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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

(Mark One)

Date of event requiring this shell company report

For the transition period from                       to                             

Commission file number: 001-38278

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

*              Not for trading, but only in connection with the listing on the New York Stock Exchange of American depositary shares.

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of thethe Act:

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report:

As of December 31, 2017,2019, there were 414,291,350422,683,735 ordinary shares outstanding, par value $0.0001US$0.0001 per share, being the sum of 68,750,000326,211,940 Class A ordinary shares and 345,541,35096,471,795 Class B ordinary shares.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

o Yes   x No

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

o Yes   x No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

xo Yes   ox No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).

o Yes   ox No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company that prepare its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ox

†The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. § 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.  o

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.

o Item 17   o Item 18

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

o Yes   x No

(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court.

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EXPLANATORY NOTE

Our annual consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019 have been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018 included in this annual report have been restated. Our previously issued consolidated financial statements (and the related audit opinion) included in our annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2018 should not be relied upon. The restatement (the “Restatement”) of our consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018 has resulted in certain changes to our consolidated financial statements previously issued. For more information on the effects of the Restatement of our consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018, see note 2 to the consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

We have not amended, and we do not intend to amend, our previously filed annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2018 or our quarterly financial results for each quarter in 2018 attached as exhibits to our current reports on Form 6-K previously furnished to the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). The financial information included in reports previously filed or furnished by us in 2018 and 2019 is superseded by the applicable information in this annual report.

INTRODUCTION

Except where the context otherwise requires and for purposes of this annual report only:

·                  “we,” “us,” “our company” and “our” refer, prior to the Restructuring, to the platform business of RONG360 and, after the Restructuring, to Jianpu Technology Inc., a Cayman Islands exempted company and its subsidiaries and, in the context of describing our operations and consolidated financial information, also include its consolidated variable interest entity;entities;

·                  “China” or “PRC” refers to the People’s Republic of China, excluding, for the purpose of this annual report only, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau;

·                  “Class A ordinary shares” refers to our Class A ordinary shares, par value US$0.0001 per share;

·                  “Class B ordinary shares” refers to our Class B ordinary shares, par value US$0.0001 per share;

·                  “shares” or “ordinary shares” refers to our Class A and Class B ordinary shares, par value US$0.0001 per share;

·                  “ADSs” refers to our American depositary shares, each two of which representrepresents 20 Class A ordinary shares. Except as otherwise indicated, all ADS and per ADS data in this annual report give retroactive effect to the change in the ratio of ADSs to Class A ordinary shares (the “ADS Ratio”) from two ADSs to five Class A ordinary shares;shares to one ADS to 20 Class A ordinary shares, which became effective on October 30, 2020;

·                  “RONG360” means RONG360 Inc., a Cayman Islands exempted company, its subsidiaries and its consolidated variable interest entity, but, prior to the Restructuring, exclude Jianpu Technology Inc., its subsidiaries and its consolidated variable interest entity;entities; and

·                  the “platform business” refers to the operation of our open platform for the discovery and recommendation of financial products, including recommendation services and advertising, marketing services and other services;services.

For financial service providers, we generally consider each separate legal entity as one provider. For example, nationwide banks operate with multiple legal entities at provincial and local levels, and each entity has autonomy over product features and credit policies. Accordingly, we treat each legal entity as one financial provider.

We apply the following principles in counting the number of financial products offered through our platform:

·                  loan products issued by the same financial service provider under the same credit policy within the same geographic area are generally considered one product;

·                  credit card products issued by the same issuer under the same card policy are generally considered one product; and

·                  wealth management products with the same issuer, expected rate of return, product features and investor tier are generally considered one product; and

·                  insurance products issued by the same insurance company under the same insurance policy are generally considered one product.

Our reporting currency is the Renminbi because our business is mainly conducted in China and substantially all of our revenues are denominated in Renminbi. This annual report contains translations of Renminbi amounts into U.S. dollars at specific rates solely for the convenience of the reader. The conversion of Renminbi into U.S. dollars in this annual report is based on the exchange rate set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Unless otherwise noted, all translations from Renminbi to U.S. dollars and from U.S. dollars to Renminbi in this annual report were made at a rate of RMB6.9618 to US$1.00, the exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2019 set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. We make no representation that any Renminbi or U.S. dollar amounts could have been, or could be, converted into U.S. dollars or Renminbi, as the case may be, at any particular rate, the rates stated below, or at all.

The PRC government imposes control over its foreign currency reserves in part through direct regulation of the conversion of Renminbi into foreign exchange and through restrictions on foreign trade.

Reliance on SEC Order Granting Conditional Exemptions due to Circumstances Related to COVID-19

In accordance with an order issued by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on March 25, 2020 under Section 36 of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act;” such order, the “Release No. 34-88465”), we filed a current report on Form 6-K on April 30, 2020 stating that we are relying on the Release No. 34-88465 to extend the due date for the filing of this annual report on Form 20-F to no later than 45 days after April 30, 2020. As a result of COVID-19 and its impact, as well as the various measures taken by the PRC government or our company in response to COVID-19, the capacity and efficiency of our operations were reduced, and we faced difficulties with respect to information collection related to the preparation of the annual report, particularly certain subsequent information to verify the business conducted in 2019. Considering we needed more time to collect, examine, analyze and compile the information, particularly certain subsequent information received from third parties, and to evaluate the impact of such information on our consolidated financial statements and the annual report, we decided to rely on the Release No. 34-88465.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This annual report on Form 20-F contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. All statements other than statements of current or historical facts are forward-looking statements. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.

You can identify these forward-looking statements by words or phrases such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “aim,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “likely to” or other similar expressions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about:

·                  our goals and strategies;

·                  our future business development, financial condition and results of operations;

·                  expected changes in our revenues, costs or expenditures;

·                  our expectations regarding demand for and market acceptance of our services;

·                  our expectation regarding the impact of any communicable diseases, specifically COVID-19, on our business, financial condition and results of operations;

·                  prospects for and competition in our industry, and

·                  government policies and regulations relating to our industry.

You should read this annual report and the documents that we refer to in this annual report with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from and worse than what we expect. Other sections of this annual report include additional factors which could adversely impact our business and financial performance. Moreover, we operate in an evolving environment. New risk factors and uncertainties emerge from time to time and it is not possible for our management to predict all risk factors and uncertainties, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

This annual report on Form 20-F also contains statistical data and estimates that we obtained from industry publications and reports generated by third-party providers of market intelligence, including the size, growth rates and other data relating to the financial services market in China. Although we have not independently verified the data, we believe that the publications and reports are reliable. The market data contained in this annual report involves a number of assumptions, estimates and limitations. The financial services market in China and its components may not grow at the rates projected by market data, or at all. The failure of these markets to grow at the projected rates may have a material adverse effect on our business and the market price of our ADSs. If any one or more of the assumptions underlying the market data turns out to be incorrect, actual results may differ from the projections based on these assumptions. In addition, projections, assumptions and estimates of our future performance and the future performance of the industry in which we operate are necessarily subject to a high degree of uncertainty and risk due to a variety of factors, including those described in “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this annual report. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements.

The forward-looking statements made in this annual report relate only to events or information as of the date on which the statements are made in this annual report. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, after the date on which the statements are made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. You should read this annual report and the documents that we refer to in this annual report and have filed as exhibits to the registration statement, of which this annual report is a part, completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect.

PART I

ITEM 1.IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

Not applicable.

ITEM 2.OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not applicable.

ITEM 3.KEY INFORMATION

A.            Selected Financial Data

Our Selected Consolidated Financial Data

The following summaryselected consolidated statements of comprehensive loss for the years ended December 31, 2015, 20162017, 2018 and 20172019 and summaryselected consolidated balance sheetsheets, as of December 31, 20162018 and 20172019 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. Our selected data from consolidated statements of comprehensive loss for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2016, and the consolidated balance sheetsheets data as of December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements, which are not included in this annual report. You should read this summaryselected consolidated financial data in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” included elsewhere in this annual report. Our consolidated financial statements are prepared and presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or U.S. GAAP. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of results expected for future periods.

Notes:

(1)         Including revenues from related party of nil, RMB19.9 million, and RMB103.0 million, RMB105.5 million and RMB32.0 million (US$15.84.6 million) for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2017,2019, respectively.

(2)         Including revenues from related party of nil, nil, nil, RMB13.4 million and RMB6.9 million (US$1.0 million) for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

(3)         Including expenses from related party of nil, nil, nil, RMB51.8 million and RMB21.1 million (US$3.0 million) for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

(4)         For information about the Restatement, see note 2 to the consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

(5)Each two ADSs represent fiveADS represents 20 Class A ordinary shares. The issuance of ordinary shares to RONG360 Inc. has been retrospectively reflected for all periods presented herein.

(3)(6)         1,500,000,000 shares authorized,US$0.0001 par value. Immediately prior to the completion of our initial public offering, or IPO, 345,541,350 ordinary428,063,797 shares held by RONG360 Inc. were redesignated as Class B ordinary shares. In November 2017, we  completed an IPO and private placements concurrent with the IPO with the new issuance of 68,750,000 Class A ordinary shares. As of December 31, 2017, 345,541,350 Class B ordinary shares were held by RONG360 Inc. and 68,750,000(including 325,592,002 Class A ordinary shares, were held by other shareholdersand 102,471,795 Class B ordinary shares) issued and 415,246,557 shares (including 312,774,762 Class A ordinary shares and 102,471,795 Class B ordinary shares) outstanding as of the Company.December 31, 2018, and 430,463,797 shares (including 333,992,002 Class A ordinary shares, and 96,471,795 Class B ordinary shares) issued and 422,683,735 shares (including 326,211,940 Class A ordinary shares and 96,471,795 Class B ordinary shares) outstanding as of December 31, 2019, respectively.

Note:

(1)         Including amounts billed through RONG360 of RMB 141,190RMB41,698 thousand, RMB57,536 thousand, RMB141,190 thousand, RMB134,966 thousand and RMB3,549 thousand (US$509.8 thousand) as of December 31, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

(2).         For information about the Restatement, see note 2 to the consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

We have undertakencompleted a corporate restructuring in 2018 (“Restructuring”,Restructuring,” for more details see “ITEM“Item 4 INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY” Information on the Company”— “A.“A. History and Development of the Company”) in order to strengthen our positioning as an independent open platform. As part of the Restructuring, the platform business was transferred from RONG360 to us. Prior to the transfer of the platform business to us, our business operated within the RONG360 Inc.’s corporate cash management program for all periods presented. After the transfer of the platform business to us, RONG360 provided RMB150 million (US$23.1 million) of initial working capital to us in the form of a capital contribution.

Exchange Rate Information

Our reporting currency is the Renminbi because our business is mainly conducted in China and all of our revenues are denominated in Renminbi. This annual report contains translations of Renminbi amounts into U.S. dollars at specific rates solely for the convenience of the reader. The conversion of Renminbi into U.S. dollars in this annual report is based on the exchange rate set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Unless otherwise noted, all translations from Renminbi to U.S. dollars and from U.S. dollars to Renminbi in this annual report were made at a rate of RMB 6.5063 to US$1.00, the exchange rate in effect on December 29, 2017 set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. We make no representation that any Renminbi or U.S. dollar amounts could have been, or could be, converted into U.S. dollars or Renminbi, as the case may be, at any particular rate, the rates stated below, or at all. The PRC government imposes control over its foreign currency reserves in part through direct regulation of the conversion of Renminbi into foreign exchange and through restrictions on foreign trade. On April 13, 2018, the rate was RMB 6.2725 to US$1.00.

The following table sets forth information concerning exchange rates between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar for the periods indicated.

Source: Federal Reserve Statistical Release

(1)         Annual averages were calculated by using the average of the exchange rates on the last day of each month during the relevant year. Monthly averages are calculated by using the average of the daily rates during the relevant month.

B.            Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable.

C.            Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

D.            Risk Factors

Risks Related to Our Audit Committee Independent Review, Restatement of Our Consolidated Financial Statements, Internal Controls and Related Matters

We recently completed an audit committee independent review, which required significant management time and attention, resulted in significant legal and other expenses, and led to the termination of a number of employees.

As previously announced in June 2020 and February 2021, the audit committee of our board of directors (the “Audit Committee”), with the assistance of advisers, had been conducting an internal review (the “Review”) of certain matters relating to transactions carried out by the Credit Card Business Unit of the Company (the “Credit Card BU”) with third-party business entities. The Review has been substantially completed and found that certain transactions involved third-party agents (including both upstream agents and downstream suppliers) with undisclosed relationships, and some transactions lacked business substance (“questionable transactions”). As a result, certain revenue and associated costs and expenses were inflated or inaccurately recorded in the consolidated financial statements. Evidence suggests that certain employees from the Credit Card BU may have known about or may have been involved in certain of the questionable transactions that resulted in inflated sales commissions to such employees. In relation to the questionable transactions, the Review found that certain employees improperly altered supporting documents that were provided to our external auditor. The total amount of overstated revenue for the year ended December 31, 2018 as previously reported on Form 20-F was RMB90 million, and for the year ended December 31, 2019 as previously furnished to the SEC on Form 6-K was RMB164 million, representing approximately 4.5% and 10.1% of the total revenue previously reported by us for such years, respectively, and the adjustment to overstated cost and expenses together with the reserve for potential credit loss was approximately RMB90 million and RMB130 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively, resulting in a minimal net profit impact for the year ended December 31, 2018 and a RMB34 million increase in net loss for the year ended December 31, 2019. For more details, see “Item 8. Financial Information—A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—The Independent Review.”

We incurred significant costs in connection with the Review, and our management team devoted significant time to the Review. Moreover, we and certain of our officers have been named as defendants in a putative securities class action that was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York in February 2021 (Guttentag v. Jianpu Technology Inc. et al. (Case No. 21-cv-01419)). Plaintiffs allege, in sum and substance, that certain of our disclosures since the first quarter of 2018 contained material misstatements and omissions in relation to the issues identified in the Review and in violation of the federal securities laws. See “Item 8. Financial Information—A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings.” We and our current and former directors and officers may be subject to other litigation claims and to regulatory inquiries, investigations, or other proceedings arising from or relating to the Review or the Restatement. Regardless of the outcome of the filed lawsuit described above, any additional lawsuits that may be filed, or any regulatory inquiries, investigations, or proceedings that may be commenced, will likely consume a significant amount of our internal resources and result in additional costs.

We have entered into indemnification agreements with our current and former directors and officers, and our articles of association require us, to the fullest extent permitted by Cayman Islands law, to indemnify each of our directors and officers who is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding by reason of the fact that he or she is or was a director or officer of the Company. Although we maintain insurance coverage in amounts and with deductibles that we believe are appropriate for our operations, our insurance coverage may not cover all claims that may be brought against us or our current and former directors and officers, and insurance coverage may not continue to be available to us at a reasonable cost. As a result, we may be exposed to substantial uninsured liabilities, including pursuant to our indemnification obligations, which could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, results of operations and financial condition.

Matters relating to or arising from the Restatement and the Review, including adverse publicity and potential concerns from our customers and partners, have had and could continue to have an adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

We have been and could continue to be the subject of negative publicity focusing on the Restatement of our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018, and adjustments of our unaudited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2019 as previously furnished to the SEC on Form 6-K, and we may be adversely impacted by negative reactions from our customers, partners or others with whom we do business. Concerns include the perception of the effort required to address our accounting and control environment, and the ability for us to be a long-term provider to our customers. Continued adverse publicity and potential concerns from our customers could harm our business and have an adverse effect on our financial condition.

We identified three material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, and if we fail to establish and maintain effective internal controls, our ability to report our financial results accurately or to prevent fraud may be adversely affected, and investor confidence and the market price of the ADSs may be adversely affected.

We are subject to reporting obligations under the U.S. securities laws. The SEC adopted rules pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requiring every public company to include a management report on such company’s internal control over financial reporting in its annual report, which contains management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting.

As we qualify as an “emerging growth company,” our independent registered public accounting firm has not conducted an audit of our internal control over financial reporting. However, we and our independent registered public accounting firm, in connection with the preparation and external audit of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, identified  one material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017 and three material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, in accordance with the standards established by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (the “PCAOB”) of the United States. As a result of the material weaknesses, management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019.

One material weakness identified relates to our failure to design and implement effective controls with a sufficient level of precision to prevent and detect misstatements related to our credit card related business. A second material weakness identified relates to our failure to design and implement controls that have a sufficient level of precision related to pre-approval of and complete and accurate disclosures of related party transactions, which could have a material effect on our financial statements. A third material weakness identified, which was also reported in 2017 and 2018, relates to the lack of sufficient competent financial reporting and accounting personnel with appropriate understanding of U.S. GAAP to design and implement formal period-end financial reporting policies and procedures, to address complex U.S. GAAP technical accounting issues, and to prepare and review our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures in accordance with U.S. GAAP and financial reporting requirements set forth by the SEC. We have implemented and are continuing to implement a number of measures to address the material weaknesses and the deficiencies that have been identified. For details, see “Item 15. Controls and Procedures.” However, we cannot assure you that we will be able to continuously implement these measures to effectively remediate our material weaknesses, or that we will not identify additional material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in the future.

Failure to remediate these material weaknesses or failure to discover and address any other control deficiencies could result in inaccuracies in our consolidated financial statements and could also impair our ability to comply with applicable financial reporting requirements and make related regulatory filings on a timely basis. The Restatement of financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018 and any future material misstatements in our financial statements could cause our investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information. This could in turn limit our access to capital markets, harm our results of operations, and lead to a decline in the trading price of our ADSs. Additionally, ineffective internal controls expose us to increased risk of fraud or misuse of corporate assets and subject us to potential delisting from the stock exchange on which we list or to other regulatory investigations and civil or criminal sanctions.

The filing of this Form 20-F may not make us “current” in our Exchange Act filing obligations, which means we retain certain potential liability and may not be eligible to use certain forms or rely on certain rules of the SEC.

We are filing a comprehensive annual report on Form 20-F since we have been delinquent in meeting our periodic reporting requirements with the SEC, following, by analogy, previously issued guidance from the staff of the SEC’s Division of Corporation Finance, or the Staff, with respect to U.S. domestic issuers. Our filing of this Form 20-F does not necessarily mean that the Staff will conclude that we have complied with all applicable financial statement requirements or complied with all reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, nor does it foreclose any enforcement action by the SEC with respect to our disclosure, filings or failures to file reports under the Exchange Act.

This Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2019 includes our audited consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 and for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019. The consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018 are restated. We have not amended, and do not intend to amend, our annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2018 previously filed with, or our quarterly financial statements for each quarter in 2018 attached as exhibits to our current reports on Form 6-K previously furnished to, the SEC. Without the unamended reports, investors may not be able to review certain financial and other disclosures that would have been contained in those reports, which would have provided an additional source of information for their evaluation of their investment in us. As a result of our failure to maintain current filings with the SEC in the past, our use of this format of the Form 20-F and any potential enforcement action from the SEC or other regulatory agencies, we may not be eligible to use certain short-form registration statements or rely on certain rules of the SEC. This could increase our transaction costs and adversely impact our ability to raise capital in a timely manner.

Risks Related to Our Business

We have incurred significant losses and we may continue to experience losses in the future.

We have incurred significant losses in the past. In 2015, 20162017, 2018 and 2017,2019, we had net loss of RMB 196.2RMB202.1 million, RMB 182.1RMB159.8 million and RMB 202.1RMB530.6 million (US$31.176.2 million), respectively. We also had loss from operations at similar levels during those periods. In addition, we had cash used in operations of RMB 158.9RMB28.1 million, RMB 239.1RMB72.8 million and RMB 28.1RMB200.8 million (US$4.328.8 million) in 2015, 20162017, 2018 and 2017,2019, respectively. We cannot assure you that we will be able to generate net profits or positive cash flow from operating activities in the future. Our ability to achieve profitability depends in large part on our ability to manage our sales and marketing expenses (excluding share-based compensation), which accounted for 156%83.7%, 107%77.0% and 84.9%82.9% of our total revenues in 2015, 20162017, 2018 and 2017,2019, respectively. We intend to manage and further reduce our sales and marketing expenses as a proportion of our total revenues, but there can be no assurance that we will achieve this goal,goal. Our ability to achieve profitability is also affected by our ability to grow total revenues, which was RMB1,445.8 million, RMB1,921.9 million and weRMB1,435.7 million (US$206.2 million) in 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. The decrease in total revenues from 2018 to 2019 was primarily due to a decrease in revenues from recommendation services, resulting from the decrease of number of financial products available on our platform given the credit tightening and change of industry dynamics, and a decrease in revenues from advertising, marketing and other services. Our growth may continue to slow down, and revenues may continue to decline for a number of possible reasons, some of which are beyond our control, including decreasing consumer spending, increasing competition, declining growth of our overall market or industry, the emergence of alternative business models, changes in rules, regulations, government policies or general economic conditions. It is difficult to evaluate our prospects, as we may not have sufficient experience losses in addressing the future.risks to which companies operating in rapidly evolving markets may be exposed.

Our limited operating history in the rapidly evolving online and mobile consumer finance market in China makes it difficult to evaluate our future prospects.

We have a limited operating history, which makes it difficult to evaluate our future prospects and ability to make profit. We launched our online platform with loan products recommendation in 2012, and introduced credit card products in 2013 and big data risk management solutions in 2015 and Gold Cloud in 2016.2015. In 2019, we further diversified the types of financial products on our platform with the introduction of insurance products. We operate in China’s online and mobile consumer finance market, which is rapidly evolving and may not develop as we anticipate. There are few establishedThe business models of the players in this new market and they have relatively short track records, and business models continue to evolve. The regulatory framework governing the industry is also still evolving and will remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. Other participants in the industry, including users and financial service providers, may have difficulty distinguishing our platform, services and solutions from those of our competitors. As the industry and our business develop, we may modify our business model or change our platform, services and solutions. These changes may not achieve expected results and may have a material and adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

You should consider our business and future annual report in light of the risks and challenges we may encounter in this rapidly evolving industry, including, among other things, our ability to:

·                  expand our user base and increase user activities on our platform;

·                  provide diversified and distinguishable services and solutions to financial service providers;

·                  enhance our data analytical and risk management capabilities;

·                  improve our operational efficiency;

·                  maintain a reliable, secure, high-performance and scalable technology infrastructure;

·                  attract, retain and motivate talented employees;

·                  anticipate and adapt to changing market conditions, including technological developments and changes in the competitive landscape; and

·                  navigate an evolving and complex regulatory environment.

If we fail to address any or all of these risks and challenges, our business and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.

We face challenges with generating and acquiring user traffic to our platform and converting the traffic into our user base.

The majority of user traffic to our platform is generated from third-party channels, rather than from direct access to our mobile apps or website. Our top five traffic acquisition channels accounted for over a third20% of our user traffic in 20162017, 2018 and 2017.2019. We also increasingly leverage social network and social media platform as an effective and efficient tool for user acquisition. We introduced a cooperation system called the Social Media and Partner Program in the third quarter of 2018, through which our users may register as our business partners to recommend the financial products on our platform to their social contacts through social network and social media platform, and are rewarded according to our incentive policies. The Social Media and Partner Program has been very effective in user acquisition since its inception, particularly in the recommendation of credit card products on our platform to new users. In 2019, approximately 60% of the credit card volume on our platform were from user acquired through recommendation by our business partners to their social contacts under the Social Media and Partner Program. Despite the initial success of the Social Media and Partner Program, we may not be able to continue to promote awareness of our brand and achieve widespread acceptance of our business model to increase direct access to our platform. We have incurred significant expenses on and devoted considerable resources to branding and marketing activities and user traffic acquisition, and we may continue to do so in the future. Our ability to convert user traffic to user base and retain that user base dependdepends on users’ satisfaction with the quantity and quality of financial products offered by financial service providers and trust in the content on our platform. If we fail to meet these challenges, our business, financial performance and prospects will be materially and adversely affected.

Failure to maintain relationships with financial service providers or develop new ones may materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Our relationship with financial service providers is crucial to our success. We generate substantially all of our revenues from services and solutions provided to financial service providers. Certain financial service providers have accounted for a significant portion of our revenues in the past. OurIn 2016 and 2017, our largest financial service provider was a third-party technology-enabled online lending platform, and it accounted for 19% and 9% of our total revenues in eachthe respective years. In 2018, our largest financial service provider was a state-owned bank, which accounted for 13% of 2015our total revenues, and 2016, and 9% in 2017.2019, our largest financial service provider was a joint-stock bank, which accounted for 7% of our total revenues. We work with thisthese financial service providerproviders at arm’s-length and negotiate a cooperation agreement with itthem on an annual basis based on our business needs and market conditions. While we continually seek to diversify our financial service providers, there can be no assurance that the concentration will further decrease. Our ability to attract users to our platform and maintain and grow our user base depends on the quantity and quality of financial products offered by financial service providers on our platform. We also provide big data risk management solutions and integrated solutions to financial service providers, as well as cooperate with them to provide content on our platform and obtain data for our data analytical models. Our arrangements with our financial service providers are typically not exclusive, and they may have similar arrangements with our competitors. If financial service providers are dissatisfied with our services and solutions, they may terminate their relationships with us and switch to our competitors. Moreover, we have seen financial service providers increasingly rely on their own online and technology capabilities to serve online and mobile users in recent years. There can be no assurance that we can maintain relationships with our existing financial service providers on commercially desirable terms. We may also fail to develop new relationshiprelationships with additional financial service providers. As a result, our business, financial performance and prospects will be materially and adversely affected.

Our match and recommendation of financial products to users may not be effective, which will result in dissatisfaction from both users and financial service providers.

We may not be able to match users with suitable financial products due to various reasons. Our search and recommendation engine may fail to function properly. The data provided to us by our users, financial service providers and third partythird-party data partners may not be accurate or up to date. If users are recommended financial products but cannot ultimately obtain approval from financial service providers, they may consider our platform to be ineffective at matching. At the same time, financial service providers may be dissatisfied with us for not effectively helping them acquire users. After a user gets a financial product, the user may become dissatisfied with the terms and conditions of the financial product or the services provided by the financial service provider, or the financial service provider may have difficulty collecting repayments from the user. Both the user and financial service provider may associate their dissatisfaction and subsequent difficulties with our platform as the transaction was initiated on our platform. Users may consequently be reluctant to continue to use our platform and financial service providers may be hesitant to continue to partner with us. As a result, our business, reputation, financial performance and prospects will be materially and adversely affected.

If we are not able to respond to changes in user preferences for financial products and provide a satisfactory user experience on our platform, we will not be able to maintain and expand our user base or effectively convert our users into customers of our financial service providers.

We believe that our user base is the cornerstone of our business. Our ability to maintain and expand our user base depends on a number of factors, including our ability to match and recommend suitable financial products for our users, the effectiveness of our curation process, and our ability to provide relevant and timely content to meet changing user needs. If we are unable to respond to changes in user preference and deliver satisfactory and distinguishable user experience, borrowersusers and prospective borrowersusers may switch to competing platforms or obtain financial products directly from their providers. As a result, user access to and user activity on our platform will decline, our services and solutions will be less attractive to financial service providers and our business, financial performance and prospects will be materially and adversely affected.

We may not be able to ensure the accuracy of product information and the authenticity of financial products on our platform.

The acceptance and popularity of our platform is premised on the reliability of the financial products and information on our platform. We rely on our financial service providers for the authenticity of their financial products and the comprehensiveness, accuracy and timeliness of the related financial information. While the products and information from our financial service providers have been generally reliable, there can be no assurance that the reliability can be maintained in the future. If our financial service providers or their agents provide inauthentic financial products or incomplete, misleading, inaccurate or fraudulent information, we may lose the trust of existing and prospective users. In addition, if our users purchase wealth management products that they discover on our platform and they suffer losses, they may blame us and attempt to hold us responsible for their losses. Our reputation could be harmed and we could experience reduced user traffic to our platform, which would adversely affect our business and financial performance.

We may fail to develop and innovate our platform and products.

The attractiveness of our online platform to users and our technology-based services and solutions to financial service providers dependdepends on our ability to innovate. To remain competitive, we must continue to develop and expand our product and service offerings and content. We must also continue to enhance and improve our data analytical capabilities, platform interface and technology infrastructure. These efforts may require us to develop internally, or to license, increasingly complex technologies. In addition, new content, services, solutions and technologies developed and introduced by competitors could render our content, services and solutions obsolete if we are unable to update or modify our own technology. Developing and integrating new content, services, solutions and technologies into our existing platform and infrastructure could be expensive and time-consuming. Furthermore, any new features and functions may not achieve market acceptance. We may not succeed in incorporating new technologies, or may incur substantial expenses in order to do so. If we fail to develop, introduce, acquire or incorporate new features, functions or technologies effectively and on a timely basis, our business, financial performance and prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

We may fail to compete effectively.

The retail financial market in China is rapidly evolving and highly competitive. New competitors may emerge at any time. We may fail to compete for users and/or financial service providers against any of our existing or potential competitors. We compete as an open platform against other companies that also seek to position themselves as open platforms serving both borrowersusers and financial service providers. We also compete with online platforms for financial products that are affiliated with major internet companies, including search engine, social media, e-commerce and online payment companies. Some of these internet companies also offer their financial products on our platform, so they both compete and cooperate with us. In addition, we compete with financial service providers to the extent that they offer or list financial products on their own platform, although some of these financial service providers may also offer or list financial products on our platform as well. Such financial service providers may stop utilizing our platform in order to enhance the competitiveness of their own platforms. Existing or potential competitors may have substantially greater brand recognition and possess more financial, marketing and research resources than we do. Our competitors may introduce platforms with more attractive products, content and features, or services orand solutions with competitive pricing or enhanced performance that we cannot match. In addition, some of our competitors may have more resources to develop or acquire new technologies and react quicker to changing requirements of users and/or financial service providers. If we fail to compete effectively, our business, financial performance and prospects will be materially and adversely affected.

We have limited control over the product and service quality of our financial service providers.

As users access financial products through our platform, they may have the impression that we are at least partially responsible for the quality of these products, especially in the case of loans that are offered through our Gold Cloud system, where the user continues to interact with our platform throughout the discovery, application, approval and loan servicing process. Although we have established standards to screen financial service providers before listing their products on our platform, and to a certain extent, rank the financial products based on past user experience when we make recommendations to users, we have limited control over the quality of the financial products and the services provided by financial service providers. In the event that a user is dissatisfied with a financial product or the service of a financial service provider, we do not have any means to directly make improvements in response to user complaints. Due to the large number of financial products listed on our platform and the extensiveness of our financial service provider network, it is extremely difficult for us to monitor and ensure the product and service quality of financial service providers on our platform at any given time. If users become dissatisfied with the financial products available on our platform or the services of our financial service providers, our business, reputation, financial performance and prospects could be materially and adversely affected. For instance, in March 2019, it was reported by CCTV “315 Night” (CCTV Report), a show concerning consumer rights protection which airs annually on March 15, that certain financial products offered by third-party financial service providers on our platform contained inappropriate conducts, which were suspected of the infringement of consumer rights. In response to the CCTV Report, we promptly instituted a voluntary suspension of further downloads of our mobile apps on major mobile app stores until August 2019, during which period we conducted a comprehensive internal review of our business practice, identified and took remediation measures with respect to any inappropriate conduct on our platform that could adversely affect consumer rights, and implemented certain self-imposed improvement in terms of both our internal process regarding the on-boarding procedures and ongoing monitoring and supervision of financial service providers on our platform and our risk control processes to better protect users from participating in financial products that are out of the scope in terms of industry standard. We have also been working with the relevant regulators and industry associations in developing a set of industry wide standards or best practices to further promote financial education and consumer rights protection, including defining guidance for digital financial platforms, corporate responsibility and financial product standards. We have also strengthened our relationship with media outlets in China such as CCTV, regularly engaging in in-depth discussions with such media outlets to allow for better understanding of our business. In addition, we have also been focusing on providing better consumer rights protection education for our users, equipping them with more comprehensive financial literary and anti-fraud information so that they could better manage their own finances.

Our business may be affected by the condition and competitive landscape of China’s credit markets.

Changes in the condition of China’s credit markets generally impact the demand and supply of financial products, which in turn will affect user traffic and user activity on our platform and the demand for our services and solutions by financial service providers. The range, pricing and terms of financial products available in the market partly result from competition among financial service providers. Because the financial products on our platform are provided by third parties, we are not able to ensure they meet users’ needs and preferences at any given time. In a rising interest rate environment, our users may seek funding through other means. In a declining interest rate environment, borrowers may choose to refinance their loans with lower-priced financial products, which may not be available on our platform. There can be no assurance that our financial service providers can respond to fluctuations in interest rates in a timely manner by adjusting the financial product listings on our platform.

A credit crisis or prolonged downturn in the credit markets could severely impact our operating environment. A credit crisis or prolonged downturn in the credit markets might cause tightening in credit guidelines, limited liquidity, deterioration in credit performance and increased foreclosure activities. Since we predominantly generate our revenues from fees charged for our sales and marketing services and not on the basis of outstanding loan amounts, a decrease in transaction volumes could cause a material decline in our revenues, even though we do not bear credit risk in the event of borrower default. Moreover, a financial and credit crisis may be coupled with or trigger a downturn in the macroeconomic environment, which could cause a general decrease in lending activity over a longer period of time. If a credit crisis were to occur, particularly in China’s credit markets, our business, financial performance and prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

Regulatory uncertainties relating to online consumer finance in China could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business or the businesses of our financial service providers may be subject to a variety of PRC laws and regulations governing financial services. The application and interpretation of these laws and regulations are ambiguous and may be interpreted and applied inconsistently between different government authorities. In particular, the PRC government’s regulatory framework governing the new and rapidly-evolving online consumer finance market, which is the source of the transactions that our platform facilitates, is rapidly evolving and is subject to further change and interpretation. As of the date of this annual report, we have not been subject to any material fines or other penalties under any PRC laws or regulations on our business operations. The PRC government may enhance the implementation of existing laws and regulations, and may also adopt a stringent regulatory framework for the online and mobile consumer finance market in the future, and impose specific requirements (including licensing requirements) on market participants. The PRC government may also enhance the implementation of existing laws and regulations.  There has been media speculation that the PRC government may, among other things, (i) further impose new regulations on fees and interest charged by financial service providers, (ii) introduce licensing requirements for online lenders, (iii) close down unlicensed financial service providers that take deposits from consumers and (iv) close down financial service providers that engage in illegal collection practices. A significant number of financial service providers on our platform operate in the online and mobile consumer finance market. Consequently, new government laws and regulations, stricter enforcement of existing laws and regulations or even speculation regarding such developments may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and prospects. It may be costly for us to comply with applicable PRC laws and regulations. If our practice is deemed to violate any existing or future laws and regulations, we may face injunctions, including orders to cease illegal activities, and may be subject to other penalties as determined by the relevant government authorities. For example, in June 2019, we received a fine of RMB700,000 from the Beijing Administration for Market Regulation for a piece of advertisement placed on our platform by one of our third-party financial service providers due to the advertisement’s failure to provide the appropriate risk warning labels associated with predicted financial returns listed in its content. Furthermore, a significant number of financial service providers on our platform operate in the online and mobile consumer finance market, and consequently, new government laws and regulations, stricter enforcement of existing laws and regulations or even speculation regarding such developments on our financial service providers may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and prospects. For recent updates of relevant laws and regulations, please also refer to “—If any financial product on our platform or the business practice of us or any of our financial service providers is deemed to violate any new or existing PRC laws or regulations, our business, reputation, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.”

Any actual or perceived inappropriate usage or mishandling of personal information and data on our platform could subject us to liabilities, negatively impact our reputation and deter users from using our platform.

As an open platform, we have access to certain personal and other sensitive data provided by our users and financial service providers. We also make certain personal information provided by users or third-party data providers available to financial service providers using our big data risk management solutions with user consent. There are numerous laws regarding privacy and the storing, sharing, use, disclosure and protection of personally identifiable information and data. Specifically, personally identifiable and other confidential information is increasingly subject to legislation and regulations in numerous domestic and international jurisdictions. PRC government authorities have enacted a series of laws and regulations relating to the protection of privacy and personal information, under which internet service providers and other network operators are required to clearly indicate the purposes, methods and scope of any information collection and usage, to obtain appropriate user consent and to establish user information protection systems with appropriate remedial measures. Furthermore, several PRC governmental authorities have taken a series of strict examinations and inspections against illegal activities of collecting or using data and personal information, and it was reported that numerous mobile applications or website operators were ordered to rectify their illegal activities, or imposed with warnings, fines or other administrative penalties, or even became subjects of criminal investigations. In July 2019, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology identified us as one of many internet companies that had a few instances of improper collection or use of personal information either without prior user consent or with misleading or unclear user consent, and required us to rectify accordingly. We have taken necessary measures to rectify and improve our personal information and data protection system. We have developed a comprehensive user information protection policy, in which we lay out in detail the types of personal information we collect from users and the purposes, methods and scope of our collection, usage and handling of user personal information. We are continuously updating our policy as the purposes, methods and scope of our collection and handling of user personal information changes. Our user information protection policy and user agreement are displayed permanently in fixed locations on our mobile apps so as to allow users to conveniently access and search such policies and agreements related to the collection and usage of their personal information on our app. We have also added pop-up notifications in our mobile app prompting our users to carefully read and agree to our user information protection policy whenever the user installs, opens up for the first time or registers an account on our mobile app. We are unable to collect any personal information from users unless the user voluntarily agrees to our user agreement and user information protection policy by checking the relevant boxes on our app. For certain functions of our platform where the collection and usage of additional personal information is necessary, we will clearly prompt the users as to the purposes, methods and scope of the collection and usage of the additional personal information. The user is then free to agree to or reject such collection and usage of additional personal information. Rejection of such collection and usage of additional personal information will not impact the use of other unrelated functionalities on our platform.

The regulatory framework for privacy, personal information and data protection issues in China and worldwide is currently evolving and is likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. Operators like us are and may continue to be subject to more comprehensive and stricter supervision by the competent governmental authorities on such issues, especially given our collection and use of personal information by users or third-party data providers with user consent under our big data risk management solutions business. We cannot assure you that our existing personal information and data protection system and technical measures will be considered sufficient under applicable laws and regulations. We could be adversely affected if legislation or regulations in China are expanded to require changes in business practices or privacy policies, or if the PRC governmental authorities interpret or implement their legislation or regulations in ways that negatively affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition to laws, regulations and other applicable rules regarding privacy, personal information and data protection, industry groups or other private parties may propose new and different privacy standards. Because the interpretation and application of privacy, personal information and data protection laws and privacy standards are still uncertain, it is possible that these laws or privacy standards may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our practices. Any inability to adequately address privacy concerns, even if unfounded, or to comply with applicable privacy, personal information or data protection laws, regulations and privacy standards, could result in additional cost and liability for us, damage our reputation, inhibit the use of our platform and harm our business.

PRC laws and regulations governing personal credit reporting businesses in China are still at an initial stage and subject to further change and interpretation. If we are deemed to engage in a personal credit reporting business and violate any PRC laws or regulations related to personal credit reporting businesses, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

The PRC government has adopted several regulations governing personal credit reporting businesses. According to the Administrative Regulations on the Credit Reporting Industry, which was promulgated by the State Council and became effective in 2013, “personal credit reporting business” means the activities of collecting, organizing, storing and processing “information related to the credit standing” of individuals as well as providing the information to others, and a “credit reporting agency” refers to a duly established agency whose primary business is credit reporting. These regulations, together with the Administrative Measures for Credit Reporting Agencies, which was promulgated by the People’s Bank of China and became effective in 2013, set forth qualification standards for entities conducting a credit reporting business in China, rules and requirements for credit reporting businesses and operating standards for credit reporting agencies. According to these regulations and measures, no entity may engage in personal credit reporting business without approval by the credit reporting industry regulatory department under the State Council. If any entity directly engages in personal credit reporting business without such approval, the entity is subject to penalties including suspension of business, confiscation of revenues related to personal credit reporting business, fines of RMB 50,000RMB50,000 (US$7, 685)7,182) to RMB 500,000RMB500,000 (US$76,849)71,821) and criminal liabilities. In January 2021, the People’s Bank of China published a consultation paper seeking public comments on the Administrative Measures on Credit Reporting Industry (Draft for Comment), or the Draft Credit Reporting Industry Measures, which provides that “information related to credit standing” refers to various information used to determine the credit status of individuals and enterprises to provide services for financial activities, including but not limited to personal and corporate identity, address, transportation, communications, debt, property, payment, consumption, production and operation, fulfillment of legal obligations and other information, as well as the analysis and evaluation of the credit status of individuals and enterprises based on the foregoing information.

We organize, storeprocess and analyze information provided by users and data provided by financial service providers and third-party data partners. This information and data contains certain personal information of users, a portion of which we may provide to financial service providers using our big data risk management solutions with user consent. Due to the lack of further interpretations of the current regulations governing personal credit reporting businesses, and the fact that it is uncertain when and whether the Draft Credit Reporting Industry Measures will be officially promulgated and whether the promulgated version would be substantially revised, the exact definition and scope of “information related to credit standing” and “personal credit reporting business” under the current regulations are still unclear. It is therefore uncertain whether we would be deemed to engage in personal credit reporting business because of our big data risk management solutions. As of the date of this annual report, we have not been subject to any material fines or other penalties under any PRC laws or regulations directly related to personal credit reporting business. However, given the evolving regulatory environment of the personal credit reporting industry, and the fact that the People’s Bank of China, the credit reporting industry regulatory department under the State Council, granted in February 2018 aand December 2020, respectively, personal credit reporting businesses licenselicenses to an entitytwo entities incorporated under the guidance of the People’s Bank of China, we cannot assure you that we will not be required in the future by the relevant governmental authorities to obtain approval or license for personal credit reporting business in order to continue offering our big data risk management solutions. Our business may also become subject to other rules and requirements related to credit reporting business, or new rules and requirements (including approval or license regime) promulgated by the relevant authorities in the future. The existing and future rules and regulations may be costly to comply with, and we may not be able to obtain any required license or other regulatory approvals in a timely manner, or at all. If we are subject to penalties for any of the foregoing reasons, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

We provide recommendation services for financial service providers, which may constitute provision of intermediary service, and our agreements with these financial service providers may be deemed as intermediation contracts under the PRC Contract Law.Civil Law Code.

Under the PRC ContractCivil Law Code, if an intermediary conceals any material fact intentionally or provides false information in connection with the conclusion of a proposed transaction, which results in harm to a client’s interests, the intermediary may not claim for service fees and is liable for any damages caused. We provide recommendation services for financial service providers, which may constitute provision of intermediary service, and our agreements with these financial service providers may be deemed as intermediation contracts under the PRC ContractCivil Law Code, as a consequence, if we intentionally conceal material information or provide false information to financial service providers, or if we fail to identify false information received from users or any third party and in turn provide such information to financial service providers, we could be held liable for damages caused to financial service providers as an intermediary pursuant to the PRC Contract Law.Civil Law Code. On the other hand, we should not assume any liability relating to possible disputes between financial service providers and users with respect to the financial products provided by the financial service providers to the users, solely on the basis of providing recommendations regarding such financial service products, as long as we do not intentionally conceal any material fact or provide false information, and are not found at fault. However, due to the lack of detailed regulations and guidance in the area of financial product recommendation services and the possibility that the PRC government authorities may promulgate new laws and regulations regulating financial product recommendation services in the future, there are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current or future PRC laws and regulations for financial product recommendation services, and there can be no assurance that the PRC government authority will share our views.

If any financial product on our platform or the business practice of us or any of our financial service providers is deemed to violate any new or existing PRC laws or regulations, our business, reputation, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Financial products and the businesses of our financial institutionsservice providers are strictly regulated in China. We are not regulated as a financial institution, but we may be indirectly subject to PRC financial regulations as a result of the financial products on our platform and our services to and cooperation with financial service providers. For instance, onOn December 1, 2017, the Internet Finance Rectification Office and the Online Lending Rectification Office jointly issued the Notice on Regulating and Rectifying “Cash Loan” Business, or the Circular 141, and on December 8, 2017, the National Online Lending Rectification Office issued the Notice on the Rectification and Inspection Acceptance of Risk of Online Lending Intermediaries, or the Circular 57, both of which outlined more specific requirements on financial service providers. In addition, in March 2018, the Internet Finance Rectification Office issued the Notice on Strengthening the Rectification of Asset Management through the Internet and Carrying on the Inspection and Acceptance, or the Circular 29, which outlines more strict and specific requirements on the practices of asset management business (including wealth management plan) through the Internet, such as requirement on obtaining necessary licenses, prohibition of the sale on an agency basis or provision of sale agency service in any disguised form, by any Internet platform of any asset management products provided by any financial asset exchange which is not in full compliance with applicable laws. If any financial product on our platform is deemed to violate any PRC laws or regulations, we may be liable for listing the product or assisting in offering the product on our platform, even if we are not its provider.

In September 2019, the General Office of China Bank and Insurance Regulatory Commission, or the CBIRC, issued the Notice on Addressing Banking and Insurance Institutions’ Irregularities against Consumer Rights and Interests, or the CBIRC Notice 194, according to which banks shall explicitly require that their third-party cooperation partners shall stop misleading sales, inappropriate collection activities, or forcible tie-in sales, and shall not double-charge financial institutions and consumers for the same service or illegally access the personal information of customers. Furthermore, in July 2020, the CBIRC promulgated the Interim Measures for Administration of the Internet Loan by Commercial Banks, or the Internet Loan Interim Measures, according to which banks shall meet relevant management requirements related to risk system management, risk data and model management, information technology risk management and loan management in their cooperation with third-party cooperation partners on internet loan business, and if banks recommend Internet loan products to the target customers through third-party cooperation partners, banks are required to sufficiently disclose the lender, actual annual interest rate, annualized comprehensive capital cost, arrangement for repayment of principal and interest and other information in obvious positions to safeguard the rights of customers to be informed and to make choice on their own, and shall not deprive the consumers of their rights to express their wishes by means of check by default, forced bundling or others. Some of the financial service providers on our platform are banks. If our cooperation with any of these banks fails to strictly comply with the CBIRC Notice 194, the Internet Loan Interim Measures, or other applicable laws, the banks may not be allowed to continue their cooperation with us and consequently our business, financial condition and prospects may be materially and adversely affected. If any of our financial service providers is deemed to violate any PRC laws or regulations, we may be jointly liable due to the services or solutions we provide. We may have to remove financial products from our platform or terminate relationship with financial service providers. As of the date of this annual report,Although we have not been subjectimplemented internal control procedures reviewing and examining the products on our platform to any fines or other penalties under any PRC laws, rules or regulations. However,ensure their compliance with relevant provisions, as we have limited control over the financial products and the services provided by financial service providers, if any financial product on our platform is deemed to violate any laws, rules or regulations, we may face, among others, regulatory warnings, correction orders, condemnation, fines and criminal liability. As a result, our business, reputation, financial performance and prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

For instance, in March 2019, it was reported that certain financial products offered by third-party financial service providers on our platform contained inappropriate conducts, which were suspected of the infringement of consumer rights. In response to such report, we have taken immediate measures to rectify and improve our monitoring and supervision of financial service providers and our user protection on our platform. See “—We have limited control over the product and service quality of our financial service providers.” Although we implement stringent standards to screen financial service providers before listing their products on our platform, we cannot rule out the possibility that the quality of the financial products and the services provided by financial service providers are not in full compliance with applicable laws and regulations at all times and similar negative reports about the financial products or services offered by third-party financial service providers on our platform may happen again in the future, which could materially and adversely affect our business, reputation, financial condition and results of operations.

We rely on the accuracy and timeliness of data provided by third parties.

As an open platform, we have access to data from users, financial service providers and third-party data partners. We synthesize these multiple sources of data with our data modeling and analytics capability, which drives our product recommendation engine. The information on borrower credit risk available in China may be incomplete or unreliable. The People’s Bank of China has developed and put into use a national personal and corporate credit information database which remains relatively underdeveloped. The information available to us, financial service providers and third-party data partners is limited. We cannot ensure the accuracy and timeliness of the various sources of data that we use. Low quality and inaccurate data could materially affect the accuracy and validity of our matching capability, services and solutions, which could adversely affect our reputation and financial performance.

Any actualWe may not be able to detect or perceived inappropriate usageprevent misconduct committed by our employees or mishandlingthird parties.

Misconduct by our employees, such as unauthorized business transactions, bribery, corruption and breach of private informationour internal policies and data on our platformprocedures, or by consultants or other third parties, such as breach of law, may be difficult to detect or prevent. It could subject us to liabilities, negatively impactfinancial loss and sanctions imposed by governmental authorities while seriously damaging our reputationreputation. This may also impair our ability to effectively attract prospective users, develop customer loyalty, obtain financing on favorable terms and deter users from usingconduct other business activities. Our risk management systems, information technology systems and internal control procedures are designed to monitor our platform.operations and overall compliance. However, there can be no assurance we will be able to identify non-compliance or illegal activities promptly, or at all.

Historically we have identified certain incidents of employee and third-party misconduct, in response to which we have undertaken internal review and remedial measures. See “—Risks Related to Our platform storesAudit Committee Independent Review, Restatement of Our Consolidated Financial Statements, Internal Controls and processes certain personalRelated Matters—We recently completed an audit committee independent review, which required significant management time and attention, resulted in significant legal and other sensitive data providedexpenses, and led to the termination of a number of employees.” Any misconduct committed by our users and financial service providers. We also make certain personal information provided by usersemployees or third party data providers availableparties and our inability to financial service providers using our big data risk management solutions with user consent. There are numerous laws regarding privacydetect and the storing, sharing, use, disclosureprevent such misconduct may materially and protection of personally identifiable information and data. Specifically, personally identifiable and other confidential information is increasingly subject to legislation and regulations in numerous domestic and international jurisdictions. PRC government authorities have enacted a series of laws and regulations relating to the protection of privacy and personal information, under which internet service providers and other network operators are required to clearly indicate the purposes, methods and scope of any information collection and usage, to obtain appropriate user consent and to establish user information protection systems with appropriate remedial measures. However, this regulatory framework for privacy issues in China and worldwide is currently evolving and is likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. We cannot assure you that our existing privacy and personal protection system and technical measures will be considered sufficient under applicable laws and regulations. We could be adversely affected if legislation or regulations in China are expanded to require changes in business practices or privacy policies, or if the PRC governmental authorities interpret or implement their legislation or regulations in ways that negatively affect our business, brand, financial condition and results of operations. In addition to laws, regulations and other applicable rules regarding privacy and privacy advocacy, industry groups or other private parties may propose new and different privacy standards. Because the interpretation and application of privacy and data protection laws and privacy standards are still uncertain, it is possible that these laws or privacy standards may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our practices. Any inability to adequately address privacy concerns, even if unfounded, or to comply with applicable privacy or data protection laws, regulations and privacy standards, could result in additional cost and liability for us, damage our reputation, inhibit the use of our platform and harm our business.

Fraudulent activity conducted through our platform or using the brand name of RONG360 could negatively impact our brand and reputation and cause the use of our platform to decrease.

We are subject to fraudulent activity on our platform or being perpetrated purportedly in the brand name of RONG360, sometimes through sophisticated schemes or collusion. Certain of our own employees may be corrupted and participate in fraudulent or otherwise illegal activities. Our resources, technologies, fraud detection tools and risk management system may be insufficient to accurately detect and timely prevent fraud and misconduct. For instance, it was found recently that certain third parties were using telephone or social network communications to scam our users into wiring deposits or service fees by posing as RONG360 customer service or to trick users into scanning and downloading a counterfeit version of our RONG360 app, both of which may have imposed negative impact on our brand and reputation. Significant increases in fraudulent activity could negatively impact our brand and reputation, result in losses suffered by users and financial service providers, and reduce user access to and user activity on our platform. We may need to adopt additional measures to prevent and reduce fraud, which could increase our costs. We anticipate that we will continue to be subject to claims on the fraudulent activity being perpetrated purportedly in the brand name of RONG360, and may incur extra costs and expenses as a result. High profile fraudulent activity could even lead to regulatory intervention, and may divert our management’s attention and cause us to incur additional expenses and costs. If any of the foregoing were to occur, our reputation and financial performance could be materially and adversely affected.

If we fail to effectively manage our growth, our business and operating results could be harmed.

WeAs we continue to experience rapid growth incommit to managing and growing our business, whichsignificant demands will continue to place significant demandsbe placed on our management, operational and financial resources. We may encounter difficulties as we expand our operations, data and technology, sales and marketing, and general and administrative functions. We expect our expenses to continue to increase in the future as we acquire more users, launch new technology development projects and build additional technology infrastructure. Continued growth could also strain our ability to maintain the quality and reliability of our platform and services, develop and improve our operational, financial, legal and management controls, and enhance our reporting systems and procedures. Our expenses may grow faster than our revenues, and our expenses may be greater than we anticipate. We may expand into new product categories with which we lack familiarity and relevant user data related to these products, making it more difficult for us to anticipate user demand and preferences and manage product and related financial service provider quality. We may also expand into new geographic areas where we do not have experience with local regulations or regulators or where local market conditions are unfavorable for our business model. Managing our growth will require significant expenditures and allocation of valuable management resources. If we fail to achieve the necessary level of efficiency in our organization as it grows, our business, operating results and financial condition could be harmed.

Our business depends on the continued efforts of our senior management. If one or more of our key executives were unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, our business may be severely disrupted.

Our business operations depend on the continued services of our senior management, particularly our co-founders and the executive officers named in this annual report. While we have provided different incentives to our management, we cannot assure you that we can continue to retain their services. If one or more of our key executives were unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, we may not be able to find suitable replacements, our future growth may be constrained, our business may be severely disrupted and our financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. In addition, although we have entered into confidentiality and non-competition agreements with our management, there is no assurance that any member of our management team will not join our competitors or form a competing business. If any dispute arises between our current or former officers and us, we may have to incur substantial costs and expenses in order to enforce such agreements in China or we may not be able to enforce them at all.

We may not be able to attract and retain the qualified and skilled employees needed to support our business.

We believe our future success depends on our continued ability to attract, develop, motivate and retain qualified and skilled employees. Competition for highly skilled sales and marketing, technical, risk management and financial personnel is extremely intense in China. We may not be able to hire and retain these personnel at compensation levels consistent with our existing compensation and salary structure. Some of the companies with which we compete for experienced employees have greater resources than we have and may be able to offer more attractive terms of employment. In addition, we invest significant time and resources in training our employees, which increases their value to competitors who may seek to recruit them. If we fail to retain our employees, we could incur significant expenses in hiring and training new employees, and our ability to serve users and financial service providers could diminish, resulting in a material adverse effect to our business.

Any negative publicity with respect to us, our financial service providers or the industry in which we operate may materially and adversely affect our reputation, brand, business and results of operations.

Our brand and reputation are critical to our business and competitiveness. We operate our platform using the “RONG360” brand and tradename in China. Factors that are vital to our reputation include but are not limited to our ability to:

·                  effectively match users with financial service providers;

·                  provide timely and accurate content on our platform;

·                  provide superior user experience on our platform;

·                  innovate and improve the services and solutions we provide to financial service providers;

·                  effectively manage and resolve complaints from users and financial service providers; and

·                  effectively protect privatepersonal information and data.

Any negative publicity about the foregoing or other aspects of our company, including but not limited to our brand, management, business, legal compliance, financial condition or prospects, whether with merit or not, could severely compromise our reputation and harm our business and operating results. In addition, negative publicity with respect to our financial service providers or the industry in which we operate may materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations. For instance, in March 2019, it was reported that certain financial products offered by third-party financial service providers on our platform contained inappropriate conducts, which were suspected of the infringement of consumer rights. See “—We have limited control over the product and service quality of our financial service providers.” Although we promptly responded to the negative media exposure to address user concerns and have taken immediate measures to rectify and improve our monitoring and supervision of financial service providers and our user protection on our platform, the media exposure had an immediate adverse impact on our reputation and the “RONG360” brand, which in turn may have adversely affected our business and results of operations. In addition, in June 2019, we received a fine of RMB700,000 from the Beijing Administration for Market Regulation for a piece of advertisement placed on our platform by one of our third-party financial service providers due to the advertisement’s failure to provide the appropriate risk warning labels associated with predicted financial returns listed in its content. Furthermore, in July 2019, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology identified us as one of many internet companies that had instances of improper collection or use of personal information either without prior user consent or with misleading or unclear user consent, and required us to rectify accordingly. We have taken necessary measures to rectify and improve our personal information and data protection system. These incidents attracted negative publicity with respect to our reputation and the “RONG360” brand. Such negative publicity may adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Our future growth depends on the further acceptance of the internet and particularly the mobile internet as an effective platform for disseminating financial products and content.

The internet, and particularly the mobile internet, has gained increased popularity in China as a platform for financial products and content in recent years. However, certain lenders, especially traditional financial institutions, and many borrowersusers have limited experience in handling financial products and content online, and some borrowersusers may have reservations about using online platforms. For example, users may not find online content to be reliable sources of financial product information. Some financial service providers may not believe online platforms are secure for risk assessment and credit management. Others may not find online platforms effective when promoting and providing their products and services, especially to targeted customers in lower-tier cities or rural areas. If we fail to educate users and financial service providers about the value of our platform and our services and solutions, our growth will be limited and our business, financial performance and prospects may be materially and adversely affected. The further acceptance of the internet and particularly the mobile internet as an effective and efficient platform for financial products and content is also affected by factors beyond our control, including negative publicity around online and mobile consumer finance and restrictive regulatory measures taken by the PRC government. If online and mobile networks do not achieve adequate acceptance in the market, our growth prospects, results of operations and financial condition could be harmed.

Our platform and internal systems rely on software that is highly technical, and if it contains undetected errors, our business could be adversely affected.

Our platform and internal systems rely on software that is highly technical and complex. In addition, our platform and internal systems depend on the ability of the software to store, retrieve, process and manage immense amounts of data. The software on which we rely has contained, and may now or in the future contain, undetected errors or bugs. Some errors may only be discovered after the code has been released for external or internal use. Errors or other design defects within the software on which we rely may result in a negative experience for users and financial service providers, delay introductions of new features or enhancements, result in errors or compromise our ability to protect data or our intellectual property. Any errors, bugs or defects discovered in the software on which we rely could result in harm to our reputation, loss of users or financial service providers or liability for damages, any of which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial conditions.

Our operations depend on the performance of the internet infrastructure and telecommunications networks in China.

Almost all access to the internet in China is maintained through state-owned telecommunication operators under the administrative control and regulatory supervision of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology. We primarily rely on a limited number of telecommunication service providers to provide us with data communications capacity through local telecommunications lines and internet data centers to host our servers. We have limited access to alternative networks or services in the event of disruptions, failures or other problems with China’s internet infrastructure or the fixed telecommunications networks provided by telecommunication service providers. With the expansion of our business, we may be required to upgrade our technology and infrastructure to keep up with the increasing traffic on our platform. We cannot assure you that the internet infrastructure and the fixed telecommunications networks in China will be able to support the demands associated with the continued growth in internet usage.

In addition, we have no control over the costs of the services provided by telecommunication service providers. If the prices we pay for telecommunications and internet services rise significantly, our financial performance may be adversely affected. Furthermore, if internet access fees or other charges to internet users increase, our user traffic may decline and our business may be harmed.

Any significant disruption in service on our platform or in our computer systems, including events beyond our control, could reduce the attractiveness of our platform and solutions and result in a loss of users or financial service providers.

In the event of a platform outage and physical data loss, the performance of our platform and solutions would be materially and adversely affected. The satisfactory performance, reliability and availability of our platform, solutions and underlying technology infrastructure are critical to our operations and reputation and our ability to retain existing and attract new users and financial service providers. Much of our system hardware is hosted in a leased facility located in Beijing that is operated by our IT staff. We also maintain a real-time backup system in the same facility and a remote backup system at a separate facility also located in Beijing. Our operations depend on our ability to protect our systems against damage or interruption from natural disasters, power or telecommunications failures, air quality issues, environmental conditions, computer viruses or attempts to harm our systems, criminal acts and similar events. If there is a lapse in service or damage to our leased facilities in Beijing, we could experience interruptions and delays in our service and may incur additional expense in arranging new facilities.

Any interruptions or delays in the availability of our platform or solutions, whether as a result of third-party or our error, natural disasters or security breaches, whether accidental or willful, could harm our reputation and our relationships with users and financial service providers. Additionally, in the event of damage or interruption, our insurance policies may not adequately compensate us for any losses that we may incur. OurAlthough we conduct regular troubleshooting exercises and disaster recovery drills, our disaster recovery plan has not been tested under actual disaster conditions, and we may not have sufficient capacity to recover all data and services in the event of an outage. These factors could damage our brand and reputation, divert our employees’ attention and subject us to liability, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Any breaches to our security measures, including unauthorized access, computer viruses and hacking, may adversely affect our database, reduce use of our services and damage our reputation and brand names.

The massive volume of data that we process and store makes us or third partythird-party service providers who host our servers an attractive target and potentially vulnerable to cyber-attacks, computer viruses, physical or electronic break-ins or similar disruptions. While we have taken steps to protect our database, our security measures could be breached. Because techniques used to sabotage or obtain unauthorized access to systems change frequently and generally are not recognized until they are launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. Any accidental or willful security breaches or other unauthorized access to our platform could cause confidential information to be stolen and used for criminal purposes. Security breaches or unauthorized access to confidential information could also expose us to liability related to the loss of the information, time-consuming and expensive litigation and negative publicity. If security measures are breached because of third-party action, employee error, malfeasance or otherwise, or if design flaws in our technology infrastructure are exposed and exploited, our relationships with users and financial service providers could be severely damaged, we could incur significant liability and our business and operations could be adversely affected. The PRC Network Security Law, effective on June 1, 2017, stipulates that a network operator, including internet information services providers among others, must adopt technical measures and other necessary measures in accordance with applicable laws and regulations as well as compulsory national and industrial standards to safeguard the safety and stability of network operations, effectively respond to network security incidents, prevent illegal and criminal activities, and maintain the integrity, confidentiality and availability of network data. While we have adopted comprehensive measures to comply with the applicable laws, regulations and standards, there can be no assurance that such measures will be effective. If we were found by the regulatory authorities to have failed to comply with the PRC Network Security Law, we would be subject to warnings, fines, confiscation of illegal gains, revocation of licenses, cancellation of filings, shutdown of our platform or even criminal liability and our business, financial condition and results of operations would be adversely affected.

We may not be able to prevent others from making unauthorized use of our intellectual property.

We regard our software registrations, trademarks, domain names, know-how, proprietary technologies and similar intellectual property as critical to our success, and we rely on a combination of intellectual property laws and contractual arrangements, including confidentiality and non-compete agreements with our employees and others to protect our proprietary rights. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Intellectual Property.” Despite these measures, any of our intellectual property rights could be challenged, invalidated, circumvented or misappropriated, or such intellectual property may not be sufficient to provide us with competitive advantages. In addition, there can be no assurance that (i) our application for the registration of trademarks and other intellectual property rights will be approved, (ii) any intellectual property rights will be adequately protected, or (iii) such intellectual property rights will not be challenged by third parties or found by a judicial authority to be invalid or unenforceable. For instance, we are using and will continue to use, or may need to use in the future, certain trademarks including the logo and character of “融 360” for our current and future business operations. The registration applications in the PRC of such trademarks under category 36 (finance related) and category 42 (internet and computer related) were rejected by the Trademark Office of the State Administration for Industry and Commerce, and were further rejected by the Trademark Review Committee (the “Review Committee”). We initiated administrative litigations thereafter against the Review Committee with respect to the aforesaid rejections of our trademark registration applications. We prevailed in one of these administrative litigations, but Beijing Qihoo Technology Co., Ltd. filed an appeal to the decision as a third-party. We lost the other three administrative litigations and have appealed these decisions. Such appeals are still pending and there is no assurance that we will prevail in such appeals and the relevant applications for trademark registration in the PRC will eventually be approved. If these trademarks could not be registered, we may fail to prevent others from using these marks, and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. Furthermore, because of the rapid pace of technological change in our industry, parts of our business rely on technologies developed or licensed by third parties, and we may not be able to obtain or continue to obtain licenses and technologies from these third parties on reasonable terms, or at all.

It is often difficult to register, maintain and enforce intellectual property rights in China. Statutory laws and regulations are subject to judicial interpretation and enforcement and may not be applied consistently due to the lack of clear guidance on statutory interpretation. Confidentiality, invention assignment and non-compete agreements may be breached by counterparties, and there may not be adequate remedies available to us for any such breach. Accordingly, we may not be able to effectively protect our intellectual property rights or to enforce our contractual rights in China. Preventing any unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult and costly and the steps we take may be inadequate to prevent the misappropriation of our intellectual property. In the event that we resort to litigation to enforce our intellectual property rights, such litigation could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our managerial and financial resources. We can provide no assurance that we will prevail in such litigation. In addition, our trade secrets may be leaked or otherwise become available to, or be independently discovered by, our competitors. To the extent that our employees or consultants use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related know-how and inventions. Any failure in protecting or enforcing our intellectual property rights could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may be subject to intellectual property infringement claims, which may be expensive to defend and may disrupt our business and operations.

We cannot be certain that our operations or any aspects of our business do not or will not infringe upon or otherwise violate trademarks, patents, copyrights, know-how or other intellectual property rights held by third parties. We may be from time to time in the future subject to legal proceedings and claims relating to the intellectual property rights of others. In addition, there may be third-party trademarks, patents, copyrights, know-how or other intellectual property rights that are infringed by our products, services or other aspects of our business without our awareness. Holders of such intellectual property rights may seek to enforce such intellectual property rights against us in China, the United States or other jurisdictions. IfFor instance, in April 2019, Beijing Qihoo Technology Co., Ltd. filed a lawsuit in a court in Beijing against our PRC subsidiary and a related party alleging that our use of RONG360 brand and tradename infringes upon its 360 trademark and constitutes unfair competition, and seeking various remedies from us. We believe this lawsuit has no merits and intend to defend ourselves rigorously. For any third-party infringement claims are brought against us, we may be forced to divert management’s time and other resources from our business and operations to defend against these claims, regardless of their merits.

Additionally, the application and interpretation of China’s intellectual property right laws and the procedures and standards for granting trademarks, patents, copyrights, know-how or other intellectual property rights in China are still evolving and are uncertain, and we cannot assure you that PRC courts or regulatory authorities would agree with our analysis. If we were found to have violated the intellectual property rights of others, we may be subject to liability for our infringement activities or may be prohibited from using such intellectual property, and we may incur licensing fees or be forced to develop alternatives of our own. As a result, our business and financial performance may be materially and adversely affected.

If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may be unable to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud.

We are not required to provide a report of management on our internal control over financial reporting and our independent registered public accounting firm is not required to conduct an audit of our internal control over financial reporting due to a transition period established by rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission for newly public companies. In the course of auditing our consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017, we and our independent registered public accounting firm identified one material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016 and 2017, in accordance with the standards established by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board of the United States.

The material weakness identified relates to the lack of sufficient competent financial reporting and accounting personnel with appropriate understanding of U.S. GAAP to design and implement formal period-end financial reporting policies and procedures, to address complex U.S. GAAP technical accounting issues, and to prepare and review our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures in accordance with U.S. GAAP and financial reporting requirements set forth by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC. We have implemented and are continuing to implement a number of measures to address the material weakness and the deficiencies that have been identified. For details, see “Item 15. Controls and Procedures.” However, we cannot assure you that we will be able to continue implementing these measures in the future, or that we will not identify additional material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in the future.

We are a public company in the United States subject to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires that we include a report of management on our internal control over financial reporting in our annual report on Form 20-F beginning with our annual report for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2018. In addition, if we cease to be an “emerging growth company” as such term is defined in the JOBS Act, our independent registered public accounting firm must attest to and report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Our management may conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is not effective. Moreover, even if our management concludes that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, our independent registered public accounting firm, after conducting its own independent testing, may issue a report that is qualified if it is not satisfied with our internal controls or the level at which our controls are documented, designed, operated or reviewed, or if it interprets the relevant requirements differently from us. In addition, our reporting obligations as a public company may place a significant strain on our management, operational and financial resources and systems for the foreseeable future. We may be unable to timely complete our evaluation testing and any required remediation.

During the course of documenting and testing our internal control procedures, in order to satisfy the requirements of Section 404, we may identify other weaknesses and deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting. In addition, if we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal control over financial reporting, as these standards are modified, supplemented or amended from time to time, we may not be able to conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404. If we fail to achieve and maintain an effective internal control environment, we could suffer material misstatements in our financial statements and fail to meet our reporting obligations, which would likely cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information. This could in turn limit our access to capital markets, harm our results of operations, and lead to a decline in the trading price of our ADSs.

Additionally, ineffective internal control over financial reporting could expose us to increased risk of fraud or misuse of corporate assets and subject us to potential delisting from the stock exchange on which we list, regulatory investigations and civil or criminal sanctions. We may also be required to restate our financial statements from prior periods.

We face risks associated with the Restructuring and the technology-enabled online lending business operated by RONG360.

We have finished major stepsOn July 31, 2018, RONG360 completed the share distribution of our ordinary shares held by it to the existing shareholders of RONG360 in proportion to RONG360’s shareholding structure, and thus completed the Restructuring to strengthen our positioning as an independent open platform and expect, in the near future, the existing shareholders of RONG360 Inc. would become our shareholders through a distribution of our shares in proportion to RONG360 Inc.’s current shareholding structure.platform. For more details, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure.” If we were unable to enhance the quality of our platform after the Restructuring, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.

RONG360 Inc. and its subsidiaries historically operated both our business and a technology-enabled online lending business. After the platform business was transferred to us as part of the Restructuring, we operate our business under the “Rong360” brand, whereas the technology-enabled online lending business is operated by RONG360 under a separate brand. However, the technology-enabled online lending business may be perceived to be a part of our business, which could subject us to reputational and regulatory risks. Any negative developments with respect to the technology-enabled online lending business and RONG360 may materially and adversely affect our business and brand.

Although the credit decisioning and risk management model of the technology-enabled online lending business is separate and independent from the credit decisioning and risk management solutions of our business, if our users or financial service providers believe otherwise, they may lose confidence in our data analytical capabilities. The technology-enabled online lending online business is expected to be a financial service provider on our platform under an information service cooperation agreement on terms and conditions similar to those we have with third partythird-party financial service providers. In addition, the technology-enabled online lending business will receive operational, administrative, human resources, legal, accounting and internal control support from us through a transitional services agreement for twelve months, afterand the effective date of the transitional services agreement.period has already been extended by mutual consent. If our arrangements with the technology-enabled online lending business or RONG360 are perceived by users or other financial service providers to be not on commercially reasonable terms, our reputation as an independent open platform may be damaged and our business and results of operations may be adversely affected. Furthermore, although RONG360 is expected to have its own separate senior management team, certain of our directors and executive officers may continue to remain as directors of RONG360 Inc. or provide advisory and other services to RONG360. These relationships could create, or appear to create, conflicts of interest when these persons are faced with decisions with potentially different implications for us and the technology-enabled online lending business. Business opportunities may arise that both we and RONG360 find attractive, and which would complement our respective businesses. The technology-enabled online lending business may wish to take the opportunities itself, which would hinder us from taking advantage of those opportunities. In addition, we may compete with the technology-enabled online lending business in the hiring of new employees, in particular with respect to credit decisioning and risk management related matters. We may not be able to resolve any potential conflicts which may have material adverse effect on our business.

We may be subject to liability associated with the advertisements on our platform.

As we generate a small portion of our revenues by providing advertising services to financial service providers, we are required to establish and continually improve a management system for such internet advertising activities. We are required to examine, review, verify and register the names, addresses and other valid contact and identity information of those who choose to place their advertisements on our platform on a regular basis. We must establish archives for the registration and verify and update the archives on a regular basis. Prior to publishing any advertisement, we are required to review its content against the relevant advertising certificate and ensure the content matches the certificate. Furthermore, we must have personnel who are familiar with advertising regulations to review the advertisements. While we have a review procedure prior to publishing, we cannot guarantee that we can entirely eliminate advertisements with content that would be deemed inappropriate or misleading. If we are deemed to be in violation of PRC law or regulations on advertising, we may be subject to penalties, including suspension of publishing, confiscation of the revenues related to these advertisements, levying of fines and suspension or termination of our advertising service, any of which may adversely affect our business. For instance, in June 2019, we received a fine of RMB700,000 from the Beijing Administration for Market Regulation for a piece of advertisement placed on our platform by one of our third-party financial service providers due to the advertisement’s failure to provide the appropriate risk warning labels associated with predicted financial returns listed in its content. Advertisements, which are not otherwise misleading, could be perceived as affecting the unbiased search results by our users and financial service providers. As a result, trust in our platform may decline and users may stop using our platform.

We may be held liable for information or content displayed on, retrieved from or linked to our platform, which may materially and adversely affect our business and operating results.

The PRC government has adopted regulations governing internet access and distribution of information over the internet. Under these regulations, internet content providers and internet publishers are prohibited from posting or displaying over the internet content that, among other things, violates PRC laws and regulations, impairs the national dignity of China, contains terrorism, extremism, content of force or brutality, or is reactionary, obscene, superstitious, fraudulent or defamatory. Failure to comply with these requirements may result in the revocation of licenses to provide internet content and other licenses, the closure of the concerned websites and criminal liabilities. In the past, failure to comply with these requirements has resulted in the closure of certain websites. The website operator may also be held liable for the censored information displayed on or linked to the website.

In particular, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology has published regulations that subject website operators to potential liability for content displayed on their websites and the actions of users and others using their systems, including liability for violations of PRC laws and regulations prohibiting the dissemination of content deemed to be socially destabilizing. The Ministry of Public Security has the authority to order any local internet service provider to block any internet website at its sole discretion. From time to time, the Ministry of Public Security has stopped the dissemination over the internet of information which it believes to be socially destabilizing. The State Secrecy Bureau is also authorized to block any website it deems to be leaking state secrets or failing to meet the relevant regulations relating to the protection of state secrets in the dissemination of online information. Furthermore, we are required to report any suspicious content to relevant governmental authorities, and to undergo computer security inspections. If we fail to implement the relevant safeguards against security breaches, our websites may be shut down and our business and ICP licenses may be revoked.

According to the Administrative Provisions on Mobile Internet Applications Information Services which was promulgated by the Cyberspace Administration of China and became effective in August 2016, providers of mobile apps may not create, copy, publish or distribute information and content that is prohibited by laws and regulations. We are required to adopt and implement management systems of information security and establish and improve procedures on content examination and administration. We must adopt such measures as warning, restricted release, suspension of updates and close of accounts, keep relevant records, and report unlawful content to competent government authorities. We have implemented internal control procedures screening the information and content on our mobile apps to ensure their compliance with these provisions. However, there can be no assurance that all the information or content displayed on, retrieved from or linked to our mobile apps complies with the requirements of the provisions at all times. If our mobile apps were found to violate the provisions, we may be subject to administrative penalties, including warning, service suspension or removal of our mobile apps from the relevant mobile app store, which may materially and adversely affect our business and operating results.

In addition, the Administrative Measures for Financial Information Services, effective on February 1, 2019, set forth that the financial information service providers shall not produce, copy, publish or spread information that contains any of the following contents: (i) false financial information endangering national financial security or social stability, (ii) distorting national fiscal and monetary policies or financial management policies disrupting the economic orders or damaging national interests; (iii) instigating any other person to commit commercial fraud or economic crime causing any social impact, (iv) fabricating any event or news on the securities, funds, futures, foreign exchange and other financial markets, (v) publicizing financial products and services prohibited by the competent departments, and (vi) any other content prohibited by laws, regulations or rules. Furthermore, financial information service providers are required to formulate internal service standards including the content review standard. Due to the lack of detailed interpretations of such measures, there is still uncertainty as to whether we shall be deemed as financial information service provider regulated by such measures. On December 15, 2019, the Cyberspace Administration of China promulgated the Provisions on Ecological Governance of Network Information Content, or the Network Ecological Governance Provisions, which took effect on March 1, 2020. The Network Ecological Governance Provisions provide the requirements for the content producers of the network information, the service platforms for the network information and the users of the network information. Among others, the Network Ecological Governance Provisions classify the network information into the “encouraged category”, the “prohibited category” and the “prevented and resisted category”. The content producers of network information are encouraged to produce, copy and publish network information in the encouraged category, prohibited from producing, copying or publishing network information in the prohibited category, and shall take measures to prevent and resist the production, reproduction and publication of undesirable information in the prevented and resisted category. In addition, the service platforms for the network information shall strengthen the management of information content, and upon discovery of any prohibited information or prevented and resisted information, shall immediately take measures in accordance with the laws, keep the relevant records, and report the same to the competent governmental authorities. A service platform for network information shall compile an annual report on the ecological governance of network information, which contains information on the ecological governance of network information, the performance of the person in charge of ecological governance of network information and social evaluation, etc. We have proactively implemented internal control policy screening the information and content on our website and mobile apps to ensure their compliance with the provisions of the Administrative Measures for Financial Information Services and the Network Ecological Governance Provisions. However, there can be no assurance that all the information or content displayed on, retrieved from or linked to our website and mobile apps complies with the requirements of the provisions at all times. If we were deemed as violating the requirements under the Administrative Measures for Financial Information Services, the Network Ecological Governance Provisions or other applicable laws and regulations, we may be subject to inquiries, public condemnation, rectification, or brought into the blacklist for the dishonest, or even subject to administrative penalties or criminal liabilities.

We may also become involved in legal disputes with third parties that disagree with the content on our platform. For example, a financial service provider that received a low rating from our reports filed a lawsuit claiming that we engaged in unfair competition. While this lawsuit was dismissed by the court and subsequently withdrawn by the plaintiff, there can be no assurance that we will successfully defend ourselves against similar lawsuits in the future. In addition, such lawsuits could result in substantial cost and a diversion of our managerial and financial resources.

We have limited insurance coverage which could expose us to significant costs and business disruption.

The insurance industry in China is still in an early stage of development, and insurance companies in China currently offer limited business-related insurance products. We do not maintain business interruption insurance or general third-party liability insurance, nor do we maintain property insurance, product liability insurance. We consider our insurance coverage to be reasonable in light of the nature of our business and the insurance products that are available in China and in line with the practices of other companies in the same industry of similar size in China, but we cannot assure you that our insurance coverage is sufficient to prevent us from any loss or that we will be able to successfully claim our losses under our current insurance policies on a timely basis, or at all. If we incur any loss that is not covered by our insurance policies, or the compensated amount is significantly less than our actual loss, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

FutureCurrent and future investments in and acquisitions of complementary assets, technologies and businesses may fail and may result in equity and earnings dilution and significant diversion of management attention.

We have and may further invest in or acquire assets, technologies and businesses that are complementary to our existing business. This may include opportunities to expand our service offerings and strengthen our technology infrastructure and data analytical capabilities. Our investments or acquisitions may not yield the results we expect. In addition, investments and acquisitions could result in the use of substantial amounts of cash, potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities, significant amortization expenses related to intangible assets, significant diversion of management attention and exposure to potential unknown liabilities of the acquired business. Moreover, the cost of identifying and consummating investments and acquisitions, and integrating the acquired businesses into ours, may be significant, and the integration of acquired businesses may be disruptive to our existing business operations. In the event that our investments and acquisitions are not successful, our financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. For example, in September 2019, the business of Databook Tech Ltd. and its subsidiaries and VIE, collectively refer to as Databook in this annual report, was suspended and an investigation was conducted against Databook and certain of its employees by competent authorities in relation to the compliance of information collection or use. In relation to the business suspension of Databook, we recorded a full impairment for goodwill, intangible assets and an impairment for other assets attributable to the Databook, totaling RMB254.7 million as of December 31, 2019. The investigation has concluded in January 2021. Databook was imposed confiscation of gains of RMB30 million and a fine of RMB30 million, total amount of RMB60 million was paid in January 2021, and we accrued additional current income tax expenses of RMB10.0 million in 2019. Certain employees of Databook have been charged with criminal liabilities; other than Databook, neither our company nor our directors or officers were involved.

We may face challenges in expanding our business and operations internationally and our ability to conduct business in international markets may be adversely affected by legal, regulatory, political and economic risks.

We face challenges and risks associated with expanding our business and operations globally into new geographic markets. New geographic markets may have competitive conditions, user preferences, and discretionary spending patterns that are more difficult to predict or satisfy than our existing markets. In certain markets, we have relatively little operating experience and may not benefit from any first-to-market advantages or otherwise succeed. We may also face protectionist policies that could, among other things, hinder our ability to execute our business strategies and put us at a competitive disadvantage relative to domestic companies. Local companies may have a substantial competitive advantage because of their greater understanding of, and focus on, the local users, as well as their more established local brand names, requiring us to build brand awareness in that market through greater investments in advertising and promotional activity. International expansion may also require significant capital investment, which could strain our resources and adversely impact current performance, while adding complexity to our current operations. We are subject to PRC law in addition to the laws of the foreign countries in which we operate. If any of our overseas operations, or our associates or agents, violate such laws, we could become subject to sanctions or other penalties, which could negatively affect our reputation, business and operating results.

In addition, we may face operational issues that could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business and results of operations, if we fail to address certain factors including, but not limited to, the following:

·                  lack of acceptance of our platform, and challenges of localizing our offerings to appeal to local tastes;

��                  failure to attract and retain capable talent with international perspectives who can effectively manage and operate local businesses;

·                  challenges in identifying appropriate local business partners and establishing and maintaining good working relationships with them;

·                  availability, reliability and security of international payment systems and logistics infrastructure;

·                  challenges of maintaining efficient and consolidated internal systems, including technology infrastructure, and of achieving customization and integration of these systems with the other parts of our technology platform;

·                  challenges in replicating or adapting our company policies and procedures to operating environments different from that of China;

·                  national security policies that restrict our ability to utilize technologies that are deemed by local governmental regulators to pose a threat to their national security;

·                  the need for increased resources to manage regulatory compliance across our international businesses;

·                  compliance with privacy laws and data security laws and compliance costs across different legal systems;

·                  heightened restrictions and barriers on the transfer of data between different jurisdictions;

·                  differing, complex and potentially adverse customs, import/export laws, tax rules and regulations or other trade barriers or restrictions related compliance obligations and consequences of non-compliance, and any new developments in these areas;

·                  business licensing or certification requirements of the local markets;

·                  exchange rate fluctuations; and

·                  political instability and general economic or political conditions in particular countries or regions, including territorial or trade disputes, war and terrorism.

Failure to manage these risks and challenges could negatively affect our ability to expand our business and operations overseas as well as materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our expansions into new businesses and new service offerings may expose us to new challenges and more risks and, if such new businesses and new service offerings are not successful, our future results of operations and growth prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

As part of our growth strategy, we may enter into new businesses or expand the variety of services offered on our platform from time to time by leveraging our large user base and our technology-driven open platform to generate additional revenue streams and through our development of new business or service offerings. Expansions into new businesses or service offerings may present operating, marketing and compliance risks and challenges that differ from those that we currently encounter. For instance, in the fourth quarter of 2019, we introduced insurance products to our platform after completing the acquisition of an insurance brokerage company in China. As the implementation of our business strategies, as well as the development of new businesses and service offerings, require significant time, financial and other resources and involve substantial risks, we may not be able to successfully implement our strategies, launch or develop such new businesses and service offerings in time, or achieve the expected benefits. We may also encounter unexpected technological difficulties in developing and implementing new technologies and, as a result, may incur substantial costs or services disruptions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We may confront other challenges as we enter new business domains. Our lack of familiarity with the new products and services and lack of relevant user data relating to these products and services may make it more difficult for us to anticipate user demand and preferences. It may also make it more difficult for us to on-board, monitor and supervise new financial service providers and we may experience more customer complaints about them and their financial products and face costly investigations or litigation as a result of offering the financial products on our platform, which would harm our brand and reputation as well as our financial performance. New business domains may also subject us to new complex regulations to comply with, higher compliance costs and serious consequences in cases of non-compliance. Furthermore, we may not have much bargaining power in new categories of financial product services and we may not be able to negotiate favorable terms with financial service providers. We may need to price aggressively to gain market share or remain competitive in new financial product service categories. It may be difficult for us to achieve profitability in the new financial product service categories and our profit margin, if any, may be lower than we anticipate, which would adversely affect our overall profitability and results of operations. We cannot assure you that we will be able to address these new challenges and continue to provide exceptional quality services. If we are not able to solve these issues, we may not be able to compete effectively. We cannot assure you that we will be able to recoup our investments in introducing these new businesses and service offerings.

We may not be able to obtain additional capital when desired, on favorable terms or at all.

We believe our current cash on hand as of December 31, 2017and cash equivalents will be sufficient to meet our current and anticipated needs for general corporate purposes for at least the next 1812 months. However, we need to make continued investments in facilities, hardware, software, technological systems and to retain talents to remain competitive.competitive, by using funds from bank borrowings and operating cash inflows. Due to the unpredictable nature of the capital markets and our industry, there can be no assurance that we will be able to raise additional capital on terms favorable to us, or at all, if and when required, especially if we experience disappointing operating results. If adequate capital is not available to us as required, our ability to fund our operations, take advantage of unanticipated opportunities, develop or enhance our infrastructure or respond to competitive pressures could be significantly limited. If we do raise additional funds through the issuance of equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership interests of our shareholders could be significantly diluted. These newly issued securities may have rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of existing shareholders.

Until RONG360 Inc. distributes shares inPrivacy concerns relating to our Cayman Islands holding company to its existing shareholders, RONG360 Inc. has considerable influence over usproducts and services and the use of user information could damage our corporate matters.reputation, deter current and potential users and customers from using our products and services, and negatively impact our business.

PriorWe collect data from our users related to their personal information in order to better understand our users and their needs. Concerns about the distributioncollection, use, disclosure or security of shares in our Cayman Islands holding company to its shareholders, RONG360 Inc. holds 83.4% of our ordinary shares and remains our controlling shareholder. RONG360 Inc. has considerable power to control actions that require shareholder approval under Cayman Islands law, such as electing directors, approving material mergers, acquisitionspersonal information or other business combination transactionsprivacy-related matters, even if unfounded, could damage our reputation, cause us to lose users and amendingcustomers and adversely affect our memorandumoperating results. While we strive to comply with applicable data protection laws and articlesregulations, as well as our own posted privacy policies and other obligations we may have with respect to privacy and data protection, the failure or perceived failure to comply may result, and in some cases has resulted, in inquiries and other proceedings or actions against us by government agencies or others, as well as negative publicity and damage to our reputation and brand, each of association. This control will limit your abilitywhich could cause us to influence corporate matterslose users and may prevent transactions that would be beneficial to you, including discouraging others from pursuing any potential merger, takeover or other change of control transactions,customers, which could have thean adverse effect of depriving the holderson our business.

Any systems failure or compromise of our ordinary sharessecurity that results in the unauthorized access to or release of our users’ or customers’ data could significantly limit the adoption of our products and services, as well as harm our ADSsreputation and brand and, therefore, our business. We strictly limit third-party developers’ access to user privacy and user data, and we expend significant resources on technology and product development to protect against leakage of user information and other security breaches. Nonetheless, given its great commercial value, our user data may still be misused by third parties, which could expose us to legal and regulatory risks and seriously harm our business.

The PRC regulatory and enforcement regime with regard to data security and data protection is evolving. On November 7, 2016, the Standing Committee of the opportunityNational People’s Congress issued the Cyber Security Law, which came into effect on June 1, 2017. The Cyber Security Law sets high requirements for the operational security of facilities deemed to sell their shares atbe part of the PRC’s “critical information infrastructure.” In the European Union, or EU, the General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR, which came into effect on May 25, 2018, present increased challenges and risks in relation to policies and procedures relating to data collection, storage, transfer, disclosure, protection and privacy, and will impose significant penalties for non-compliance, including for example, penalties calculated as a premium overpercentage of global revenue under the prevailing market price. Furthermore, if RONG360 Inc.GDPR. Due to the uncertainties as to the interpretation and applications of the GDPR, the potential risks associated with non-compliance therewith are uniquely difficult to predict. Other jurisdictions may have similar prohibitions.

New laws or regulations concerning data protection, or the interpretation and application of existing consumer and data protection laws or regulations, which is acquiredoften uncertain and in flux, may be inconsistent with our practices. If so, in addition to the possibility of fines, this could result in an order requiring that we change our practices, which could have an adverse effect on our business and operating results. Complying with new laws and regulations could cause us to incur substantial costs or otherwise undergoes arequire us to change of control, any acquirer or successor will be entitled to exercise the voting control and contractual rights of RONG360 Inc., and may do soour business practices in a manner that could vary significantly from that of RONG360 Inc.

We will be a “controlled company” within the meaning of the NYSE Listed Company Manual until RONG360 Inc. distributesmaterially adverse to our outstanding ordinary shares to its shareholders.

Jianpu Technology Inc. is 83.4% owned by RONG360 Inc. We expect that, the existing shareholders of RONG360 Inc. would become our shareholders in the near future. However, until this shareholding change takes place, we will be a “controlled company” as defined under the NYSE Listed Company Manual because RONG360 Inc. beneficially owns more than 50% of our outstanding ordinary shares. For so long as we remain a controlled company under that definition, we are permitted to elect to rely, and will rely, on certain exemptions from corporate governance rules, including an exemption from the rule that a majority of our board of directors must be independent directors. As a result, you will not have the same protection afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to these corporate governance requirements.business.

A severe or prolonged downturn in the Chinese or global economy could materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.

The global macroeconomic environment is facing challenges, including the end of quantitative easing by the U.S. Federal Reserve, the economic slowdown in the Eurozone since 2014 and uncertainties over the impact of Brexit. The Chinesegrowth of the PRC economy has shown slower growthslowed down since 20122010 compared to the previous decade and the trend may continue.continue in the foreseeable future, especially in light of the challenges the global economy is facing due to the COVID-19 global pandemic. See “— We face risks related to natural disasters, health epidemics and other outbreaks, which could significantly disrupt our operations.”. There is considerable uncertainty over the long-term effects of the expansionary monetary and fiscal policies adopted by the central banks and financial authorities of some of the world’s leading economies, including the United States and China. There have been concerns over unrest and terrorist threats in the Middle East, Europe and Africa, which have resulted in market volatility.Africa. There have also been concerns onabout the relationship between China and other countries, including the surrounding Asian countries, which may potentially have economic effects.lead to foreign investors closing down their business or withdrawing their investment in China. Economic conditions in China are sensitive to global economic conditions, as well as changes in domestic economic and political policies and the expected or perceived overall economic growth rate in China. Any severe or prolonged slowdown in the global or Chinese economy may materially and adversely affecthave a negative impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Recent changes in U.S. trade policies, including new tariffs on imports from China generally, and reactions by a number of markets including China in response to these U.S. actions, may have a material adverse effect on global economic conditions and the stability of global financial markets, and they may significantly reduce global trade and, in particular, trade between China and the United States. Our users and customers may reduce or delay their spending or borrowing activities, while we may have difficulty expanding our customer base fast enough, or at all, to offset the impact of decreased spending by our existing customers.

We and certain of our directors and officers have been named as defendants in a number of putative shareholder class action lawsuits, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operation, cash flows and reputation.

We will have to defend against several putative shareholder class action lawsuits described in “Item 8. Financial Information—A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings,” including any appeals of such lawsuits should our initial defense be unsuccessful. We are currently unable to estimate the possible outcome or loss or possible range of loss, if any, associated with the resolution of these lawsuits. In the event that our initial defense of these lawsuits is unsuccessful, there can be no assurance that we will prevail in any appeal. Any adverse outcome of these cases, including any plaintiff’s appeal of the judgments in these lawsuits, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operation, cash flows and reputation. In addition, there can be no assurance that our insurance carriers will cover all or part of the defense costs, or any liabilities that may arise from these matters. The litigation process may utilize a significant portion of our resources and divert management’s attention from the day-to-day operations of our company, all of which could harm our business. We also may be subject to claims for indemnification related to these matters, and we cannot predict the impact that indemnification claims may have on our business or financial results.

We face risks related to natural disasters, health epidemics and health epidemics.other outbreaks, which could significantly disrupt our operations.

Our business could be materially and adversely affected by natural disasters, health epidemics or other public safety concerns affecting the PRC, and particularly Beijing. Natural disasters may give rise to server interruptions, breakdowns, system failures, technology platform failures or internet failures, which could cause the loss or corruption of data or malfunctions of software or hardware as well as adversely affect our ability to operate our platform and provide services and solutions. Our business could also be adversely affected if our employees are affected by health epidemics. Our business operations could be disrupted if any of our employees is suspected of having any transmissible health epidemic, since this may cause our employees to be quarantined and/or our offices to be temperately shut down. In addition, our results of operations could be adversely affected to the extent that any health epidemic harms the Chinese economy in general. Our headquarters are located in Beijing, where most of our management and employees currently reside. Most of our system hardware and back-up systems are hosted in facilities located in Beijing. Consequently, if any natural disasters, health epidemics or other public safety concerns were to affect Beijing, our operation may experience material disruptions, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

For example, beginning in January 2020, the outbreak of COVID-19 has severely impacted China and the rest of the world, and our business and results of operations have been adversely affected as a result. In early 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the temporary closure of many corporate offices across China. Given the strict implementation of quarantine measures during this period, we and certain of our business partners implemented temporary adjustment of work schemes allowing employees to work from home and adopted remote collaboration. We made operational adjustments to maintain the same high quality service we had always provided our users, customers and partners as we simultaneously worked to minimize the impact of COVID-19 and push forward our business initiatives. However, as our cooperation with financial service partners rely heavily on face-to-face communications, our cooperation with them has been negatively impacted by the quarantine measures in China and in Beijing, in particular, for several months in 2020. Additionally, the global COVID-19 pandemic and the associated inability to travel globally has negatively affected the progress of the originally planned further expansion of our service offerings overseas since early 2020 and such negative impact may continue in 2021.

Many of the quarantine measures within China have since been relaxed, and we, together with our business partners, have gradually resumed normal operations since mid-July 2020. The COVID-19 global pandemic has resulted in, and may intensify, global economic distress, and the duration and extent of the impact of COVID-19 outbreak is highly uncertain at this time. The extent to which it may affect our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows will depend on the future development of the outbreak, which is also highly uncertain and difficult to predict and will depend on a number of factors, including the duration and severity of COVID-19, the extent and severity of new waves of outbreak in China and other countries, the development and progress of distribution of COVID-19 vaccine and other medical treatment and the effectiveness of such vaccine and other medical treatment, and the actions taken by government authorities to contain the outbreak, all of which are beyond our control. If the situation materially deteriorates in China or globally, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure

If the PRC government deems that our contractual arrangements with our variable interest entityentities do not comply with PRC regulatory restrictions on foreign investment in the relevant industries, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations.

Foreign ownership of internet-based businesses, such as distribution of online information, is subject to restrictions under current PRC laws and regulations. For example, foreign investors are not allowed to own more than 50% of the equity interests in a value-added telecommunication service provider (except e-commerce)which is engaged in internet information provision business like us and any such foreign investor must have experience in providing value-added telecommunications services overseas and maintain a good track record in accordance with the Guidance CatalogueSpecial Entry Management Measures (Negative List) for the Access of Industries for Foreign Investment (2020 version), which was promulgated in 2007, as most recently amended inon June 2017,23, 2020 and took effect on July 23, 2020, and other applicable laws and regulations.

We are a Cayman Islands exempted company and our PRC subsidiaries are considered foreign-invested enterprises. To comply with PRC laws and regulations, we conduct operations in China through an affiliated PRC entity, Beijing Rongdiandian Information Technology Co., Ltd., or RDD. RDD, is 40% owned by Ms. Dawei Huang, 40% owned by Mr. Jiayan Lu and 20% owned by Mr. Caofeng Liu.other affiliated PRC entities. We refer to these affiliated PRC entities as our variable interest entities, or the VIEs, and we have entered into a series of contractual arrangements with RDDthe VIEs and itstheir shareholders, which enable us to (i) exercise effective control over RDD,the VIEs, (ii) receive substantially allmajority of the economic benefits and bear the obligation to absorb substantially all of the losses of RDD,the VIEs, and (iii) have an exclusive option to purchase all or part of the equity interests in RDDthe VIEs when and to the extent permitted by PRC laws. Because of these contractual arrangements, we are deemed the primary beneficiary of RDDthe VIEs and hence consolidate itstheir financial results as our variable interest entity under U.S. GAAP. For a detailed description of these contractual arrangements, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure.”

In the opinion of Fangda Partners, our PRC legal counsel, (i) the ownership structure of our wholly foreign owned subsidiaries and our variable interest entitythe VIEs in China does not result in any violation of PRC laws and regulations currently in effect; and (ii) the contractual arrangements between our wholly foreign owned subsidiaries, our variable interest entitythe VIEs and the shareholders of our variable interest entitythe VIEs that are governed by PRC law are valid, binding and enforceable, and do not result in any violation of PRC laws or regulations currently in effect. However, we have been advised by our PRC legal counsel that there are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current and future PRC laws, regulations and rules, and there can be no assurance that the PRC regulatory authorities will take a view that is consistent with the opinion of our PRC legal counsel.

ItOn March 15, 2019, the National People’s Congress approved the Foreign Investment Law, and on December 26, 2019, the State Council promulgated the Implementing Rules of the Foreign Investment Law of the People’s Republic of China, or the Implementing Rules, to further clarify and elaborate the relevant provisions of the Foreign Investment Law. The Foreign Investment Law and the Implementing Rules both took effect on January 1, 2020. The Foreign Investment Law and the Implementing Rules do not explicitly classify whether variable interest entities that are controlled through contractual arrangements would be deemed as foreign invested enterprises if they are ultimately “controlled” by foreign investors. Since the Foreign Investment Law and the Implementing Rules are relatively new, uncertainties still exist in relation to their interpretation and implementation, and it is uncertain whether any new PRC laws or regulations relating tostill unclear how the Foreign Investment Law and the Implementing Rules would affect our variable interest entity structures will be adopted or if adopted, what they would provide. In particular, the Ministry of Commerce published a discussion draft of a proposed Foreign Investment Law for public reviewstructure and comments in January 2015 which, if enacted into law, would represent a major change to the laws and regulations relating to variable interest entity structures.business operation. See “—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Substantial uncertaintiesUncertainties exist with respect to the enactment timetable, interpretation and implementation of draft PRCthe newly enacted Foreign Investment Law and its implementing rules and how itthey may impact the viabilityour business, financial condition and results of our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations.”

If the ownership structure, contractual arrangements and businesses of our PRC subsidiaries or our variable interest entitythe VIEs are found to be in violation of any existing or future PRC laws or regulations, or our PRC subsidiaries or our variable interest entitythe VIEs fail to obtain or maintain any of the required permits or approvals, the relevant PRC regulatory authorities would have broad discretion to take action in dealing with such violations or failures, including:

·                  revoking the business licenses and/or operating licenses of such entities;

·                  shutting down our servers or blocking our website, or discontinuing or placing restrictions or onerous conditions on our operation through any transactions between our PRC subsidiaries and variable interest entity;the VIEs;

·                  imposing fines, confiscating the income from our PRC subsidiaries or our variable interest entity,the VIEs, or imposing other requirements with which we or our variable interest entityentities may not be able to comply;

·                  requiring us to restructure our ownership structure or operations, including terminating the contractual arrangements with our variable interest entitythe VIEs and deregistering the equity pledge of our variable interest entity,the VIEs, which in turn would affect our ability to consolidate, derive economic interests from, or exert effective control over our variable interest entity;the VIEs; or

·                  restricting or prohibiting our use of the proceeds of our IPO to finance our business and operations in China, and taking other regulatory or enforcement actions that could be harmful to our business.

Any of these actions could cause significant disruption to our business operations and severely damage our reputation, which would in turn materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. If any of these occurrences results in our inability to direct the activities of our variable interest entitythe VIEs that most significantly impact itstheir economic performance, and/or our failure to receive the economic benefits from our variable interest entity,the VIEs, we may not be able to consolidate the entityentities in our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

We rely on contractual arrangements with our variable interest entitythe VIEs and itstheir shareholders to exercise control over a significant part of our business, which may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing operational control.

We have relied and expect to continue to rely on the contractual arrangements with our variable interest entity arrangementsentities to conduct a significant part of our operations in China. We rely on contractual arrangements with RDDthe VIEs and itstheir shareholders to conduct a significant part of our operations in China. For a description of these contractual arrangements, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure.” The shareholders of RDDthe VIEs may not act in the best interests of our company or may not perform their obligations under these contracts. If we had direct ownership of RDD,the VIEs, we would be able to exercise our rights as a shareholder to effect changes in the board of directors of RDD,the VIEs, which in turn could implement changes, subject to any applicable fiduciary obligations, at the management and operational level. However, under the contractual arrangements, we would rely on legal remedies under PRC law for breach of contract in the event that RDDthe VIEs and itstheir shareholders did not perform their obligations under the contracts. These legal remedies may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing us with control over RDD.the VIEs.

If RDDthe VIEs or itstheir shareholders fail to perform their obligations under the contractual arrangements, we may have to incur substantial costs and expend additional resources to enforce such arrangements. All the agreements under our contractual arrangements are governed by PRC law and provide for the resolution of disputes through arbitration in China. Accordingly, these contracts would be interpreted in accordance with PRC law and any disputes would be resolved in accordance with PRC legal procedures. The legal system in the PRC is not as developed as in some other jurisdictions, such as the United States. As a result, uncertainties in the PRC legal system could limit our ability to enforce these contractual arrangements. Meanwhile, there are very few precedents and little formal guidance as to how contractual arrangements in the context of a variable interest entity should be interpreted or enforced under PRC law. There remain significant uncertainties regarding the ultimate outcome of such arbitration should legal action become necessary. In addition, under PRC law, rulings by arbitrators are final, parties cannot appeal the arbitration results in courts, and if the losing parties fail to carry out the arbitration awards within a prescribed time limit, the prevailing parties may only enforce the arbitration awards in PRC courts through arbitration award recognition proceedings, which would require additional expenses and delay. In the event we are unable to enforce these contractual arrangements, or if we suffer significant delay or other obstacles in the process of enforcing these contractual arrangements, we may not be able to exert effective control over our variable interest entity,entities, and our ability to conduct our business may be negatively affected. See “—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Uncertainties in the interpretation and enforcement of Chinese laws and regulations could limit the legal protections available to you and us.”

The shareholders of our variable interest entitythe VIEs may have potential conflicts of interest with us, which may materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.

RDD is 40% owned by Ms. Dawei Huang, who is the wifeappointed family member of our CEO,chief executive officer, Mr. Daqing (David) Ye, 40% owned by Mr. Jiayan Lu, who is our chief operating officer, and 20% owned by Mr. Caofeng Liu, who is our chief technology officer. Owners of the other VIEs include Jianpu’s employees and one affiliate to Jianpu’s founder. They may have potential conflicts of interest with us. These shareholders may breach, or cause our variable interest entitythe VIEs to breach, or refuse to renew, the existing contractual arrangements we have with them and our variable interest entity,the VIEs, which would have a material and adverse effect on our ability to effectively control our variable interest entityentities and receive economic benefits from it. For example, the shareholders may be able to cause our agreements with RDDthe VIEs to be performed in a manner adverse to us by, among other things, failing to remit payments due under the contractual arrangements to us on a timely basis. We cannot assure you that when conflicts of interest arise, any or all of these shareholders will act in the best interests of our company or such conflicts will be resolved in our favor.

Currently, we do not have any arrangements to address potential conflicts of interest between these shareholders and our company. For the shareholders who are also our directors and executive officers,certain management members, we rely on them to abide by the laws of the Cayman Islands and China, which provide that directors owe a fiduciary duty to the company that requires them to act in good faith and in what they believe to be the best interests of the company and not to use their position for personal gains. There is currently no specific and clear guidance under PRC laws that address any conflict between PRC laws and laws of Cayman Islands in respect of any conflict relating to corporate governance. If we cannot resolve any conflict of interest or dispute between us and the shareholders of RDD,the VIEs, we would have to rely on legal proceedings, which could result in disruption of our business and subject us to substantial uncertainty as to the outcome of any such legal proceedings.

Our contractual arrangements with our variable interest entitythe VIEs may be subject to scrutiny by the PRC tax authorities and they may determine that we or our variable interest entityentities owe additional taxes, which could negatively affect our financial condition and the value of your investment.

Under applicable PRC laws and regulations, arrangements and transactions among related parties may be subject to audit or challenge by the PRC tax authorities within ten years after the taxable year when the transactions are conducted. The PRC enterprise income tax law requires every enterprise in China to submit its annual enterprise income tax return together with a report on transactions with its related parties to the relevant tax authorities. The tax authorities may impose reasonable adjustments on taxation if they have identified any related party transactions that are inconsistent with arm’s length principles. We may face material and adverse tax consequences if the PRC tax authorities determine that the contractual arrangements between RQN, which is our wholly foreign owned subsidiary, RDD, which issubsidiaries, our variable interest entity,entities, and RDD’s shareholders of the VIEs were not entered into on an arm’s length basis in such a way as to result in an impermissible reduction in taxes under applicable PRC laws, rules and regulations, and adjust RDD’sthe income of the VIEs in the form of a transfer pricing adjustment.

A transfer pricing adjustment could, among other things, result in a reduction of expense deductions recorded by RDDthe VIEs for PRC tax purposes, which could in turn increase itstheir tax liabilities without reducing RQN’sthe tax expenses.expenses of relevant PRC subsidiaries. In addition, if RQN requestsour PRC subsidiaries request the shareholders of RDDthe relevant VIEs to transfer their equity interest in RDDsuch VIEs at nominal or no value pursuant to the contractual agreements, such transfer could be viewed as a gift and subject RQNthe relevant PRC subsidiaries to PRC income tax. Furthermore, the PRC tax authorities may impose late payment fees and other penalties on RDDthe VIEs for the adjusted but unpaid taxes according to the applicable regulations. Our financial position could be materially and adversely affected if our variable interest entity’sentities’ tax liabilities increase or if it is required to pay late payment fees and other penalties.

We may lose the ability to use and benefit from assets held by our variable interest entitythe VIEs that are material to the operation of our business if the entity goes bankrupt or becomes subject to a dissolution or liquidation proceeding.

As part of our contractual arrangements with our variable interest entity, this entity holdsthe VIEs, these entities hold certain assets that are material to the operation of our business. If our variable interest entity goesany of the VIEs go bankrupt and all or part of itstheir assets become subject to liens or rights of third-party creditors, we may be unable to continue some or all of our business activities, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Under the contractual arrangements, our variable interest entitythe VIEs may not, in any manner, sell, transfer, mortgage or dispose of its assets or legal or beneficial interests in the business without our prior consent. If our variable interest entity undergoesthe VIEs undergo a voluntary or involuntary liquidation proceeding, unrelated third-party creditors may claim rights to some or all of these assets, thereby hindering our ability to operate our business, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Doing Business in China

Changes in China’s economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material and adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Substantially all of our assets and operations are conductedlocated in China. Accordingly, our business, financial condition, results of operations financial condition and prospects aremay be influenced to a significant degree by political, economic political and legal developmentssocial conditions in China. China’sChina generally and by continued economic growth in China as a whole. The PRC economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including with respect to the degreelevel of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, control of foreign exchange and allocation of resources. Although the PRC government has implemented measures emphasizing the utilization of market forces for economic reform, the reduction of state ownership of productive assets, and the establishment of improved corporate governance in business enterprises, a substantial portion of productive assets in China is still owned by the government. In addition, the PRC government continues to play a significant role in regulating industry development by imposing industrial policies.

The PRC government also exercises significant control over China’s economic growth through strategically allocating resources, controlling the payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy, and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies.

While the PRCChinese economy has experienced significant growth over the past decades, that growth has been uneven, across different regionsboth geographically and between industryamong various sectors and may not continue, as evidenced by the slowing of the economy. The Chinese government has implemented various measures to encourage economic growth and guide the allocation of resources. Some of these measures may benefit the overall Chinese economy, since 2012. Any adversebut may have a negative effect on us. For example, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by government control over capital investments or changes in economic conditions in China, in the policies of the Chinese government or in the laws and regulations in China could have a material adverse effect on the overall economic growth of China. Such developments could adversely affect our business and operating results, lead to reduction in demand for our services and solutions and adversely affect our competitive position.tax regulations.

Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system could adversely affect us.

The PRC legal system is a civil law system based on written statutes. Unlike the common law system, prior court decisions may be cited for reference but have limited precedential value.

In 1979, the PRC government began to promulgate a comprehensive system of laws and regulations governing economic matters in general. The overall effect of legislation over the past decades has significantly enhanced the protections afforded to various forms of foreign investments in China. However, China has not developed a fully integrated legal system, and recently enacted laws and regulations may not sufficiently cover all aspects of economic activities in China. In particular, the interpretation and enforcement of these laws and regulations involve uncertainties. Since PRC administrative and court authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory and contractual terms, it may be difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection available to you and us.

Furthermore, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules, some of which are not published on a timely basis or at all, and which may have a retroactive effect. As a result, we may not be aware of our violation of any of these policies and rules until sometime after the violation. Such uncertainties, including uncertainty over the scope and effect of our contractual, property (including intellectual property) and procedural rights, and any failure to respond to changes in the regulatory environment in China could materially and adversely affect our business and impede our ability to continue our operations.

Substantial uncertaintiesUncertainties exist with respect to the enactment timetable, interpretation and implementation of draft PRCthe newly enacted Foreign Investment Law and its implementing rules and how itthey may impact the viabilityour business, financial condition and results of our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations.

The Ministry of Commerce published a discussion draft of the proposed Foreign Investment Law in January 2015, aiming to replace the major existing laws regulating foreign investment in China. It was reported in November 2017 that after considering the public comments, a draft was produced for further review. The State Council’s 2018 Legislation Plan, published in March 2018, also mentioned that the draft Foreign Investment Law will be submitted to the National People’s Congress Standing Committee for review in 2018. However, the revised Draft Foreign Investment Law has not been made available to the public, and there are still substantial uncertainties with respect to its enactment timetable, interpretation and implementation. The draft Foreign Investment Law, if enacted as proposed, may materially impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations in many aspects.

Among other things, the draft Foreign Investment Law purports to introduce the principle of “actual control” in determining whether a company is considered a foreign-invested enterprise. The draft Foreign Investment Law specifically provides that entities established in China but “controlled” by foreign investors will be treated as foreign-invested enterprises, whereas anvariable interest entity organized in a foreign jurisdiction, but cleared by the Ministry of Commerce as “controlled” by PRC entities and/or citizens, would nonetheless be treated as a PRC domestic entity for investment in the “restriction category” that could appear on any such “negative list.” In this connection, “control” is broadly defined in the draft law to cover any of the following summarized categories: (i) holding 50% or more of the voting rights of the subject entity; (ii) holding less than 50% of the voting rights of the subject entity but having the power to secure at least 50% of the seats on the board or other equivalent decision making bodies, or having the voting power to exert material influence on the board, the shareholders’ meeting or other equivalent decision making bodies; or (iii) having the power to exert decisive influence, via contractual or trust arrangements, over the subject entity’s operations, financial matters or other key aspects of business operations.

Once an entity is deemed as a foreign-invested enterprise, and its investment amount exceeds certain thresholds or its business operation falls within a “negative list” purported to be separately issued by the State Council in the future, market entry clearance by the Ministry of Commerce or its local counterparts would be required.

The “variable interest entity” structure has been adopted by many PRC-based companies, including us, to obtain necessary licenses and permits in the industries that are currently subject to foreign investment restrictions in China. See “—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure” and “Item 4. Information onThe Ministry of Commerce published a discussion draft of the Company—C. Organizational Structure.” Under the draftproposed Foreign Investment Law in January 2015, or the 2015 Draft FIL, according to which, variable interest entities that are controlled via contractual arrangementarrangements would also be deemed as foreign-invested enterprisesentities, if they are ultimately “controlled” by foreign investors. Therefore, for any companies with a “variable interest entity” structureIn March 2019, the PRC National People’s Congress promulgated the Foreign Investment Law, and in an industry category that is inDecember 2019, the “restriction category” onState Council promulgated the “negative list,”Implementing Rules to further clarify and elaborate the “variable interest entity” structure may be deemed legitimate only if the ultimate controlling person(s) is/are of PRC nationality (either PRC companies or PRC citizens). Conversely, if the actual controlling person(s) is/are of foreign nationalities, then the variable interest entities will be treated as foreign-invested enterprises and any operation in the industry category on the “negative list” without market entry clearance may be considered as illegal.

However, there are significant uncertainties as to how the control status of our consolidated “variable interest entity” would be determined under the enacted versionrelevant provisions of the Foreign Investment Law. In addition, it is uncertain whetherThe Foreign Investment Law and the Implementing Rules both became effective from January 1, 2020 and replaced the major previous laws and regulations governing foreign investments in the PRC. Pursuant to the Foreign Investment Law ,”foreign investments” refer to investment activities conducted by foreign investors (including foreign natural persons, foreign enterprises or other foreign organizations) directly or indirectly in the PRC, which include any of the businesses that we currently operate or plan to operatefollowing circumstances: (i) foreign investors setting up foreign-invested enterprises in the future through our consolidated “variable interest entity”PRC solely or jointly with other investors, (ii) foreign investors obtaining shares, equity interests, property portions or other similar rights and interests of enterprises within the PRC, (iii) foreign investors investing in new projects in the PRC solely or jointly with other investors, and (iv) investment in other methods as specified in laws, administrative regulations, or as stipulated by the State Council. The Foreign Investment Law and the Implementing Rules do not introduce the concept of “control” in determining whether a company would be on the to-be-issued “negative list” and therefore be subject to any foreign investment restrictions or prohibitions. If our consolidated “variable interest entity” were deemedconsidered as a foreign-invested enterprise, undernor do they explicitly provide whether the enacted versionvariable interest entity structure would be deemed as a method of foreign investment. However, the Foreign Investment Law has a catch-all provision that includes into the definition of “foreign investments” made by foreign investors in China in other methods as specified in laws, administrative regulations, or as stipulated by the State Council, and as the Foreign Investment Law and the Implementing Rules are newly adopted and relevant government authorities may promulgate more laws, regulations or rules on the interpretation and implementation of the Foreign Investment Law, the possibility cannot be ruled out that the concept of “control” as stated in the 2015 Draft FIL may be embodied in, or the variable interest entity structure adopted by us may be deemed as a method of foreign investment by, any of such future laws, regulations and rules. If our consolidated VIEs were deemed as foreign-invested enterprises under any of such future laws, regulations and rules, and any of the businesses that we operate werewould be in the “restricted” category on the to-be-issued “negative list,” such determination would materially and adversely affect the value of our ADSs. We also face uncertainties as to whether the enacted version of the Foreign Investment Law and the final “negative list” would mandate further actions, such as Ministry of Commerce market entry clearance,for foreign investment and therefore be subject to be completed by companies with existing “variable interest entity” structure and whether such clearance can be timely obtained. If we were not considered as ultimately controlled by PRC domestic investors under the enacted version of the Foreign Investment Law,foreign investment restrictions or prohibitions, further actions required to be taken by us under the enacted Foreign Investment Lawsuch laws, regulations and rules may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, if future laws, administrative regulations or rules mandate further actions to be taken by companies with respect to existing contractual arrangements, we may face substantial uncertainties as to whether we can complete such actions in a timely manner, or at all. Failure to take timely and appropriate measures to cope with any of these or similar regulatory compliance challenges could materially and adversely affect our current corporate structure, business, financial condition.condition and results of operations.

We may be adversely affected by the complexity, uncertainties and changes in PRC regulation of internet-related businesses and companies.companies and other businesses we are or will be engaged in.

The PRC government extensively regulates the internet industry, including foreign ownership and the licensing and permit requirements for companies in the internet industry. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulation—Regulation Related to Foreign Investment Restrictions” and “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulation—Regulations Related to Value-Added TelecommunicationTelecommunications Services.” These laws and regulations are relatively new and evolving, and their interpretation and enforcement involve significant uncertainties. As a result, in certain circumstances it may be difficult to determine what actions or omissions may be deemed to be in violation of applicable laws and regulations.

Due to the restriction of foreign investment in businesses providing value-added telecommunicationtelecommunications services in China, including internet information provision services, we rely on the contractual arrangements with RDD, one of our variable interest entity,entities, to provide such services. RDD has obtained an ICP license. Any challenge to the validity of these arrangements may significantly disrupt our business, subject us to sanctions, compromise enforceability of our contractual arrangements, or have other harmful effects on us. It is uncertain if our variable interest entityentities will be required to obtain a separate operating license in addition to the valued-added telecommunications business operating licenses for internet content provision services.

Although we believe that we are not explicitly required to obtain a separate license for our mobile applications, there can be no assurance that we will not be required to apply for such license in the future.

The interpretation and application of existing PRC laws, regulations and policies and possible new laws, regulations or policies relating to the internet industry have created substantial uncertainties regarding the legality of existing and future foreign investments in, and the businesses and activities of, internet businesses in China, including our business. WeFor instance, on August 1, 2019, the General Office of the State Council promulgated the Guiding Opinions on Promoting the Well-regulated and Sound Development of the Platform Economy, or the Guiding Opinions on Platform Economy, which provide that the market access management and the operational and post-operational supervision of the financial business of internet platforms involving financial services shall be subject to laws, regulations and the relevant provisions. Establishment of financial institutions, operation of financial activities, provision of financial information intermediary and transaction matching services shall be subject to entry administration according to the laws. Due to the lack of further interpretations of the Guiding Opinions on Platform Economy, it is uncertain whether we will be deemed as providing “financial information intermediary and transaction matching services” as prescribed under the Guiding Opinions on Platform Economy and be subject to entry administration. Therefore, we cannot assure you that we have obtained all the permits or licenses required for conducting our business in China or will be able to maintain our existing licenses or obtain new ones.ones, and we cannot assure you that we will not be required in the future by the relevant governmental authorities to obtain other approvals or licenses. If we were required to obtain any new approval or license, we may not be able to obtain such license or approval in a timely manner, or at all. As a platform, we have been continuously improving and innovating products, services and solutions to better empower our users and enable financial service providers. For instance, we launched our Social Media and Partner Program in the third quarter of 2018, within which we introduced a cooperation system with our users who may register as our business partners in carrying out the financial product recommendation services on our platform (see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Marketing and Brand Promotion”). Given the complexity, uncertainties and changes in PRC regulations, and that we have limited control over our users and financial service providers on our platform and may not be able to effectively monitor their activities, so we cannot assure you that our practices or the activities of our users and financial service providers will not be deemed to violate any existing or future laws, regulations or policies. If any of our practices or the activities of our users and financial service providers is deemed to violate any existing or future laws, regulations or policies, we may be ordered to cease such activities, and may be subject to other penalties as determined by the relevant government authorities, and our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

In addition, we started to operate insurance brokerage business through Shanghai Anguo Insurance Brokerage Co., Ltd. since the fourth quarter of 2019. The insurance brokerage business is a highly regulated industry in China, and the regulatory regime continues to evolve. The China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, or the CBIRC, has extensive authority to supervise and regulate the insurance industry in China and has been enhancing its supervision over this industry in recent years, and new laws, regulations and regulatory requirements have been promulgated and implemented from time to time. We face challenges brought by these new laws, regulations and regulatory requirements, as well as significant uncertainties in the interpretation and application thereof. We might be required to spend significant time and resources in order to comply with any material changes in the regulatory environment, which could trigger significant changes to the competitive landscape of our insurance brokerage business and we may lose some or all of our competitive advantages during this process. Moreover, the CBIRC and its local branches may conduct various examinations and inspections on our insurance brokerage business operations from time to time, which could cover a broad range of aspects, including financial reporting, tax reporting, internal control and compliance with applicable laws, rules and regulations. If any non-compliance incidents in our insurance brokerage business operation are identified, we may be required to take certain rectification measures in accordance with applicable laws and regulations, or we may be subject to other administrative penalties.

We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.

We are a holding company, and we may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries for our cash and financing requirements, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders and service any debt we may incur. For a detailed discussion of applicable PRC regulations governing distribution of dividends, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospectus—B. Liquidity and Capital Resources—Holding Company Structure.” Additionally, if our PRC subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing their debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us. Furthermore, the PRC tax authorities may require our subsidiaries to adjust their taxable income under the contractual arrangements they currently have in place with our variable interest entityentities in a manner that would materially and adversely affect their ability to pay dividends and other distributions to us. See “—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—Our contractual arrangements with our variable interest entitythe VIEs may be subject to scrutiny by the PRC tax authorities and they may determine that we or our variable interest entityentities owe additional taxes, which could negatively affect our financial condition and the value of your investment.”

Any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other distributions to us could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our business, pay dividends, or otherwise fund and conduct our business. See also “—If we are classified as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders or ADS holders.”

Fluctuations in exchange rates could have a material and adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of your investment.

The conversion of Renminbi into foreign currencies, including U.S. dollars, is based on rates set by the People’s Bank of China. The Renminbi has fluctuated against the U.S. dollar, at times significantly and unpredictably. The value of Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies is affected by changes in China’s political and economic conditions and by China’s foreign exchange policies, among other things. In July 2005, the PRC government changed its decades-old policy of pegging the value of Renminbi to the U.S. dollar, and Renminbi appreciated more than 20% against the U.S. dollar over the following three years. Between July 2008 and June 2010, this appreciation halted and the exchange rate between Renminbi and the U.S. dollar remained within a narrow band. Since June 2010, Renminbi has fluctuated against the U.S. dollar, at times significantly and unpredictably. With the development of the foreign exchange market and progress towards interest rate liberalization and Renminbi internationalization, the PRC government may in the future announce further changes to the exchange rate system and weWe cannot assure you that Renminbi will not appreciate or depreciate significantly in value against the U.S. dollar in the future. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between Renminbi and the U.S. dollar in the future.

There remains significant international pressure on the PRC government to adopt a more flexible currency policy.

Any significant appreciation or depreciation of Renminbi may materially and adversely affect our revenues, earnings and financial position, and the value of, and any dividends payable on, our ADSs in U.S. dollars. For example, to the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars we receive into Renminbi to pay our operating expenses, appreciation of Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the RMB amount we would receive from the conversion. Conversely, a significant depreciation of Renminbi against the U.S. dollar may significantly reduce the U.S. dollar equivalent of our earnings, which in turn could adversely affect the price of our ADSs.

Very limited hedging options are available in China to reduce our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations. To date, we have not entered into any hedging transactions in an effort to reduce our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. While we may decide to enter into hedging transactions in the future, the availability and effectiveness of these hedges may be limited and we may not be able to adequately hedge our exposure or at all. In addition, our currency exchange losses may be magnified by PRC exchange control regulations that restrict our ability to convert Renminbi into foreign currency. As a result, fluctuations in exchange rates may have a material adverse effect on your investment.

PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of our offshore offerings to make loans to or make additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

Under PRC laws and regulations, we are permitted to utilize the proceeds from our IPO and the concurrent private placements to fund our PRC subsidiaries by making loans to or additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries, subject to applicable government registration and approval requirements. For more details, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulation—Regulations Related to Foreign Exchange—Regulation on Foreign Currency Exchange.” These PRC laws and regulations may significantly limit our ability to use Renminbi converted from the net proceeds of our IPO and the concurrent private placements to fund the establishment of new entities in China by our PRC subsidiaries, to invest in or acquire any other PRC companies through our PRC subsidiaries, or to establish new variable interest entities in China. Moreover, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete the necessary registrations or obtain the necessary government approvals on a timely basis, if at all, with respect to future loans to our PRC subsidiaries or future capital contributions by us to our PRC subsidiaries. If we fail to complete such registrations or obtain such approvals, our ability to use the proceeds we received or expect to receive from our offshore offerings and to capitalize or otherwise fund our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

Governmental control of currency conversion may limit our ability to utilize our revenues effectively and affect the value of your investment.

The PRC government imposes controls on the convertibility of Renminbi into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out of China. Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, such as profit distributions and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval from the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE, by complying with certain procedural requirements. However, approval from or registration with appropriate governmental authorities is required where Renminbi is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulation—Regulations Related to Foreign Exchange—Regulation on Foreign Currency Exchange.”

Since 2016, the PRC government has tightened its foreign exchange policies again and stepped up scrutiny of major outbound capital movement. More restrictions and a substantial vetting process have been put in place by SAFE to regulate cross-border transactions falling under the capital account. The PRC government may also restrict access in the future to foreign currencies for current account transactions, at its discretion. We receive substantially all of our revenues in RMB. If the foreign exchange control system prevents us from obtaining sufficient foreign currencies to satisfy our foreign currency demands, we may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to our shareholders, including holders of our ADSs.

PRC regulations relating to offshore investment activities by PRC residents may limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to increase their registered capital or distribute profits to us or otherwise expose us or our PRC resident beneficial owners to liability and penalties under PRC law.

SAFE requires PRC residents or entities to register with SAFE or its local branch in connection with their establishment or control of an offshore entity established for the purpose of overseas investment or financing. In addition, such PRC residents or entities must update their SAFE registrations when the offshore special purpose vehicle undergoes certain material events. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulation—Regulations Related to Foreign Exchange—Regulations on Foreign Exchange Registration of Overseas Investment by PRC Residents.”

If our shareholders who are PRC residents or entities do not complete their registration with the local SAFE branches, our PRC subsidiaries may be prohibited from distributing their profits and any proceeds from any reduction in capital, share transfer or liquidation to us, and we may be restricted in our ability to contribute additional capital to our PRC subsidiaries. Moreover, failure to comply with SAFE registration requirements could result in liability under PRC laws for evasion of applicable foreign exchange restrictions. All of the shareholders who directly or indirectly hold shares in our Cayman Islands holding company and who are known to us as being PRC residents have completed the initial foreign exchange registrations. Our PRC counsel has advised us that these shareholders are not required to update their registrations in connection with the Restructuring.

However, we may not be informed of the identities of all the PRC residents or entities holding direct or indirect interests in our company, nor can we compel our beneficial owners to comply with SAFE registration requirements. As a result, we cannot assure you that all of our shareholders or beneficial owners who are PRC residents or entities have complied with, and will in the future make or obtain any applicable registrations or approvals required by, SAFE regulations. Failure by such shareholders or beneficial owners to comply with SAFE regulations, or failure by us to amend the foreign exchange registrations of our PRC subsidiaries, could subject us to fines or legal sanctions, restrict our overseas or cross-border investment activities, limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to make distributions or pay dividends to us or affect our ownership structure, which could adversely affect our business and prospects.

The M&A Rules and certain other PRC regulations establish complex procedures for some acquisitions of PRC companies by foreign investors, which could make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions in China.

A number of PRC laws and regulations have established procedures and requirements that could make merger and acquisition activities in China by foreign investors more time consuming and complex. In addition to the Anti-monopoly Law itself, these include the Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, adopted by six PRC regulatory agencies in 2006, and the Rules of the Ministry of Commerce on Implementation of Security Review System of Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the Security Review Rules, promulgated in 2011. These laws and regulations impose requirements in some instances that the Ministry of Commerce be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor takes control of a PRC domestic enterprise. In addition, the Anti-Monopoly Law requires that the anti-monopoly enforecementenforcement agency be notified in advance of any concentration of undertaking if certain thresholds are triggered. Moreover, the Security Review Rules specify that mergers and acquisitions by foreign investors that raise “national defense and security” concerns and mergers and acquisitions through which foreign investors may acquire de facto control over domestic enterprises that raise “national security” concerns are subject to strict review by the Ministry of Commerce, and prohibit any attempt to bypass a security review, including by structuring the transaction through a proxy or contractual control arrangement. In the future, we may grow our business by acquiring complementary businesses. Complying with the requirements of the relevant regulations to complete such transactions could be time consuming, and any required approval processes, including approvals from the anti-monopoly enforcement agency or the Ministry of Commerce, may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions, which could affect our ability to expand our business or maintain our market share.

Any failure to comply with PRC regulations regarding the registration requirements for employee stock incentive plans may subject the PRC plan participants or us to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions.

Under SAFE regulations, PRC residents who participate in a stock incentive plan in an overseas publicly listed company are required to register with SAFE or its local branches and complete certain other procedures. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Related to Stock Incentive Plans.” We and our PRC resident directors, employees and consultants who participate in our share incentive plans will beare subject to these regulations when our company becomes publicly listed in the United States.regulations. If we or any of these PRC resident directors, employees and consultants fail to comply with these regulations, we or such directors, employees and consultants may be subject to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions. We also face regulatory uncertainties that could restrict our ability to adopt additional incentive plans for our directors, executive officers and employees under PRC law.

If we are classified as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders or ADS holders.

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules, an enterprise established outside of the PRC with a “de facto management body” within the PRC is considered a PRC resident enterprise. The implementation rules define the term “de facto management body” as the body that exercises full and substantial control over and overall management of the business, productions, personnel, accounts and properties of an enterprise. In 2009, the State Administration of Taxation issued a circular, known as Circular 82, which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a PRC-controlled enterprise that is incorporated offshore is located in China. Although Circular 82 only applies to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups, the criteria set forth in the circular may reflect the State Administration of Taxation’s general position on how the “de facto management body” test should be applied in determining the tax resident status of all offshore enterprises. According to Circular 82, an offshore incorporated enterprise controlled by a PRC enterprise or a PRC enterprise group will be regarded as a PRC tax resident by virtue of having its “de facto management body” in China and will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax on its global income only if all of the following conditions are met: (i) the primary location of the senior management team in charge of day-to-day operational managementoperation is in the PRC; (ii) decisions relating to the enterprise’s financial and human resource matters are made or are subject to approval by organizations or personnel in the PRC; (iii) the enterprise’s primary assets, accounting books and records, company seals, and board and shareholder resolutions, are located or maintained in the PRC; and (iv) at least 50% of voting board members or senior executives habitually reside in the PRC.

We believe that none of our entities outside of China is a PRC resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes. However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body.” If the PRC tax authorities determine that we are a PRC resident enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes, we will be subject to the enterprise income tax on our global income at the rate of 25% and we will be required to comply with PRC enterprise income tax reporting obligations. In addition, gains realized on the sale or other disposition of our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares may be subject to PRC tax, at a rate of 10% in the case of non-PRC enterprises or 20% in the case of non-PRC individuals (in each case, subject to the provisions of any applicable tax treaty), if such gains are deemed to be from PRC sources. It is unclear whether non-PRC shareholders of our company would be able to claim the benefits of any tax treaties between their country of tax residence and the PRC in the event that we are treated as a PRC resident enterprise. Any such tax may reduce the returns on your investment in the ADSs.

We may not be able to obtain certain benefits under the relevant tax arrangement for dividends paid by our PRC subsidiaries to us through our Hong Kong subsidiary.subsidiaries.

We are a holding company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands and as such rely on dividends and other distributions on equity from our PRC subsidiaries to satisfy part of our liquidity requirements. Pursuant to the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, a withholding tax rate of 10% currently applies to dividends paid by a PRC “resident enterprise” to a foreign enterprise investor, unless any such foreign investor’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with China that provides for preferential tax treatment. Pursuant to the Arrangement between the Mainland China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and Tax Evasion on Income, such withholding tax rate may be lowered to 5% if a Hong Kong resident enterprise is the beneficial owner of the dividends and owns no less than 25% of a PRC enterprise. The State Administration of Taxation promulgated SAT Circular 9 in February 2018, which became effective from April 2018 and stipulates that in determining whether a non-resident enterprise has the status as a beneficial owner, comprehensive analysis shall be conducted based on the factors listed therein and the actual circumstances of the specific case shall be taken into consideration. Specifically, it expressly excludes an agent or a designated payee from being considered as a “beneficial owner”. Furthermore, the Administrative Measures for Non-Resident Enterprises to Enjoy Treatments under Tax Treaties, which became effective in August 2015, require non-resident enterprises to determine whether they are qualified to enjoy the preferential tax treatment under the tax treaties and file relevant report and materials with the tax authorities. There are also other conditions for enjoying the reduced withholding tax rate according to other relevant tax rules and regulations. See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospectus—A. Operating Results—Taxation—China.” As of December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017 no withholding tax was recorded on the retained earnings of our or RONG360 Inc.’s PRC subsidiaries (as applicable) as they did not have any retained earnings for any of the periods presented.periods. We do not have any present plan to have our subsidiaries to distribute their earnings overseas, and we intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings in China to operate and expand our business within the PRC. Accordingly, we did not record any withholding tax on the retained earnings of our subsidiaries in the PRC as of December 31, 2018 and 2019. We cannot assure you that our determination regarding our qualification to enjoy the preferential tax treatment will not be challenged by the relevant tax authority or we will be able to complete the necessary filings with the relevant tax authority and enjoy the preferential withholding tax rate of 5% under the arrangement with respect to any dividends to be paid by our PRC subsidiaries to our Hong Kong subsidiary.subsidiaries.

We and our shareholders face uncertainty with respect to indirect transfers of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises, assets attributed to a PRC establishment of a non-PRC company or immovable properties located in China owned by non-PRC companies.

In February 2015, the State Administration of Taxation issued the Bulletin on Issues of Enterprise Income Tax on Indirect Transfers of Assets by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises, or SAT Bulletin 7. In October, 2017, SAT issued the Bulletin of SAT on Issues Concerning the Withholding of Non-resident Enterprise Income Tax at Source, or the SAT Bulletin 37, which became effective on December 1, 2017 and repealed certain rules stipulated SAT Bulletin 7. The Bulletin 37 further details and clarifies the tax withholding methods in respect of income of non-resident enterprises. Pursuant to the applicable laws and regulations, an “indirect transfer” of assets, including equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise, by non-PRC resident enterprises may be re-characterized and treated as a direct transfer of PRC taxable assets, if the arrangement does not have a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of avoiding payment of PRC enterprise income tax. As a result, gains derived from the indirect transfer may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax. According to SAT Bulletin 7, “PRC taxable assets” include assets attributed to an establishment in China, immovable properties located in China, and equity investments in PRC resident enterprises. Gains derived from the transfer of PRC taxable assets by a direct holder that is a non-PRC resident enterprise is subject to PRC enterprise income taxes. When determining whether an arrangement has a “reasonable commercial purpose”, the following factors are considered: whether the value of the equity interest of the relevant offshore enterprise is mainly derived from PRC taxable assets; whether the assets of the relevant offshore enterprise mainly consist of direct or indirect investment in China; whether the income of the relevant offshore enterprise is mainly generated from China; whether the offshore enterprise and its subsidiaries directly or indirectly holding PRC taxable assets have real commercial nature as evidenced by actual function and risk exposure; for how long the existing business model and organizational structure of the relevant offshore enterprise has existed; the replicability of the arrangement by direct transfer of PRC taxable assets; and the tax situation of such indirect transfer and applicable tax treaties or similar arrangements. Gains derived from an indirect offshore transfer of assets of a PRC establishment or place of business are to be included in the enterprise income tax filing of the PRC establishment or place of business, and are subject to a PRC enterprise income tax rate of 25%. In case of a transfer of immovable properties located in China or of equity investments in a PRC resident enterprise, which is not related to a PRC establishment or place of business of a non-resident enterprise, a PRC enterprise income tax rate of 10% applies, subject to available preferential tax treatment under applicable tax treaties or similar arrangements. The party who is obligated to pay for the transfer has the withholding obligation with respect to the transfer. Where the payor fails to withhold sufficient tax, the transferor is required to declare and pay such tax to the tax authority by itself. Where a transferor fails to declare and pay such tax, the tax authority may require it to pay during a specified period, and the transferor shall declare and pay such tax during the period determined by the tax authority; and where the transferor declares and pays tax on its own initiative before the specified period expires, it shall be deemed to have paid such tax as scheduled. SAT Bulletin 7 does not apply to sales of shares by investors through a public stock exchange if the shares were acquired by the investors through a public stock exchange.

We face uncertainties as to the application of SAT Bulletin 37 and SAT Bulletin 7, including reporting and other obligations with respect to certain past and future transactions where PRC taxable assets are involved, such as offshore restructuring, sale of the shares in our offshore subsidiaries or investments. We may be subject to filing obligations or taxed as the transferor, or subject to withholding obligations as the transferee, in the transactions. For transfer of our shares by investors that are non-PRC resident enterprises, our PRC subsidiaries may be requested to assist in filings under SAT Bulletin 7. We may be required to allocate valuable resources to comply with SAT Bulletin 37 and SAT Bulletin 7, to request relevant transferors from whom we purchase taxable assets to comply with these rules, or to establish that we should not be taxed under these rules, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our ADSs may be delisted under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act if the PCAOB is unable to inspect auditors who are located in China. The audit report included in this annual report is prepared by an auditor who is not inspected bydelisting of our ADSs, or the Public Company Accounting Oversight Boardthreat of their being delisted, may materially and as such,adversely affect the value of your investment. Additionally, the inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections deprives our investors are deprived ofwith the benefits of such inspection.inspections.

The Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the HFCA Act, was enacted on December 18, 2020. The HFCA Act states if the SEC determines that we have filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspection by the PCAOB for three consecutive years beginning in 2021, the SEC shall prohibit our shares or ADSs from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the “over-the-counter” trading market in the U.S.

Our auditor, the independent registered public accounting firm that issues the audit report included elsewhere in this annual report, as auditorsan auditor of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registered with the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or the PCAOB, is required by thesubject to laws ofin the United States pursuant to undergowhich the PCAOB conducts regular inspections by the PCAOB to assess its compliance with the laws of the United States andapplicable professional standards. BecauseSince our auditors areauditor is located in the PRC,China, a jurisdiction where the PCAOB is currentlyhas been unable to conduct inspections without the approval of the Chinese authorities, our auditors areauditor is currently not currently inspected by the PCAOB.

InspectionsOn March 24, 2021, the SEC adopted interim final rules relating to the implementation of certain disclosure and documentation requirements of the HFCA Act. We will be required to comply with these rules if the SEC identifies us as having a “non-inspection” year under a process to be subsequently established by the SEC.  The SEC is assessing how to implement other firmsrequirements of the HFCA Act, including the listing and trading prohibition requirements described above.

The SEC may propose additional rules or guidance that could impact us if our auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspection. For example, on August 6, 2020, the President’s Working Group on Financial Markets, or the PWG, issued the Report on Protecting United States Investors from Significant Risks from Chinese Companies to the then President of the United States. This report recommended the SEC implement five recommendations to address companies from jurisdictions that do not provide the PCAOB with sufficient access to fulfil its statutory mandate. Some of the concepts of these recommendations were implemented with the enactment of the HFCA Act. However, some of the recommendations were more stringent than the HFCA Act. For example, if a company was not subject to PCAOB inspection, the report recommended that the PCAOBtransition period before a company would be delisted would end on January 1, 2022.

The SEC has conducted outsideannounced that the SEC staff is preparing a consolidated proposal for the rules regarding the implementation of the HFCA Act and to address the recommendations in the PWG report. It is unclear when the SEC will complete its rulemaking and when such rules will become effective and what, if any, of the PWG recommendations will be adopted. The implications of this possible regulation in addition the requirements of the HFCA Act are uncertain. Such uncertainty could cause the market price of our ADSs to be materially and adversely affected, and our securities could be delisted or prohibited from being traded “over-the-counter” earlier than would be required by the HFCA Act. If our securities are unable to be listed on another securities exchange by then, such a delisting would substantially impair your ability to sell or purchase our ADSs when you wish to do so, and the risk and uncertainty associated with a potential delisting would have a negative impact on the price of our ADSs.

The PCAOB’s inability to conduct inspections in China have identified deficiencies in those firms’ audit proceduresprevents it from fully evaluating the audits and quality control procedures which may be addressed as part of the inspection process to improve future audit quality. This lack of PCAOB inspections in China prevents the PCAOB from regularly evaluating our auditor’s audits and its quality control procedures.independent registered public accounting firm. As a result, we and investors may bein our ordinary shares are deprived of the benefits of such PCAOB inspections.

The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of auditors in China makes it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of our auditor’sindependent registered public accounting firm’s audit procedures or quality control procedures as compared to auditors outside of China that are subject to the PCAOB inspections. Investors mayinspections, which could cause investors and potential investors in our stock to lose confidence in our audit procedures and reported financial information and procedures and the quality of our financial statements.

In May 2013, the PCAOB announced that it had entered into a Memorandum of Understanding on Enforcement Cooperation with the CSRC and the PRC Ministry of Finance, which establishes a cooperative framework between the parties for the production and exchange of audit documents relevant to investigations undertaken by the PCAOB in the PRC or by the CSRC or the PRC Ministry of Finance in the United States. The PCAOB continues to be in discussions with the CSRC and the PRC Ministry of Finance to permit joint inspections in the PRC of audit firms that are registered with the PCAOB and audit Chinese companies that trade on U.S. exchanges.

If additional remedial measures are imposed onProceedings instituted by the “big four”SEC against certain PRC-based accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm, in administrative proceedings brought by the SEC alleging such firms’ failure to meet specific criteria set by the SEC with respect to requests for the production of documents, we could fail to timely file futureresult in financial statements being determined to not be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act.

Starting in 2011 the Big Four PRC-based accounting firms in China, including our independent registered public accounting firm, were affected by a conflict between U.S. and Chinese law. Specifically, for certain U.S.-listed companies operating and audited in mainland China, the SEC and the PCAOB sought to obtain from the Chinese firms access to their audit work papers and related documents. The firms were, however, advised and directed that under Chinese law, they could not respond directly to the U.S. regulators on those requests, and that requests by foreign regulators for access to such papers in China had to be channeled through the CSRC.

In late 2012, this impasse led the SEC commencedto commence administrative proceedings under Rule 102(e) of its Rules of Practice and also under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 against the Chinese affiliatesaccounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm. A first instance trial of the “big four” accounting firms (including our auditors). The Rule 102(e) proceedings initiated by the SEC relate to these firms’ inability to produce documents, including audit work papers, in response to the request of the SEC pursuant to Section 106 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as the auditors locatedJuly 2013 in the PRC are notSEC’s internal administrative court resulted in an adverse judgment against the firms. The administrative law judge proposed penalties on the firms including a position to lawfully produce documents directly to the SEC because of restrictions under PRC law and specific directives issued by the China Securities Regulatory Commission, or the CSRC. The issues raised by the proceedings are not specific to our auditors or to us, but affect equally all audit firms based in China and all China-based businesses with securities listed in the United States.

In January 2014, the administrative judge reached an initial decision that the Chinese affiliates of the “big four” accounting firms should be barred from practicing before the SEC for six months. Thereafter, the accounting firms filed a petition for review of the initial decision, prompting the SEC Commissioners to review the initial decision, determine whether there had been any violation and, if so, determine the appropriate remedy to be placed on these audit firms.

In February 2015, the Chinese affiliates of the “big four” accounting firms (including our auditors) each agreed to a censure and to pay a fine to the SEC to settle the dispute and avoidtemporary suspension of their abilityright to practice before the SEC, and audit U.S.-listed companies. The settlement requiresalthough that proposed penalty did not take effect pending review by the Commissioners of the SEC. On February 6, 2015, before a review by the Commissioner had taken place, the firms to follow detailed procedures and to seek to providereached a settlement with the SEC. Under the settlement, the SEC with accessaccepted that future requests by the SEC for the production of documents will normally be made to the Chinese firms’ audit documents via the CSRC. If future document productions failThe firms failed to meet the specified criteria, the SEC retains theretained authority to impose a variety of additional remedial measures (e.g.,on the firms depending on the nature of the failure.

Under the terms of the settlement, the underlying proceeding against the four PRC-based accounting firms was deemed dismissed with prejudice four years after entry of the settlement. The four-year mark occurred on February 6, 2019. While we cannot predict if the SEC will further challenge the four PRC-based accounting firms’ compliance with U.S. law in connection with U.S. regulatory requests for audit work papers or if the results of such a challenge would result in the SEC imposing penalties such as suspensions, restartingsuspensions. If additional remedial measures are imposed on the administrative proceedings).four PRC-based accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm, we could be unable to timely file future financial statements in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act.

In the event thatthe four PRC-based accounting firms become subject to additional legal challenges by the SEC restarts the administrative proceedings,or PCAOB, depending upon the final outcome, listed companies listed in the United States with major PRC operations may find it difficult or impossible to retain auditors in respect of their operations in the PRC, which could result in financial statements being determined to not be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act, and could result inincluding possible delisting. Moreover, any negative news about theany such future proceedings against these audit firms may cause investor uncertainty regarding China-based, U.S.-listed companies listed in the United States and the market price of our sharescommon stock may be adversely affected.

If our independent registered public accounting firm was denied, whethereven temporarily, or otherwise, the ability to practice before the SEC and we were unable to timely find another registered public accounting firm to audit and issue an opinion on our financial statements, our financial statements could be determined not to not be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act. Such a determination could ultimately lead to the delisting of the ADSs from the New York Stock Exchange or deregistration from the SEC, or both, which would substantially reduce or effectively terminate the trading of the ADSs in the United States.

It may be difficult for overseas regulators to conduct investigations or collect evidence within China.

Shareholder claims or regulatory investigations that are common in jurisdictions outside China are difficult to pursue as a matter of law or practicality in China. For example, in China, there are significant legal and other obstacles to providing information needed for regulatory investigations or litigation initiated outside China. Although the authorities in China may establish a regulatory cooperation mechanism with the securities regulatory authorities of another country or region to implement cross-border supervision and administration, such cooperation with the securities regulatory authorities in the United States or other jurisdictions may not be efficient in the absence of a mutual and practical cooperation mechanism. Furthermore, according to Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law, or Article 177, which became effective in March 2020, no overseas securities regulator is allowed to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within the territory of the PRC, and without the consent by the Chinese securities regulatory authorities and the other competent governmental agencies, no entity or individual may provide documents or materials related to securities business to any foreign party. While detailed interpretation of or implementation rules under Article 177 have yet to be promulgated, the inability of an overseas securities regulator to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within China and the potential obstacles for information provision may further increase difficulties you face in protecting your interests. See also “—Risks Related to Our ADSs— You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law.”

The custodians or authorized users of our controlling non-tangible assets, including chops and seals, may fail to fulfill their responsibilities, or misappropriate or misuse these assets.

Under the PRC law, legal documents for corporate transactions, including agreements and contracts are executed using the chop or seal of the signing entity or with the signature of a legal representative whose designation is registered and filed with relevant PRC market regulation administrative authorities.

In order to secure the use of our chops and seals, we have established internal control procedures and rules for using these chops and seals. In any event that the chops and seals are intended to be used, the responsible personnel will submit the application through our office automation system and the application will be verified and approved by authorized employees in accordance with our internal control procedures and rules. In addition, in order to maintain the physical security of our chops, we generally have them stored in secured locations accessible only to authorized employees. Although we monitor such authorized employees, the procedures may not be sufficient to prevent all instances of abuse or negligence. There is a risk that our employees could abuse their authority, for example, by entering into a contract not approved by us or seeking to gain control of one of our subsidiaries or our VIEs or their subsidiaries. If any employee obtains, misuses or misappropriates our chops and seals or other controlling non-tangible assets for whatever reason, we could experience disruption to our normal business operations. We may have to take corporate or legal action, which could involve significant time and resources to resolve and divert management from our operations.

Recent litigation and negative publicity surrounding China-based companies listed in the U.S. may result in increased regulatory scrutiny of us and negatively impact the trading price of our ADSs.

We believe that litigation and negative publicity surrounding companies with operations in China that are listed in the U.S. have negatively impacted stock prices for such companies. Various equity-based research organizations have published reports on China-based companies after examining, among other things, their corporate governance practices, related party transactions, sales practices and financial statements that have led to special investigations and stock suspensions on national exchanges. Any similar scrutiny of us, regardless of its lack of merit, could result in a diversion of management resources and energy, potential costs to defend ourselves against rumors, decreases and volatility in the ADS trading price, and increased directors and officers insurance premiums, and could have a material adverse effect upon our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Risks Related to Our ADSs

If the market price for our ADSs falls below US$1.00 for an extended period of time, or falls to US$0.16 at any time, our ADSs may be delisted from the NYSE.

Pursuant to NYSE Rule 802.01C, a company will be considered to be below compliance standards if the average closing price of a security as reported on the consolidated tape is less than US$1.00 over a consecutive 30 trading-day period. Once notified, the company must bring its share price and average share price back above US$1.00 within the applicable cure period following receipt of the notification. The company can regain compliance at any time during the cure period if on the last trading day of any calendar month during the cure period the company has a closing share price of at least US$1.00 and an average closing share price of at least US$1.00 over the 30 trading-day period ending on the last trading day of that month. In the event that at the expiration of the cure period, both a US$1.00 closing share price on the last trading day of the cure period and a US$1.00 average closing share price over the 30 trading-day period ending on the last trading day of the cure period are not attained, the NYSE will commence suspension and delisting procedures. In addition, we understand that the NYSE has a policy to suspend trading immediately and commence delisting procedures if the market price of securities falls to US$0.16 or less. We received a letter from the NYSE dated April 13, 2020 and further e-mail communication on April 23, 2020, notifying us that (i) we are below compliance standards due to the trading price of our ADSs and (ii) the applicable cure period for us to regain compliance expires on December 22, 2020. In response to the letter and email communication from the NYSE, we changed the ratio of ADSs to our Class A ordinary shares from the previous ADS Ratio of two ADSs to five Class A ordinary shares to a new ADS Ratio of one ADS to 20 Class A ordinary shares, effective October 30, 2020. However, we cannot assure you that our ADSs will remain in compliance with the NYSE listing rules going forward. If our ADSs are delisted from the NYSE, the liquidity and value of an investment in our ADSs will be materially and adversely affected.

The trading price of our ADSs is likely to be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to investors.

Since our ADSs became listed on NYSE on November 16, 2017, the trading price of our ADSs has ranged from US$4.752.02 to US$8.4375.92 per ADS, taking into account retrospective adjustments for the change in 2017.the number of Class A ordinary shares represented by each ADS that occurred on October 30, 2020. The trading price of our ADSs is likely to be volatile and could fluctuate widely due to factors beyond our control. This may happen because of broad market and industry factors, like the performance and fluctuation of the market prices of other companies with business operations located mainly in China that have listed their securities in the United States. A number of Chinese companies have listed or are in the process of listing their securities on U.S. stock markets. The securities of some of these companies have experienced significant volatility, including price declines in connection with their IPOs. The trading performances of these Chinese companies’ securities after their offerings may affect the attitudes of investors toward Chinese companies listed in the United States in general and consequently may impact the trading performance of our ADSs, regardless of our actual operating performance.

In addition to market and industry factors, the price and trading volume for our ADSs may be highly volatile for factors specific to our own operations, including the following:

·                  variations in our revenues, earnings and cash flow;

·                  announcements of new investments, acquisitions, strategic partnerships or joint ventures by us or our competitors;

·                  announcements of new services and expansions by us or our competitors;

·                  announcements of new policies, rules or regulations relating to the internet or the financial services industry in China;

·                  changes in financial estimates by securities analysts;

·                  detrimental adverse publicity about us, our services, our competitors or our industry;

·                  additions or departures of key personnel;

·                  our share repurchase programs;

·                  litigation, government investigation or other legal or regulatory proceedings;

·                  fluctuations of exchange rates between the RMB and the U.S. dollar;

·release of lock-up or other transfer restrictions on our outstanding equity securities or sales of additional equity securities; and

·                  potential litigationgeneral economic or regulatory investigations.political conditions in China or elsewhere in the world.

Any of these factors may result in large and sudden changes in the volume and price at which our ADSs will trade.

In the past, shareholders of public companies have often brought securitiesWe are named as a defendant in two putative shareholder class action suits against those companies following periods of instabilitylawsuits in the market price of their securities. IfUnited States and we weremay be involved in amore class action suit, itlawsuits in the future. See “Item 8. Financial Information—A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings.” Such lawsuits could divert a significant amount of our management’s attention and other resources from our business and operations and require us to incur significant expenses to defend the suit,suits, which could harm our results of operations. Any such class action suit, whether or not successful, could harmoperations and our reputation, and could restrict our ability to raise capital in the future. In addition, if a claimany of these claims is successfully made against us, we may be required to pay significant damages, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Techniques employed by short sellers may drive down the market price of our ADSs.

Short selling is the practice of selling securities that the seller does not own but rather has borrowed from a third party with the intention of buying identical securities back at a later date to return to the lender. The short seller hopes to profit from a decline in the value of the securities between the sale of the borrowed securities and the purchase of the replacement shares, as the short seller expects to pay less in that purchase than it received in the sale. As it is in the short seller’s interest for the price of the security to decline, many short sellers publish, or arrange for the publication of, negative opinions regarding the relevant issuer and its business prospects in order to create negative market momentum and generate profits for themselves after selling a security short. These short attacks have, in the past, led to selling of shares in the market.

Public companies listed in the United States that have a substantial majority of their operations in China have been the subject of short selling. Much of the scrutiny and negative publicity has centered on allegations of a lack of effective internal control over financial reporting resulting in financial and accounting irregularities and mistakes, inadequate corporate governance policies or a lack of adherence thereto and, in many cases, allegations of fraud. As a result, many of these companies are now conducting internal and external investigations into the allegations and, in the interim, are subject to shareholder lawsuits and/or SEC enforcement actions.

We may be the subject of unfavorable allegations made by short sellers in the future. Any such allegations may be followed by periods of instability in the market price of our common shares and ADSs and negative publicity. If and when we become the subject of any unfavorable allegations, whether such allegations are proven to be true or untrue, we could have to expend a significant amount of resources to investigate such allegations and/or defend ourselves. While we would strongly defend against any such short seller attacks, we may be constrained in the manner in which we can proceed against the relevant short seller by principles of freedom of speech, applicable federal or state law or issues of commercial confidentiality. Such a situation could be costly and time-consuming and could distract our management from growing our business. Even if such allegations are ultimately proven to be groundless, allegations against us could severely impact our business operations and shareholders’ equity, and the value of any investment in our ADSs could be greatly reduced or rendered worthless.

Our dual-class share structure with different voting rights will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any change of control transactions that holders of our Class A ordinary shares and ADSs may view as beneficial.

Immediately prior to the completion of our IPO, we adopted a dual-class share structure such that our ordinary shares consist of Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares. In respect of matters requiring the votes of shareholders, holders of Class A ordinary shares are entitled to one vote per share, while holders of Class B ordinary shares are entitled to ten votes per share based on our dual-class share structure. We sold Class A ordinary shares represented by our ADSs in our IPO. Each Class B ordinary share is convertible into one Class A ordinary share at any time by the holder thereof, while Class A ordinary shares are not convertible into Class B ordinary shares under any circumstances. Upon any sale, transfer, assignment or disposition of any Class B ordinary share by RONG360 Inc. to any person who is not a founder or a founder affiliate (as such terms defined in our second amended and restated articles of association), or the change of ultimate beneficial ownership of any Class B ordinary shares from RONG360 Inc. to any person who is not a founder or a founder affiliate, such Class B ordinary share shall be automatically and immediately converted into one Class A ordinary share. Upon any sale, transfer, assignment or disposition of any Class B ordinary share by a founder to any person who is not a founder affiliate of such founder, or upon a change of ultimate beneficial ownership of any Class B ordinary share from a founder to any person who is not a founder affiliate of such founder, such Class B ordinary share shall be automatically and immediately converted into one Class A ordinary share. In addition, if shares beneficially owned by the founders collectively account for less than five percent (5%) of the issued shares in the capital of the Company, then each Class B ordinary share shall automatically be re-designated into one Class A ordinary share and no Class B ordinary shares shall be issued by the Company thereafter. When a founder ceases to be a director or an executive officer of the Company, each Class B ordinary share beneficially owned by such founder shall automatically be re-designated into one Class A ordinary share.

Immediately prior toOn July 31, 2018, RONG360 completed the completionshare distribution of our IPO, 345,541,350 ordinary shares held by RONG360 Inc. were redesignated as Class B ordinary shares. Dueit to the disparate voting powers associated with our dual-class share structure, RONG360 Inc. holds approximately 98.0% of the aggregate voting power of our company as of March 31, 2018. We expect that the existing shareholders of RONG360 Inc. would becomein proportion to RONG360’s shareholding structure, and thus completed the Restructuring to strengthen our shareholders in the near future. Upon the completionpositioning as an independent open platform. As of this shareholding change,December 31, 2020, Mr. Daqing (David) Ye, Mr. Jiayan Lu, Mr. Caofeng Liu and Mr. Chenchao Zhuang will hold Class B ordinary shares and beneficially own approximately 77.7%76.6% of the aggregate voting power of our company. As a result of the dual-class share structure and the concentration of ownership, holders of our Class B ordinary shares will have considerable influence over matters such as decisions regarding mergers, consolidations and the sale of all or substantially all of our assets, election of directors and other significant corporate actions. They may take actions that are not in the best interest of us or our other shareholders. We may incur share-based compensation expenses as a result of adopting this dual-class share structure. This concentration of ownership may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company, which could have the effect of depriving our other shareholders of the opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of a sale of our company and may reduce the price of our ADSs. This concentrated control will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any potential merger, takeover or other change of control transactions that holders of Class A ordinary shares and ADSs may view as beneficial. In addition, we may incur share-based compensation expenses as a result of adopting this dual-class share structure.

We cannot guarantee that any share repurchase program will be fully consummated or that any share repurchase program will enhance long-term shareholder value, and share repurchases could increase the volatility of the price of our ADSs and could diminish our cash reserves.

On August 24, 2018, our board of directors authorized a share repurchase program, under which we may repurchase up to US$20 million of our ADSs over the following twelve months through August 24, 2019. On February 22, 2019, our board of directors authorized a new share repurchase program, under which we may repurchase up to US$10 million of our ADSs during the following twelve months through February 22, 2020. The share repurchase programs, authorized by our board of directors, do not obligate us to repurchase any specific dollar amount or to acquire any specific number of ADSs. The share repurchase programs could affect the price of our ADSs and increase volatility and may be suspended or terminated at any time, which may result in a decrease in the trading price of our ADSs. We had accumulatively repurchased approximately US$30 million of ADSs and closed the two share repurchase programs in the third quarter of 2019.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they adversely change their recommendations regarding our ADSs, the market price for our ADSs and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our ADSs will be influenced by research or reports that industry or securities analysts publish about our business. If one or more analysts who cover us downgrade our ADSs, the market price for our ADSs would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease to cover us or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause the market price or trading volume for our ADSs to decline.

The sale or availability for sale of substantial amounts of our ADSs could adversely affect their market price.

Sales of substantial amounts of our ADSs in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could adversely affect the market price of our ADSs and could materially impair our ability to raise capital through equity offerings in the future. In connection with our IPO, we, our officers, directors, RONG360 Inc. and its shareholders have agreed not to sell any ordinary shares or ADSs for 180 days after the date of this annual report without the prior written consent of Goldman Sachs (Asia) L.L.C. and Morgan Stanley & Co. International plc, subject to certain exceptions. However, the underwriters may release these securities from these restrictions at any time, subject to applicable regulations of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. We cannot predict what effect, if any, market sales of securities held by our significant shareholders or any other shareholder or the availability of these securities for future sale will have on the market price of our ADSs.

Because we do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future, you must rely on price appreciation of our ADSs for return on your investment.

We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, we do not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Therefore, you should not rely on an investment in our ADSs as a source for any future dividend income.

Our board of directors has complete discretion as to whether to distribute dividends. Even if our board of directors decides to declare and pay dividends, the timing, amount and form of future dividends, if any, will depend on, among other things, our future results of operations and cash flow, our capital requirements and surplus, the amount of distributions, if any, received by us from our subsidiary,subsidiaries, our financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. Accordingly, the return on your investment in our ADSs will likely depend entirely upon any future price appreciation of our ADSs. There is no guarantee that our ADSs will appreciate in value or even maintain the price at which you purchased the ADSs. You may not realize a return on your investment in our ADSs and you may even lose your entire investment in our ADSs.

There can be no assurance that we will not be classified as a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes for any taxable year, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. holders of our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares.

A non-U.S. corporation will be classified as a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for any taxable year if either (1) at least 75% of its gross income for such year consists of certain types of “passive” income;income or (2) at least 50% of the value of its assets (based on an average of the quarterly values of the assets) during such year is attributable to assets that produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income. Based on our current and expected income and assets, we do not presently expect to bebelieve we were a PFIC for the current taxable year or the foreseeable future.ended December 31, 2019. However, no assurance can be given in this regard because the determination of whether we were, are or will become a PFIC is a fact-intensive inquiry made on an annual basis that depends, in part, upon the composition of our income and assets. FluctuationsRecent fluctuations in the market price of our ADSs have increased our risk of becoming a PFIC, and continued fluctuations in the market price of our ADSs may cause us to become a PFIC for the current or subsequent taxable years because the value of our assets for the purpose of the second part of the test described above may be determined by reference to the market price of our ADSs. The composition of our income and assets may also be affected by how, and how quickly, we use our liquid assets.

If we were to be or become a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder (as defined in “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—United States Federal Income Tax Considerations”) holds our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares, certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences could apply to such U.S. Holder. See “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules.”

Our memorandum and articles of association contain anti-takeover provisions that could have a material adverse effect on the rights of holders of our ordinary shares and ADSs.

Our memorandum and articles of association contain provisions to limit the ability of others to acquire control of our company or cause us to engage in change-of-control transactions. These provisions could have the effect of depriving our shareholders of an opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging third parties from seeking to obtain control of our company in a tender offer or similar transaction. Our proposed dual-class voting structure gives disproportionate voting power to the Class B ordinary shares. In addition, our board of directors will have the authority, without further action by our shareholders, to issue preferred shares in one or more series and to fix their designations, powers, preferences, privileges, and relative participating, optional or special rights and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions, including dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption and liquidation preferences, any or all of which may be greater than the rights associated with our ordinary shares, in the form of ADS or otherwise. Preferred shares could be issued quickly with terms calculated to delay or prevent a change in control of our company or make removal of management more difficult. If our board of directors decides to issue preferred shares, the price of our ADSs may fall and the voting and other rights of the holders of our ordinary shares and ADSs may be materially and adversely affected.

You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law.

We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association, the Companies LawAct of the Cayman Islands, as amended, and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against the directors, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States.

Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like us have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records (other than the memorandum and articles of associations) or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders of these companies. Our directors have discretion under our articles of association to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, differ significantly from requirements for companies incorporated in other jurisdictions such as the United States. If we choose to follow home country practice, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they otherwise would under rules and regulations applicable to U.S. domestic issuers.

As a result of all of the above, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management, members of the board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States.

Certain judgments obtained against us by our shareholders may not be enforceable.

We are a Cayman Islands exempted company and all of our assets are located outside of the United States. Substantially all of our current operations are conducted in China. In addition, most of our current directors and officers are nationals and residents of countries other than the United States. All or a substantial portion of the assets of these persons are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to bring an action against us or against these individuals in the United States in the event that you believe that your rights have been infringed under the U.S. federal securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands and of China may render you unable to enforce a judgment against us, our assets, our directors and officers or their assets.

We incurhave incurred increased costs as a result of being a public company, particularly after we have ceasedand the costs may continue to qualify as an “emerging growth company.”increase in the future.

As a public company, we incurhave incurred significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as well as rules subsequently implemented by the SEC and the NYSE, impose various requirements on the corporate governance practices of public companies. We expect theseThese rules and regulations to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some corporate activities more time-consuming and costly. AsFor example, in comparison with a private company, we need an increased number of independent directors and have to adopt policies regarding internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures. In addition, we incur additional costs associated with less than US$1.07 billion in revenues for our last fiscal year, we qualify as an “emerging growth company” pursuantpublic company reporting requirements. We expect to the JOBS Act. An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other requirements that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. After we we are no longer an “emerging growth company”, we expectedcontinue to incur significant expenses and devote substantial management effort toward ensuring compliance with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the other rules and regulations of the SEC.

As a result of becoming a public company, we need to increaseSEC and the number of independent directors and adopt policies regarding internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures. OperatingNYSE.

We are named as a public company makes it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance,defendant in two putative shareholder class action lawsuits in the United States, and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. In addition, we  incur additional costs associated with our public company reporting requirements. It may also beinvolved in more difficult for us to find qualified persons to serve on our board of directors or as executive officers. We are currently evaluating and monitoring developments with respect to these rules and regulations, and we cannot predict or estimate with any degree of certainty the amount of additional costs we may incur or the timing of such costs.

In the past, shareholders of a public company often brought securities class action suits against the company following periods of instabilitylawsuits in the market price of that company’s securities. If we were involved in a class action suit, itfuture. See “Item 8. Financial Information—A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings.” Such lawsuits could divert a significant amount of our management’s attention and other resources from our business and operations, which could harm our results of operations and require us to incur significant expenses to defend the suit.lawsuits. Any such class action suit, whether or not successful, could harm our reputation and restrict our ability to raise capital in the future. In addition, if a claim is successfully made against us, we may be required to pay significant damages, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to United States domestic public companies.

Because we are a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the securities rules and regulations in the United States that are applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, including:

·                  the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or current reports on Form 8-K with the SEC;

·                  the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents, or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act;

·                  the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their stock ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time; and

·                  the selective disclosure rules by issuers of material nonpublic information under Regulation FD.

We are required to file an annual report on Form 20-F within four months of the end of each fiscal year. In addition, we intend to publish our results on a quarterly basis through press releases, distributed pursuant to the rules and regulations of the NYSE. Press releases relating to financial results and material events will also be furnished to the SEC on Form 6-K. However, the information we are required to file with or furnish to the SEC will be less extensive and less timely than that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. As a result, you may not be afforded the same protections or information that would be made available to you were you investing in a U.S. domestic issuer.

The voting rights of holders of ADSs are limited by the terms of the deposit agreement, and you may not be able to exercise your right to vote your Class A ordinary shares.

As a holder of our ADSs, you will only be able to exercise the voting rights with respect to the underlying Class A ordinary shares in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. Under the deposit agreement, you must vote by giving voting instructions to the depositary. Upon receipt of your voting instructions, the depositary will vote the underlying Class A ordinary shares in accordance with these instructions. You will not be able to directly exercise your right to vote with respect to the underlying shares unless you withdraw the shares. Under our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, the minimum notice period required for convening a general meeting is 14 days. When a general meeting is convened, you may not receive sufficient advance notice to withdraw the shares underlying your ADSs to allow you to vote with respect to any specific matter. If we ask for your instructions, the depositary will notify you of the upcoming vote and will arrange to deliver our voting materials to you. We cannot assure you that you will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that you can instruct the depositary to vote your shares. In addition, the depositary and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions or for their manner of carrying out your voting instructions. This means that you may not be able to exercise your right to vote and you may have no legal remedy if the shares underlying your ADSs are not voted as you requested.

The depositary for our ADSs will give us a discretionary proxy to vote our Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs if you do not vote at shareholders’ meetings, except in limited circumstances, which could adversely affect your interests.

Under the deposit agreement for the ADSs, if you do not vote, the depositary will give us a discretionary proxy to vote our Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs at shareholders’ meetings unless:

·                  we have failed to timely provide the depositary with notice of meeting and related voting materials;

·                  we have instructed the depositary that we do not wish a discretionary proxy to be given;

·                  we have informed the depositary that there is substantial opposition as to a matter to be voted on at the meeting;

·                  a matter to be voted on at the meeting would have a material adverse impact on shareholders; or

·                  the voting at the meeting is to be made on a show of hands.

The effect of this discretionary proxy is that if you do not vote at shareholders’ meetings, you cannot prevent our Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs from being voted, except under the circumstances described above. This may make it more difficult for shareholders to influence the management of our company. Holders of our ordinary shares are not subject to this discretionary proxy.

You may not receive dividends or other distributions on our ordinary shares and you may not receive any value for them, if it is illegal or impractical to make them available to you.

The depositary of our ADSs has agreed to pay you the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on ordinary shares or other deposited securities underlying our ADSs, after deducting its fees and expenses. You will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of Class A ordinary shares your ADSs represent. However, the depositary is not responsible if it decides that it is unlawful or impractical to make a distribution available to any holders of ADSs. For example, it would be unlawful to make a distribution to a holder of ADSs if it consists of securities that require registration under the Securities Act but that are not properly registered or distributed under an applicable exemption from registration. The depositary may also determine that it is not feasible to distribute certain property through the mail. Additionally, the value of certain distributions may be less than the cost of mailing them. In these cases, the depositary may determine not to distribute such property. We have no obligation to register under U.S. securities laws any ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or other securities received through such distributions. We also have no obligation to take any other action to permit the distribution of ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or anything else to holders of ADSs. This means that you may not receive distributions we make on our ordinary shares or any value for them if it is illegal or impractical for us to make them available to you. These restrictions may cause a material decline in the value of our ADSs.

You may experience dilution of your holdings due to inability to participate in rights offerings.

We may, from time to time, distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire securities. Under the deposit agreement, the depositary will not distribute rights to holders of ADSs unless the distribution and sale of rights and the securities to which these rights relate are either exempt from registration under the Securities Act with respect to all holders of ADSs or are registered under the provisions of the Securities Act. The depositary may, but is not required to, attempt to sell these undistributed rights to third parties, and may allow the rights to lapse. We may be unable to establish an exemption from registration under the Securities Act, and we are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to these rights or underlying securities or to endeavor to have a registration statement declared effective. Accordingly, holders of ADSs may be unable to participate in our rights offerings and may experience dilution of their holdings as a result.

You may be subject to limitations on transfer of your ADSs.

Your ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. The depositary may close its books from time to time for a number of reasons, including in connection with corporate events such as a rights offering, during which time the depositary needs to maintain an exact number of ADS holders on its books for a specified period. The depositary may also close its books in emergencies, and on weekends and public holidays. The depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of our ADSs generally when our share register or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary thinks it is advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason.

ITEM 4.INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

A.            History and Development of the Company

We commenced our operations in 2011, when Beijing Rongshiji Information Technology Co., Ltd. was established in preparation for the launch of our platform. Mr. Daqing (David) Ye, the chairman of our board of directors and our chief executive officer, Mr. Jiayan Lu, our chief operating officer, Mr. Caofeng Liu, our chief technology officer, and Mr. Chenchao Zhuang, are our co-founders.

RONG360 Inc. was established in 2012 as the offshore holding company for this business. RONG360 Inc. established RONG360 (Hong Kong) Limited in 2012 as its intermediary holding company. RONG360 (Hong Kong) Limited subsequently established two wholly owned subsidiaries in China in 2012, Beijing Ronglian Shiji Information Technology Co., Ltd. and Tianjin Rongshiji Information Technology Co., Ltd.

RONG360 Inc. obtained control and became the primary beneficiary of Beijing Rongshiji Information Technology Co., Ltd. in 2012 by entering into a series of contractual arrangements with it and its shareholders through Beijing Ronglian Shiji Information Technology Co., Ltd. Due to the PRC legal restrictions on foreign ownership of internet-based businesses, RONG360 has relied on these contractual arrangements to conduct a significant part of its operations in China.

We began operating our platform by introducing loan recommendation services in the first quarter of 2012. We subsequently introduced credit card recommendation services in the third quarter of 2013 and wealth management information services in the second quarter of 2014. We introduced our big data risk management solutions in the second quarter of 2015 and our Gold Cloud system in the first quarter of 2016.

In addition to our platform business, RONG360 started operating a technology-enabled online lending business in 2015, which offers its own consumer credit products to borrowers by performing credit assessment and credit decisioning of these borrowers and facilitating funding from third-party financial service providers.

We have completed major steps of the Restructuring in order to strengthen our positioning as an independent open platform and expect, in the near future, the existing shareholders of RONG360 Inc. would become our shareholders through a distribution of our shares in proportion to RONG360 Inc.’s current shareholding structure, which will be completed in the near future.

On June 1, 2017, RONG360 Inc. established a wholly owned subsidiary, Jianpu Technology Inc., in the Cayman Islands. On June 19, 2017, Jianpu Technology Inc. established a wholly owned subsidiary, Jianpu (Hong Kong) Limited, in Hong Kong. Beijing Rongdiandian Information Technology Co., Ltd., or RDD was established on March 3, 2017 as a wholly owned PRC subsidiary of Beijing Rongshiji Information Technology Co., Ltd. and Beijing Ronglian Shiji Information Technology Co., Ltd., and RONG360 (Hong Kong) Limited established Beijing Rongqiniu Information Technology Co., Ltd., or RQN, on August 21, 2017, as a sino-foreign joint venture under PRC law. Immediately after RQN was established, RQN entered into a series of variable interest entity arrangements with RDD and its then sole shareholder, Beijing Rongshiji Information Technology Co., Ltd.

Pursuant to a series of agreements entered into in connection with the Restructuring, all the operating assets and liabilities relating to the operation of the platform business were transferred to the new group. Specifically, Beijing Ronglian Shiji Information Technology Co., Ltd. entered into agreements to transfer its related assets and liabilities to RQN, and Beijing Rongshiji Information Technology Co., Ltd. entered into agreements to transfer its related assets and liabilities to RDD. RONG360 Inc. has provided RMB150 million (US$23.1 million) of initial working capital to us in the form of a capital contribution.

All equity interests in RQN held by Beijing Ronglian Shiji Information Technology Co., Ltd. and RONG360 (Hong Kong) Limited were transferred to Jianpu (Hong Kong) Limited. As a result, RQN is wholly owned by Jianpu (Hong Kong) Limited. Beijing Rongshiji Information Technology Co., Ltd. transferred its equity interests in RDD to three individual shareholders. After the transfer, RDD is 40% owned by Ms. Dawei Huang, 40% owned by Mr. Jiayan Lu and 20% owned by Mr. Caofeng Liu. RQN has entered into new variable interest entity contractual arrangements with RDD and the three individual shareholders.

After the foregoing, Jianpu Technology Inc. is our holding company in the Cayman Islands, and it is 83.4% held by RONG360 Inc.Islands. A wholly owned subsidiary of Jianpu Technology Inc., Jianpu (Hong Kong) Limited, is our intermediary holding company in Hong Kong. Jianpu (Hong Kong) Limited has one wholly owned subsidiary in China, RQN. We rely on contractual arrangements with RDD to conduct a significant part of our operations in China. We have control over and are the primary beneficiary of RDD through the series of contractual arrangements between RQN, RDD and the shareholders of RDD.

We have entered into a series of contractual arrangements, including an exclusive call option agreement, an equity pledge agreement and an exclusive business cooperation agreement, with RDD and its shareholders. These contractual arrangements allow us to exercise effective control over RDD, receive substantially all of the economic benefits of RDD, and have an exclusive option to purchase all or part of the equity interests in RDD when and to the extent permitted by PRC law. As a result of these contractual arrangements, we are regarded as the primary beneficiary of RDD, and we treat it as our variable interest entity under U.S. GAAP. We consolidate the financial results of RDD and its subsidiaries in our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

On November 16, 2017, our ADSs commenced trading on the NYSE under the symbol “JT.” We raised approximately US$204.9 million (approximately equivalent to RMB1,358.0 million) in net proceeds from the issuance of new shares from the IPO and concurrent private placements after deducting underwriting commissions and the offering expenses payable by us.On October 30, 2020, we changed the ratio of ADSs to Class A ordinary shares (the “ADS Ratio”) from two ADSs to five Class A ordinary shares to one ADS to 20 Class A ordinary shares. Except as otherwise indicated, all ADS and per ADS data in this annual report give retroactive effect to the ADS Ratio of one ADS to 20 Class A ordinary shares.

On July 31, 2018, RONG360 completed the share distribution of our ordinary shares held by it to the existing shareholders of RONG360 in proportion to RONG360’s shareholding structure, and thus completed the Restructuring to strengthen our positioning as an independent open platform.

From 2018 to 2020, we set up and acquired several subsidiaries and variable interest entities to support our business growth in China and overseas. For more details, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure.”

Our principal executive offices are located at 21/F Internet Finance Center, Danling Street, Beijing, People’s Republic of China. Our telephone number at this address is +86-10-8302-3688. Our registered office in the Cayman Islands is located at the offices of Sertus Incorporations (Cayman) Limited, Sertus Chambers, Governors Square, Suite #5-204, 23 Lime Tree Bay Avenue, P.O. Box 2547, Grand Cayman, KY1-1104, Cayman Islands. Our agent for service of process in the United States is Law Debenture Corporate Services Inc., located at 801 2nd Avenue, Suite 403, New York, NY 10017. We maintain our web site at ir.jianpu.ai.

The SEC maintains a web site at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC using its EDGAR system.

See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — Prospects—B. Liquidity and Capital Resources — Resources—Capital Expenditures” for a discussion of our capital expenditures.

B.B             Business Overview

We are thea leading independent open platform for discovery and recommendation of financial products in China. By leveraging our deep data insights and proprietary technology, we provide users with personalized search results and recommendations that are tailored to each user’s particular financial needs and credit profile. We also enable financial service providers with sales and marketing solutions to reach and serve their target customers more effectively through online and mobile channels and enhance their competitiveness by providing them with tailored data, risk management and end-to-end solutions. We are committed to maintaining an independent open platform, which allows us to serve the needs of users and financial service providers impartially.

As an open platform, we have extensive access to data from users, financial service providers and a wide variety of third-party data partners.partners that are obtained with their respective consent. Our data analytics and proprietary technology enable us to analyze our massive volume of dataconduct extensive analysis and offer valuable services to both users and financial service providers. These capabilities drive product recommendations and credit analysis for users and support credit underwriting, fraud detection and fraud prevention for financial service providers. In particular, we offer big data risk management solutions to financial service providers, which help them improve their customer acquisition, application approval, fraud detection and prevention and other credit underwriting processes. Our proprietary technology enables us to match users with the appropriate financial products and to help financial service providers better target and serve users. We have been continually improving our advanced matching capability by leveraging big data, artificial intelligence and other technologies.

Our users have convenient access to a wide variety of financial products on our platform, including consumer and other loans, credit cards and wealth management products. The variety of financial products on our platform was further diversified to include insurance products in the fourth quarter of 2019. We are able to identify and recommend the most suitable products for each user’s specific financial circumstances from a wide selection of products with different credit policies and geographic coverage offered by financial service providers. Users can easily compare the terms and conditions of products from different financial service providers on our platform. With Gold Cloud, our integrated solution, we offer a seamless user experience throughout the entire discovery, application approval and loan servicing process, and a significant and increasing number of applications are completed without leaving our platform. In addition to discovering financial products, users can employ the credit management tools on our platform to better understand their credit needs and manage their creditworthiness. Because consumers in China lack understanding of the increasingly complicated financial products that are available on the market, we enable them to access a wide range of information and content on our platform, including short videos, audio, online articles and offline booklets and handouts. Our content educates and provides valuable information to users to make more informed financial decisions, serves as a reference point for financial service providers and is widely reported by the media and other institutions.

A large and diverse group of financial service providers including traditional financial institutions and emerging technology-enabled financial service providers offersoffer a wide variety of financial products nationwide across a broad credit spectrum on our platform. We have invested sixnine years in building our stable and strong network from the ground up as most traditional financial institutions in China only operate within specific geographic areas or conduct their business on a city-by-city basis, with localized business strategies and credit policies. Additional financial service providers are proactively reaching out to us to join our network. We provide sales and marketing solutions to financial service providers to help them acquire customers through online and mobile channels, and enable them with data, risk management and end-to-end solutions. Traditional financial institutions that face challenges understanding and interacting with mobile savvy customers often adopt our sales and marketing solutions when they first join our platform, and over time more and more of them have been adopting our big data risk management solutions as well. Emerging technology-enabled financial service providers often adopt our end-to-end solutions from the outset to enhance their own sales and marketing, credit and risk functions.

We primarily generate our revenue from fees that we charge financial service providers or their agents for recommendation services for loan products on a cost-per-action basis, where the action is generally determined by a user’s completion of a loan application, and for credit card products on a cost-per-success basis, where the success is most often defined as the issuance of a credit card and in other cases by the completion of an application or the first usage of a credit card, depending on the credit card issuer’s policy. To a lesser extent, we provide display and performance-based advertising and marketing services primarily to financial service providers of credit cards and wealth management products. We also offer financial service providers big data risk management solutions, which we introduced in the second quarter of 2015.

We have experienced substantial growth since the commencement of our operations, and our management team has a strong track record of executing our strategies. We introduced loan recommendation services in the first quarter of 2012, credit card recommendation services in the third quarter of 2013 and wealth management information services in the second quarter of 2014. We introduced our big data risk management solutions in the second quarter of 2015 and our Gold Cloud system in the first quarter of 2016. Our revenues increased by 306% from RMB 356.4 million in 2016 to RMB 1445.8 million (US$222.2 million) in 2017, whileIn the fourth quarter of 2019, we further diversified the types of financial products on our net loss increased by 11.0% from RMB 182.1 million to RMB 202.1 million (US$31.1 million) overplatform with the same period.introduction of insurance products.

Our Open Platform

Overview of our platform

We operate an independent open platform for the discovery and recommendation of financial products in China. Financial service providers offer a wide variety of financial products on our platform, including consumer and other loans, credit cards, and wealth management products and insurance products. In addition to matching users to financial products, we provide a wide range of services and solutions to financial service providers on our platform, including sales and marketing solutions, big data risk management solutions and integrated solutions through Gold Cloud. Moreover, we provide extensive professional content on financial products, the financial industry and personal finances in many forms, including short videos, audio, online articles and offline booklets and handouts. Users generally access our platform through our mobile channel, which accounts for approximately 88%91% of the traffic to our platform.platform in 2019.

Financial products on our platform

Overview

Our platform had over 234,000179,700 financial products in 2017,2019, including over 94,40050,700 loan products, 3,000 credit card products, and 137,200125,600 wealth management products and 400 insurance products. All of the financial products on our platform are offered and sold by financial service providers. Depending on our arrangement with the financial service provider, applications for financial products may be hosted on our platform or referred to the financial service provider’s platform.

Loan products

We launched our platform with consumer loan recommendation services in the first quarter of 2012. We added recommendation services for SME and auto loans in the second quarter of 2012 and mortgage loans in the third quarter of 2012. Users submitted a total of approximately 16.837.7 million loan applications through our platform in 2016,2019. As of which 15.3 million, or 91.0%,December 31, 2019, out of all the loan products offered on our platform, around 80% were consumer loan applications. The number of loan applications submitted through our platform has continued to grow in 2017, reaching 89.8 million.products. Our revenue for loan recommendation services is generally determined on a cost-per-action basis, where the action is generally determined by a user’s completion of a loan application.

·                  Consumer loan products provide for a wide variety of personal needs such as home decorations, weddings, travel, major appliances and other personal expenses. China’s population has been increasing its consumption, which has driven the demand for consumer loans. As a result, a broad range of financial service providers including traditional financial institutions and emerging technology-enabled financial service providers, offer consumer loan products through our platform, addressing a wide range of financial needs across the credit spectrum. Consumer loan products can vary greatly by terms, targeted borrowers and approval conditions. Substantially all of the consumer loan products offered on our platform are unsecured. ConsumerAs of December 31, 2019, consumer loan products on our platform generally havehad terms ranging from one month to three years and principal amounts of between RMB 1,200RMB1,000 (US$184)143.6) and RMB 334,000RMB1 million (US$51,335)143.6 thousand).

·                  SME loan products target small businesses that need capital to start up or expand their operations, purchase inventory or meet day-to-day expenses. SME loans have been supported by the significant growth in SMEs and an increase in financial service providers who are extending credit to this market segment. As of December 31, 2019, SME loan products on our platform generally havehad terms ranging from nine monthsone month to 14ten years and principal amounts of between RMB 20,000RMB20,000 (US$3,074)2.9 thousand) and RMB 15RMB10 million (US$2. 31.4 million).

·                  Mortgage loan products include both loans to help users make an initial purchase of property and, more commonly, loans secured by property that the user already owns. Our geographic coverage gives us unique insights into the mortgage lending market in China, and we provide up-to-date mortgage market information on our platform including real-time mortgage rates for 50 cities in China. MortgageAs of December 31, 2019, mortgage loan products on our platform generally havehad terms ranging from ten10 months to 30 years and principal amounts of between RMB 190,000RMB100,000 (US$29,202)14.4 thousand) and RMB 20RMB1.6 million (US$3.10.2 million).

·                  Auto loan products include loans for the purchase of new and used automobiles as well as loans secured by an automobile that the user already owns. The market for auto loans has grown tremendously in China in recent years. Auto loans are especially popular among young urban professionals who have good salaries but limited savings. AutoAs of December 31, 2019, auto loan products on our platform generally havehad terms ranging from three12 months to two3 years and principal amounts of between RMB 24,000RMB40,000 (US$3, 689)5.7 thousand) and RMB 2.6RMB0.3 million (US$0.4 million)43.1 thousand).

Users can efficiently browse the different loan products offered by local financial service providers on our platform based on their specific needs utilizing our recommendation engine. Depending on the country and on our arrangement with the financial service provider, applications for loan products may be hosted on our platform or referred to the financial service provider’s platform or app. Starting at the end of 2019, we added loan recommendation services to users overseas in Southeast Asia on our platform.

Credit card products

We introduced credit card recommendation services on our platform in the third quarter of 2013, and we are the largest independent online credit card application platform in China.  We cooperatehave cooperated with 21 of the 22 largest30 credit card issuers that accept applications online in China, including four of the big five5 state-owned banks and nine11 of the ten largest12 joint-stock banks. Since 2018, we have also broadened and diversified our credit card issuers in China. Users initiated approximately 12.3 million credit card applications through our platform in 2017. For the majoritypartners network to include more of the credit cards on our platform as of December 31, 2017, a user who clicks on the button to apply for a credit card is taken to an external website, but an increasing number of issuers are integrating their application process with our platform, which allows users to complete a credit card application without leaving our platform.banks’ local branches and authorized partners. Our revenue for credit card recommendation services is generally determined on a cost-per-success basis, where the success is most often defined as the issuance of a credit card and in other cases by the completion of an application or the first usage of a credit card, depending on the issuer’s policy. Our credit card volume, which is our measure of the number of credit cards we generate revenues from, has been growing rapidly in 2017, reaching2019 was approximately 3.25.9 million as of December 31, 2017.2019. Starting in the third quarter of 2019, we also started credit card recommendation services to users in Hong Kong after completing the acquisition of 55% of equity interests in a Hong Kong-based independent digital media platform specializing in the field of financial services primarily in Hong Kong.

Credit card products vary greatly, including by issuer, payment network, credit tier, card alliance, loyalty program and specialty purpose. Due to the mass customization, it can be difficult for consumers to navigate the large selection of credit card products and identify the ones suitable for their needs. We believe that our recommendation engine empowers user to discover suitable credit card products in an efficient way. Our platform features credit card offers from major issuers and popular credit cards targeting different user groups and lifestyles, such as for hotel and business travel, shopping and airline mileage. We have engaged in co-branding with one of the top ten nationwide credit card issuers on selected credit cards, although we do not extend credit or assume any credit risk.

Wealth management products

We introduced wealth management information services to our platform in the second quarter of 2014. Unlike with loans and credit cards, our users are investors rather than borrowers in relation to wealth management products, so we provide them with information about the terms and conditions of the products and the relative credit risk of the different financial service providers that offer the products. While users can obtain information on wealth management products on our platform, we have made a deliberate choice not to host purchases of these products on our platform, due in part to regulatory uncertainty, potential investment risk for our users and the potential impact on our brand. Users must either click through to the financial service provider’s platform or contact the financial service provider offline to place an order. We currently focus on less risky products, including certificates of deposit, money market funds, etc.

Insurance products

We introduced insurance product information services to our platform after completing the acquisition of an insurance brokerage company in China with the necessary insurance broker license in the fourth quarter of 2019. We cooperate with approximately 40 insurance companies and selected marketplace lenders’ investment products.their agents selling insurance products in China. The types of insurance products currently available on our platform include life insurance, auto and home insurance, savings insurance, medical insurance, etc.

Our users

Our users are predominately individual consumers, though they also include many sole proprietors and SMEs. We have a geographically diverse user base, as the top three cities in terms of number of users accounted for only 3.9%3.4%, 3.6%2.5% and 3.1%2.4% of our total users as of June 30, 2017. As of December 31, 2017, out of 84 million registered users, over 75 million have provided our platform with personal finance-related information.in 2019.

The discovery and recommendation process for loans and credit cards

The first time users launch our app or access our website, our platform is able to detect their IP address and other information as to their location, and asks them to confirm the city where they reside. “City” in this context refers to administrative subdivisions that contain both urban and rural areas and in the aggregate include most of the population of China. Although emerging technology-enabledmore and more financial service providers have been able to leverage mobile technology to offer the same financial products nationally, most of the traditional financial institutions still operate on a city-by-city basis and have localized credit policies, local “know your client” and credit approval processes, and local client servicing, so while we operate a national site for all of China, most products are only available after the user confirms their city. The first time that users try to view the details of any particular financial product, they will be asked to register on our platform by inputting certain basic information about themselves including their mobile phone numbers.

Users can search for loan and credit card products by filtering for type of product and various terms specific to that type of product. For example, they can filter loans by principal amount, term, and their own employment status, and they can filter credit cards by a range of parameters including issuer, specialty purpose, and type of loyalty program such as points or discounts. For each user, our platform will generate a set of impartial recommendations based on the user’s profile and financial needs and the financial service provider’s product criteria, focusing on certainty, speed, convenience and terms. Our recommendation engine ranks the products using a complex algorithm that takes into account a number of factors, including the likelihood of application approval, how competitive the interest rate is and whether other users were satisfied with the financial service provider in the past. Our recommendation engine also takes into account bidding between loan sales representatives within the same financial service provider for the same financial product. Users have the flexibility to browse through as many products as they wish, but with the number of financial products available, our recommendation engine plays a critical role in matching users with the most suitable financial products.

Users can also obtain information on wealth management products on our platform, but we do not offer matching and recommendation services for these products for users. As our users would be purchasers of wealth management products, we focus on product safety and reliability, and only provide information on relatively conservative wealth management products on our platform.

The application and approval process

The application process depends on the type of financial product and the financial service provider selected by the user. Most of the loan applications and an increasing number of the credit card applications are completed on our platform. For the remaining loan applications and credit card applications, users are taken to the financial service provider’s application interface or platform. For wealth management products, transactions only take place after the user has been taken to the financial service provider’s platform.

Depending on the financial product that the user wishes to apply for, the user may be asked to provide more detailed information. There are over a hundredseveral different itemstypes of information that may be requested, though typically no single financial product requires more than about thirty, with the exact questions varying depending on the policies of the financial service provider and the terms of the specific financial product. Users will be able to skip part or all of this step if they already provided this information previously, so our platform becomes even more convenient with repeated use.

Application approval time varies with the type of financial service provider and the terms of the product. Micro-loans from emerging technology-enabled financial service providers may be approved within a few minutes, whereas loans from traditional financial institutions may take one to two weeks for approval. Credit card applications often can be approved within a day, not including the time required to deliver the physical card to the successful applicant or any additional time required for activation of the card.

Our platform has three different models for the approval process of financial products.

·                  Online approval. For most credit card applications and some loan applications, we generate click-throughs for financial service providers. We refer the user directly to their website. The application, decisioning and approval process are completed on the financial service provider’s online platform.

·                  Offline approval. For loan products offered by traditional financial service providers, the user’s application typically is referred to a loan sales representative at the financial service provider, who normally contacts the user offline to explain what other steps need to be taken to complete the application. The user then relies on the loan sales representative for assistance with the rest of the application and approval process.

·                  End-to-end approval. If the financial service provider has adopted our Gold Cloud solution, we support the application, approval and loan servicing process for its financial products. Users are supported by our platform throughout the lifetime of a financial product, including submitting the application and related documents, receiving notification of approval and making payments.

Credit management tools

We provide multiple free tools to help users evaluate and manage their credit health and personal finance. We create a profile for each user with information on our platform that was provided by the user. Each user profile enables us to better recommend financial products to the user. Our credit management tools also include a housing provident fund inquiry and mortgage calculator. A user who has provided his identification information and other credentials can request for a detailed report that includes other third-party providers, housing provident fund report and social security report. These tools assist users to better understand their credit needs and empower them to make informed financial decisions.

Content

Our platform provides rich and professional content to our users as a way of driving user engagement and cultivating user loyalty. We have a wealth of data about a wide range of financial products on our platform and we empower users to compare and contrast different products within and across product categories. We also provide a variety of third-party information on the subjects of personal finances, wealth management and financial planning, including wealth management columns and articles and an online wealth management forum. In addition, we have a dedicated team of more than 50 people who createthat creates additional content for our platform that is used by academic institutions, industry experts and government bodies. For example, we have issued twelve quarterlya series of reports onand analyses related to mortgages, consumer loans, consumer finance asset-backed securities, the ranking of online marketplace lenders in China in collaboration with the Financial Risk Management Research Institute of Renmin University in Beijing since the first quarter of 2015, as well as monthly rankings for sub-categories such as online marketplace lenders of auto loans.consumer finance industry, etc. We also issue monthly mortgage reports covering 66 mortgage lenders in 3536 cities in China. Our content includes research reports, investment reports, mortgage reports, industry reports and rating reports for online investment platforms. We provide up-to-date mortgage market information on our platform including real-time mortgage rates for 50 cities in China. Content is available in a number of forms including short videos, Vlogs, cartoons, audio, online articles and offline booklets and handouts, and we distribute our content through a third-party syndicated content network that includes China Business Network,CCTV, Xinhua Finance, ChinaNews, People’s Daily Online, Yahoo Finance, etc., as well as Tencent’s Wechat social media platform, Youku’sKwai’s video platform and Toutiao’s news and information mobile app. We believe that our content library attracts both existing and potential users to our platform and complements our other channels for attracting user traffic.

User service center

Our user service center provides live assistance to our users with a combination of automated programs and service representatives. Users can contact our user service center by telephone or through social media platforms such as Wechat and QQ. Our user service representatives help users understand financial products, follow up on financial product application status and collect user feedback on their experience with financial service providers. If a user appears interested in a product but leaves our platform without completing an application, our user service center may contact the user to collect feedback and encourage the user to submit an application and even help the user to complete the application form. We had 180 service representatives as of December 31, 2017, including some employees of companies to whom we have outsourced part of this function. We recruit user service representatives with substantial experience in supporting users on their financial product queries. Each representative is required to complete mandatory training conducted by experienced managers on financial products knowledge and communication skills. While we have outsourced some of our user services, we have provided training through our own employees to ensure quality service.

Financial service providers

We have attracted a large and diversified group of financial service providers to our platform, including four of the five big5 state-owned banks and nine11 of ten largest online credit card issuersthe 12 joint-stock banks in China. In 2017,both 2019 and 2020, over 2,7002,000 financial service providers offered products on our platform, including 281 banks, 21 credit card issuers, 10 consumer finance companies, 354 micro-loan companies, insurance companies and other licensed financial institutions, and 1,028 emerging technology-enabled financial service providers and a variety of local financial service providers.

China’s retail financial services market is highly fragmented. Many of the financial institutions only operate within specific geographic areas or conduct their business on a city-by-city basis, with localized business strategies and credit policies. The sixnine years that we have invested building our network of financial service providers from the ground up have enabled us to offer a variety of financial products across a broad credit spectrum with extensive geographic reach in over 350 cities across China.

Sales and marketing solutions and advertising services

Our platform provides efficient and effective sales and marketing solutions to financial service providers. We perform an initial screening of users based on information provided by the user or otherwise obtained with the user’s permission and check the user’s name against blacklists and databases of fraudulent activity.permission. We check for patterns of suspicious activity or information that is not consistent or appears to be fabricated. We synthesize information from our users with data from financial service providers and third-party data partners to build up a detailed user profile for each user. This allows us to match users with financial products and allocate users to financial service providers.

In addition, we have offered advertising services to 77 financial service providers, mostly for providers of credit cards and wealth management products. From time to time, we purchase advertising resources from third-party search engine, social networking and other platforms for the purpose of providing advertising services. To maintain our position as an independent open platform, we strictly separate our advertising services and our content on credit research and rankings to ensure that our recommendations and research reports remain impartial and independent.

Big data risk management solutions

We introduced our big data risk management solutions in 2015. We leverage our big data technology to provide one-stop, cost-effective and diversified risk management services and solutions to financial service providers. Users provide information to us, and we have data on applications, approvals and credit performance fromThrough collaborations with users, financial service providers. We also collaborate with a wide variety ofprovides and third-party data partners, including third party credit information providers, payment companies, e-commerce platforms and mobile carriers. Through this collaboration, we have authorized access to a wide variety of information.

Our big data risk management solutions range from simple to highly integrated:

·                  Data solutions. With user consent, weWe provide user informationdata products to financial service providers to enhance their data and risk-management capabilities.capabilities by leveraging information that we have access to.

·                  Modeling solutions. At the next level, we provide tailored modeling solutions that the financial service provider can use to analyze the data. The modeling solutions can be used in credit assessment and credit decisioning.

·                  Total solutions. Our big data risk management solutions can be fully integrated into athe financial service provider’s own systemssystem and used as end-to-end solutions. Our goal is to provide financial service providers with an integrated solution encompassing product design, user acquisition, marketing, risk management and user services. We are also dedicated to helping our banking partners to build and boost digital capabilities so that they could better serve more consumers with financial needs.

On March 5, 2018,In 2019, we signed a definitive agreementstarted to acquire 65% of equity interests in a China-based technology company specializing in optimizing data-drivenoffer our big data risk management decisions. The target company offers a suite of products and services helpingsolutions to financial service providers overseas in Southeast Asia, providing end-to-end integrated solutions to enhance their risk management capabilities by aggregating and analyzing a wide range of data sources using machine learning and AI technology.empower inclusive financing businesses.

SaaS-based end-to-end solution

Gold Cloud, our SaaS-based end-to-end solution, allows financial service providers to migrate their entire customer acquisition, loan application and loan servicing process onto our platform. Rather than referring the user to the financial service provider’s platform at an early stage in the application process, we support the entire process. We apply our analytical credit model in the application process but the financial service provider has the final decision as to whether it will extend credit. Gold Cloud can also assist users with loan account management and servicing throughout the process.

Gold Cloud appeals to emerging technology-enabled financial service providers and certain smalla variety of financial service providers which do not have their own risk management departments or which are unable to keep up with best practices in this area. Gold Cloud enables us to remain engaged with the user for longer and build up our relationship and brand. It also gives us additional insights from our data, allowing us to improve our recommendation engine for matching users to financial products.

Screening of financial service providers and financial products

We screen the financial products that are offered on our platform based on the financial service provider’s licensing status, the suitability of the product for our users, the creditworthiness of the financial service provider, the quality of the customer service provided by the financial service provider, the terms and conditions of the financial products and other factors. One major step in the screening of financial products is examining and verifying the qualifications of the financial service providers that offer them. We examine their business licenses, the qualification certificates for their products and their reputation in the industry and make inquiries about the market acceptance of their financial products. As a part of our internal control process, we conduct our own due diligence on financial service providers and maintain a whitelist of financial service providers based on our verification results. We typically enter into framework agreements of fixed terms with financial service providers and renew them periodically if the relationship continues to be satisfactory. Starting in 2019, we regularly conduct random checks and screenings of our existing financial service provider partners during the term of our cooperation with them to ensure the continual suitability of their financial products for our users, including re-examining their business licenses, the qualification certificates for their products and their current business operation status. We also constantly monitor user feedback of each financial product and financial service provider as well as other related public social indicators to ensure that we can promptly identify and deal with risky financial products and financial service providers.

Data and Technology

We have built our technology infrastructure relying primarily on proprietary software and systems and to a lesser extent on third-party software that we have modified and incorporated. Our advanced technology is vital in supporting our discovery and recommendation-based open platform for financial products.

As an open platform, we have extensive access to data from users, financial service providers and a wide variety of third-party data partners.partners that are obtained with their respective consent. Our data modeling and analytical capabilities drive product recommendations and credit analysisanalyses for users and support credit underwriting and fraud detection and prevention for financial service providers.

Big data

Data sources and storage.sources. Users provide us information with consent when they register on our platform and when they apply for financial products through our platform. We have authorized data on applications, approvals and credit performance from financial service providers. We also collaborate with a variety of third-party data partners including third party credit information providers, payment companies and e-commerce platforms. Our bigwith respect to data storage and distribution system stores and processes a massive amount of multi-dimensional user data, including time and location, user behavior, consumption and social data, which serve as the foundation of our big data technology.obtained with users’ permission.

Infrastructure and modeling and algorithm supporsupportt.. The real-time decisioning and fast iteration of our big data model is well supported by our big data infrastructure and algorithms. Our data platform can extract multi-dimensional features from multi-source data in a highly efficient and secure way to support modeling. We use a base big data cluster for the storage and mining of massive volume of user and transaction data. We use a graphic database to support the storage and calculation of billions of items of data on social network relationships. We adopt a framework of streaming computing to support real-time updates to our data and model. As a result, our big data model can complete decisioning within milliseconds after a user uploads or updates his application materials.

Search and recommendation technology

Advanced search engine. We developed our sophisticated search engine based on our deep understanding of the characteristics of financial products and the needs of our users. Our search engine is able to identify users’ search intent through user profiling and data mining technology and generate personalized search results within milliseconds through real-time indexing technology. Based on real-time reinforcement learning on users’ search behavior, the search engine can intelligently adjust the ranking of search results and support secondary searches within the existing search results. We believe that our advanced search engine meets the advanced and complex search needs of our users.

Personalized smart recommendation system. Our personalized smart recommendation system is designed to help users increase the success rate of financial product application, help financial service providers increase their approval rates for financial products and reduce the overall service costs of distributing financial products. Synthesizing a wide variety of data from financial service providers, including encrypted data on user profiles, user application histories and feedback on user approvals, we have built our recommendation model through machine learning. The model can predict the success rate of a user’s application for each financial product and estimate the credit limit that the user can obtain. This allows us to make accurate and personalized recommendations of financial products to our users.

Our personalized smart recommendation system incorporates the following core technologies:

·ID mapping and user profiling.  Through ID mapping technology, we extract and integrate multiple dimensions of user data, including financial, social network and internet behavior. As users’ preferences and interests change over time, we create a system of user profiles, which enables us to gain in-depth insights into our users.

·Feature engineering and model training.  Our models extract the features of different types of data and apply different algorithms to each type. For example, the models process social network data with graphic algorithms such as the PageRank algorithm to identify potential relationships between an applying user and any user with a history of abnormal activity. For credit data, the models apply a deep learning algorithm to categorize users’ credit level. Our models consider credit data and risk data to identify fraudulent users and differentiate other users by creditworthiness for recommendation to financial service providers based on their credit risk appetite.

Multi-objective optimized ranking engine.   Our ranking engine is designed to improve user experience, reduce costs for financial service providers and improve our monetization. To achieve multi-objective optimization, we optimize user experience through personalized recommendation and quality control of financial products, we optimize financial service providers’ costs by tailored referral and fraud prevention solutions, and subsequently we optimize our own monetization.

Big data risk management solutions

We provide risk management solutions based on big data analytics and modeling. We believe big data analytics provide more accurate risk forecasts and support more comprehensive risk management decisioning than the traditional scorecard model. Our data platform can extract features from multi-source encrypted data to construct user profiles. We have built a deep transfer learning model to understand the features of and the relationships between different types of data. This understanding helps to increase the generalization ability and forecast performance of our big data model. The entire process of data input, encryption, feature generation, modeling optimization and forecast decisioning is free from manual intervention, which accelerates model iteration and protects data security. One primary feature of our big data risk management solutions is the graphing of social network based on a massive volume of data on social relationship to prevent collusion in fraudulent activities. The social network is comprised of billions of nodes, each representing a user attribute, as well as connectors representing relationships among nodes. The system then applies cluster and connectivity analysis to identify social groups within the network, which helps calculate the probability of collusion in fraudulent activities and other risks.

Data security

We are committed to protecting user data in our business and operations. We use encrypted storage of sensitive data, including data loss prevention solutions. Our network is configured with multiple layers of protection to protect our databases from unauthorized access, and we use sophisticated security protocols for communications between applications. To prevent unauthorized access to our system, we utilize software systems to automatically detect and protect against attacks. Internally, we limit and minimize authorized access to protected information provided by users through a variety of techniques, including network access authentication and division of network security domains. We continually improve and enhance our data and system security through routine checks and timely upgrades.

Sales and Business Development

We have built a sales and business development team with extensive experience in both the financial service and internet industries. This team is dedicated to establishing long-term relationships with financial service providers, understanding and anticipating their needs and identifying opportunities for them to adopt our services and solutions. As we strengthen our relationship with a financial service provider and understand more about its strategies and policies, we have the opportunity to upsell and cross-sell additional services and solutions and offer our integrated solutions. Our sales and business development team works closely with financial service providers and continually gains insights into the competitive dynamics of the industry and new market opportunities. These insights help our other departments develop new solutions and technologies and offer new content and features on our platform.

We have sales and business development personnel based at our headquarters in Beijing, and at our regional offices in Shanghai and Shenzhen.Shenzhen and a dozen of tier 2 cities in China. This allows our sales and business development team to be in close contact with the research and development team and operations team at our headquarters to maintain an aligned sales and business development strategy. The sales and business development personnel at our regional offices focus on catering and understanding local market requirements, which helps the other teams at our headquarters remain abreast of developments with financial service providers in different regions of China.

Marketing and Brand Promotion

The “Rong360”“RONG360” brand is well recognized as an intelligent mobile platform for financial products in China. We plan to continue to use the “Rong360”“RONG360” brand for our platform in China.

We employ a variety of marketing methods to promote our image as a reliable, smart and accessible platform. Our mascot Rong Bulls in eight colors represent the diversity of our offerings to both users and financial service providers. Our marketing team works closely with our sales and business development team and utilizes our proprietary data analytical capabilities to conduct cost-efficient marketing. We acquire user traffic from third-party channels, and incur significant traffic acquisition expenses, which is the largest component of our sales and marketing expenses. These third-party channels includeincluding search engines, infonews feeds, social networking platforms, app stores and specific apps.apps, and incur traffic acquisition expenses. We also have organic traffic on our platform which is not redirected from third-party channels and for which we do not incur traffic acquisition expenses.

We leverage social network and social media platform as an effective and efficient tool for user acquisition and engagement. We introduced a cooperation system called the Social Media and Partner Program in the third quarter of 2018, through which our users may register as our business partners to recommend the financial products on our platform to their social contacts through social network and social media platform, and are rewarded according to our incentive policies. The Social Media and Partner Program has been very effective in user acquisition and engagement since its inception, particularly in the recommendation of credit card products on our platform to new users. In 2019, approximately 60% of the credit card volume on our platform were from user traffic acquired through recommendation by our business partners to their social contacts under the Social Media and Partner Program.

WeIn addition, we primarily conduct marketing on online, mobile and social media platforms. We use mostly self-produced articles and videos as marketing materials. Since July 2015, we have produced a weekly series of videos on financial literacy including fraud avoidance which has gone viralavoidance. Since September 2019, we have also produced a series of short video programming focused on uncovering financial scams. Both series have been highly popular and has reached an audiencewon numerous awards from organizations like Fuzhou Municipal Administration for Market Regulation and Payment & Clearing Association of more than 180 million viewers.China. We have distributeddistribute our content through a third-party syndicated content network that includes China Business Network,Weibo, Tencent’s Wechat social mediavideo platform, Youku’sKwai’s video platform and Toutiao’s news and information mobile app, etc. to generate additional user traffic to our platform. We do not pay a fee for this content distribution, except when the content distribution is one element of a marketing campaign and we are paying a fee for the marketing campaign as a whole. Measured by the number of followers of the accountsWe were also invited to prominent industry events and channels through which we distribute original content, no more than 4% of the distribution of original content is relatedconferences to a marketing campaign for which we are paying a fee. We conduct marketing activities from time to time,promote our brand and our platform, for instance, the display2019 Boao Forum for Asia, the sixth World Internet Conference in 2019 and the 19th China Entrepreneur Future Star Conference in 2019. In addition, we have organized and participated in a variety of charitable activities mostly related to helping to spread financial literacy in China, including providing left behind children with our mascots“RONG360 Financial Fraud Prevention Manual” and sporting equipment, hosting seminars about financial literary and fraud prevention in the New York Stock Exchangepoverty areas in November 2017 upon our listing and its appearance in more than 48 airports in the United States and financial landmarks across the global in the month following the IPO. We also have co-branding cooperation with selected financial service providers, which helps further promote our brand.China, etc.

We are a standing member of the National Internet Finance Association of China, the Beijing Internet Finance Association and the Zhongguancun Internet Finance Association and the Zhongguancun Modern Information Consumer Application Industry Technology Alliance. We are also a member of the Internet Society of China, the Shenzhen Internet Finance Association, the Beijing Communication Industry Association, the Beijing Zhongguancun High-Tech Enterprises Association and the Shanghai Foreign Investment Association.

Competition

We are an open and independent platform, and our competitors are primarily other companies that also seek to position themselves as open platforms connecting both financial service providers and users primarily in the loan and credit card recommendation businesses. We also compete with platforms that are affiliated with major internet companies, including search engine, social media, e-commerce and online payment companies. Some of these internet companies also offer their financial products on our platform and provide us with user traffic, so they both compete and cooperate with us. In addition, we compete with financial service providers to the extent that they offer or list financial products on their own platform, although some of these financial service providers may also offer or list financial products on our platform as well. We believe that network effects will benefit whichever platform gains a significant first mover advantage in this field, and that it will be difficult for latecomers to establish relationships with financial service providers or, more importantly, to generate sufficient user traffic.

Seasonality

Our revenue and operating results have fluctuated in the past from quarter to quarter due in part to seasonal variations in demand for financial products. Typically, our revenue is lowest in the first quarter of the year, in part due to the reduced level of borrowing activities during the Chinese New Year holiday, and highest in the fourth quarter of the year. In 2019, our revenue was highest in the first quarter with decreases in revenue in each subsequent quarter, which was primarily due to the continuous decreases in revenues from recommendation services for loan products, resulting from the continuous decreases in the number of financial products available on our platform given the credit tightening and change of industry dynamics in 2019. However, due to our limited operating history, the seasonal trends that we have experienced in the past may not apply to, or be indicative of, our future operating results.

Intellectual Property

We seek to protect our technology, including our proprietary technology infrastructure and core software system, through a combination of copyrights, trade secrets, trademarks and confidentiality agreements. As of the date of this annual report,December 31, 2020, we hold or otherwise have legal right to use 46161 registered copyrights for software or work of art, 5192 registered domain names, including rong360.com, and 1172 registered trademarks, including “Rong360.”

We intend to protect our technology and proprietary rights vigorously, but there can be no assurance that our efforts will be successful. Even if our efforts are successful, we may incur significant costs in defending our rights. From time to time, third parties may initiate litigation against us alleging infringement of their proprietary rights or declaring their non-infringement of our intellectual property rights. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—We may not be able to prevent others from making unauthorized use of our intellectual property” and “—We may be subject to intellectual property infringement claims, which may be expensive to defend and may disrupt our business and operations.”

Insurance

We do not maintain business interruption insurance or general third-party liability insurance, nor do we maintain property insurance, product liability insurance or key-man insurance. We consider our insurance coverage to be reasonable in light of the nature of our business and the insurance products that are available in China and in line with the practices of other companies in the same industry of similar size in China.

Regulation

This section sets forth a summary of the most significant rules and regulations that affect our business activities in China or the rights of our shareholders to receive dividends and other distributions from us.

Regulations Related to Internet Information Security and Privacy Protection

The PRC government has enacted laws and regulations with respect to internet information security and protection of personal information from any inappropriate collection activities abuse or unauthorized disclosure. Internet information in China is regulated and restricted from a national security standpoint. PRC laws impose criminal penalties for any effort to: (i) gain improper entry into a computer or system of strategic importance; (ii) disseminate politically disruptive information; (iii) leak state secrets; (iv) spread false commercial information; or (v) infringe intellectual property rights. In addition, the Ministry of Public Security has promulgated measures prohibiting use of the internet in ways which result in a leak of state secrets or a spread of socially destabilizing content, among other things. If an internet information service provider violates any of these measures, competent authorities may revoke its operating license and shut down its websites.

Under the Several Provisions on Regulating the Market Order of Internet Information Services, issued by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology in 2011, an internet information service provider may not collect any personal information on a user or provide any such information to third parties without the user’s consent. It must expressly inform the user of the method, content and purpose of the collection and processing of such user’s personal information and may only collect information to the extent necessary to provide its services. An internet information service provider is also required to properly maintain users’ personal information, and in case of any leak or likely leak of such information, it must take immediate remedial measures and, in the event of a serious leak, report to the telecommunications regulatory authority immediately.

Pursuant to the Decision on Strengthening the Protection of Online Information, issued by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress in 2012, and the Order for the Protection of Telecommunication and Internet User Personal Information, issued by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology in 2013, any collection and use of a user’s personal information must be subject to the consent of the user, be legal, rational and necessary and be limited to specified purposes, methods and scopes. An internet information service provider must also keep such information strictly confidential, and is further prohibited from divulging, tampering or destroying any such information, or selling or providing such information to other parties. An internet information service provider is required to take technical and other measures to prevent the collected personal information from any unauthorized disclosure, damage or loss. Any violation of these laws and regulations may subject the internet information service provider to warnings, fines, confiscation of illegal gains, revocation of licenses, cancelation of filings, closedown of websites or even criminal liabilities.

Pursuant to the Notice of the Supreme People’s Court, the Supreme People’s Procuratorate and the Ministry of Public Security on Legally Punishing Criminal Activities Infringing upon the Personal Information of Citizens, issued in 2013, and the Interpretation of the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate on Several Issues regarding Legal Application in Criminal Cases Infringing upon the Personal Information of Citizens, which was issued on May 8, 2017 and took effect on June 1, 2017, the following activities may constitute the crime of infringing upon a citizen’s personal information: (i) providing a citizen’s personal information to specified persons or releasing a citizen’s personal information online or through other methods in violation of relevant national provisions; (ii) providing legitimately collected information relating to a citizen to others without such citizen’s consent (unless the information is processed, not traceable to a specific person and not recoverable); (iii) collecting a citizen’s personal information in violation of applicable rules and regulations when performing a duty or providing services; or (iv) collecting a citizen’s personal information by purchasing, accepting or exchanging such information in violation of applicable rules and regulations. In addition, according to the Interpretations of the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate on Several Issues concerning the Application of the Law in Handling Criminal Cases Involving Crimes of Illegally Using the Information Network or Providing Aid for Criminal Activities regarding Information Network issued on October 21, 2019 and taking effect on November 1, 2019, a violator refusing to perform the obligation of safety management for the information network, causing the disclosure of user information, and falling under one of the following circumstances shall be deemed “causing serious consequences” as prescribed under the PRC Criminal Law: (i) causing the disclosure of not less than 500 pieces of location information, communication content, credit information, and property information; (ii) causing the disclosure of not less than 5,000 pieces of accommodation information, communication records, health and physiological information, transaction information and other user information that may affect personal or property safety; (iii) causing the disclosure of not less than 50,000 pieces of user information other than the information set forth in items (i) and (ii); (iv) causing the disclosure of user information which quantity does not meet the standards set forth in items (i), (ii) and (iii), but meets the relevant quantity standards after conversion at the corresponding proportion in aggregate; (v) causing deaths, serious injuries, mental disorders or kidnapping of others, or other serious consequences; (vi) causing material economic losses; (vii) seriously disturbing the social order; or (viii) causing other serious consequences.

The PRC Network Security Law, which was promulgated in November 2016 and took effect on June 1, 2017, requires a network operator, including internet information services providers among others, to adopt technical measures and other necessary measures in accordance with applicable laws and regulations as well as compulsory national and industrial standards to safeguard the safety and stability of network operations, effectively respond to network security incidents, prevent illegal and criminal activities, and maintain the integrity, confidentiality and availability of network data. The Network Security Law emphasizes that any individuals and organizations that use networks must not endanger network security or use networks to engage in unlawful activities such as those endangering national security, economic order and the social order or infringing the reputation, privacy, intellectual property rights and other lawful rights and interests of others. The Network Security Law has also reaffirmed certain basic principles and requirements on personal information protection previously specified in other existing laws and regulations, including those described above. Any violation of the provisions and requirements under the Network Security Law may subject an internet service provider to warnings, fines, confiscation of illegal gains, revocation of licenses, cancellation of filings, closedown of websites or even criminal liabilities.

On November 28, 2019, the Secretary Bureau of the Cyberspace Administration of China, the General Office of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the General Office of the Ministry of Public Security and the General Office of the State Administration for Market Regulation jointly issued the Notice on the Measures for Determining the Illegal Collection and Use of Personal Information through Apps, which aims to provide reference for supervision and administration departments and provide guidance for app operators’ self-examination and self-correction and social supervision by netizens, and further elaborates the forms of behavior constituting inappropriate collection activities and use of the personal information through apps including: (i) failing to publish the rules on the collection and use of personal information; (ii) failing to explicitly explain the purposes, methods and scope of the collection and use of personal information; (iii) collecting and using personal information without the users’ consent; (iv) collecting personal information unrelated to the services it provides and beyond necessary principle; (v) providing personal information to others without the users’ consent; (vi) failing to provide the function of deleting or correcting the personal information according to the laws or failing to publish information such as ways of filing complaints and reports.

Users give us certain personal information and we also synthesize, analyze and share the information with financial service providers. We have obtainedtaken necessary measures in order to obtain consent from users to keep and use their personal information, and have also established information security systems to protect the user information and to abide by other network security requirements under applicable laws and regulations.

Regulation Related to Foreign Investment Restrictions

Foreign Investment law

On March 15, 2019, the National People’s Congress approved the Foreign Investment Law, and on December 26, 2019, the State Council promulgated the Implementing Rules of the PRC Foreign Investment Law, or the Implementing Rules, to further clarify and elaborate the relevant provisions of the Foreign Investment Law. The Foreign Investment Law and the Implementing Rules both took effect on January 1, 2020 and replaced three major previous laws on foreign investments in China, namely, the Sino-foreign Equity Joint Venture Law, the Sino-foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Law and the Wholly Foreign-owned Enterprise Law, together with their respective implementing rules. Pursuant to the Foreign Investment Law, “foreign investments” refer to investment activities ofconducted by foreign investors (including foreign natural persons, foreign enterprises or other foreign organizations) directly or indirectly in China are principallythe PRC, which include any of the following circumstances: (i) foreign investors setting up foreign-invested enterprises in the PRC solely or jointly with other investors, (ii) foreign investors obtaining shares, equity interests, property portions or other similar rights and interests of enterprises within the PRC, (iii) foreign investors investing in new projects in the PRC solely or jointly with other investors, and (iv) investment in other methods as specified in laws, administrative regulations, or as stipulated by the State Council. The Implementing Rules introduce a see-through principle and further provide that foreign-invested enterprises that invest in the PRC shall also be governed by the Guidance Catalogue of Industries for Foreign Investment Law and the Implementing Rules.

The Foreign Investment Law and the Implementing Rules provide that a system of pre-entry national treatment and negative list shall be applied for the administration of foreign investment, where “pre-entry national treatment” means that the treatment given to foreign investors and their investments at market access stage is no less favorable than that given to domestic investors and their investments, and “negative list” means the special administrative measures for foreign investment’s access to specific fields or industries, which waswill be proposed by the competent investment department of the State Council in conjunction with the competent commerce department of the State Council and other relevant departments, and be reported to the State Council for promulgation, or be promulgated by the competent investment department or competent commerce department of the State Council after being reported to the State Council for approval. Foreign investments beyond the negative list will be granted national treatment. Foreign investors shall not invest in the prohibited fields as specified in the negative list, and is amended from timeforeign investors who invest in the restricted fields shall comply with the special requirements on the shareholding, senior management personnel, etc. In the meantime, relevant competent government departments will formulate a catalogue of industries for which foreign investments are encouraged according to timethe needs for national economic and social development, to list the specific industries, fields and regions in which foreign investors are encouraged and guided to invest. The current industry entry clearance requirements governing investment activities in the PRC by foreign investors are set out in two categories, namely the Special Entry Management Measures (Negative List) for the Access of Foreign Investment (2020 version), or the 2020 Negative List, as promulgated by the National Development and Reform Commission, or the NDRC, and the Ministry of Commerce and taking effect on July 23, 2020, and the National DevelopmentEncouraged Industry Catalogue for Foreign Investment (2020 version), as promulgated by the NDRC and Reform Commission. Industries listed in the catalogue are divided into three categories: encouraged, restrictedMinistry of Commerce and prohibited.taking effect on January 27, 2021. Industries not listed in the cataloguethese two catalogues are generally open todeemed “permitted” for foreign investment unless specifically restricted by other PRC regulations. Thelaws.

According to the Implementing Rules, the registration of foreign-invested enterprises shall be handled by the State Administration for Market Regulation, or the SAMR or its authorized local counterparts. Where a foreign investor invests in an industry or field subject to licensing in accordance with laws, the relevant competent government department responsible for granting such license shall review the license application of the foreign investor in accordance with the same conditions and procedures applicable to PRC domestic investors unless it is stipulated otherwise by the laws and administrative regulations, and the competent government department shall not impose discriminatory requirements on the foreign investor in terms of licensing conditions, application materials, reviewing steps and deadlines, etc.

Pursuant to the Foreign Investment Law and the Implementing Rules, and the Information Reporting Measures for Foreign Investment jointly promulgated by the MOFCOM and the SAMR, which took effect on January 1, 2020, a foreign investment information reporting system shall be established and foreign investors or foreign-invested enterprises shall report investment information to competent commerce departments of the government through the enterprise registration system and the enterprise credit information publicity system, and the administration for market regulation shall forward the above investment information to the competent commerce departments in a timely manner.

Foreign Investment Restriction on Value-Added Telecommunications Services

According to the 2020 Negative List and other applicable laws and regulations, the industries of value-added telecommunications services (other than online retailthe services of electronic commerce, multiparty conferencing within the PRC, information storage and mobile commerce) falls into theforwarding, and call center) are generally restricted category.to foreign investment with very limited exceptions in certain pilot demonstration zones.

According to the Administrative Regulations on Foreign-Invested Telecommunications Enterprises, as most recently amended in February 2016, foreign-invested value-added telecommunications enterprises must be in the form of a Sino-foreign equity joint venture. The regulations limit the ultimate capital contribution percentage by foreign investor(s) in a foreign-invested value-added telecommunications enterprise to 50% or less and require the primary foreign investor in a foreign invested value-added telecommunications enterprise to have a good track record and operational experience in the industry.

In 2006, the predecessor to the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology issued the Circular of the Ministry of Information Industry on Strengthening the Administration of Foreign Investment in Value-added Telecommunications Business, according to which a foreign investor in the telecommunications service industry of China must establish a foreign invested enterprise and apply for a telecommunications businesses operation license. This circular further requires that: (i) PRC domestic telecommunications business enterprises must not lease, transfer or sell a telecommunications businesses operation license to a foreign investor through any form of transaction or provide resources, offices and working places, facilities or other assistance to support the illegal telecommunications services operations of a foreign investor; (ii) value-added telecommunications enterprises or their shareholders must directly own the domain names and trademarks used by such enterprises in their daily operations; (iii) each value-added telecommunications enterprise must have the necessary facilities for its approved business operations and maintain such facilities in the regions covered by its license; and (iv) all providers of value-added telecommunications services are required to maintain network and internet security in accordance with the standards set forth in relevant PRC regulations. If a license holder fails to comply with the requirements in the circular and cure such non-compliance, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology or its local counterparts have the discretion to take measures against such license holder, including revoking its license for value-added telecommunications business.

In light of the above restrictions and requirements, we conduct our value-added telecommunications businesses through Beijing Rongdiandian Information Technology Co., Ltd., or RDD, after the Restructuring.our VIEs.

Regulations Related to Value-added Telecommunications Services

The PRC Telecommunications Regulations, as most recently amended in February 2016, are the primary regulations governing telecommunications services. Under the Telecommunications Regulations, a telecommunications service provider is required to procure operating licenses prior to the commencement of its operations. The Telecommunications Regulations distinguish “basic telecommunications services” from “value-added telecommunications services.” Value-added telecommunications services are defined as telecommunications and information services provided through public networks. A catalogue was issued as an attachment to the Telecommunications Regulations to categorize telecommunications services as either basic or value-added.value-added, and the value-added telecommunications services are further divided into Class I value-added telecommunications services and Class II value-added telecommunications services. The current catalogue, as most recently updated in December 2015,June 2019, categorizes online information services as Class II value-added telecommunications services.

The Administrative Measures on Telecommunications Business Operating Licenses, promulgated by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology in 2009 and most recently amended in July 2017, set forth more specific provisions regarding the types of licenses required to operate value-added telecommunications services, the qualifications and procedures for obtaining such licenses and the administration and supervision of such licenses. Under these measures, a commercial operator of value-added telecommunications services must first obtain a license from the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology or its provincial level counterpart, or else such operator might be subject to sanctions including corrective orders and warnings from the competent administration authority, fines and confiscation of illegal gains. In case of serious violations, the operator’s websites may be ordered to be closed.

Internet information service is a type of value-added telecommunications service in the current catalogue attached to the Telecommunications Regulations, as most recently updated in December 2015. Pursuant to the Administrative Measures on Internet Information Services, “internet information services” refers to the provision of information through the internet to online users, and they are categorized into “commercial internet information services” and “non-commercial internet information services.”services”. Commercial internet information service is a type of Class II value-added telecommunications service in the current catalogue attached to the Telecommunications Regulations, as most recently updated in June 2019. A commercial internet information services operator must obtain a value-added telecommunications services license for internet information services, which is known as an ICP License, from the relevant government authorities before engaging in any commercial internet information services operations in China. No ICP License is required if the operator will only provide internet information on a non-commercial basis. According to the Administrative Measures on Telecommunications Business Operating Licenses, an ICP License has a term of five years and can be renewed within 90 days before expiration.

RDD, one of our variable interest entity,entities, has obtained an ICP License for the provision of commercial internet information services issued by the Beijing Telecommunication Administration in July 2017.