 
                       

Fair value (as included in balance sheet)

 18,360 1,897 1,049 2,946 15,414 

Fair value (as included in the balance sheet)

Fair value (as included in the balance sheet)

 20,342 (1,462) (519) (1,981) 22,323 
                       

Total

Total

 

Total

 

Book value

 24,807 660 1,483 2,143 22,664 

Book value

 24,286 (244) (585) (829) 25,115 

Net unrealized (loss) gain

 438 422 12 434 4 

Net unrealized gain

 1,168 (15) (27) (42) 1,210 
                       

Fair value (as included in balance sheet)*

 25,245 1,082 1,495 2,577 22,668 

Fair value (as included in the balance sheet)*

Fair value (as included in the balance sheet)*

 25,454 (259) (612) (871) 26,325 
                       

*
Balance sheet items for Jackson National Life have been translated at the closing rate for the period, being $1.5169$1.60 at March 31, 2010.2011. Jackson National Life income statement movements have been translated at the average exchange rate for the period, being $1.43$1.62 for three months to March 31, 2010.

2011.
(b)
Fair value of securities in an unrealized loss position as a percentage of book value:

(i)
Fair value of securities as a percentage of book value

value:

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 Fair value Unrealized
loss
 Fair value Unrealized
loss
 
  
 March 31,
2010
 March 31,
2010
 December 31,
2009
 December 31,
2009
 
  
 (£ million)
 
 

Between 90 per cent and 100 per cent

  5,501  (130) 5,127  (169)
 

Between 80 per cent and 90 per cent

  678  (120) 1,201  (203)
 

Below 80 per cent

  706  (454) 926  (594)
           
 

  6,885  (704) 7,254  (966)
           
  
 Fair value Unrealized
loss
 Fair value Unrealized
loss
 
  
 March 31,
2011
 March 31,
2011
 December 31,
2010
 December 31,
2010
 
  
 (£ million)
 
 

Between 90 per cent and 100 per cent

  4,630  (107) 3,390  (102)
 

Between 80 per cent and 90 per cent

  203  (33) 273  (44)
 

Below 80 per cent

  279  (170) 339  (224)
           
 

  5,112  (310) 4,002  (370)
           

  
 Fair value Unrealized
loss
 Fair value Unrealized
loss
 
  
 March 31,
2010
 March 31,
2010
 December 31,
2009
 December 31,
2009
 
  
 (£ million)
 
 

Between 90 per cent and 100 per cent

  67  (3) 102  (3)
 

Between 80 per cent and 90 per cent

  32  (6) 160  (28)
 

Below 80 per cent

  124  (61) 159  (88)
           
 

  223  (70) 421  (119)
           
  
 Fair value Unrealized
loss
 Fair value Unrealized
loss
 
  
 March 31,
2011
 March 31,
2011
 December 31,
2010
 December 31,
2010
 
  
 (£ million)
 
 

Between 90 per cent and 100 per cent

  90  (4) 98  (6)
 

Between 80 per cent and 90 per cent

  73  (12) 55  (9)
 

Below 80 per cent

  47  (22) 56  (25)
           
 

  210  (38) 209  (40)
           

(c)
Securities whose fair value were below 80 per cent of the book value

value:

        As shown in the table above, £454£170 million (December 31, 2009: £5942010: £224 million) of the £704£310 million (December 31, 2009: £9662010: £370 million) of gross unrealized losses at March 31, 20102011 related to securities whose fair value were below 80 per cent of the book value. The age analysis for this £454£170 million (December 31, 2009: £5942010: £224 million), indicating the length of time for which their fair value was below 80 per cent of the book value, is as follows:


 Fair value Unrealized
loss
 Fair value Unrealized
loss
  Fair value Unrealized
loss
 Fair value Unrealized
loss
 

 March 31,
2010
 March 31,
2010
 December 31,
2009
 December 31,
2009
  March 31,
2011
 March 31,
2011
 December 31,
2010
 December 31,
2010
 

 (£ million)
  (£ million)
 

Less than 3 months

 66 (19) 153 (45) 27 (14)  (1)

3 months to 6 months

 33 (11) 5 (3)     

More than 6 months

 607 (424) 768 (546) 252 (156) 339 (223)
                  

 706 (454) 926 (594) 279 (170) 339 (224)
                  

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        For securities valued at less than 80 per cent of book value, 7078 per cent were investment grade. The analysis by category of debt securities whose fair value were below 80 per cent of the book value is as follows:



 Fair value Unrealized
loss
 Fair value Unrealized
loss
 
 Fair value Unrealized
loss
 Fair value Unrealized
loss
 


 March 31,
2010
 March 31,
2010
 December 31,
2009
 December 31,
2009
 
 March 31,
2011
 March 31,
2011
 December 31,
2010
 December 31,
2010
 


 (£ million)
 
 (£ million)
 

RMBS

RMBS

 

RMBS

 

Prime

 247 (115) 322 (153)

Prime

 45 (20) 88 (39)

Alt-A

 38 (17) 77 (33)

Alt-A

 7 (3) 15 (4)

Sub-prime

 86 (44) 82 (55)

Sub-prime

 40 (20) 41 (20)
                   

 371 (176) 481 (241)

 92 (43) 144 (63)

Commercial mortgage backed securities

Commercial mortgage backed securities

 47 (63) 87 (86)

Commercial mortgage backed securities

 9 (26) 8 (29)

Other asset backed securities

Other asset backed securities

 178 (172) 183 (188)

Other asset backed securities

 123 (79) 123 (105)
                   

Total structured securities

Total structured securities

 596 (411) 751 (515)

Total structured securities

 224 (148) 275 (197)

Corporates

Corporates

 110 (43) 175 (79)

Corporates

 55 (22) 64 (27)
                   

 706 (454) 926 (594)

 279 (170) 339 (224)
                   

Assets held at amortized cost

        Financial assets classified as loans and receivables under IAS 39 are initially recognized at fair value plus transaction costs. Subsequently they are carried at amortized cost using the effective interest rate method. Certain mortgage loans of the UK insurance operations have been designated at fair value through profit and loss as this loan portfolio is managed and evaluated on a fair value basis and these are included within loans in the balance sheet. The loans and receivables include loans collateralized by mortgages, deposits and loans to policyholders. In estimating future cash flows, Prudential looks at the expected cash flows of the assets and applies historical loss experience of assets with similar credit risks that has been adjusted for conditions in the historical loss experience which no longer exist or for conditions that are expected to arise. The estimated future cash flows are discounted using the financial asset's original or variable effective interest rate and exclude credit losses that have not yet been incurred.

        The risks inherent in reviewing the impairment of any investment include the risk that market results may differ from expectations; facts and circumstances may change in the future and differ from estimates and assumptions; or Prudential may later decide to sell the asset as a result of changed circumstances.

Insurance contracts

Product classification

        IFRS 4 requires contracts written by insurers to be classified as either 'insurance contracts'"insurance contracts" or 'investment contracts'"investment contracts" depending on the level of insurance risk transferred. Insurance risk is a pre-existing risk, other than financial risk, transferred from the contract holder to the contract issuer. If significant insurance risk is transferred by the contract then it is classified as an insurance contract. Contracts that transfer financial risk but not significant insurance risk are termed investment contracts. Furthermore, some contracts, both insurance and investment, contain discretionary participating features representing the contractual right to receive additional benefits as a supplement to guaranteed benefits:



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        Accordingly, insurers must perform a product classification exercise across their portfolio of contracts issued to determine the allocation to these various categories. IFRS 4 permits the continued usage of previously applied GAAP for insurance contracts and investment contracts with discretionary participating features. Except for UK regulated with-profits funds, as described subsequently, this basis has been applied by Prudential.

        For investment contracts that do not contain discretionary participating features, IAS 39 and, where the contract includes an investment management element, IAS 18, apply measurement principles to assets and liabilities attaching to the contract.

Valuation assumptions

(i) Contracts of with-profits funds

        Prudential's insurance contracts and investment contracts with discretionary participating features are primarily with-profits and other protection type policies. For UK regulated with-profits funds, the contract liabilities are valued by reference to the UK FSA realistic basis. In aggregate, this basis has the effect of placing a value on the liabilities of UK with-profits contracts, which reflects the amounts expected to be paid based on the current value of investments held by the with-profits funds and current circumstances.

        The basis of determining liabilities for Prudential's with-profits business has little or no effect on the results attributable to shareholders. This is because movements on liabilities of the with-profits funds are



absorbed by the unallocated surplus. Except through indirect effects, or in remote circumstances as described below, changes to liability assumptions are therefore reflected in the carrying value of the unallocated surplus, which is accounted for as a liability rather than shareholders' equity.

        A detailed explanation of the basis of liability measurement is contained in note D2(f)D2(g)(ii) to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18. Prudential's other with-profits contracts are written in with-profits funds that operate in some of Prudential's Asian operations. The liabilities for these contracts and those of Prudential Annuities Limited, which is a subsidiary company of the PAC with-profits funds, are determined differently. For these other with-profits contracts applicable to Prudential's activities in 2009 and 2008, the liabilities are estimated using actuarial methods based on assumptions relating to premiums, interest rates, investment returns, expenses, mortality and surrenders. The assumptions to which the estimation of these reserves is particularly sensitive are the interest rate used to discount the provision and the assumed future mortality experience of policyholders.

        For liabilities determined using the basis described above for UK regulated with-profits funds, and the other liabilities described in the preceding paragraph, changes in estimates arising from the likely range of possible changes in underlying key assumptions have no direct impact on the reported profit.

        This lack of sensitivity reflects the with-profits fund structure, basis of distribution, and the application of previous GAAP to the unallocated surplus of with-profits funds as permitted by IFRS 4. Changes in liabilities of these contracts that are caused by altered estimates are absorbed by the unallocated surplus of the with-profits funds with no direct effect on shareholders' equity. Prudential's obligations and more detail on such circumstances are described in note H14 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

(ii) Other contracts

        Contracts, other than those of with-profits funds, are written in shareholder-backed operations of Prudential. The significant shareholder-backed product groupings and the factors that may significantly affect IFRS results due to experience against assumptions or changes of assumptions vary significantly


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between business units. For some types of business the effect of changes in assumptions may be significant, whilst for others, due to the nature of the product, assumption setting may be of less significance. The nature of the products and the significance of assumptions are discussed in notes D2, D3 and D4 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18. From the perspective of shareholder results the key sensitivity relates to the assumption for allowance for credit risk for UK annuity business. Prior to its disposal of the Taiwan agency business in the first half of 2009, Prudential's financial results were also sensitive to the assumed future investment returns for that business.

Jackson

        Jackson offers individual fixed annuities, fixed index annuities, immediate annuities, variable annuities, individual and variable life insurance and institutional products. With the exception of institutional products and an incidental amount of business for annuity certain contracts, which are accounted for as investment contracts under IAS 39, all of Jackson's contracts are accounted for under IFRS 4 as insurance contracts by applying US GAAP, the previous GAAP used before IFRS adoption. Under US GAAP the requirements of FAS 60 'Accounting and Reporting for Insurance Enterprises' and FAS 97 'Accounting and Reporting by Insurance Enterprises for certain Long-Duration Contracts and for Realized Gains and Losses from the Sale of Investments' apply to these contracts. The accounting requirements under these standards and the effect of changes in valuation assumptions are considered below for fixed annuity, variable annuity and traditional life insurance contracts.

        Fixed annuity contracts, which are investment contracts under US GAAP terminology, are accounted for by applying in the first instance a retrospective deposit method to determine the liability for policyholder benefits. This is then augmented by potentially three additional amounts, namely deferred



income, any amounts previously assessed against policyholders that are refundable on termination of the contract, and any premium deficiency, i.e. any probable future loss on the contract. These types of contractcontracts contain considerable interest rate guarantee features.

        Notwithstanding the accompanying market risk exposure, except in the circumstances of interest rate scenarios where the guarantee rates included in contract terms are higher than crediting rates that can be supported from assets held to cover liabilities, the accounting measurement of Jackson's fixed annuity products is not generally sensitive to interest rate risk. This position derives from the nature of the products and the US GAAP basis of measurement.

        Variable annuity contracts written by Jackson may provide for guaranteed minimum death, income, or withdrawal benefit features. In general terms, liabilities for these benefits are accounted for under US GAAP by using estimates of future benefits and fees under best estimate assumptions.

        For variable annuity business, the key assumption is the expected long-term level of equity market returns, which for all years included was 8.4 per cent per annum (gross(after deduction of external fund management fees) determined using a mean reversion methodology. Under the mean reversion methodology, projected returns over the next five years are flexed (subject to capping) so that, combined with the actual rates of return for the current and the previous two years the 8.4 per cent rate is maintained. The projected rates of return are capped at no more than 15 per cent for each of the next five years. Further details are explained in note D3(h)D3(g) to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

        These returns affect the level of future expected profits through their effects on the fee income with consequential impact on the amortization of deferred acquisition costs as described below and the required level of provision for guaranteed minimum death benefit claims.

        For traditional life insurance contracts, provisions for future policy benefits are determined using the net level premium method and assumptions as of the issue date as to mortality, interest, policy lapses and expenses plus provisions for adverse deviation.

        Except to the extent of mortality experience, which primarily affects profits through variations in claim payments and the guaranteed minimum death benefit reserves, the profits of Jackson are relatively insensitive to changes in insurance risk. This reflects the principally spread and fee-based nature of Jackson's business.


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Asian operations

        The insurance products written in Prudential's Asian operations principally cover with-profits business, unit-linked business, and other non-participating business. The results of with-profits business are relatively insensitive to changes in estimates and assumptions that affect the measurement of policyholder liabilities. As for the UK business, this feature arises because unallocated surplus is accounted for by Prudential as a liability. The results of Asian unit-linked business are also relatively insensitive to changes in estimates or assumptions.

        Prior to its disposal in the first half of 2009, the principal non-participating business in Prudential's Asian operations, for which changes in estimates and assumptions were important from year to year, was the traditional whole-life business written in Taiwan. Premium rates were set to give a guaranteed minimum sum assured on death and a guaranteed surrender value on early surrender based on prevailing interest rates at the time of policy issue. Premium rates also included an allowance for mortality and expenses. This business was therefore especially sensitive to falling interest rates. This exposure has been removed following the disposal of the Taiwan agency business. The remaining non-participating business in Asia remains sensitivehas some limited sensitivity to interest rates but this sensitivity is of a much lower order.rates. Further details are provided in note D4(i)D4(j) to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.


Deferred acquisition costs

        Significant costs are incurred in connection with acquiring new insurance business. Except for acquisition costs of with-profits contracts of the UK regulated with-profits funds, which are accounted for under the realistic FSA regime as described in note A4 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18, these costs, which vary with, and are primarily related to, the production of new business, are capitalized and amortized against margins in future revenues on the related insurance policies. The recoverability of the asset is measured and the asset is deemed impaired if the projected future margins are less than the carrying value of the asset. To the extent that the future margins differ from those anticipated, then an adjustment to the carrying value of the deferred acquisition cost asset will be necessary.

        The deferral and amortization of acquisition costs is of most relevance to Prudential's results for shareholder-financed long-term business of Jackson and Asian operations. The majority of the UK shareholder-backed operationsbusiness is for individual and group annuity business where the incidence of acquisition costs is negligible.

Jackson

        For term business, acquisition costs are deferred and amortized in line with expected premiums. For annuity business, acquisition costs are deferred and amortized in line with expected gross profits on the relevant contracts. For interest-sensitive business, the key assumption is the long-term spread between the earned rate and the rate credited to policyholders, which is based on the annual spread analysis. In addition, expected gross profits depend on mortality assumptions, assumed unit costs and terminations other than deaths (including the related charges), all of which are based on a combination of Jackson's actual industry experience and future expectations. A detailed analysis of actual experience is measured by internally developed mortality studies.

        For variable annuity business, the key assumption is the expected long-term level of equity market returns as described above.

        The level of acquisition costs carried in the statement of financial position is also sensitive to unrealized valuation movements on debt securities held to back the liabilities and solvency capital. Further details are explained in notes D3(h)D3(g) and H1 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

Asian operations

        In 2008, a number of changes have been madeFor those territories applying US GAAP, principles similar to those set out in the Jackson paragraph above are applied to the deferral and amortization of acquisition costs. For other Asian territories, except where the underlying reserving basis of estimatingmakes implicit allowance for the level of deferredfuture fees that cover acquisition costs, as describedthe deferral and amortization of acquisition costs is consistent with Modified Statutory Basis where costs associated with the production of new business are amortized in note D4(h)(c) toline with the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.emergence of margins.


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Pensions

        Prudential applies the requirements of IAS 19, 'Employee Benefits'"Employee Benefits" and associated interpretations including IFRIC 14 'IAS"IAS 19—The Limit on a Defined Benefit Asset, Minimum Funding Requirements and their Interaction'Interaction", to its defined benefit pension schemes. The principal defined benefit pension scheme is the Prudential Staff Pension Scheme ("PSPS"). For PSPS the terms of the trust deed restrict shareholders' access to any underlying surplus. Accordingly, applying the interpretation of IFRIC 14, any underlying IAS 19 basis surplus is not recognized for IFRS reporting.

        The financial position for PSPS recorded in the IFRS financial informationstatements reflects the higher of any underlying IAS 19 deficit and any obligation for deficit funding.

        The economic participation in the surplus or deficits attaching to the PSPS and the smaller Scottish Amicable Pensions Scheme ("SAPS") are shared between the PAC with-profits sub-fund ("WPSF") and shareholder operations. The economic interest reflects the source of contributions over the scheme life, which in turn reflects the activity of the members during their employment.


        In the case of PSPS, movements in the apportionment of the financial position for PSPS between the WPSF and shareholders' funds in 20092010 reflect the 70/70/30 ratio applied to the base deficit position as at December 31, 2005 but with service cost and contributions for ongoing service apportioned by reference to the cost allocation for activity of current employees. For SAPS, the ratio is estimated to be approximately 50/50 between the WPSF and shareholders' funds.

        Due to the inclusion of actuarial gains and losses in the income statement rather than being recognized directly in other comprehensive income, the results of Prudential are affected by changes in interest rates for corporate bonds that affect the rate applied to discount projected pension payments, and changes in mortality assumptions and changes in inflation assumptions.

        The table below shows the sensitivity of the underlying PSPS, Scottish Amicable and M&G pension scheme liabilities as at December 31, 20092010 of £4,436£4,866 million, £515£572 million and £223£254 million respectively to changes in discount rates, inflation rates and inflation rates.mortality rate assumptions.


2009
Assumption
Change in assumptionImpact on scheme liabilities on IAS 19 basis

Discount rate

Decrease by 0.2% from 5.8% to 5.6%Increase in scheme liabilities by:

    PSPS3.5%

    Scottish Amicable5.2%

    M&G4.9%

Discount rate

Increase by 0.2% from 5.8% to 6.0%

Decrease in scheme liabilities by:

    PSPS3.2%

    Scottish Amicable4.8%

    M&G4.9%

Rate of inflation

Decrease by 0.2% from 3.7% to

Decrease in scheme liabilities by:

3.5% with consequent reduction in    PSPS0.9%

salary increases    Scottish Amicable4.9%

    M&G4.5%
 
 2010
Assumption
 Change in assumption Impact on scheme liabilities on IAS 19 basis

Discount rate

 Decrease by 0.2% from 5.45% to Increase in scheme liabilities by:  

 5.25%     PSPS 3.6%

       Scottish Amicable 5.2%

       M&G 5.1%

Discount rate

 

Increase by 0.2% from 5.45% to

 

Decrease in scheme liabilities by:

  

 5.65%     PSPS 3.5%

       Scottish Amicable 4.9%

       M&G 4.8%

Rate of inflation

 

Decrease by 0.2% from 3.55% to

 

Decrease in scheme liabilities by:

  

 3.35% with consequent reduction in     PSPS 1.0%

 salary increases     Scottish Amicable 5.0%

       M&G 4.5%

Mortality rate

 

Increase life expectancy by one year

 

Increase in scheme liabilities by:

  

       PSPS 2.1%

       Scottish Amicable 2.5%

       M&G 2.9%

        The sensitivity of the underlying pension scheme liabilities to changes in discount rates and inflation rates as shown above does not directly equate to an impact on the profit or loss attributable to


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shareholders or shareholders' equity due to the effect of the application of IFRIC 14 on PSPS and the allocation of a share of the interest in financial position of the PSPS and Scottish Amicable schemes to the PAC with-profits fund. Further information is included in note I2I3 of the consolidated financial information in Item 18.

        For PSPS, the underlying surplus of the scheme of £513£485 million (2008: £728(2009: £513 million), as at December 31, 20092010 and 2008,2009, has not been recognized under IFRIC 14. Any change in the underlying scheme liabilities to the extent that it is not sufficient to alter PSPS into a liability in excess of the deficit provision, will not have an impact on Prudential's results and financial position. Based on the underlying financial position of PSPS as at December 31, 2010, none of the changes to the underlying scheme liabilities for the changes in the variables shown in the table above have had an impact on the Group's 2010 results and financial position.

        In the event that a change in the PSPS scheme liabilities results in a deficit position for the scheme which is recognizable, the deficit recognized affects Prudential's results and financial position only to the extent of the amounts attributable to shareholder operations. The amounts attributable to the PAC with-profits fund are absorbed by the liability for unallocated surplus and have no direct effect on the profit or loss attributable to shareholders or shareholders' equity.

        This applies similarly toThe deficit of the Scottish Amicable scheme whose deficit has been allocated 50 per cent to the PAC with-profits fund and 50 per cent to the PAC shareholders fund. Accordingly, half of the changes to the scheme liabilities for the changes in the variables shown in the table above would have had an impact on the Group's shareholder results and financial position. The M&G pension scheme is wholly attributable to shareholders.


Deferred tax

        Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that they are regarded as recoverable, that is to the extent that, on the basis of all the available evidence, it can be regarded as more likely than not that there will be suitable taxable profits against which the losses can be relieved. The taxation regimeregimes applicable to Prudential appliesacross the Group apply separate rules to trading and capital profits and losses. The distinction between temporary differences that arise from items of either a capital or trading nature may affect the recognition of deferred tax assets. The judgments made, and uncertainties considered, in arriving at deferred tax balances in the financial informationstatements are discussed in note H4 to Prudential's consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

Goodwill

        Goodwill impairment testing requires the exercise of judgment by management as to prospective future cash flows. Further information is disclosed in note H1 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

Other features of IFRS accounting that are of particular significance to an understanding of Prudential's results

        The other features that are of particular significance relate to: the timing of adoption of certain IFRS standards and their consequential impact upon the financial statements; the accounting for UK with-profits funds; and the presentation of certain items in the financial statements.

Insurance contract accounting

        With the exception of certain contracts described in note D1 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18, the contracts issued by Prudential's life assurance business are classified as insurance contracts and investment contracts with discretionary participating features. As permitted by


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IFRS 4, assets and liabilities of these contracts (see below) are accounted for under previously applied GAAP. In limited circumstances the Group has chosen to apply a more relevant or reliable measure. The following paragraphs explain how Prudential currently applies this Policy. ExceptAccordingly, except as described below, in respect of UK regulated with-profits funds where the basis applied has been improved to a more relevant or reliable measure (also as permitted under IFRS 4), the modified statutory basis ("MSB") of reporting as set out in the revised Statement of Recommended Practice ("SORP") issued by the Association of British Insurers ("ABI") has been applied to Prudential's UK and overseas operations.applied.

        In 2005, Prudential chose to improve its IFRS accounting for UK regulated with-profits funds by the voluntary application of the UK accounting standard FRS 27, 'Life Assurance'"Life Assurance". Under this standard, the main accounting changes that were required for UK with-profits funds were:

        The results included in the consolidated financial statements in Item 18 reflect this basis.

        Unallocated surplus represents the excess of assets over policyholder liabilities for Prudential's with-profits funds that have yet to be appropriated between policyholders and shareholders. Prudential has opted to account for unallocated surplus wholly as a liability with no allocation to equity.

        This treatment reflects the fact that shareholders' participation in the cost of bonuses arises only on distribution. Shareholder profits on with-profits business reflect one-ninth of the cost of declared bonus.

        For Prudential's current overseas operations, the application of the MSB (which permits the use of local GAAP in some circumstances) varies depending upon the basis of accounting applied prior to IFRS



adoption or acquisition by Prudential, and whether adjustments to the basis or a more appropriate method should be applied. For Jackson, applying the MSB as applicable to overseas operations, which permits the application of local GAAP in some circumstances, the assets and liabilities of insurance contracts are accounted for under insurance accounting prescribed by US GAAP. For the assets and liabilities of insurance contracts of Prudential's current Asian operations, the local GAAP is applied with adjustments, where necessary, to comply with UK GAAP. For the operations in Taiwan, Vietnam and Japan, countries where local GAAP is not appropriate in the context of the previously applied MSB, accounting for insurance contracts is based on US GAAP. For participating business the liabilities include provisions for the policyholders' interest in realized investment gains and other surpluses that, where appropriate, and in particular for Vietnam, have yet to be declared as bonuses.

        The usage of these bases of accounting has varying effects on the way in which product options and guarantees are measured. For UK regulated with-profits funds, options and guarantees are valued on a market consistent basis. The basis is described in note D2(f)D2(g)(ii) to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18. For other operations a market consistent basis is not applied under the accounting basis described in note A4 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18. Details of the guarantees, basis of setting assumptions, and sensitivity to altered assumptions are described in notes D3 and D4 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

Valuation and accounting presentation of fair value movements of derivatives and debt securities of Jackson

        Under IAS 39, derivatives are required to be carried at fair value. Unless net investment hedge accounting is applied, value movements on derivatives are recognized in the income statement. WithPrudential has chosen to change its presentation of operating profit based on longer-term investment returns for its US insurance operations, within the exceptionsupplementary analysis of profit, as explained further below under the section "(c) Additional explanation of performance measures and analysis of consolidated results by business segment and geographical region" and also in note A4(d)(ii) to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18. Derivative value movements in respect of equity risk for variable annuity business and other equity related hedging activities are now excluded from operating profit based on longer-term investment returns and included as part of short-term fluctuations in investment returns. Accordingly the value movements on derivatives held for variable annuities and other equity hedging activities, the value movements onall derivatives held by Jackson are separately identified within the short-term fluctuations in investment returns identified as part of Prudential's segment results described below and in note B1 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18. Derivative value movements in respect


Table of equity risk within variable annuity business and other equity related hedging activities are included within the operating profit based on longer-term investment returns.Contents

        For derivative instruments of Jackson, Prudential has considered whether it is appropriate to undertake the necessary operational changes to qualify for hedge accounting so as to achieve matching of value movements in hedging instruments and hedged items in the performance statements. In reaching the decision a number of factors were particularly relevant.

        These were:

        Taking account of these considerations Prudential has decided that, except for certain minor categories of derivatives, it is not appropriate to seek to achieve hedge accounting under IAS 39. As a



result of this decision, the total income statement results are more volatile as the movements in the value of Jackson's derivatives are reflected within it.

        Under IAS 39, unless carried at amortized cost (subject to impairment provisions where appropriate) under the held-to-maturity category, debt securities are also carried at fair value. Prudential has chosen not to classify any financial assets as held-to-maturity. Debt securities of Jackson are designated as available-for-sale with value movements, unless impaired, being recorded as movements within other comprehensive income. Impairments are recorded in the income statement.

Presentation of results before tax

        The total tax charge for Prudential reflects tax that in addition to relating to shareholders' profits is also attributable to policyholders and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds and unit linked policies. This is explained in more detail in note F5 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

        However, pre-tax profits are determined after transfers to or from unallocated surplus of with-profits funds. These transfers are in turn determined after taking account of tax borne by with-profits funds. Consequently, reported profit before the total tax charge is not representative of pre-tax profits attributable to shareholders. In order to provide a measure of pre-tax profits attributable to shareholders Prudential has chosen to adopt an income statement presentation of the tax charge and pre-tax results that distinguishes between policyholder and shareholder components.

Segmental analysis of results and earnings attributable to shareholders

        Prudential uses operating profit based on longer-term investment returns as the segmental measure of its results. The basis of calculation is disclosed in the paragraph in this Item 5 "Results of Operations and Financial Condition" entitled "Analysis of IFRS basis operating profit based on longer-term investment returns and IFRS total profit".

        For shareholder-backed business, with the exception of debt securities held by Jackson and the majority of assets classified as loans and receivables, all financial investments and investment property are designated as assets at fair value through profit and loss. Short-term fluctuations in investment


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returns on such assets held by with-profits funds, do not affect directly reported shareholder results. This is because (i) the unallocated surplus of with-profits funds is accounted for as a liability and (ii) excess or deficits of income and expenditure of the funds over the required surplus for distribution are transferred to or from unallocated surplus. However, for shareholder-backed businesses the short-term fluctuations affect the result for the year and Prudential provides additional analysis of results to provide information on results before and after short-term fluctuations in investment returns.



Summary Consolidated Results and Basis of Preparation of Analysis

        The following table shows Prudential's consolidated total profit (loss) for the years indicated.


  
 Year Ended December 31,  
  
 Year Ended December 31,  

  
 2009 2008 2007  
  
 2010 2009 2008  

  
 (£ million)
  
  
 (£ million)
  

Total revenue, net of reinsurance

   48,099 (10,267) 32,870    47,646 48,099 (10,267) 

Total charges, net of reinsurance

   (46,535) 8,193 (31,812)    (45,574) (46,535) 8,193 
                

Profit (loss) before tax(being tax attributable to shareholders' and policyholders' returns)*

   1,564 (2,074) 1,058    2,072 1,564 (2,074) 

Tax attributable to policyholders' returns

   (818) 1,624 5    (611) (818) 1,624 
                

Profit (loss) before tax attributable to shareholders

   746 (450) 1,063    1,461 746 (450) 

    

Tax (expense)/credit

   (873) 1,683 (349) 

Tax (charge)/credit

   (636) (873) 1,683  

Less: tax attributable to policyholders' returns

   818 (1,624) (5)    611 818 (1,624) 

    

Tax attributable to shareholders' (losses) profits

   (55) 59 (354) 

Tax (charge)/credit attributable to shareholders' returns

   (25) (55) 59 
                

Profit (loss) from continuing operations after tax

   691 (391) 709    1,436 691 (391) 

Discontinued operations (net of tax)

   (14)  241     (14)  
                

Profit (loss) for the year

   677 (391) 950    1,436 677 (391) 
                

*
This measure is the formal loss before tax measure under IFRS but it is not the result attributable to shareholders. See "Presentation of results before tax" under IFRS Critical Accounting Policies section above for further explanation.

        Under IFRS, the pre-tax GAAP measure of profits is profit before policyholder and shareholder taxes. This measure is not relevant for reflecting pre-tax results attributable to shareholders for two reasons. Firstly, this profit measure represents the aggregate of pre-tax results attributable to shareholders and a pre-tax amount attributable to policyholders. Secondly, the amount is determined after charging the transfer to the liability for unallocated surplus, which in turn is determined in part by policyholder taxes borne by the ring-fenced with-profits funds. It is noted that this circular feature is specific to with-profits funds in the UK, and other similarly structured overseas funds, and should be distinguished from other products, which are referred to as "with-profits" and the general accounting treatment of premium or other policy taxes.

        Accordingly, Prudential has chosen to explain its consolidated results by reference to profits for the year, reflecting profit after tax. In explaining movements in profit for the period,year, reference is made to trends in profit before shareholder tax and the shareholder tax charge. The explanations of movement in profit before shareholder tax are shown below by reference to the profit analysis applied for segmental disclosure as shown in Note B1 of the consolidated financial statements in Item 18. This basis is used by management and reported externally to Prudential's UK, Hong Kong and Singapore shareholders and to the UK, shareholdersHong Kong and the UKSingapore financial market.markets. Separately, in this section, analysis of movements in profits before shareholder tax is provided by nature of revenue and charges.


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Explanation of Movements in Profits After Tax and Profits Before Shareholder Tax by Reference to the Basis Applied for Segmental Disclosure

(a)   Group overview

        Profit for the year after tax for 2010 was £1,436 million compared to £677 million for 2009. The increase of £759 million predominantly reflects movement in results from continuing operations after tax, which has improved from £691 million in 2009 to £1,436 million in 2010 and a loss from discontinued operations in 2009 of £14 million.

        The increase in profit from continuing operations after tax reflects an increase in profits before tax attributable to shareholders of £715 million, from a profit of £746 million in 2009 to £1,461 million in 2010 and a decrease in the tax charge attributable to shareholders of £30 million, from a £55 million charge in 2009 to a £25 million charge in 2010.The effective tax rate for 2010 was two per cent, compared to an effective tax rate of seven per cent for 2009. Further details are provided in note F5 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

        The total profit before tax from continuing operations attributable to shareholders was £1,461 million in 2010, compared with £746 million in 2009. The improvement reflects the increase in operating profit based on longer-term investment returns and the impact of one-off items. The profit in 2010 was reduced by the terminated AIA transaction costs of £377 million, whereas 2009 was adversely impacted by the £621 million loss recorded as part of the disposal of the Taiwan Agency business and IGD hedge costs of £235 million.

The £677 million profit for the year after tax for 2009 compared to a £391 million loss for 2008. This £1,068 million increase reflectsreflected a movement in results from continuing operations after tax, which improved from a loss of £391 million in 2008 to a profit of £691 million in 2009, and a loss from discontinued operations of £14 million.


        The increase in profit from continuing operations after tax reflectsreflected an increase in profits before tax attributable to shareholders of £1,196 million, from a loss of £450 million in 2008 to a profit of £746 million in 2009, partially offset by a £114 million increase in the tax charge attributable to shareholders, which increased from a £59 million credit in 2008 to a £55 million charge in 2009.The effective tax rate for 2009 was 7seven per cent, compared to an effective tax rate of 13 per cent for 2008. Further details are provided in note F5 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

        The movement in profit before tax attributable to shareholders primarily reflectsreflected improvements in three aspects of the Group's retained business (i.e., excluding the Taiwan agency business that was sold in June 2009, but including the retained bank distribution business), namely a £1,757 million improvement in short-term fluctuations in investment returns, an increase in the charge of £61 million in the level of actuarial and other gains and losses on the Group's defined benefit pension schemes and a £122 million increase in operating profit based on longer-term investment returns, which was partially offset by an increase of £622 million in losses in respect of the Taiwan agency business which was sold in June 2009 from a £1 million profit in the results in 2008 to a £621 million loss on sale and results up to the date of sale in 2009. These movements are discussed in detail in section (c) below.

        Loss for 2008 was £391 million compared with a profit of £950 million in 2007. This £1,341 million decrease reflects a movement from a profit from continuing operations after tax of £709 million in 2007 to a loss from continuing operations of £391 million in 2008 and a profit from discontinued operations of £241 million in 2007.

        The movement from a profit to a loss from continuing operations after tax reflects a movement from a profit to a loss before tax attributable to shareholders of £1,513 million, from a profit of £1,063 million in 2007 to a loss of £450 million in 2008, partially offset by a £413 million decrease in the tax attributable to shareholders, which fell from a charge of £354 million in 2007 to a credit of £59 million in 2008. The effective tax rate in 2008 was 13 per cent compared with 33 per cent in 2007. Further details are provided in note F5 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

        The movement from a profit before tax attributable to shareholders on continuing operations to a loss in 2008 reflects an increase in operating profit based on longer-term investment returns on continuing operations of £146 million, from £1,201 million in 2007 to £1,347 million in 2008, which was more than offset primarily by a £1,646 million negative movement in short-term fluctuations in investment returns taken to income, which increased from a charge of £137 million in 2007 to a charge of £1,783 million in 2008.

        In 2007, Prudential's discontinued operations related to the UK banking business following the sale of Egg Banking Plc on May 1, 2007. The 2009 charge reflected completion adjustments for a previously disposed business.

(b)   Summary by business segment and geographical region

        The Group's operating segments as determined under IFRS 8 are insurance operations split by territories in which the Group conducts business, which are Asia, the United States and the United Kingdom, and asset management operations split into M&G, which is the Group's UK and European asset management business, the Asian asset management business and the US broker-dealer and asset management business (including Curian).


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        The following table shows Prudential's IFRS consolidated total profit/(loss) for the years indicated presented by summary business segment and geographic region. The accounting policies applied to the segments below are the same as those used in the Group's consolidated accounts.


 
 Year Ended December 31, 2009 
 
 Asia US UK Unallocated
corporate
 Total 
 
 (£ million)
 

Insurance operations

  (218)* 588  489     859 

Asset management**

  42  3  219     264 
            

Total profit attributable to the segments

  (176) 591  708     1,123 

Unallocated corporate

           (432) (432)

Discontinued operations***

           (14) (14)
            

Total profit (loss) for the year

  (176) 591  708  (446) 677 
            
 
 Year Ended December 31, 2010 
 
 Asia US UK Unallocated
corporate
 Total 
 
 (£ million)
 

Insurance operations

  580  338  646    1,564 

Asset management**

  57  13  237    307 
            

Total (loss) profit attributable to the segments

  637  351  883    1,871 

Unallocated corporate***

        (435) (435)
            

Total (loss) profit for the year

  637  351  883  (435) 1,436 
            

 

 
 Year Ended December 31, 2008 
 
 Asia US UK Unallocated
corporate
 Total 
 
 (£ million)
 

Insurance operations

  19  (580) 320     (241)

Asset management

  39  1  55     95 
            

Total profit attributable to the segments

  58  (579) 375     (146)

Unallocated corporate

           (245) (245)
            

Total (loss) profit for the year

  58  (579) 375  (245) (391)
            
 
 Year Ended December 31, 2009 
 
 Asia US UK Unallocated
corporate
 Total 
 
 (£ million)
 

Insurance operations

  (218)* 588  489    859 

Asset management**

  42  3  219    264 
            

Total profit attributable to the segments

  (176) 591  708     1,123 

Unallocated corporate***

        (432) (432)

Discontinued operations****

        (14) (14)
            

Total profit (loss) for the year

  (176) 591  708  (446) 677 
            

 


 Year Ended December 31, 2007  Year Ended December 31, 2008 

 Asia US UK Unallocated
corporate
 Total  Asia US UK Unallocated
corporate
 Total 

 (£ million)
  (£ million)
 

Insurance operations

 55 300 310   665  19 (580) 320  (241)

Asset management

 72 9 162   243 

Asset management**

 39 1 55  95 
                      

Total profit attributable to the segments

 127 309 472   908  58 (579) 375  (146)

Unallocated corporate

       (199) (199)    (245) (245)

Discontinued operations***

       241 241 
                      

Total profit (loss) for the period

 127 309 472 42 950 

Total (loss) profit for the year

 58 (579) 375 (245) (391)
                      

*
Includes the loss on the sale of the Taiwan agency business of £559 million. Excluding this amount, the total profit for the period for Asian insurance operations would be £341 million.

**
For the US, including the broker dealer business and Curian.

***
The results for unallocated corporate for the year ended December 31, 2010 and 2009 include the impacts of the costs of the terminated AIA transaction and the IGD hedging respectively.

****
Additional information on discontinued operations is set out in note I9I10 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

Profit from insurance operations

        Total profit from insurance operations in 20092010 was £1,564 million compared to £859 million compared toin 2009 and a loss of £241 million in 2008 and a profit of £665 million in 2007.2008. All of the profits from insurance operations in 2010, 2009 2008 and 20072008 were from continuing operations. The 2009 figure includes the loss on sale of £559 million for the Taiwan agency business, the disposal of which was completed in June 2009 but did not qualify as a


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discontinued operation under IFRS. The movement in profits for insurance operations can be summarized as follows:



 Year Ended
December 31,
  Year Ended
December 31,
 

 2009 2008 2007  2010 2009 2008 

 (£ million)
  (£ million)
 

Profit before shareholder tax

 1,025 (183) 1,010  1,961 1,025 (183)

Shareholder tax

 (166) (58) (345) (397) (166) (58)
              

Profit (loss) after tax

 859 (241) 665  1,564 859 (241)
              

        The significantincrease of £936 million in profit before tax attributable to shareholders in 2010 compared to 2009 primarily reflects an increase in operating profits based on longer term investment returns and the results of 2009 being impacted by the loss on sale of the Taiwan agency business of £559 million. The increase over 2009 resulting from these factors was partially offset by a negative movement in short term fluctuations in investment returns.

        The increase of £1,208 million in profit before tax attributable to shareholders in 2009 compared to 2008 primarily reflects positive short-term fluctuations in investment returns and an increase in operating profit based on longer-term investment returns of the insurance operations, partially offset by the £559 million loss relating to theon sale of the Taiwan agency business. The loss arising on the sale of the Taiwan agency business is explained further in the comparison of total loss arising from Asian insurance operations below.

        The significant decrease of £1,193 million in profit before tax attributable to shareholders in 2008 compared to 2007 primarily reflects negative short-term fluctuations in investment returns, offset by an increase in operating profit based on longer-term investment returns of the insurance operations

        The effective shareholder tax rate on profits from insurance operations decreasedincreased from 16 per cent in 2009 to 20 per cent in 2010. This was due to a number of factors including:

        This was partly offset by:

        The effective shareholder tax rate on profits from insurance operations changed from a negative 32 per cent in 2008 to 16 per cent in 2009. This was due to a number of factors including:

        The movement on effective shareholder tax rate on profits from insurance operations from 34 per cent in 2007 to 32 per cent in 2008 was as a result of a number of factors including:

        In order to understand how Prudential's results are derived it is necessary to understand how profit emerges from its business. This varies from region to region, primarily due to differences in the nature of the products and regulatory environments in which Prudential operates.


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Asia

Basis of profits

        The assets and liabilities of contracts classified as insurance under IFRS 4 are determined in accordance with methods prescribed by local GAAP and adjusted to comply, where necessary, with UK GAAP. Under IFRS 4, subject to the conditions of that standard, the continued application of UK GAAP in this respect is permitted.


        For Asian operations in countries where local GAAP is not well established and in which the business is primarily non-participating and linked business, US GAAP is used as the most appropriate reporting basis. This basis is applied in Japan and Vietnam, and materially for 2008 and 2007, but less for 2009materially following the sale of the agency business in 2009, in Taiwan. For with-profits business in Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia, the basis of profit recognition is bonus driven as described under "United Kingdom—Basis of Profits" section below.

Comparison of total profit (loss) arising from Asian insurance operations

        The following table shows the movement in profit/(loss)/profit arising from Asian insurance operations for 2010, 2009 2008 and 2007:2008:

 
 Year Ended
December 31,
 
 
 2009 2008 2007 
 
 (£ million)
 

(Loss)/profit before shareholder tax

  (180) 92  103 

Shareholder tax

  (38) (73) (48)
        

(Loss)/profit after tax

  (218) 19  55 
        
 
 Year Ended
December 31,
 
 
 2010 2009 2008 
 
 (£ million)
 

Profit/(loss) before shareholder tax

  646  (180) 92 

Shareholder tax

  (66) (38) (73)
        

Profit/(loss) after tax

  580  (218) 19 
        

        The 2010 profit before tax attributable to shareholders of £646 million represented an increase of £272£826 million over the loss incurred in 2009 of £180 million. The increase was primarily due to the one-off loss in 2009 of £559 million, arising on the sale of the Taiwan agency business completed in June 2009; an increase in operating profit based on longer-term investment returns of £122 million in 2010 over 2009 and a positive change in short term fluctuations in investment returns of £83 million.

        The effective shareholder tax rate changed from negative 21 per cent in 2009 to 10 per cent in 2010 principally due to there being no tax relief on the loss relating to the sale of the Taiwan agency business in June 2009.

        The 2009 loss before tax attributable to shareholders of £180 million represented a decrease of £272 million over the profit incurred in 2008 to £180 million in 2009of £192 million. The decrease was primarily reflectsdue to the losses relating to the sale (as described below) and the trading results of the Taiwan agency business in 2009, partially offset by a favorablepositive change of £169 million in the short-term fluctuations in investment returns for shareholder-backed business and an increase of £179 million in operating profit based on longer-term investment returns.

        On the sale of the agency distribution business in Taiwan, a loss of £559 million was recorded. The overall size of the loss reflects the carrying value of the IFRS equity of the business as applied in the calculation of the loss on sale and the application of 'grandfathered' US GAAP under IFRS 4 for insurance assets and liabilities. US GAAP does not, and is not designed to, include the cost of holding economic capital to support the legacy interest rate guaranteed products as recognized under the Company's supplementary reporting basis under European Embedded Value principles. The IFRS loss on sale reflects this missing element of the economic value. Under IFRS there is no recognition of the enhanced Insurance Group's Directive ('IGD') capital surplus position arising on completion of the sale of £0.8 billion.

        Included in the loss on sale are associated fees and restructuring costs of £64 million, the most significant component of which is costs associated with the termination of employees. The loss on sale also includes a charge of £44 million for write off of goodwill attached to the business.

        A one off credit of £63 million arose in 2009 as a result of replacing the methodology for valuing the liabilities of the Malaysia life business by a method based on the Malaysian authority's risk based capital framework. The reason for this is as offramework on January 1, 2009, the local regulatory basis has been replaced by the Malaysian authority's risk-based capital (RBC) framework. In the light of this development, the Company has re-measured the liabilities by reference to the method applied under the new RBC framework, which is more realistic than the previous approach, but with an overlay constraint to the method such that negative reserves derived at an individual policyholder level are not included.2009.

        The effective shareholder tax rate changed from 79 per cent in 2008 to negative 21 per cent in 2009. This wasis primarily due to profits in certain countries being not taxable partly offset by the inability to fully recognize deferredobtain tax assetsrelief on losses carried forward.

        The £11 million decreasethe loss relating to the sale of the Taiwan agency business in profit before tax attributable to shareholders2009 and in 2008 arose primarily from a decrease in short-term fluctuations in investment returns included in the IFRS income statement



of £153 million, which fell from a profit of £15 million in 2007inability to a loss of £138 million in 2008. This was offset by an increase in operating profit based on longer-term investment returns of £106 million from £125 million in 2007 to £231 million in 2008.

        The effective shareholder tax rate increased from 47 per cent in 2007 to 79 per cent in 2008. This increase was due to taxrecognize losses in several jurisdictions which arewere not expected to be available for relief against future profits, and losses on investments in jurisdictions which do not provide corresponding tax relief.profits.


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United States

Basis of profits

        The underlying profit on Jackson's business predominantly arises from spread income from interest-sensitive products, such as fixed annuities, institutional products and fee income on variable annuities, which areannuity business with the insurance assets and liabilities of the business measured on a US GAAP basis. In addition, the results in any period include the incidence of gains and losses on assets classified as available-for-sale, and fair value movements on derivatives and securities classified as fair valued through profit and loss.

Comparison of total profit (loss) arising from US insurance operations

        The following table shows the movement in profitsprofits/(loss) arising from US insurance operations for 2010, 2009 2008 and 2007:2008:


 Year Ended
December 31,
  Year Ended
December 31,
 

 2009 2008 2007  2010 2009 2008 

 (£ million)
  (£ million)
 

Profit (loss) before shareholder tax

 486 (652) 426  455 486 (652)

Shareholder tax

 102 72 (126) (117) 102 72 
              

Profit (loss) after tax

 588 (580) 300  338 588 (580)
              

        The decrease in profit before tax attributable to shareholders of £31 million for 2010 compared to 2009 was due to a negative change of £246 million in the short-term fluctuations in investment returns reflected in the income statement, partially offset by an increase of £215 million in operating profit based on longer-term investment returns. The increase in operating profit based on longer-term investment returns was primarily due to higher separate account fee income and higher spread income in 2010 compared to 2009. The negative change of £246 million in the short-term fluctuations in investment returns includes the movements relating to the US operations' derivative and embedded derivative value movements which changed from a negative net equity hedge accounting effect of £159 million in 2009 to a negative £367 million in 2010. See section "(c) Additional explanation of performance measures and analysis of consolidated results by business segment and geographical region" below for explanation of the amendment made by the Group in 2010 of the presentation of this net equity hedge accounting effect in its supplementary analysis of profit.

        The effective tax rate on profit/(loss) from US operations changed from a negative 21 per cent in 2009 to a 26 per cent in 2010. The change was due to the 2009 rate having reflected the reversal of the valuation allowance set up in 2008 in respect of carried forward losses and thus being negative.

        Of the £1,138 million increase in profit before tax attributable to shareholders for 2009 compared to 2008, the main driver was a favorablepositive change of £1,085£855 million in the short-term value movementsfluctuations in financial instrumentsinvestment returns reflected in the income statement, and an increase of £53£283 million in operating profit based on longer-term investment returns. This increase in operating profit on longer-term investment returns was primarily from the effect of favorable exchange rate movements, increased operating profits from the fixed and fixed indexed annuity business and lower DAC amortization on variable annuity business as compared to 2008. These increases were offset by the combined negative accounting impact of equity market movements on Jackson's variable annuity business and related hedging program. The hedging program is undertaken on an economic basis and the accounting measurement does not always fully capture the economic effects.

        The effective tax rate on profit/(loss) from US operations increasedchanged from 11 per cent in 2008 to a creditnegative 21 per cent in 2009. The movementchange was caused by the ability to fully recognize deferred tax assets on losses brought forward which were previously unable to be recognized together with income subject to a lower level of taxation and the benefit of a deduction from taxable income of a proportion of dividends received attributabledue to the variable annuity business.

        The £1,078 million decreasereversal in 2009 of the valuation allowance set up in 2008 in respect of profit before tax attributable to shareholders reflects the change in short-term fluctuations in investment returns of £1,040 million, from a loss of £18 million in 2007 to a loss of £1,058 million in 2008 and a decrease in operating profit based on longer-term investment returns of £38 million, from £444 million in 2007 to £406 million in 2008.

        The effective tax rate on profits from US operations decreased from a charge of 30 per cent in 2007 to a credit of 11 per cent in 2008. The movement was caused by the benefit of a deduction from taxable income of a proportion of dividends received attributable to the variable annuity business.carried forward losses.


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United Kingdom

Basis of profits

        Prudential's results comprise an annual profit distribution to shareholders from its UK long-term with-profits fund, hereafter referred to as the with-profits fund, as well as profits from its other businesses. For most of Prudential's operations, other than its UK long-term insurance businesses, the IFRS basis of accounting matches items of income and related expenditure within the same accounting period. This is achieved through the deferral of acquisition costs and application of the accruals concept.

With-profits products

        For Prudential's UK insurance operations, the primary annual contribution to shareholders' profit comes from its with-profits products. With-profits products are designed to provide policyholders with smoothed investment returns through a mix of regular and final bonuses.

        Shareholders' profit in respect of bonuses from with-profits products represents an amount of up to one-ninth of the value of that year's bonus declaration to policyholders. The Board of directors of the subsidiary companies that have with-profits operations, using actuarial advice, determine the amount of regular and final bonuses to be declared each year on each group of contracts. The smoothing inherent in the bonus declarations provides for relatively stable annual shareholders' profit from this business.

Bonus rates

        Bonus rates are applied to with-profits policies in the UK and similar products in Singapore, Hong Kong and Malaysia. The most significant with-profits fund is in the UK where, as at December 31, 2009,2010, liabilities to with-profits policyholders were in aggregate of £55.6£59.5 billion. Liabilities to with-profits policyholders in Asia as at December 31, 20092010 were £8.8£11.0 billion. The details that follow are in respect of the UK with-profits business. The method by which bonuses for Prudential's Asia with-profits business are determined is substantially similar to the method by which bonuses for Prudential's UK with-profits business are determined.

        The main factors that influence the determination of bonus rates are the return on the investments of the with-profits fund, the effect of inflation, taxation, the expenses of the fund chargeable to policyholders and the degree to which investment returns are smoothed. The overall rate of return earned on investments and the expectation of future investment returns are the most important influences on bonus rates. A high proportion of the assets backing the with-profits business are invested in equities and real estate. If the financial strength of the with-profits fund were adversely affected, then a higher proportion of fixed interest or similar assets might be held by the fund.

        Further details on the determination of the two types of bonus ("regular" and "final"), the application of significant judgment, key assumptions and the degree of smoothing of investment returns in determining the bonus rates are provided below.

Regular bonus rates

        For regular bonuses, the bonus rates are determined for each type of policy primarily by targeting the bonus level at a prudent proportion of the long-term expected future investment return on underlying assets. The expected future investment return is reduced as appropriate for each type of policy to allow for items such as expenses, charges, tax and shareholders' transfers. However, the rates declared may differ by product type, or by the date of payment of the premium or date of issue of the policy or if the accumulated annual bonuses are particularly high or low relative to a prudent proportion of the achieved investment return.


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        When target bonus levels change, the PAC board of directors has regard to the overall strength of the long-term fund when determining the length of time over which it will seek to achieve the amended prudent target bonus level.

        In normal investment conditions, PAC expects changes in regular bonus rates to be gradual over time, and these are not expected to exceed one per cent per annum over any year. However, the directors of PAC retain the discretion whether or not to declare a regular bonus each year, and there is no limit on the amount by which regular bonus rates can change.

Final bonus rates

        A final bonus, which is normally declared yearly, may be added when a claim is paid or when units of a unitized product are realized.

        The rates of final bonus usually vary by type of policy and by reference to the period, usually a year, in which the policy commences or each premium is paid. These rates are determined by reference to the asset shares for the sample policies but subject to the smoothing approach, explained below.

        In general, the same final bonus scale applies to maturity, death and surrender claims except that:

Application of significant judgment

        The application of the above method for determining bonuses requires the PAC board of directors to apply significant judgment in many respects, including in particular the following:

Key assumptions

        As noted above, the overall rate of return on investments and the expectation of future investment returns are the most important influences in bonus rates, subject to the smoothing described below. Prudential determines the assumptions to apply in respect of these factors, including the effects of reasonably likely changes in key assumptions, in the context of the overarching discretionary and smoothing framework that applies to its with-profits business as described above. As such, it is not possible to quantify specifically the effects of each of these assumptions or of reasonably likely changes in these assumptions.

        Prudential's approach, in applying significant judgment and discretion in relation to determining bonus rates, is consistent conceptually with the approach adopted by other firms that manage a with-profits business. It is also consistent with the requirements of UK law, which require all UK firms


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that carry out a with-profits business to define, and make publicly available, the Principles and Practices of Financial Management ("PPFM") that are applied in the management of their with-profits funds.

        Accordingly, Prudential's PPFM contains an explanation of how it determines regular and final bonus rates within the discretionary framework that applies to all with-profits policies, subject to the general legislative requirements applicable. The purpose of Prudential's PPFM is therefore to:

        Furthermore, in accordance with industry-wide regulatory requirements, the PAC Board has appointed:

Smoothing of investment return

        In determining bonus rates for the UK with-profits policies, smoothing is applied to the allocation of the overall earnings of the UK with-profits fund of which the investment return is a significant element. The smoothing approach differs between accumulating and conventional with-profits policies to reflect the different contract features. In normal circumstances, Prudential does not expect most payout values on policies of the same duration to change by more than 10 per cent up or down from one year to the next, although some larger changes may occur to balance payout values between different policies. Greater flexibility may be required in certain circumstances, for example following a significant rise or fall in market values, and in such situations the PAC board of directors may decide to vary the standard bonus smoothing limits in order to protect the overall interests of policyholders.

        The degree of smoothing is illustrated numerically by comparing in the following table the relatively "smoothed" level of policyholder bonuses declared as part of the surplus for distribution with the more


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volatile movement in investment return and other items of income and expenditure of the UK component of the PAC with-profits fund for each year presented.


  
 2009 2008 2007  
  
 2010 2009 2008  

  
 (£ million)
  
  
 (£ million)
  

Net income of the fund:

  

Investment return

   10,461 (14,595) 5,881    8,815 10,461 (14,595) 

    

Claims incurred

   (6,253) (7,068) (6,512)    (6,390) (6,253) (7,068) 

Movement in policyholder liabilities

   (3,692) 13,504 (2,307)    (4,301) (3,692) 13,504  

Add back policyholder bonuses for the year (as shown below)

   1,827 2,565 2,522     2,019 1,827 2,565  

    

Claims incurred and movement in policyholder liabilities (including charge for provision for asset shares and excluding policyholder bonuses)

   (8,118) 9,001 (6,297)    (8,672) (8,118) 9,001 

Earned premiums, net of reinsurance

   3,063 2,927 4,181    3,148 3,063 2,927 

Other income

   (2) (36) 1,417    9 (2) (36) 

Acquisition costs and other operating expenditure

   (842) (408) (2,105)    (600) (842) (408) 

Tax (charge) credit

   (640) 1,191 (24)    (528) (640) 1,191 
                

Net income of the fund before movement in unallocated surplus

   3,922 (1,920) 3,053    2,172 3,922 (1,920) 

Movement in unallocated surplus

   (1,893) 4,769 (252)    70 (1,893) 4,769 
                

Surplus for distribution

   2,029 2,849 2,801    2,242 2,029 2,849 
                

Surplus for distribution allocated as follows:

  

—90 per cent policyholders bonus (as shown above)

   1,827 2,565 2,522    2,019 1,827 2,565 

—10 per cent shareholders' transfers

   202 284 279    223 202 284 
                

Total

   2,029 2,849 2,801    2,242 2,029 2,849 
                

Unallocated surplus

        The unallocated surplus represents the excess of assets over policyholder liabilities offor Prudential's with-profits funds. As allowed under IFRS 4, Prudential has opted to continue to record unallocated surplus of with-profits funds wholly as a liability. The annual excess or shortfall(shortfall) of income over expenditure of the with-profits funds, after declaration and attribution of the cost of bonuses to policyholders and shareholders, is transferred to or from,(from) the unallocated surplus each year through a charge or credit(credit) to the income statement. The balance retained in the unallocated surplus represents cumulative income arising on the with-profits business that has not been allocated to policyholders or shareholders. The balance of the unallocated surplus is determined after full provision for deferred tax on unrealized appreciation on investments.

        Changes to the level of the unallocated surplus do not directly impact shareholders' results or funds. After allowing for differences in the basis of preparation of the financial information and UK regulatory returns, movements in the level of the unallocated surplus are broadly indicative of movements in the excess of regulatory basis assets over liabilities of the fund. Differences in the basis of preparation of financial statements and UK regulatory returns arise principally from the treatment of certain regulatory basis liabilities, such as mismatching reserves (that are accounted for as reserves within the unallocated surplus), and asset valuation differences and admissibility deductions reflected in the regulatory returns. Except to the extent of any second order effects on other elements of the regulatory returns, such changes can be expected to have a consequent effect on the excess of assets over liabilities of the fund for the purposes of solvency calculations, and the related free asset ratio which is an indicator of the overall financial strength of the fund. Similar principles apply to Prudential's Asian with-profits business.


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Surplus assets and their use

        The liability for unallocated surplus comprises amounts Prudential expects to pay to policyholders in the future, the related shareholder transfers and surplus assets. These surplus assets have accumulated over many years from a variety of sources and provide the with-profits fund with working capital. This working capital permits Prudential to invest a substantial portion of the assets of the with-profits fund in equity securities and real estate, smooth investment returns to with-profits policyholders, keep its products competitive, write new business without being constrained as to cash flows in the early policy years and demonstrate solvency.

        In addition, Prudential can use surplus assets to absorb the costs of significant events, such as fundamental strategic change in its long-term business and, with the consent of the UK regulator, the cost of its historical pensions mis-selling, without affecting the level of distributions to policyholders and shareholders. The costs of fundamental strategic change may include investment in new technology, redundancy and restructuring costs, cost overruns on new business and the funding of other appropriate long-term insurance related activities, including acquisitions.

The "SAIF" and "PAL" funds

        Prudential's with-profits fund also includes the SAIF and the wholly-owned subsidiary, PAL. All assets of the SAIF business are solely attributable to former policyholders of Scottish Amicable Life Assurance Society (predating the acquisition of Scottish Amicable by Prudential in October 1997). Since PAL is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the with-profits fund, profits from this business affect shareholders' profits only to the extent that they affect the annual with-profits bonus declaration and resultant transfer to shareholders.

Accounting for with-profits business

        For with-profits business (including non-participating business of Prudential Annuities Limited which is owned by the PAC with-profits fund), adjustments to liabilities and any related tax effects are recognized in the income statement. However, except for any impact on the annual declaration of bonuses, shareholder profit for with-profits business is unaffected. This is because IFRS basis profits for the with-profits business, which are determined on the same basis as on preceding UK GAAP, solely reflect one-ninth of the cost of bonuses declared for the year.

Fair value of assets

        Changes in the fair value of assets of Prudential's long-term with-profits funds will primarily be reflected in the excess of assets over liabilities recorded as the unallocated surplus. Shareholders' profits from with-profits business and shareholders' funds are not directly impacted by movements in the fair values of the assets. However, current investment performance is a factor that is taken into account in the setting of the annual declaration of bonuses which, in turn, affects UK shareholder profits to the extent of one-ninth of the cost of bonus.

Investment returns

        For with-profits business, investment returns together with other income and expenditure are recorded within the income statement. However, the difference between net income of the fund and the cost of bonuses and related statutory transfers is reflected in an amount transferred to, or from, the unallocated surplus within the income statement. Except to the extent of current investment returns being taken into account in the setting of a bonus policy, the investment returns of a with-profits fund in a particular year do not affect shareholder profits or with-profits funds.


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Comparison of total profit arising from UK insurance operations

        Profit after tax from UK insurance operations increased by £169£157 million from £320 million in 2008 to £489 million in 2009:2009 to £646 million in 2010:

        The following table shows the movement in profits arising from UK insurance operations for 2010, 2009 2008 and 2007:2008:


 Year Ended
December 31,
  Year Ended
December 31,
 

 2009 2008 2007  2010 2009 2008 

 (£ million)
  (£ million)
 

Profit before shareholder tax

 719 377 481  860 719 377 

Shareholder tax

 (230) (57) (171) (214) (230) (57)
              

Profit after tax

 489 320 310  646 489 320 
              

        The increase in 2010 in profit before tax attributable to shareholders of £141 million primarily reflects the increase in operating profit based on longer-term investment returns of £62 million, a small positive change in short-term fluctuations in investment returns of £8 million and a decrease in shareholders' share of actuarial losses on defined benefit pension scheme of £41 million. In addition, a gain of £30 million was recorded in 2010 upon the dilution of the UK insurance operations' holding in PruHealth, as described further below under section (c) "Explanation of Movements in Profits After Tax and Profits Before Shareholder Tax by Reference to the Basis Applied for Segmental Disclosure". The improvement in the operating profit based on longer-term investment returns compared to 2009 reflects the benefit of cost saving initiatives, higher with-profits income and increased annuity profits.

        The effective shareholder tax rate on profits from UK insurance operations for 2010 of 25 per cent compared with the effective tax rate of 32 per cent in 2009 was due to favorable routine revisions to prior period tax returns in 2010.

        The increase in 2009 in profit before tax attributable to shareholders of £342 million primarily reflects an increase in operating profit based on longer-term investment returns of £68 million and a favorablepositive change in the value of short-term fluctuations in investment returns of the shareholder-backed business of £320 million partially offset by an increase in shareholders' share of actuarial losses on defined benefit pension schemesscheme of £46 million (2008: nil).million. The increase in the operating profit based on longer-term investment returns resulted from growth in the shareholder-backed annuity business, partially offset by a reduction in profits attributable to the with-profits business. The reduction in profits attributable to with-profits business reflected the impact of bonus rate reductions in the February 2009 bonus declaration made in response to recent volatile investment performance. Operating profit based on longer-term incrementinvestment returns in 2009 included general insurance commission of £51 million (2008:compared with £44 million).million for 2008.

        The effective shareholder tax rate on profits from UK insurance operations for 2009 of 32 per cent compared with the effective tax rate of 15 per cent in 2008 was due to adjustments in respect of the prior year tax charge and different tax bases of the UK life business.

        The decreasesettlement in 2008 in profit before tax attributable to shareholders of £104 million primarily reflects an increase in short-term fluctuations in investment returns charged to income of £165 million from a £47 million charge in 2007 to a £212 million charge in 2008, partially offset by growth in operating profit based on longer-term investment returns of £61 million from £528 million in 2007 to £589 million in 2008. Profit before tax in 2008 included general insurance commission of £44 million (2008: £4 million).

        The effective shareholder tax rate on profits from UK insurance operations decreased from 36 per cent in 2007 to 15 per cent in 2008. The decrease mainly related to prior year adjustments arising from routine revisions of tax returns, the settlement ofsome outstanding issues with HM Revenue and CustomsHMRC at an amount below that previously provided and the different tax basesprovided.


Table of UK life business.Contents

Profit from asset management

        Total profit from asset management increased from £140 million in 2008 to £353 million in 2009.2009 to £420 million in 2010. The following table shows the movement in profits from asset management for 2010, 2009 2008 and 2007:2008:


 Year Ended
December 31,
  Year Ended
December 31,
 

 2009 2008 2007  2010 2009 2008 

 (£ million)
  (£ million)
 

Profit before shareholder tax

 353 140 344  420 353 140 

Shareholder tax

 (89) (45) (101) (113) (89) (45)
              

Profit after tax

 264 95 243  307 264 95 
              

        The £67 million increase from 2009 to 2010 in profit before tax attributable to shareholders resulted primarily from an increase in profit generated by M&G, which increased from a profit before tax of £294 million in 2009 to a profit before tax of £326 million in 2010. The Group's profit before shareholder tax for the Asian asset management operations increased by £17 million and for the US broker-dealer and asset management operations increased by £18 million from 2009 to 2010.

        The £32 million increase in profit before tax attributable to M&G reflects an increase of £46 million in operating profit based on longer-term investment returns, a decrease of £9 million in the actuarial loss on its defined benefit scheme, partially offset by a negative change in the short-term fluctuations in investment returns of £23 million. The increase in operating profit based on longer-term investment returns was primarily driven by favorable equity market levels and exceptionally strong net inflows particularly from the retail business over 2009 and 2010.

        The effective tax rate on profits from asset management operations increased from 25 per cent in 2009 to 27 per cent in 2010. The increase in the effective tax rate is a result of less non taxable income in the UK compared to prior years.

        The £213 million increase infrom 2008 to 2009 in profit before tax attributable to shareholders resulted primarily from an increase in profit generated by M&G, which increased from a profit before tax of £81 million in 2008 to a profit before tax of £294 million in 2009. The Group's profit before shareholder tax for the Asian asset management operations increased by £3 million and for the US broker-dealer operations decreased by £3 million from 2008 to 2009.

        The £213 million increase in profit before tax attributable to M&G reflected favorablepositive movements of £265 million in respect of short-term fluctuations in investment returns, which were partially offset by a decrease in operating profit based on longer-term investment returns of £48 million and a decrease in actuarial gains and losses on its defined benefit scheme of £4 million. The increase in operating profit based on longer-term investment returns reflected the relative levels of equity markets between 2008 and 2009.

        The effective tax rate on profits from asset management operations decreased from 32 per cent in 2008 to 25 per cent in 2009. The decrease in effective rate reflects lower taxes in Asia and on certain income in the UK.

        The £204 million decrease in profit before tax attributable to shareholders in 2008 resulted primarily from a decrease in profit generated by M&G, which decreased from a profit before tax of £263 million in 2007 to a profit before tax of £81 million in 2008. The Group's profit before shareholder tax for the Asian asset management operations decreased by £20 million and for the US broker-dealer operations decreased by £2 million from 2007 to 2008.

        The £182 million decrease in profit before tax attributable to M&G reflected unfavorable movements of £199 million in respect of short-term fluctuations in investment returns, which were partially offset by an increase in operating profit based on longer-term investment returns of £32 million. Actuarial losses on its defined benefit scheme increased by £15 million.

        The effective tax rate on profits from asset management operations increased from 29 per cent in 2007 to 32 per cent in 2008. The increase in effective rate reflects the inability to use losses incurred in 2008, offsetting lower tax rates in Asia and on certain income in the UK.

Unallocated corporate result

        Total net of tax charges for unallocated corporate activity increased by £3 million from £432 million in 2009 to £435 million in 2010 and by £187 million from £245 million in 2008 to £432 million in 2009 and by £46 million from £199 million in 2007 to £245 million in 2008.2009.


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        The following table shows the movement in the unallocated corporate result for 2010, 2009 2008 and 2007:2008:


 Year Ended
December 31,
  Year Ended
December 31,
 

 2009 2008 2007  2010 2009 2008 

 (£ million)
  (£ million)
 

Loss before shareholder tax

 (632) (407) (291) (920) (632) (407)

Shareholder tax

 200 162 92  485 200 162 
              

Loss after tax

 (432) (245) (199) (435) (432) (245)
              

        The 2010 loss before shareholder tax of £920 million includes costs of £377 million incurred in relation to the proposed, and subsequently terminated, transaction to purchase AIA Group Limited. Further details of these costs are presented in Note B1 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18 of this annual report. The year on year movement in loss before shareholder tax primarily also resulted from an adverse movement in other income and expenditure (including restructuring and Solvency II implementation costs) of £103 million, from £418 million in 2009 to £521 million in 2010, partially offset by a positive change of £178 million in short-term fluctuations in investment returns from a loss of £200 million in 2009 to a loss of £22 million in 2010 and a positive change of £14 million in actuarial gains and losses on Prudential's defined benefit pension scheme.

        The increase of £103 million in net other expenditure primarily reflects an increase in interest payable on core structural borrowings and Solvency II implementation costs of £45 million incurred in 2010.

        The positive change of £178 million in short-term fluctuations in investment returns was mainly due to a one-off £235 million cost arising from the hedge temporarily put in place during the first quarter of 2009 to protect the Group's IGD capital surplus in the light of exceptional market conditions at that time. During the severe equity market conditions experienced in the first quarter of 2009 coupled with historically high equity volatility, the Group entered into exceptional short-dated hedging contracts to protect against potential tail-events on the IGD capital position, in addition to the regular operational hedging programs. The hedge contracts expired in 2009 and were not renewed.

        The effective tax rate on the unallocated corporate result increased from 32 per cent in 2009 to 53 per cent in 2010. This was due to an exceptional tax credit which primarily relates to the impact of the settlement agreed in 2010 with the UK tax authorities and the ability to recognize a deferred tax credit on various tax losses which Prudential was previously unable to recognize, partly offset by the inability to fully recognize a tax credit in respect of non deductable capital costs incurred in relation to the terminated AIA transaction.

        The movement in 2009 in loss before shareholder tax primarily resulted from an adverse movement in other income and expenditure of £130 million, from £288 million in 2008 to £418 million in 2009, a negative movement of £82 million in short-term fluctuations in investment returns, from a loss of £118 million in 2008 to a loss of £200 million in 2009, and an adverse change of £13 million in actuarial gains and losses on the Group's defined benefit pension schemes in 2009 in comparison to 2008. The change of £130 million in other income primarily reflects lower returns on central funds as a result of



falling interest rates, an increase in interest payable on core structural borrowings and the non-recurrence in 2009 of a positive one-off 2008 item of profit on the sale of a seed capital investment in an Indian mutual fund.

The total unallocated corporate result for 2009 included a one-off £235 million cost arising from the hedge temporarily put in place during the first quarter to protect the Group's IGD capital surplus in the light of exceptional market conditions. During the severe equity market conditions experienced in the first quarter of 2009 coupled with historically high equity volatility, the Group entered into exceptional short-dated hedging contracts to protect against potential tail-events on the IGD capital position, in addition to the regular operational hedging programs. The hedge contracts have expired and have not been renewed. The total unallocated corporate result for 2009 included a one-off £235 million cost arising from the hedge.as described above.

        The movements in 2009 on unallocated actuarial and other gains and losses on the Group's defined benefit pension schemes were primarily due to the provision set up for deficit funding which was partly


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offset by gains in respect of changes of assumptions for scheme liabilities and actual returns on schemes assets being higher than the expected returns.

        The effective tax rate on the unallocated corporate result decreased from 40 per cent in 2008 to 32 per cent in 2009. This was due to the ability to now recognize in 2009 a deferred tax asset on various tax losses which Prudential was previously unable to recognize offset by adjustments in respect of the prior year tax charge.

        The movement in loss before shareholder tax in 2008 primarily resulted from a negative movement of £112 million in short-term fluctuations in investment returns, from a loss of £6 million in 2007 to a loss of £118 million in 2008, and an adverse change of £5 million in actuarial gains and losses on the Group's defined benefit pension schemes in 2008 in comparison to 2007.

        The effective tax rate on the unallocated corporate result increased from 32 per cent in 2007 to 40 per cent in 2008. This was due to the settlement of issues with the HMRC at amounts below those previously provided and a reduction in amounts previously provided on outstanding issues with HMRC which was partially offset by the inability to recognize a deferred tax asset on various tax losses.

(c)   Additional explanation of performance measures and analysis of consolidated results by business segment and geographical region

        The GroupPrudential uses a performance measure of operating profit based on longer-term investment returns. The directors believe that this performance measure better reflects underlying performance. It is the basis used by management for the reasons outlined below. It is also the basis on which analysis of the Group's results has been provided to UK shareholders and the UK financial market for some years under long standing conventions for reporting by proprietary UK life assurers.

        The Group's operating segments as determined under IFRS 8 are insurance operations split by territories in which the Group conducts business, which are Asia, the United States and the United Kingdom, and asset management operations split into M&G, which is the Group's UK and European asset management business, the Asian asset management business and the US broker-dealer and asset management business (including Curian). Segment results that are reported to the Group Executive Committee ('GEC') include items directly attributable to a segment as well as those that can be allocated on a reasonable basis. Unallocated items are mainly in relation to the Group Head Office and Asia Regional Head Office. This is consistent with how the Group has been presenting its results in its supplementary analysis of profit before tax attributable to shareholders.

        Longer-term investment returns included within the performance measure are determined by reference to expected long-term rates of return. These are intended to reflect historical rates of return on assets and, where appropriate, current inflation expectations adjusted for consensus economic and



investment forecasts. The overriding reason for distinguishing longer-term investment returns from short-term fluctuations is that the investments are generally held for the longer-term to back long duration insurance contract liabilities and solvency capital rather than for short-term trading purposes.

        Furthermore, the income statement recognition of investment appreciation, short-term value movements on derivatives, and the charge for the policyholder benefits under IFRS 4 give rise to accounting mismatches that are not representative of the underlying economic position.

        Additional details on the determination of operating profit based on longer-term investment returns are provided below.

Determining operating segments and performance measure of operating segments

Prudential determines and presents operating segments based on the information that is internally is provided to the Group Executive Committee ("GEC"), which is Prudential's chief operating decision maker.

        An operating segment is a component of Prudential that engages in business activities from which it may earn revenues and incur expenses, including revenues and expenses that relate to transactions with any of Prudential's other components. An operating segment's operating results are reviewed regularly by the GEC to make decisions about resources to be allocated to the segment and assess its performance, and for which discrete financial information is available.

        The operating segments identified by Prudential reflect Prudential'sits organizational structure, which is by both geography (Asia, US and UK) and by product line (insurance operations versusand asset management). Prudential's operating segments as determined under IFRS 8, are:are as follows:

        Prudential Capital has been incorporated into the M&G operating segment for the purposes of segment reporting. Prudential's operating segments are also its reportable segments.

        The performance measure of operating segments utilized by Prudential is IFRS operating profit based on longer termlonger-term investment returns attributable to shareholders. This measure excludes the recurrent items of short-term fluctuations in investment returns and the shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes. In addition, for 20092010 this measure excludesexcluded costs associated with the terminated AIA transaction and gain arising upon the dilution of the Group's holding in PruHealth. For 2009 it excluded the non-recurrent cost of hedging Prudential IGD capital surplus included within short-term fluctuations in investment returns. In 2009, Prudential sold its Taiwan agency business. In order to facilitate comparisons on a like-for-like basis,returns and the loss on sale and the results of the Taiwan agency business during the period of ownership (including thoseownership. In 2010 the Company amended its presentation of operating profit for its US insurance operations to exclude the 2008net equity hedge accounting effect previously included relating principally to its variable annuity business as explained


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below. These amounts are included in short-term fluctuations in investment returns. Prior year comparatives have been amended accordingly. There is no change to total profit for continuing operations before tax attributable to shareholders arising from this altered treatment. Operating earnings per share is based on operating profit based on longer-term investment returns, after tax and 2007 comparatives) are shown separately withinnon-controlling interests. Further details on the segmental analysisdetermination of profit.the performance measure of "operating profit based on longer-term investment returns" is provided below in note A4 (d) to the consolidated financial statements in item 18.

        Segment results that are reported to the GEC include items directly attributable to a segment as well as those that can be allocated on a reasonable basis. Unallocated items are mainly in relation to the Group Head Office and Asia Regional Head Office.


        For the purposes of measuring operating profit based on longer-term investment returns, investment returns on shareholder-financed business are based on the expected longer-term rates of return. This reflects the particular features of long-term insurance business where assets and liabilities are held for the long term and for which the accounting basis for insurance liabilities under current IFRS is not generally conducive to demonstrating trends in underlying performance for life businesses exclusive of changes in market conditions. In determining profit on this basis, the following key elements are applied to the results of Prudential's shareholder-financed operations.

        The approach to determining profit on this basis was altered in 2010 from that previously applied in 2009 and 2008 in respect of the net equity hedge accounting effect for variable and fixed index annuity US life business. Comparative results have been adjusted accordingly. The approach to determining operating profit based on longer-term investment returns reflected in segment results is as follows:

(i) Debt and equity securities

        Longer-term investment returns comprise income and longer-term capital returns. For debt securities, the longer-term capital returns comprise two elements. These are a risk margin reserve ("RMR") based charge for expected defaults, which is determined by reference to the credit quality of the portfolio, and amortization of interest-related realized gains and losses to operating results based on longer-term investment returns to the date when sold bonds would have otherwise matured. The shareholder-backed operation for which the risk margin reserve charge is most significant is Jackson National Life. The RMR charge forFor 2010 and 2009 Jackson is based on long-term average default and recovery data as publishedhas used the ratings resulting from the regulatory ratings detail issued by Moody's. During 2009 refinements were made to the RMR process following the National Association of Insurance Commissioners ("NAIC") issuing risk-based capital valuation data(NAIC) for residential mortgage-backed securities (RMBS) to determine the average annual RMR. In addition, in 2010, NAIC extended the new ratings framework to commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS), which Jackson has used for 2010. These were developed by external third parties, PIMCO (for RMBS) and BlackRock Solutions (for CMBS), and are considered by management more relevant information for the mortgage-backed securities concerned than 20,000 RMBS securities.

        Longer-term equity returns comprise aggregate long-term income and capital returns.using ratings by Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations (NRSRO). For other securities Jackson uses ratings by NRSRO.

Derivative value movements(ii) US variable and fixed index annuity business

Current treatment

        ValueThe following value movements for Jackson's variable and fixed index annuity business are excluded from operating profit based on longer-term investment returns:


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Change of treatment in 2010

        For previous reporting of the 2009 and 2008 results, all of the above items were included in operating profit based on longer-term investment returns.returns with the intention of broadly matching the impacts with two exceptions. The inclusionexceptions were for the effect of GMIB reinsurance and movements in carrying values of free standing derivatives and embedded derivatives arising from changes in the level of observed implied equity volatility and changes in the discount rate applied from year to year. Both of these movements is so as to broadly matchitems remain in short-term fluctuations in investment returns in 2010.

        Previously, for the purposes of determining operating profit based on longer-term investment returns, the charge for these features was determined using historical longer-term equity volatility levels and long-term average AA corporate bond rate curves with the resultsmovement relating to the change in difference in long-term and current rates being included in short-term fluctuations.

        However, despite this use of longer-term equity volatility assumption levels and AA corporate bond rate curves, accounting volatility arose within the operating profit based on longer-term investment returns that was not representative of the underlying economic result. This feature arose due to the movement in the change in the accounting values of the derivatives and Jackson's liabilities for variable and fixed indexed annuity guarantees included in the operating profit. Under IFRS, liabilities for GMDB and "for life" GMWB are not fair valued. Instead, they are accounted for under IFRS using "grandfathered" US GAAP in accordance with FASB ASC Subtopic 944-80, Financial Services—Insurance—Separate Accounts (formerly SOP 03-1). This accounting basis produces a distorting accounting effect on the Jacksonoperating profit that is not representative of the true economics of Jackson's hedging program. Over the long term the impact of this accounting distortion should cumulatively net out to a broadly neutral effect, but in the short term the operating profit can be highly volatile. The recent growth in Jackson's variable annuity book that pertain to equity market movements, (subject to some limitations for GMDB products where US GAAP insurance accounting does not fully reflectbusiness had resulted in this short-term effect having a greater impact on the economic features being hedged). TheseGroup operating profit than in prior years. Further, these accounting mismatches are magnified in a periodperiods of significant market movements. These factors have prompted a reassessment of the presentation of operating profit based on longer-term investment returns.

        OtherThe following items have been reclassified from operating profit to short-term fluctuations in investment returns:


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        The change reflects management's IFRS 8 segment measure. Within the supplementary analysis of profit, the change is presentational only. It has no impact on profit before tax or shareholders' equity. The impact of this change is as follows:

 
 2010 2009 2008 
 
 Previous
basis
 Change Revised
basis
 Previous
basis
 Change Revised
basis
 Previous
basis
 Change Revised
basis
 
 
 £million
 £million
 £million
 £million
 £million
 £million
 £million
 £million
 £million
 

Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns

                            
 

Jackson

  466  367  833  459  159  618  406  (71) 335 
 

Rest of Group

  1,108    1,108  946    946  877    877 
                    
 

Total

  1,574  367  1,941  1,405  159  1,564  1,283  (71) 1,212 

Short-term fluctuations in investment returns on shareholder-backed business

  244  (367) (123) 36  (159) (123) (1,721) 71  (1,650)

Shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and loss on defined benefit pension schemes

  (10)   (10) (74)   (74) (13)   (13)

Costs of terminated AIA transaction

  (377)   (377)            

Gain on dilution of holding in PruHealth

  30    30             

Loss on sale and results of Taiwan agency business

        (621)    (621) 1    1 
                    

Profit from continuing operations before tax attributable to shareholders

  1,461    1,461  746    746  (450)    (450)
                    

US operations—Embedded derivatives for variable annuity guarantee features

        The Guaranteed Minimum Income Benefit (GMIB) liability, which is fully reinsured, subject to a deductible and annual claim limits, is accounted for in accordance with FASB ASC Subtopic 944-80 Financial Services—Insurance—Separate Accounts (formerly SOP 03-1) under IFRS using "grandfathered" US GAAP. As the corresponding reinsurance asset is net settled, it is considered to be a derivative under IAS 39 and the asset is therefore recognized at fair value. As the GMIB benefit is economically reinsured the mark-to-market element of the reinsurance asset is included as a component of short-term fluctuations in investment returns.

(iii) Derivative value movements

        Derivative value movements are excluded from operating results based on longer-term investment returns. TheseNon-equity based derivatives are primarily held by Jackson as part of a broadly basedbroadly-based hedging program for features of Jackson's bond portfolio (for which value movements are booked directly to shareholders' equityin the statement of comprehensive income rather than the income statement) and product liabilities (for which US GAAP accounting as grandfathered under IFRS 4 does not reflect the economic features being hedged).

        These key elements are of most importanceValue movements for Jackson's equity-based derivatives and variable and fixed index annuity product embedded derivatives were in determining theprior periods included in operating resultsprofits based on longer-term investment returnsreturns. In 2010 these value movements, which are variable in nature, have been included in short-term fluctuations and 2009 comparatives have been adjusted accordingly.


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        There are two exceptions to the basis described above for determining operating results based on longer-term investment returns. These are for:

        For such business, the policyholder unit liabilities are directly reflective of the asset value movements. Accordingly, all asset value movements are recorded in the operating results based on longer-term investment returns.

        For UK annuity business, policyholder liabilities are determined by reference to current interest rates. The value movements of the assets covering liabilities are closely correlated with the related change in liabilities. Accordingly, asset value movements are recorded within the "operating results based on longer-term investment returns". Policyholder liabilities include a margin for credit as explained



in note D2(f)(iii) of the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.risk. Variations between actual and best estimate expected impairments are recorded as a component of short-term fluctuations in investment returns.

Liabilities(iv) Other liabilities to policyholders and embedded derivatives for product guarantees

        Under IFRS, the degree to which the carrying values of liabilities to policyholders are sensitive to current market conditions varies between territories depending upon the nature of the 'grandfathered'"grandfathered" measurement basis. In general, in those instances where the liabilities are particularly sensitive to routine changes in market conditions, the accounting basis is such that the impact of market movements on the assets and liabilities areis broadly equivalent in the income statement, and operating profit based on longer-term investment returns is not distorted. In these circumstances, there is no need for the movement in the liability to be bifurcated between the elementelements that relatesrelate to longer-term market conditions and short-term effects.

        However, some types of business movements in liabilities do require bifurcation to ensure that at the net level (i.e. after allocated investment returnsreturn and change for policyholder benefits) the operating result reflects longer-term market returns.

        Examples where such bifurcation is necessary are:

a    Asia

Vietnamese participating business

        For the participating business in Vietnam, the liabilities include policyholders' interest in investment appreciation and other surplus. Bonuses paid in a reporting period and accrued policyholderpolicyholders' interest in investment appreciation and other surpluses primarily reflect the level of realized investment gains above contract-specific hurdle levels. For this business operating profit based on longer-term investment returns includes the aggregate of longer-term returns on the relevant investments, a credit or charge equal to movements on the liability for the policyholders' interest in realized investment gains (net of any recovery of prior deficits on the participating pool), less amortization over five years of current and prior movements on such credits or charges.

        The overall purpose of these adjustments is to ensure that investment returns included in operating results equal longer-term returns but that in any one reporting period movements on liabilities to policyholders caused by investment returns are substantially matched in the presentation of the segmentalsupplementary analysis of profit before tax attributable to policyholders.


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Non-participating business

        Liabilities are bifurcated so that the total movement in the carrying value of liabilities is split between that which is included in operating results based on longer-term investment returns, and the residual element for the effect of using year-end rates is included in short-term fluctuations and in the income statements.statement.

Guaranteed Minimum Death Benefit ("GMDB") product features

        For unhedged Guaranteed Minimum Death Benefit ("GMDB")GMDB liabilities accounted for under IFRS using 'grandfathered'"grandfathered" US GAAP, such as in the Japanese business, the change in carrying value is determined under FASB Accounting Standards Codification Subtopic 944-80 Financial Services—Insurance Separate Account (formerly SOP 03-1), which partially reflects changes in market conditions. Under Prudential's supplementarysegmental basis of reporting, the operating profit based on longer-term investment returns reflects the change in liability based on longer-term market conditions with the difference between the charge to the operating result and the movement reflected in the total result included in short-term fluctuations in investment returns.


US operations—embedded derivatives for variable annuity guarantee features

        Under IFRS, the Guaranteed Minimum Withdrawal Benefit ("GMWB") and Guaranteed Minimum Income Benefit ("GMIB") reinsurance are required to be fair valued as embedded derivatives. The movements in carrying values are affected by changes in the level of observed implied equity volatility and changes to the discount rate applied from year to year. For these embedded derivatives, as described in note D3(i) to Prudential's consolidated financial statements in Item 18, the discount rate applied reflects AA corporate bond curve rates. For the purposes of determining operating profit based on longer-term investment returns, the charge for these features is determined using historical longer-term equity volatility levels and long-term average AA corporate bond rate curves.

b    UK shareholder-backed annuity business

        With one exception, the operating result based on longer-term investment returns reflects the impact of all value movements on policyholder liabilities for annuity business in PRIL and the PAC non-profit sub-fund.

        The exception is for the impact on credit risk provisioning of actual downgrades during the year.period. As this feature arises due to short-term market conditions the effect of downgrades, if any, in a particular period, on the overall provisions for credit risksrisk is included in the category of short-term fluctuations in investment returns.

        The effects of other changes to credit risk provisioning are included in the operating result, as is the net effect of changes to the valuation rate of interest applieddue to portfolio rebalancing to align more closely with the management benchmark.

c    Fund management and other non-insurance businesses

        For these businesses, the particular features applicable for life assurance noted above do not apply. For these businesses, it is inappropriate to include returns in the operating result on the basis described above. Instead, it is appropriate to generally include realized gains and losses (including impairments) in the operating result with unrealized gains and losses being included in short-term fluctuations. For this purpose impairments are calculated as the credit loss determined by comparing the projected cash flows discounted at the original effective interest rate with the carrying value. In some instances it may also be appropriate to amortize realized gains and losses on derivatives and other financial instruments to operating results over a time period that reflects the underlying economic substance of the arrangements.

Actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes

        Actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes principally reflect short-term value movements on scheme assets and the effects of changes in actuarial assumptions. Under Prudential's accounting policies these items are recordsrecorded within the income statement, rather than through other comprehensive income, solely due to the interaction of Prudential's approach to adoption of IFRS 4 for with-profits funds and the requirements of IAS 19.


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Reconciliation of total lossprofit (loss) by business segment and geography to IFRS operating profit based on longer-term investment returns

Analysis of IFRS operating profit based on longer-term investment returns and IFRS total profit

        A reconciliation of lossprofit (loss) before tax (including tax attributable to policyholders' returns) to lossprofit (loss) before tax attributable to shareholders and loss for the period is shown below.

 
 2009 2008 2007 
 
 (£ million)
 

Insurance business

          

Long-term business(ii)

          
 

Asia

  416  257  140 
 

US(iv)

  459  406  444 
 

UK

  606  545  524 

Development expenses

  (6) (26) (15)
        

Long-term business profit

  1,475  1,182  1,093 

UK general insurance commission(v)

  51  44  4 

Asset management business

          
 

M&G

  238  286  254 
 

Asia asset management

  55  52  72 
 

Curian

  (6) (3) (5)
 

US broker-dealer and asset management(iv)

  10  10  13 
        

  1,823  1,571  1,431 
        

Other income and expenditure(viii)

  (395) (260) (260)

Restructuring costs(ix)

  (23) (28) (19)
        

Total IFRS operating profit based on longer-term investment returns(i)

  1,405  1,283  1,152 

Short-term fluctuations in investment returns(vi)

          
 

Insurance operations

  166  (1,408) (50)
 

IGD hedge costs

  (235)    
 

Other operations

  105  (313) (1)
        

Total short-term fluctuations in investment returns

  36  (1,721) (51)

Shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes(vii)

  (74) (13) (1)
        

Profit/(loss) before loss on sale and results of Taiwan agency business

  1,367  (451) 1,100 

(Loss) gain on sale and results of Taiwan agency business(iii)

  (621) 1  (37)
        

Profit (loss) before tax from continuing operations attributable to shareholders

  746  (450) 1,063 

Tax (charge) credit attributable to shareholders' profit

  (55) 59  (354)

Discontinued operations (net of tax)

  (14)   241 
        

Profit (loss) for the year

  677  (391) 950 

Minority interests

  (1) (5) (3)
        

Total profit (loss) for the year attributable to equity holders of Prudential

  676  (396) 947 
        
 
 2010 2009 2008 
 
 (£ million)
 

Insurance business

          

Long-term business(ii)

          
 

Asia

  536  416  257 
 

US(iv)

  833  618  335 
 

UK

  673  606  545 

Development expenses

  (4) (6) (26)
        

Long-term business operating profit

  2,038  1,634  1,111 

UK general insurance commission

  46  51  44 

Asset management business

          
 

M&G

  284  238  286 
 

Asia asset management

  72  55  52 
 

Curian

  1  (6) (3)
 

US broker-dealer and asset management

  21  10  10 
        

  2,462  1,982  1,500 
        

Other income and expenditure

  (450) (395) (260)

Solvency II implementation costs

  (45)    

Restructuring costs

  (26) (23) (28)
        

Total IFRS operating profit based on longer-term investment returns(i)

  1,941  1,564  1,212 

Short-term fluctuations in investment returns(v)

          
 

Insurance operations

  (148) 7  (1,337)
 

IGD hedge costs

    (235)  
 

Other operations

  25  105  (313)
        

Total short-term fluctuations in investment returns

  (123) (123) (1,650)

Shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes

  (10) (74) (13)

Costs of terminated AIA transaction

  (377)    

Gain on dilution of holding in PruHealth

  30     

Loss on sale and results of Taiwan agency business(iii)

    (621) 1 
        

Profit (loss) before tax from continuing operations attributable to shareholders

  1,461  746  (450)

Tax (charge) credit attributable to shareholders' returns

  (25) (55) 59 

Discontinued operations (net of tax)

    (14)  
        

Profit / (loss) for the year

  1,436  677  (391)

Non-controlling interests

  (5) (1) (5)
        

Total profit / (loss) for the year attributable to equity holders of Prudential

  1,431  676  (396)
        

Notes

(i)
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns.


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(ii)
Effect of changes to assumptions, estimates and bases of determining life assurance liabilities.

(iii)
Sale of Taiwan agency business.

(iv)
Jackson operating results based on longer-term investment returns.