UNITED STATES


SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

 

FORM 20-F

 

¨¨REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

 

xxANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012

2015

OR

 

¨¨TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

 

¨¨SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of event requiring this shell company report ____________



For the transition period from ____________ to ___________



Commission File Number: 333-7480



INDUSTRIAS BACHOCO, S.A.B. DE C.V.


(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)



Bachoco Industries

(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)



The United Mexican States
(Jurisdiction of incorporation
or organization)



Avenida Tecnologico No. 401

Ciudad Industrial, C.P. 38010

Celaya, Guanajuato, Mexico.
(Address of principal executive offices)



Daniel Salazar Ferrer

Avenida Tecnologico No. 401

Ciudad Industrial C.P. 38010

Celaya, Guanajuato, Mexico

Telephone: (+011-52-461-618-3555)

Facsimile: (+011-52-461-611-6502)

Email:inversionistas@bachoco.net

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)



Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 

Title of each class Name of each exchange on which
registered
American Depositary Shares, each
representing twelve
Series B Shares.
 New York Stock Exchange

 

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:Act: None



Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:Act: None

 

Indicate the number of outstanding Shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report:

 

Series B Capital Stock:       600,000,000 Shares

 

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

 

Yes ¨ Nox

 

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

 

Yes x No¨

 

Note: Checking the box above will not relieve any registrant required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 from their obligations under those Sections.

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days:

 

Yes x No¨

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).

 

Yes x No¨

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of “accelerated filer and large accelerated filer” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

 

Large accelerated filer¨Accelerated filerxNon-accelerated filer¨

Large accelerated filer¨  Accelerated filerx           Non-accelerated filer¨

 

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

 

U.S. GAAP¨International Financial ReportingOther¨
Standards as issued by the
International
Accounting Standards Board  xOther ¨

 

If “Other has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statements item the registrant has elected to follow:

 

Item 17¨ Item 18 ¨

 

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

 

Yes ¨ Nox



(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS)

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 23 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by the court.

 

Yes ¨ No¨

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

  Page
   
PARTPart I 76
ITEMItem 1.Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers76
ITEMItem 2.Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable76
ITEMItem 3.Key Information76
A.Selected Financial Data76
B.Capitalization and Indebtedness108
C.Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds109
D.Risk Factors109
ITEMItem 4.Information onof the Company1513
A.History and Development of the Company13
B.Business Overview15
B.C.Business Overview17Organizational Structure23
C.D.Organizational StructureProperty, Plant and Equipment24
ITEM 4.A.Unresolved Staff Comments26
D.Property, Plant and Equipment27
ITEM 4.A.Unresolved Staff Comments29
ITEMItem 5.Operating and Financial Review and Prospects2926
A.Operating Results3026
B.Liquidity and Capital Resources38
C.Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc.4143
D.Trend Information4143
E.Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements4143
F.Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations4143
G.Safe Harbor4244
ITEMItem 6.Directors, Senior Management and Employees4244
A.Directors and Senior Management4244
B.Compensation47Compensation49
C.Board Practices4749
D.Employees49Employees50
E.Share Ownership4951
ITEMItem 7.Major Stockholders and Related Party Transactions4951
A.Major Shareholders5051
B.Related Party Transactions5052
C.Interests of Experts and Counsel5153
ITEMItem 8.Financial Information5254
A.Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information5254
B.Significant Changes5355
ITEMItem 9.The Offer and Listing5355
A.Offer and Listing Details5355
B.Plan of Distribution55
C.Markets55
D.Selling Shareholders56
E.Dilution56
F.Expenses of the Issue56
ITEMItem 10.Additional Information56
A.Share Capital56
B.Memorandum and Articles of Association56
C.Material Contracts6563
D.Exchange Controls6564
E.Taxation65Taxation64
F.Dividends and Paying Agents7269
G.Statement by Experts7269
H.Documents on Display7269
I.Subsidiary Information7369

iiItem 11.
 

ITEM 11.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk7369
ITEMItem 12.Description of Securities Other Than Equity Securities7471
A.Debt Securities7471
B.Warrants and Rights7471
C.Other Securities7471
D.American DepositoryDepositary Receipts7571
Part II 73
PART IIItem 13. 76
ITEM 13.Default, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies7673
ITEMItem 14.Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds73
Item 15.Controls and Procedures73
Item 16.[Reserved]76
ITEM 15.16.Controls and ProceduresA.77Audit Committee Financial Expert76
ITEM 16.[Reserved]B.79Code of Ethics76
ITEM 16.A.16.Audit Committee Financial ExpertC.79
ITEM 16.B.Code of Ethics79
ITEM 16.C.Principal Accountant Fees and Services7976
ITEM 16.D.16.D.Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees8077
ITEM 16.E.16.E.Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers8077
ITEM 16.F.16.F.Changes in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant8178
ITEM 16.G.16.G.Corporate Governance8178
ITEM 16.H.16.mine safety disclosureH.86Mine Safety Disclosure82
Part III 83
PART IIIItem 17. 86Financial Statements83
ITEM 17.Item 18.Financial Statements8683
ITEM 18.Item 19.Financial Statements86Exhibits83
ITEM 19.Exhibits86
Index of Exhibits8683
iii

 2

 

Introduction

 

Industrias Bachoco, S.A.B. de C.V. is a holding company with no operations other than holding the stock of its subsidiaries. Our two main subsidiaries are Bachoco, S.A. de C.V. (“BSACV”), located in Mexico, and Bachoco USA, LLC (“Bachoco USA”) located in the United States (or U.S.of America (“United States” or “U.S.”). Bachoco USA, LLC is a subsidiary we formed on March 2, 2012 to serve as the holding company for O.K. Industries, Inc., the American poultry company we acquired in November 2011.

 

References herein to “Bachoco,” “we,” “us,” “our,” “its” or the “Company” are, unless the context requires otherwise, to Industrias Bachoco, S.A.B. de C.V. and its consolidated subsidiaries as a whole.

 

Additionally, references herein to “OK Industries” or “OK Foods” are, unless the context requires otherwise, to Bachoco USA LLC and its consolidated subsidiaries as a whole.

 

We are incorporated under the laws of the United Mexican States (“Mexico”), but we have operations in both Mexico and the United States.U.S. Our principal executive offices are located in Mexico at Avenida Tecnologico No. 401, Ciudad Industrial, zip code 38010, Celaya, State of Guanajuato, Mexico, and our main telephone number is +52 (461) 618 3500, or +52 (461) 618 3555.

 

Presentation of Information

Fiscal Year

The fiscal year for Bachoco and its subsidiaries in Mexico ends in December each year. The fiscal year for Bachoco USA and its subsidiaries in the U.S. ends in April each year. Notwithstanding the foregoing, for purposes of our consolidated financial statements, the accounting year period for all the Company’s subsidiaries ends on December 31.

Currency

 

Except as otherwise indicated, all data in the financial statements included below and in Item 18 (which together with the attached notes constitute our “Audited Consolidated Financial Statements”) and the selected financial information included throughout this Form 20-F (this “Annual Report”) have been presented in millions of nominal pesos unless otherwise indicated. References herein to “pesos” or “Ps.“$”are to the lawful currency of Mexico.

 

References herein to “dollars”, “U.S. dollars”, “U.S.$”“dollar” or “$“USD$” are to the lawful currency of the United States of America, except that "$" is also used for pesos in the Audited Consolidated Financial Statements.America.

 

This Annual Report contains translations of certain peso amounts into dollars at specified rates solely for the convenience of the reader. Unless otherwise indicated, such dollar amounts have been translated from pesos at an exchange rate of Ps 12.87$17.21 to $1.00 dollar,USD$1.00 (one dollar), the exchange rate on December 31, 2012,2015, according to theBanco de Mexico (or the “Central Bank”).

Accounting Practices

 

In January 2009, theComision Nacional Bancaria y de Valores (Mexican Banking and Securities Commission or “CNBV”) published certain amendments to the Rules for Public Companies and other participants in the Mexican Securities Market that require public companies to report financial information in accordance with the International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”), effective as of January 1, 2012.

Following these amendments, on January 1, 2012, we adopted IFRS, meeting the CNBV requirements. At the same time, our financial statements as of and for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011, and the opening balance as of Janua ry 1, 2011, were converted from Mexican Financial Reporting Standards (MFRS) to IFRS to make them comparable to our financial statements for fiscal year 2012.

Our Audited Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report have been prepared in accordance with the International Financial Reporting Standards, or IFRS, as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board, or IASB.

Bachoco prepared its opening statement of financial position under IFRS as of January 1, 2011, following the guidance set forth by IFRS 1, First time adoption (“IFRS 1”). The options selected by Bachoco in the migration to IFRS and the effects on its opening statement of financial position as of January 1, 2011, according to IFRS 1, as well as the effects on its statement of financial position as of December 31, 2011, and its statements of comprehensive income for the year ended December 31, 2011, as compared to Bachoco’s previously reported amounts under MFRS, are described in note 33 to our Audited Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this annual report.

 

The rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission or SEC,(the “SEC”), do not require foreign private issuers that prepare their financial statements on the basis of IFRS (as published by the IASB) to reconcile such financial statements to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP.GAAP”). As such, while Industrias Bachoco S.A.B. de C.V. has in the past reconciled its consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with MFRSMexican Financial Reporting Standards (MFRS) to U.S. GAAP, those reconciliations are no longer presented in Bachoco’s filings with the SEC.

3

Other References

 

Bachoco’s production volume is measured in “tons”, which term refers to metric tons of 1,000 kilograms, equal to 2,204.6 pounds; the term “billion” refers to one thousand million (1,000,000,000).

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

 

The body of generally accepted accounting principles is commonly referred to as “GAAP.” For this purpose, a non-GAAP financial measure is generally defined by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”)SEC as a numerical measure of a company’s historical or financial performance, financial position or cash flows that excludes amounts, or is subject to adjustments that have the effect of excluding amounts, that are included in the most directly comparable measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP in the statement of comprehensive income, statement of financial position or statement of cash flows (or equivalent statements) of the company; or includes amounts, or is subject to adjustments that have the effect of including amounts, that are excluded from the most directly comparable measure so calculated and presented.

 

The Company discloses in this Annual Report the so-called non-GAAP financial measures of EBITDA result, Adjusted EBITDA result, EBITDA margin, Adjusted EBITDA margin, and Net debt. EBITDA result is defined as profit before income tax expense (benefit), comprehensive financial income (expense), net and depreciation and amortization. Adjusted EBITDA result is defined as profit before income tax expense (benefit), comprehensive financial income (expense), net, depreciation and amortization and other expense (income), net.depreciation. EBITDA margin is defined as EBITDA result divided by total net revenues. Adjusted EBITDA margin is defined as Adjusted EBITDA result divided by total net revenues. Net debt is defined as long-term debt (including the current portion) plus short term debt minus cash and cash equivalents.equivalents, primary financial instruments and derivative financial instruments. The non-GAAP financial measures of EBITDA result Adjusted EBITDA result, EBITDA margin and Adjusted EBITDA margin are not a substitutesubstitutes for the GAAP measure of net income. Rather, these measures are provided as additional information to complement the GAAP measure of net incomeprofit for the year by providing further understanding of the Company’s results of operations from management’s perspective. Additionally, the non-GAAP financial measure of Net debt is not a substitute for the GAAP measure of Total debt. Rather, this measure is provided as additional information to contemplate the GAAP measure of Total debt by providing further understanding of the Company’s debt obligations. Accordingly, theyEBITDA result, EBITDA margin and Net debt should not be considered in isolation noror as a substitutesubstitutes for an analysis of the Company’s financial performance, liquidity or debt obligations.

Company management believes that disclosure of these non-GAAP measures are an important supplemental measure of the Company’s operating performance and debt obligations because investors, financial analysts and other interested parties frequently use EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Net debt in the evaluation of other companies in the same industry in which the Company operates.

 

Market Data

 

This Annual Report contains certain statistical information regarding the Mexican chicken, egg and balanced feed (or “feed”) markets. We have obtained this information from a variety of sources, including but not limited to;Union Nacional de Avicultores (the National Poultry Union or “UNA”), theConsejo Nacional de Fabricantes de Alimentos Balanceados y de la Nutricion Animal, A.C. (or “CONAFAB”), the U.S. Department of Agriculture (or “USDA”), and theBanco thede Mexico (the Bank of Mexico), among others.

 

Other sources of statistical information used by the Company includeConsejo Mexicano de Porcicultura (the Mexican Pork Council or “CMP”),Secretaria de Agricultura, Ganaderia, Desarrollo Rural, Pesca y AlimentosAlimentacion (“Ministry(Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fishing and Food”Food or “SAGARPA”), among others.

 

The producers’ associations rely principally on data provided by their members. Information for which no source is cited was prepared by us on the basis of our knowledge of the Mexican chicken, egg, feed, turkey and swine markets and the wide variety of information available regarding these markets. The methodology and terminology used by different sources are not always consistent, and data from different sources are not readily comparable.

 

4

Forward-looking Statements

 

We may from time to time make written or oral forward-looking statements in our periodic reports to the SEC on Forms 20-F and 6-K, in our annual reportAnnual Report to stockholders, in offering circulars and prospectuses, in press releases and other written materials and in oral statements made by one of our officers, directors or employees to analysts, institutional investors, representatives of the media and others.

 

Examples of such forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to: (i) projections of revenues, income (or loss), earnings (or loss) per share, capital expenditures, dividends, capital structure or other financial items or ratios; (ii) statements of our plans, objectives or goals or those of our management, including those relating to new contracts; (iii) statements about future economic performance; and (iv) statements of assumptions underlying such statements. Words such as “believe,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “expect,” “intend,” “target,” “estimate,” “project,” “predict,” “forecast,” “guideline,” “should” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements but are not the exclusive means of identifying such statements.

Forward-looking statements involve inherent risks and uncertainties, and a number of unexpected changes could cause actual results to deviate from our plans, objectives, expectations, estimates and intentions. We recognize that the accuracy of our predictions and our ability to follow through on our intentions depend on factors beyond our control. The potential risks are many and varied, but include unexpected changes in: economic, weather and political conditions; raw material prices; competitive conditions; and demand for chicken, eggs, turkey, balanced feed, beef and swine.

 

5

PART

Part I

ITEM 1. Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers

Item 1.Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers

 

Not applicable.

ITEM 2. Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable

Item 2.Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable

 

Not applicable.

 

ITEM 3. Key Information

Item 3.Key Information

 

A.Selected Financial Data

 

The financial information set forth below is derived from our Audited Consolidated Financial Statements, which are included in Item 18. We provide details on the figures and year-to-year changes in our Audited Consolidated Financial Statements.

 

The tables below present our key financial information for the fiscal years indicated. Except as otherwise indicated, the amounts are presented in millions of nominal pesos, except per share amounts, which are presented in pesos in accordance with IFRS.pesos.

 

INCOME STATEMENT DATA   
In millions of pesos As of December 31, 
  2011  2012  In millions of
U.S. dollars
2012
 
Net revenues Ps.27,735.0  Ps.39,367.4  $3,058.8 
Cost of sales  24,797.0   33,318.2   2,588.8 
Gross profit  2,938.0   6,049.2   470.0 
General, selling and administrative expenses  2,974.7   3,396.7   263.9 
Other income (expenses), net  1,000.0   (23.8)  (1.9)
Operating income  963.2   2,628.8   204.3 
Net finance income  177.6   165.0   12.8 
Income tax  (38.6)  602.0   46.8 
Controlling interest  1,177.3   2,184.6   155.3 
Non-controlling interest  2.1   7.2   0.6 
Profit for the year  1,179.4   2,191.8   170.3 
Basic and diluted earnings per share(1)  1.96   3.65   0.28 
Basic and diluted earnings per ADR(2)  23.52   43.80   3.40 
Dividends per Share(3)  0.50   0.50   0.04 
Weighted average Shares outstanding (thousands)  599,822   598,960   598,960 

STATEMENT OF PROFIT OR LOSS DATA

In millions, for the year ended
December 31,
 2015  2015  2014  2013  2012  2011 
  USD$  $  $  $  $  $ 
Net revenues  2,686.2   46,229.0   41,779.1   39,710.7   39,367.4   27,735.0 
Cost of sales  2,141.1   36,847.5   32,495.0   33,176.6   33,318.2   24,797.0 
Gross profit  545.1   9,381.5   9,284.1   6,534.1   6,049.2   2,938.0 
General, selling and administrative expenses  251.2   4,323.4   3,781.3   3,291.0   3,396.7   2,974.7 
Other(expenses) income, net  (0.3)  (4.6)  (160.9)  30.7   (23.8)  1,000.0 
Operating income  293.6   5,053.5   5,341.9   3,273.8   2,628.8   963.2 
Net finance income  25.9   446.6   246.9   118.4   165.0   177.6 
Income tax  97.7   1,680.6   1,656.1   1,350.4   602.0   (38.6)
Profit attributable to controlling interest  221.5   3,812.8   3,926.9   2,038.4   2,184.6   1,177.3 
Profit attributable to non-controlling interest  0.4   6.7   5.7   3.4   7.2   2.1 
Profit for the year  221.9   3,819.5   3,932.7   2,041.8   2,191.8   1,179.4 
Basic and diluted earnings per share(1)  0.37   6.36   6.55   3.40   3.65   1.96 
Basic and diluted earnings per ADR(2)  4.43   76.30   78.66   40.84   43.80   23.52 
Dividends per share(3)  0.087   1.500   0.000   1.584   0.50   0.50 
Weighted average shares outstanding(4)  599,631   599,631   599,955   599,993   598,960   599,822 

(1)Net income per basic and diluted share has been computedCalculated based on the weighted average number of basic and diluted shares. No potentially dilutive shares exist in any of the years presented, for which reason, basic and diluted earnings per share are the same.
(2)Each ADR represents twelve shares.
(3)Dividends per share have been computed by dividing the total amount of dividends paid by the weighted average shares outstanding.
MARGINS As of December 31, 
  2011  2012 
Gross margin  10.6%  15.4%
Operating margin  3.5%  6.7%
Margin for the year  4.3%  5.6%

STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION DATA
In millions of pesos As of January 1,  As of December 31, 
  2011  2011  2012  In millions
of U.S.
dollars
2012
 
Total assets Ps.21,197.8  Ps.24,717.3  Ps.28,040.2  $2,178.7 
Cash and cash equivalents  3,967.9   2,625.7   4,179.5   324.7 
Primary financial instruments  209.3   410.7   962.0   74.7 
Total liabilities Ps.4,767.8  Ps.7,337.5  Ps.8,951.5  $695.5 
Short-term debt(1)  139.9   1,453.0   1,197.1   93.0 
Long-term debt  507.1   384.4   1,526.6   118.6 
Total stockholders’ equity Ps.16,430.0  Ps.17,379.8  Ps.19,088.7  $1,483.2 
Capital Stock  1,174.4   1,174.4   1,174.4   91.3 

(1)(4)Includes notes payable to banks and current portionIn thousands of long-term debt.shares.

STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION DATA

In millions as of December 31 2015  2015  2014  2013  2012  2011 
  USD$  $  $  $  $  $ 
Total assets  2,350.2   40,446.6   34,843.1   28,889.7   28,040.2   24,717.3 
Cash and cash equivalents  816.2   14,046.3   11,036.1   6,716.9   4,179.5   2,625.7 
Total liabilities  736.0   12,667.2   10,481.1   8,738.5   8,951.5   7,337.5 
Short-term debt(1)  94.8   1,631.9   798.0   557.6   1,197.1   1,453.0 
Long-term debt  145.0   2,495.1   1,652.5   1,510.2   1,526.6   384.4 
Total stockholders’ equity  1,614.1   27,779.4   24,362.1   20,151.1   19,088.7   17,379.8 
Capital stock  68.2   1,174.4   1,174.4   1,174.4   1,174.4   1,174.4 

(1) Includes notes payable to banks and current installments of long term debt.

6

MARGINS

In percentage, for the years ended December 31: 2015  2014  2013  2012  2011 
Gross margin  20.3%  22.2%  16.5%  15.4%  10.6%
Operating margin  10.9%  12.8%  8.2%  6.7%  3.5%
Margin for the year  8.4%  9.4%  5.1%  5.6%  4.3%

Other Indicators

 

The tables set below present key indicators for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2008 to 2012.indicators.

 

VOLUME SOLD BY BUSINESS LINE
  As of December 31, 
  2008  2009  2010  2011  2012 
Sales volume (thousands of tons):  1,411.2   1,418.4   1,473.3   1,606.3   1,861.6 
Chicken  878.1   918.1   983.9   1,072.7   1,341.7 
Eggs  143.6   143.4   141.9   133.2   143.5 
Balanced feed  370.7   337.9   327.5   378.8   351.4 
Other business lines  18.8   19.0   20.0   21.6   25.0 

VOLUME SOLD BY BUSINESS LINE

 

TOTAL EMPLOYEES
  As of December 31, 
  2008  2009  2010  2011  2012 
Total employees:  23,248   24,065   23,473   25,326   25,272 
In Mexico  23,248   24,065   23,473   22,473   22,048 
In the U.S.  0   0   0   2,853   3,224 
In thousands of tons, as of December 31, 2015  2014  2013  2012  2011 
Total sales volume:  2,034.3   1,841.4   1,771.1   1,861.6   1,606.3 
Poultry  1,613.4   1,495.0   1,429.2   1,485.2   1,205.9 
Others  420.9   346.4   341.9   376.4   400.4 

Gross Domestic Product, Inflation Rate and CETES

 

The chart below includes Mexican gross domestic product (“GDP”) and Inflation Rateinflation rate data from 20082011 to 2012,2015, and the average interest rates on 28-day Mexican treasury bills (“CETES”), as provided by the Mexican Central Bank.

 

GDP, INFLATION RATE AND CETES DATA
          
Year GDP  Inflation Rate  CETES 
2008  1.3%  6.50%  7.6%
2009  (6.5)%  3.57%  5.4%
2010  5.5%  4.40%  4.4%
2011  3.9%  3.82%  4.3%
2012  3.9%  3.57%  3.9%

Gross Domestic Product

Mexico has experienced economic growth in the last five years, but to varying degrees. In 2015, the Mexican GDP was 2.5%, higher than the growth reached in 2014, which was 2.1%. In 2013, Mexican GDP was 1.1% and in 2012 and in 2011, Mexican GDP was 3.9%.

Interest Rates

Mexico historically has had, and may continue to have, high real and nominal interest rates. The interest rates on 28-day Mexican government treasury securities averaged 2.9%, 2.7%, 3.8%, 3.9% and 4.3% for 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively. High interest rates in Mexico could increase our financing costs and thereby impair our financial condition, results of operations and cash flow.

Inflation Rates

Inflation rates in Mexico have remained on the low end for more than a decade. The annual rate of inflation, as measured by changes in the Mexican National Consumer Price Index, or NCPI, was 2.1% in 2015, 4.1% in 2014, 3.97% in 2013, 3.6% in 2012 and 3.8% in 2011, according to theBanco de Mexico.An adverse change in the Mexican economy may have a negative impact on price stability and result in higher inflation than its main trading partners, including the United States.

GDP, INFLATION RATE AND CETES DATA

Year GDP  Inflation Rate  CETES 
2015  2.5%  2.13%  2.9%
2014  2.1%  4.08%  2.7%
2013  1.1%  3.97%  3.8%
2012  3.9%  3.57%  3.9%
2011  3.9%  3.82%  4.3%

On April 17, 2013,10, 2016, the 28 day CETES rate was 3.81%3.73%.

7

Exchange Rates

 

In 2008, the exchange rate of the peso against the U.S. dollar was highly volatile. While during the first half of the year, the Mexican peso strengthened its position with respect to the U.S. dollar, the Mexican peso experienced a steep depreciation during the second half of the year and the peso-dollar exchange rate at year-end had depreciated by 21.0% with respect to December 31, 2007.

During 2009, although the Mexican peso-dollar exchange rate depreciated during the first half of 2009, the peso stabilized and strengthened its position in the second half of 2009, leading the Mexican peso-dollar exchange rate to appreciate 5.4% in 2009 with respect to the exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2008.

In 2010, the Mexican peso strengthened its position during the year as compared to the dollar, appreciating approximately 5.3% since the end of 2009, while the inflation rate for 2010 was 4.40%.Exchange Rates

 

During the first half of 2011, the exchange rate of the peso to the dollar was stable, showedshowing an average rate of Ps.11.89$11.89 per one dollar. This stability changed drastically during the second half of the year, werewhere we observed a higher average rate peso-dollar of Ps.12.97,$12.97 per one dollar, with a final depreciation of 13.0% by the end of the year with respect to year-end of 2010.

 

In 2012, the Mexican peso strengthened its position during the year as compared to the U.S. dollar, according to the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank, with the average peso-dollar exchange rate being Ps. 13.15$13.15 and appreciated with respect to the U.S. dollar by 7.1% at year-end (or 7.9% according withBanco de Mexico statistics).

In 2013, the exchange rate of the peso against the dollar started the year strong with an upward trend, but ended the year with a slight depreciation of 1.0% compared with December 31, 2012.

During most of 2014, the Mexican peso-dollar exchange rate was stable. This stability changed drastically toward the end of the year, when we observed a higher Mexican peso-dollar exchange rate, leading the Mexican peso-dollar exchange rate to depreciate 11.2% in 2014 with respect to the exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2013.

During the first half of 2015, the exchange rate of the peso against the dollar was stable. This stability changed toward the end of the year, as we observed an average rate of $16.59 per one dollar in the second half of the year, with a net depreciation of 14.3% by the end of the year with respect to year-end 2014.

 

The following table sets forth the high, low, average and year-end exchange rates for cable transfers in pesos as certified for customs purposes by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, for periods indicated:

 

EXCHANGE RATE
 
Yearly  (last 5 years) High  Low  Average(1)  Year-end 
2008 Ps.     13.94  Ps.9.92  Ps.11.14  Ps.13.83 
2009  15.41   12.63   13.50   13.08 
2010  13.19   12.16   12.62   12.38 
2011  14.25   11.51   12.43   13.95 
2012  14.37   12.63   13.15   12.96(2)
Monthly (last 6
months)
 High  Low  Average(1)  Year-end 
October 2012 Ps.13.09  Ps.12.71  Ps.12.90  Ps.13.09 
November 2012  13.25   12.92   13.06   12.92 
December 2012  13.01   12.72   12.87   12.96(2)
January 2013  12.79   12.59   12.70   12.73 
February 2013  12.88   12.63   12.72   12.78 
March 2013  12.80   12.32   12.50   12.32 

EXCHANGE RATE FOR THE LAST 5 YEARS

In pesos per one dollar High  Low  Average  Close 
  $  $  $  $ 
2015  17.36   14.56   15.87   17.20(1)
2014  14.79   12.85   13.30   14.75 
2013  13.43   11.98   12.76   13.10 
2012  14.37   12.63   13.15   12.96 
2011  14.25   11.51   12.43   13.95 
EXCHANGE RATE FOR THE LAST 6 MONTHS                
March 2016  17.94   17.21   17.63   17.21 
February 2016  19.19   18.02   18.43   18.07 
January 2016  18.59   17.36   18.06   18.21 
December 2015  17.36   16.53   17.07   17.20(1)
November 2015  16.85   16.37   16.63   16.60 
October 2015  16.89   16.38   16.57   16.53 

Source: http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h10/Hist/dat00_mx.htm.

(1)AverageAs of month-end rates for each period shown.
(2)TheDecember 31, 2015, the exchange rate for the year end for theBanco de Mexico was Ps.12.87$17.21 per one dollar.

 

On April 17, 2013,March 31, 2016, the exchange rate for cable transfers in pesos as certified for customs purposes by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York was Ps. 12.23$17.214 per $1.00one dollar.

B.Capitalization and Indebtedness

 

Not applicableapplicable.

8

 

C.Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

 

Not ApplicableApplicable.

 

D.Risk Factors

 

The Company is exposed to a wide range of risks. Note that the order in which the below risks are described does not necessarily reflect the effect that any of the below risks would have on the Company.

Risks Related to Economic, Political and Regulatory Conditions

 

Bachoco’s core businesses are performedconducted in Mexico and in the United States;States and, therefore its performance depends, among other factors, on the economic conditions prevailing in those countries, and particularly in Mexico. The Company'sCompany’s risk exposure related to economic conditions includes risks related to economic performance, exchange rates, interest rates, as well as other political, economic and social events that may negatively affect the Company's performance.Company’s performance and may result in lower demand for, and lower real pricing of, our products.

Additionally, the Mexican economy continues to be heavily influenced by the U.S. economy, and therefore, deterioration in economic conditions in the U.S. economy may affect the Mexican economy. Prolonged periods of weak economic conditions in Mexico may have, and in the past have had, a negative effect on our Company and a material adverse effect on our results and financial condition.

Unfavorable economic conditions in Mexico or the United States, such as a recession or increases in interest and inflation rates could have an adverse effect on our financial performance.

 

If the Mexican or U.S. economies experience a high inflation rate, recession or economic slowdown, consumers may not be able to purchase our products as usual, especially in Mexico, where these factors have a direct impact on the consumers, and as a consequence our earnings may be adversely affected.

 

High interest rates in Mexico or in the U.S. could adversely affect our costs and our earnings due to the impact those changes have on our variable-rate debt instruments andinstruments; on the other hand, we may benefit from the interest we earn on our cash balance. Mexico historically has had, and may continue to have, high real and nominal interest rates.

 

A strong variation in the exchange rates between the peso and dollar could negatively affect our financial results, as a greater percentage of our sales are made in pesos, and a large percentage of our raw material purchases are made in dollars.

 

Furthermore, the Company could be adversely affected by negative economic conditions prevalent in the U.S. or other countries, even when economic conditions in such countries may differ significantly from economic conditions in Mexico, as investors’ reactions to developments in any of these other countries may have an adverse effect on our Securities.securities. Consequently, the market value of our securities may be adversely affected by events taking place outside of Mexico or the U.S.

Political events and regulatory changes in México, including transition to a new presidential administration,Mexico could affect Mexican economic conditions and, as a consequence, negatively affect our operations.

The Company has operations in both Mexico and the U.S., but However, it is incorporated under the laws of Mexico, andwhere a greater percentage of ourits sales are made in Mexico.made. Accordingly we foresee an impact mainly from negative developments in the political, regulatory and economic conditions in Mexico.

 

Mexican political events may significantly affect our operations. In July 2012, we had presidentialJune 2015, federal elections took place in Mexico, including, among others, the election of 500 representatives of the Mexican Congress and as a result, the leadership partynine governors of Mexico changed.various Mexican states. We cannot predict anythe impact of the election resultsthese elections may have on future business conditions in Mexico. A new administrationThese, and future, federal elections may result in regulatory gridlock orgovernment instability and political uncertainty, which could have an adverse effect on Mexican economic policy and as a result, it could affect our business, financial position and operating results.

9

In July 2012, Enrique Peña Nieto of the Partido Revolucionario Institucional was elected as President of Mexico. After taking office he started to implement significant changes in laws, public policy and regulations in areas such as the energy sector and fiscal affairs, all of which are still in process of becoming fully implemented, and it is still unclear what effects these and other possible reforms may have on the contrary, itMexican economy.

Political disagreements between the executive and the legislative branches could result in a major regulatory change,deadlock and prevent the timely implementation of political and economic reforms. We cannot provide any assurances that political developments in Mexico, over which couldwe have no control, will not have an adverse effect on our business, financial position and results of operations.condition or results.

 

AlthoughIn November 2016, presidential elections will take place in the recent U.S. presidential election did notthat will result in a change of the nations'nation’s leadership since President Obama cannot run for re-election. Such political change and any other political or regulatory change in the U.S. regarding Mexico may also affect the economic conditions in Mexico and, as a consequence, affect our financial performance.

Government regulations in Mexico and the U.S. could cause a material increase in the Company'sCompany’s costs of operations and thus could have a negative impact on our results of operations.

 

Every region thatin which Bachoco operates is subject to extensive federal, state and foreign laws and regulations that govern the production, packaging, storage, moving and marketing in the food industry and the poultry industry in particular, including several provisions relating to the discharge of materials into the environment.

 

We may be subject to fines, closures of our facilities, asset seizures, injunctions or criminal sanctions if we are held by a court of competent jurisdiction to be non-compliant with any of the applicable laws and regulations.

 

The adoption of new regulations or changes in the prevailing regulatory environment governing the food industry may entail restrictions in the daily operation of our Company, or increases in our expenses or production costs, conditions that could negatively affect our financial results.

 

Additionally, the imposition of new taxes or changes in the existing tax rates in Mexico or the U.S. could have an adverse impact on our operations and, as a result, negatively affect our financial results.

Risks Related to Bachoco and the Poultry Industry

 

The poultry industry in Mexico and the U.S., as well as the chicken industry in other countries, has undergone cyclical periods of higher prices and profitability, followed by overproduction, leading to periods of lower prices and profitability.

 

The market that we serve is subject to volatility with respect to supply and raw material prices, which affects our product prices. We cannot assure youcan provide no assurance that future cyclicality, excess supply, increases in main raw materials prices, or downturns in real prices will not adversely affect our financial results.

 

The largest single component of our cost of sales is the cost of grains used to prepare balanced feed, including sorghum and corn, and some other ingredients such as: soybean meal and marigold extract, among others.

11

Increase or volatility in main raw materials prices may adversely affect orour operating and financial results.

 

The price of most of these raw materials is subject to significant volatility resulting from weather conditions, the size of harvests, governmental agricultural policies, currency exchange rates, transportation, storage costs, and other factors.

 

Furthermore, the cost of corn in the U.S. may be affected by an increase in the demand both of ethanol and feed production, which can reduce the supply of corn in the U.S. market, adversely affecting our operations in the U.S.

 

High prices or volatility in main raw materials could adversely affect our production costs and as a consequence our financial results.

10

Excess

Supply, demand and the prices we are able to charge for our products may fluctuate due to competition from other food producers and the economic performance in supply or downturns in product pricesthe countries we are present may adversely affect our operating and financial results.

 

Excess in chicken or eggs supply caused by increases in production from our competitors coupled with a weak demand for our products in the markets we operate may result in a downturn in prices for these products, and as a result, our operating margins and financial results could be negatively affected.

We face competition from other chicken producers in all markets in which we sell our products. These chicken producers have the financial resources and operating strengths to directly compete with our Company. We expect to continue to face strong competition in every market, as our existing or new competitors are likely to broaden their product lines and extend their geographic markets. Accordingly, we can provide no assurance that our performance will not be adversely affected by increased competition.

Raising animals and meat processing involve animal health and disease control risks, which can have an adverse impact on our results of operations.

 

Our operations in Mexico and in the U.S. depend on raising animals and meat processing, which are subject to risks such as diseases (like different types of influenza)avian flu) and contamination during production, packaging, storage or distribution processes. Such diseases may cause bans from countries we export to. Any such ban could affect export prices, and therefore our financial results.

 

Live chickens and swine are susceptible to infections by a variety of microbiological agents that may result in higher mortality rates, affecting our earnings and financial results.

 

Our chicken, turkey, beef and eggs products are subject to contamination during its processing, packaging, distribution or conservation. Potential contamination of our products during processing, however, could affect a larger number of our products, which may have a significant impact on our results.

HurricanesNatural disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes or other adverse weather conditionsearthquakes may result in additional losses of inventory and damage to our plants and equipment.

 

Natural disasters could significantly damage our facilities. Our facilities in Mexico are susceptible mainly to earthquakes and hurricanes. Our facilities near Mexico’s coast are most vulnerable to the risk of severe weather. Our U.S. facilities are located in Georgia, Arkansas and Oklahoma, a region vulnerable to being hit by tornadoes. Extensive damage to these facilities could affect our ability to conduct our regular production and, as a result, reduce our operation results.

Our growth through mergers, acquisitions or joint ventures may be impacted by challenges in integrating significant acquisitions.

 

We have made in the past, and may make in the future, certain acquisitions in order to continue our growth. Acquisitions involve risks, including, among others, the following: failure of acquired businesses to achieve expected results; inability to retain or hire key personnel of acquired businesses; inability to retain the same client and supplier base; and inability to achieve expected synergies and/or economies of scale. If we are unable to successfully integrate or manage our acquired businesses, we may not realize anticipated cost savings and revenue growth, which may result in reduced profitability or losses.

12

 

Increased competition may adversely affect our performance.

We face competition from other chicken producers in all of the markets in which we sell our products, these chicken producers also have substantial financial resources and operating strengths to directly compete with our Company. We expect to continue to face strong competition in every market, as our existing or new competitors are likely to broaden their product lines and extend their geographic markets. Accordingly, we cannot assure you that our performance will not be adversely affected by increased competition.

Elimination of tariff barriers may adversely affect our performance.

 

U.S. producers may increase exports to Mexico asbecause chicken, eggs and swine are free of import quotas to Mexico according to the North American Free Trade Agreement (“NAFTA”). Poultry producers in the United States have developed low cost production methods and have been successful in exporting primarily frozen and value-added poultry to other countries, especially in periods of overcapacity in the United States, a condition that could have a material adverse effect on our performance in Mexico.

11

Regulations on animal health and environmental changes in Mexico could affect Mexican poultry industry conditions and, as a consequence, negatively affect ourthe Company.

 

Our processes are subject to several animal health and environmental regulations that include animal raising, transportation, packaging, storage and distribution regulations. Drastic changes in any of these regulations could negatively affect our daily operations and inabilityability to supply our products, and, as a consequence, affect our financial results. ItChanges in regulations may also may includerequire the implementation of new processes or equipment to comply with the new regulations, a condition that may negatively affect our liquidity, as our capital investments could increase.

Our inability to maintain good relationships with our work force and its labor union may affect our processes and, as a consequence, our financial results.

 

If we are unable to maintain good relations with our employees and with our labor union we may be faced with significant work stoppages as a result of labor problems, a condition that may affect our processes and our operating results.

Risks relating to Bachoco’s investors and its American Depositary Receipts (or ADRs)

 

The Robinson Bours family owns 82.75%73.25% of our total shares outstanding and their interests may differ from other security holders. With that percentage they hold the power to elect a majority of the members of our Board of Directors and have the power to determine the outcome of certain other actions requiring the approval of our stockholders, including whether or not dividends are to be paid and the amount of such dividends.

 

The Company trades its ADR’sADRs on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) with each ADR representing twelve common shares.

 

The prevailing market prices for the ADRs and the Sharesshares could decline if the Robinson Bours family sold substantial amounts of their Shares,shares, whether directly, or indirectly, through two Mexican trusts through which they hold their Shares,shares, or if the perception arose that such a sale could occur. See Item 7 for more details about the Company’s trusts.

The market value of our securities may be affected by economic and market conditions prevailing in any other country, although economic conditions in such countries may differ significantly from economic conditions in Mexico,Mexico. Investors’ reactions to developments in any of these other countries may have an adverse perception and, consequently, the market value of our securities may be adversely affected by events elsewhere.

Payment of cash dividends may be affected by the exchange rate of the peso versus the dollar.

 

Because we pay cash dividends in pesos, exchange rate fluctuations will affect the U.S. dollar amounts received by holders of ADRs upon conversion of such cash dividends by The Bank of New YorkBNY Mellon, who acts as our Depositary Bank.

The protection afforded to minoritynon-controlling stockholders in Mexico is different from that in the United States.

 

Under Mexican law, the protection afforded to minority stockholders is different from thosethat in the United States. In particular, the law concerning fiduciary duties of directors is not well developed, there is no procedure for class actions or stockholder derivative actions, and there are different procedural requirements for bringing stockholder lawsuits. As a result, in practice it may be more difficult for the minority stockholders of Bachoco to enforce their rights against us or our directors or our controlling stockholder than it would be for stockholders of a U.S. company.

12

Our bylaws restrict the ability of non-Mexican stockholders to invoke the protection of their governments with respect to their rights as stockholders.

 

As required by Mexican law, our bylaws provide that non Mexicannon-Mexican stockholders shall be considered as Mexicans with respect to their ownership interests in Bachoco and shall be deemed to have agreed not to invoke the protection of their governments in certain circumstances. Under this provision, a non Mexicannon-Mexican stockholder is deemed to have agreed not to invoke the protection of its own government by asking such government to interpose a diplomatic claim against the Mexican government with respect to the stockholder’s rights as a stockholder, but is not deemed to have waived any other rights it may have, including any rights under the U.S. federal securities laws, with respect to its investment in Bachoco. If you invoke such governmental protection in violation of this agreement, your Sharesshares could be forfeited to the Mexican government.

Our bylaws may only be enforced in Mexico.

 

Our bylaws provide that legal actions relating to the execution, interpretation or performance of the bylaws may be brought only in Mexican courts. As a result, it may be difficult for non-Mexican stockholders to enforce their stockholder rights pursuant to the bylaws.

It may be difficult to enforce civil liabilities against us or our directors, officers and controlling persons.

 

We are organized under the laws of Mexico, and most of our directors, officers and controlling persons reside outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for investors to affect service of process within the United States on such persons or to enforce judgments against them. This pertains also to any action based on civil liabilities under the U.S. federal securities laws. There is doubt as to the enforceability against such persons in Mexico, whether in original actions or in actions to enforce judgments of U.S. courts of liabilities based solely on the U.S. federal securities laws.

14

Non-Mexican stockholders may not be entitled to participate in future preemptive rights offerings.

 

Under Mexican law and our bylaws, if we issue new Sharesshares for cash as part of a capital increase, we must grant our stockholders the right to purchase a sufficient number of Sharesshares to maintain their existing ownership percentage in the Company (“preemptive rights”). We can allow holders of ADRs in the United States to exercise preemptive rights in any future capital increase only in one of the following two circumstances: (i) we file a registration statement with the Securities and Exchange CommissionSEC with respect to that future issuance of Shares;shares; or (ii) the offering qualifies for an exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act.Act of 1933, as amended.

 

We make no promises that we will file a registration statement with the Securities and Exchange CommissionSEC to allow holders of ADRs in the United States to participate in a preemptive rights offering. As a result, the equity interests of such holders in the Company may be diluted proportionately. In addition, under current Mexican law, it is not practicable for the depositary to sell preemptive rights and distribute the proceeds from such sales to ADR holders.

Corporate disclosure and accounting in Mexico may differ from other countries.

There may be less, or different, publicly available information about issuers of securities in Mexico than is regularly published by or about issuers of securities in other countries with highly developed capital markets. In addition, due to country-by-country differences in accounting and other reporting principles and standards, our corporate disclosures may differ in content from disclosures made under other principles and standards.

ITEM 4. Information of the Company

Item 4.Information of the Company

 

A.History and Development of the Company

 

The Company was legally formed in Mexico as Industrias Bachoco, S.A.B. de C.V., on April 17, 1980, in Obregon, State of Sonora, Mexico, and is frequently referred to as Bachoco.

 

We are incorporated under the laws of the United Mexican States, but we have operations in both Mexico and the U.S. Our principal executive offices are located in Mexico at Avenida Tecnologico No. 401, Ciudad Industrial, zip code 38010, Celaya, State of Guanajuato, Mexico, and our telephone number is +52 (461) 618 35003500.

Our investor relations department is located at the address above, and can be reached at: email: Inversionistas@bachoco.net; telephone: +52 (461) 618 3555.

 

Our investor relations agent in the United Statesmain business line is I-adize Corporate Communications, located at 82 Wall Street, Suite 805 in New York, New York.poultry, which includes chicken and eggs. The Company also produces and sells a wide range of other products that include, but are not limited to, balanced feed, live swine, beef and turkey value-added products.

 

13

Our main business lines are: chicken, table egg and balanced feed products.

Important events in the development of the Company’s business

 

We were founded in 1952. It has1952 and have grown from a small commercial table egg operation in the state of Sonora to beinto a vertically integrated Company and the leaderleading poultry company in Mexico and we believeas well as, in our opinion, one of the most important poultry companies worldwide.

 

In 1963, we started operations in the cities of Navojoa, Los Mochis and Culiacan, producing just table eggs. In 1971, we commenced the production of chicken in an operating facility that we opened in the city of Culiacan.

In 1974, we established a new complex in Celaya, Guanajuato, Mexico. Our products were widely accepted in that region, which led us to open offices and distribution centers in Mexico City. In 1993, we moved outour headquarters from the Obregon to Celaya city, and opened a new complex in the city of Techamalco,Tecamachalco, in the Southeast of Mexico.

 

In 1994, we continued expanding our coverage, this time with a new complex in Lagos de Moreno city, in the Western Mexico. By 1994, we had four productive complexes strategically located throughout Mexico and an important presence in the Mexican poultry market share.

 

In September 1997, we began trading on the Mexican Stock Exchange (or “BMV”) and on the NYSE, with 600 million shares outstanding and a free float of 17.25%, the remaining 82.75% is held since that year by the Robinson Bours Family through two Control trusts.our ADR Level III Facility.

 

Furthermore, in December, 1999, we acquired Campi. With this acquisition we entered the chicken market in the South of Mexico, starting a new business line selling balanced feed to third parties. In 2001, we established our sixth productive complex in Gomez Palacio city, located in the Northeast of Mexico.

 

In December 2006, we acquired most of the assets and inventories of Del Mezquital to start a new complex in Hermosillo city, located in Northern Mexico, close to the border with the United States.

In 2007, through a business agreement with Grupo Libra and Grupo Agra we entered in a new business, the sales of turkey and beef value addedvalue-added products, and increased our production capacity of table eggs. Both Companiescompanies are located in Northeast Mexico.

 

In 2009, we made diverse business agreements with a companies located at the Northeast of Mexico;Mexico. Specifically, to improve capacity and efficiency in our Northeast production complex headquartered in Monterrey, we;we (i) acquired the assets of a balanced feed mill and a soybean processing plant from Productora de Alimentos Pecuarios de Nuevo LeonLeon; (ii) acquired the assets of a chicken processing plant from Avi Carnes MonterreyMonterrey; (iii) entered into agreements to rent breeder farms and egg incubation plants from Reproductoras Asociadas, and one-day-old breeder capacity farms and egg incubation plants from Produccion Avicola Especializada; and (iv) made arrangements with contract growers to acquire their inventories.

 

In August 20, 2011, we acquired Trosi de Carnes, S.A. de C.V. (or “Trosi”) business;; this facility is located in Monterrey, Northern Mexico. Trosi produces and sells processed beef and chicken.

 

On November 1, 2011, the Company entered the U.S. market and increased its export business with the acquisition of the American poultry company, OK Foods. This company accounts withhas operations across the River Valley area in Arkansas and Oklahoma. It supplies grocery retailers, food service distributors and commodity customers throughout the U.S. as well as foreign markets. Our U.S. subsidiary, Bachoco USA, LLC, is the holding company of OK Foods.

 

In December 2011, the Company carried out a transaction to buy certain property assets of Mercantil Agropecuaria Coromuel, S.A. de C.V. (or “MACSA”), whereby, the Company reinforced its presence in the State of Baja California in Mexico, with three distributions centers.

16

In July 2013, the Company reached an agreement to acquire the Arkansas breeding assets of Morris Hatchery Inc., a U.S. company. These assets comprise mainly of equipment and bird inventory (laying hens that produce hatching eggs).

 14

Capital ExpendituresIn July 2015, the Company reached an agreement to acquire the Georgia breeding assets of Morris Hatchery Inc. These assets comprise mainly equipment and bird inventory (laying hens that produce hatching eggs), with a capacity of approximately one million laying hens. See Notes 4 and 12 of our Audited Consolidated Financial Statements for more detail.

 

DuringIn December 2015, the last two years we have financedCompany reached an agreement to acquire the Oklahoma City Fully Cooked facility from American Foods Group, a U.S. Company. This acquisition comprises all the American Foods Group’s Chicken assets located in Oklahoma City, with a capacity to produce over 700,000 pounds per week of fully cooked chicken products. The Company closed the transaction in February 2016 through its subsidiary, OK Foods.

See Note 30 of our Audited Consolidated Financial Statements for more detail.

Capital Expenditures

We finance most of our capital expenditures with resources generated by our operations.

 

FollowingThe following is a summary of the capital expenditures incurred by the Company during the last two yearsperiods covered by this Annual Report with the amounts having been computed under IFRS.

 

Our capital expenditures in 2015 totaled $1,824.5 million, which was mainly allocated toward organic growth, by continued alleviating bottlenecks in some of our process and productivity projects across all of our facilities as well as our acquisition of the Georgia breeding assets of Morris Hatchery Inc. In 20112014, we made capital expenditures of Ps. 707.5$1,241.1 million, which was mainly allocated to implement new technologiesprojects geared towards the alleviation of some bottleneck in our operating processes, thereby increasing production, productivity improvements and the replacement of the transportation fleet used in our operations in Mexico and the U.S.

In 2013, we made capital expenditures of $587.4 million, which were mainly allocated toward productivity projects in our chicken farms, and in some of our processing plants, located in Coatzacoalcos, Culiacanincreasing eggs production capacity, additional IT systems, and Celaya. Additionally, in Celaya we built a water treatment plant and updatedreplacement of part of our transportation fleet.fleet in accordance with our replacement program and of other equipment in all of our facilities.

 

In 2012, we made capital expenditures of Ps. 951.8$951.8 million, that arewhich were used for the replacement ofto replace our transportation fleet, the completion ofto complete certain expansion projects and the implementation ofto implement productivity projects across all of our facilities in both the U.S. and Mexico.

 

At present, as part of its regular course of business, the Company continues with its replacement of equipment and productivity projects.

 

B.Business Overview

General

 

Bachoco owns and manages more than a thousand facilities, organized in nine9 production complexes and 64 distribution centers in Mexico, and one1 production complex in the United States.

 

We participate in the food industry in Mexico and in the U.S., mainly in the poultry industry.

 

We are the leader in the Mexican poultry industry, and one of the largest poultry producers globally. We recentlyIn 2011, we entered the U.S. chicken market through our acquisition of OK Foods.

 

In Mexico, our core business is chicken products,poultry (chicken and egg products), but we also produce and sell a wide range of other products such as eggs and balanced feed. We also operate a number of other segments which we refer to as “other business lines” thatwhich include, among others;others, the production and selling of balanced feed, live swine, beef and turkey value-added products, as well as a laboratory that produces vaccines for the poultry industry. Theseindustry as well as other similar industries.

Sales generated by these other business lines, are grouped together as theirexcept for balanced feed sales, each on an individual basis, do not represent more than 1.0% of our total sales.

 

In the United States, our sole business line is chicken products.

 

In the recent years, we have not experienced material changes in the development or production of our products.

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Principal Markets

 

We operate mainly in Mexico and in the U.S. In Mexico we compete mainly in the chicken, egg and balanced feed markets, and in the chicken industry in the U.S.

We estimate that we are the biggest producer of chicken products in Mexico. Based on our internal estimates, we currently account for approximately 35.0% of the Mexican chicken production market and are the second largest producer of eggs with an estimated market share of approximately 5.6%5.0%. We currently estimate that we have a 3.3% market share in the balanced feed products.

As noted previously, in the U.S. we produce and distribute chicken products only. Based on our internal estimates, we currently account for approximately 2.0%1.8% of this market.

 

The following table sets forth, for each of the periods indicated, our net revenues by main product lines as a percentage of total net revenues, as of December 31, 20122015, 2014 and 2011:2013:

 

NET REVENUES BY BUSINESS LINES   
  As of December 31, 
  2011  2012 
Net Revenues: Ps.27,735.0   100.0% Ps.39,367.4   100.0%
Chicken  22,611.3   81.5%  32,989.5   83.8%
In Mexico  21,232.5   76.5%  24,818.0   63.0%
In the U.S.  1,378.8   5.0%  8,171.5   20.8%
Eggs(1)  2,085.9   7.5%  2,807.7   7.1%
Balanced feed(1)  1,853.2   6.7%  1,979.0   5.0%
Other business lines(1)  1,184.6   4.2%  1,591.2   4.1%
(1)Revenues from eggs, balanced feed and other business lines originate from sales in Mexico.

NET REVENUES BY BUSINESS LINES

In millions of pesos, for the year ended
December 31,
 2015  2014  2013 
  $  %  $  %  $  % 
Net Revenues  46,229.0   100.0   41,779.1   100.0   39,710.7   100.0 
Poultry  41,789.5   90.4   37,994.7   90.9   35,943.9   90.5 
Others  4,439.6   9.6   3,784.4   9.1   3,766.8   9.5 

 

Our chicken, eggs and balanced feed arepoultry business is our largest business linesline in terms of revenuesrevenues. Within our poultry business, our main products are chicken and thus theyeggs, which are described in more detail in the following paragraphs. Within our “Others” segment, our main product is balanced feed, which is also described in more detail in the following paragraphs.

Overview of the Chicken Industry in Mexico

 

According to the UNA, chicken products are the main source of protein consumed in Mexico.

Mexico is among the ten main chicken producers worldwide, with an estimated production of 2,945.43,175.0 thousand tons of chicken meat in 2012, with2015, and a per capita consumption of 25.730.9 kilograms a year a slightin 2015, an increase of 5.0% when compared to 25.629.4 kilograms for thea year 2011.in 2014.

 

Fresh chicken is the most popular meat consumed in Mexico. According to the UNA, more than 90% of chicken is sold fresh, and just a small percentage is sold frozen and with value added (marinated, breaded, partially cooked and fully cooked, among others). These products have found limited acceptance among Mexican consumers due to historical consumer preferences for fresh chicken.

 

We estimate that we are Mexico’s largest chicken producer with around 35.0% share of the chicken production market, share, and when combined with our two largest vertically integrated competitorscompetitor in Mexico, we account for approximately 59.0%60.0% of total Mexican poultry production.

 

According to the USDA, Mexico is a main destination for U.S. chicken exports. Chicken imports from the U.S. have increased from 204.1 thousand tons in 2008 (when restrictions for leg quarters imports were phased out in January 2008) to 311.5approximately 480.5 thousand tons in 2011.2015. In particular, in 2015, chicken imports increased 15.3% when compared to 2014. This increase was due to lower price levelsa decrease in the prices of products coming from the U.S. andChicken imports in Mexico have also increased due to an increase in the volume of products coming from other foreign markets.countries.

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Chicken products in Mexico are classified into six main categories: live, public market, rotisserie, supermarket broiler, chicken parts and value-added products. Bachoco operates in all these categories.

For a better understanding of the chicken market in Mexico following is a brief description of each category of chicken products:

-Live chicken is sold alive to small independent slaughtering operations or to wholesalers that contract with independent slaughtering operations for processing.

 

-Public market chicken is a whole broiler presented either un-eviscerated or eviscerated, generally sold within 48 hours after slaughter. This product is sold to consumers without any packaging or brand identification.

 

-Rotisserie chicken is a whole broiler presented eviscerated and ready to cook.

 

-Supermarket chicken is a fresh whole broiler presented with the edible viscera packed separately.

 

-Chicken cuts refers to cut-up fresh chicken parts sold wrapped in trays or in bulk principally to supermarket chains, the fast-food industry and other institutional food service providers.

 

-Value-added products refersrefer mainly to cut-up fresh chicken parts with value-added treatment like marinating, breading and individual quantity frozen.

 

We operate in all six of these chicken categories; our product mix varies from region to region, reflecting different consumption and distribution patterns.

 

SALES AND VOLUME OF CHICKEN BY CATEGORY
 
In 2011 Industry /volume(1)  Bachoco /volume  Bachoco /sales 
Live  33%  36%  29%
Public market  20%  14%  14%
Rotisserie  26%  27%  27%
Supermarket  12%  5%  5%
Chicken parts  6%  12%  16%
Value-added products  3%  6%  9%
             
In 2012 Industry /volume(2)  Bachoco /volume  Bachoco /sales 
Live  n/a   36%  30%
Public market  n/a   13%  13%
Rotisserie  n/a   27%  28%
Supermarket  n/a   5%  5%
Chicken parts  n/a   10%  12%
Value-added products  n/a   8%  11%

SALES AND VOLUME OF CHICKEN BY CATEGORY

In 2015 

Industry /volume(1)

  Bachoco /volume  Bachoco /sales 
Live  n/a   38%  30%
Public market  n/a   13%  13%
Rotisserie  n/a   23%  25%
Supermarket  n/a   5%  5%
Chicken parts  n/a   11%  13%
Value-added products  n/a   10%  14%

In 2014 

Industry /volume(2)

  Bachoco /volume  Bachoco /sales 
Live  38%  36%  30%
Public market  15%  12%  12%
Rotisserie  28%  26%  26%
Supermarket  7%  4%  4%
Chicken parts  8%  11%  13%
Value-added products  4%  11%  15%

In 2013 

Industry /volume(2)

  Bachoco /volume  Bachoco /sales 
Live  33%  36%  29%
Public market  19%  13%  13%
Rotisserie  26%  26%  27%
Supermarket  12%  5%  5%
Chicken parts  6%  12%  15%
Value-added products  4%  8%  11%

(1)According with the UNA.
(2)Industry information for 20122015 is not available as of the date of this report.
(2)Source: UNA.

 

Overview of the Chicken Industry in the U.S.

 

According to the USDA and the UNA, chicken is the main protein consumed in the U.S., but unlike in Mexico, most of the chicken is sold to producers uncut, and the cuts are mainly sold frozen and with value-added (more than 85%). This is due to a large increase in demand for the three main components of chicken: the breast, wing, and left quarters, respectively.leg quarters.

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The U.S. is the world’s largest producerproducers of chicken. Its annual production is estimated at 16.818.2 million tons (or 37or 40.04 billion pounds),pounds in 2015 a 4% increase over the 17.5 million tons produced in 2014, and its per capita consumption is also one of the highest worldwide, per annum, estimated at 43.640.4 kilograms (around 96.089.0 pounds).

 

The U.S. chicken industry is morevery consolidated and vertically integrated. Most producers of chicken use state-of-the-art technology in itstheir processes. It is estimated that the main fourthree chicken producers account for 52%46.0% of the total chicken production in the U.S.

Another characteristic of the chicken industry in the U.S. is the use of contract growers, with more than 85% of chicken produced by contract growers. Such production consists of in providing the growers with chickens, balanced feed, vaccines, medicines and training required for the growing of chickens. The grower supplies its facilities and labor required in order to bring the chickens to slaughter-ready weight. The contract grower is then paid based on the productivity and efficiency of its flock.

 

Brazil and the U.S. are the main exporters of chickens worldwide, and their main destinations are Mexico, China, Russia and the Middle East, among other countries. We estimate that our market share is around 2.0%1.8% in the U.S..U.S.

Overview of the Egg Industry in Mexico

 

According to the UNA, Mexico has the largest per capita consumption of eggs (or “table eggs”) in the world.

There is an estimated per capita consumption of around 22.522.44 kilograms for 2012,2015, a 1.0% increase when compared to 22.422.2 kilograms in 2011. 2014.

Mexico’s 20122015 annual egg production is estimated at 2,538.12,635.6 million tons.tons, an increase of 2.5% as compared with 2,571.3 million tons produced in 2014.

 

When compared to other protein sources, eggs are among the cheapest sources of protein in Mexico. The egg industry is more fragmented than the chicken industry.

 

Table eggs in Mexico are classified in three main categories: bulk, packaged and processed.

 

-Bulk is distributed in large 360 egg cases.

 

-Packaged in branded packages of mainly 12, 18, 24 or more eggs.

 

-Processedis liquid or powdery eggs used mainly by the bakery industry.

 

Bachoco participates in the bulk and packaged categories of eggs but does not participate in the processed market.

 

We estimate that we are the second largest producer of table eggs in Mexico. In 2012,2015 and 2014, we produced 5.6%5.1% and 4.9%, respectively, of the total eggs produced in Mexico in terms of tons. We sell both brown and white eggs. We estimate that we are the largest producer of brown eggs in Mexico, and the largest marketer of packaged eggs with brand identification.

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In 20122015, 2014 and 2011,2013, the volume sold byin the table eggs category in the Mexican industry and inby the Company was:

 

SALES AND VOLUME OF EGG BY CATEGORY
 
In 2011 Industry /volume(1)  Bachoco /volume  Bachoco /sales 
Bulk  80%  45%  34%
Packaged  14%  55%  66%
Processed  6%  0%  0%
             
In 2012 Industry /volume(2)  Bachoco /volume  Bachoco /sales 
Bulk  n/a   42%  38%
Packaged  n/a   58%  62%
Processed  n/a   0%  0%

SALES AND VOLUME OF EGG BY CATEGORY

In 2015 

Industry /
volume(1)

  Bachoco /volume  Bachoco /sales 
Bulk  n/a   32%  27%
Packaged  n/a   68%  73%
Processed  n/a   0%  0%

In 2014 

Industry /
volume(2)

  Bachoco /volume  Bachoco /sales 
Bulk  82%  31%  28%
Packaged  14%  69%  72%
Processed  4%  0%  0%

In 2013 

Industry /
volume(2)

  Bachoco /volume  Bachoco /sales 
Bulk  82%  40%  36%
Packaged  14%  60%  64%
Processed  4%  0%  0%

(1)According with the UNA.
(2)Industry information for 20122015 is not available as of the date of this.this report.
(2)Source: UNA.

 

Overview of the Balanced Feed Market in Mexico

 

According to theConsejo Nacional de Fabricantes de Alimento Balanceado y de la Nutricion Animal, A.C.(or ”CONAFAB”),CONAFAB, Mexico is among the tenfive biggest producers of balanced feed worldwide.

According to CONAFAB, it is estimated that 28,75931,115 thousand tons of balanced feed were produced in Mexico in 2012,2015, a slight3.5% increase from 28,33330,063 thousand tons of balanced feed produced in 2011.2014.

 

Producers of balanced feed are classified as either commercial andor integrated; commercial manufacturers produce for the market while integrated manufacturers mostly produce for themselves and occasionally for other producers.

 

TheBachoco participates in both channels, integrated and commercial, as it produces balanced feed used for internal consumption as well as balanced feed it ultimately sells to third parties.

In 2015, CONAFAB estimated that the production mix between commercial and integrated producerswas about 38.3% and 61.7%, respectively. This mix has not changed much inover the past years as it remains in the following proportion: 37% to 40% of commercial producers and 60% to 63% of integrated producers.several years.

 

The following table sets forth, for each of the periods indicated, our net volume sold of balanced feed:

 

BALANCED FEED VOLUME SOLD
Thousands of tones Total
Production(1)
  Bachoco’s
Production
  Estimated
Market Share
 
2010  10,433   328   3.1%
2011  10,463   379   3.6%
2012  10,689   351   3.3%

BALANCED FEED VOLUME SOLD

Thousands of tons 

Production(1)

  Bachoco’s
Production
  Estimated Market
Share
 
2015(2)  11,904   395   3.3%
2014  11,433   320   2.8%
2013  11,035   316   2.9%

(1) According to CONAFAB, balanced feed produced by commercial producers in Mexico.

(2) CONAFAB estimates

Seasonality Effects

 

The poultry industry worldwide is very susceptible to price changes in its main raw materials, such as corn, soybean meal and sorghum. As a result, the industry is characterized by cyclical periods of higher profitability leading to overproduction followed by periods of lower prices and lower profitability and is very susceptible to price changes in main raw material, such as; corn, soybean meal and sorghum.profitability.

 

Our sales are moderately seasonal in Mexico. In general,Generally, we experience the highest levels of sales in the second and fourth quarters due to higher chicken consumption during the holiday seasons.

As for our sales in the U.S., there is slightly less seasonality due to the mix of products offered in the market, but breast meat prices are typically higher in the second and third quarters and wings are more in demand in the fourth and first quarters.

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Pricing for chicken and eggs products

 

Chicken and eggs are considered a commodity item. Changes to the supply or demand and changes in raw material prices can directly impact in sale prices, and, as a result, affect the profitability of main producers. Another factor that impacts chicken pricing mainly in U.S. is the international demand.

Main Raw Materials and Sources of Supply

 

As a vertically integrated company our processes start in our main business lines with production of balanced feed, as well as with the buying of grandparent breeder flocks.

 

Our production of chicken processes startsstart with the purchasing of one-day birds called “grandparent” birds. These birds are raised to maturity in our farms where fertile eggs are produced to continue through our production processes. Grandparent birds are bought mainly in Mexico and the U.S. and also in some other countries from genetic bird firms.

 

The largest single component of our cost of sales is the cost of balanced feed raw materials, mainly grain (corn and sorghum), as well as soybean meal, used to prepare balanced feed. We operate our own feed mills to produce balanced feed for both individual business consumption as well as to sell to third parties.

 

The prices of these ingredients are subject to significant volatility resulting from weather, the size of harvests, transportation and storage costs, governmental agricultural policies, currency exchange rates and other factors. The Company engages in hedging of its feed costs in order to assure a more stable cost of grains.

 

In Mexico, domestic crops are limited, therefore a large percentage of our raw materials are imported from the U.S. In 2012,2015, in terms of volume, we bought approximately 47.0%40.4% of our total grain from the domestic market and the restremaining 59.6% from the U.S.

Marketing Channels Used by the Company

Marketing and Distribution of Chicken Products in Mexico

 

We have developed an extensive distribution system to participate in all the existing distribution channels of chicken and eggs products. We consider our distribution system one of the Company’s strengths, where we have developed wideextensive expertise and knowledge of the business.

 

We participate and operate in all the following marketing channels:

 

-Live Chicken. Unlike most other countries, Mexico has a large marketing channel of live chicken which mainly operates in the central and southern regions of Mexico.

 

-Wholesalers. Large percentages of our chicken sales operate via wholesalers. The main products marketed in this channel are live and public market chicken as well as rotisserie. We do not have exclusive supply agreements with our customers.

-Institutional. We sell a large amount of product to institutional customers. We mainly sell chicken cuts and rotisserie chicken in the institutional channel. Success in supplying the institutional channel depends on consistency and good service, and only larger producers with more modern processing facilities and distribution capacity can compete in this market.

 

-Supermarket. We sell cuts and value-added products as well as supermarket chicken types through supermarket channels or convenience stores. In this channel we emphasize our brand image as well as our superior service, reinforced by frequent delivery to ensure freshness, to build consumer’s loyalty.

  

-Retail. A.A wide range of products are sold under this marketing channel that goes from the live chicken to value-added or public market and supermarket chicken type. The Company supplies several points of sale that directly sell these products to the customers.

 

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We use our own fleet to transport the majority of rotisserie chickens, supermarket broilers and other chicken products to our customers in Mexico. We try to cooperate with existing distribution channels and do not compete with wholesale distributors, except in areas where we supply our own distribution capacity where needed for market penetration.

 

We distribute products from our processing plants to our cold-storage facilities and warehouses, which serve as a midpoint in distribution to wholesalers and local customers. From our cold-storage facilities, we service wholesalers and retailers and transport certain products directly to supermarkets and food-service operations. Our distribution infrastructure includes more than 64 cold-storage warehouses and facilities and a large fleet of vehicles.

Marketing and Distribution of Chicken Products in the U.S..U.S.

 

Our U.S. operations, which lie across the River Valley area in Arkansas and Oklahoma, produce only chicken products. Those plants mainly supply grocery retailers, food service distributors, national accounts and commodity customers throughout the U.S. The U.S. complex also services the foreign market and exports to several countries including those in Asia,various Asian countries, Russia and Mexico itself.Mexico. Our distribution line through this plant is handled mainly through third parties.

Marketing and Distribution of Eggs Products in Mexico

 

Eggs are mostly sold packaged with brand identification. We sell white and brown eggs; the branded carton of brown eggs is a premium product in the Mexican market, because consumers perceive them to be of higher quality. Brown eggs command a small premium over white eggs.

 

In some regions, however, we have reallocated part of our production from brown eggs to white eggs due to local market preferences. Our marketing strategy in the eggs business is to gradually move from bulk to packaged white eggs. Packaged eggs are less vulnerable to price fluctuation and create brand loyalty.

 

We have designed our egg distribution system to transport eggs from our laying farms to customers in all sales regions.

 

-Wholesalers. We sell eggs in bulk; these wholesalers operate mainly in central Mexico. This product is sold to consumers mainly by kilogram and not by unit.

-Institutional. We sell eggs in bulk in this institutional marketing channel.

 

-Supermarket. We sell eggs packaged with brand identification and a large number of presentation patterns in packages of 12, 18, 24 or more eggs.

 

-Retail. We distribute eggs directly to customers in packages with brand identification.

Marketing and Distribution of Balanced Feed in Mexico

 

Our production of balanced feed to third parties accounts for a wide range of products; we produce balanced feed products mainly in the poultry industry, but we also produce in other markets such as dogs, cattle, swine and fish, among other species.

 

We sell balanced feed products mainly to small livestock producers and through a network of small distributors located mainly in central and southern Mexico. Currently, we have 4 feed plants dedicated to producing balanced feed to third parties.

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Patents, Licenses and Other Contracts

 

The Company’s operations are not dependent on the existence of patents or licenses or contracts signed with customers or suppliers.

We own the rights to a wide range of brands that we use to market our products. These rights are renewed every ten years.

Material Effects of Government Regulations on the Company’s Business

 

Every region where Bachoco operates is subject to extensive federal, state and foreign laws and regulations, which can have a material effect on the Company. Such laws and regulations include among others, the following:

Import and Export Regulations

 

Effective January 1, 2008, there is a free chicken market between Mexico and the U.S. This allows U.S. producers to export any amount of chicken (mainly leg quarters) free of tariffs to Mexico.

 

The U.S. chicken exports to Mexico have substantially increased since applicable restrictions on such imports have recently phased out. However, this development does impact the Mexican market for chicken because neither we, nor any other Mexican chicken producer, isare yet able to export similar products to the U.S. Our production complex in the U.S. exports chicken products to several countries such as Russia, China and Mexico, among others, and therefore it is subject to various laws and regulations that apply in each of these countries.

Antitrust Regulations

 

In Mexico, theLey Federal de Competencia Economica(“Mexican Economic Competition Law” or “CFC”“LFCE”), regulates monopolies and monopolistic practices.

 

Under this law, all companies,Mexican producers, including Bachoco are required to notify the CFCComision Federal de Competencia Economica (“Competition Federal Commission” or “COFECE”) of all proposed transactions exceeding specified threshold amounts as set forth in the Mexican Economic Competition Law. The CFCCOFECE can impose conditions on, and prevent or unwind, any such transactions by Mexican companies.

We have complied with all requirements under this law. In December 2009, Mexico’s CFCCOFECE published a notice announcing an investigation of the Mexican poultry sector regarding possible monopolistic business practices. No specific companies were cited as conducting business in this manner. We, along with other companies,Mexican producers and distributors, were required to provide information to the commission during 2010 to 2012.the following years. As a result of this investigation, COFECE imposed several fines on us for supposedly having certain practices where the CFC determined the following:price of chicken was manipulated.

-In November 2012, the CFC imposed a Ps. 1.4 million fine on Bachoco, arguing that Bachoco conspired with local producers to fix the prices of chicken in Chetumal, state of Quintana Roo. Price fixing is an activity not permitted by applicable Mexican law.

-In January 2013, the CFC released a new statement announcing a fine of Ps. 1.6 million, arguing that Bachoco conspired with other local producers to fix prices of chicken in Cancun, state of Quintana Roo.

 

In bothall cases, wethe Company disagreed with CFC’sthe COFECE’s resolution and have appealed bothall of the resolutions according to the provisions of Mexican law in order to assert our rights as a company that contributes to the development of the country and to a free market.

 

As of the date of this Annual Report, these files remain open; the CFCCOFECE is evaluating our impugnation and is expected to release a response in the upcoming months. The Company has recorded a provision for the amount that it currently expects to be responsible for.

Antidumping Regulations

 

Since 2003, chicken (excluding leg quarters for which the Mexican government had imposed certain temporary restrictions), eggs and swine import quotas were eliminated by virtue of the NAFTA. Poultry producers in the United States have developed extremely low-cost production methods and have been successful in exporting primarily frozen and value-added poultry to other countries, including Mexico, especially in periods of overcapacity in the United States.

 

On January 1, 2008, the restrictions previously imposed for leg quarters were phased out. At presentAs a result, there are no restrictions on exporting these products to Mexico.Mexico at this time.

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In February of 2011, theSecretaria Mexicana de Economia (or “Ministry“Mexican Ministry of the Economy”) initiated an antidumping investigation focusing exclusively on imports of leg quarters to Mexico from the U.S. to Mexico. This investigation was requested by Bachoco and by two other Mexican poultry companies.

 

As a result of this investigation, in January of 2012, the Ministry of Economy issued a preliminary ruling on anti-dumping procedures and confirmed dumping conditions on chicken leg quarters imported from the United States,U.S., including margins ranging from 62.90% to 129.77%, stating that such practices damaged the Mexican poultry industry.

 

The Mexican Ministry of the Economy had the authority to impose anti-dumping duties, but did not proceed as the interested parties expressed the desire to reach an agreement. The companies involved provided new arguments.

 

Consequently, on August 7, 2012, after examining all final arguments, the authorities confirmed the existence of dumping conditions that caused harm to the domestic poultry industry. The Mexican Ministry of the Economy imposed anti-dumping duties on imports of chicken leg quarters from the United States,U.S., but stated that such penalties would not be applied immediately, as the poultry industry was being affected by the presence of avian flu type H7N3 in the estatestate of Jalisco. It is worth noting that, the Company´s facilities were not affected by this outbreak of influenza.

 

As of the date of this report, we do not have any further information from the Mexican Ministry of the Economy regarding the application of such duties.duties to the chicken industry. We do not believe we will be subject to any antidumping fines and thus have not recorded any provisions in our consolidated financial information.

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Environmental and Sanitary Regulation

 

The chicken industry is subject to government regulation in the health and environmental safety areas, including provisions relating to water and air pollution and noise control. Below is a description of the principal laws and administrative authorities in these areas in Mexico and the U.S.:

 

-Mexico. TheServicio Nacional de Sanidad Inocuidad y Calidad Alimentaria (or “The Mexican(Mexican Sanitary Authority”Authority or “SENASICA”), theLey General de Equilibrio Ecologico y Proteccion Ambiental(General Law of Ecological Balance and Environmental Protection) and theSecretaria del Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources or “SEMARNAT”).

 

-The United States. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (or “USDA”),USDA, the Centers for Disease Control, the Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”(or “EPA”), the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (or “DHS”) and the U.S. Department of Labor (or “DOL”).

 

All of these laws or regulations can bring administrative and criminal proceedings against companies that violate environmental and safety laws and regulations, and after certain administrative procedures, such violations can result in the closure of non-complying facilities.

 

The Company provides information to these authorities on a regular basis or whenever required to assure the Company’s compliance thereof. Our Mexican and U.S. subsidiaries are also in compliance with all current regulations and are constantly monitored to ensure compliance in case of any changes in the regulatory environment.

 

In 2008TheComision Nacional del Agua (CONAGUA, for its Spanish acronym) imposed fines on the Company voluntarily entered in an audit program through theProcuraduria de Proteccion al Ambiente (Office of Environmental Protection or “Propaeg”) of the Government of Guanajuato. As a result, on February 29, 2012,for infractions the Company receivedsupposedly committed when extracting water from wells and other sources for livestock use. The Company is appealing the Certificate “Clean Company” delivered by Propaeg. This Certificate confirmsimposition of these fines and has registered a provision for the amount that the Company meets all environmental standards on its production processes and that is friendly to the environment.it will probably pay.

 

C.Organizational Structure

 

Industrias Bachoco, S.A.B de C.V.The Company is a holding company with no operations other than holding the stock of its subsidiaries. Our main operating subsidiaries are Bachoco, S.A. de C.V.BSACV and Bachoco USA LLC (the holding company for OK Foods), which own our main operating assets.

 

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For the fiscal year 2012,

In 2015, our subsidiary Bachoco, S.A. de C.V.BSACV accounted for 71.9%57.7% of consolidated total assets and 73.0%71.9% of total consolidated sales and our subsidiary Bachoco USA, LLC, accounted for 12.3%13.7% of consolidated total assets and 20.8%21.4% of total consolidated sales.

All of our subsidiaries are directly owned by us in the percentages listed below. The following table shows our main subsidiaries as of December 31, 20122015, 2014 and 2011:2013:

 

PERCENTAGE EQUITY INTEREST(1)     
    As of December 31, 
Subsidiary Country 2011  2012 
Aviser, S.A. de C.V. Mexico  100   100 
Bachoco, S.A. de C.V. Mexico  100   100 
Bachoco Comercial, S.A. de C.V. Mexico  100   100 
Campi Alimentos, S.A. de C.V. Mexico  100   100 
Operadora de Servicios de Personal, S.A. de C.V. Mexico  100   100 
Pecuarius Laboratorios, S.A. de C.V. Mexico  64   64 
Secba, S.A. de C.V. Mexico  100   100 
Sepetec, S. A. de C.V. Mexico  100   100 
Servicios de Personal Administrativo, S.A. de C.V. Mexico  100   100 
Induba Pavos, S.A. de C.V. Mexico  100   100 
Bachoco, USA LLC. and subsidiaries U.S.  100(2)  100 
(1)Percentages are rounded to the next unit.
(2)In November 2011, OK Foods was acquired and incorporated as a subsidiary of Industrias Bachoco. Then, on March 2, 2012, Bachoco USA, LLC was incorporated in Delaware as an Industrias Bachoco subsidiary in order to serve as the holding company of OK Foods and its subsidiaries.

PERCENTAGE EQUITY INTEREST

  As of December 31,
Subsidiary Country 2015  2014  2013 
Aviser, S.A. de C.V. Mexico  99.99   99.99   99.99 
Bachoco, S.A. de C.V. Mexico  99.99   99.99   99.99 
Bachoco Comercial, S.A. de C.V. Mexico  99.99   99.99   99.99 
Campi Alimentos, S.A. de C.V. Mexico  99.99   99.99   99.99 
Operadora de Servicios de Personal, S.A. de C.V. Mexico  99.99   99.99   99.99 
PEC LAB, S.A. de C.V., and subsidiary Mexico  64.00   64.00   64.00 
Secba, S.A. de C.V. Mexico  99.99   99.99   99.99 
Sepetec, S. A. de C.V. Mexico  99.99   99.99   99.99 
Servicios de Personal Administrativo, S.A. de C.V. Mexico  99.99   99.99   99.99 
Induba Pavos, S.A. de C.V. Mexico  99.99   99.99   99.99 
Bachoco USA, LLC. and subsidiary U.S.  100.00   100.00   100.00 

Bachoco USA is a subsidiary incorporated on March 2, 2012 to serve as the holding company for O.K. Industries, Inc., the American poultry company we acquired in November 2011.

 

For more detail regarding the Company’s subsidiaries, see Note 75 of our Audited Consolidated Financial Statements included herein.

 

D.Property, Plant and Equipment

 

We have more than a thousand production facilities in Mexico and in the U.S. (most of which are farms) and 64 distribution centers that are located throughout Mexico, to ensure freshness and minimize transportation time and costs.

 

We own most of our facilities, we own around the 80%75% of our farms and lease a limited number of other farms and sales centers. We also employ a network of contract growers.

 

The following table indicates Bachoco’s production facilities and the number of each type of facility both in Mexico and the U.S., as of December 31, 2012:2015:

 

BACHOCO’S FACILITIES      
  Number of Facilities: 
Facilities In Mexico  In The U.S. 
Chicken breeding farms  172   93 
Broiler grow-out farms  491   336 
Broiler processing plants  8   2 
Hatchery  22   3 
Egg production farms  121   0 
Swine breeding farms  1   0 
Swine grow-out farms  25   0 
Feed mills  18   2 
Further process plants  4   2 

BACHOCO’S FACILITIES

  Number of Facilities: 
Facilities In Mexico  In The U.S. 
Chicken breeding farms  124   208 
Broiler grow-out farms  513   355 
Broiler processing plants  8   2 
Hatchery  23   3 
Egg production farms  115   0 
Swine breeding farms  1   0 
Swine grow-out farms  19   0 
Feed mills  18   2 
Further process plants  4   2 

 

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24 

Bachoco’s facilities in Mexico

 

OurIn the past, our facilities in Mexico are located all over the country,were grouped in nineseveral complexes with main offices in Merida, Coatzacoalcos, Tecamachalco, Celaya, Lagos de Moreno, Monterrey, Gomez Palacios, Culiacan and Hermosillo. Each of these complexes mainly includes farms, feed mills, incubation facility, processing plants, and distribution centers.In 2014, we implemented a new structure whereby our facilities are now grouped according to “business units” where each business unit is responsible not only for the production process but also customer service in an assigned region.

 

Our eight processing plants process around 1011.0 million chickens per week and our laying farms produce around 1211.2 thousand tons of commercial eggs each month.

 

Four of the eighteen feed mill plants are dedicated to the production of balanced feed for sales to third parties and the remaining fourteen are dedicated mainly to internal consumption. We produce around 3033 thousand tons of balanced feed per month for sale to third parties.

 

We own other facilities, including two poultry manure-processing plants. We also own a laboratory that produces vaccines for the poultry industry, which we mainly use for internal purposes but we also sell some vaccines to third parties.

Expansion, Construction or Issues Related to Our Facilities in Mexico

 

On April 13, 2008,During 2015, we continued several projects to alleviate bottlenecks, thereby increasing production, in some of our production centers. For example, we finished our live chicken production capacity in the state of Chiapas and in other southern states, and increased our processing plantcapacity in Monterrey caught fire. While the fire destroyed the entire furtherour processing area,plants located in central Mexico.

During 2014, we undertook several projects to alleviate bottlenecks, thereby increasing production, in some of our broiler production processing did not suffer any damage and continued operating under nearly normal conditions until 2009. In 2009, the Company closed this facility and moved the broilercenters. For instance, we are increasing our live chicken production processing to a new facilitycapacity in the state of Chiapas and in other southern states. At the same city of Monterrey.time, we are increasing our processing capacity in our processing plants located in central Mexico.

 

In April 2010, the table eggs operation located in Mexicali, B.C. was affected by an earthquake that hit northwestern Mexico on April 4. The earthquake partially affected almost all of the farms located in this region, including our farm. Our affected farm represents approximately 9.0% of our total egg production. Other facilities, such as feed mill and distribution centers, were essentially undamaged. This farm recommenced operations at the end of 2010, with normal production capacity by the end of 2011.

In February 2013, the outbreak of the avian influenza H7N3 was detected in several of our breeders and layingbreeder farms located in the state of Guanajuato central Mexico. Althoughwere affected by an outbreak of avian influenza type H7N3. As a result, the affected farms suffered no damageCompany experienced a reduction in chicken volume sold of around 4.0% for the year. Once the outbreak was under control, the Company was able to gradually recover its production level. However, in 2014, most of these facilities closed and their assets, the production capacity of such farms was suspended due to the decreased bird populations caused by the quarantine of the aforementioned farms.replaced through our U.S. operations.

 

Earlier in 2012, several laying farms of other local producers were affected with the same type of influenza (H7N3), in the state of Jalisco. None of Bachoco’s farms were affected.

For more detail, see Note 32 of our Consolidated Financial Statements included herein.

Bachoco’s facilities in the U.S.

 

We have facilities across the River Valley area in Arkansas and Oklahoma. We process around 3 million chickens per week in those facilities. Our offices are in Fort Smith, Arkansas. Our slaughter and deboning plants and feed mills are located in Fort Smith and in Heavener, Oklahoma. We have further processingfurther-processing plants to produce value-added chicken products in Fort Smith and Muldrow, Oklahoma; our hatcheries in Fort Smith, Heavener and Stigler, Oklahoma; our broiler research farms, in Greenwood, Arkansas and Hartford, Arkansas; and our cooler storage and distribution center, in Muldrow city.Muldrow.

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Expansion, Construction or Issues Related with Our Facilities in the U.S.

 

We currently have noIn July 2013, the Company reached an agreement to acquire the Arkansas breeding assets of Morris Hatchery Inc., a U.S. company. These assets comprise mainly of equipment and bird inventory (laying hens that produce hatching eggs), with a capacity of approximately 350 thousand laying hens.

On July 2015, the Company reached an agreement to acquire the Georgia breeding assets of Morris Hatchery Inc. These assets comprise mainly of equipment and bird inventory (laying hens that produce hatching eggs), with a capacity of approximately - one million laying hens.

On December 2015, the Company reached an agreement to acquire the Oklahoma City Fully Cooked facility from American Foods Group, a U.S. Company. This acquisition comprises all the American Foods Group’s chicken assets located in Oklahoma City, with a capacity to produce over 700,000 pounds per week of fully cooked chicken products. The Company closed the transaction in February 2016 through its subsidiary, OK Foods.

See Notes 4, 12 and 30 of our Audited Consolidated Financial Statements for more detail.

The Company plans to carry out any construction or material expansioncontinue with several projects, primarily in Mexico, gradually increasing our Mexico or U.S. facilities.chicken and egg production in the next few years.

 

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ITEM 4.A. Unresolved Staff Comments

 

ITEM 4.A.Unresolved Staff Comments

None

None.

Item 5.Operating and Financial Review and Prospects

 

ITEM 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects

A.Operating Results

 

In January 2009, the CNBV published certain amendments to the Rules for Public Companies and other participants in the Mexican Securities Market that require public companies to report financial information in accordance with the IFRS as issued by the IASB, effective as of January 1, 2012.

 

Following these amendments, on January 1,for the year ended December 31, 2012, we adopted IFRS.IFRS, with January 1, 2011 as our transition date. Thus, we timely issue our periodic reports under IFRS, meeting all of the CNBV requirements. For comparative proposes our financial statements as of and for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011, and the opening balance as of January 1, 2011 were converted from MFRS to IFRS to make them comparable to our financial statements for fiscal year 2012.

 

The rules and regulations of the SEC, do not require foreign private issuers that prepare their financial statements on the basis of IFRS (as issued by the IASB) to reconcile such financial statements to U.S. GAAP. As such, while Industrias Bachoco, S.A.B. de C.V.the Company has in the past reconciled its consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with MFRS to U.S. GAAP, those reconciliations are no longer presented in Bachoco’s filings with the SEC.

Year 20122015 Overview

Financial and operating results were sound during 2012. The following factors were the principal contributors to our results of operations in 2012:

-Good balance between the market supply and demand across the Company's main business lines increased profitability and set a new Company historical sales record.

-Important improvements in our production processes, such as efficiencies resulting from investments in productivity projects, as well as a reduction in operating expenses as a percentage of sales, which allowed Bachoco to partially offset cost increases.

-Cost of sales continues to increase, driven mainly by increases in volume sold and sustained high raw materials prices, even though prices were more stable than in 2011.

During 2012, the Company continued to integrate the operations of OK Foods, acquired in November of 2011, which has resulted in positive results to the Company and we keep focusing our efforts towards improving its daily operations.

 

In 2012,2015, we posted improvements in our total sales as compared to the Company’s management decided it wasprevious year, while we were able to reach the second highest EBITDA margin in the best interestslast ten years.

These results were driven by external and internal conditions. Externally, we benefitted from (i) economic growth in Mexico and a lower inflation rate when compared to 2014, (ii) strong level of demand and consumption of poultry products in Mexico and in the U.S. and (iii) stable cost of our main raw materials, in U.S. dollar terms, which helped in light of the Company to tap intoMexican peso depreciation against the local bond marketU.S. dollar in order to diversify its debt instruments and open up more sources of financing.2015.

 

Therefore,Internally, we increased our volumes sold in August 2012,our main business lines primarily due to (i) the Company successfully issued its first local bond, forimplementation of several projects to alleviate bottlenecks, (ii) our ability to capture efficiencies to continue as a tenorlow cost producer company and (iii) the implementation of 5 years, maturing in 2017. The bonds issued had an interest rate of 28-day TIIE, offering a yield of TIIE + 0.60%several projects to investors. The principal will be amortized at face value, in one payment, on the date of maturity. The funds obtained were used primarilycloser to pre-pay certain outstanding debt, some of which was previously incurred in the context of our acquisition of OK Foods.customers and better understand and attend to their needs.

29

Macroeconomic Conditions in Mexico

 

The Mexican inflationeconomy experienced GDP growth of 2.5% in 2015, which was higher than the growth rate does not have a material effect on Bachoco’s financial performance. According to statistics released by theBanco de Mexico,reached in 2014. In addition, the inflation rate was 3.6%2.13%, lower than 4.08% observed in 2012, while the GDP grew by 3.9% during the same year. 2014.

In general, economic conditions in Mexico have been stable, which resulted in stabilityterms of the Mexican peso duringpeso-dollar exchange rate, while it remained stable through most of the year. year, there was an increase in volatility towards the end of the year, leading the Mexican peso-dollar exchange rate to depreciate 14.3% by the end of the year with respect to the end of 2014.

The Mexican peso-dollar exchange rate depreciation that occurred at the end of 2015 had an effect on our financial results, primarily, for the following reasons:

a) Approximately 24.0% of our sales correspond to our U.S. operations and are denominated in dollar terms. Therefore, these sales were positively affected by the Mexican peso-dollar exchange rate depreciation when preparing our results in Mexican peso terms.

26

b) About 35.4% of our total debt for the year ended December 31, 2015 was denominated in 2012 appreciatedU.S. dollars. Therefore, this indebtedness was negatively affected by 7.9%the Mexican peso-dollar exchange rate depreciation when preparing our results in Mexican peso terms.

c) The increase in the cost of our raw materials purchased in U.S. dollars, which occurred as compared againsta result of the year-endMexican peso-dollar exchange rate depreciation, was partially offset by a decrease in the prices of 2011.our main raw materials, such as grain and soybean meal, in U.S. dollar terms.

 

According to UNA estimates, for 2012,in 2015, the totalvolume of chicken volumeand eggs produced in Mexico grew about 1.5% withapproximately 5.0% and 2.5%, respectively, which means the Mexican poultry industry accelerated its growth during 2015, as compared to 2014, after seeing a reduction in production in 2013 due to an estimated per capita consumptionoutbreak of 25.7 kilograms of chicken per year and the total egg volume produced in Mexico grew 1.5% with an estimated per capita consumption of 22.5 kilograms of eggs per year.avian flu.

 

A.Operating Results under IFRS

Operating Performance

 

The following financialAll figures discussed below are information for 2012 is reflected2015, with comparative figures of 2014 and 2013 prepared in accordance with IFRS and are presented in millions of pesos unless otherwise indicated, with comparative figures for the same periods in 2011, was prepared under IFRS, andindicated. This information should be read in conjunction with our Audited Consolidated Financial Statements included herein.Statements.

 

The following table sets forth selected components of our results of operations as a percentage of net revenues for each of the periods indicated:

 

  As of December 31, 
  2011  2012 
Net revenues Ps.27,735.0   100.0% Ps.39,367.4   100.0%
Cost of sales  24,797.0   89.4%  33,318.2   84.6%
Gross profit  2,938.0   10.6%  6,049.2   15.4%
General, selling and administrative expenses  2,974.7   10.7%  3,396.7   8.6%
Other income (expenses),  net  1,000.0   3.6%  (23.8)  (0.1)%
Operating income  963.2   3.5%  2,628.8   6.7%
Net finance income  177.6   0.6%  165.0   0.4%
Income tax  (38.6)  (0.1)%  602.0   1.5%
Profit for the year  1,179.4   4.3%  2,191.8   5.6%

STATEMENT OF PROFIT OR LOSS DATA

In millions of pesos, for the years ended December 31, 2015  2014  2013 
  $  $  $ 
Net revenues  46,229.0   41,779.1   39,710.7 
Cost of sales  36,847.5   32,495.0   33,176.6 
Gross profit  9,381.5   9,284.1   6,534.1 
General, selling and administrative expenses  4,323.4   3,781.3   3,291.0 
Other income (expenses), net  (4.6)  (160.9)  30.7 
Operating income  5,053.5   5,341.9   3,273.8 
Net finance income  446.6   246.9   118.4 
Income tax  1,680.6   1,656.1   1,350.4 
             
Profit attributable to controlling interest  3,812.8   3,926.9   2,038.4 
Profit attributable to non-controlling interest  6.7   5.7   3.4 
Profit for the year  3,819.5   3,932.7   2,041.8 
Basic and diluted earnings per share(1)  6.36   6.55   3.40 
Basic and diluted earnings per ADR(2)  76.30   78.66   40.84 
Dividends per share(3)  1.500   0.00   1.584 
Weighted average shares outstanding(4)  599,631   599,955   599,993 

(1)Calculated based on the weighted average number of basic and diluted shares. No potentially dilutive shares exist in any of the years presented, for which reason, basic and diluted earnings per share are the same.
(2)Each ADR represents twelve shares.
(3)Dividends per share have been computed by dividing the total amount of dividends paid by the weighted average shares outstanding.
(4)In thousands of shares.

27

Operating Results 2015 vs 2014

 

The following table sets forth, for each of the periods indicated, our net revenues by main product lines as a percentage of total net revenues, in each period:

 

NET REVENUES BY BUSINESS LINES   
  As of December 31, 
  2011  2012 
Net Revenues: Ps.27,735.0   100.0% Ps.39,367.4   100.0%
Chicken  22,611.3   81.5%  32,989.5   83.8%
In Mexico  21,232.5   76.5%  24,818.0   63.0%
In the U.S.  1,378.8   5.0%  8,171.5   20.8%
Eggs(1)  2,085.9   7.5%  2,807.7   7.1%
Balanced feed(1)  1,853.2   6.7%  1,979.0   5.0%
Other business lines(1)  1,184.6   4.2%  1591.2   4.1%
(1)Revenues from eggs, balanced feed and other business lines originate from sales in Mexico.

NET REVENUES BY BUSINESS LINES

In millions of pesos 2015  2014  Change 
  $  %/sales  $  %/sales  $  % 
Net Revenues  46,229.0   100.0   41,779.1   100.0   4,450.0   10.7 
Total Poultry  41,789.5   90.4   37,994.7   90.9   3,794.8   10.0 
Others  4,439.6   9.6   3,784.4   9.1   655.2   17.3 

NET REVENUES BY GEOGRAPHY

In millions of pesos 2015  2014  Change 
  $  %/sales  $  %/sales  $  % 
Net Revenues  46,229.0   100.0   41,779.1   100.0   4,450.0   10.7 
In Mexico  35,125.8   75.9   33,340.6   79.8   1,785.2   5.4 
In the U.S.  11,103.3   24.1   8,438.5   20.2   2,664.8   31.6 

Net Revenues

Net sales in 2015 totaled $46,229.0 million, $4,450.0million more, or a 10.7% increase, in net sales, when compared to the $41,779.1 million in net sales reported in 2014. This increase was mainly due to a higher volume sold.

 

In 2012, we reported the highest2015, sales of our U.S. operation represented 24.1% of our total sales, compared to 20.2% in the2014. During 2015, both our Mexican and U.S. operations reached a historical level of volumes sold.

The Company’s history. Net sales for fiscal year 2012 totaled Ps. 39,367.4 million, 41.9% more than Ps. 27,735.0 million of net sales recorded in 2011. This increase was due to higher sales of chicken which resulted from the consolidation of OK Foods into our results of operations. Below is a breakdown of such sales:

- Chicken products sales increased 45.9% during 2012 as a result of increased sales of chicken driven by the integration of our new operation10.6% in the U.S.

- Sales of eggs increased 34.6% during the 2012 fiscal year. The increased sales volume is attributed2015, mainly to the full recovery of our production capacity in the Mexicali facility, which was damaged by an earthquake in 2010. Additionally, we observed a recovery in the prices of eggs during 2012, which had been lagging in recent years.

- Balanced feed sales had an increase of 6.8% in 2012, as a result of an 8.1% increase in volume and a 2.3% increase in chicken prices. The increase in volume was mainly due to higher production volume and the increase in price was mainly due to an increase in our U.S. operations in Mexican peso terms.

Egg sales increased 3.5% in 2015, mainly as a result of 15.1%a 6.2% increase in prices,volume sold, as we observed a higher level of supply in Mexico (we do not produce table eggs in our U.S. operation). This increase was partially offset by 7.2% decreasea decline in prices.

Sales of balanced feed increased 31.6% in 2015, resulting from a 23.4% increase in volume sold. This recoverysold and a 6.7% increase in prices has continued after a couple of years of significant increases in production costs, and the reduction in volume is mainly a consequence of recent increased competition and hence supply in this market.balance feed prices.

 

- As noted previously, ourSales of the other business lines comprise live swineincreased 6.3% due to an increase in our sales sales of value added turkey and beef products, vaccines and other by-products. All these lines account on an individual basis for less than 1% of the Company’s total sales. In 2012, value-added beef products and swine experienced significant sales growth.

Operating Resultshatching eggs sold to third parties, which in turn resulted from our increased capacity in hatching eggs production.

 

The following table sets forth a breakdown of our operating results for each of the periods indicated:

 

OPERATING RESULTS   
  As of December 31, 
  2011  2012 
Net revenues Ps.27,735.0   100.0% Ps.39,367.4   100.0%
Cost of sales  24,797.0   89.4%  33,318.2   84.6%
Gross profit  2,938.0   10.6%  6,049.2   15.4%
General, selling and administrative expenses  2,974.7   10.7%  3,396.7   8.6%
Other income (expense) net  1,000.0   3.6%  (23.8)  (0.1)%
Operating income  963.2   3.5%  2,628.8   6.7%

COST OF SALES

  2015  2014  Change 
  $  %/sales  $  %/sales  $  % 
Cost of sales  36,847.5   79.7   32,495.0   77.8   4,352.5   13.4 
Poultry  32,906.8   71.2   29,329.1   70.2   3,577.7   12.2 
Others  3,940.7   8.5   3,165.9   7.6   774.8   24.5 

 

Gross Profit

TotalOur total cost of sales increased 34.4% for year 2012,$4,352.5 million or 13.4% in 2015, when compared to the year 2011. previous year.

This increase was principallymainly driven by increaseshigher volume sold and an increase in the production costscost of chicken, eggs andour main raw materials during the second half of 2015, mainly as a result of the depreciation of the Mexican peso against the U.S. dollar. The increase in volumes sold represented 10.5% of the total increase with the remaining increase being due to the increase in the cost of our main raw materials.

The largest single component of our cost of sales is the cost related to our balanced feed raw materials, which has accounted for year 2012 which increased 10.5%, 10.8%, and 11.2%, respectively, when compared toapproximately 66% of our total cost of sales in the year 2011.

Corn,last three years. The main components of our balanced feed raw materials are corn, sorghum and soybean meal areand all of the main components of our production costs. These componentsraw materials are subject to high volatility caused by supply, weather conditions and exchange rates, among others. For year 2012, we obtained

28

Besides balanced feed costs, the cost of sales includes other factors such as salaries and wages and energy costs. These two factors represented approximately 47.0%9% and 5% of our corn needs from Mexico, andtotal cost of sales, respectively, in the remaining 53.0% was bought in from the U.S.last three years.

Our gross profit in 2012 totaled Ps. 6,049.2 million,

There are many other factors with a gross margin of 15.4%. This represented an increase of 105.9% as comparedmuch smaller contributions to the previous year, mainly dueoverall cost of sales. All of these secondary factors individually registered immaterial changes from 2014 to the increase in our net revenues s in 20122015.

General, Selling and Administrative ExpensesGENERAL, SELLING AND ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES

  2015  2014  Change 
  $  %/sales  $  %/sales  $  % 
Total SG&A  4,323.4   9.4   3,781.3   9.1   542.0   14.3 

 

In 2012, General,2015, general, selling and administrative expenses totaled Ps. 3,396.7$4,323.4 million, compared to Ps. 2,974.7$3,781.3 million in 2011. As a2014, representing an increase of $542.0 million or 14.3%. Approximately 80% of this increase was attributed to more volume sold.

The rest of this increase was the result of additional expenses incurred in the implementation of projects to further improve our strict monitoringoperating efficiency, the services we provide to our customers and our understanding of operating expenses, we reported improvementsthe needs of our customers.

We expect to experience additional benefits resulting from these projects in our total expenses year over year. the upcoming years.

In 2012,2015 and 2014, our general, selling and administrative expenses represented 8.6%9.4% and 9.1% of total sales compared to 10.7% reportedrespectively.

The main components that comprised our general, selling and administrative expenses in 2011.the past three years are the following: freight and transportation equipment expenses (about 38%), labor (about 32%) and publicity (about 4%), with no significant variation in these percentages.

Other Income (Expense) NetOTHER INCOME (EXPENSE) NET

  2015  2014  Change 
  $  %/sales  $  %/sales  $  % 
Other income (expense) net  (4.6)  (0.0)  (160.9)  (0.4)  156.3   (97.1)

 

Other income (expense) includes mainly the sellinggains and losses on sales of by-products, sales of hens, asset disposal, sales of unused fixed assets as well as the selling of hens and other by-products. We record such sales as expenses when the sale price is lower than the book value of those assets.others.

 

In 2012,2015, we recognized other net expenses of $4.6million and in 2014 we recorded other net expenses of Ps. 23.8 million, compared with Ps. 1,000.0 million of other income reported$160.9 million. In 2014, as per our usual results, we had a net expense position resulting from provisions mainly related to regulatory fines, which were not present in 2011; this is mainly attributed to a gain on the purchase price in the business acquisition of OK Foods in November of 2011. For more details see Note 31 of our Audited Consolidated Financial Statements.2015.

Operating IncomeOPERATING INCOME

  2015  2014  Change 
  $  %/sales  $  %/sales  $  % 
Operating Income  5,053.5   10.9   5,341.9   12.8   (288.3)  (5.4)

 

Operating income in 2012,2015 totaled $2,628.8$5,053.5 million, 172.9% higher than $963.2this represented a decrease of $288.3 million or 5.4%, when compared to the operating income of other income reported$5,341.9 million reached in 2011, which was2014. This decrease is mainly a result ofattributed to an increase in cost of sales in 2012.

Net Finance Incomeand general, selling and administrative expenses as explained above.

 

The following table sets forth our net finance income for each of the periods indicated:operating margin in 2015 and 2014 was 10.9% and 12.8% respectively.

 

NET FINANCE INCOME
  As of December 31, 
  2011  2012 
Net finance income Ps.177.6  Ps.165.0 
Financial income  248.3   270.0 
Financial expense  70.6   105.0 

NET FINANCE INCOME

 

We

  For the year ended December 31,     Change 
  2015
$
  % over sales  2014
$
  % over sales  $  % 
Net Finance Income  446.6   1.0%  246.9   0.6%  199.6   80.9 
Financial Income  593.8       367.2       226.6   61.7 
Financial Expense  147.3       120.3       27.0   22.4 

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In 2015, we reported a comprehensivenet financial income of Ps. 165.0 million in 2012$446.6million, compared with comprehensiveto net financial income of Ps. 177.6$246.9 million in 2011.2014. This increase was mainly due to an increase in our financial income driven by higher interest earnedincome on our investments and a higher level of foreign currency exchange gains. Our foreign currency exchange gains are mainly the Company’s cash position, which remained strong throughout both years.result of our ability to obtain U.S. dollars at a lower cost than the average cost in the market.

 

The financialFinancial income of Ps. 270.0$593.8million in 2015 was mainly attributable to a $482.4 million of interest income and a $95.4 million in 2012,foreign currency exchange gain. This gain was partially offset by $94.0 million in interest expense and a $53.3 million in commissions and financial expenses.

Financial income of $246.9 million in 2014 was mainly due to the Ps. 222.1$347.4 million of gaininterest income and a $19.9 million in interest, Ps. 35.2 million offoreign currency exchange gain. This gain in exchange rate, net, and Ps. 12.8 million of gain in valuation effects of financial instruments, which result was partially offset by Ps. 105.0 million of interest paid in 2012.

In 2011, financial income totaled Ps. 248.3 million, mainly as a result of Ps. 193.8$87.6 million in interest gainexpense and an exchange gain, net of $54.5$30.5 million which result was partially offset by interest paid in 2011 of Ps. 69.7 millioncommissions and Ps. 0.9 million as a result of valuation effect in financial instruments.expenses.

For more details see Note 30 of28 to our Audited Consolidated Financial Statements.

Taxes

 

The following table sets forth our tax position for each of the periods indicated whichand is described in more detail in Note 21 of20 to our Audited Consolidated Financial Statements included herein:

 

TAXES      
  As of December 31, 
  2011  2012 
Total income taxes (benefit) expense, Ps.(38.6) Ps.602.0 
Income tax  69.6   366.4 
Deferred income tax  (100.3)  207.1 
Income tax in the U.S.  (7.8)  28.5 

TOTAL INCOME TAX

 

  For the year ended
December 31,
    
  2015  2014  Change 
  $  $  $  % 
Total income taxes (benefit) expense,  1,680.6   1,656.1   24.5   1.5 
Current income tax  1,488.5   1,376.0   112.5   8.2 
Deferred income tax  192.1   280.1   (88.0)  (31.4)

Total taxes in 2012 totaled Ps. 602.0

In 2015, total income tax expense was $1,680.6 million, compared to income tax expense of $1,656.1 million in 2014. This slight increase is mainly attributable to a $112.5 million increase of current income taxes and; partially offset by a $88.0 decrease in deferred income tax.

The effective income tax benefit of Ps. 38.6rate was 30.6% in 2015 and 29.6% in 2014. This increase was due to the fact that we had tax credits in 2014, which were not present in 2015.

Deferred income tax liability in 2015 increased $286.8 million, reported in 2011. This decrease was primarilyas a result of strong results and incomethe following movements in 2012 compared with a weak performance in our 2011 results.

In 2012,temporary differences during the main components of the income tax expense are: a) computed “expected” tax expense for Ps. 586.7 million, which represents 21.0% of total income tax expense; b) the effect of companies outside of simplified regime for Ps.61.8 million, which represents 2.0% of total income tax expense; and c) the net tax effect of inflation for Ps. (47.6) million, which represents (2.0%) of total income tax expense.

In 2011, the main components of the income tax benefit are: a) computed “expected” tax expense for Ps. 239.6 million, which represents 21.0% of total income tax benefit; b) the effect of companies outside of simplified regime for Ps.27.0 million, which represents 2.0% of total income tax benefit; c) the non-taxable gain on purchase of foreign subsidiary for Ps. (220.0) million, which represents (19.0%) of total income tax benefit, and d) the net tax effect of inflation for Ps. (67.9) million, which represents (6.0%) of total income tax benefit.

For more details on our tax position, see Note 21-c) of our Audited Consolidated Financial Statements.

The main components of deferred income tax in 2012 are a slight increase in deferred tax assets for Ps.12.9 million when compared with year 2011, partially compensated byyear: (i) an increase in deferred tax liabilitiesof $212.5 million for Ps. 210.8inventories, (ii) $96.0 million mainly due to anfor prepaid expenses and (iii) $27.1 million for accounts payable. This increase in deferred tax assets-inventories in 2012.

For more details on our tax position, see Note 21-d)was partially offset by decreases of our Audited Consolidated Financial Statements

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Profit$18.3 million for the yeargoodwill.

 

The following table sets forth our profit for the year for each of the periods indicated:

 

PROFIT FOR THE YEAR   
  For the years ended December 31, 
  2011  2012 
Profit for the year Ps.1,179.4   4.3% Ps.2,191.8   5.6%
Net controlled interest  1,177.3       2,184.6     
Net non-controlling interest  2.1       7.2     
Basic and diluted earnings per share (in pesos)  1.96       3.65     
Net income per ADR (in pesos)  23.52       43.80     

PROFIT FOR THE YEAR

  For the years ended
December 31,
       
In millions of pesos 2015  2014  Change 
  $  $  $  % 
Profit for the year attributable to:  3,819.5   3,932.7   (113.2)  (2.9)
Controlling interest  3,812.8   3,926.9   (114.1)  (2.9)
Non-controlling interest  6.7   5.7   1.0   17.5 
Basic and diluted earnings per share(1)  6.36   6.55   (0.20)  (3.0)
Net income per ADR(1)  76.30   78.66   (2.36)  (3.0)

(1) In pesos.

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As a result of the reasonsfactors detailed above, our profitnet income for the year in 20122015 totaled Ps. 2,191.8$3,819.5 million, or Ps. 3.65$6.36 per basic and diluted share (Ps. 43.80($76.30 per ADR), an increasewhich is a $113.1million or 2.9% decrease when compared to Ps. 1,179.4$3,932.7 million in net income or Ps. 1.96$6.55 per basic and diluted share (Ps. 23.52($78.66 per ADR) reported in 2011.2014.

 

Our consolidated net consolidated margin in 20122015 was 5.6%8.3% compared to a consolidated net consolidated margin of 4.3%9.4% in 2011.

EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Result

EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA in 2012 reached Ps. 3,466.6 and Ps. 3,490.4 million respectively, representing a margin of 8.8% and 8.9%, compared to EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA in 2011 of Ps. 1,709.0 and Ps. 709.0 million and a margin of 6.2% and, 2.6% respectively.2014.

 

The following table shows reconciliation of adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin to consolidated net income for each of the periods indicated.

 

ADJUSTED EBITDA   
  For the years ended December 31, 
  2011  2012 
Net income Ps.1,179.4  Ps.2,191.8 
Income tax expense (benefit)  (38.6)  602.0 
Net finance income  (177.6)  (165.0)
Depreciation and amortization  745.8   837.8 
EBITDA result Ps.1,709.0  Ps.3,466.6 
EBITDA margin (%)  6.2   8.8 
Other (income) expense, net  (1,000.0)  23.8 
Adjusted EBITDA result Ps.709.0  Ps.3,490.4 
Adjusted EBITDA margin (%)  2.6   8.9 
Net revenues Ps.27,735.0  Ps.39,367.4 

EBITDA RESULT

  For the years ended
December 31,
       
  2015  2014  Change 
  $  $  $  % 
Net income  3,819.5   3,932.7   (113.1)  (2.9)
Income tax expense  1,680.6   1,656.1   24.5  ��1.5 
Net finance income  (446.6)  (246.9)  (199.6)  80.9 
Depreciation and amortization  819.9   805.7   14.3   1.8 
EBITDA result  5,873.4   6,147.6   (274.1)  (4.5)
EBITDA margin (%)  12.7%  14.7%  -   - 

 

EBITDA result in 2015 and 2014 reached $5,873.4and $6,147.6 million respectively, representing an EBITDA margin of 12.7% and 14.7%.

Operating Results 2014 vs 2013

The following table sets forth, for each of the periods indicated, our net revenues by main product lines as a percentage of total net revenues, in each period:

NET REVENUES BY BUSINESS LINES

In millions of pesos 2014  2013  Change 
  $  %/sales  $  %/sales  $  % 
Net Revenues  41,779.1   100.0   39,710.7   100.0   2,068.4   5.2 
Total Poultry  37,994.7   90.9   35,943.9   90.5   2,050.8   5.7 
Others  3,784.4   9.1   3,766.8   9.5   17.6   0.5 

NET REVENUES BY GEOGRAPHY

In millions of pesos 2014  2013  Change 
  $  %/sales  $  %/sales  $  % 
Net Revenues  41,779.1   100.0   39,710.7   100.0   2,068.4   5.2 
In Mexico  33,340.6   79.8   31,193.3   78.6   2,147.3   6.9 
In the U.S.  8,438.5   20.2   8,517.4   21.4   (78.9)  (0.9)

Net Revenues

Net sales in 2014 totaled $41,779.1 million, $2,068.4 million more, or a 5.2% increase, in net sales, when compared to the $39,710.7 million in net sales reported in 2013. This increase was mainly due to a higher volume sold and stable demand in our core business lines.

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In 2014, sales of our U.S. operation represented 20.2% of our total sales, compared to 21.4% in 2013. During 2014, we slightly reduced the volume produced in our U.S. operation, mainly to increase efficiencies, and our U.S. operation reached an historical level of operating income and EBITDA.

The Company’s sales of chicken products increased 7.1% in 2014, mainly as a result of a 6.2% increase in volume and a 0.9% increase in chicken prices.

Egg sales decreased 9.8% in 2014, as a result of a 10.3% decrease in volume sold.

Sales of balanced feed decreased 4.2% in 2014, resulting from a 5.4% decrease in prices, which was partially offset by a 1.4% increase in volume sold. In particular, sales of pet-food products increased one year after we opened our own facility for the production of pet-food products.

In 2014, the other business lines showed good performance; in particular, sales of swine were strong, as prices were high for most of 2014.

The following table sets forth a breakdown of our operating results for each of the periods indicated:

COST OF SALES

  2014  2013  Change 
  $  %/sales  $  %/sales  $  % 
Cost of sales  32,495.0   77.8   33,176.6   83.6   (681.6)  (2.1)
Poultry  29,329.1   70.2   29,847.7   75.2   (518.6)  (1.7)
Others  3,165.9   7.6   3,328.9   8.4   (163.0)  (4.9)

Our total cost of sales decreased $681.6 million or 2.1% in 2014, when compared to the previous year.

This decrease was mainly driven by a decline in our cost of sales per unit, equivalent to a decline of $2,025.9 million, in our total cost of sales, mainly due to a reduction in the cost of our main raw materials, which represented $1,876.2 million or 92.6% of the total decrease. This decrease was partially offset by an increase of 4.0% in volumes sold, which represented a $1,369.7 million increase in our total cost of sales. The increase in volume was primarily the result of an increase in our sales of chicken products (within our poultry segment), as we did not experience the avian influenza outbreak that affected our chicken production in 2013.

The largest single component of our cost of sales is the cost related to our balanced feed raw materials, which has accounted for approximately 68% of our total cost of sales in the last few years. The main components of our balanced feed raw materials are corn, sorghum and soybean meal and all of the components of raw materials are subject to high volatility caused by supply, weather conditions and exchange rates, among others.

Besides balanced feed costs, the cost of sales includes other factors such as salaries and wages and energy costs. These two factors represented approximately 8.5% and 5.0% of our total cost of sales, respectively, in the last few years.

There are many other factors with much smaller contributions to the overall cost of sales. All of these secondary factors individually registered immaterial changes from 2013 to 2014.

GENERAL, SELLING AND ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES

  2014  2013  Change 
  $  %/sales  $  %/sales  $  % 
Total SG&A  3,781.3   9.1   3,291.0   8.3   490.3   14.9 

In 2014, general, selling and administrative expenses totaled $3,781.3 million, compared to $3,291.0 million in 2013, representing an increase of $490.3 million or 14.9% that was primarily attributed to more volume sold.

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The rest of this increase was the result of several projects the Company implemented to improve its go-to-market strategy and supply chain procedures, as well as the implementation of a new structure aimed at improving our closeness to our customers and increasing our flexibility in order to better serve our customers.

In 2014 and 2013, our general, selling and administrative expenses represented 9.1% and 8.3% of total sales respectively.

The main components that comprised our general, selling and administrative expenses in the past few years are the following: freight and transportation equipment expenses (about 36%), labor (about 32%) and publicity (about 4.5%), with no significant variation in these percentages.

OTHER INCOME (EXPENSE) NET

  2014  2013  Change 
  $  %/sales  $  %/sales  $  % 
Other income (expense) net  (160.9)  (0.4)  30.7   0.1   (191.6)  (624.0)

Other income (expense) includes mainly the gains and losses on sales of unused fixed assets as well sales of hens and other by-products.

In 2014, we recognized other net expenses of $160.9 million and in 2013, we recorded other net income of $30.7 million, notably from a gain on the sale of land at one of our farms in the southern region of the country. In 2014, as per our usual results, we had a net expense position resulting from provisions related to (1) sales of unused fixed assets and (2) regulatory fines.

OPERATING INCOME

  2014  2013  Change 
  $  %/sales  $  %/sales  $  % 
Operating Income  5,341.9   12.8   3,273.8   8.2   2,068.1   63.2 

Operating income in 2014 totaled $5,341.9 million, this represented an increase of $2,068.1 million or 63.2%, when compared to the operating income of $3,273.8 million reached in 2013. This increase is mainly attributed to an increase in sales and a reduction in cost of sales.

The operating margin in 2014 and 2013 were 12.8% and 8.2% respectively.

NET FINANCE INCOME

  For the year ended December 31,  Change 
  2014
$
  % over
sales
  2013
$
  % over
sales
  $  % 
Net Finance Income  246.9   0.6%  118.4   0.3%  128.5   108.5 
Financial Income  367.2       344.8       22.4   6.5 
Financial Expense  120.3       226.4       (106.1)  46.9 
                         

In 2014, we reported net financial income of $246.9 million, compared to net financial income of $118.4 million in 2013. This increase was mainly due to the 46.9% decrease in our financial expense driven by lower commissions and financial expenses.

Financial income of $367.2 million in 2014 was mainly attributable to $347.4 million of interest income and a $19.9 million in foreign currency exchange gain. This gain was partially offset by $87.6 million in interest expense and a $30.5 million in commissions and financial expenses.

Financial income of $344.8 million in 2013 was mainly due to $314.2 million of interest income and a $28.1 million in foreign currency exchange gain. This gain was partially offset by $97.0 million in interest expense and $129.3 million in commissions and financial expenses.

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The following table sets forth our tax position for each of the periods indicated:

TOTAL INCOME TAX

  For the year ended
December 31,
       
  2014  2013  Change 
  $  $  $  % 
Total income taxes (benefit) expense,  1,656.1   1,350.4   305.7   22.6 
Current income tax in Mexico  1,211.0   1,227.3   (16.3)  (1.3)
Deferred income tax in Mexico  230.3   147.4   82.9   56.3 
Current income tax in the U.S.  165.0   0.0   165.0   NA 
Deferred income tax in the U.S.  49.8   (24.3)  74.1   NA 

In 2014, total income tax expense was $1,656.1 million, compared to income tax expense of $1,350.4 million in 2013. This increase is mainly attributable to $165.0 million of current income taxes in our U.S. operation and a $74.1 increase in deferred income taxes in our U.S. operation. The main reason for this increase in taxes in our U.S. operation is the improved in results in our U.S. operation in 2014 compared with 2013.

Through December 31, 2013, the Company was subject to a simplified tax regime, whereby its statutory tax rate was 21%. As a result of changes in the Mexican Tax Law enacted in 2013, such simplified regime was eliminated and beginning in 2014, the Company is subject to a new and equivalent regime named regime for agriculture, livestock, forestry and fisheries, which applies to companies exclusively dedicated to these activities and applies a 30% tax rate. The effects on deferred income taxes are reflected in tax expense in 2013 as the changes were enacted in 2013, resulting in a $674.8 million charge.

Deferred income tax liability in 2014 increased $346.1 million, as a result of the following movements in temporary differences during the year: (i) an increase of $229.5 in accounts payable, (ii) $94.5 million for accounts receivable, (iii) $66.9 million for tax loss carry forwards and (iv) $40.8 million for prepaid expenses. This increase was partially offset by decreases of $59.1 million for inventories, $75.6 million for property plant and equipment, and $16.1 million in other provisions.

The following table sets forth our profit for the year for each of the periods indicated:

PROFIT FOR THE YEAR

  For the years ended
December 31,
       
In millions of pesos 2014  2013  Change 
  $  $  $  % 
Profit for the year attributable to:  3,932.7   2,041.8   1,890.9   92.6 
Controlling interest  3,926.9   2,038.4   1,888.5   92.6 
Non-controlling interest  5.7   3.4   2.3   67.7 
Basic and diluted earnings per share(1)  6.55   3.40   3.2   92.6 
Net income per ADR(1)  78.66   40.84   37.8   92.6 

(1) In pesos.

As a result of the factors detailed above, our net income for 2014 totaled $3,932.7 million, or $6.55 per basic and diluted share ($78.66 per ADR), which is a $1,890.9 million or 92.6% increase when compared to $2,041.8 million in net income or $3.40 per basic and diluted share ($40.84 per ADR) reported in 2013.

Our consolidated net margin in 2014 was 9.4% compared to a consolidated net margin of 5.1% in 2013.

The following table shows reconciliation of EBITDA and EBITDA margin to consolidated net income for each of the periods indicated.

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EBITDA RESULT

  For the years ended
December 31,
       
  2014  2013  Change 
  $  $  $  % 
Net income  3,932.7   2,041.8   1,890.9   92.6 
Income tax expense (benefit)  1,656.1   1,350.4   305.7   22.6 
Net finance income  (246.9)  (118.4)  (128.5)  108.5 
Depreciation  805.7   816.7   (11.0)  (1.3)
EBITDA result  6,147.6   4,090.5   2,057.1   50.3 
EBITDA margin (%)  14.7%  10.3%  -   - 

EBITDA result in 2014 and 2013 reached $6,147.6 and $4,090.5 million respectively, representing an EBITDA margin of 14.7% and 10.3%. These represent historically high results for the Company, mainly due to strong net sales together with decreases in cost of sales.

Critical FiscalTax and Accounting Policies

 

The following information is a summary of the fiscal and accounting policies that could materially affect the Company’s operations or investments.

34

Income Tax, Asset Tax and Flat Rate Business Tax, Year 20122015

 

Industrias BachocoThe Company and each of its subsidiaries file separate income tax returns. Bachoco, S.A. de C.V.,Through December 31, 2013, BSACV, the Company’s main subsidiary, iswas subject to the simplified regime. This simplified regime, with a tax rate of 21%. Beginning in January 1, 2014, BSACV is applicablenow subject to a new regime for agriculture, cattle-raisinglivestock, forestry and fishing, among others.fisheries, which applies to companies exclusively dedicated to these activities and applies a 30% tax rate.

 

Our subsidiary O.K. Industries subsidiary is located in the U.S. and it has a different fiscal period thatthan the rest of the subsidiaries located in Mexico. O.K. Industries’ fiscal year ends in April each year, while the rest of the Companies end in December.

 

For more information please see Note 2-p) and, Note 2120 of the Audited Consolidated Financial Statements.

IncomeStarting on January 1, 2014, the simplified tax regime, the Flat Rate Business Tax (“IETU”) and the cash deposit cash (“IDE”) laws were eliminated.

 

In 2009,Income Tax

After a 2010 tax reform, was authorized by which, as of 2010, the tax rate was increased from 19.0% to 21.0% in the simplified regime and from 28.0% to 30.0% in the general regime. In 2013, the Mexican Government approved further changes, and as a result the income tax subsidy for the simplified regime phased out.

Therefore, infor fiscal year 2011 and beyondto 2013 the income tax rate was 21.0% for the simplified regime and 30.0% for the general regime. As of 2014, and in accordance with new regulations approved in 2013, the income tax for both regimes is 30.0%.

 

The income tax rate for OK Foods wasis 38.79%.

 

See Note 21-a)Recent changes in tax laws

The main impact on income taxes for the Company, resulting from the tax reform enacted in 2013, was the increase from 21% to 30% of the Audited Consolidated Financial Statementstax rate applicable to BSACV, the Company’s main subsidiary, and the limitation on the deductibility by 53% of expenditures for more information.wages that are exempt income for the employees.

35

Flat Rate Business Tax (or IETU)

 

The IETU was published on October 1, 2007 and it came into effect on January 1, 2008. Currently theThe IETU rate iswas 17.5%, in 2013, 2012 and 2011 and was based on cash flows, and limitslimited certain deductions. TheThrough December 31, 2013, IETU iswas required to be paid only when it iswas greater than the income tax to be paid in any given year. To determineAs a result of the aforementioned changes in Mexican Tax Law in 2013, IETU was eliminated. As the Company had projected that it would only pay regular income tax, it did not have any deferred income taxes calculated under the IETU base inregime, such that elimination of IETU did not have a given year, gross income tax (before subtracting deductions) is subtracted fromsignificant impact on the net income tax (after subtracting deductions), with the difference being the IETU base. If a negative IETU base is determined because deductions exceed income tax, there will be no IETU payable. Instead, the amount of the negative IETU payable base multiplied by the IETU rate results in an IETU credit, which may be applied against the income tax due for the same year or, if applicable, against any IETU payable in the next ten years. See Note 21-b) of the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information.

Deferred income tax in O.K. IndustriesCompany’s results.

 

Deferred income tax of OK Industries is included in the consolidated deferred income tax of Bachoco, and relate primarily to the use of the farm price method of accounting for inventories for tax purposes and certain self-insurance and other accruals and reserves, as well as temporary differences between financial statement and tax return recognition of certain inventory costs, sales and other amounts resulting from the previous use of the cash basis of accounting for income tax purposes by the subsidiary’s agricultural production operations, as well as differences in basis and depreciation methods used on certain assets.

Use of Estimates and Judgments in Certain Accounting Policies

 

The preparationfollowing are the critical judgments, apart from those involving estimations, that the Company’s management has made in the process of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the application ofapplying its accounting policies and the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, income and expenses. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognized in the period in which the facts and circumstances that support a change in estimates occur and in any future periods affected.

Information about critical judgments in applying accounting policies that have the most significant effect on the amounts recognized is included in the following notes to the Audited Consolidated Financial Statements:consolidated financial statements.

 

• Note 10 – valuationBusiness combinations or acquisition of financial instrumentsassets

• Note 11 – allowance

Management uses its professional judgment to determine whether the acquisition of a group of assets constitutes a business combination. This determination may have a significant impact in how the acquired assets and assumed liabilities are accounted for, doubtful accountsboth at the initial recognition and subsequently.

• Note 12 – inventories

• Note 13 –Fair value of biological assets

• Note 15 – assetsavailable for sale

• Note 16 – useful lives of property, plant and equipment

• Note 21 – deferred income tax assets

• Note 22 – measurement defined labor obligation

 

The Company estimates the fair value of biological assets as the price that would be received or paid in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. As part of the estimate, the Company considers the maturity periods of such assets, the necessary time span for the biological assets to reach a productive stage, as well as future economic benefits obtained.

The balance of current biological assets is integrated by hatching eggs, growing pigs and growing poultry, while the balance of non-current biological assets is integrated by poultry in its different production stages and breeder pigs.

Non-current biological assets are valued at their production cost less accumulated depreciation or accumulated impairment losses, because the Company believes that there is no observable or reliable market for such assets. Also, the Company believes that there is no reliable method for measuring the fair value of non-current biological assets. Current biological assets are valued at fair value when there is an observable market, less sale expenses.

Aggregation of operating segments

The Company’s chicken and egg operating segments are aggregated into one reportable segment (Poultry) because they have similar products and services, production processes, types of customers, distribution methods, regulatory environment, and economic trends in gross profit margins. These factors are evaluated annually.

Key sources of estimation uncertainty

Below are critical estimates and assumptions in the application of accounting policies with significant effects on the amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements, as well as information on assumptions and uncertainty of estimates havingthat have a significant risk of anresulting in a material adjustment in future years.

Assessments to determine the nextrecoverability of deferred tax assets

As part of the tax analysis carried out by the Company, on an annual basis the Company prepares projections of taxable income for purposes of determining if taxable income will be sufficient to recover the benefit of deferred tax assets recognized from deductible temporary differences, including tax losses and other tax credits.

36

Useful lives and residual values of property, plant and equipment

Useful lives and residual values of property, plant and equipment are used to determine depreciation expense of such assets and are defined according to the analysis by internal and external specialists. Useful lives and residual values are reviewed periodically at least once a year, is includedbased on the current conditions of the assets and the estimate of the period during which they will continue to generate economic benefits to the Company. If there are changes in the noteestimate, measurement of the net carrying amount of assets and the corresponding depreciation expense are prospectively affected.

Measurements and disclosures at fair value

Fair value is a measurement based on the price a market participant would be willing to receive to sell an asset or pay to transfer a liability, and is not a measure specific to the Audited Consolidated Financial Statements below:Company. For some assets and liabilities, observable market transactions or market information may be available. For other assets and liabilities, observable market transactions and market information may not be available. However, the purpose of a measurement at fair value in both cases is to estimate the price at which an orderly transaction to sell the asset or to transfer the liabilities would be carried out among the market participants at the date of measurement under current market conditions.

 

• Note 28 – contingencies.When the price of an identical asset or liability is not observable, the Company determines the fair value using another valuation technique which maximizes the use of relevant observable information and minimizes the use of unobservable information. As the fair value is a measurement based on the market, it is measured using the assumptions that market participants would use when they fix a price to an asset or liability, including assumptions about risk.

AllowanceImpairment of long-lived assets and goodwill

The carrying amount of long-lived assets is reviewed for Productivity Declinesimpairment when situations or changes in circumstances indicate that it is not recoverable, except for goodwill which is reviewed on an annual basis, at a minimum. If there are indicators of impairment, a review is carried out to determine whether the carrying amount exceeds its recoverable value and whether it is impaired. The recoverable value is the highest of the asset’s fair value, less selling costs, and its value in use which is the present value of the future estimated cash flows generated by the asset. The value in use calculation requires the Company’s management to estimate the future cash flows expected to arise from the cash-generating unit and a suitable discount rate in order to calculate present value.

Employee retirement benefits

 

The Company recordsuses various assumptions to determine the necessary allowances to recognize declinesbest estimate for its employee retirement benefits. Assumptions and estimates are established in conjunction with independent actuaries. These assumptions include demographic hypotheses, discount rates and expected increases in remunerations and future employee service periods, among others. Although the assumptions are deemed appropriate, a change in such assumptions could affect the value of its inventory impairment, obsolescence, slow movementemployee benefit liabilities and other factors that may indicate that the use or performanceresults of the items that are part of inventory may be lower than their carrying value

Inventory Valuationperiod in which such a change occurs.

 

Inventory is measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value. The cost of inventory is based on the average costs, and includes expenditure incurred in acquiring such inventory, production or conversion costs, and other costs incurred in bringing them to their existing location and condition.Contingencies

 

Net realizable valueA contingent liability is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less the estimated costs of completion and estimated costs necessary to make the sale.

Cost of sales represents cost of inventory at the time of sale, plus, if applicable, any reductions in the net realizable value of inventory during the year.

Agriculture

Biological assets are measured at fair value less costs of sale, with any change therein recognized as profit or loss. Costs of sale include all costs that would be necessary to sell the assets. The Company’s biological assets consist of hens in production, laying and breeder hens, incubatable eggs and breeder pigs.

When the fair value cannot be reliably, verifiably and objectively determined, the assets are valued at production cost less accumulated depreciation and any cumulative impairment loss.

Cumulative impairment loss in productivity of poultry and breeder swine is estimated based on the future expected life and determined on a straight-line basis.

The agricultural products obtained from biological assets are live chicken, processed chicken, commercial eggs and swine available for sale, which are recognized as inventory in the statement of financial position.

The Company is exposed to financial risks related to changes in chicken price. The Company does not expect a significant drop in chicken price in the future; therefore, it has not entered into any financial derivative agreement or contract for managing the risk related to a decrease in chicken price.

The Company reviews the chicken prices frequently so as to evaluate the need for having financial instrument, to manage such risk. The biological assets were classified in current and non-current assets, based on their availability and business cycle.

Measurement and monitoring of accounts receivable

The Company has a policy in place whereby an allowance for doubtful accounts is established for balances of accounts which are likely to be recovered. For establishing the required reserve, the Company considers historical losses in evaluating the current market conditions as well as the financial condition of customers, accounts receivable in dispute, price differences, the aging of the portfolio and present payment patterns.

See Note 3-i) of our Audited Consolidated financial Statements for more detail.

Pension Plan

Benefit plan in Mexican operations

Bachoco has a retirement plan in which non-union workers in Mexico participate. Pension benefits are determined based on the salary of workers in their final three years of service, the number of years worked in the Company and their age at retirement. This plan includes:defined as:

 

-Defined contribution plan. A defined contribution plan is a post-employment benefit plan under which an entity pays fixed contributions into a separate entitypossible obligation that arises from past events and has no legalwhose existence can only beconfirmed by theoccurrence or constructive obligation to pay further amounts. Obligations for contributions to defined contribution plans are recognized as an employee benefit expense in profitnon-occurrence of one or loss inmore uncertain future events not wholly within the periods during which related services are rendered by employees. Prepaid contributions are recognized as an asset to the extent that a cash refund or a reduction in future payments is available. Contributions to a defined contribution plan that is due more than 12 months after the endcontrol of the period in which the employees render the service are discounted to their present value.Company, or

 

-Defined benefit plan. A defined benefit plana presentobligation that arises from past events but is a post-employment benefit plan other than a defined contribution plan. Itnot recognized because:

a.it is funded only by contributions made bynot probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the Company and is intended to satisfy obligation; or
b.the Company’s labor obligations to employees.amount of the obligation cannot be measured with sufficient reliability.

 

37
 

 

Benefit plan in U.S. operations

Bachoco USA maintains a 401(k) defined contribution retirement plan covering all employees meeting certain eligibility requirements.The assessment of such contingencies requires the exercise of significant judgments and estimates on the possible outcomes of those future events. The Company contributes toassesses the planprobability of loss arising from lawsuits and other contingencies with the assistance of its legal advisors. These estimates are reconsidered periodically at the rate of 50% of employee’s contributions up to a maximum of 2% of the individual employee’s compensation.

See Note 22 to our Audited Consolidated Financial Statements, for more detail regarding pension plan for Bachoco’s employees either in Mexico and the U.S.each reporting period.

 

B.Liquidity and Capital Resources

 

We are a holding company with no significant operations of our own. Our principal sources of liquidity are:

 

-The sales of our products through our subsidiaries in the Mexican and U.S. markets;

 

-Credit lines we use from time to time; as of December 31, 20122015 and 2011,2014, the unused credit lines of the Company totaled Ps. 2,664.9$6,156.2 and Ps. 2,257.9$5,282.6 million, respectively. The Company did not pay any commission or charge for the unused credits.

 

-The current localMexican bond issueissuance program available until August 2017. For more details, please refer to Item 12 (“Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities”) of this Annual Report.

CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS      
  As of January 1,  As of December 31, 
  2011  2011  2012 
Total cash and cash equivalents Ps.4,177.2  Ps.3,036.4  Ps.5,141.5 
Cash and cash equivalents  3,967.9   2,625.7   4,179.5 
Primary financial instruments  209.3   410.7   962.0 
Acid test ratio(1)  2.9x  1.4x  1.8x

(1) Our acid test ratio is computed by dividing current assets less inventories by current liabilitiesLiquidity and Capital Resources 2015 vs 2014

TOTAL CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, INVESTMENT IN SECURITIES AND DERIVATIVES FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

  As of December 31,       
In millions of pesos 2015  2014  Change 
  $  $  $  % 
Total cash, cash equivalents, and investment in securities and derivative financial instruments  15,290.1   11,968.3   3,321.8   27.8 
Cash and cash equivalents  14,046.3   11,036.1   3,010.2   27.3 
Investment in securities  1,242.6   925.5   317.1   34.3 
Derivative financial instruments  1.2   6.7   (5.4)  (81.3)

 

In 2012,2015, cash and cash equivalents, and investments in securities at fair value through profit or loss totaled Ps. 5,141.5$15,290.1 million, a 69.3% increase from the Ps. 3,036.4$3,321.8 million or 27.8%, more than $11,968.3 million recorded in 2011. The2014. This increase is mainly due to our strongpositive operating results as well as cash resulting from our local bond issuance.in 2015.

 

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE      
  As of January 1,  As of December 31, 
  2011  2011  2012 
Accounts receivable Ps.1,436.5  Ps.2,235.2  Ps.2,220.6 

As of December 31, 2015, we held cash and cash equivalents in our U.S. operations equivalent to $535.7 million.

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE

  As of December 31,       
In millions of pesos 2015  2014  Change 
  $  $  $  % 
Total accounts receivable  2,533.4   2,974.6   (441.2)  (14.8)

 

Accounts receivable had a slight decrease, 0.7%decreased $441.2million, or 14.8%, when compared to 2011, our collection rate showed significant improvement during the same period.2014. This decrease is mainly due to a $438.4 million decrease in recoverable value added tax and other recoverable taxes, $263.7 million of other receivables, which was partially offset by an increase of $178.8 million in trade receivables.

 

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE      
  As of January 1,  As of December 31, 
  2011  2011  2012 
Trade payable and other accounts payable Ps.1,966.0  Ps.2,921.4  Ps.3,445.2 

For more detail, please see Note 9 of the Audited Consolidated Financial Statements.

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ACCOUNTS PAYABLE

  As of December 31,    
In millions of pesos 2015  2014  Change 
  $  $  $  % 
Total accounts payable  4,597.1   3,970.5   626.6   15.8 

 

In 2012,2015, accounts payable increased 17.9%$626.6 million or 15.8% when compared to 2011,2014. This increase is mainly attributeddue to increases in the costs of raw materials and thea $543.1 million increase in our production volume which also lead to increases in our overall coststrade payables and $39.0 million accrued employee benefits.

For more detail please see Note 18 of sales. These cost increase in turn led to increase in our accounts payable.the Audited Consolidated Financial Statements.

TOTAL DEBT      
  As of January 1,  As of December 31, 
  2011  2011  2012 
Total Debt: Ps.646.9  Ps.1,837.4  Ps.2,723.7 
Short-term debt(1)  139.9   1,453.0   1,197.1 
Long-term debt(2)  507.1   384.4   26.6 
Long-term debt (Local bond issue)  0.0   0.0   1,500.0 

TOTAL DEBT

  As of December 31,    
In millions of pesos 2015  2014  Change 
  $  $  $  % 
Total debt  4,127.0   2,450.5   1,676.5   68.4 
Short-term debt (1)  1,631.9   798.0   833.9   104.5 
Long-term debt (2)  995.1   152.5   842.6   552.5 
Long-term debt (Local bond issue)  1,500.0   1,500.0   0.0   0.0 

(1)Includes notes payable to banks and current portion of long-term debt.
(2)Does not include current portioninstallments of long-term debt.

 

As of December 31, 2012,2015, total debt was Ps. 2,723.7$4,127.0 million, an increase of 48.2%$1,676.5 million or 68.4% when compared to the Ps. 1,837.4$2,450.5 million recordedof total debt as of December 31, 2011.2014. This increaseadditional debt was mainly a resultcomprised of short-term debt in U.S. dollars terms we entered into to counter the economic volatility we faced at the end of the year and long-term debt we entered into at low interest rates.

Most of our locallong-term debt consists of a Mexican bond issuance of Ps. 1,500.0$1,500.0 million in the second quarter of 2012. The bonds issued have an2012, due in 2017. This bond accrues interest at the reference rate of 28-day TIIE offering a yield of(“Equilibrium Interbank Interest Rate”), plus accruing interest at TIIE + 0.60% to investors.. The funds obtained were used primarily used to pre-pay certain outstanding debt, some of which was previously incurred in the context of our acquisition of OK Foods.

 

For details of maturity of our debt and the prevailing interest rates, see Note 1817 of our Audited Consolidated Financial Statements.

 

The following table is a reconciliation of Net debt to Total Debt as of the dates indicated.WORKING CAPITAL

 

NET DEBT TO TOTAL DEBT      
  As of January 1,  As of December 31, 
  2011  2011  2012 
Total Debt Ps.646.9  Ps.1,837.4  Ps.2,723.7 
(-) Total cash and equivalents(1)  4,177.2   3,036.4   5,141.5 
(=) Net debt  (3,530.3)  (1,199.0)  (2,417.8)
(1)Includes primary financial instruments
  As of December 31,    
In millions of pesos 2015  2014  Change 
  $  $  $  % 
Working Capital  18,079.2   15,196.5   2,882.7   19.0 
Total current assets  24,722.0   20,852.0   3,870.0   18.6 
Total current liabilities  6,642.8   5,655.5   987.3   17.5 

 

WORKING CAPITAL   
  As of January 1,  As of December 31, 
  2011  2011  2012 
Working capital: Ps.3,333.6  Ps.4,872.9  Ps.5,707.0 
     Current assets less cash and equivalents  5,360.5   7,872.9   9,240.3 
      Current liabilities less short-term debt  2,026.9   3,000.0   3,533.3 
Current assets to current liabilities ratio(1)  2.6x  2.6x  2.6x

(1) Ratio is computed by dividingThe working capital in the table above was calculated as current assets less cash and equivalents byminus current liabilities less short-term debt.liabilities.

 

OurIn 2015, our working capital increased by 17.1% in 2012 as$2,882.7 million or 19.0% when compared to 2011, mainlyyear 2014, due primarily to increases in our level of cash, which in turn resulted from an increase in our accounts receivable, inventories of raw materialscash from operating activities and final and in process inventories. This increase was partially offset by the increase in our accounts payable.from financing activities.

 

We believe that our current level of working capital is sufficient for the regular course of our operations. Nevertheless, our working capital needs may be susceptible to change, as they depend mainly on the cost of our main raw materials which affect orour inventory cost, and on the levelamount of accounts payable. Our working capital can also change from one quarter to another as the cost of buying domestic raw material depends of the given harvest season.

CAPITAL EXPENDITURES   
  As of December 31, 
  2011  2012 
Capital expenditures Ps.707.5  Ps.951.8 

39

Liquidity and Capital Resources 2014 vs 2013

TOTAL CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, PRIMARY AND DERIVATIVES FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

  As of December 31,       
In millions of pesos 2014  2013  Change 
  $  $  $  % 
Total cash, cash equivalents, and primary and derivative financial instruments  11,968.3   7,732.7   4,235.6   54.8 
Cash and cash equivalents  11,036.1   6,716.9   4,319.2   64.3 
Investment in securities  925.5   1,004.1   (78.6)  (7.8)
Derivative financial instruments  6.7   11.7   (5.0)  (42.7)

In 2014, cash and cash equivalents, primary financial instruments and derivative financial instruments totaled $11,968.3 million, $4,235.6 million or 54.8% more than the $7,732.7 million recorded in 2013. The increase was mainly due to our strong operations in 2014.

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE

  As of December 31,       
In millions of pesos 2014  2013  Change 
  $  $  $  % 
Total accounts receivable  2,976.5   2,321.8   654.7   28.2 

In 2014, accounts receivable increased $654.7 million, or 28.2%, when compared to 2013. This increase was due to a $373.6 million increase of recoverable value added tax and other receivables as of December 31, 2014 when compared to 2013.

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE

  As of December 31,    
In millions of pesos 2014  2013  Change 
  $  $  $  % 
Total accounts payable  3,970.5   3,375.6   594.9   17.6 

In 2014, accounts payable increased $594.9 million or 17.6% when compared to 2013. This increase was mainly due to a $492.5 million increase in payments to suppliers and $81.9 million of accrued expenses.

TOTAL DEBT

  As of December 31,    
In millions of pesos 2014  2013  Change 
  $  $  $  % 
Total debt  2,450.5   2,067.8   382.7   18.5 
Short-term debt (1)  798.0   557.6   240.4   43.1 
Long-term debt (2)  152.5   10.2   142.3   1,395.1 
Long-term debt (Local bond issue)  1,500.0   1,500.0   0.0   0.0 

(1)Includes notes payable to banks and current portion of long-term debt.
(2)Does not include current installments of long-term debt.

As of December 31, 2014, total debt was $2,450.5 million, an increase of $382.7 million or 18.5% when compared to the $2,067.8 million of total debt as of December 31, 2013. This additional debt was mainly short-term debt acquired at low interest rates.

40

Most of our long-term debt consists of a Mexican bond issuance of $1,500.0 million during the second quarter of 2012, due in 2017. This bond accrues interest at the reference rate of 28-day TIIE (“Equilibrium Interbank Interest Rate”), plus accruing interest at TIIE + 0.60%. The funds obtained were used primarily to pre-pay certain outstanding debt, some of which was previously incurred in our acquisition of OK Foods.

WORKING CAPITAL

  As of December 31,    
In millions of pesos 2014  2013  Change 
  $  $  $  % 
Working Capital  15,196.5   10,953.6   4,242.9   38.7 
Total current assets  20,852.0   15,397.5   5,454.5   35.4 
Total current liabilities  5,655.5   4,443.9   1,211.6   27.3 

The working capital in the table above was calculated as current assets minus current liabilities.

In 2014, our working capital increased $4,242.9 million or 38.7% when compared to 2013, due primarily to increases in our level of cash, which in turn resulted from an increase in cash from operating activities and from financing activities.

CAPITAL EXPENDITURES

In millions of pesos, for the years ended December 31, 2015  2014  2013 
  $  $  $ 
Capital Expenditures  1,824.5   1,241.1   587.4 

 

Most of the capital investments in 2012 and 2011the past years were financed with resourcescash flows generated from our own operations.

 

In 2011 we made2015, capital expenditures totaled $1,824.5 million, an increase when compared to the $1,241.1 million expended in 2014. In 2015, the Company implemented new projects for organic growth, aiming to alleviate certain bottlenecks in various processes, thereby increasing production, and to improve productivity in both of Ps. 707.5 million, to implement new technologies in the processing plants located in Coatzacoalcos, Culiacanour U.S. and Celaya. Additionally, in Celaya we built a water treatment plant and updated our transportation fleet.Mexican operations.

 

In 2012, we made2014 and 2013, capital expenditures of Ps. 951.8totaled $1,241.1 and $587.4 million and were used forrespectively, incurred primarily in (i) the replacement of our transportation fleet and other equipment in our facilities, (ii) the completion of certain expansion projects and(iii) the implementation of productivity projects across allin our chicken farms and in some processing plants, (iv) increasing eggs production capacity and (v) additional IT systems.

The Company plans to carry out several projects, primarily in Mexico, to gradually increase our poultry production over the course of the next few years.

See Note 14 of our facilities in both the U.S. and Mexico.Audited Consolidated Financial Statements for more details.

 

OPERATING LEASES   
  As of December 31, 
  2011  2012 
Operating leases Ps.188.2  Ps.194.1 

OPERATING LEASES

In millions of pesos, for the years ended December 31, 2015  2014  2013 
  $  $  $ 
Operating Leases expense  359.7   311.6   286.0 

 

We have entered into operating leases for certain offices, production sites, computer equipment and vehicles. These agreements have terms ranging between one and five years and some of them contain renewal options.

 

See Note 2423 to our Audited Consolidated Financial Statements for more information.

41

Financial Instruments

 

In the normal course of our business, we use various financial instruments that expose usto hedge exposure to financial risks involving fluctuations in currency exchange rates and to commodity price risk in connection with fluctuations in the prices for our feed ingredients.

 

The main risk that the Company faces with the use of these derivative instruments is the volatility in the Mexican peso-dollar exchange rate of the peso against the U.S. dollar.rate.

 

A stronglarge variation in theMexican peso-dollar exchange rates between the peso and the dollarrate could affect our financial results, as a greater percentage of our sales are made in pesos, and a large percentage of our purchases of raw material are made in dollars.

 

We manage our exchange rate exposure primarily through management of our financial structure, specifically by maintaining most of our debt through long-term debt instruments.

As part of our normal operations, we purchase financial derivative instruments in order to ensure greater certainty infor our purchases ofin U.S. dollars. We plan overbased on a six month period into the future and, depending on the expected uncertainty for that period, decide if it is economically advisable to purchase or sell any hedging instrument.

 

We have followed different strategies with respect to derivatives which involved call and put options in U.S. dollars. Our risk committee approves any change in policies and reviews the application of current policies.

 

See Note 108 to our Audited Consolidated Financial Statements for more information.

LIABILITIES IN FOREIGN CURRENCY      
  As of January 1,  As of December 31, 
  2011  2011  2012 
Short-term liabilities in foreign currency(1) Ps.0.0  Ps.1,047.8  Ps.643.5 

LIABILITIES IN FOREIGN CURRENCY 2015 vs 2014

  As of December 31,    
  2015  2014  Change 
  $  $  $  % 
Short-term financial debt liabilities in foreign currency(1)  1,462.9   221.3   (1,241.6)  (561.0)

(1) The foreign currency is U.S. dollars.

 

In 2012 and 20112015, our bank debt denominated in U.S. dollars was Ps. 643.5 and Ps. 1,047.8totaled $1,462.9 million pesos respectively, at(equivalent to $85.0 million USD), $1,241.6 million pesos or 561.2% higher than the $221.3 million pesos (equivalent to $15.0 million USD) in 2014. The short-term bank debt in U.S. dollars had an annual average interest rate of 1.06%1.05% in 2012 and 0.8702%2015, 1.10% in 2011.2014.

 

OurThe Company’s risk committee approves any change in policies and reviews the application of current policies.

At the end of 2015, we have assets denominated in U.S. dollars of $1,647.4 million pesos and liabilities of $3,903.6 million pesos, resulting in a net liability position of $2,256.2 million pesos (or $131.1 million USD).

For more details see Note 188 and Note 17 to our Audited Consolidated Financial Statements.

 

LIABILITIES IN FOREIGN CURRENCY 2014 vs 2013

  As of December 31,    
  2014  2013  Change 
  $  $  $  % 
Short-term liabilities in foreign currency(1)  221.3   392.7   (171.4)  (43.6)

(1) The foreign currency is U.S. dollars.

In 2014, our bank debt denominated in U.S. dollars totaled $221.3 million (equivalent to $15.0 million USD), $171.5 million or 43.6% lower than the $392.7 million pesos (equivalent to $30.0 million USD) in 2013. The short-term bank debt in U.S. dollars had an annual average interest rate of 1.10% in 2014 and 1.49% in 2013.

The Company’s risk committee approves any change in policies and reviews the application of current policies.

42

At the end of 2014, we had assets denominated in U.S. dollars of $1,097.0 million pesos and liabilities of $2,691.1 million pesos, resulting in a net liability position of $108.1 million dollars (or $1,594.0 million pesos).

C.Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc.

 

None.

 

D.Trend Information

 

Our demand and prices continues depending mainlyThe most significant trends that might have a negative impact on supply and demand in both markets, Mexico and U.S. and no new effect has been identify, additionally to those effects present in the past.

Cost of our main raw materials is subject to level of inventories available, as it occurred in past periods and no disruption new technology is foresee inCompany’s operating performance are the near future.following:

 

E.-We have seen a consistent, gradual increase of supply in chicken markets in which we operate, which might cause oversupply condition towards the first half of 2016.

-Despite the lower trend we have observed in the prices of our main raw material prices in U.S. dollar terms, the sharp increase in the Mexican peso depreciation against the U.S. dollar will not allow us to capitalize the benefit from these lower grain and soybean meal prices.

-We might be affected by more aggressive competition from our peers in the markets in which we operate.

-Finally, we may also be negatively affected by any poultry sanitary issues that may arise in regions where our production centers are located, which may affect our production volumes and production costs.

E.Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

 

WeIn 2015, except for our operating lease agreements, we do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that might have current or future effects on the Company’s financial condition. Disclosure of the type that we are required to discloseoperating leases is included in this Annual Report under this Item.Item 5-B.

 

F.Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations

 

Our major categories of indebtedness included the following:

 

-As of December 31, 20122015 and 2011,2014, we had Ps. 115.6$9.0 and Ps. 175.2$133.7 million in current installmentsportion of long-term debt respectively.

 

-Long-term debt to banks, excluding the current installments of long-term debt, as of December 31, 2012 was Ps. 26.62015 and 2014 were $995.1 and $152.5 million, respectively, plus an additional Ps. 1,500.0$1,500.0 million as a result of our localMexican bond issuance while long-term debt to banks in 2011, excluding the current installments of long-term debt, totaled Ps. 384.4 million.2012 and due in 2017.

 

-The weighted average interest rates on long-term debt, excluding the localMexican bond issuance, for 2012years 2015 and 20112014 were 5.40%3.07% and 5.58%3.72%, respectively.

 

See Note 18-b)17a and b of our Audited Consolidated Financial Statements for more detail.

 

The Company has certain leases related to operating assets, including farms and administrative offices. The following table summarizes long-term debtthe Company´s contractual obligations as of December 31, 2012.2015. The table does not include current installments of long-term debt, accounts payable or pension liabilities.

CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS
In millions of pesos Total  2014  2015  2016  2017 
Long-term debt Ps.1,526.6   16.4   7.7   2.5   1,500.0 
Operating leases Ps.203.4   56.1   38.8   22.1   18.7 

43

CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS

In millions of pesos Total  2016  2017  2018  2019  2020 
     $  $  $  $  $ 
Long-term debt(1)  2,495.1   -   1,652.5   842.6   -   - 
Operating leases(2)  308.7   91.8   78.4   46.8   57.2   34.4 

(1)See Note 17-c of the Audited Consolidated Financial Statements for more detail.
(2)See Note 23 of the Audited Consolidated Financial Statements for more detail.

Operating leaseslease expense for 2013 are Ps. 67.82015 was $359.7 and, current installments ofmade under long term debt were $0.0 million; the Company did not make early payments of its long-term debt.

The Company has entered into grain supply agreements with third parties as part of the regular course of its operations. However, the payment terms are Ps. 115.6 millions.not fixed for which reason no amounts have been included in the table above.

The following table sets forth the maturity amounts of interest to be paid in connection with the long-term debt described above.

INTEREST

In millions of pesos Total  Less than
1 year
  From 1 To
3 years
  From 3 to 5
years
 
Interest $212.7  $113.8  $98.8  $0 

 

The Company’s future minimum rental payments required under its operating leases having an initial or remaining non-cancellable lease term in excess of one year as of December 31, 2012,2015, and for each of the five succeeding years, are as follows:

 

OPERATING LEASES   
In millions of pesos Total  2013  2014  2015  2016  2017 
Operating Leases Ps.130.9   31.9   31.9   31.9   17.6  17.6 

MINIMUM PAYMENTS OF OPERATING LEASES

In millions of pesos Total  2016  2017  2018  2019  2020 
Operating Leases $88.0  $8.7  $8.7  $1.9  $1.9  $1.0 

 

G.Safe Harbor

 

Not applicable.

ITEM 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees

Item 6.Directors, Senior Management and Employees

 

A.Directors and Senior Management

Directors

 

The Board of Directors is responsible for the management of our business. The Board of Directors consists of an odd number of directors, never fewer than five, and corresponding alternate directors, each of whom is elected for a term of one year.

 

Alternate directors are authorized to serve on the Board of Directors in place of directors who are unable to attend meetings or otherwise participate in the activities of the Board of Directors.

 

Mr. Felizardo Gastelum Felix was President of the Audit and Corporate Practices Committee and Financial Expert of the Company from April 27, 2011 until his death on April 18, 2012.

On August 22, 2012, Mr. Humberto Schwarzbeck was elected as Interim President of the Audit and Corporate Governance Committee. Later on April 24, 2013 during the Annual stockholders meeting, Mr. Shwarzbeck was elected as President of the Audit and Corporate Practices Committee.

At our annual stockholders’ meeting held on April 24, 2013,22, 2015, we ratified the membership of our Board of Directors.

Additionally, at our general ordinary stockholders’ meeting held on November 3, 2015, Mr. Guillermo Ochoa Maciel was appointed as an independent member of the Board of Directors whichand as an independent director financial expert.

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Currently our board of directors is composed of the following members:

 

MEMBERS OF THE BOARD    Year of Birth Member since
Year of Birth Member since
Chairman of the Board and Proprietary Shareholder Director:   
Francisco Javier R. Bours Castelo1953 1982
Javier R. Bours Castelo 1953 1982
Proprietary Shareholder Directors:       
Jose Gerardo Robinson Bours Castelo1958 2008 1958 2008
Jesus Enrique Robinson Bours Muñoz1951 1994 1951 1994
Jesus Rodolfo Robinson Bours Muñoz1957 2002 1957 2002
Arturo Bours Griffith1955 1994 1955 1994
Octavio Robinson Bours1952 1997 1952 1997
Ricardo Aguirre Borboa1954 1994 1954 1994
Juan Salvador Robinson Bours Martinez1965 1994 1965 1994
Alternate Directors:       
Jose Eduardo Robinson Bours Castelo1956 1994 1956 1994
Jose Francisco Bours Griffith1950 1994 1950 1994
Guillermo Pineda Cruz1948 1994 1948 1994
Gustavo Luders Becerril1953 2011 1953 2011
Independent Directors:       
Avelino Fernandez Salido1938 2003 1938 2003
Humberto Schwarzbeck Noriega1954 2003 1954 2003
Guillermo Ochoa Maciel 1955 2015
Secretary of the Board:       
Eduardo Rojas Crespo1969 2008 1969 2008

Honorary Members of the Board

 

Enrique Robinson Bours Almada, , Mario Javier Robinson Bours Almada, , and Juan Bautista Salvador Robinson Bours are co-founders of the Company and Honorary members of the board.

 

The following table identifies the relationships among members of each of the four Bours families:

 

Cousins in law-related

Brothers:Brothers

·Arturo Bours Griffith

·Octavio Robinson Bours

·Jose Francisco Bours Griffith

:
  

● Arturo Bours Griffith

● Octavio Robinson Bours
● Jose Francisco Bours Griffith
Brothers:

·

● Jesus Enrique Robinson Bours Muñoz

·

● Guillermo Pineda Cruz
● Jesus Rodolfo Robinson Bours Muñoz

·Guillermo Pineda Cruz

Brothers:

·Francisco Javier R. Bours Castelo

·Jose Gerardo Robinson Bours Castelo

·Jose Eduardo Robinson Bours Castelo

  

·

Brothers:
● Francisco Javier R. Bours Castelo
● Jose Gerardo Robinson Bours Castelo
● Jose Eduardo Robinson Bours Castelo● Ricardo Aguirre Borboa
● Juan Salvador Robinson Bours Martinez

 

·Ricardo Aguirre Borboa

·● Gustavo Luders Becerril

 

Our bylaws provide for the creation of an executive committee of the Board of Directors, which may exercise certain of the Board’s powers in full, subject to certain limitations.

 

Francisco Javier R. Bours Castelo, Chairman of the Board of Directors since 2002. Before his election as Chairman, he was Vice-Chairman for several years. Mr. Bours holds a degree in Civil Engineering from the Instituto Tecnologico y de Estudios Superiores Monterrey (ITESM)(“ITESM”). He currently serves as Chairman of the Boards of Directors of the following companies: Megacable Holdings, S.A.B. de C.V., Inmobiliaria Trento S.A. de C.V., Agriexport S.A. de C.V., Acuicola Boca, S.A. de C.V., and Centro de Servicios Empresariales del Noroeste, S.A. de C.V.

 

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Jose Gerardo Robinson Bours Castelo, Proprietary Shareholder Director since 2008. He previously served as Systems Manager. Mr. Bours holds a degree in Computer Engineering from the ITESM. He currently serves as member of the Board of the following companies: Megacable Holdings, S.A.B. de C.V., Congeladora Horticola, S.A. de C.V., Acuicola Boca,Ocean Garden S.A. de C.V., Industrias Boca, S.A. de C.V. and Centro de Servicios Empresariales del Noreste,Fertilizantes Tepeyac S.A. de C.V. He is also Chairman of Fundacion Mexicana para el Desarrollo Rural del Valle del Yaqui and the ITESM in Obregon.

 

Jesus Enrique Robinson Bours Muñoz, Proprietary Shareholder Director since 1994. He has previously worked in Bachoco as Production Director and Divisional Manager. Mr. Robinson Bours holds a degree in Engineering from the University of Arizona. He is also a member of the Board of Directors of San Luis Corporacion S.A. de C.V., and Megacable Holdings, S.A.B. de C.V.

 

Jesus Rodolfo Robinson Bours Muñoz, Proprietary Shareholder Director since 2002. Mr. Robinson Bours previously served in the Company as Production Manager in the Northwest and Bajio divisions, Commercial Manager in Northwest Division and Purchasing Manager at the Bajio Division. Mr. Robinson Bours holds a degree in Agricultural Engineering from the University of Arizona. He has business experience in agriculture and raising livestock with Agricola Monte Cristo S.A. de C.V., Agricola Rio Yaqui S.P.R. de R.L., Agricola Nacapul S.P.R. de R.L., Ganadera Cocoreña S.P.R. de R.L., and Chairman of the Board of the Cultural Center of Cocorit, A.C.

 

Arturo Bours Griffith, Proprietary Shareholder Director since 1994. Mr. Bours Griffith completed professional studies at the University of Arizona. He is also Chairman of the board of Qualyplast, S.A. de C.V., and a member of the board of Megacable Holdings, S.A.B. de C.V., Centro de Servicios Empresariales del Noreste, S.A. de C.V., and Taxis Aereos del Noroeste, S.A. de C.V.

 

Octavio Robinson Bours, Proprietary Shareholder Director since 1997. Mr. Robinson Bours holds a degree in Agricultural Engineering from the ITESM. He has experience in producing swine, and is also a member of the board of Choya, S.A. de C.V., and runs a business of agriculture and aquaculture.

 

Ricardo Aguirre Borboa, Proprietary Shareholder Director since 1994. He is also a member of the Audit Committee and Corporate Practices of Bachoco. Mr. Aguirre holds a degree in Agricultural Engineering from the ITESM. He is member of the Board of Directors of: the newspaper El Debate, Tepeyac Produce, Inc., Servicios del Valle del Fuerte, S.A. de C.V., Agrobo, S.A. de C.V., Agricola Santa Veneranda, S.P.R. de R.L., Colegio Mochis, Grupo Financiero Banamex, in Sinaloa, and Director of Granja Rab, S.A. de C.V.

 

Juan Salvador Robinson Bours Martinez, Proprietary Shareholder Director since 1994. He has served Bachoco as Purchasing Manager. Mr. Robinson Bours holds a degree in Industrial Engineering from the ITESM. His other appointments include Chairman of the board and CEO of Llantas y Accesorios, S.A. de C.V. and member of the Board of Megacable Holdings, S.A.B. de C.V.

 

Jose Eduardo Robinson Bours Castelo, member of the Board since 1994. Mr. Robinson is an alternate Director for Mr. Francisco Javier R. Bours Castelo and Mr. Jose Gerardo Robinson Bours Castelo. Mr. Robinson Bours holds a degree in Industrial Engineering from the ITESM. He was previously Commercial Director of Industrias Bachoco, a Senator of the Mexican Congress and was governor of the state of Sonora. In addition, Mr. Robinson was Chairman of the Board of National Agribusiness Council (Consejo Nacional Agropecuario), Chairman of the Board of Umbrella Organization of the Private Sector Mexico (Consejo Coordinador Empresarial), and Member of the Board of Nafinsa, Bancomext and Focir, and was Chairman of the board and Chief Executive Officer of Del Monte Foods.

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Jose Francisco Bours Griffith, Alternate Director of Mr. Octavio Robinson Bours and Mr. Arturo Bours Griffith, since 1994. Mr. Bours Griffith holds a degree in Civil Engineering from the Universidad Autonoma de Guadalajara. Mr.  Robinson Bours Griffith has worked at Bachoco as Engineering Manager. He is currently dedicated to agricultural operations and has run an aquaculture farm for ninefifteen years.

 

Guillermo Pineda Cruz, Alternate Director of Jesus Enrique Robinson Bours and Mr. Arturo Bours Griffith since 1994. Mr. Pineda holds a degree in Civil Engineering from the ITESM and a master’s degree in Business Administration from the Instituto Tecnologico de Sonora. He is also a member of the Board of Directors of Banamex and was a regional member of the Board of Directors of Grupo Financiero Serfin, Inverlat and InverMexico. He co-founded Edificadora PiBo, S.A. de C.V. and has been its President and CEO since 1983.

 

46

Gustavo Luders Becerril, Alternate Director of Juan Salvador Robinson Bours Martinez and Mr. Ricardo Aguirre Borboa, was named Alternate Director during the annual general meeting held in April 2011. Mr. Luders holds an Accounting degree from the ITESM. He is a farmer; he has served as Chairman of the Agriculturalvegetable and Industrial Union Credit of the Yaqui Valley, Chairman of the Company Citricola Yaqui, and as Agent of citrus products in the Sonora state region.fruit grower.

 

Avelino Fernandez Salido, Independent Director, ishas been a member of the board since 2003. He is also a member of the board of Banamex and BBVA Bancomer. He is also Chairman of the Board of the following companies: Grupo Cajeme Motors, S.A. de C.V., Navojoa Motors, S.A. de C.V., Turymayo S.A. de C.V. and Gasolineras Turymayo S.A. de C.V. His business experience is in the marketing of grains.

 

Guillermo Ochoa Maciel, Independent Director and has been a member of the board since November 2015. Mr. Ochoa Maciel holds a degree in public accounting from the Universidad de Guadalajara, México. Mr. Ochoa Maciel was employed at KPMG Cardenas Dosel, S.C., for over 36 years (the last 26 as firm partner). Since 2015, he has been the president of the board and director of his own consulting and real estate development firm. Mr. Ochoa Maciel has significant experience in financial audits, corporate governance matters (including Sarbanes-Oxley compliance) and equity and debt transactions both locally in Mexico as well as internationally (both private and SEC-registered) as well as IFRS and U.S. GAAP accounting matters. Mr. Ochoa Maciel was elected president of the Audit and Corporate Practices Committee during the ordinary stockholders’ meeting that took place on November 3, 2015.

Humberto Schwarzbeck Noriega, Independent Director, ishas been a member of the board since 2003. He holds a degree in economics from the ITESM. He is currently CEO of Yeso Industrial de Navojoa S.A. de C.V. Mr. Schwarzbeck was elected as President of the Audit and Corporate Practices Committee, during the stockholders meeting that took place on April 24, 2013.

 

Eduardo Rojas Crespo was named Secretary of the Board of Directors in 2008. He holds a Law Degree from the UNAM.Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. He also holds a post-graduate diploma inon Environmental Law and Due Diligence, and a Specialty as well as a Master'sMaster’s Degree, both in Corporate Law; these three from the Anahuac University. He also holds a diploma on economic competition  from the Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas (CIDE) and has completed studies on Business Management at the Instituto Panamericano de Alta Dirección de Empresas (IPADE). Mr. Rojas has worked for Bachoco since 2004 as our Chief Legal Officer. Before joining Bachoco, Mr. Rojas worked for 10 years as the Chief Legal Officer of Grupo Fimex.

 

Cristobal Gustavo Mondragon Fragoso was Related Proprietary Director from April 25, 2011 to the day of his death on January 7, 2013. Mr. Mondragon joined Bachoco in 1982 and was Chief Executive Officer since 2001 to October 2010. Previously, Mr. Mondragon served in Bachoco as Administration Manager, as Manager of Corporate Finance and as Chief Financial Officer.

Honorary members

 

Mr. Enrique Robinson Bours Almada, Chairman of the Board and co-founder of the Company, he retired in April 2002. Mr. Bours led the Company for 50 years. The Board named as Mr. Javier Robinson Bours Castelo, Mr. Enrique Robinson Bours’s nephew, as his successor.

 

Mr. Mario Javier Robinson Bours Almada, member of the Board of Directors, retired in April 2008, and was named as a Life Honorary Propriety Shareholder Director. On the same date, the Board named Mr. Jose Gerardo Robinson Bours Castelo as a Proprietary Shareholder Director in the place of Mr. Mario Javier Robinson Bours Almada.

 

Juan Bautista S. Robinson Bours Almada, Mr. Bours was co-founder of Industrias Bachoco, S.A.B. de C.V. and a Proprietary Shareholder Director for 57 years. Mr. Bours got retired in April 2011 and was named as a Life Honorary Propriety Shareholders Director. On the same date, the Board named Mr. Juan Salvador Robinson Bours Martinez as a Propriety Shareholders Director in the place of Mr. Juan Bautista S. Robinson Bours Almada.

 

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Executive Officers

 

EXECUTIVE OFFICERS    
Name Position 
NamePositionYear of Birth
Rodolfo Ramos Arvizu Chief Executive Officer 1957
Paul FoxTrent Goins Chief Executive Officer, U.S. Operations 1966
Daniel Salazar FerrerChief Financial Officer1964
David Gastelum CazaresDirector of Sales1951
Jose Luis Lopez LepeDirector of Personnel19471978
Ernesto Salmon Castelo Director of Operations 1962
Andres Morales Astiazaran Director of Marketing and modern Segments salesSales 1968
Marco Antonio Esparza SerranoDaniel Salazar Ferrer ComptrollerChief Financial Officer1964
Ismael Sanchez MorenoDirector of Human Resources1965
Augusto Franco GomezMarketing, Research & Development Director 19551974
Alejandro Elias Calles Gutierrez Director of Purchasing 1956

EXCECUTIVE OFFICERS THAT HAVE LEFT THE COMPANY, OR CHANGED POSITIONS IN THE LAST 12-MONTHS

None.

A biography of the Executive Officers is set forth below:

Rodolfo Ramos Arvizu, Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Ramos joined us in 1980 and he was named as Chief Executive Officer in November 2010. Previously, Mr. Ramos had served Bachoco as its Technical Director since 1992 and also held positions in the Egg Quality Control Training Program and in Poultry Management as well as serving as Supervisor of the Commercial Egg Production Training Program, Manager of Raw Material Purchasing and as a Director of Production. Mr. Ramos holds a degree in Agricultural Engineering from the ITESM.

 

Paul FoxTrent Goins, CEO, U.S. Operations. Paul joined usOK Foods in 2012 shortly after we acquired our U.S. operations. Paul started his career with Tyson Foods serving in domestic and international leadership positions during 17 years prior to servingJanuary 2003 as a private equity CEOmanagement trainee. He was made Regional Sales Manager in 2005 with responsibility for retail sales. In 2008, Goins became Senior Vice President of Sales and Managing Director with Marfrig.Marketing, a position he held until his appointment as CEO/President of OK Foods in February 2014. Mr. Fox receivedGoins has served as past president and current board member of The Poultry Federation and is a BS in Animal Science from Missouri State University and MS in Leadership and Ethics from John Brown University.present member of the National Chicken Council where he serves on the Executive Committee.

 

Daniel Salazar Ferrer, Chief Financial Officer. He joined us in 2000 and assumed his current position in January 2003. Previously, Mr. Salazar worked for four years as Chief Financial Officer at Grupo Covarrubias and as Comptroller at Negromex, a company of Grupo Desc. Mr. Salazar holds an Accountingaccounting degree from Universidad Tecnologica de Mexico, and a master’s degree in Business Administration from the ITESM, and a Diploma from the IPADE (D1).

 

David Gastelum Cazares, Director of Sales. He joining us in 1979 and assumed his current position in 1992. Previously, Mr. Gastelum served as a pullet salesman in the states of Sonora and Sinaloa, National Sales Manager of Live Animals and Eggs, Manager of the Northwest Division, Manager of the Mexico City Division and National Sales Manager. Before joining us, Mr. Gastelum worked at La Hacienda, S.A. de C.V. as Technical Advisor and as Area Officer for the Southeast Division. Mr. Gastelum holds a degree in Veterinary Medicine from the school of Veterinary Medicine of the UNAM.

Jose Luis Lopez Lepe, Director of Personnel since 1993, before joining us Mr. Lopez worked as a teacher in several institutions, and also worked with Grupo Condumex, where he was Director of Personnel. Mr. Lopez holds a degree in Physics and Chemistry from the Escuela Normal Superior and a degree in Business Administration from Instituto Tecnologico Autonomo de Mexico.

Ernesto Salmon Castelo, Director of Operations, joined us in 1991 and assumed his current position in 2000. Previously, Mr. Salmon worked for Gamesa, S.A. de C.V. and for us as Sales Manager in Sonora, Northwestern Distribution Manager, Manager of the Processing Plant in Celaya, Southeastern Division Manager and Bajio Division Manager. Mr. Salmon holds a degree in Chemical Engineering from the Instituto Tecnologico de Sonora and a master’s degree in Business Administration from the ITESM.

 

Andres Morales Astiazaran, Director of Sales and Marketing, assumed this position in January 2014. Previously, Mr. Morales was Director of Marketing and Modern Segment Sales (Value-added Products)Channels since July 2006. Before joining us, Mr. Morales worked for 4 years as Sales and Marketing Vice President in Smithfield Foods, a U.S. Company with offices in Sonora, Mexico. Previously Mr. Morales worked for Bachoco as Marketing Manager, Manager of the Northeast division and then as National Manager of Bachoco. Mr. Morales holds an accounting degree from the ITESM and attended marketing courses at Northwestern University, the University of Chicago, the ITESM and the IPADE (D1).

Marco Antonio Esparza Serrano, Comptroller Director since March 2009. Before joining Bachoco, Mr. Esparza worked for more than 25 years in the pharmaceutical industry for three multinational companies. During that time, Mr. Esparza managed and directed every area within Finance and Administration as Accounting Manager, Tax Manager Comptroller, Financial Planning Director and Finance Director. Mr. Esparza holds a degree in public accounting and several post-graduate diplomas in Business Administration, Economics and Direction of Enterprises from universities such as Instituto Politecnico Nacional, University of California at Berkeley, the ITESM, University of Almeria Spain and the IPADE.

 

Alejandro Elias Calles Gutierrez, was named purchasing Director in 2010. Mr. Calles joined Bachoco in January 2010 as Manager of Purchasing. Previously, Mr. Calles worked as the CEO of “Agroinsumos Cajeme,” Chairman of the Board of the “Distrito de Riego” in the Yaqui River, Secretary of the SAGARPA in the state of Sonora, and Leader of the Secretaries of SAGARPA in Mexico and Manager of the leasing department of Inverlat. Mr. Calles holds a degree in Agronomy from the ITESM.

 

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Ismael Sanchez Moreno, Director of Human Resources, joined us and assumed his current position in 2013. Prior to his affiliation with Bachoco, Mr. Sanchez held several senior human resources positions, including Change-Management Director and Planning and Development Human Resources Director at Grupo Modelo. He previously worked for Cemex as Organization and Compensation Director, General Manager for Commercial Innovation Processes, and Development and Training Senior Manager. Mr. Sanchez graduated with a degree in Politics Sciences and Sociology from the Complutense University of Madrid and holds an MBA from the IE Business School and a MS in Human Resources from CEF.

Augusto Franco Gómez, Marketing, Research & Development Director, joined us and assumed his current position in September 2014. Mr. Franco has 16 years of work experience, with strong experience in Latin America, and has worked in foods, food service, HPC products and advertising. He has lived in different countries such as Mexico, Colombia, Bolivia and the U.S. He has worked for companies such as Unilever, Team Foods, Glaxo, General Mills and Leo Burnett and his last position was Marketing Director for Food Solutions in Unilever for the North Latin American region. Mr. Franco has a bachelor’s degree in Business Administration from the Colegio de Estudios Superiores de Administración in Colombia, an International MBA from St. Tomas University in the U.S., and took courses such as New Products Development at the University of Chicago.

B.Compensation

 

The table below sets forth the aggregate compensation paid to our directors and executive officers, for services they rendered in their respective capacities, for the years ended December 31, 20122015, 2014 and 2011.2013.

 

TOTAL COMPENSATIONS As of December 31, 
  2011  2012 
Compensation, net  (in millions) Ps.44.4  Ps.39.3 

TOTAL COMPENSATION

  As of December 31, 
  2015  2014  2013 
  $  $  $ 
Compensation, net (in millions pesos)  42.3   39.5   52.8 

 

C.Board Practices

 

We do not have any special agreements or contracts with any member of our board. All of our board members are subject to the specific expiration dates of their current terms of office.

 

47

Audit and Corporate Practices Committee

 

The mandate of the Audit and Corporate Practices Committee is to establish and monitor procedures and controls in order to ensure that the financial information we distribute is useful, appropriate and reliable and accurately reflects our financial position. In particular, pursuant to our bylaws and Mexican law, among others, the Audit and Corporate Practices Committee must do the following:

 

-Submit an annual report to the Board of Directors;

 

-Inform the Board of Directors of the current condition of the internal controls and internal auditing system of the Company or of the entities it controls, including any irregularities detected;

 

-Require the relevant directors and other employees of the Company, or of the entities it controls, to provide reports relative to the preparation of the financial information or any other kind of reports or information it deems appropriate to perform its duties;

 

-Receive observations formulated by shareholders, Board members, relevant officers, employees and, in general, any third party with regard to the matters under the Audit Committee duties, as well as carry out the actions that, in its judgment, may be appropriate in connection with such observations;

 

-Inform the Board of Directors of any material irregularities detected as a result of the performance of its duties and, as applicable, inform the Board of Directors of the corrective actions taken, or otherwise propose the actions that should be taken;

 

49

-Call ShareholdersShareholders’ Meetings and cause the items it deems pertinent to be inserted into the agendas of such Shareholders’ Meetings; and

 

-Assist the Board of Directors in selecting candidates for audit and reviewing the scope and terms of the auditor’s engagement, as well as evaluate the performance of the entity that provides the external auditing services and analyze the report, opinions, statements and other information prepared and signed by the external auditor.

 

On November 3, 2015, during the shareholders ordinary meeting, Mr. Avelino FernandezGuillermo Ochoa Maciel was the President of the Audit Committee from April 2007 until April 2011, when Mr. Felizardo Gastelum Felix succeeded him to the Presidency.

Mr. Felizardo Gastelum Felix waselected President of the Audit and Corporate Practices Committee, and Financial Expert of the Company from April 27, 2011 until his death on April 18, 2012.

On August 22, 2012, Mr. Humberto Schwarzbeck was elected as Interim President of the Audit and Corporate Practices Committee. Later, during the stockholders meeting that took place on April 24, 2013, Mr. Schwarzbeck was elected as President of the Audit and Corporate Practices Committee, which

is composed of the following members:

 

AUDIT AND CORPORATE PRACTICES COMMITTEE

 

Name Position Member since
Guillermo Ochoa MacielPresident2015
Humberto Schwarzbeck Noriega PresidentMember 2003
Ricardo Aguirre Borboa Member 2003
Avelino Fernandez Salido Member 2003

 

Currently, Guillermo Ochoa Maciel, member of our audit committee, possesses all the characteristics included in the definition of an “audit committee financial expert” within the meaning of Item 16A.

Mr. Ricardo Aguirre Borboa represents the controlling shareholders and has no voting rights in the audit committee.

D.Employees

 

The Company has employees in Mexico and the United States.

 

In 2012,2015, around 59.0%50.0% of our employees in Mexico were members of labor unions in our operations in Mexico.operations. As of March 20132016 and the date of this annual report,Annual Report, labor relations with our employees in Mexico are governed by 52 separate collective labor agreements, each relating to a different group of employees and negotiated on behalf of each such group by a different labor union.

 

In general, we believe that we have good relations with our employees. We have not experienced significant work stoppages as a result of labor problems.

 

As is typical in Mexico, wages are renegotiated every year while other terms and conditions of employment are renegotiated every two years. We seek to attract dependable and responsible employees to train at each of our plants and facilities. We offer our employees attractive salary and benefit packages, including, in some cases, a pension and savings plan.

 

In our U.S. operations none of our employees are members of labor unions. As of the date of this Annual Report, labor relations with our U.S. employees are not governed by any collective labor bargaining agreements

 

As is typical in the U.S., wages and other terms and conditions of employment are renegotiated periodically. We seek to attract dependable and responsible employees to train at each of our plants and facilities. We offer our employees attractive salary and benefit packages, including a health insurance and a retirement savings plan.

 

WORKFORCE         
  2010  2011  2012 
Total employees:  23,473   25,326   25,281 
in Mexico  23,473   22,473   22,048 
In the U.S.  -   2,853   3,233 

WORKFORCE

  2015  2014  2013  2012  2011 
Total employees:  25,231   24,736   24,486   25,272   25,326 
in Mexico  21,964   21,706   21,404   22,048   22,473 
In the U.S.  3,267   3,030   3,082   3,224   2,853 

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E.Share Ownership

 

To the best of our knowledge, no individual director or manager holds Sharesshares of the Company. At this time, we have not developed a share options plan for our employees.

 

ITEMItem 7.Major Stockholders and Related Party Transactions

 

Before September 2006, our Common Stockscommon stocks consisted of 450,000,000 Series B Sharesshares and 150,000,000 Series L Shares.shares. Holders of Series B Sharesshares were entitled to one vote at any general meeting of our stockholders for each Series B Share held. Holders of Series L Sharesshares were entitled to one vote for each Series L Share held, but only with respect to certain matters. We had UBL Units consisting of one Series B Share and one Series L Share and B Units consisting in two Series B Shares.shares.

 

During the extraordinary meeting held on April 26, 2006, Shareholders approved the Company’s plan to convert the Series L Sharesshares into Series B Shares, with full voting rights, as well as the dissolution of UBL and UBB Units into their components Shares.shares.

 

This process was completed in September 2006, and included two steps: separating the UBL and UBB Units trading on the Mexican Exchange into their component Shares and converting the Series L Shares into Series B Shares, thereby creating a single share class, the Series B Shares. These Shares are trading on the Mexican stock market. The ADRADRs which trade on the NYSE still consist of twelve underlying Shares, but they are all Series B Shares, with full voting rights.

 

Currently, the Company’s common stock consists of 600,000,000 Shares with full voting rights.

A.Major Shareholders

 

The Robinson Bours family owns theowned 82.75% of the total shares outstanding of the Company. They haveTheir position was established through two Mexican trusts (“trusts; the Control Trust”Trust and the Underwriting Trust (or “Family Trust”) that together held 496,500,000Shares outstanding as496,500,000 Shares outstanding. The remaining 17.25% of shares were the free float of the dateCompany.

On December 9, 2013, the Company announced that the Underwriting Trust had sold 9.5% of its shares. This transaction was carried out through the Mexican Stock Exchange at the market price. As a result of this Annual Report.transaction, the Company’s free float increased from 17.25% to 26.75% over the total shares outstanding.

 

As a result of December 31, 2012, from the 100.0% of the total Shares of the Company, there were approximately 45 shareholders in the NYSE (there are no significant changesthis transaction, our Capital Stock is currently distributed as of March 31, 2013).follows:

 

     As of December 31, 
  2010  2011  2012 
Total free float shares  103,500,000   103,500,000   103,500,000 
ADRs outstanding at the NYSE(1)  6,740,949   6,071,748   4,560,699 
Percentage of shares over free float  65.1%  70.4%  52.9%
  Before the transaction  After the transaction 
  

Shares(1)

  Position  

Shares(1)

  Position 
Family Trusts  496,500,000   82.75%  439,500,000   73.25%
Control Trust  312,000,000   52.00%  312,000,000   52.00%
Underwriting Trust  184,500,000   30.75%  127,500,000   21.25%
Float(2)  103,500,000   17.25%  160,500,000   26.75%

(1)All shares B Class with full voting rights.
(2)Trading on the BMV and at the NYSE.

According to our Depositary Bank, (The Bankas of New York Mellon).March 31, 2016, we had 3,453,865 ADRs outstanding on the NYSE, which represent 6.9% over the total shares and 25.8% over the free float.

ADRs Outstanding

As of December 31: 2015  2014  2013 
Total ADRs Outstanding  3,362,229   3,449,735   4,593,364 
Percentage Over Total Shares  6.7%  6.9%  9.2%

51

 

We estimate that the difference between total shares outstanding at the NYSE and the total free float represents the shares trading at the Mexican Stock Exchange.

 

According to information providing by BNY Mellon, as of December 31, 2015 and March 31, 2016, from the 100.0% of the total Shares of the Company, there were approximately 122 and 120 shareholders in the NYSE, respectively.

According to the most recent information providingprovided by Stock housesbroker dealers at the date of our 20122015 Bachoco’s stockholders Annual meeting, we accounted with 306estimated that there are 1,241 Shareholders aton the BMV.

 

The following table sets forth the Company’s main shareholders, which held 1.0% or more of the total shares of the Company, as of December 31, 2013.2015.

 

  Shares(1)  Position  Country
Control Trust  312,000,000   52.00% Mexico
Family Trust  184,500,000   30.75% Mexico
Royce & Associates LLC  20,868,816   3.5% U.S.
River Road Asset Management LLC  8,551,572   1.4% U.S.
  

Shares(1)

  Position  Country
Control Trust  312,000,000   52.00% Mexico
Underwriting Trust  127,500,000   21.25% Mexico

(1) All shares B Class with full voting rights.

(1)All shares B Class with full voting rights.

 

As of March 31, 20132016 there have been no significant changes in the composition of the Company’s main shareholders.

 

B.Related Party Transactions

 

It is our policy not to engage in any transaction with or for the benefit of any stockholder or member of the Board of Directors, or any entity controlled by such a person or in which such a person has a substantial economic interest, unless (i) the transaction is related to our business and (ii) the price and other terms are at least as favorable to us as those that could be obtained on an arm’s-length basis from a third party.

 

We have engaged in a variety of transactions with entities owned by members of the Robinson Bours family, all of which we believe were consistent with this policy and not material to our business and results of operations.

We expect to engage in similar transactions in the future. All of these transactions are described below:

 

-We regularly purchase vehicles and related equipment from distributors owned by various members of the Robinson Bours family. The distribution of vehicles and related equipment is a highly competitive aspect of business in the areas in which we operate. We are not dependent on affiliated distributors and are able to ensure that the pricing and service we obtain from affiliated distributors are competitive with those available from other suppliers.

 

-The Robinson Bours Stockholders also own Taxis Aereos del Noroeste, S.A. de C.V., an air transport company that provides transportation for members of the Board of Directors to and from meetings at our headquarters in Celaya, Guanajuato in Mexico.

 

-We purchased feed and packaging materials from enterprises owned by Robinson Bours Stockholders, the family of Enrique Robinson Bours and the family of Juan Bautista Robinson Bours.

 

-We also have accounts payable to related parties. These transactions took place among companies owned by the same set of stockholders.

 

NeitherIn addition, during 2015, we granted a short-term loan that bears interest to a related party, Taxis Aereos del Noroeste, S.A. de C.V., for $189.1 million. This loan is recorded in our balance sheet as a current assets under the “Due for related parties” line item. This non-recurring loan was made on terms and conditions substantially similar as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with unrelated third parties.

Aside from the loan described in the paragraph immediately above, neither we nor our subsidiaries have loaned any money to any of our directors or officers, controlling shareholders or entities controlled by these parties.

 

EXPENSES INCURRED IN CONNECTION WITH RELATED PARTIES
  As of December 31, 
  2011  2012 
Purchases of feed and packaging materials Ps.477.3  Ps.608.5 
Purchases of vehicles and related equipment  145.3   129.8 
Air Transportation Services  10.1   10.1 
52

 

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE TO RELATED PARTIES
  As of December 31, 
  2011  2012 
Accounts payable to related parties Ps.78.5  Ps.88.0 

REVENUES FROM RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

  As of December 31, 
In millions of Pesos 2015  2014  2013 
  $  $  $ 
Feed and packaging materials  32.8   32.2   42.7 
Vehicles and related equipment  0.4   1.3   0.0 
Air Transportation Services  0.1   0.0   0.0 

EXPENSES INCURRED IN RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

  As of December 31, 
In millions of Pesos 2015  2014  2013 
  $  $  $ 
Feed and packaging materials  702.2   535.4   523.2 
Vehicles and related equipment  232.5   160.8   157.5 
Air Transportation Services  7.9   2.0   7.4 

BALANCES WITH RELATED PARTIES

Balance of Revenues with Related Parties

  As of December 31, 
In millions of Pesos 2015  2014  2013 
  $  $  $ 
Feed and packaging materials  5.4   0.1   3.7 
Vehicles and related equipment  0.0   1.8   0.0 
Air Transportation Services(1)  189.1   0.0   0.0 

(1)As of December 31, 2015, the balance due from Air Transportation Services is comprised of the short-term loan in an amount of $189.1 million we granted to Taxis Aereos del Noroeste, S.A. de C.V., as further described above.

Balance of Accounts Payable with Related Parties

  As of December 31, 
In millions of Pesos 2015  2014  2013 
  $  $  $ 
Feed and packaging materials  146.1   106.7   40.2 
Vehicles and related equipment  19.2   19.9   13.9 
Air Transportation Services  0.3   0.5   0.0 

As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the balances due to related parties are the balances owed denominated in pesos, which do not accrue interest, payable in cash in the short-term, for which there are no guarantees.

 

See Note 2019 to our Audited Consolidated Financial Statements for more detail regarding income and expenses incurred in connection with thirdrelated parties transactions.

 

C.Interests of Experts and Counsel

 

Not applicable.

53

ITEM 8.  Financial Information

Item 8.Financial Information

 

A.Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information

 

Our Audited Consolidated Financial Statements are included in Item 18 of this Annual Report. The Audited Consolidated Financial Statements were audited by an independent registered public accounting firmfirms and are accompanied by their audit reports.

 

The Auditors

 

In 2008,On September 3, 2013, we announced that the Company’s Board of Directors, as per the Audit Committee’s recommendation, approved the selection of KPMG Cardenas DosalGalaz, Yamazaki, Ruiz Urquiza, S.C. (or “KPMG”, Member of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited (“Deloitte”) as the Company’s independent auditor. The Boardregistered public accounting firm, effective as of Directors hasSeptember 30, 2013. Deloitte was ratified as the appointmentCompany’s external auditor for the 2014 and 2015 fiscal years and remains our external auditor as of KPMG in the subsequent years.date of this Annual Report.

 

Accounting Policies

In accordance with the requirements of CNBV, effective January 1, 2012, the Company adopted IFRS, meeting the CNBV requirements, and for comparison purposes, our financial statements as of and for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011, and the opening balance as of January 1, 2011 were converted from MFRS to IFRS to make them comparable to our consolidated financial statements for fiscal year 2012.

Bachoco prepared its opening balance sheet under IFRS as of January 1, 2011, following the guidance set forth by IFRS 1, First time adoption (“IFRS 1”). The options selected by Bachoco in the migration to IFRS and the effects on its opening statement of financial position as of January 1, 2011, according to IFRS 1, as well as the effects on its statement of financial position as of December 31, 2011, and its statement of comprehensive income for the year ended December 31, 2011, as compared to Bachoco’s previously reported amounts under MFRS, are described in note 33 to our Audited Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this annual report.

See Note 3 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for a description of principal accounting policies that apply to us, as well as Note 33 with principal changes in the transition process to IFRS.

Legal Proceedings

 

We are a party to certain legal proceedings in the ordinary course of our business.

We believe that none of these proceedings, individually or in the aggregate, is likely to have a material adverse effect on the Company’s Audited Consolidated Financial positions and consolidated results of operations.

 

Dividends Policy

 

Pursuant to Mexican law and our bylaws, the declaration, amount and payment of annual dividends are determined by a majority vote of the shareholders, generally but not necessarily on the recommendation of the Board of Directors.

 

At the Company's annual shareholder's meeting held on April 24, 2013, the Board of Directors approved a cash dividend payment of Ps. 0.5840 per share or Ps. 7.008 per ADR to be paid in two equal installments in the months of May and July of 2013.DIVIDENDS

DIVIDENDS   
  As of December 31, 
  2010  2011  2012 
Total dividends paid Ps.250.1  Ps.299.9  Ps.299.2 
Dividend paid per Share (in pesos)  0.42   0.50   0.50 
Dividends paid per ADR (in pesos)  5.00   6.00   6.00 

  As of December 31, 
  2015  2014  2013 
Total dividends declared  (in million pesos)  900.0   0.0   950.4 
Dividend declared per share (in pesos)  1.500   0.000   1.584 
Dividends declared per ADR (in pesos)  18.000   0.000   19.000 

 

Although there can be no assurance as to the amount or timing of future dividends, we expect to pay an annual dividend pro rata to holders of outstanding Sharesshares in an amount of approximately 20.0% of the prior year’s net income. The declaration and payment of dividends will depend on our results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements, future prospects and other factors deemed relevant by the Board of Directors and the shareholders, including debt instruments which may limit our ability to pay dividends.

 

Because we are a holding company with no significant operations of our own, we will have distributable profits and cash to pay dividends only to the extent that we receive dividends from our subsidiaries, principally BSACV. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that we will pay dividends or of the amount of any such dividends. BSACV, our principal operating subsidiary, could, in the future, enter into loan agreements containing covenants whose terms limit its ability to pay dividends under certain circumstances.

 

Mexican law requires that 5.0% of our net income each year be allocated to a legal reserve fund until such fund reaches an amount equal to at least 20.0% of our capital stock. Mexican corporations may pay dividends only out of earnings (including retained earnings after all losses have been absorbed or paid up) and only after such allocation to the legal reserve fund. The Company complies with this requirement and it is able to distribute dividends.

 

54

B.Significant Changes

 

In January, 2009,The Company and each of its subsidiaries file separate income tax returns. Through December 31, 2013, BSACV, the CNBV published certain amendmentsCompany’s main subsidiary, was subject to the Rules for Public Companiessimplified regime. This simplified regime is applicable to agriculture, cattle-raising and other participantsfishing, among others, and permitted a reduced tax rate. See Note 20a in the Mexican Securities Market that require public companies to report financial information in accordance with the IFRS issued by the IASB, effective as of January 1st 2012. Onour Audited Consolidated Financial Statements.

Starting on January 1, 2012, we adopted IFRS, meeting2014, the CNBV requirements.simplified tax regime, the Flat Rate Business Tax (“IETU”) and the Cash Deposits Tax (“IDE”) laws were repealed.

 

See Note 3 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for a description of principal accounting policies that apply to us, as well as Note 33 with principal changes in the transition process to IFRS.

ITEM 9.  The Offer and Listing

Item 9.The Offer and Listing

 

A.Offer and Listing Details

 

We tradehave traded with fully registered shares since 1997. The Company trades inon the NYSE and the BMV with one single class of shares, with full rights.

 

On the NYSE, we trade through ADRs, with full registration, level 3, and each of our ADRs represents twelve shares. Our Depositary Bank is the Bank of New YorkBNY Mellon.

 

The following tables set forth the high, low, average, and close prices and total trading volume of the Shares and ADRs on the BMV and NYSE, reported by these companies, for each of the periods indicated.

SHARE PRICES   
       
  Mexican Stock Exchange  The New York Stock Exchange 
  Ticker Symbol: Bachoco  Ticker Symbol: IBA 
  In nominal pesos per Share  In U.S. Dollar per ADR 
Year High  Low  Close  High  Low  Close 
2008  30.15   14.21   15.99   33.34   12.75   14.50 
2009  26.00   11.85   25.00   23.16   9.03   23.00 
2010  26.99   18.40   25.55   26.10   17.01   24.19 
2011  27.86   20.30   22.30   28.75   17.40   19.07 
2012  30.13   20.59   30.13   27.97   18.86   27.92 
Quarter High  Low  Close  High  Low  Close 
1Q-2011  27.84   25.00   27.53   28.00   24.20   27.97 
2Q-2011  27.86   23.66   23.66   28.75   24.10   24.10 
3Q-2011  25.87   20.95   25.60   24.62   20.00   22.47 
4Q-2011  25.50   20.30   22.30   22.79   17.40   19.07 
1Q-2012  23.30   20.59   22.50   21.55   18.86   21.06 
2Q-2012  25.10   21.53   24.90   22.15   19.55   21.95 
3Q-2012  26.35   24.38   25.77   24.06   21.51   24.06 
4Q-2012  30.13   25.35   30.13   27.97   23.50   27.92 
Month High  Low  Close  High  Low  Close 
Oct 2012  27.77   25.35   27.66   25.83   23.50   25.50 
Nov 2012  28.51   27.25   28.01   26.44   25.15   26.10 
Dec 2012  30.13   28.01   30.13   27.97   25.99   27.92 
Jan 2013  29.99   28.80   29.50   28.03   27.07   27.82 
Feb 2013  32.34   28.97   31.80   30.35   27.02   30.01 
Mar 2013  34.27   31.82   32.92   33.89   29.91   32.12 

  Mexican Stock Exchange  The New York Stock Exchange 
  Ticker Symbol: Bachoco
In nominal pesos per Share
  Ticker Symbol: IBA
In U.S. Dollar per ADR
 
Year High  Low  Average  Close  Volume  High  Low  Average  Close  Volume 
2015  89.73   59.23   71.74   70.05   100,682,602   63.49   45.64   54.09   49.23   4,257,623 
2014  68.50   44.71   56.62   61.94   91,033,100   61.24   40.37   50.84   49.88   4,937,600 
2013  45.25   28.80   38.27   44.16   99,113,100   43.08   27.02   35.92   40.27   4,332,600 
2012  30.13   20.59   24.62   30.13   44,787,100   27.97   18.86   22.41   27.92   4,525,400 
2011  27.86   20.30   24.71   22.3   31,333,000   28.75   17.40   24.04   19.07   3,338,300 

 

The following tables set forth the total trading volume of our Shares and ADRs on the BMV and NYSE, respectively, for each of the periods indicated.

TRADING VOLUME OF THE COMPANY’S SHARES

Quarter High  Low  Average  Close  Volume  High  Low  Average  Close  Volume 
4Q-2015  85.80   65.95   74.50   70.05   31,816,471   61.13   45.64   53.39   49.23   1,598,402 
3Q-2015  89.73   69.23   78.98   85.79   25,104,071   63.49   50.51   57.54   61.10   1,118,211 
2Q-2015  73.70   64.38   70.01   70.50   21,136,177   58.14   50.87   54.79   54.11   794,201 
1Q-2015  67.40   59.23   62.91   63.36   22,625,883   53.78   47.97   50.44   49.85   746,809 
4Q-2014  68.50   60.59   65.01   61.94   21,459,900   61.15   49.75   56.18   49.88   1,288,900 
3Q-2014  66.91   57.84   61.97   66.91   25,221,200   61.24   53.00   56.61   59.74   1,250,100 
2Q-2014  57.99   47.43   51.64   57.99   19,502,700   53.77   42.60   47.44   53.77   1,336,700 
1Q-2014  49.85   45.49   47.42   47.79   24,447,800   46.00   40.64   42.76   43.67   1,034,300 

 

  BMV  NYSE 
  In Shares  In ADR 
Year 2012 Total Volume  Total Volume 
2008  3,126,800   4,194,100 
2009  4,816,500   2,670,400 
2010  14,527,900   2,174,700 
2011  31,333,000   3,338,300 
2012  44,787,100   4,525,400 
Quarter Total Volume  Total Volume 
1Q-2012  13,150,500   1,612,300 
2Q-2012  11,770,400   1,047,300 
3Q-2012  10,025,600   910,100 
4Q-2012  9,840,600   955,700 
Last 6 months Total Volume  Total Volume 
October, 2012  1,767,800   147,700 
November, 2012  1,341,100   164,000 
December, 2012  6,731,700   644,000 
January, 2013  1,756,611   254,600 
February, 2013  5,640.990   398,135 
March, 2013  2,681,600   318,600 

Month High  Low  Average  Close  Volume  High  Low  Average  Close  Volume 
Mar-16  77.40   73.05   74.94   73.91   7,407,913   53.52   49.11   51.00   51.28   309,703 
Feb-16  74.00   65.45   70.89   72.98   7,185,805   49.11   43.15   46.12   48.28   355,347 
Jan-16  70.40   62.51   67.45   65.45   9,777,602   48.67   41.17   44.82   43.32   474,206 
Dec-15  71.03   65.95   69.04   70.05   8,183,685   50.99   45.64   48.54   49.23   624,963 
Nov-15  78.97   69.37   72.69   69.37   9,375,235   57.22   49.87   52.48   50.18   517,771 
Oct-15  85.80   75.18   81.68   75.18   14,257,551   61.13   54.72   59.11   54.72   455,668 

 

Market MakerSource: Yahoo

 

On January 24, 2011,Market Maker

Currently the Company announced the hiring of Accival as itsdoes not have any market maker in order to promote and increase liquidity of its shares listed on the BMV.

The market maker was traded for two periods of six months and ended its operation on December 24, 2011. Although there was a significant increase in trading volume, the Company decided not to renew a third period with the market maker.program.

 

B.Plan of Distribution

 

Not applicable.

 

C.Markets

 

On September 19, 1997, Bachoco commenced trading on the BMV and on the NYSE.

55

As of March 31, 20132016, there were 4,621,1003,453,865 ADRs outstanding at the NYSE, It represents 9.2%NYSE. They represented 6.9% of the total Sharesshares of the Company or the 53.6%25.8% of the free float.

Based on these figures, we can assume that the 46.4% remaining 74.5% of the free float is trading at the Mexican Stock Exchange, besides the 82.75% of shares that owns the Robinson Bours Family.Exchange.

 

Exchange Country Ticker Symbol Securities
BMV Mexico Bachoco Shares
BMVMexicoBachoco12Bonds
NYSE U.S. IBA ADR

D.Selling Shareholders

 

Not applicable.

 

E.Dilution

 

Not applicable.

 

F.Expenses of the Issue

 

Not applicable.

ITEM 10.  Additional Information

Item 10.Additional Information

 

A.Share Capital

 

Not applicable.

 

B.Memorandum and Articles of Association

 

Information regarding the memorandum and articles of association are included in our F-1 Form and, an English translation of our bylaws is attached in this annual report,Annual Report, and is incorporated by reference herein and is also available on our web page www.bachoco.com.mx

 

The discussion set forth below contains information concerning our capital stock and a brief summary of the material provisions of the bylaws and applicable Mexican law. This summary does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the bylaws and the applicable provisions of Mexican law.

 

General

 

The Company was incorporated on April 17, 1980 as a variable capital corporation (sociedad anonima de capital variable) under the laws of Mexico. To fully comply with Mexican laws, the Company modified its name to Industrias Bachoco, S.A.B. de C.V. (sociedad anonima bursatil de capital variable) in April 2007.

 

In 1995, our stockholders authorized the issuance of up to 15,525,000 additional Series B Shares and 15,525,000 additional Series L Shares, all constituting fixed capital, to be issued in connection with the global offering of Shares that took place on September 19, 1997 (the “Global Offering”).

 

On April 21, 1997, we restructured our capital by (i) declaring a four-to-one stock split of the 106,678,125 Series B Shares and 35,559,375 Series L Shares outstanding, (ii) converting 7,762,500 Series L Shares (on a post-split basis) into Series B Shares and (iii) combining all of the 434,475,000 Series B Shares and 134,475,000 Series L Shares outstanding (in each case, on a post-split basis) into 134,475,000 Units and 150,000,000 B Units. Holders of Units were entitled to exercise all the rights of holders of the Series B Shares and Series L Shares underlying their Units. Each B Unit consisted of two Series B Shares. B Units entitle the holders thereof to exercise all the rights of holders of the Series B Shares underlying such B Units. Immediately prior to the Global Offering, our outstanding capital stock consisted of 434,475,000 Series B Shares and 134,475,000 Series L Shares, all of which were duly authorized, validly issued and are fully paid and non-assessable.

56

During the annual shareholders meeting held on April 26, 2006, shareholders approved to proceed with the anticipated conversion of the Series L Shares into Series B Shares, which have full voting rights. This conversion was effective in September 2006 and included two steps: separating the UBL and UBB Units currently trading on the Mexican Stock Exchange into their component Shares, and converting the Series L Shares into Series B Shares (on a one-to-one basis), thereby created a single share class, the Series B Shares, which represents all of our Common Stock.

 

The Robinson Bours Stockholders have advised us that they intend to ensure that the Control Trust will hold at least 51.0% of the Series B Shares at any time outstanding. See “—Foreign Investment Legislation” in this Item.

 

On April 27, 2011 during the extraordinary Stockholders meeting the Article Two - XII of our bylaws were modified as follows:

 

Prior language Current language
Produce, transform, adapt, import, export, purchase and sell, under any title, machinery, parts, materials, raw materials, industrial products, goods and merchandise of any kind “Produce, transform, adapt or manufacturing of processed food in package and/or canned and/or in flask, as well as import, export, purchase and sell, under any title, machinery, parts, materials, raw materials, industrial products, goods and merchandise of any kind”

 

Note: An English translation of our complete bylaws is attached in this annual report.Annual Report.

 

Registration and Transfer

 

Shares are evidenced by certificates in registered form, which may have dividend coupons attached. We maintain a registry and, in accordance with Mexican law, we recognize as stockholders only those holders listed in the stock registry. Stockholders may hold their Shares in the form of physical certificates (which, together with notations made in our stock registry, evidence ownership of the Shares) or through book entries with institutions that have accounts with Indeval.S.D. Indeval Institución para el Depósito de Valores, S.A. de C.V.(“Indeval”).

 

Indeval is the holder of record in respect of Shares held through it. Accounts may be maintained at Indeval by brokerage houses, banks and other entities approved by the CNBV. Ownership of Shares maintained at Indeval is evidenced through Indeval’s records and through lists kept by Indeval participants.

 

In accordance with Article 130 of theLey General de Sociedades Mercantiles (“Mexican Corporations Law”), the Board of Directors must authorize any transfer of stock, or any securities based on such stock, when the number of Shares sought to be transferred in one act or a succession of acts, without limit of time or from one group of interrelated stockholders or stockholders who act in concert, constitutes 10.0% or more of the voting stock issued by the Company. If the Board of Directors refuses to authorize such a transfer, the Board must designate one or more purchasers of the stock, who must pay the interested party the prevailing price on the Mexican Stock Exchange. The Board must issue its resolution within three months of the date on which it receives the relevant request for authorization and, in any case, must consider: (i) the criteria that are in the best interests of the Company, the Company’s operations and the long-term vision of the activities of the Company and its Subsidiaries; (ii) that no shareholder of the Company is excluded, other than the person that intends to acquire control of the financial benefits that may result from the application of the terms of this clause; (iii) that the taking of the Control of the Company is not restricted in an absolute manner; (iv) that the provisions of the Securities Market Law, with respect to acquisition public offerings, are not contravened; and (v) that the exercise of the patrimonial rights of the acquirer are not rendered without effect.

If any person participates in a transaction that would have resulted in the acquisition of 10.0% or more voting stock of the Company without having obtained the board’s prior approval, they must pay the Company a fine equal to the market value of the Shares.

57

 

Any person who participates in an act that violates the terms of Article 130 discussed in the preceding paragraph will be obligated to pay the Company a fine in an amount equal to the value of the Shares owned directly or indirectly by the stockholder, or the value of the Shares involved in the prohibited transaction, if such person does not own Shares issued by the Company. In the case of a prohibited transaction that would have resulted in the acquisition of 10.0% or more of the voting stock of the Company, the fine will be equal to the market value of those Shares, provided that board authorization was not obtained in advance.

 

According to our bylaws, a majority of the members of the Board of Directors must authorize in writing, by a resolution made at a Board of Directors’ meeting, any change in the control of the Company. Our Board of Directors has the right to decide if a person or a group of persons is acting for the purpose of acquiring control of the Company.

 

“Control” or “Controlled” means (i) to directly or indirectly impose decisions at the general meetings of shareholders, stockholders or equivalent bodies or to appoint or remove the majority of the directors, managers or equivalent officers; (ii) to hold title to the rights that directly or indirectly allow the exercise of votes with respect to more than fifty percent of the capital stock; or (iii) to directly or indirectly direct the management, the strategy or the principal policies of the Company, whether through the ownership of securities, by contract or otherwise.

 

Voting Rights and Stockholders’ Meetings

 

Each share entitles the holder thereof to one vote at any general meeting of the stockholders. Holders are currently entitled to elect all members of the Board of Directors.

 

Our bylaws provide that the Board of Directors shall consist of at least five members and no more than twenty one. The stockholders also appointed four alternate Shareholder Directors to the Board of Directors.

 

General stockholders’ meetings may be ordinary or extraordinary meetings. Extraordinary general meetings are meetings called to consider the matters specified in Article 182 of the Mexican Corporations Law and the bylaws, including changes in the fixed portion of the capital stock and other amendments to the bylaws, liquidation, merger, transformation from one type of corporate form to another, change in nationality and changes of corporate purposes.

 

General meetings called to consider all other matters, including election of the directors, are ordinary meetings. An ordinary general meeting of the Company must be held at least annually during the four months following the end of the preceding fiscal year to consider certain matters specified in Article 181 and 182 of the Mexican Corporations Law, including, principally, the election of directors, the approval of the report of the Board of Directors regarding their company’s performance, the Company’s financial statements for the preceding fiscal year and the allocation of the profits and losses of the preceding year, and to approve the transactions that the Company or the entities that the Company controls intend to carry out, in terms of articleArticle 47 of the Securities Market Law, in one fiscal year, when such transactions represent 20.0% (twenty percent) or more of the consolidated assets of the Company, based on the figures corresponding to the closing of the immediately preceding quarter, independently of the manner in which such transactions are carried out, whether simultaneously or successively, but which due to their characteristics, may be considered as a single transaction. Holders of Shares may vote at such Meetings.meetings.

Under our bylaws, the quorum on first call for a general ordinary meeting is at least 50%. If a quorum is not available on first call, a second meeting may be called at which action may be taken by a majority of those present, regardless of the number of Shares represented at the meeting. On a second call, Ordinary General Shareholders’ Meetings will be considered validly held regardless of the number of common or ordinary Shares represented therein and the resolutions of such Meetingsmeetings will be valid when passed by majority vote of the Common Stock therein.

 

The quorum on first call for a general extraordinary meeting or a special meeting is 75% of the outstanding Shares with voting rights on the matters to be addressed in that meeting. If a quorum is not available on first call, a second meeting may be called, provided that at least 50% of the outstanding Shares with voting rights on the matters to be addressed in that meeting are represented.

 

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Our bylaws require the approval of holders of at least 95% of the outstanding Shares and the approval of the CNBV for the amendment of the controlling stockholders’ obligation under the bylaws to repurchase Shares and certain other provisions in the event of delisting. See “—Other Provisions—Repurchase in the Event of Delisting.” For more detail, see our bylaws on our webpage atwww.bachoco.com.mx. www.bachoco.com.mx. Holders of ADRs are entitled to instruct the Depositary as to the exercise of the voting rights.

 

According to our bylaws, stockholders with a right to vote may ask to postpone a vote on any matters on which they believe they do not have enough information as defined by Article 199 of the Mexican Corporation Law. Stockholders with a right to vote, including a limited right to vote, and who hold at least 20% of the capital stock, may legally object to the decisions of a general stockholders’ meeting, with respect to matters in which they have rights, without the percentage established under article 201 of the General Law of Business Entities being applicable in such case.

 

Moreover, holders of shares having voting rights, including limited or restricted voting rights or holders of Shares without voting rights that jointly or individually represent 5% or more of the capital stock, may directly exercise the action of liability against the members and secretary of the Board of Directors, as well as against the relevant directors or executive officers. The exercise of such action will not be subject to the compliance with the requirements set forth under articles 161 and 163 of the General Law of Business Entities.

 

The Board of Directors, or its President or Secretary or the judicial authority, as applicable, must issue notices of calls of Shareholders’ Meetings. In addition, shareholders that jointly or separately represent at least 10% of the capital of the Company may request the President of the Board of Directors or the President of the Audit Committee to call a General Shareholder’s Meeting, without the percentage indicated under article 184 of the General Law of Business Entities being applicable for such purpose. If the notice of meeting is not issued within fifteen days after the date of the corresponding request, a Civil or District Judge of the Company’s domicile will issue such notice at the request of the interested parties that represent the requesting 10% of the capital, who must present their stock certificates for such purpose.

At least 15 days prior to the meeting, notice of the meeting must be published in theDiario Oficial de la Federacion (“Official Gazette”) or in a newspaper of general circulation in Mexico City. Stockholders’ meetings may be held without such publication provided that 100% of the outstanding Shares with voting rights on the matters to be addressed by such meeting are represented.

 

From the moment that a call for a stockholders’ meeting is made public, all the information related to the meeting must be available to the stockholders. In order to attend a stockholders’ meeting, a stockholder must request and obtain an admission card by furnishing, at least 24 hours before the time set for holding the stockholders’ meeting, appropriate evidence of ownership of Shares in us and depositing such Shares with our corporate secretary or with an institution authorized to accept such deposit. If so entitled to attend the meeting, a stockholder may be represented by proxy signed before two witnesses. Additionally, the stockholder may be represented at the stockholders’ meetings by a person named by proxy, on a printed form that we issue, which, under Mexican law, must identify our Company and indicate clearly the matters to be addressed in the meeting, with enough space for the instructions that the stockholder specifies. We are obliged to make information on the upcoming meeting available to the intermediaries in the stock market, for the time specified in Article 173 of the Mexican Law, in order to give the intermediaries time to send it to the stockholders they represent. The Secretary of the Board of Directors must verify that this requirement is met and report on this matter at the stockholders’ meeting. See “—Registration and Transfer.”

 

Members of the Board

 

Under the Mexican Corporations Law, a Board of Directors must conform to the following requirements:

 

-The Board of Directors will be integrated by a minimum of five and a maximum of twenty-one principal members.

 

-At least twenty-five percent of the members of the Board of Directors must be independent, in accordance with the terms of articleArticle 24 of the Securities Market Law.

  

-For each principal member, a substitute will be appointed, in the understanding that the substitutes of independent Board members must also be independent.

 

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Besides satisfying all of the requirements mentioned above, failure to meet these standards for any reason will not constitute grounds for judicial action challenging any act, contract, or agreement undertaken by the board, an intermediate committee or other delegated authority. Furthermore, such standards will not be mandatory for the validity or existence of such acts.

 

The Board of Directors must meet at least every three months at our address or any other place in Mexico and on the dates that the board determines. Meetings previously scheduled in accordance with a schedule pre-approved by the board do not need to be called. Meetings must be called by at least 25% of the members of the Board of Directors, the Chairman of the Board of Directors, the Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors, the Secretary or the Alternate Secretary of the Board or the President of the Audit Committee. Members of the board must be notified via e-mail or in writing at least five calendar days in advance of a meeting.

Dividends and Distributions

 

At the annual ordinary general stockholders’ meeting, the Board of Directors submits our financial statements for the previous fiscal year, together with a report thereon by the board, to the holders of Shares for their consideration. The holders of Shares, once they have approved the financial statements, determine the allocation of our net profits, if any, for the preceding year. As of December 31, 2012,2015, our legal reserve fund was equal to at least 20% of our paid-in capital stock. Amounts in excess of those allocated to the legal reserve fund may be allocated to other reserve funds as the stockholders determine, including a reserve for the repurchase of our Shares. The remaining balance of net profits, if any, is available for distribution as dividends. No dividends may be paid, however, unless losses for prior fiscal years have been paid or absorbed.

 

Holders of shares and, accordingly, holders of ADRs will have equal rights, on a per Share basis, to dividends and other distributions, including any distributions we make upon liquidation. Partially paid Shares participate in any distribution to the extent that such Shares have been paid at the time of the distribution or, if not paid, only with respect to the proportion paid.

 

Changes in Capital Stock

 

An increase of capital stock may generally be affected through the issuance of new shares for payment in cash or in kind, by capitalization of indebtedness or by capitalization of certain items of stockholders’ equity. An increase of capital stock generally may not be realized until all previously issued and subscribed Shares of capital stock have been fully paid. Generally, a reduction of capital stock may be effected to absorb losses, to redeem Shares, or to release stockholders from payments not made. A reduction of capital stock to redeem Shares is effected by reimbursing holders of Shares pro rata or by lot. Stockholders may also approve the redemption of fully paid Shares with retained earnings. Such redemption would be affected by a repurchase of Shares on the Mexican Stock Exchange (in the case of Shares listed thereon).

 

Except under limited circumstances, the bylaws require that any capital increase affected pursuant to a capital contribution be represented Shares.

 

The fixed portion of our capital stock may only be increased or decreased by resolution of a general extraordinary meeting and an amendment to the bylaws, whereas the variable portion of our capital stock may be increased or decreased by resolution of a general ordinary meeting. See “Other Provisions—Fixed and Variable Capital.”

 

No resolution by the stockholders is required for decreases in capital stock resulting from exercise of our right to withdraw variable Shares or from our repurchase of our own Shares or for increases in capital stock resulting from our sale of Shares we previously purchased. See “Other Provisions—Purchase by the Company Repurchase of itsour own Shares” and “Other Provisions—Appraisal Rights.”

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Preemptive Rights

 

Except in certain limited circumstances, in the event of a capital increase through the issuance of new Shares for payment in cash or in kind, a holder of existing Shares of a given Series at the time of the capital increase has a preferential right to subscribe for a sufficient number of new Shares of the same Series to maintain the holder’s existing proportionate holdings of Shares of that Series or, in the event of a capital increase through the issuance of limited-voting or non-voting stock only, to subscribe for a sufficient number of the Shares to be issued to maintain the holder’s existing proportionate holdings of our capital stock. Preemptive rights must be exercised within 15 days following the publication of notice of the capital increase in theDiario Oficial de la Federacion (Official Gazette) or following the date of the stockholders’ meeting at which the capital increase was approved if all stockholders were represented at such meeting; otherwise, such rights will lapse. Under Mexican law, preemptive rights cannot be waived in advance by a stockholder, except under limited circumstances, and cannot be represented by an instrument that is negotiable separately from the corresponding share. The Robinson Bours Stockholders, including the Selling Stockholders, have waived all preemptive rights with respect to the Shares and the ADRs being offered in the Global Offering. Holders of ADRs that are U.S. citizens or are located in the United States may be restricted in their ability to participate in the exercise of preemptive rights.

 

Foreign Investment Legislation

 

Ownership by foreigners of Shares of Mexican companies is regulated by theLey de Inversion Extranjera (“Foreign Investment Law”) and by theReglamento de la Ley para Promover la Inversion Mexicana y Regular la Inversion Extranjera (“Foreign Investment Regulations”). The Ministry of Commerce and Industrial Development and the Foreign Investment Commission are responsible for the administration of the Foreign Investment Law.

 

The Foreign Investment Law reserves certain economic activities exclusively for the Mexican state and certain other activities exclusively for Mexican individuals or Mexican corporations, and limits the participation of foreign investors to certain percentages in regard to enterprises engaged in activities specified therein. Foreign investors may own up to 100.0% of the capital stock of Mexican companies or entities, except for companies (i) engaged in reserved activities as referred to above or (ii) with assets exceeding an amount to be established annually by the Foreign Investment Commission, in which case an approval from the Foreign Investment Commission will be necessary in order for foreign investment to exceed 49.0% of the capital stock. Mexican and non-Mexican nationals will be entitled to hold and to exercise the rights of holders. The Robinson Bours Stockholders have advised us that they intend to maintain a control position. Pursuant to our bylaws, foreigners may only own Shares up to 49.0%.

 

Other Provisions

 

Fixed and variable capital

 

As a “sociedad anonima de capital variable”, we are permitted to issue Shares constituting fixed capital and Shares constituting variable capital. The issuance of variable capital Shares, unlike the issuance of fixed capital Shares, does not require an amendment of the bylaws, although it does require approval at a general ordinary stockholders’ meeting. In no case may the capital of the Company be decreased to less than the minimum required by law and any decrease in the shareholders’ equity must be registered in the Equity Variations Book that the Company will keep for such purpose.

 

Repurchase in the event of delisting

 

In the event of cancellation of the registration of the Company’s Shares in such Registry, whether at the request of the Company or by a resolution of the National Securities and Banking Commission under applicable law, the Company agrees to make a public offering for the acquisition of the total number of the Shares registered prior to the cancellation. The Company must contribute to a trust for at least six months, the necessary resources to purchase at the same price of the public offering, the Shares of the investors that did not attend or did not accept such offer, in case that after the public offering for purchase has been made and prior to the cancellation of the registration of the Shares that represent the capital stock of the Company or of other securities issued based on such Shares in the National Securities Registry, the Company had been unable to acquire 100.0% of the paid in capital stock.

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Forfeiture of Shares

 

As required by Mexican law, our bylaws provide that our current and future foreign stockholders are formally bound to the MexicanSecretaria de Relaciones Exteriores (“Ministry of Foreign Relations”) to consider themselves as Mexican nationals with respect to our Shares that they may acquire or of which they may be owners, and with respect to the property, rights, concessions, participations or interests that we may own or rights and obligations that are based on contracts to which we are party with the Mexican authorities, and not to invoke the protection of their government under penalty, should they do so, of forfeiting to the Mexican State the corporate participation that they may have acquired. In the opinion of Galicia & Robles, S.C., our special Mexican counsel, under this provision a non-Mexican stockholder (including a non-Mexican holder of ADRs) is deemed to have agreed not to invoke the protection of his own government by requesting such government to interpose a diplomatic claim against the Mexican government with respect to the stockholder’s rights as a stockholder, but is not deemed to have waived any other rights it may have with respect to its investment in us, including any rights under U.S. securities laws. If the stockholder should invoke such governmental protection in violation of this agreement, its Shares could be forfeited to the Mexican State. Mexican law requires that such a provision be included in the bylaws of all Mexican corporations unless such bylaws prohibit ownership of capital stock by foreign investors.

 

Exclusive Jurisdiction

 

Our bylaws provide that legal actions relating to any conflict between our stockholders and us, or among the stockholders in connection with matters related to us, may be brought only in courts in Mexico City. Therefore, our stockholders are restricted to the courts of Mexico City.

 

Duration

 

The duration of our existence under our bylaws is indefinite.

 

Repurchase of our own Shares

 

We may repurchase our Shares on the Mexican Stock Exchange at any time at the then prevailing market price. Any repurchases will be charged to the StockholdersStockholders’ Equity as long as these Shares belong to the same Company or to the Capital Stock in the event that we convert these Shares to treasury stock, and in this last case no resolution of the stockholders’ meeting is required. At each annual ordinary Stockholder’s Meeting, the maximum amount of resources that may be used to repurchase Shares will be expressly defined. The Board of Directors will name the persons responsible for the operation of the repurchase process. The Shares that belong to the Treasury Stock or us can be resold among the public stockholders; in the latter case, no resolution of a stockholders’ meeting is necessary for an increase in capital. The economic and voting rights corresponding to such repurchased Shares may not be exercised during the period in which such Shares are owned by us, and such Shares are not deemed to be outstanding for purposes of calculating any quorum or vote at any stockholders’ meeting during such period.

Non-Subscribed Shares

 

With prior authorization of the CNBV, we may issue non-subscribed Shares provided that such Shares will be held by a depositary institution and that there is compliance with the conditions of Article 53 of theLey del Mercado de Valores (“Mexican Securities Law”). In any extraordinary stockholders’ meeting at which this issuance of non-subscribed Shares is approved, the preference rights established by Article 132 of the Mexican Corporations Law must be respected. With a quorum at the meeting, the approval of the issuance will take effect, even with respect to stockholders that were not present at the meeting, such that we will be free to issue these Shares with no prior publication. When a minority of stockholders representing at least 25.0% of the voting capital stock vote against the issuance of these Shares, such issuance cannot be made. Any stockholder that votes against this issuance at the stockholders’ meeting will have the right to request that we sell its Shares before issuing the new non-subscribed Shares. In such event, we will have the obligation to sell first the Shares belonging to such stockholders, at the same price that the non-subscribed Shares are to be offered to the public.

 

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Stockholder Conflicts of Interest

 

Under Mexican law, any stockholder that has a conflict of interest with respect to any transaction must abstain from voting thereon at the relevant stockholders’ meeting. A stockholder that votes on a business transaction in which its interest conflicts with that of ours may be liable for damages if the transaction would not have been approved without such stockholder’s vote.

 

Board Member Conflicts of Interest

 

Under Mexican law, any member of the Board of Directors who has a conflict of interest with us in any transaction must disclose such fact to the other members of the Board of Directors and abstain from voting. Any member of the Board of Directors who violates such provision may be liable for damages caused to us. Additionally, members of the Board of Directors and statutory auditors may not represent other stockholders at any stockholders’ meeting.

 

Appraisal Rights

 

Whenever the stockholders approve a change of corporate purpose, a change in our nationality or transformation from one type of corporation form to another, any stockholder entitled to vote on such change or transformation who has voted against it has the right to withdraw from us and receive the amount calculated as specified under Mexican law attributable to its Shares, provided such stockholder exercises its right to withdraw within 15 days following the adjournment of the meeting at which the change or transformation was approved. Under Mexican law, the amount that a withdrawing stockholder is entitled to receive is equal to its proportionate interest in our capital stock according to the most recent balance sheet that has been approved by an ordinary general meeting of stockholders.

 

Actions against Directors

 

Under Mexican law, holders of Shares having voting rights, including limited or restricted voting rights or holders of Shares without voting rights that jointly or individually represent 5.0% (five percent) or more of the capital stock, may directly exercise the action of liability against the members and secretary of the Board of Directors, as well as against the relevant directors or executive officers. The exercise of such action, among others, will be subject to the compliance with the requirements set forth under the Mexican Law.

Audit Committee and Corporate Practices

 

Under our bylaws, the Board of Directors is required to create an Audit Committee and Corporate Practices under the terms and conditions outlined below:

 

-The Audit Committee and Corporate Practices will consist of members of the Board of Directors. The President of the Audit Committee and Corporate Practices and a majority of the committee members must be independent, as independence is defined under the Mexican Securities Market Law.

 

-The mandate of the audit committee and corporate practices is to establish and monitor procedures and controls in order to ensure that the financial information we distribute is useful, appropriate and reliable, and accurately reflects our financial position.

 

For more detail or to read more about the Committee’s activities please refer to “Audit Committee and Corporate Practices” section in Item 6 to this Annual Report. For additional information, also see Article 35 of the Mexican Securities Market Law.

 

Related Party Transactions

See “Related Party Transactions” included in Item 7 to this Annual Report.

 

C.See “Related Party Transactions” included in Item 7 to this Annual Report.

C.Material Contracts

 

None.

 

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D.Exchange Controls

 

Ownership by foreigners of Mexican companies is regulated by the Foreign Investment Law and by the Foreign Investment Regulations. The Ministry of Commerce and Industrial Development and the Foreign Investment Commission are responsible for the administration of the Foreign Investment Law.

 

The Foreign Investment Law reserves certain economic activities exclusively for the Mexican Government and certain other activities exclusively for Mexican individuals or Mexican corporations and limits the participation of foreign investors to certain percentages in regard to enterprises engaged in activities specified therein. Foreign investors may own 100% of the capital stock of Mexican companies or entities, except for companies (i) engaged in reserved activities as referred to above or (ii) with assets exceeding an amount to be established annually by the Foreign Investment Commission in which case an approval from the Foreign Investment Commission shall be necessary in order for foreign investment to exceed 49.0% of the capital stock. Mexican and non-Mexican nationals will be entitled to hold and to exercise the rights of holders. The Robinson Bours Stockholders have advised us that they intend to maintain a control position of his shares. Pursuant to our bylaws, foreigners may only own Shares up to 49% of shares.

 

E.Taxation

 

The following discussion is a general summary of the principal U.S. federal income tax consequences and the principal Mexican federal tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of Shares or ADRs. This summary does not purport to address all material tax consequences that may be relevant to holders of Shares or ADRs, and does not take into account the specific circumstances of any particular investors, some of which (such as tax-exempt entities, banks, insurance companies, broker-dealers, traders in securities that elect to use a mark-to-market method of accounting for their securities holdings, regulated investment companies, real estate investment trusts, partnerships and other pass-through entities, investors liable for the U.S. alternative minimum tax, investors that own or are treated as owning 10% or more of our voting stock, investors that hold Shares or ADRs as part of a straddle, hedge, conversion transaction or other integrated transaction and U.S. Holders (as defined below) whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar) may be subject to special tax rules. In addition, this summary is based in part upon the representations of the Depositary and the assumption that each obligation in the deposit agreement, and in any related agreement, will be performed in accordance with its terms.

For purposes of this discussion, a “U.S. Holder” is any beneficial owner of Shares or ADRs that, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, is:

 

-an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States;

 

-a corporation (or other entity taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) organized in or under the laws of the United States, any state thereof, or the District of Columbia;

 

-an estate, the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income tax without regard to its source; or

 

-a trust that is subject to the primary supervision of a U.S. court and the control of one or more U.S. persons, or that has a valid election in effect under applicable Treasury regulations to be treated as a U.S. person.

 

If a partnership holds Shares or ADRs, the tax treatment of a partner will generally depend upon the status of the partner and upon the activities of the partnership. A partner of a partnership considering the purchase of Shares or ADRs should consult its own independent tax advisor regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences of investing in Shares or ADRs through a partnership.

 

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Except where specifically described below, this discussion assumes that we are not a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes. See “U.S. Federal Income Taxation—Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules” below. This discussion is based on the federal income tax laws and regulations of the United States (including the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended or the “Code”) and Mexico, judicial decisions, published rulings and administrative pronouncements, all as in effect on the date hereof, and all of which are subject to change (and some changes may have(possibly with retroactive effect) and different interpretations. Further, this discussion does not address U.S. federal estate and gift tax, U.S. Medicare contribution tax on net investment income or the alternative minimum tax consequences of holding Shares or ADRs or the indirect consequences to holders or equity interests in partnerships (or any other entity or arrangement treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) that own Shares or ADRs. In addition, this discussion does not address the non-U.S., non-Mexican, state or local tax consequences of holding Shares or ADRs. Prospective purchasers of Shares or ADRs should consult their own tax advisors as to the U.S., Mexican or other tax consequences of the purchase, ownership and disposition of Shares or ADRs, including, in particular, the effect of any non-U.S., non-Mexican, state or local tax laws.

 

A Convention for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income, and a Protocol thereto, between the United States and Mexico (the “Tax Treaty”) took effect on January 1, 1994. The Tax Treaty was amended by a second Protocol signed September 8, 1994. The second Protocol entered into force on October 2, 2005. The Tax Treaty was amended by a third Protocol signed November 26, 2002, the provisions of which took effect in part on September 1, 2003, and in part on January 1, 2004. The United States and Mexico have also entered into an agreement concerning the exchange of information with respect to tax matters.

In general, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, holders of ADRs evidencing ADRs will be treated as the beneficial owners of the Shares represented by those ADRs. However, see the discussion below under “Taxation of Dividends” regarding certain statements made by the U.S. Treasury concerning depository arrangements.

 

U.S. Federal Income Taxation

 

U.S. Holders

 

The following discussion is a summary of the material U.S. federal income tax consequences to holders of our Shares and ofor ADRs that are U.S. Holders and that hold those Shares or ADRs as capital assets (generally, for investment purposes).

 

Taxation of Dividends

 

Cash distributions paid with respect to the Shares or ADRs to the extent paid out of our earnings and profits (as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles) will be included in the gross income of a U.S. Holder as ordinary income on the day on which the dividends are received by the U.S. Holder, in the case of Shares, or the Depositary, in the case of ADRs. We do not currently maintain calculations of our earnings and profits under U.S. federal income tax principles. Because these calculations are not made, distributions should be presumed to be taxable dividends for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

 

A U.S. Holder will be entitled, subject to a number of complex limitations and conditions (including a minimum holding period requirement), to claim a U.S. foreign tax credit in respect of any Mexican income taxes withheld on dividends received on Shares or ADRs. U.S. Holders who do not elect to claim a credit for any foreign income taxes paid during the taxable year may instead claim a deduction in respect of such Mexican income taxes, provided the U.S. Holder elects to deduct (rather than credit) all foreign income taxes for that year. Dividends received with respect to Shares or ADRs will be treated as foreign source income, subject to various classifications and other limitations. For purposes of the U.S. foreign tax credit limitation dividends paid with respect to Shares or ADRs generally will constitute “passive category income.” Forincome” for most of U.S. Holders. The U.S. Treasury Department has expressed concerns that parties to whom depositary shares such as the ADRs are released may be taking actions that are inconsistent with the claiming of foreign tax credits by U.S. Holders of such ADRs. Accordingly, the analysis of the creditability of Mexican income taxes described above could be affected by future actions that may be taken by the U.S. Treasury Department. The rules relating to computing foreign tax credits or deducting foreign taxes are extremely complex, and U.S. Holders are urged to consult their own independent tax advisors regarding the availability of foreign tax credits with respect to any Mexican income taxes withheld.

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Dividends paid in pesos will be included in the gross income of a U.S. Holder in a U.S. dollar amount calculated by reference to the exchange rate in effect on the day they are received by the U.S. Holder, in the case of Shares, or by the Depositary, in the case of ADRs (regardless of whether such pesos are in fact converted into U.S. dollars on such date). If such dividends are converted into U.S. dollars on the date of receipt by the U.S. Holder or the Depositary, as the case may be, the U.S. Holder generally should not be required to recognize foreign currency gain or loss in respect of the dividends. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the treatment of foreign currency gain or loss, if any, on any pesos received which are converted into U.S. dollars on a date subsequent to receipt.

Cash dividends paid to corporate U.S. Holders will not be eligible for the dividends-received deduction allowed to corporations under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”).Code. Subject to certain exceptions for short term and hedged positions, and provided that we are not a PFIC (as discussed below), dividends received by certain non-corporate U.S. Holders (including individuals) with respect to the Shares or ADRs will be subject to U.S. federal income taxation at preferential rates if such dividends represent “qualified dividend income.” Dividends paid on the Shares or ADRs will be treated as qualified dividend income if (i) we are eligible for the benefits of the Tax Treaty or the Shares or ADRs are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States and (ii) we were not in the year prior to the year in which the dividend was paid, and are not in the year in which the dividend is paid, a PFIC. We expect to be eligible for the benefits of the Tax Treaty. In addition, under current guidance recently issued by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”), the ADRs should qualify as readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States so long as they are listed on the New York Stock Exchange, but no assurances can be given that the ADRs will be or remain readily tradable under future guidance.

 

The U.S. Treasury Department has announced its intention to promulgate rules pursuant to which shareholders (and intermediaries) will be permitted to rely on certifications from issuers to establish that dividends qualify for the reduced rate of U.S. federal income taxation. Because such procedures have not yet been issued, we are not certain that we will be able to comply with them. U.S. Holders of Shares or ADRs should consult their own tax advisors regarding the availability of the reduced rate in the light of their own particular circumstances.

 

Distributions to U.S. Holders of additional Shares with respect to their Shares or ADRs that are made as part of a pro rata distribution to all of our stockholders generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax. If holders of the ADRs are restricted in their ability to participate in the exercise of preemptive rights, the preemptive rights may give rise to a deemed distribution to holders of the Shares under Section 305 of the Code. Any deemed distributions will be taxable as a dividend in accordance with the general rules of the income tax treatment of dividends discussed above.

 

Taxation of Capital Gains

 

Gain or loss recognized by a U.S. Holder on the sale or other taxable disposition of Shares or ADRs generally will be subject to U.S. federal income taxation as capital gain or loss in an amount equal to the difference between such U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in the Shares or ADRs and the amount realized on the disposition. A U.S. Holder generally will have an adjusted tax basis in its Shares or ADRs equal to its U.S. dollar cost for such Shares or ADRs. Gain or loss recognized by a U.S. Holder on the sale or other disposition of Shares or ADRs generally will generally be long-term gain or loss if, at the time of disposition, the U.S. Holder has held the Shares or ADRs for more than one year.

 

Certain non-corporate U.S. Holders, including individuals, are eligible for preferential rates of U.S. federal income tax in respect of long-term capital gains. The deduction of a capital loss is subject to limitations under the Code.

 

Gain realized by a U.S. Holder on a sale or other disposition of Shares or ADRs generally will be treated as U.S. source income for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes. Consequently, if any Mexican withholding tax is imposed on the sale or disposition of the Shares, a U.S. holder that does not receive significant foreign source income from other sources may not be able to derive effective U.S. foreign tax credit benefits in respect of these Mexican taxes. Alternatively, a U.S. Holder may deduct the Mexican tax withheld from its gross income, provided such U.S. Holder does not claim a foreign tax credit for any foreign income taxes paid or accrued during the taxable year. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the application of the foreign tax credit rules to their investment in, and disposition of, the Shares or ADRs.

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In some cases, gain may be treated as foreign source income by holders eligible for the benefits of the Tax Treaty. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the application of the Tax Treaty to gain or loss recognized on the sale or other taxable disposition of ShareShares or ADRs.

 

Deposits and withdrawals of Shares by U.S. Holders in exchange for ADRs will not result in the realization of gain or loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

 

Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules

 

A non-U.S. corporation generally will be classified as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes in any taxable year in which, after applying look-through rules, either (1) at least 75.0% of its gross income is passive income, or (2) on average at least 50.0% of the gross value of its assets is attributable to assets that produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income. Passive income for this purpose generally includes, among other things, dividends, interest, royalties, rents and gains from commodities and securities transactions. The determination as to whether a non-U.S. corporation is a PFIC is based on the application of complex U.S. federal income tax rules, which are suffering fromsubject to different interpretations. In addition, the PFIC determination is made annually and generally is based on the value of a non-U.S. corporation’s assets (including goodwill) and composition of its income. In determining whether we are a PFIC, a pro rata portion of the income and assets of each subsidiary in which we own, directly or indirectly, at least a 25.0% interest by value is taken into account.

 

Based on current estimates of our income and assets, we do not believe that we were classified for our most recently-ended taxable year, or will be classified for our current taxable year, as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and we intend to continue our operations in such a manner that we will not become a PFIC in the future, although no assurances can be made regarding determination of our PFIC status in the current or any future taxable year. If we are treated as a PFIC for any taxable year, a U.S. Holder would be subject to special rules (and may be subject to increased tax liability and form filing requirements) with respect to (a) any gain realized on the sale or other disposition of Shares or ADRs, and (b) any “excess distribution” made by us to the U.S. Holder (generally, any distribution during a taxable year in which distributions to the U.S. Holder on the Shares or ADRs exceed 125.0% of the average annual distributions the U.S. Holder received on the Shares or ADRs during the preceding three taxable years or, if shorter, the U.S. Holder’s holding period for the Shares or ADRs). Under those rules, (a) the gain or excess distribution would be allocated ratably over the U.S. Holder’s holding period for the Shares or ADRs, (b) the amount allocated to the taxable year in which the gain or excess distribution is realized and to taxable years before the first day on which we became a PFIC would be taxable as ordinary income, (c) the amount allocated to each prior year in which the Issuer was a PFIC would be subject to U.S. federal income tax at the highest tax rate in effect for that year and (d) the interest charge generally applicable to underpayments of U.S. federal income tax would be imposed in respect of the tax attributable to each prior year in which we were treated as a PFIC.

 

In addition, a U.S. Holder generally must file IRS Form 8621 periodically to disclose ownership of an equity interest in a PFIC during any taxable year.

 

Prospective investors should consult their own tax advisors regarding the potential application of the PFIC rules to Shares or ADRs and the application of recently enacted legislation to their particular situation.

Non-U.S. Holders

 

The following discussion is a summary of the principal U.S. federal income tax consequences to beneficial holders of Shares or ADRs that are neither U.S. Holders nor partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes (“Non-U.S. Holders”).

 

Subject to the discussion below under “U.S. Backup Withholding and Information Reporting,” a Non-U.S. Holder of Shares or ADRs will not be subject to dividend or U.S. federal income or withholding tax on a dividend paid by us or gain realized on the sale of Shares or ADRs, unless (i) such dividend or gain is effectively connected with the conduct by such Non-U.S. Holder of a trade or business in the United States (and, if an applicable tax treaty requires, is attributable to a U.S. permanent establishment or fixed base of such Non-U.S. Holder) or (ii) in the case of gain realized by an individual Non-U.S. Holder, such Non-U.S. Holder is present in the United States for 183 days or more in the taxable year of the sale and certain other conditions are met.

 

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U.S. Backup Withholding and Information Reporting

 

In general, dividends on Shares or ADRs, and payments of the proceeds of a sale or other taxable disposition of Shares or ADRs, paid within the United States, by the U.S. payor or through certain U.S.-related financial intermediaries to a U.S. Holder are subject to information reporting and may be subject to backup withholding at a current rate of 28%, unless the U.S. Holder (i) establishes that it is an exempt recipient or (ii) with respect to backup withholding, provides an accurate taxpayer identification number and certifies that it is a U.S. person and that no loss of exemption from backup withholding has occurred. Payments made within the United States, by a U.S. payor or through certain U.S.-related financial intermediaries to a Non-U.S. Holder will not be subject to backup withholding tax and information reporting requirements if an appropriate certification is provided by the Non-U.S. Holder to the payor or intermediary and the pay or intermediary does not have actual knowledge or a reason to know that the certificate is incorrect.

 

Backup withholding is not an additional tax. The amount of any backup withholding withheld from a payment to a U.S. Holder will be allowed as a credit against the U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability, provided that the required information is timely furnished to the IRS. A U.S. Holder generally may obtain a refund of any amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules that exceed its U.S. federal income tax liability by filing a timely refund claim with the IRS.

 

In addition, U.S. Holders should be aware that legislation enacted in 2010 imposes newof annual reporting requirements with respect to the holding of foreign financial assets, including stock of foreign issuers that are not held in an account maintained by certain types of financial institutions, if the aggregate value of all of such assets exceeds $50,000, subject to certain exceptions. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the application of the information reporting rules to our common Shares and the application of these reporting requirements to their particular situation.

 

Mexican Taxation

 

Taxation of Dividends

 

Dividends,Through December 31, 2013, dividends, either in cash or in any other form, paid with respect to the Shares constituting the Shares or the ADRs willwere not be subject to Mexican withholding tax. However, as a result of changes to the income tax law described in note 20(a) of our Audited Consolidated Financial Statements, beginning on January 1, 2014, a new withholding tax of 10% was established for Mexican individuals resident in Mexico and for all residents in foreign countries who receive dividends from entities. Such tax is considered a withholding tax by the entity that pays the dividends.

Taxation of Capital Gains

 

Gain on the sale or other disposition of ADRs by holders who are not Mexican Residents (as defined below) will not be subject to Mexican income tax. Deposits of Shares in exchange for ADRs and withdrawals of Shares in exchange for ADRs will not give rise to Mexican income tax.

 

Gain on the sale of Shares by a holder who is not a Mexican Resident (as defined below) will not be subject to Mexican tax if the transaction is carried out through the Mexican Stock Exchange or other securities markets approved by the Mexican Ministry of Finance, and provided certain requirements set forth by the Mexican Income Tax Law are complied with. Sales or other dispositions of Shares made in other circumstances generally would be subject to Mexican tax, except to the extent that a holder is eligible for benefits under an income tax treaty to which Mexico is a party of. Under the Tax Treaty, gain on the sale or other disposition of Shares by a U.S. resident (if eligible for benefits under the Tax Treaty) who is a holder of less than 25% of our capital stock during the twelve-month period preceding such sale or disposition will not be subject to Mexican tax, unless (i) 50% or more of the fair market value of our assets consist of “immovable property” (as defined in the Tax Treaty) situated in Mexico, or (ii) such gains are attributable to a permanent establishment or fixed base of such U.S. resident in Mexico.

 

For a holder that is not a Mexican Resident and that does not meet the requirements referred to above, gross income realized on the sale of Shares will be subject to a 5% Mexican withholding tax if the transaction is carried out through the Mexican Stock Exchange. Alternatively, a holder that is not a Mexican Resident can choose to be subject to a 20% withholding rate on the net gain obtained, as calculated pursuant to Mexican Income Tax Law provisions.

 

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The Mexican tax rules governing the taxation of gains of holders who are not Mexican Residents on dispositions of their Shares or ADRs were amended during 2002. Holders who are not Mexican Residents who disposed of their Shares or ADRs during 2003 should consult their own Mexican tax advisors on the Mexican tax treatment of such dispositions.

 

For purposes of Mexican taxation (Ley del Impuesto sobre la rentaRenta), an individual is a resident of Mexico (a “Mexican Resident”) if he or she has established his or her home in Mexico, unless he or she has resided in another country for more than 183 days, whether consecutive or not, during a calendar year and can demonstrate that he or she has become a resident of that country for tax purposes. A legal entity is a Mexican Resident if it has been incorporated under Mexican law. A company is also considered to be a Mexican Resident if its headquarters are located in Mexico. A Mexican citizen is presumed to be a resident of Mexico for tax purposes unless such person can demonstrate otherwise. If a person is deemed to have a permanent establishment or fixed base in Mexico for tax purposes, such permanent person shall be required to pay taxes in Mexico on income attributable to such permanent establishment or fixed base, in accordance with applicable tax laws.

 

Other Mexican Taxes

 

There are no Mexican inheritance, succession or similar taxes applicable to the ownership, transfer or disposition of ADRs or Shares by holders that are not Mexican Residents; provided, however, that gratuitous transfers of Shares may in certain circumstances cause a Mexican federal tax to be imposed on the recipient. There is no Mexican stamp, issue, registration or similar taxes or duties payable by holders of ADRs or Shares. Brokerage fees on securities transactions carried out through the Mexican Stock Exchange are subject to a 16%, valued added tax.

F.Dividends and Paying Agents

 

Not applicable.

 

G.Statement by Experts

 

Not applicable.

 

H.Documents on Display

 

The documents concerning us which are referred to in this document are available in our company headquarters, located at avenidaAvenida Tecnologico No. 401, Ciudad Industrial, Celaya, Guanajuato, zip code 38010, Mexico, for any inspection required. Part of this information is available on our web page,website, atwww.bachoco.com.mx. www.bachoco.com.mx/inversionistas.

 

I.Subsidiary Information

 

Not applicable.

ITEM 11.  Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Item 11.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

 

In the normal course of our business, we hold or issue various financial instruments that expose us to financial risks involving fluctuations in currency exchange rates and interest rates. Also, we are exposed to commodity price risk in connection with fluctuations in the prices for our feed ingredients.

 

The Company is exposed to the followingseveral risks related to the use of financial instruments to which risk management is applied:applied, including credit risk, liquidity risk, market risk, and operational risk.

 

Note 58 of our Audited Consolidated Financial Statements presents information on the Company’s exposure to each of the aforementioned risks, and the Company’s objectives, policies and procedures for risk measurement and management. Further quantitative disclosures are included in various sections of these Audited Consolidated Financial Statements included in this annual report.Annual Report.

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Risk management framework

 

The risk philosophy adopted by the Company seeks to minimize the risk and, therefore, to enhance its business stability, by opting for a sound relationship between the levels of risk assumed and its operating capabilities, for ensuring a better decision-making that will enable an optimal combination of products and assets leading to a risk-return ratio more in line with the stockholders’ risk profile.

Risk means the level of uncertainty associated with the Company’s future losses.decision-making.

 

Risk Management means the “Set of objectives, policies, procedures and actions implemented to identify measure, monitor, limit, control, report and disclose the various types of risks to which the entity is exposed”.exposed.”

Currency Fluctuation

 

Our exposure to market risk associated with changes in foreign currency exchange rates relates primarily to cost and expenses which are denominated in U.S. dollars. See Risk Factors under Item 3.

 

During 2011,In 2015, 2014 and 2013 we had arecognized foreign exchange gaingains of Ps. 54.5$95.4, $19.9 and $28.1 million, and, despite the volatility of the peso during the year,respectively. These gains are mainly attributed to positive results in our investments allowed us to register this gain. As of the same date, the net interest income and the valuation effects of our financial instruments totaled $193.3 million.cash.

 

During 2012, we had a foreign exchange gain of Ps. 35.2 million, even when the peso was volatile during the year, our investments allowed us to register this gain. As of December 31, 2015, a hypothetical increase of 10% in the same date,exchange rate, would have resulted in a decrease in the net interest income andforeign currency position of $225.6 million, which represents a loss from foreign currency exchange rates. On the valuation effectsother hand, a decrease of 10% in the exchange rate would have resulted in an increase in our financial instruments totaled Ps. 234.8 million.foreign currency position of $225.6 million, which represents a gain from foreign currency exchange rates.

 

We manage our exchange rate exposure primarily through management of our financial structure, specifically by maintaining most of our debt through long-term debt instruments.structure. As part of our normal operations, we purchase financial derivative instruments in order to ensure greater certainty in our purchases of U.S. dollars. We plan over a six-month period into the future and, depending on the expected uncertainty for that period, decide if it is economically advisable to purchase or sell any hedging instrument. We purchase financial derivative instruments in order to ensure greater certainty in our purchases of U.S. dollars.

 

The main risk that the Company faces with the use of these derivative instruments is the volatility in the exchange rate of the peso against the U.S. dollar.

Our risk committee approves any change in policies and reviews the application of current policies.

For more details see Note 10 to our Audited Consolidated Financial Statements.

 

No assurance can be given as to the future valuation of the Mexican peso and how further movements in the peso could affect our future earnings. In order to mitigate our foreign exchange risk, we have established a Risk Committee which meets at least once a monthquarter and approves the guidelines and policies for entering into these operations. We also work with independent consultants who make evaluations of our positions and provide us with consulting services. Said companies do not sell any financial instruments to us.

 

As of December 31, 2012, we did not have derivative positions related to exchange rates.

Interest Rates

 

Our earnings may also be affected by changes in interest rates due to the impact those changes have on our variable rate debt instruments.

 

As of December 31, 2012,2015, we had borrowings of approximately Ps. 2,723.6$4,127.0 million pursuant to variable rate debt instruments, representing approximately 9.8%10.2% of our total assets.

 

Based on our debt position on December 31, 2012,2015, we estimate that a hypothetical increase in the interest rate variation of 1% on50 basis points would increase our debtinterest expense by $17.4 million, negatively impacting our net income by the same. Whereas, we estimate that a hypothetical decrease in the interest rate of 50 basis points, would result in increaseddecrease our interest expenses of approximately Ps. 0.3expense by $17.4 million, per annum in such instruments. positively impacting our net income by the same.

Any such increase would likely be partially offset by an increase in interest income due to our strong cash and cash equivalent position.

 

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For more detail, see Note 10 of our consolidated Financial Statements.

Feed Ingredients

 

The price of sorghum, soy meal, and corn is subject to significant volatility resulting from many external factors like weather conditions, the size of harvests, transportation and storage costs, among others. In order to reduce the potential adverse effect of grain price fluctuations, we vary the composition of our feed to take advantage of current market prices for the various types of ingredients used.

 

The percentage of grain purchased from domestic markets in Mexico was 47.0%, 44.6% and 54.0% in 2012, 2011 and 2010 respectively.

Based on our results for 2012,2015, we estimate that a hypothetical variation of 10.0%increase in the costprice of corn bushel and short-ton of soybean meal of 15% would decrease the loss in our feed ingredientsoverall derivative position instruments to $44.6 million, negatively affecting our results. Whereas, we estimate that a hypothetical decrease in the price of corn bushel and short-ton soybean meal of 15%, would have an impact of approximately 6.0% on total cost of sales.increase the loss in our overall derivative position instruments to $56.8 million, positively affecting our results.

ITEM 12.  Description of Securities Other Than Equity Securities

Item 12.Description of Securities Other Than Equity Securities

 

A.Debt Securities

 

On August 29, 2012, we issued bonds for Ps. 1,500$1,500 million through a public issuance of local bonds (“Certificados Bursatiles” or “CBs”) in the local debt capital markets for a tenor of 5 years, maturing in 2017.

 

The bonds issued have a 28-day TIIE interest rate and will offer investors a yield of TIIEplus + 0.60%. The principal of the bonds will be amortized at face value, in one payment, on the date of maturity.

 

This represented our first bond offering, which was distributed among a wide range of local investors. The funds obtained were utilized in accordance with the Company’s financial requirements.

 

This first Ps. 1,500$1,500 million bonds issuance is part of a bond issuance program for up to Ps. 5,000$5,000 million that the Company has available for issuance within the next five years, in accordance with its financial needs.

 

The CBs doesdo not provide restrictions of payment of cash dividends.

 

For more detail, see Note 10 and Note 1817 of our Audited Consolidated Financial Statements.

 

B.Warrants and Rights

 

Not applicable.

 

C.Other Securities

 

Not applicable.

D.American DepositoryDepositary Receipts

 

The Bank of New YorkBNY Mellon (or “BONY”) has been our Depositary Bank since the day of our initial public offering of shares and continues to act in that capacity as of the date of this document. BONYBNY Mellon is located inat Church Street Station, in New York, N.Y. 100286.10286. Below is their contact information for shareholder and proxy services:

 

Shareholder ServicesProxy Services
P.O. Box 30170P.O. Box 43102
College Station, TX 77842-3170Providence RI 02940-5068
US:  888 BNY ADRSToll free:  888 269 2377
T.:  201 680 6825T. 212 815 3700
E:  shrrelations@cpushareownerservices.comE:  shareowner@bankofny.com

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Fees and charges that a Holder of our ADRs may have to pay, either directly or indirectly

 

Our Depositary may charge each person to whom ADRs are issued, including, without limitation, issuances against deposits of shares, issuances in respect of share distributions, rights and other distributions, issuances pursuant to a stock dividend or stock split declared by us or issuances pursuant to a merger, exchange of securities or any other transaction or event affecting the ADRs or deposited securities, and each person surrendering ADRs for withdrawal of deposited securities in any manner permitted by the deposit agreement or whose ADRs are cancelled or reduced for any other reason, [US$US$5.00 for each 100 ADRs]ADRs (or any portion thereof) issued, delivered, reduced, cancelled or surrendered, the case may be. The Depositary may sell (by public or private sale) sufficient securities and property received in respect of a share distribution, rights and/or other distribution prior to such deposit to pay such charge.

 

The Depositary collects its fees for delivery and surrender of ADRs directly from investors depositing shares or surrendering ADRs for the purpose of withdrawal or from intermediaries acting for them. The Depositary collects fees for making distributions to investors by deducting those fees from the amounts distributed or by selling a portion of distributable property to pay the fees. The Depositary may collect its annual fee for depositary services by deductions from cash distributions or by directly billing investors or by charging the book-entry system accounts of participants acting for them. The Depositary may generally refuse to provide fee-attracting services until its fees for those services are paid.

 

The following additional charges shall be incurred by the ADR holders, by any party depositing or withdrawing shares or by any party surrendering ADRs or to whom ADRs are issued (including, without limitation, issuance pursuant to a stock dividend or stock split declared by us or an exchange of stock regarding the ADRs or the deposited securities or a distribution of ADRs), whichever is applicable:

 

Persons depositing or withdrawing shares
must pay:
 For:
$5.00 (or less) per 100 ADRs (or portion of 100 ADRs)    Issuance of ADRs, including issuances resulting from a distribution of shares or rights or other property
     Cancellation of ADRs for the purpose of withdrawal, including if the deposit agreement terminates
$.02 (or less) per ADR    Any cash distribution to ADR registered holders
A fee equivalent to the fee that would be payable if securities distributed to you had been shares and the shares had been deposited for issuance of ADRs    Distribution of securities distributed to holders of deposited securities which are distributed by the depositary to ADR registered holders
$.02 (or less) per ADRs per calendar year• Depositary services
Registration or transfer fees    Transfer and registration of shares on our share register to or from the name of the depositary or its agent when you deposit or withdraw shares
Expenses of the depositary    Cable, telex and facsimile transmissions (when expressly provided in the deposit agreement)
     Converting foreign currency to U.S. dollars
Taxes and other governmental charges the depositary or the custodian have to pay on any ADR or share underlying an ADR, for example, stock transfer taxes, stamp duty or withholding taxes    As necessary
Any charges incurred by the depositary or its agents for servicing the deposited securities    As necessary

 

We will pay all other charges and expenses of the Depositary and any agent of the depositary (except the custodian) pursuant to agreements from time to time between us and the Depositary. The fees described above may be amended from time to time.

 

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Fees and other direct and indirect payments made by the Depositary and us

 

The Depositary has agreed to reimburse us for expenses we incur that are related to establishment and maintenance expenses of the ADR program. The Depositary has agreed to reimburse us for our continuing annual stock exchange listing fees. The Depositary has also agreed to pay the standard out-of-pocket maintenance costs for the ADRs, which consist of the expenses of postage and envelopes for mailing annual and interim financial reports, printing and distributing dividend checks, electronic filing of U.S. Federal tax information, mailing required tax forms, stationery, postage, facsimile, and telephone calls. It has also agreed to reimburse us annually for certain investor relationship programs or special investor relations promotional activities. In certain instances, the Depositary has agreed to provide additional payments to the Company based on any applicable performance indicators relating to the ADR facility. There are limits on the amount of expenses for which the depositary will reimburse us, but the amount of reimbursement available to us is not necessarily tied to the amount of fees the depositary collects from investors.

 

Pursuant to our letter agreement with our Depositary, in 2012,2014 we did not receive any such payment because we renegotiated our contract with BNY Mellon in August 2014 and were not be able to request this benefit until one year from the contract renewal date. In 2015, we received a payment of US$300,000US $67,765.28 (less fees), as payment offor expenses we incurred related to the maintenance of our ADR program, including investor relations expenses and exchange application and listing fees in 2012, 2011 and 2010.fees.

 

PARTPart II

ITEM 13.  Default, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies

Item 13.Default, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies

 

None.

ITEM 14.  Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds

Item 14.Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds

 

None.

ITEM 15.  
Item 15.Controls and Procedures

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

 

We carried out an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2012.2015. There are inherent limitations to the effectiveness of any system of disclosure controls and procedures, including the possibility of human error and the circumvention or overriding of the controls and procedures. Accordingly, even effective disclosure controls and procedures can only provide reasonable assurance of achieving their control objectives. Based upon andour evaluation, as of the date of our evaluation,December 31, 2015, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures are effective to provide reasonable assurance, that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file and submit under the Securities Exchange Act isare recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the applicable rules and forms, and that it is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as and when required.appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

 

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 

The Company’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d- 15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with IFRS.

 

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Effective control over financial reporting cannot, and does not, provide absolute assurance of achieving our control objectives. Also, any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 

Management assessed the design and effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2012.2015. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in its original 1992 Internal Control—Integrated Framework.

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Based on this assessment, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2012,2015, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting is effective based on those criteria. It is important to highlight that as of December 31, 2014, we did find material weaknesses (described below), which we had remediated as of December 31, 2015.

Material Weaknesses

A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the Company's annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely manner.

The following material weaknesses were identified in our internal controls over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014:

(i)deficiencies in our risk assessment activities, which may have an effect on our response to address risks associated with our Consolidated Financial Statements, primarily:
a)we have not implemented a plan for remediating certain of the significant deficiencies identified in the past, including the lack of a financial expert on our Audit Committee and
b)we have identified deficiencies in our control procedures relating to risk prevention in our information technology systems; such as an incomplete segregation of duties; and
(ii)deficiencies associated with physical control over our fixed assets.

Remediation Plan

We implemented a number of steps to remediate the material weaknesses we identified as of December 31, 2014 and improve our internal control over financial reporting. As a result of this plan, we:

·analyzed each of the deficiencies in our risk assessment process and presented an integrated remediation plan to our audit committee in the first half of 2015;
·conducted a search for a new board member and as a result of such search recruited Mr. Guillermo Ochoa Maciel to our board of directors and audit committee where he has been named the audit committee financial expert;
·established a formal control process for our information technology system by installing governance risk control software; and
·improve the procedures and criteria we use to control the existence of fixed assets, including, among others, the timing and the type of assets included in each physical count cycle and where the count is done and enhanced our documentation of such procedures.

As a result of this plan, we remedied the material weaknesses we identified as of December 31, 2014 and no new material weaknesses were identified as of December 31, 2015.

The Company decided to prioritize the remediation of the identified material weaknesses to eliminate these weaknesses and to strengthen its internal control procedures. For this reason, the Company continued using the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in its original 1992 Internal Control—Integrated Framework. In 2016, the Company will adopt the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in its 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework by implementing a plan. This plan will be presented to the Company’s audit committee during the second quarter of 2016 for its approval.

 

The effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2012,2015 has been audited by KPMG,Deloitte, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which appears herein.

 

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Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We implemented the processes and procedures mentioned above in connection with our efforts to remediate the material weaknesses reported in our 2014 annual report on Form 20-F.

 

There hashave otherwise been no changechanges in our internal control over financial reporting in the period covered by this annual reportAnnual Report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

 

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Attestation Report of the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

The to the Board of Directors and Stockholders

of Industrias Bachoco, S.A.B. de C.V.:

 

We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Industrias Bachoco, S.A.B. de C.V. and subsidiaries’subsidiaries (the “Company”) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2012,2015, based on criteria established inInternal Control-IntegratedControlIntegrated Framework (1992) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Industrias Bachoco, S.A.B. de C.V. and subsidiaries’Commission.  The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control overOver Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.

 

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also includedrisk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the company’s principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, and effected by the company’s board of directors, management, and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

 

Because of itsthe inherent limitations of internal control over financial reporting, including the possibility of collusion or improper management override of controls, material misstatements due to error or fraud may not preventbe prevented or detect misstatements.detected on a timely basis. Also, projections of any evaluation of the effectiveness of the internal control over financial reporting to future periods are subject to the risk that the controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 

75

In our opinion, Industrias Bachoco, S.A.B. de C.V. and subsidiariesthe Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2012,2015, based on the criteria established inInternal Control-IntegratedControlIntegrated Framework (1992) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.

 

We have also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated statements of financial position of Industrias Bachoco, S.A.B. de C.V. and subsidiariesstatements as of January 1, 2011 and December 31, 2011 and 2012, and the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income, changes inequity and cash flows for the yearsyear ended December 31, 2011 and 2012,2015 of the Company and our report dated April 30, 201329, 2016 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.

 

Queretaro,Galaz, Yamazaki, Ruiz Urquiza, S.C.
Member of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited

By: /s/ C.P.C. Francisco Javier Robles Mújica
Querétaro, Qro., Mexico

April 30, 2013.29, 2016

 

/s/Demetrio Villa MichelItem 16.[Reserved]

KPMG, Cardenas Dosal, S.C.ITEM 16.A.Audit Committee Financial Expert

 

ITEM 16.  [Reserved]

ITEM 16.A.   Audit Committee Financial Expert

In April 2011, Mr. Felizardo Gastelum Felix, Independent Director,During our ordinary stockholders’ meeting that took place on November 3, 2015, Guillermo Ochoa Maciel was namedelected as President of the Audit Committee and Corporate Practices. Until his death on April 18, 2012,Practices Committee. Mr. Felizardo Gastelum Felix met the requirements included in the definition of an “audit committee financial expert” within the meaning of this Item 16A and performed this role in an exemplary manner. Currently, no member of our audit committeeOchoa Maciel possesses all the characteristics included in the definition of an “audit committee financial expert” within the meaning of this Item 16A. We consider that the combined financial expertise of the members of our audit committee meet much of this requirement. Our audit committee has the authority and appropriate funding to obtain outside advice, as it deems necessary, to carry out its duties.

 

ITEM 16.B.  Code of Ethics

ITEM 16.B.Code of Ethics

 

We have adopted a code of ethics, as defined in Item 16B of Form 20-F under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Our code of ethics applies to our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, controller and persons performing similar functions, as well as to other officers and employees. Our code of ethics is available free of charge upon request through our investor relations website www.bachoco.com.mx. If we amend the provisions of our code of ethics that apply to our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, controller and persons performing similar functions, or if we grant any waiver of such provisions, we will disclose such amendment or waiver upon request on our website at the same address.

 

ITEM 16.C.  
ITEM 16.C.Principal Accountant Fees and Services

On September 3, 2013, we announced that the Company’s Board of Directors, as per the Audit Committee’s recommendation, approved the selection of Deloitte as the Company’s independent registered public accountant, effective as of September 30, 2013.

Audit and Non-Audit Fees

 

The following table sets forth the fees billed by Deloitte our independent auditors KPMG Cardenas Dosal, S.C. independent registered public accounting firmfirms, and aidpaid by us. All amounts are in nominal thousandthousands of pesos, no taxes are included.

 

AUDIT FEES OF KPMG   
  As of December 31, 
In thousands of pesos, 2011  2012 
Total Fees: Ps.7,429  Ps.10,348 
Audit fees  4,081   7,967 
Audit related fees  1,697   1,972 
Other  1,651   409 

AUDIT FEES OF DELOITTE

  As of December 31, 
In thousands of pesos, 2015  2014 
Total Fees: $10,334  $9,135 
Audit fees  8,904   6,743 
Audit related fees  1,430   2,392 
Other  -   - 

76

 

The total 2012 and 2011Deloitte’s audit fees agreed to be paid to KPMG is Ps. 7.3 million and, and Ps. 7.0 million respectively.

Audit related fees in the table above for 2012 are fees related to the review of the Annual Reports to be released to the Mexican and New York stock exchanges, as well as fees billed by KPMGDeloitte related to out of packet expenses they incurred in connection with the performance of their audit, such as lodging and traveling.

 

Fees included in "other" for 2011, were relatedTotal 2015 audit fees agreed to Due Diligence services as well as services relatedbe paid to the adoption of the IFRS, and for 2012, were related to services provided in connection with the adoption of IFRS and the issuance of local bonds.Deloitte is $7.0 million.

Audit Committee Approval Policies and Procedures

 

Our audit committee has not established pre-approval policies and procedures for the engagement of our independent auditors for services. Our audit committee expressly approves on a case-by-case basis any engagement of our independent auditors for audit and non-audit services provided to our subsidiaries or to us.

 

ITEM 16.D.  Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees

ITEM 16.D.Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees

 

According to the New York Stock Exchange’s Listing Standards for Audit Committees of a Foreign Private Issuer, Ricardo Aguirre, a member of our audit committee, currently does not meet the independence standards set forth in Rule 10A-3b(1)(ii)(B) of the Exchange Act. Therefore, with respect to Mr. Aguirre, we rely on the exemption provided in Rule 10A-3(b)(1)(iv)(D) of the Exchange Act because Mr. Aguirre (i) represents the Company'sCompany’s controlling shareholders, (ii) only has observer status on, and is not a voting member or the chair of, the Company'sCompany’s audit committee and (iii) is not an executive officer of the Company. Our reliance on such exemption does not materially adversely affect the ability of our audit committee to act independently and to satisfy the other requirements of Rule 10A-3(b).

 

ITEM 16.E.  Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

ITEM 16.E.Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

 

Every year during the annual ordinary stockholder meeting, the Board proposes the approval of an amount to be used in a repurchase plan of our shares. The repurchase plan is approved for a period of one year. All the shares set in the table below were repurchased pursuant to the repurchase plan in force at the date of the purchase.

 

The table set below sets forth the information regarding the purchase plan approved by the Board of Directors in the three recent fiscal years.

 

REPURCHASE PLAN APPROVED
Year Announced date Expiration date Amount  Estimate number of shares that
may be purchased under the plan
 
2011 April 27, 2011 April 25, 2012 Ps.335,640,000   12,000,000 
2012 April 25, 2012 April 24, 2013 Ps.195,770,700   12,000,000 
2013 April 24, 2013 April 23, 2014 Ps.391,560,000   12,000,000(1)

REPURCHASE PLAN APPROVED

Year Announced date Expiration date Amount  Estimate number of shares that
may be purchase under the plan
 
2015 April 22, 2015 April 26, 2016 $778,320,000   12,000,000(1)
2014 April 23, 2014 April 22, 2015 $576,600,000   12,000,000 
2013 April 24, 2013 April 23, 2014 $391,560,000   12,000,000 

(1) The amount includes current shares in the repurchase plan.

77

The table below sets forth information about the repurchase of our shares on the BMV:

 

REPURCHASE OF SHARES IN 20122015

 

Full month of 2012 Total number
 of shares
purchased
 Average price
paid per share (in
pesos)
 Total number of
shares purchased as
part of the publicly
announced plan
 Estimate maximum
number of shares
that may yet be
purchased under the
plan
 
Monthly operation of the
repurchase plan in 2015
 Total number of
shares
purchased
  Average price
paid per share
(in pesos)
  Total number of
shares purchase
as part of the
publicly
announced plan
  Estimate
maximum
number of
shares that may
yet be purchased
under the plan
 
Opening balance  227,400  Ps.23.65   227,400   12,000,000   0  $0.00   0   12,000,000 
January  43,700   21.92   43,700   11,956,300   667,013   59.84   667,013   11,332,987 
February  2,083,381   22.51   2,083,381   9,872,919   0   0.00   0   11,332,987 
March  609,500   22.06   609,500   9,263,419   0   0.00   0   11,332,987 
April  348,000   22.04   348,000   8,915,419   0   0.00   0   11,332,987 
May  -   -   -   8,915,419   0   0.00   0   11,332,987 
June  -   -   -   8,915,419   0   0.00   0   11,332,987 
July  -   -   -   8,915,419   0   0.00   0   11,332,987 
August  21,600   24.95   21,600   8,893,819   0   0.00   0   11,332,987 
September  45,841   25.13   45,841   8,847,978   0   0.00   0   11,332,987 
October  252,709   25.58   252,709   8,595,269   0   0.00   0   11,332,987 
November  -   -   -   8,595,269   0   0.00   0   11,332,987 
December  300,000   28.07   300,000   8,295,269   10,000   69.89   10,000   11,322,987 
Total 2012  3,932,131  Ps.23.12   3,932,131   8,295,269 
Total 2015  677,013   59.98   667,013   11,322,987 

 

REPURCHASEREPURCHASED OF SHARES IN 20132016

 

Full month of 2013 Total number
of shares
purchased
  Average price paid
per share (in
pesos)
  Total number of
shares purchased as
part of the publicly
announced plan
  Estimate maximum
number of shares
that may yet be
purchased under the
plan
 
Opening balance  0  Ps.0.00   0   8,295,269 
January 2013  -   0.00   -   8,295,269 
February 2013  100,000   30.70   100,000   8,195,269 
March 2013  -   0.00   -   8,195,269 
Total as of March 31:  100,000  Ps.30.70   100,000   8,195,269 
Monthly operation of the
repurchase plan in 2015
 Total number of
shares purchased
  Average price
paid per share
(in pesos)
  Total number of
shares purchased
as part of the
publicly
announced plan
  Estimate
maximum
number of
shares that may
yet be
purchased
under the plan
 
Opening balance  10,000  $69.89   10,000   11,322,987 
January 2016  50,000   68.00   50,000   11,272,987 
February 2016  10,157   70.60   10,157   11,262,830 
March 2016  0   0.00   0   11,262,830 
Total as of March 31, 2016:  70,157   69.50   70,157   11,262,830 

 

REPURCHASE PLAN BALANCE

 

  Number of Shares 
Total shares in the repurchase plan as of December 31, 20112014  227,4000 
(+) Total shares purchased in 20122015  3,704,731677,01 
(-) Total shares sold in 20122015  3,932,131667,013 
Total shares in the repurchase plan as of December 31, 20122015  010,000 
(+) Total shares purchased as of March 31, 20132016  100,00060,157 
(-) Total shares sold as of March 31, 20132016  100,0008,000 
Total shares in the repurchase plan as of March 31, 20132016  062,157 

 

ITEM 16.F.  Changes in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant

ITEM 16.F.Changes in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant

 

Not applicable.

 

ITEM 16.G.  Corporate Governance

ITEM 16.G.Corporate Governance

 

Comparison of our Corporate Governance Rules and the Rules of the NYSE Applicable to U.S. Registered Companies

78

 

On November 4, 2003, the SEC approved final corporate governance standards for companies listed on the NYSE (“NYSE Corporate Governance Standards”). According to such standards, foreign private issuers are subject to a more limited set of requirements regarding corporate governance than those imposed on U.S. domestic issuers. As a foreign private issuer, we must comply with four NYSE Corporate Governance Standards:

 

-prior to July 31, 2005, we must comply with the requirements set forth by the SEC concerning audit committees;

 

-we must submit an annual Written Affirmation to the NYSE and an Interim Written Annual Affirmation each time a change occurs in the Board of Directors or the Audit Committee;

 

-our CEO must promptly notify the NYSE in writing after any executive officer becomes aware of any material non-compliance with any of the applicable NYSE corporate governance rules; and

 

-we must provide a brief description disclosing any significant ways in which our corporate governance practices differ from those followed by U.S. companies under NYSE listing standards.

 

Pursuant to Section 303A.11 of the NYSE Corporate Governance Standards, we are required to disclose any significant ways in which our corporate governance practices differ from those required to be followed by domestic companies under NYSE listing standards. A brief description disclosing the significant ways in which our corporate governance practices differ from those followed by U.S. companies under the NYSE listing standards is set forth below:

 

NYSE Corporate Governance Rules for Domestic
Domestic Issuers
 Our Corporate Governance Practices
Director Independence.  Majority of board of directors must be independent. “Controlled”  Controlled companies,” which would include our company if it were a U.S. issuer, are exempt from this requirement. Pursuant to the Mexican Securities Market Law and our bylaws, our stockholders are required to appoint a board of directors of between five and 20 members, 25% of whom must be independent.  Our board of directors is not required to make a determination as to the independence of our directors.
   
A director is not independent if such director is: Under Article 14 Bis of the Mexican Securities Market Law, a director is not independent if such director is:
   
(i)   a person who the board determines has a material direct or indirect relationship with the company, its parent or a consolidated subsidiary; (i) an employee or officer of the company (one-year cooling off period);
   
(ii)   an employee, or an immediate family member of an executive officer, of the company, its parent or a consolidated subsidiary, other than employment as interim chairman or CEO; (ii) a stockholder that, without being an employee or officer of the company, has influence or authority over the company’s officers;

79

NYSE Corporate Governance Rules for Domestic
Domestic Issuers
 Our Corporate Governance Practices
(iii)   a person who receives, or whose immediate family member receives, more than $100,000 per year in direct compensation from the company, its parent or a consolidated subsidiary, other than director and committee fees or deferred compensation for prior services only (and other than compensation for service as interim chairman or CEO or received by an immediate family member for service as a non-executive employee); (iii) a consultant, or partner or employee of a consultant, to the company or its affiliates, where the income from the company represents 10% or more of the overall income of such consultant;
   
(iv)   a person who is affiliated with or employed, or whose immediate family member is affiliated with or employed in a professional capacity, by a present or former internal or external auditor of the company, its parent or a consolidated subsidiary; (iv) an important client, supplier, debtor or creditor (or a partner, director or employee thereof).  A client and supplier is considered important where its sales to or purchases from the company represent more than 10% of the client’s or supplier’s total sales or purchases.  A debtor or creditor is considered important whenever its sales to or purchases from to the company represent more than 15% of the debtor’s or creditor’s total sales or purchases;
   
(v)   an executive officer, or an immediate family member of an executive officer, of another company whose compensation committee’s membership includes an executive officer of the listed company, its parent or a consolidated subsidiary; or (v)   an employee of a non-profit entity that receives contributions from the company that represent more than 15% of the total contributions received;
   
(vi)   an executive officer or employee of a company, or an immediate family member of an executive officer of a company, that makes payments to, or receives payments from, the listed company, its parent or a consolidated subsidiary for property or services in an amount which, in any single fiscal year, exceeds the greater of $1 million or 2% of such other company’s consolidated gross revenues (charities are not included, but any such payments must be disclosed in the company’s proxy (or, if no proxy is prepared, its Form 10-K / Annual Report)). (vi)   a CEO or other high ranking officer of another company in which the issuer’s CEO or other high ranking officer is a member of the board of directors; or

80

NYSE Corporate Governance Rules for Domestic
Domestic Issuers
 Our Corporate Governance Practices
(vii) “Immediate”Immediate family member” includes a person’s spouse, parents, children, siblings, mothers and fathers-in-law, sons and daughters-in-law and anyone (other than domestic employees) who shares the person’s home.  Individuals who are no longer immediate family members due to legal separation, divorce or death (or incapacity) are excluded.  §303A.02(b) (vii) a “family member” related to any of the persons mentioned above in (i) through (vi).  “Family”Family member” includes a person’s spouse, concubine or other relative of up to three degrees of consanguinity and affinity, in the case of (i) and (ii) above, and a spouse, concubine or other relative of up to one degree of consanguinity or affinity in the case of (iii) through (vi) above.
   
Executive Sessions.  Non-management directors must meet regularly in executive sessions without management.  Independent directors should meet alone in an executive session at least once a year.  §303A.03 There is no similar requirement under our bylaws or applicable Mexican law.
   
Audit committee.  Audit committee satisfying the independence and other requirements of Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act and the more stringent requirements under the NYSE standards is required.  §§303A.06, 303A.07 The members of our audit committee are independent as independence is defined by Rule 10A-3.
   
  Our audit committee complies with the requirements of the Mexican Securities Market Law and has the following attributes:
   
  ·  We have a three-member audit committee, which is composed of one proprietary director and two proprietary independent directors.
  ·
  The president of the audit committee and one additional member are independent.  Under the Mexican Securities Market Law, the president and the majority of the members of the audit committee must be independent.
  ·
  Our audit committee operates pursuant to a written charter adopted by our board of directors.  See Item 6 for a detailed description of the duties of our audit committee.
NYSE Corporate Governance Rules for
Domestic Issuers
Our Corporate Governance Practicescommittee.
  
 ·  Pursuant to our bylaws and Mexican law, our audit committee submits an annual report regarding its activities to our board of directors.

 81

NYSE Corporate Governance Rules for Domestic
Issuers
Our Corporate Governance Practices
Nominating/corporate governance committee.Nominating/corporate governance committee of independent directors is required.  The committee must have a charter specifying the purpose, duties and evaluation procedures of the committee.  “Controlled companies,” which would include our company if it were a U.S. issuer, are exempt from these requirements.  §303A.04We are not required to have a nominating/corporate governance committee, and it is not expressly recommended by the Mexican Code of Best Corporate Practices.
  
Compensation committee.  Compensation committee of independent directors is required, which must approve executive officer compensation.  The committee must have a charter specifying the purpose, duties and evaluation procedures of the committee. “Controlled companies,” which would include our company if it were a U.S. issuer, are exempt from this requirement.  §303A.05We are not required to have a compensation committee.  As recommended by the Mexican Code of Best Corporate Practices, we have an evaluation mechanism for assisting the board of directors in approving executive officer compensation.
  
Equity compensation plans.  Equity compensation plans require stockholder approval, subject to limited exemptions.  §303A.08Stockholder approval is not expressly required under Mexican law or our bylaws for the adoption and amendment of an equity-compensation plan.  However, regulations of the Mexican Banking and Securities Commission require stockholder approval under certain circumstances.  We currently do not have any equity-compensation plans in place.
  
Code of Ethics.Corporate governance guidelines and a code of business conduct and ethics is required, with disclosure of any waiver for directors or executive officers.  §303A.10We have adopted a code of ethics, which has been accepted by to our chief executive officer, chief financial officer, controller and persons performing similar functions, as well as to other officers and employees.  We are required by Item 16B of Form 20-F to disclose any waivers granted to our chief executive officer, chief financial officer, principal accounting officer and persons performing similar functions.  We have no such waivers in place.

ITEM 16.H.  Mine Safety Disclosure

ITEM 16.H.Mine Safety Disclosure

 

Not applicable.

 

82

PART

Part III

ITEM 17.  Financial Statements

Item 17.Financial Statements

 

Not applicable.

ITEM 18.  Financial Statements

Item 18.Financial Statements

 

See the Audited Consolidated Financial Statements including Notes, incorporated herein by reference.

Item 19.Exhibits

 

ITEM 19.  Exhibits

Index of Exhibits

 

Documents filed as exhibits to this Annual Report:

 

Exhibit
No.
 Description
1.1 An English translation of the Bylaws (estatutos sociales) of Industrias Bachoco, S.A. de C.V. dated June 29, 2007 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.1 on Form 20-F filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on June 29, 2007 (File No. 333-07950)).
   
2.1 Form of Amended and Restated Deposit Agreement, among Industrias Bachoco, S.A. de C.V., the Depositary and each Owner and Beneficial Owner from time to time of American Depositary Receipts issued thereunder, including the form of American Depositary Receipt (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.1 on Form F-6 filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on August 18, 2006 (File No. 333-07480)).
   
2.2 Trust Agreement, dated April 1, 1995, among Banco Internacional, S.A., Institucion de Banca Multiple, Grupo Financiero Prime Internacional, as trustee, and the stockholders of the Company named therein, together with an English translation, (incorporated by reference on our registration statement on Form F-1 filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on August 22, 1997 (File No. 333-7472)).
   
2.3 Trust Agreement, dated August 20, 1997, among Banco Internacional, S.A., Institucion de Banca Multiple, Grupo Financiero Bital, as trustee, and the stockholders of the Company named therein, together with an English translation, (incorporated by reference on our registration statement on Form F-1 filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on August 22, 1997 (File No. 333-7472)).
   
8.1 Subsidiaries of Industrias Bachoco S.A. de C.V.
   
12.1 Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
   
12.2 Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
   
13.1 Certification pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

83

SIGNATURE

 

The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.

 

 INDUSTRIAS BACHOCO, S.A.B de C.V.
   
 By:/s/Daniel Salazar Ferrer
  Daniel Salazar Ferrer
  Chief Financial Officer

 

Date: April 30, 201329, 2016

 

INDUSTRIAS BACHOCO, S.A.B. DE C.V. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Financial Statements

Years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013

Content

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting FirmF-2
Consolidated Statements of Financial PositionF-3
Consolidated Statements of Profit and Loss and Other Comprehensive IncomeF-4
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholder’s EquityF-5
Consolidated Statements of Cash FlowF-6
Notes to the Consolidated Financial StatementsF-7

F-1

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

The to the Board of Directors and Stockholders

of Industrias Bachoco, S.A.B. de C V:C.V.

 

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position of Industrias Bachoco, S.A.B. de C.V. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of January 1, 2011 and December 31, 20112015, 2014 and 2012,2013, and the related consolidated statements of profit or loss and other comprehensive income, changes inequityin shareholders’ equity and cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2012.then ended. These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 

In our opinion, thesuch consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of Industrias Bachoco, S.A.B. de C.V. and subsidiaries as of January 1, 2011 and December 31, 20112015, 2014 and 2012,2013 and the results of their operations and their cash flows for the years then ended, December 31, 2011 and 2012, in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.

 

(Continued)

As mentioned in note 6 to the consolidated financial statements, on November 1, 2011, the Company acquired 100% percent of the voting stock of OK Industries, Inc. (the “Acquired Entity”) which owns five consolidated subsidiaries. OK Industries, Inc. operates and is located in the United States of America (U.S.A.). The results of operations of the Acquired EntityWe have been included in the consolidated financial statements from such date. The acquisition of this company originated a gain on bargain purchase of $1,000,565, (thousands of Mexican pesos) which was booked in other income in 2011.

As mentioned in note 7 to the consolidated financial statements, on March 2, 2012, Bachoco USA, LLC. was incorporated as a subsidiary of Industrias Bachoco, S.A.B. de C.V. and acquired 100% of the shares of OK Industries. From such date Bachoco USA, LLC. acts as the holding company of OK Industries, Inc. and, therefore, of the operations of the Company in the U.S.A.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), Industrias Bachoco, S.A.B. de C.V. and subsidiaries’the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2012,2015, based on the criteria established inInternal Control – IntegratedControl-Integrated Framework (1992) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, (COSO), and our report dated April 30, 201329, 2016 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

 

KPMG Cardenas Dosal, S.C.

Galaz, Yamazaki, Ruiz Urquiza, S. C.

Member of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited

 

Demetrio Villa Michel

Queretaro, Mexico

April 30, 2013

 

By: /s/ C.P.C. Francisco Javier Robles Mújica

Querétaro, Qro., Mexico

April 29, 2016

F-2

INDUSTRIAS BACHOCO, S.A.B. DE C.V. AND SUBSIDIARIES

 

Consolidated Statements of Financial Position

 

January 1, 2011, December 31, 20112015, 2014 and 20122013

 

(Thousands of pesos)

 

  Note  January 1,
2011
  December 31,
2011
  December 31,
2012
 
             
Assets                
                 
Current assets:                
Cash and cash equivalents  9  $3,967,874   2,625,661   4,179,541 
Primary financial instruments  10   209,348   410,721   961,968 
Derivative financial instruments  10   12,897   10,208   2,938 
Accounts receivable, net  11   1,436,501   2,235,152   2,220,638 
Inventories, net  12   3,211,769   4,562,355   5,829,837 
Biological current assets  13   153,993   217,354   266,482 
Prepaid expenses and other current assets  14   505,114   752,150   868,878 
Assets available for sale  15   40,222   95,647   51,507 
Total currents assets      9,537,718   10,909,248   14,381,789 
                 
                 
Non-current assets:                
Property, plant and equipment, net  16   10,544,031   12,112,945   11,949,516 
Biological non-current assets  13   750,288   1,029,642   1,106,120 
Goodwill      3 (e)   300,848   300,848   300,848 
Other non-current assets  17   64,884   364,637   301,911 
Total non-currents assets      11,660,051   13,808,072   13,658,395 
                 
Total assets     $21,197,769   24,717,320   28,040,184 
                 
Liabilities and equity                
                 
Current liabilities:                
Short term debt  18  $-   1,277,750   1,081,496 
Current installments of long-term debt  18   139,867   175,243   115,560 
Trade payable and other accounts payable  19   1,966,014   2,921,441   3,445,245 
Related parties  20   60,873   78,543   88,039 
Total current liabilities      2,166,754   4,452,977   4,730,340 
                 
Long term liabilities:                
Long term debt, excluding current installments  18   507,053   384,370   1,526,602 
Deferred income tax  21   2,016,057   2,400,107   2,597,940 
Employee benefits  22   77,885   100,038   96,613 
Total long term liabilities      2,600,995   2,884,515   4,221,155 
                 
Total liabilities      4,767,749   7,337,492   8,951,495 
                 
Equity:  25             
Capital stock      1,174,432   1,174,432   1,174,432 
Share premium      399,641   399,641   399,641 
Reserve for repurchase of shares      88,690   88,481   99,474 
Translation reserve      -   64,387   (26,916)
Retained earnings      14,737,340   15,614,760   17,405,360 
Equity attributable to owners of the Company      16,400,103   17,341,701   19,051,991 
                 
Non-controlling interest      29,917   38,127   36,698 
Total equity      16,430,020   17,379,828   19,088,689 
                 
Commitments  27             
Contingencies  28             
Subsequent events  32             
                 
Total liabilities and equity     $21,197,769   24,717,320   28,040,184 
Assets Note 2015  2014  2013 
            
Current assets:              
Cash and cash equivalents 7 $14,046,262   11,036,062   6,716,894 
Investment in securities at fair value through profit or loss 8  1,242,614   925,584   1,004,106 
Derivative financial instruments 8  1,244   6,669   11,735 
Accounts receivable, net 9  2,533,427   2,974,578   2,318,093 
Due from related parties 19  194,522   1,929   3,678 
Inventories 10  3,404,269   2,968,061   2,738,222 
Current biological assets 11  1,651,794   1,501,428   1,420,174 
Prepaid expenses and other current assets 12  1,587,808   1,379,077   1,135,539 
Assets held for sale 13  60,048   58,583   49,053 
Total currents assets    24,721,988   20,851,971   15,397,494 
               
Non-current assets:              
Property, plant and equipment, net 14  13,188,131   12,054,754   11,652,449 
Non-current biological assets 11  1,434,131   1,109,233   1,109,936 
Deferred income tax 20  54,127   49,378   34,940 
Goodwill 15  454,295   349,764   344,259 
Other non-current assets 16  593,906   428,028   350,599 
Total non-currents assets    15,724,590   13,991,157   13,492,183 
               
Total assets   $40,446,578   34,843,128   28,889,677 

Liabilities and equity Note 2015  2014  2013 
            
Current liabilities:              
Short term debt 17 $1,622,850   664,250   541,200 
Current portion of long-term debt 17  9,033   133,732   16,392 
Trade payable and other accounts payable 18  4,597,103   3,970,515   3,375,601 
Income tax payable 20  248,205   759,982   456,657 
Due to related parties 19  165,628   127,033   54,095 
Total current liabilities    6,642,819   5,655,512   4,443,945 
               
Long term liabilities:              
Long term debt, excluding current installments 17  2,495,127   1,652,470   1,510,210 
Deferred income tax 20  3,369,036   3,082,197   2,736,131 
Employee benefits 21  160,218   90,899   48,245 
Total long term liabilities    6,024,381   4,825,566   4,294,586 
               
Total liabilities    12,667,200   10,481,078   8,738,531 
               
Equity:              
Capital stock 24  1,174,432   1,174,432   1,174,432 
Share premium    414,017   399,641   399,641 
Reserve for repurchase of shares    777,622   101,105   99,601 
Retained earnings    24,749,616   22,513,154   18,586,228 
Foreign currency translation reserve    710,439   208,107   (87,090)
Actuarial remeasurements, net 21  (97,196)  (79,035)  (60,967)
Equity attributable to controlling interest    27,728,930   24,317,404   20,111,845 
               
Non-controlling interest    50,448   44,646   39,301 
Total equity    27,779,378   24,362,050   20,151,146 
               
Commitments 26            
Contingencies 27            
               
Total liabilities and equity   $40,446,578   34,843,128   28,889,677 

 

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F-3

INDUSTRIAS BACHOCO, S.A.B. DE C.V. AND SUBSIDIARIES

 

Consolidated StatementStatements of Profit and Loss and Other Comprehensive Income

 

Years ended December 31, 20112015, 2014 and 20122013

 

(Thousands of pesos, except share and per share amount)

 

 Note  2011  2012  Note 2015  2014  2013 
              
Net revenues  20 (b)  $27,734,990   39,367,431    $46,229,049   41,779,087   39,710,726 
Cost of sales  20 (b)   24,797,037   33,318,207  22  (36,847,508)  (32,494,974)  (33,176,599)
                       
Gross profit     2,937,953   6,049,224   9,381,541   9,284,113   6,534,127 
                       
General, selling and administrative expenses  20 (b)   2,974,733   3,396,655  22  (4,323,374)  (3,781,326)  (3,291,006)
Other income (expenses), net  31   999,965   (23,810)
Other (expenses) income, net 29  (4,640)  (160,919)  30,704 
                       
Operating income     963,185   2,628,759   5,053,527   5,341,868   3,273,825 
                       
Finance income  30   248,282   270,032  28  593,845   367,227   344,785 
Finance costs  30   (70,640)  (105,000) 28  (147,292)  (120,319)  (226,366)
Net finance income     177,642   165,032   446,553   246,908   118,419 
                       
Profit before income taxes     1,140,827   2,793,791   5,500,080   5,588,776   3,392,244 
                       
Income taxes  21   (38,616)  602,020  20  1,680,560   1,656,110   1,350,439 
                       
Profit for the year    $1,179,443   2,191,771   $3,819,520   3,932,666   2,041,805 
                       
Comprehensive income:           
Other comprehensive income (loss) items:            
Items that may be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss:            
Currency translation effect     64,387   (186,095)  502,332   295,197   32,672 
Items that will not be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss:            
Actuarial remeasurements 21  (25,944)  (25,812)  (61,057)
Income taxes related to actuarial remeasurements  7,783   7,744   18,317 
Other comprehensive (loss) income  484,171   277,129   (10,068)
                       
Comprehensive income for the year    $1,243,830   2,005,676   $4,303,691   4,209,795   2,031,737 
                       
Profit attributable to:                       
Controlling interest    $1,177,346   2,184,567  $3,812,840   3,926,926   2,038,422 
Non-controlling interest     2,097   7,204   6,680   5,740   3,383 
                       
Profit for the year    $1,179,443   2,191,771   $3,819,520   3,932,666   2,041,805 
                       
Comprehensive income attributable to:                       
Controlling interest    $1,241,733   1,998,472  $4,297,011   4,204,055   2,028,354 
Non-controlling interest     2,097   7,204   6,680   5,740   3,383 
                       
Comprehensive income for the year    $1,243,830   2,005,676   $4,303,691   4,209,795   2,031,737 
                       
Weighted average outstanding shares (thousands)     599,822   598,960 
Weighted average outstanding shares  599,631,383   599,955,240   599,992,952 
                       
Basic and diluted earnings per share  26  $1.96   3.65  25 $6.36   6.55   3.40 

 

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F-4

INDUSTRIAS BACHOCO, S.A.B. DE C.V. AND SUBSIDIARIES

 

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity

 

Years ended December 31, 20112015, 2014 and 20122013

 

(Thousands of pesos)

 

   Attributable to owners of the Company         Attributable to controlling interest        
        Reserve for               Capital stock  Retained earnings  Other comprehensive items        
   Capital Share repurchase of Translation Retained     Non-controlling Total       Reserve for     Foreign Actuarial        
 Note stock  premium  shares  reserve  earnings  Total  interest  equity   Capital Share repurchase of Retained currency remeasurements     Non-controlling Total 
                                   Note stock  premium  shares  earnings  translation reserve  net  Total  interest  equity 
Balance at January 1, 2011   $1,174,432   399,641   88,690   -   14,737,340   16,400,103   29,917   16,430,020 
                   
Balance at January 1, 2013   $1,174,432   399,641   99,474   17,405,360   (26,916)  -   19,051,991   36,698   19,088,689 
                                                                      
Dividends paid 25 (d)  -   -   -   -   (299,926)  (299,926)  -   (299,926) 24  -   -   -   (950,400)  -   -   (950,400)  -   (950,400)
Dividends paid to non-controlling interest    -   -   -   -   -   -   (912)  (912)  -   -   -   -   -   -   -   (780)  (780)
Repurchase and sale of shares 25 (c)  -   -   (209)  -   -   (209)  -   (209)
Acquired non-controlling interest    -   -   -   -   -   -   7,025   7,025 
Repurchase and sale of shares, net 24  -   -   127   -   -   -   127   -   127 
IAS 19 R adoption effect 21  -   -   -   -   -   (18,227)  (18,227)  -   (18,227)
                                                                      
Comprehensive income for the year:                                                                      
Profit for the year    -   -   -   -   1,177,346   1,177,346   2,097   1,179,443   -   -   -   2,038,422   -   -   2,038,422   3,383   2,041,805 
Other comprehensive income    -   -   -   64,387   -   64,387   -   64,387   -   -   -   92,846   (60,174)  (42,740)  (10,068)  -   (10,068)
                                                                      
Total comprehensive income for the year    -   -   -   64,387   1,177,346   1,241,733   2,097   1,243,830   -   -   -   2,131,268   (60,174)  (42,740)  2,028,354   3,383   2,031,737 
                                                                      
Balance at December 31, 2011    1,174,432   399,641   88,481   64,387   15,614,760   17,341,701   38,127   17,379,828 
Balance at December 31, 2013  1,174,432   399,641   99,601   18,586,228   (87,090)  (60,967)  20,111,845   39,301   20,151,146 
                                                                      
Dividends paid 25 (d)  -   -   -   -   (299,175)  (299,175)  -   (299,175)
Dividends paid to non-controlling interest    -   -   -   -   -   -   (491)  (491)  -   -   -   -   -   -   -   (845)  (845)
Repurchase and sale of shares 25 (c)  -   -   10,993   -   -   10,993   -   10,993 
Dispossal of non-controlling interest from disolution    -   -   -   -   -   -   (8,142)  (8,142)
Repurchase and sale of shares, net 24  -   -   1,504   -   -   -   1,504   -   1,504 
Disposal of non-controlling interest from disolution  -   -   -   -   -   -   -   450   450 
                                                                      
Comprehensive income for the year:                                                                      
Profit for the year    -   -   -   -   2,184,567   2,184,567   7,204   2,191,771   -   -   -   3,926,926   -   -   3,926,926   5,740   3,932,666 
Other comprehensive income    -   -   -   (91,303)  (94,792)  (186,095)  -   (186,095)  -   -   -   -   295,197   (18,068)  277,129   -   277,129 
                                                                      
Total comprehensive income for the year    -   -   -   (91,303)  2,089,775   1,998,472   7,204   2,005,676   -   -   -   3,926,926   295,197   (18,068)  4,204,055   5,740   4,209,795 
                                                                      
Balance at December 31, 2012   $1,174,432   399,641   99,474   (26,916)  17,405,360   19,051,991   36,698   19,088,689 
Balance at December 31, 2014  1,174,432   399,641   101,105   22,513,154   208,107   (79,035)  24,317,404   44,646   24,362,050 
                                    
Dividends paid 24  -   -   -   (899,162)  -   -   (899,162)  -   (899,162)
Dividends paid to non-controlling interest  -   -   -   -   -   -   -   (878)  (878)
Reserve for repurchase of shares  -   -   677,216   (677,216)  -   -   -   -   - 
Repurchase and sale of shares 24  -   14,376   (699)  -   -   -   13,677   -   13,677 
                                    
Comprehensive income for the year:                                    
Profit for the year  -   -   -   3,812,840   -   -   3,812,840   6,680   3,819,520 
Other comprehensive income  -   -   -   -   502,332   (18,161)  484,171   -   484,171 
                                    
Total comprehensive income for the year  -   -   -   3,812,840   502,332   (18,161)  4,297,011   6,680   4,303,691 
                                    
Balance at December 31, 2015 $1,174,432   414,017   777,622   24,749,616   710,439   (97,196)  27,728,930   50,448   27,779,378 

 

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F-5

INDUSTRIAS BACHOCO, S.A.B. DE C.V. AND SUBSIDIARIES

 

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 

Years ended December 31, 20112015, 2014 and 20122013

 

(Thousands of pesos)

 

  Note  2011  2012 
          
Cash flows from operating activities:            
Profit for the year     $1,179,443   2,191,771 
Adjustments for:            
Income tax recognized in profit or loss  21   (108,202)  235,603 
Bargain purchase on business combinations      (1,047,245)  - 
Depreciation and amortization  16   745,837   837,807 
Loss on sale of plant and equipment      46,671   65,323 
Interest income  30   (193,777)  (222,063)
Interest expense  30   69,744   105,000 
Foreign exchange loss on loans      34,500   (52,687)
             
Cash flows provided by operating activities before changes in working capital and provisions      726,971   3,160,754 
             
Derivative financial instruments      2,689   7,270 
Accounts receivable, net      (435,320)  14,514 
Inventories, net      (387,569)  (1,267,482)
Biological assets current and long term      (342,715)  (125,606)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets      (216,722)  (116,728)
Assets available for sale      (9,075)  44,140 
Trade payable and other accounts payable      443,987   532,030 
Related parties      17,670   9,496 
Employee benefits      22,153   (3,425)
             
Cash flows (used in) provided by operating activities      (177,931)  2,254,963 
             
Cash flows from investing activities:            
Acquisition of property, plant and equipment      (707,533)  (951,760)
Proceeds from sale of plant and equipment      83,946   81,591 
Financial instruments      (201,373)  (551,247)
Other assets      (146,389)  62,726 
Interest collected      193,777   222,063 
Business acquisitions      (1,326,741)  - 
             
Cash flows used in investing activities      (2,104,313)  (1,136,627)
             
Cash flows from financing activities:            
Share premium and reserve for repurchases of shares      (209)  10,993 
Dividends paid      (299,926)  (299,175)
Proceeds from borrowings      1,921,609   3,069,787 
Interest paid      (60,809)  (105,000)
Dividends paid to non-controlling interest      (912)  (491)
Currency translation effect      33,440   (93,397)
Dispossal of non-controlling interest from disolution      -   (8,142)
Principal payment on loans      (774,601)  (2,130,805)
             
Cash flows provided by financing activities      818,592   443,770 
             
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents      (1,463,652)  1,562,106 
             
Cash and cash equivalents at January 1      3,967,874   2,625,661 
             
Effect of exchange rate fluctuations on cash and cash equivalents      121,439   (8,226)
             
Cash and cash equivalents at December 31     $2,625,661   4,179,541 

  Note 2015  2014  2013 
            
Cash flows from operating activities:              
Profit for the year   $3,819,520   3,932,666   2,041,805 
Adjustments for:              
Deferred income tax recognized in profit or loss 20  192,070   280,070   123,022 
Current income tax recognized in profit or loss 20  1,488,490   1,376,040   1,227,417 
Depreciation 14  769,270   805,650   816,673 
Goodwill impairment loss 15  38,619   -   - 
Loss on disposal of plant and equipment    90,279   152,830   14,958 
Interest income 28  (489,934)  (347,364)  (314,245)
Interest expense 28  147,292   118,090   226,366 
Unrealized foreign currency exchange    -   -   17,950 
Foreign exchange loss on loans    33,300   82,148   11,865 
               
Subtotal    6,088,906   6,400,130   4,165,811 
               
Derivative financial instruments    5,425   5,066   (8,797)
Accounts receivable, net    521,603   (663,813)  (8,091)
Due from related parties    (3,518)  (1,929)  - 
Inventories    (448,404)  (246,515)  1,871,404 
Current and non-current biological assets    (256,969)  (83,023)  151,010 
Prepaid expenses and other current assets    (401,711)  (76,149)  (287,478)
Assets held for sale    (1,465)  (9,530)  2,454 
Trade payable and other accounts payable    629,631   602,297   (70,540)
Due to related parties    38,595   72,938   (33,944)
Income taxes paid    (2,087,286)  (1,056,082)  (843,906)
Employee benefits    43,375   42,654   (84,110)
               
Net cash provided by operating activities    4,128,182   4,986,044   4,853,813 
               
Cash flows from investing activities:              
Payments for acquisition of property, plant and equipment    (1,909,771)  (1,288,520)  (575,411)
Proceeds from sale of plant and equipment    71,427   62,342   57,795 
Restricted cash    (25,771)  (8,008)  - 
Investment in securities    (317,030)  78,522   (42,138)
Other assets    (55,698)  (42,087)  (48,210)
Interest collected    489,934   347,364   314,245 
Bussiness acquisition including option agreement    (190,595)  (139,655)  (135,450)
Loans granted to related parties    (189,075)  -   - 
               
Net cash used in investing activities    (2,126,579)  (990,042)  (429,168)
               
Cash flows from financing activities:              
Payment for repurchase of shares    (40,612)  (7,019)  (3,071)
Proceeds from issuance of repurchased shares    54,289   8,523   3,198 
Dividends paid    (899,162)  -   (950,400)
Dividends paid to non-controlling interest    (878)  (845)  (780)
Disposal of non-controlling interest from disolution    -   450   - 
Proceeds from borrowings    3,903,200   1,454,050   1,507,700 
Principal payment on loans    (2,231,596)  (1,098,575)  (2,181,166)
Interest paid    (147,292)  (118,090)  (226,366)
               
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities    637,949   238,494   (1,850,885)
               
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents    2,639,552   4,234,496   2,573,760 
               
Cash and cash equivalents at January 1    11,028,054   6,716,894   4,179,541 
               
Effect of exchange rate fluctuations on cash and cash equivalents    352,885   76,664   (36,407)
               
Cash and cash equivalents at December 31   $14,020,491   11,028,054   6,716,894 

 

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

 

F-6

 

INDUSTRIAS BACHOCO, S. A .B.S.A.B. DE C. V.C.V. AND SUBSIDIARIES

 

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

 

Years ended December 31, 20112015, 2014 and 20122013

 

(Thousands of Mexican pesos, except amounts per share amounts)share)

 

(1)Reporting entity

 

Industrias Bachoco, S.A.B. de C.V. and subsidiaries (collectively referred to as(hereinafter, “Bachoco” or the“Company”the “Company”) is a public stock corporation with variable capitalpublicly traded company and was incorporated on April 17, 1980, as a legal entity. The Company’s registered address is Avenida Tecnológico 401, Ciudad Industrial, Celaya, Guanajuato, México.Mexico.

 

The Company is engaged in breeding, processing and marketing of poultry (chicken and eggs), swine and other products (principally(primarily balanced animal feed). Bachoco is a holding company that has control over a group of subsidiaries (see note 7)5).

 

The shares of the Company are listed on the Mexican Stock Exchange (MSE)(BMV for its Spanish acronym) under the symbol “Bachoco”;“Bachoco,” and onin the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), under the symbol “IBA”.

 

(2)Basis of preparation

 

a)Statement of compliance

 

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”)(IFRS), as issued by the International Accounting Standard Board (IASB), adopted by public entities in Mexico in accordance with the amendments to Rules for Public Companies and other Entities Trading on the Mexican Stock Exchange Market, established by the National Banking and Securities Commission on January 27, 2009 according to which, beginning in 2012 the Company is required to prepare financial statements in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB.

These are the Company’s first consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with IFRS, and the IFRS 1,“First-time Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards”, has been applied..

 

On April 19, 2012 Bachoco issued its last consolidated financial statements prepared under Mexican Financial Reporting Standards (“NIF”) as of December 2010 and 2011 and for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011.

Note 33 contain an explanation of how the transition to IFRS has affected the financial position, financial performance and cash flows reported by the Company.

On April 15, 2013,8, 2016, the accompanying consolidated financial statements and related notes were authorized for issuance by the Company’s Finance Director, C.P.Chief Financial Officer, Mr. Daniel Salazar Ferrer, for review and Controller Director C.P. Marco Antonio Esparza Serrano, forapproval by the Audit Committee, Board of Directors and Stockholders’ approvals.stockholders. In accordance with theMexican General CorporationsCorporate Law and the Company’s bylaws, of the Company, the stockholders are empowered to modify the consolidated financial statements after issuance.their issuance should they deem it necessary.

 

F-7

b)Basis of measurement

 

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have beenwere prepared on the historical cost basis (historical cost is generally based on the fair value of the consideration given in exchange for goods and services) except for the following material items in the consolidated statement of financial position:position, which are measured at fair value:

 

·Financial derivativeDerivative financial instruments for trading and hedging, purposes attributable to fair value, primaryand investment securities and equityin securities at fair value in gains or losses;

·Non-derivative financial instruments at fair value thoughthrough profit or loss re measured at fair value.

 

·Biological assets are measured at fair value less costs to sell;

 

·The defined benefit plan asset are recognized at fair value;

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date, regardless of whether that price is directly observable or estimated using another valuation technique. In estimating the fair value of an asset or a liability, the Company takes into account the characteristics of the asset or liability if market participants would take those characteristics into account when pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date.

In addition, for financial reporting purposes, fair value measurements are categorized into Level 1, 2 or 3 based on the degree to which the inputs to the fair value measurements are observable and the significance of the inputs to the fair value measurements in its entirety, which are described as follows:

Level 1 inputs are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 inputs are inputs, other than quoted prices included within Level 1, which are observable either directly or indirectly.

Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs.

 

c)Functional and presentation currency

 

These consolidated financial statements are presented in thousands of Mexican pesos (“pesos”(pesos or “$”)$), nationalthe official currency of México,Mexico, which is the currency in which the Company’s recordingaccounting records are maintained and functional currency, except for the foreign subsidiary that usessubsidiaries for which the U.S. dollar as its recordingis the currency in which accounting records and maintained and functional currency.

 

For disclosure purposes, in the notes to the consolidated financial statements, “thousands of pesos” or “$” means thousands of Mexican pesos, and “thousands of dollars” means thousands of U.S. dollars.

When it is deemed relevant, certain amounts presented in the notes to the financial statements are included between parentheses as a convenience translation into thousands of dollars, into thousands of Mexican pesos, or both, as applicable. These translations are provided as informative data and should not be construed that these amounts should be converted into thousandsperformed for the convenience of pesos or thousands of dollarsthe reader at the indicated rate.closing exchange rate issued by Bank of Mexico, which is $17.21, $14.75 and $13.09 pesos to one U.S. dollar as of December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 respectively.

 

d)Use of estimates and judgments

 

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of accounting policies and the reported amounts of assets,liabilities, income and expenses. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

 

F-8

Estimates and underlyingsignificant assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accountingChanges in estimates are recognized in the period in which the facts and circumstances that support a change in estimatesthey occur and in any future periods affected.

 

Information aboutThe following are the critical judgmentsaccounting estimates and assumptions used by management in applyingthe application of the Company’s accounting policies, that have the mostwhich are significant effect onto the amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statementsstatements.

Critical accounting judgments

i.Fair value of biological assets

The Company estimates the fair value of biological assets as the price that would be received or paid in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. As part of the estimate, the Company considers the maturity periods of such assets, the necessary time span for the biological assets to reach a productive stage, as well as future economic benefits obtained.

The balance of current biological assets includes hatching eggs, growing pigs and growing poultry, while the balance of non-current biological assets includes poultry in its different production stages, and breeder pigs.

Non-current biological assets are valued at production cost less accumulated depreciation or accumulated impairment losses, as there is includedno observable or reliable market for such assets. Additionally, the Company believes that there is no reliable method for measuring the fair value of non-current biological assets. Current biological assets are valued at fair value when there is an observable market, less estimated selling expenses.

ii.Business combinations or acquisition of assets

Management uses its professional judgment to determine whether the acquisition of a group of assets constitutes a business combination. This determination may have a significant impact in how the acquired assets and assumed liabilities are accounted for, both on initial recognition and subsequent thereto.

iii.Aggregation of operating segments

The Company’s chicken and egg operating segments are aggregated to present one reportable segment (Poultry) as they have similar products and services, production processes, classes of customers, methods used for distribution, the nature of the regulatory environment in which they operate, and similar economic characteristics as evidenced by similar five-year trends in gross profit margins. These factors are evaluated at least annually.

Key sources of estimation uncertainty

i.Assessments to determine the recoverability of deferred tax assets

On an annual basis the Company prepares projections to determine if it will generate sufficient taxable income to utilize its deferred tax assets associated with deductible temporary differences, including tax losses and other tax credits.

F-9

ii.Useful lives and residual values of property, plant and equipment

Useful lives and residual values of property, plant and equipment are used to determine depreciation expense of such assets and are determined with the assistance of internal and external specialists as deemed necessary. Useful lives and residual values are reviewed periodically at least once a year, based on the current conditions of the assets and the estimate of the period during which they will continue to generate economic benefits to the Company. If there are changes in the following notes:related estimate, measurement of the net carrying amount of assets and the corresponding depreciation expense are affected prospectively.

iii.Measurements and disclosures at fair value

Fair value is a measurement based on the price a market participant would be willing to receive to sell an asset or pay to transfer a liability, and is not a measure specific to the Company. For some assets and liabilities, observable market transactions or market information may be available. For other assets and liabilities, observable market transactions and market information may not be available. However, the purpose of a measurement at fair value in both cases is to estimate the price at which an orderly transaction to sell the asset or to transfer the liabilities would be carried out among the market participants at the date of measurement under current market conditions.

When the price of an identical asset or liability is not observable, the Company determines the fair value using another valuation technique which maximizes the use of relevant observable information and minimizes the use of unobservable information. As the fair value is a measurement based on the market, it is measured using the assumptions that market participants would use when they assign a price to an asset or liability, including assumptions about risk.

iv.Impairment of long-lived assets and goodwill

The carrying amount of long-lived assets is reviewed for impairment when situations or changes in circumstances indicate that it is not recoverable, except for goodwill which is reviewed on an annual basis. If there are indicators of impairment, a review is carried out to determine whether the carrying amount exceeds its recoverable value and whether it is impaired. The recoverable value is the highest of the asset’s fair value, less selling costs, and its value in use which is the present value of the future estimated cash flows generated by the asset. The value in use calculation requires the Company’s management to estimate the future cash flows expected to arise from the asset and/or from the cash-generating unit and an appropriate discount rate in order to calculate present value.

v.Employee retirement benefits

The Company uses assumptions to determine the best estimate for its employee retirement benefits. Assumptions and estimates are established in conjunction with independent actuaries. These assumptions include demographic hypotheses, discount rates and expected increases in remunerations and future employee service periods, among others. Although the assumptions are deemed appropriate, a change in such assumptions could affect the value of the employee benefit liability and the results of the period in which it occurs.

F-10

vi.Contingencies

A contingent liability is defined as:

 

·Note 10 – valuationA possible obligation that arises from past events and whose existence can only be confirmed by the occurrence or non-occurrence of financial instrumentsone or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the Company, or
·Note 11 – allowance for doubtful accounts
·Note 12 – inventories
·Note 13 – biological assets
·Note 15 – assets available for sale
·Note 16 – useful lives of property, plant and equipment
·Note 21 – deferred income tax assets
·Note 22 – measurement defined labor obligation

The information on assumptions and uncertainty of estimates having a significant risk of a material adjustment within the next year is included in the note below:

 

·Note 28 – contingencies.a present obligation that arises from past events but is not recognized because:
a.it is not probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation; or
b.the amount of the obligation cannot be measured with sufficient reliability.

The assessment of such contingencies requires the exercise of significant judgments and estimates on the possible outcome of those future events. The Company assesses the probability of loss arising from lawsuits and other contingencies with the assistance of its legal advisors. These estimates are reconsidered periodically at each reporting period.

e)Issue of new IFRS

i. New and amended IFRS that affect reported balances and/or disclosures in financial statements

All new and amended IFRS issued by the IASB mandatorily effective on January 1, 2015 were early adopted by the Company in 2014.

ii. New IFRS in issue but not yet effective

The Company has not applied the following new and revised IFRS that have been issued, but that are not yet effective for periods beginning on January 1, 2015.

IFRS 9, Financial Instruments

IFRS 9,Financial Instrumentsissued in July 2014, is the replacement of IAS 39Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement. This standard includes requirements for recognition and measurement, impairment, derecognition and general hedge accounting. Another revised version of IFRS 9 was issued in July 2015 mainly to introducing a ‘fair value through other comprehensive income’ (FVTOCI) measurement category for certain simple debt instruments. This version supersedes all previous versions and is mandatorily effective for periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018, with early adoption being permitted. IFRS 9 (2014) does not replace the requirements for portfolio fair value hedge accounting for interest rate risk since this face of the project was separated from the IFRS 9 project.

IFRS 9 (2014) is a complete standard that includes the requirements previously issued and the additional amendments to introduce a new expected loss impairment model and limited changes to the classification and measurement requirements for financial assets. More specifically, the new impairment model is based on expected credit losses rather than incurred losses, and will apply to debt instruments measured at amortized cost or FVTOCI, lease receivables, contract assets and certain written loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts. Regarding the new measurement category of FVTOCI, it will apply for debt instruments held within a business model whose objective is achieved both by collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets.

F-11

All recognized financial assets that are within the scope of IAS 39 are required to be subsequently measured at amortized cost or fair value.

With regard to the measurement of financial liabilities designated as of fair value through profit or loss, IFRS 9 requires that the amount of change in the fair value of the financial liability that is attributable to changes in the credit risk of that liability is presented in other comprehensive income, unless the recognition of the effects of changes in the liability’s credit risk in other comprehensive income would create or enlarge an accounting mismatch in profit or loss. Changes in fair value attributable to a financial liability’s credit risk are not subsequently reclassified to profit or loss.

In relation to the impairment of financial assets, IFRS 9 requires an expected credit loss model, as opposed to an incurred credit loss model under IAS 39. The expected credit loss model requires an entity to account for expected credit losses and changes in those expected credit losses at each reporting date to reflect changes in credit risk since initial recognition. In other words, it is no longer necessary for a credit event to have occurred before credit losses are recognized.

The new general hedge accounting requirements retain the three types of hedge accounting mechanisms currently available in IAS 39. Under IFRS 9, greater flexibility has been introduced to the types of transactions eligible for hedge accounting, specifically broadening the types of instruments that qualify for hedging instruments and the types of risk components of non-financial items that are eligible for hedge accounting. In addition, the effectiveness test has been overhauled and replaced with the principle of an ‘economic relationship’. Retrospective assessment of hedge effectiveness is also no longer required. Enhanced disclosure requirements about an entity’s risk management activities have also been introduced.

The Company is in the process of assessing the potential impacts from the adoption of this standard in its financial statements.

IFRS 15, Revenue from Contracts with Customers

IFRS 15Revenue from contracts with customers, was issued in May 2014 and applies to annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018, earlier application is permitted. Revenue is recognized as control is passed, either over time or at a point in time. The standard outlines a single comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers and supersedes most current revenue recognition guidance, including industry-specific guidance. In applying the revenue model to contracts within its scope, an entity will: 1) Identify the contract(s) with a customer; 2) Identify the performance obligations in the contract; 3) Determine the transaction price; 4) Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; 5) Recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. Also, an entity needs to disclose sufficient information to enable users of financial statements to understand the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers.

F-12

The Company is in the process of assessing the potential impacts from the adoption of this standard in its consolidated financial statements.

IFRS 16, Leases

IFRS 16Leases was issued in January 2016 and supersedes IAS 17Leases and related interpretations. The new standard brings most leases on-balance sheet for lessees under a single model, eliminating the distinction between operating and finance leases. Lessor accounting, however, remains largely unchanged and the distinction between operating and finance leases is retained. IFRS 16 is effective for periods beginning on or after 1 January 2019, with earlier adoption permitted if IFRS 15 has also been applied.

Under IFRS 16 a lessee recognizes a right-of-use asset and a lease liability. The right-of-use asset is treated similarly to other non-financial assets and depreciated accordingly and the liability accrues interest. This will typically produce a front-loaded expense profile (whereas operating leases under IAS 17 would typically have had straight-line expenses) as an assumed linear depreciation of the right-of-use asset and the decreasing interest on the liability will lead to an overall decrease of expense over the reporting period.

The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the lease payments payable over the lease term, discounted at the rate implicit in the lease if that can be readily determined. If that rate cannot be readily determined, the lessee shall use their incremental borrowing rate.

However, a lessee may elect to account for lease payments as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term for leases with a lease term of 12 months or less and containing no purchase options (this election is made by class of underlying asset); and leases where the underlying asset has a low value when new, such as personal computers or small items of office furniture (this election can be made on a lease-by-lease basis).

IFRS 16 establishes different transitional provisions, including retrospective application or the modified retrospective application where the comparative period is not restated.

The Company is in the process of assessing the potential impacts from the adoption of this standard in its consolidated financial statements.

(3)Significant accounting policies

 

The significant accounting policies set out below have been applied consistently to all periods presented in these consolidated financial statements, and have been applied consistently by the Company and its subsidiaries in preparing the opening consolidated IFRS statement of financial position as at January 1, 2011, for the purposes of the transition to IFRS.statements.

 

(a)a)Basis of consolidation

 

i.Business acquisitionsSubsidiaries

 

Acquisitions since January 1, 2011Subsidiaries are entities controlled by the Company. The financial statements of subsidiaries are included in the consolidated financial statements from the date that control commences until the date that control is lost (see note 5).

Profits and losses of subsidiaries acquired or sold during the year are included in the consolidated statements of profit and loss and other comprehensive income from the acquisition date to the disposal date.

Where necessary, subsidiaries’ financial statements are adjusted to align their accounting policies with the Company’s consolidated accounting policies.

F-13

ii.Transactions eliminated in consolidation

Significant intercompany balances and transactions, and any unrealized gains and losses arising from transactions between consolidated companies have been eliminated in preparing these consolidated financial statements.

iii.Business combinations

 

Business acquisitions made since January 1, 2011combinations are accounted for byusing the purchaseacquisition method. For each business acquisition, thecombination, any non-controlling interest in the acquiree is valued either at fair value or according to the proportionate interest in the acquiree’s identifiable net assets.

 

OnIn a business acquisition,combination, the Company evaluates the financial assets acquired and the financial liabilities assumed for proper classification and designation according to the contractual terms, economic circumstances and relevant conditions at the acquisition date.

 

Goodwill is originally valued at cost, and represents any excess of the transferred consideration over the net assets acquired and liabilities assumed. WhenIf the goodwillnet amount of identifiable acquired assets and assumed liabilities as of the acquisition date exceeds the sum of the consideration transferred, the amount of any non-controlling interest in the acquired entity and the fair value of the prior shareholding of the acquirer in the acquired entity (if any), any excess is negative,immediately recognized in the consolidated statement of profit and loss and other comprehensive income as a bargain purchase gain is recognized immediately in profit or loss.gain.

 

Transaction costs, other than those associated with the issueissuance of debt or equity securities, that the Company incurs related to a business combination are expensed as incurred.

 

AnyCertain contingent consideration payable is measured at fair value at the acquisition date. If the contingent consideration is classified as equity, then it is not remeasuredre-measured and settlement is accounted for within equity. Otherwise, subsequent changes in the fair value of the contingent consideration are recognized in profit orand loss.

Acquisitions prior to January 1, 2011

As part of its transition to IFRS,the Company elected not to restate those business combinations that occurred prior to January 1, 2011. Goodwill in respectofacquisitions prior to this date represents the amount recognized under the accounting criteria previously followed by the Company.

ii.Subsidiaries

Subsidiaries are entities controlled by the Company. The financial statements of subsidiaries are included in the consolidated financial statements from the date that control commences until the date that control ceases (see note 7).

iii.Transactions eliminated in consolidation

Intra-group balances and transactions, and any unrealized gain and loss arising from intra-group transactions, are eliminated in preparing the consolidated financial statements.

 

b)Foreign currency

 

i.Foreign currency transactions

 

Transactions in foreign currencies are translated to the respective functional currencies of the Company at the dates of the transactions. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at the reporting date are retranslatedtranslated to the functional currency at the exchange rate at that date. The foreign currency gain orand loss on monetary items is the difference between amortized cost in the functional currency at the beginning of the period, adjusted for effective interest and principal payments during the period, and the amortized cost in foreign currency translated at the exchange rate at the end of the reporting period.

 

Non-monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currenciesitems that are measured at fair value are retranslated to the functional currency at the exchange rate at the date that the fair value was determined. Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rate at the date of the transaction.

 

Foreign currency differences arising in retranslation are recognized in profit or loss.

F-14

 

ii.Foreign operations

 

The assets and liabilities
ii.Translation of foreign operations

Assets and liabilities, including goodwill and fair value adjustments arising on acquisition, of foreign operations whose functional currency differs from the reporting currency, are translated tointo Mexican pesos at the exchange rates at the reporting date. The incomeIncome and expenses of foreign operations are translated to pesos at the average exchange rate of the period of the transactions.

 

Foreign currency differences associated with translating foreign operations into the reporting currency (Mexican peso) are recognized in other comprehensive income, and presented in the foreign currency translation reserve in stockholders’ equity.

Foreign exchange gains orand losses arising from an item received fromamounts receivable or payable to a foreign operation, whose settlement is neither planned nor likely in the foreseeable future, are considered part of a net investment in a foreign operation and are recognized under the “other comprehensive income” account, and presented within stockholders’ equity in the foreign currency translation reserve. At 1 January 2011, as well as atFor the years ended December 31, December 20112015, 2014 and 20122013 the Company doesdid not haveenter into such operations.transactions.

 

c)Financial instruments

 

i.Non-derivative financial assets

 

Non-derivative financial instrumentsassets of the Company include cash and cash equivalents, investment in securities (financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss and financial assets held to maturity), trade receivable and other receivables.

 

The Company initially recognizes accounts receivablesreceivable and cash equivalents on the date that they are originated.arise. All other financial assets (including assets designated asmeasured at fair value through profit orand loss) are initially recognized initially on the tradetrading date, which is the date that the GroupCompany becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.

 

The Company derecognizes a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset expire, or it transfers the rights to receive the contractual cash flows in a transaction in which substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset are substantially transferred.

 

Financial assets and liabilities are offset and the net amount is presented in the statement of financial position when, and only when,solely if the Company has a legal right to offset the amounts and intends either to settle them on a net basis of financial assets and liabilities or tootherwise realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

 

F-15

The Company has the following non-derivative financial assets: financial

Financial assets valued at fair value through profit orand loss held-to-maturity financial assets, cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable.

 

Financial assetsA financial asset is presented at fair value through profit or loss

A financial asset is classified as at fair value through profit orand loss if it is classified as held-for-trading or is designated as such on initial recognition. Financial assets are designated as at fair value through profit orand loss if the Company manages such investments and makes purchase and sale decisions based on their fair value in accordance with the Company´s documentedCompany’s investment or risk management policy. Costs attributable to the acquisition or investment strategy. Upon initial recognition, attributable transaction costsissue of such financial assets are recognized in profit orand loss as incurred. Financial assets at fair value through profit orand loss are measured at fair value, and changes therein are recognized in profit orand loss.

Held-to-maturity financial assets

IfHeld-to-maturity financial assets are debt instruments that the Company has the intention and ability to hold debt instruments to maturity quoted on an active market, then such financial assets are classified as held-to-maturity.maturity. Held-to-maturity financial assets are originally recognized at fair value plus any directly attributable transaction costs. Subsequently to initial recognition, held-to-maturity financial assets are measured at their amortized cost by using the effective interest method, less any impairment losses. Any sale or reclassification of a more than insignificant amount of held-to-maturity investmentsfinancial assets would result in the reclassification of all held-to-maturity investments as available-for-sale, and prevent the Company from classifying investment securities as held-to-maturity for the current and the following two years.

The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortized cost of a debt instrument and of allocating interest income or cost over the relevant period. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts (including all fees and points paid or received that form an integral part of the effective interest rate, transaction costs and other premiums or discounts) through the expected life of the debt instrument, or, where appropriate, a shorter period, to the net carrying amount on initial recognition.

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash balances and call deposits with maturities of three months or less from the acquisition date, thatwhich are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in their fair value, and are used by the Company in the management of its short-term commitments.

Receivables

Receivables are financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market. Such assets are recognisedrecognized initially at fair value plus any directly attributable transaction costs. Subsequent to initial recognition, receivables are measured at amortized cost. Receivables comprise trade and other receivables.

 

ii.Non-derivative financial instrument liabilities

 

Debt and/or equity instruments are classified as financial liabilities or as equity according to the substance of the contractual agreement and the definitions of liability and equity.

All financial instrument liabilities are recognised initially recognized on the trade date, which is the date that the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.

 

F-16

The Company derecognizes a financial instrument liability when its contractual obligations are satisfied,met, cancelled or expire.

 

The Company has the following non-derivative financial instrument liabilities: short-term and long-term debt, senior bond issuance,and trade and other payables.payables and accounts payable to related parties.

 

The aforementioned financial liabilities are originally recognized at fair value, plus costcosts directly attributable to the transaction. Subsequently, these financial liabilities are measured at amortized cost during itstheir contractual term.

 

iii.Derivative financial instruments

 

Derivative financial instruments entered into for fair value hedging or for trading purposes are initially recognized at fair value; any attributable transaction costs are recognized in profit orand loss as incurred. Government grants are recognized initially as a liability, and subsequently recognized to profit and loss as the related obligation is settled. Subsequent to the initial recognition, thesuch derivative financial instruments are measured at fair value, and changes in fairsuch value are immediately recognized in profit or loss.and loss unless the derivative is designated and is effective as a hedging instrument, in which case, its recognition in profit and loss will depend on the nature of the hedging.

 

The fairFair value of derivative financial instruments that are traded in recognized financial markets is based on quotes issued by these markets; when a derivative financial instrument is traded “Overin the Counter”“over the counter” market, the fair value is determined based on internal models and market inputs accepted in the financial environment.

The Company analyzes if thethere are embedded derivatives exist that should be segregated from the host contract and accounted for separately if the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract and the embedded derivative are not closely related. A separate instrument with the same terms as those of the embedded derivative meetmeets the definition of a derivative, and the combined instrument is not measured at fair value through profit orand loss. Changes in fair value of the separable embedded derivatives are immediately recognized in profit or loss.At January 1, 2011, December 31, 2011 and 2012, the Company has not recognized embedded derivatives.loss.

 

The Company hasenters into derivative financial instruments, for accountingwhich are designated as fair value hedginghedges for its exposure to commodity price risks(commodities) resulting from its operating activities. Derivative financial instruments that do not meetingmeet the requirements for hedge accounting treatment are accounted for as trading derivative tradingfinancial instruments.

 

On initial designation of the derivative as a hedging instrument, the Company formally documents the relationship between the hedging instrumentinstruments and hedged item,items, including the risk management objectives and strategy in undertaking the hedge transaction, and the hedged risk, together with the methods that will be used to assess the prospective and retrospective effectiveness of the hedging relationship.hedging. The Company makes an assessment, both at the inception of the hedge relationship as well as on an ongoing basis, of whether the hedging instruments are expected to be highly effective in offsetting the changes in the fair value of the respective hedged items during the period for which the hedge is designated and whether the actual results of each hedge are within a range of 80 – 125 percent.

 

Derivatives are recognized initially at fair value; any attributable transaction costs are recognized in profit or loss as incurred. Subsequent to initial recognition, derivatives are measured at fair value, and changes therein are accounted for as follows:

Fair value hedging

F-17

 

When a derivative is designated as a fair value hedging instrument, the fluctuations of both the derivative and the primary position for the hedged risk(s) are measured at fair value and recognized in profit or loss.

 

If the hedging instrument no longer meets the criteria for hedgethe hedging accounting treatment, expires or is sold, terminated or exercised, or the designation is revoked, then hedgehedging accounting treatment is discontinued prospectively. Any gain or loss recognized in other comprehensive income and accumulated in equity at that time remains in equity and is recognized when the forecast transaction is ultimately recognized in profit or loss. When a forecast transaction is no longer expected to occur, the gain or loss accumulated in equity is recognized immediately in profit or loss.

 

iv.Capital stock

 

Ordinary shares

 

Ordinary shares are classified as equity. Incremental costs directly attributable to the issuance of ordinary shares are recognized as a deduction from equity, net of any tax effects.

 

Stock repurchase

 

When share capital recognized as equity is repurchased, the amount of the consideration paid, which includes directly attributable costs, net of any tax effects, is recognized as a deduction from equity. Repurchased shares are classified as treasury shares and are presented in the reserve for ownrepurchase of shares. When treasury shares are sold or reissuedare re-issued subsequently, the amount received as well as the resulting surplus or deficit on the transaction is recognized in equity.

 

d)Property, plant and equipment

 

i.Recognition and measurement

 

Property, plant and equipment, except for land, are measuredrecorded at the acquisition cost less accumulated depreciation, except for land, and any accumulated impairment losses. As ofLand is measured at the transition date to IFRS, the Company elected the “Deemed Cost” option, thus recognizing the values of property, plant and equipment as determined under Mexican Financial Reporting Standards as of the transition date (see note 33).acquisition costs less any accumulated impairment losses.

 

The acquisitionAcquisition cost includes the purchase price, as well as any cost directly attributable to the acquisition of the asset, acquisition, andincluding all costs directly attributable to bringing the assetsasset to a workingthe location and condition necessary for theirit to be capable of operating in the manner intended use.by management.

 

When partscomponents of an item of property, plant and equipment have different useful lives, they are accounted for as separate items (major components) of property, plant and equipment.

A component

An item of property, plant and equipment and any significant part initially recognized is retiredderecognized at the time of disposal or when no future economic benefits from use or disposal are not expected to be realized inarise from the future.continued use of the asset. Gains or losses on the sale of aan item of property, plant and equipment item are determined by comparing the proceeds from the sale with the carrying amount of property, plant and equipment, and are recognized net under “other income”income (expenses)” in profit orand loss for the year.

F-18

 

ii.Subsequent costs

 

The replacement cost of aan item of property, plant and equipment item is capitalized if the future economic benefits associated with the cost willare expected to flow to the Company and the related cost may beis reliably determined. The carrying amount of the replaced item is written off from the accounting records. Maintenance and repairsrepair expenses related to property, plant and equipment are expensed as incurred.

 

iii.Depreciation

 

Depreciation is computedcalculated on the amount subject to depreciation, which iscost of the asset cost, or other amount substitutingless its residual value, using the cost. The depreciable amount normally does not reduce residual values as they are not representative considering the industry in which the entity operates.

Depreciation is computed by the straight-linestraight line method, based on the estimated useful life of the assets andassets. Depreciation is recognized in profit orand loss beginning infrom the month following that in which theytime when the assets are available for use. Land is not depreciated.

 

TheBelow are the estimated useful lives for the current2015, 2014 and comparative years of significant items of property, plant and equipment are as follows:2013:

 

·Average
useful Life
Buildings20 - 40 years46
·Machinery and equipmentEquipment7 - 15 years19
·VehiclesTransportation equipment6 years11
·ComputersComputer equipment3 years8
·Furniture3 years11

 

Depreciation methods, useful lives andThe Company has estimated the following residual values are reviewed at each reporting dateas of December 31, 2015, 2014 and adjusted if appropriate.2013:

Residual Value
Buildings9%
Machinery and Equipment8%
Vehicles5%
Computers0%
Furniture2%

e)Goodwill

 

Goodwill arises onas a result of the acquisition of the entitiesa business over which control is obtained. Negative goodwill arises in the business combination at bargain purchase is recognized immediately in profit or loss.

Goodwillobtained and is measured at cost less cumulative impairment losses andlosses; it is subject to annual tests for impairment.

 

f)Biological assets

 

Biological assets whose fair value can be measured reliably are measured at fair value less costs to sell,of sale, with any change therein recognized in profit orand loss. Costs to sellof sale include all costs that would be necessary to sell the assets.assets, excluding finance costs and income taxes.

 

The Company’s biological assets consist of hensgrowing poultry, poultry in its different production layingstages, hatching eggs, breeder pigs, and breeder hens incubatable eggs, and breedergrowing pigs.

 

F-19

When the fair value cannot be reliably, verifiably and objectively determined, the assets are valued at production cost less accumulated depreciation, and any cumulative impairment loss. Depreciation related to biological assets forms part of the cost of inventories and current biological assets and is ultimately recognized within cost of sales in the statement of profit and loss and other comprehensive income.

 

Cumulative impairment loss in productivityDepreciation of poultry and breeder pigs is estimated based on the expected future life expectedof such assets and determinedis calculated on a straight-line basis.

 

Expected average
useful life
(weeks)
Poultry in its different production stages40-47
Breeder pigs156

The agricultural products obtained from biological

Biological assets are live chicken, processed chicken, commercial eggs and pigs available for sale, which are recognizedclassified as inventories in the statement of financial position.

The Company is exposed to financial risks related to changes in chicken price. The Company does not contemplate a significant drop in chicken price in the future; therefore, it has not entered into any financial derivative or contract for managing the risk related to a decrease in chicken price.

The Company reviews the chicken prices frequently so as to evaluate the need for having a financial instrument to manage the risk.

The biological assets were classified in current and non-current assets, based on the nature of such assets and their availabilitypurpose, whether for commercialization or for reproduction and business cycle.production.

g)Leased assets

 

Operating leases ofentered into by the Company as of December 31, 2011 and 2012, are not recognized in the Company’s statement of financial position. TheOperating lease rentals paid by the Company for the operating leases are recognized in profit orand loss for the year byusing the straight-line method over the lease term, even though the payments aremay not be made on the same basis.

Assets held under finance leases are depreciated over their expected useful lives on the same basis as owned assets. However, when there is no reasonable certainty that ownership will be obtained at the end of the lease term, assets are depreciated over the shorter of the lease term or their useful lives. As of December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the Company has not entered into any significant finance lease agreements.

 

h)Inventories

 

Inventories are measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value. The cost of inventories is based on the average costs,cost, and includes expenditureexpenditures incurred infor acquiring the inventories, production or conversiontransformation costs, and other costs incurred infor bringing them to their existingpresent location and condition.

Agricultural products derived from biological asses are processed chickens and commercial eggs.

 

Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less the estimated costs of completion and estimated costs necessary to make the sale.

 

Cost of sales represents cost of inventories at the time of sale, plus,increased, if applicable, by reductions in theinventory to its net realizable value, of inventoriesif lower than cost, during the year.

 

The Company records the necessary allowances to recognize declinesreductions in the value of theirits inventories for impairment, obsolescence, slow movement and other factors that may indicate that the use or performance of the items that are part of the inventory may be lower than the carrying value.

F-20

 

i)Impairment

 

i.Financial assets

 

A financial asset that is not recorded at fair value through profit orand loss is assessed at each reporting date to determine whether there is objective evidence that it is impaired. A financial asset is impaired if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events that occurredloss event after the initial recognition of the asset, and that such loss event(s)event had ana negative impact on the estimated future cash flows of that asset that can be estimated reliably.

 

Objective evidence that financial assets are impaired includes default or delinquency by a debtor, restructuring of an amount due to the Company, on terms that the Company would not consider otherwise, indicationsevidence that a debtor or issuer will enter bankruptcy, adverse changes in the payment status of borrowers or issuers, economic conditions that correlate with defaultsmay go bankrupt, or the disappearance of an active market for a security. In addition, for an investment in an equity security, a significant or prolonged declinereduction in its fair value below its cost is objective evidence of impairment.

 

The Company considers evidence of impairment for financial assets measuredvalued at amortized cost (accounts receivables and held-to-maturity investment securities) at both a specific assetindividually and collective level.collectively. All individually significant receivables and held-to-maturity investment securities are assessed for specific impairment. All individually significant receivables and held-to-maturity investment securities found not to be specifically impaired are then collectively assessed for any impairment that has been incurred but not yet identified. Assets that are not individually significant are collectively assessed for impairment by grouping together assets with similar risk characteristics.

In assessing collective impairment, the Company uses historical trends of the probabilityprobabilities of default, timingtimeliness of recoveries and the amount of loss incurred, adjusted for management’s judgment as to whether current economic and credit conditions are such that the actual losses are likely to be greater or less than those suggested by historical trends.

 

An impairment loss in respect ofrelated to a financial asset measuredvalued at amortisedamortized cost is calculated as the difference between itsthe carrying amount of the asset and the present value of the estimated future cash flows discounted at the effective interest rate. Losses are recognisedrecognized in profit orand loss and reflected in an allowance account against receivables or held-to-maturity investment securities. Interest on the impaired assetassets continues being recognized. When a subsequent event causesthat occurs after impairment has been recognized, it results in the amountreduction of impairmentthe loss to decrease, the decrease in impairment lossamount; this reduction is reversed through profit orand loss.

 

ii.Non-financial assets

 

The carrying amounts of the Company´s non-financial assets, other than inventories, biological assets and deferred tax assets, are reviewed at each reporting date to determine whether there is any indication of impairment. If any such indication exists, then the asset’s recoverable amount of the asset is estimated.estimated or cash generating units, as the lowest between its value in use and the fair value less cost of sale. Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested annually for impairment on the same dates.

 

The recoverable amount of an asset or cash-generating unit (CGU) isCompany defines the greater of its value in usecash generating units and its fair value less costs to sell. In assessing value in use,also estimates the estimated futureperiodicity and cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-taxthat they should generate. Subsequent changes in the group of cash-generating units, or changes in the assumptions that support the cash flow estimates or the discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset or CGU. For impairment testing, assets that cannot be tested on an individual basis are grouped together into the smallest group of assets that generates cash inflows from continuing use that are independent of the cash inflows of other assets CGU. For the purpose of impairment testing of the goodwill, CGU to which goodwill has been allocated are aggregated so that the level at which impairment testing is performed reflects the lowest level at which goodwill is monitored for internal reporting purposes. Goodwill acquired in a business combination is allocated to groups of CGU that are expected to benefit from the synergies of the combination.

In regards to goodwill, the Company identifies the CGU related to balanced animal feed plants, chicken processing plants and some chicken farms for the Peninsula and Itsmo divisions in which such Goodwill was generated.

Impairment losses are recognized in profit or loss. Impairment losses recognized in respect of CGU are allocated first to reduce the carrying amount of any goodwill allocated to the CGU (group of CGUs), and then to reducecould impact the carrying amounts of the other assetsrespective asset.

F-21

The main assumptions for developing estimates of recoverable amounts requires the Company’s management to estimate the future cash flows expected to arise from the cash-generating unit and a suitable discount rate in order to calculate its present value. The Company estimates cash flow projections considering current market conditions, determination of future prices of goods and volumes of production and sales. In addition, for the purposes of the discount and perpetuity growth rates, the Company uses indicators of market and expectations of long-term growth in the CGU (group of CGUs) on a pro rata basis.markets in which it operates.

 

The Company estimates a discount rate before taxes for the purposes of the goodwill impairment test that reflects the risk of the corresponding cash-generating units and that enables the calculation of present value of expected future cash flows, as well as to reflect risks that were not included in the cash flow projection assumptions and premises. The discount rate that the Company estimates is based on the weighted average cost of capital. In addition, the discount rate estimated by the Company reflects the return that market participants would require if they had made a decision about an equivalent asset, as well as the expected generation of cash flow, time, and risk-and-return profiles.

The Company annually reviews the circumstances which led to an impairment loss arising from cash-generating units to determine whether such circumstances have been changed and that may result in the reversal of previously recognized impairment losses. An impairment loss in respect of goodwill is not reversed. For other long-lived assets, an impairment loss is reversed only to the extent that the asset’s carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation or amortization, if nothe impairment loss had not been recognized.

Impairment losses are recognized in profit and loss. Impairment losses recognized in respect of cash-generating units are allocated first to reduce the carrying amount of any goodwill allocated to the cash-generating unit (or group of CGUs), and subsequently to reduce the carrying amount of the other long-lived assets within the cash-generating unit (or group of CGUs) on a pro rata basis.

j)Available-for-saleHeld-for-sale assets

 

Assets availableAvailable for sale assets mainly consist of foreclosed assets. Foreclosed assets as well as an aircraft included withare initially recorded at the acquisitionlower of OK Industries, Inc. (note 6a). Management sold this aircraft in 2012.fair value less costs to sell or the net carrying amount of the related account receivable.

 

Immediately before classificationbeing classified as available-for-sale, theheld-for-sale, assets are remeasuredvalued according to the Company’s accounting policies.policies in accordance to the applicable IFRS. Subsequently, available-for-saleheld-for-sale assets are generally recorded at the lower of the carrying amount and fair value less costcosts to sale the assets.sell. Impairment losses on initial classification of available-for-saleheld-for-sale assets and subsequent revaluationremeasurement gains orand losses are recognized in profit orand loss. Gains exceeding anyRecognized gains shall not exceed cumulative impairment loss are notlosses previously recognized.

 

k)Other assets

 

Other long-term assets primarily include prepaymentsadvances for the purchase of property, plant and equipment, investments in insurance policies and investment in an associate company.security deposits.

 

At December 31, 2011 y 2012, Bachoco USA (foreign subsidiary) holds a minority investment in Southern Hens, Inc. The Company does not exercise significant influence over the entity and therefore the investment is recorded at original cost which is similar to fair value at the acquisition date (see note 17).

Bachoco USA, (foreign subsidiary) owns life insurance policies of some of the previous shareholders.former stockholders of Bachoco USA, LLC (foreign subsidiary). The Company records these policies toat net cash surrender value which approximates its fair value (see note 17)16).

F-22

l)Employee benefits

 

Benefit planThe Company grants to its employees in Mexican operationMexico and abroad, different types of benefits as described below and detailed in note 21.

 

Bachoco has a retirement plan in which non-union workers in México participate. Pension benefits are determined based on the salary of workers in their final three years of service, the number of years worked in the Company and their age at retirement. This plan includes:

i Defined contribution plan 

i.Defined contribution plan

 

A defined contribution plan is a post-employment benefit plan under which an entity pays fixed contributions intoto a separate entity and has no legal or constructive obligation to pay further amounts. Obligations for contributions to defined contribution plans are recognized as an employee benefit expense in profit orand loss in the periods during which the related services are rendered by employees. Prepaid contributions are recognisedrecognized as an asset to the extent that the Company has the right to a cash refund or a reduction in future payments is available. Contributions to a defined contribution plan that are due more than 12 months after the end of the period in which the employees render the service are discounted to theirat present value.

 

ii Defined benefit plan

ii.Defined benefit plan

 

A defined benefit plan is a post-employment benefit plan other than a defined contribution plan. It is funded only by contributions made by the Company and is intended to satisfymeet the Company’s labor obligations to its employees.

 

The Company´s net obligationobligations in respect of defined benefit plans is calculated separately for each plan, by estimating the amount of the future benefit that the employees have earned in return for their service in the current and prior periods. Thatyears; that benefit is discounted to determine its present value. Any unrecognized past service costsvalue, and is reduced by the fair value of anythe plan assets are deducted.assets. The discount rate is the yield at the end of the reporting dateperiod on investment grade bondsthathigh quality corporate bonds (or governmental bonds in the instance that a deep market does not exist for high quality corporate bonds, which is the case in Mexico) that have maturity dates approximating the terms of the Company´s obligations and that are denominated in the currency in which the benefits are expected to be paid. Net interest is calculated by applying the discount rate at the beginning of the period to the net defined benefit liability or asset. Defined benefit costs are categorized as follows:

·Service cost (including current service cost, past service cost, as well as gains and losses on curtailments and settlements)
·Net interest expense or income

The Company presents service cost as part of operating income in the consolidated statements of profit or loss and other comprehensive income (loss). Gains and losses for reduction of service are accounted for as past service costs.

F-23

The calculation is performed annually by a qualified actuary using the projected unit credit method. When the calculation results in a benefit to the Group,Company, the recognized asset is limited to the net total of any unrecognized past service costs and the present value of any economic benefits available in the form of any future refunds from the planplans or reductions in future contributions to the plan. In order to calculate the present value of economic benefits, consideration is given to any minimum funding requirements that apply to any plan in the Company. An economic benefit is available to the Company if it is realizable during the life of the plan, or on settlement of the plan liabilities.

plans. When the benefits of a plan are modified or improved, the portion of the increased benefitimproved benefits related to past serviceservices by employees is recognized in profit orand loss on the earlier of the following dates: when there is a straight-line basis overmodification or curtailment to the averageplan, or when the Company recognizes the related restructuring costs or termination benefits.

Remeasurement adjustments, comprising actuarial gains and losses, the effect of changes to the asset ceiling (if applicable) and the return on plan assets (excluding interest), are reflected immediately with a charge or credit recognized in other comprehensive income in the period until the benefits become vested. To the extent that the benefits vest immediately, the expensein which they occur. Remeasurement recognized in other comprehensive income is recognizedreflected immediately in equity and is not reclassified to profit or loss.

 

The Company recognizes the surplus that is outside the 10% margin of the actuarial gains and losses arising from defined benefit plans in the previous reporting date divided by the expected average life of the employees participating in the plan.

iii Short-term benefits

iii.Short-term benefits

 

Short-term employee benefits are valued on a non-discounted basis and are recognized in profit or lossexpensed as the respective services are rendered.

 

A liability is recognized for the amount expected to be payablepaid under the short-term cash bonus plans or statutory employee profit sharing (PTU for its acronym in Spanish), if the Company has a legal or constructive obligation to pay such amounts as a result of prior services rendered by the employee, and the obligation may be reliably estimated.

 

iv Termination benefits from constructive obligation

iv.Termination benefits from constructive obligations

 

The Company recognizedrecognizes, as a defined benefit plan, a constructive obligation from practices typically done. This constructive obligation is associated withpast practices. The liability accrues based on the period of time that an employeeservices rendered services toby the Company.employee. Payment of this benefit is made in one installment at the time that the employee voluntarily stopsceases working for the Company.

Benefit plan in the foreign operation

Bachoco USA (foreign subsidiary) maintains a 401(k) defined contribution retirement plan covering all employees meeting certain eligibility requirements. The Company contributes to the plan at the rate of 50% of employee’s contributions up to a maximum of 2% of the individual employee’s compensation.

 

m)Provisions

 

A provision is recognized if, as a result of a past event, the Company has a present legal or constructive obligation that can be estimated reliably, and it is probable that an outflow of economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation.

When the effect of time value of money is significant, the amount of the provision is the present value of the disbursements expected disbursementsto be necessary to settle the obligation. The discount rate applied is determined before taxes, and reflects the market conditions at the statement of financial positionreporting date and takes into account the specific risk of the relevant liability, if any. In these cases,The unwinding of the increase in the provisionpresent value discount is recognized as a financefinancial cost.

F-24

 

n)RevenueInterests in joint operations

A joint operation is a joint arrangement whereby the parties that have joint control of the arrangement have rights to the assets, and obligations for the liabilities, relating to the arrangement. Joint control is the contractually agreed sharing of control of an arrangement, which exists only when decisions about the relevant activities require unanimous consent of the parties sharing control.

The Company as a joint operator recognizes, in relation to its interest in a joint operation: its assets, including its share of any assets held jointly; its liabilities, including its share of any liabilities incurred jointly; its revenue from the sale of its share of the output arising from the joint operation; its share of the revenue from the sale of the output by the joint operation, and its expenses, including its share of any expenses incurred jointly.

The Company accounts for the assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses relating to its interest in a joint operation in accordance with the IFRSs applicable to such assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses.

The Company has joint operations derived from the broiler agreements for the development of its biological assets. For such operations, the Company accounts for its biological assets, its obligations derived from technical support, as well as the expenses it incurs with respect to the joint operations. The live poultry produced by the joint operation is ultimately used internally by the Company and may be sold by the Company to third parties. As a result, the joint operation itself does not generate any revenues with third parties.

o)Revenues

 

Revenue from the sale of goods in the course of ordinary activities is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable, net of returns, trade discounts and volume rebates. Revenue is recognized when persuasive evidence exists, usually in the form of an executed sales agreement, that the significant risks and rewards of ownership have been transferred to the customer, recovery of the consideration relating to the transaction is probable, the associated costs and possible return of goods can be estimated reliably, there is no continuing management involvement with the goods, and the amount of revenue can be measured reliably. If it is probable that discounts will be granted and the amount can be measured reliably, then the discount is recognized as a reduction of revenue.

 

The Company’s products are sold to a large number of customers, with no significant concentration with any specific customer.

o)p)FinanceFinancial income and costs and dividend income

 

FinanceFinancial income comprises interest income onfrom funds invested, fair value changes on financial assets at fair value through profit or loss and foreign currency exchange gains. Interest income is recognized at amortized cost in profit orand loss, using the effective interest method. Dividend income is recognized in profit orand loss on the date that the Company´s right to receive the payment is established.

Finance

Financial costs comprise interest expense onfor borrowings, foreign currency exchange losses and fair value changes on financial assets at fair value through profit orand loss. Borrowing costs that are not directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of a qualifying asset are recognized in profit orand loss using the effective interest method.

 

F-25

Foreign currency

Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of qualifying assets, which are assets that necessarily take a substantial period of time to get ready for their intended use or sale, are added to the costs of those assets, until such time as the assets are substantially ready for their intended use or sale. Investment income earned on the temporary investment of specific borrowings pending their expenditure on qualifying assets is deducted from the borrowing costs eligible for capitalization.

Exchange gains and losses are reported on a net basis.

 

p)q)Income taxes

 

Tax expense comprisesIncome tax expenses comprise current and deferred tax. Current taxincome taxes and deferred tax isincome taxes are recognized in profit orand loss except to the extent that it relatesprovided they do not relate to a business combination, or items recognized directly in equity or in other comprehensive income.

 

Current income tax is the expected tax payable or receivable on the taxable income or loss for the fiscal year, which can be applied to taxable income from previous years, using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted in each jurisdiction at the of the statement of financial position. Anyreporting date, plus any adjustment to taxtaxes payable inwith respect ofto previous years. Current income tax payable also includes any tax liability arising from the declarationpayment of dividends.

 

Deferred income tax is recognized in respect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for taxationtax purposes. Deferred income tax is not recognized for:

 

·the initial recognition of assets or liabilities in a transaction that is not a business combination and that affects neitherdid not affect either accounting noror taxable profit or loss;

 

·differences related to investments in subsidiaries to the extent that it is probable that the Company is able to control the timing of the reversal date, and the reversion is not expected to take place in the foreseeablenear future.

 

·taxable temporary differences arising onfrom the initial recognition of goodwill.

 

Deferred income tax is measured atdetermined by applying the tax rates that are expected to be applied toapply in the period in which the temporary differences when theywill reverse, based on the legislationsregulations enacted or substantively enacted at the datereporting date.

The measurement of deferred income tax assets and liabilities reflect the statementtax consequences derived from the manner in which the Company expects to recover or settle the carrying amounts of financial position.its assets and liabilities.

In determining the amount of current and deferred income tax, the Company takes into account the impact of uncertain tax positions and whether additional taxes and interest may be due. The Company believes that the balance for its accruals for theincome tax liabilities are adequate for all open tax years subject to be reviewed by the tax authorities based on its assessment of manyseveral factors, including the interpretation of the tax lawlaws and prior experience. This assessment relies on estimates and assumptions and may involve a series of judgments about future events. New information may become available that causes the Company to change its judgment regarding the adequacy of existing tax liabilities; such changes to tax liabilities will impact tax expense in the period that such a determination is made.

F-26

 

A deferred income tax asset is recognized for unused tax losses, tax credits and deductible temporary differences to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which they can be utilized. Deferred income tax assets are reviewed at each reporting date of statement of financial position and are reduced to the extent that it is no longernot probable that the related tax benefit will be realized.

 

q)r)Earnings per share

 

The Company presents information on the basic and diluted earnings per share (EPS) for theirrelated to its ordinary shares. The basicBasic EPS is computed by dividing the profit orand loss attributable to the holders of the Company’s common shares by the weighted average number of outstanding ordinary shares outstanding during the period, adjusted for the owntreasury shares held. The dilutedDiluted EPS is determined by adjusting the profit orand loss attributable to the holders of the ordinary shares and the outstanding weighted average number of ordinary shares, outstanding, adjusted by the ownfor treasury shares held, for the effects of potential dilutiondilutive effects of all ordinary shares, including the convertible instruments and options on shareshares granted to employees. At December 31, 20112015, 2014 and 2012,2013, the Company has no potentially dilutive potential ordinary shares.shares, for which reason basic and diluted EPS is the same.

 

r)s)Segment information

 

An operating segment is a component of the company thatCompany that: i) is engaged in business activities from which revenues and expenses may be obtained and incurred, respectively, including revenues and expenses related to transactions with any of the other components of the Company. The transactions between segmentsCompany, ii) which results are determined on an arm’s-length basis.reviewed periodically by the chief operating decision maker for the purpose of resource allocation and assessment of segment performance, and iii) for which discrete financial information exists.

 

The financial information byCompany discloses reportable segments is prepared based on the management approach, as a segment represents the operating components of a company that are subject to risks and benefits and are different from other business segments. As a resultsegments whose revenues exceed 10% of the acquisitioncombined revenues from all segments, whose absolute value of OK Industries, company located inprofit or loss exceeds 10% of the United States (see note 6a), beginning in 2011, geographicalcombined absolute value of profit or loss from all segments, whose assets exceed 10% of the combined assets from all segments, or that result from the aggregation of two or more operating segments are also taken into consideration.

(4)New standards and interpretations not yet adopted

The following new Standards, modifications to Standardswhen they have similar economic characteristics and Interpretations that are notmeet the aggregation criteria in force as of December 31, 2012, have not been applied in preparing these consolidated financial statements.IFRS (note 2 d).

 

·t)IFRS 9Financial Instruments will come into force for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2015; early adoption is permitted. The new Standard will be issued in various stages,Costs and is intended to supersede IAS 39Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement. The Company acknowledges that such adoption will affect the classification and measurement of financial instruments. The magnitude of the effect of adoption of this IFRS has not been determined. The Company acknowledges that the new standard introduces many changes to the accounting treatment of financial instruments, and is likely to have a significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The effect of such changes will be analyzed in the course of the project as additional stages of the standard are issued.expenses by function

Costs and expenses in the consolidated statements of profit and loss and other comprehensive income were classified by their function. The nature of costs and expenses is presented in Note 22.

 

·u)In May 2011, the IASB issued the IFRS 10Consolidated Financial Standards,IFRS 11 Joint Arrangements, IFRS 12DisclosureStatement of interest in other entities,and NIIF13 Fair Value Measurement.All of these standards are effective beginning on January 1, 2013, early adoption permitted. The Company does not expect a significant impact on the application of these standards.

·On June 16, 2011, the IASB issued modifications to IAS 19Employee Benefits. The amendments improve the recognition and the requirements for dissemination of defined benefit plans. The new requirements are effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2013; early application is permitted. Among other changes, the amendments require a) the use of a single rate for determining the expected return on plan assets and the present value of the benefit liability discount (in overall "net finance costs"), b) the recognition of net finance cost overnet pension liability(liabilities minusplan assets), rather thana finance costover the liabilities and an expected return on assets separately; and c)the recognition ofactuarialgains or lossesfor the periodwithin comprehensive income or loss. The option ofpostponing the gains and losses, known as the "corridor method", is eliminated. Company does not anticipate that the impact will be material.
·In December 2011, the IASB modified IFRS 32, to incorporate compensation disclosures regarding assets and liabilities in the statement of financial position. The modified standard requires entities to disclose both amounts gross and offset, on eligible instruments and transactions to offset in the statement of financial position, as well as instruments and transactions subject to a offsetting agreement. The scope includes derivative instruments, purchase and sale agreements and purchase, sale and leaseback agreements and securities lending agreements. The amendments to IFRS 32 are effective from January 1, 2014 and retrospective application is required. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting modified IFRS 32, however, the Company does not expect that the adoption of this modified IFRS will result a significant impact on its consolidated financial statements.

(5)Financial risk managementcash flows

 

The Company presents cash flows from operating activities by using the indirect method, in which the income or loss is exposed toadjusted by the following riskseffects of items that do not require cash flows, including those related to the use of financial instruments to which risk management is applied:investing or financing activities.

The Company classifies all interest received from its investments and accounts receivable as investment activities, and all interest paid as financing activities.

F-27

 

·(4)credit risk
·liquidity risk
·market riskBusiness and asset acquisitions

This note presents information on the Company’s exposure to each of the aforementioned risks, and the Company’s objectives, policies and procedures for risk measurement and management. Further quantitative disclosures are included in various sections of these consolidated financial statements.

Risk management frameworkAcquisition of assets from breeding farms from Morris Hatchery, Inc. 2013y 2015

 

The risk philosophy adopted byOn July 9, 2013 and July 10, 2015, the Company seeksreached agreements to minimizeacquire assets from the riskbreeding farms of Morris Hatchery Inc., located in the states of Arkansas and therefore, to enhance its business stability, by opting for a sound relationship betweenGeorgia in the levelsUnited States of risk assumedAmerica. These acquisitions mainly consist of poultry equipment and its operating capabilities, for ensuring a better decision-makingbiological assets comprised principally of breeding birds that will enable an optimal combinationproduce hatching eggs. The acquisitions benefit the Company given that it did not previously have the capacity of products and assets leading to a risk-return ratio morebreeding birds that produce hatching eggs, which are used internally. The Company concluded that the transactions represented the acquisition of businesses in lineaccordance with the stockholders’ risk profile.IFRS 3.

 

Risk will mean the level of uncertainty associated with the Company’s future losses.

Risk Management will mean the “Set of objectives, policies, procedures and actions implemented to identify, measure, monitor, limit, control, report and disclose the various types of risks to which the entity is exposed”.

General Objectives

·Promoting the development and application of a Risk Management culture, establishing guidelines that will ensure the efficient application of relevant Risk Management policies and procedures.

·Having sound Risk Management practices in place, consistent with relevant criteria and international recommendations.

·Implementing an efficient Risk Management that will allow performing the entity’s activities and ensuring levels of risk exposure consistent with the operating capability.

Organizational structure

In order to create a clear and optimum Risk Management, the Company established the Risk Committee, which is the specialized body in terms of managing risks. At the Committee, objectives, policies, procedures, methodologies and strategies as well as maximum risk exposure limits and contingency plans are defined, proposed, approved and implemented.

Management by type of risk.

a)Credit risk

Credit risk is defined as the potential loss of an accounts receivable portfolio due to lack of payment by a debtor or for the nonperformance of a counterparty with which transactions with derivative or primary instruments are conducted.

The Credit Risk Management process begins with the execution of transactions with derivative and primary instruments, which are plainly exposed to a market risk but also to a counterparty risk.

Measurement and monitoring of counterparty risks

Currently, in terms of derivative and primary instruments, the Company has decided to measure and monitor its counterparty risk by calculating and identifying the Counterparty Valuation Adjustment (CVA).

Measurement and monitoring of accounts receivable

ThereBelow is a policy whereby an allowance for doubtful accounts is established for balances of accounts which are likely not to be recovered. For defining the required reserve, the entity considers historical losses in evaluating the current market conditions as well as the financial condition of customers, accounts receivable in dispute, price differences, the aging of the portfolio and present payment patterns.

Risk reporting structure

This part of the report considers the change in the market value of the portfolio of derivative and primary instruments after the credit risk factor (CVA) has been applied to valuations.

The ratings of counterparties with which the entity has contracted derivatives are circumscribed.

CVA (Counterparty Valuation Adjustment)

In the case of investments in primary financial instruments in local currency, the valuation models for financial instruments used by price vendors are validated annually by the National Banking and Securities Commission (CNBV) and incorporate market movements and the credit quality of the issuers; therefore, it is implicitly included in the determinationsummary of the fair value of the transaction’s CVA. For this reason, the position in primary financial instruments includes the CVA and no other related study and/or adjustment will be performed. Price Vendor’s provided securities pricing, are released atmid prices.

Financial instruments denominated in foreign currencies and not listed in Mexico are valued with the prices included in the broker statements of accounts, which are taken from Bloomberg, the world’s largest price vendor. Furthermore, the entity validates such market prices in Bloomberg. Market prices included in Bloomberg incorporate market movements and the credit quality of issuers; therefore, it is implicitly included in the determination of the fair value of the transaction’s CVA. For this reason, the position in primary financial instruments includes the CVA and no other related study and/or adjustment will be performed. Price Vendor’s provided securities pricing, are released atmid prices.

In case of derivative financial instruments traded in “Over the Counter” markets, the CVA is calculated in Bloomberg. For accounting purposes, the CVA is part of the fair value of derivative financial instruments.

Trade and other accounts receivable

The assessment of accounts receivable impairment is made on a collective basis because there are no accounts with significant balances individually and due to their short term. The Company’s products are traded among a large number of customers without significant concentration with any of them. Among objective evidence of an impaired accounts receivable portfolio we may include the Company’s past experience as to collections, increase in the number of overdue payments that exceed the average credit period as well as observable changes in the national and local economic conditions that correlate with default on payments.

The Risk Management Committee has implemented a credit policy whereby each new customer is analyzed individually as to creditworthiness prior to extending it the payment terms and conditions. The Company’s review includes internal and external assessments and, in certain instances, bank references and looking upnet assets in the Public Registry. Purchase limits are set for each customer, which represent the maximum outstanding amount. Customers who fail to meet the Company’s credit references may only engage in cash or advance payment transaction with the Company.

The allowance for doubtful accounts includes impaired trade accounts receivable, which at December 31, 2011 and 2012 amounted to $38,537 and $46,681, respectively. Such allowance is determined based on the historical experience of accounts receivable, guarantees obtained, etc.

i.Guarantees on loans granted

The Company receives guarantees on loans granted, which consist of personal and real property such as plots of land, buildings, houses, transportation units, letters of credit and cash deposits. At December 31, 2011 and 2012, the fair value of guarantees, at appraisal value at the time of granting the loan amounted to $484,771 and $517,269, respectively.

ii.Fair value

The fair value and amortized cost of trade accounts receivable is the same since those are short term nature, with no significant financial component.

Investments

The Company limits its exposure to credit risk by investing only in liquid securities and with counterparties with a credit rating of at least A1 and A granted by Standard & Poor’s and Moody’s, respectively. Management continuously monitors credit ratings and since the Company has only invested in highly rated securities, management does not anticipate any counterparty default, except as disclosed in note 10.

Eventually, the debt and equity investments with the credit rating lower than those mentioned in the previous paragraph, are authorized by the Risk Committee and the Board of Directors.

Guarantees

It is the Company’s policy to grant financial guarantees only to wholly-owned subsidiaries.

b)Liquidity risk

Liquidity risk is defined as the potential loss due to the inability to renew liabilities or contract others in normal conditions, from the advance or compulsory sale of assets or unusual discounts in meeting its obligations, or, for the fact that a position may not be timely sold, acquired or covered by establishing an equivalent opposite position.

The Liquidity Risk Management process considers asset and liability management (ALM).

Its objective is:

·Anticipating funding difficulties due to extreme events.

Follow-up

Liquidity risks associated with ALM are measured, monitored and reported and authorization, application and operation limits are set as well as contingent action in case of liquidity requirements.

Liquidity risk due to differences between current cash flows and cash flows projected at various dates are measured and monitored, considering the totality of the entity’s asset and liability positions denominated in domestic and foreign currencies. Furthermore, the Company’s funding diversification and sources are evaluated.

The Company quantifies the potential loss due to the advanced or forced sale of assets at unusual discounts to timely face its obligations as well as for the fact that a position may not be timely sold, acquired or covered by establishing an equivalent opposite position.

This part of the report is deemed in the analysis of liquidity gaps, scenarios on insufficient liquidity and use of alternative sources of financing.

c)Market risk

Market risk is defined as: “The potential loss of a portfolio of derivative instruments and primary instruments for trading (speculation) purposes, due to changes in risk factors that impinge on the valuation of long or short positions. In this regard, uncertainty is detected if future losses resulting from changes in market conditions (interest rates, exchange rates, price of commodities, etc.) that have a direct impact on price changes both of assets and liabilities.

The Company measures, monitors and reports all financial instruments subject to market risks, using to such end the sensitivity measurement models for measuring potential losses associated to changes in risk variables, in accordance with the various interest and exchange rate scenarios over a period of time.

Follow up

Sensitivities are reported at least monthly. These values are compared to the limits and any excesses are immediately reported as stipulated in the Risk Manual.

Stress testing

Stress tests are performed on a quarterly or more regular basis, based on the following assumptions. To this end, the value of portfolios is calculated considering the changes in risk factors observed in historical financial stress dates, including, among others:

·Changes in the exchange rates, interest rates, commodities prices; scenarios:+5%, -5%, +25%, -25%, +50%, -50%

·2008 (+25% in the MXN/USD exchange rate)

i)Exchange Risk

The Company is exposed to an exchange risk on sales, purchases and borrowings denominated in a currency other than its functional currency, which is the peso. The foreign currency in which such transaction is denominated is primarily the US dollar.

The Company protects by derivative instruments for hedging a percentage of its estimated exposure to variance in exchange rate in regards to the projected sales and purchases during the year and months, as required. Maturities of all the aforementioned instruments as hedges for its exchange risks are less than one year from the date of contracting. At December 31, 2012 the Company have not financial derivates instruments about tax rate (see note 10d).

The Company is exposed to exchange rate risk (Peso/USD denominated instruments) within the assets and liabilities as: primary instruments (investments), financial liabilities and commodity derivatives that are denominated in a other currency than its functional currency. In this regard the Company does not perform sensitivity analysis in order to measure the impact of exchange rate fluctuations in the asset an liabilities described. 

ii)Interest rate risk

The Company is exposed to interest rate risk in the assets and liabilities as: primary instruments (with floating rates), financial liabilities (loans and debt issuance) and interest rate derivatives (e.g Interest Rate Swaps (IRS)). The Company performs a sensitivity analysis to measure the effect of changes in interest rates in derivative instruments as of December 31, 2012, while for the other instruments described, no sensitivity analysis is performed. The Company’s Risk Policy does not restrict exposure to different interest rates, neither establishes limits for fixed or floating rates.

d)Quantitative measurements of sensitivity

Main quantitative sensitivities of the current derivative financial instruments at December 31, 2012 related to commodities prices and rates, as well as the impact of different scenarios based on the established limits, are as follows:

Sensitivity report of Financial Derivative Instruments (FDI´s) to different market scenarios

     Commodities     Effect  Limit  Effect  Limit 
Scenarios Rates  Mex  USA  Total  %  Prev.  Max  %  Prev.  Max. 
                               
-50% $(1,040)  (19,532)  (71,377)  (91,949)  -2.9%  -2.5%  -5.0%  -2.0%  -1.25%  2.50%
-25%  (444)  (10,572)  (35,917)  (46,934)  -1.5%  -2.5%  -5.0%  -1.0%  -1.25%  -2.50%
-5%  32   (3,404)  (7,549)  (10,922)  -0.3%  -2.5%  -5.0%  -0.2%  -1.25%  -2.50%
0.00%  151   (1,612)  (457)  (1,919)  -0.1%  -2.5%  -5.0%  0.0%  -1.25%  -2.50%
5%  270   180   6,634   7,084   0.2%  -2.5%  -5.0%  0.2%  -1.25%  -2.50%
25%  746   7,348   35,002   43,096   1.4%  -2.5%  -5.0%  0.9%  -1.25%  -2.50%
50%  1,342   16,308   70,462   88,112   2.8%  -2.5%  -5.0%  1.9%  -1.25%  -2.50%

For FX ($12.87), Rate (TIIE 28 days 4.8475%) and commodities (corn and soybean meal), the effect of the current position is a loss of $1,919, mainly originated by losses on commodity programs in Mex of $1,612. The exposure of current positions is below of the preventive and maximum limits approved by the and Risk Committee.

In market stress scenarios where all hedging programs managed by the Company would be affected by a decline of 50% and 25%, the effect of total exposure would be a loss of $91,949 and $46,934, respectively.

Such amounts represent a negative effect of 2.9% and 1.5% respectively, compared to EBITDA of the last 12 months. On the other hand, the total amount of cash would have a negative impact on EBITDA of 2.0% and 1.0%, respectively.

Consumption report of risk market limits

      Commodities    
Scenario  Rates  Mexico  USA  Total 
              
 -50.00% $(1,040)  (19,532)  (71,377)  (91,949)
 -25.00%  (444)  (10,572)  (35,917)  (46,933)
 -5.00%  32   (3,404)  (7,549)  (10,921)
 0.00%  151   (1,612)  (457)  (1,918)
 5.00%  270   180   6,634   7,084 
 25.00%  746   7,348   35,002   43,096 
 50.00%  1,342   16,308   70,462   88,112 

        Commodities    
Current market levels FX  Rates  Mexico  USA  Total 
                
Preventive limit $(25,740)  (3,000)  (25,740)  (25,740)  (80,220)
Consumption  0%  -5%  6%  2%  2%
Maximum limit  (64,350)  (10,000)  (64,350)  (64,350)  203,050 
Consumption $0%  -2%  3%  1%  1%

        Commodities    
Current stress levels
(-25%)
 FX  Rates  Mexico  USA  Total 
                
Preventive limit  (25,740) $(3,000)  (25,740)  (25,740)  (80,220)
Consumption  0%  15%  41%  140%  59%
Maximum limit  (64,350) $(10,000)  (64,350)  (64,350)  (203,050)
Consumption  0%  4%  16%  56%  23%

A negative consumption means that the overall position presents valuation gain, while positive consumption means valuation loss.

At market levels of the ended year, the preventive consumption limit of all programs is 2% due to the fact that current position is negative. Moreover, the consumption of the maximum acceptable limit is 1%, as a result of the mentioned above.

At stress levels of -25% of current market prices, the preventive limits of consumption of total hedging programs is 59%. On the other hand, the maximum acceptable limit of consumption is 23%.

The current sensitivities of the Interest Rate Swap (IRS) at year end considering different scenarios and its impact in pesos, is as follows:

Current positions

Debt levels and natural currency effects

   December 31, 2012 
Scenarios  Rates  Average
debt
  Effect
MXN
  Current debt  % of exposure 
                 
 -50.00%  2.4238% $151,910  $(1,040) $2,741,250   5.5%
 -25.00%  3.6356%  151,910   (444)  2,741,250   5.5%
 -5.00%  4.6051%  151,910   32   2,741,250   5.5%
 0.00%  4.8475%  151,910   151   2,741,250   5.5%
 5.00%  5.0899%  151,910   270   2,741,250   5.5%
 25.00%  6.0594%  151,910   746   2,741,250   5.5%
 50.00%  7.2713%  151,910   1,342   2,741,250   5.5%

At current levels of 28-days TIIE of 4.8475%, the effect of the current secured debt represents $151 of profit and accounts for 5.5% of the total debt of the Company.

If the 28-day TIIE moves in ranges of -5%, +5%, +25% and +50%, current hedge gain exposure levels would be $32, $270, $746 and $1,342 in each one of the levels, respectively.

In market stress scenarios with fluctuations of -50% and -25%, the loss exposure levels for current hedge would be $1,040 and $444, respectively.

Sensitivity of derivative financial instruments related to commodity prices under various scenarios in Mexico, is as follows:

Current position of commodities

December 31, 2012 (Exchange rate: $12.87)

Corn + Soybean 
Closing
variation
base
  B/TC*
Comp
  Effect
(thousand
USD)
  Effect
(thousand
MXN)
 
               
 -50.0%  282,000   (1,518) $(19,532)
 -25.0%  282,000   (821)  (10,572)
 -5.0%  282,000   (265)  (3,404)
 0.0%  282,000   (125)  (1,612)
 5.0%  282,000   14   180 
 25.0%  282,000   571   7,348 
 50.0%  282,000   1,267   16,305 

*Bushels/Short Tons

At price levels or the year-end the corn and soybean agreements would be a loss of 125 USD or $1,612.

At price sensitivity levels of, +5%, +25% and +5% in the corn and soybean agreements, the obtained result in the current position of IFDs of would be gain of $180, $7,348 and $16,305 profit of at each level, respectively.

At price sensitivity levels of, -50%, -25% and -50% in the corn and soybean agreements, the obtained result in the current position of IFDs of would be loss of $19,352, $10,572 and $3,404 of at each level, respectively.

Sensitivity of derivative financial instruments related to commodity prices of Bachoco USA under various scenarios is as follows:

Corn + Soybean 
Variation
Closing base
  B/TC*
Comp
  Effect (thousand
of USD)
  Effect (thousand
of MXN)
 
               
 -50.0%  1,270,600   (5,546) $(71,377)
 -25.0%  1,270,600   (2,791)  (35,917)
 -5.0%  1,270,600   (587)  (7,549)
 0.0%  1,270,600   (36)  (457)
 5.0%  1,270,600   515   6,634 
 25.0%  1,270,600   2,720   35,002 
 50.0%  1,270,600   5,475   70,462 

*Bushels/Short Tons

Note: This sensitivity analysis considers up and down variations based on the closing price of each corn and soybean agreements.

At prices levels of the year end, the corn and soybean agreements woul be a loss of 36 USD or $ 457.

At price sensitivity levels of -5%, +5% in corn and soybeans agreements, the result in the current position of IFDs of Bachoco USA would be ($7,549), and $ 6,634 of loss and profit, respectively.

At price sensitivity levels of -50%, -25%, +25% and +50%, the result in the current position of IFDs would be $71,377 and $35,917 of loss, and $ 35,002 and $70,462 of profit, respectively.

e)Capital Management

The Company lacks a formal policy for managing capital; however, management seeks maintaining an adequate capital base for satisfying the Company’s operational and strategic needs and maintaining the confidence of market participants. This is attained through effective cash management, monitoring the Company’s revenues and profit as well as the long-term investment plans that mainly finance the Company’s operating cash flows. These measures allow the Company attains constant profit growth.

(6)Business and assets acquisitions

a)OK Industries acquisition

On November 1, 2011, the Company acquired 100% percent of the voting stock of OK Industries, Inc. and subsidiaries (Acquired Entity). Income of the Acquired Entity has been included in the consolidated financial statements from such date. The Acquired Entity is engaged in breeding, processing and marketing of poultry (chicken) to supplier autoservices networks, fast food networks and others in the U.S and foreign markets. The aggregate purchase price that was paid in cash amounted $1,269,306 (93.4 million USD).

On March 2, 2012 Bachoco USA, LLC. was incorporated as a subsidiary of Industrias Bachoco, S.A.B. de C.V., Bachoco USA, LLC acquired 100% of the shares of OK Industries.

The consolidated financial statements of Bachoco as of December 31, 2011 include the balance sheet of OK Industries, Inc. and subsidiaries, as of such date, based on the best estimate of its net asset’s fair value as of the acquisition date in conformity with IFRS 3, as well as the purchase price paid. The amounts are final; accordingly, the Company did not utilize the use of the provisional measurement period permitted by IFRS 3.

Acquired assets and its results of operations for the two-month period ended December 31, 2011. The fair values of these assets acquired were determined using the cost and market approaches.identifiable assumed liabilities

  Acquisition value 
  2013  2015 
Current and non-current biological assets $77,237   235,486 
Inventories  3,257   300 
Property, plant and equipment  11,982   11,581 
Other assets  194   - 
Acquired assets, net  92,670   247,367 
Cash consideration paid  135,450   371,300 
Goodwill $(42,780)  (123,933)

 

The cost approach, which estimates valueacquisition costs paid by determining the current cost of replacing an asset with another of equivalent economic utility,Company were not material, given that it utilized mostly its own resources in the acquisition. Given that the acquisition was utilized primarily for plant and equipment. The cost to replace a given asset reflects the estimated reproduction or replacement cost for the asset, less an allowance for loss in value duebenefit of the Company’s own internal operations, it is impracticable to depreciation. The market approach, which indicates value for a subject asset based on available market pricing for comparable assets, was utilized primarily for real estate. The market approach indicates value based on financial multiples available for similar entitiesdetermine the amount of revenues or income attributable to the acquired business. Management believes that pro forma revenues and adjustmentsprofit for the lack of control or lack of marketability that market participants would consider in determining fair value.

Dueyear, giving effect to their short-term maturities, the Company believes the carrying amounts of cash equivalents, accounts receivables, other current assets, accounts payable and other current liabilities approximate their fair value at the acquisition date. Atas of the acquisition date, inventories are stated at their net realizable value. The Company’s investmentbeginning of the period, do not differ materially from historical revenues and profit for the year reported in an unconsolidated entity is recorded at its historical costthe statements of profit or loss and the investment in insurance contracts is recorded at its aggregate net cash surrender value, both of which approximate fair value at the acquisition date.comprehensive income.

 

F-39
F-28 

 

Identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed

A summary follows of the main classes of consideration transferred and the recognized amounts of acquired assets and assumed liabilities at the acquisition date. The following summarizes the acquired condensed balance sheet of OK Industries, Inc., including the application of purchase accounting adjustments to record the best estimate fair value of assets and liabilities at the date of acquisition (November 1, 2011), as well as additional adjustments to the balance of certain items. Such adjustments arose from additional information obtained during the measurement period and were recognized retroactively at the date of acquisition in accordance with IFRS 3:

  Previously
recognized
value
  Measurement
period
adjustment
  Adjusted
balance
 
          
Current assets $1,332,762   -   1,332,762 
Property, plant and equipment  1,693,980   (53,531)  1,640,449 
Other assets  153,364   -   153,364 
Total assets  3,180,106   (53,531)  3,126,575 
             
Current liabilities  (390,001)  -   (390,001)
Deferred income tax  (519,189)  59,511   (459,678)
Non-controlling interest  (7,025)  -   (7,025)
Net acquired assts  2,263,891   5,980   2,269,871 
             
Consideration paid  1,269,306       1,269,306 
             
Gain on bargain purchase (note 31) $994,585       1,000,565 

This gain was derived due that the former strategies resulted in high cost structure and limited opportunity to improve profitability; as a consequence the fair value of the enterprise was found lower than the respective fair values of its components. Therefore, after reviewing if all the acquired assets and assumed liabilities had been properly identified and recognizing any additional assets identified in this review, a gain was recognized as bargain purchase price in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income.

Had the acquisition occurred on January 1, 2011, management estimates that consolidated revenues and consolidated profits for the period would have totaled $34,809,853 and $911,952, respectively. In determining these amounts, management has assumed that adjustments to fair value determined temporarily, originating on the acquisition date would have been the same had the acquisition occurred on January 1, 2011.

Trosi de Carne acquisition

On August 20, 2011, Induba Pavos, S.A. de C.V. (subsidiary) acquired certain assets of Trosi de Carne, S.A. de C.V. In accordance with IFRS 3, such net assets qualify as business combination. With the acquisition of the net assets, the Company will be dedicated to the production of high value added products from beef and pork. Below is a summary of the assets acquired at their fair value (determined within the measurement period and recorded at the acquisition date in accordance with IFRS 3) and the purchase price paid in cash.

Property, plant and equipment $98,385 
Working capital  24,232 
Deferred income tax  (18,170)
   104,447 
Consideration paid  57,723 
Gain on bargain purchase (note 31) $46,724 

b)Costs related to OK industries acquisition.

During 2011, the Company incurred costs related to OK Industries acquisition of $11,426 corresponding to external legal fees and due diligence costs. The external legal fees and due diligence costs have been included in other expenses in the Company’s consolidated statement of comprehensive income for the year ended December 31, 2011 (see note 31).

c)Acquisition of fixed assets Mercantil Agropecuario Coromuel, S.A. de C.V. (“MACSA”)

On December 16, 2011, Bachoco, S.A. de C.V. (subsidiary) acquired certain assets from MACSA located in the state of Baja California. The transaction consisted of the acquisition of property, plant and equipment, for an amount of $55,522. The acquisition intend increase the brand commercial presence and improve the distribution channels in that region.

(7)(5)Subsidiaries of the Company

 

SubsidiariesA list of subsidiaries and the Company´s stockownership interestshareholding percentage overin such entitiessubsidiaries as of January 1, 2011, December 31, 20112015, 2014 and 2012,2013 are listedpresented below:

 

Name Ownership interest percentage in Subsidiaries Shareholding percentage in subsidiaries
   January  December 31    December 31, 
 Country 1, 2011  2011  2012  Country 2015  2014  2013 
Bachoco, S.A. de C.V. Mexico  99.99   99.99   99.99  México  99.99   99.99   99.99 
OK Industries Inc., and Subsidiaries U.S.  -   100.00   - 
Bachoco USA, LLC. & Sub. U.S.  -   -   100.00 
Bachoco USA, LLC. & Subsidiary U.S.  100.00   100.00   100.00 
Campi Alimentos, S.A. de C.V. Mexico  99.99   99.99   99.99  México  99.99   99.99   99.99 
Induba Pavos, S.A. de C.V. Mexico  99.99   99.99   99.99  México  99.99   99.99   99.99 
Bachoco Comercial, S.A. de C.V. Mexico  99.99   99.99   99.99  México  99.99   99.99   99.99 
Pecuarius Laboratorios, S.A. de C.V. Mexico  63.57   63.57   63.57 
PEC LAB, S.A. de C.V. México  64.00   64.00   64.00 
Aviser, S.A. de C.V. Mexico  99.99   99.99   99.99  México  99.99   99.99   99.99 
Operadora de Servicios de Personal, S.A. de C.V. Mexico  99.99   99.99   99.99  México  99.99   99.99   99.99 
Secba, S.A. de C.V. Mexico  99.99   99.99   99.99  México  99.99   99.99   99.99 
Servicios de Personal Administrativo, S.A. de C.V. Mexico  99.99   99.99   99.99  México  99.99   99.99   99.99 
Sepetec, S. A. de C.V. Mexico  99.99   99.99   99.99  México  99.99   99.99   99.99 

 

The main subsidiaries of the group and their activities are as follows:

 

- Bachoco, S.A. de C.V. (“BSACV”)(BSACV) (includes four subsidiaries which are 50%51% owned, and forover which BSACV has control). BSACV is engaged in breeding, processing and marketing of poultry goods (chicken and eggs).

 

- On March 2, 2012, Bachoco USA, LLC. was incorporated in the State of Delaware, United States (“U.S.”) as a wholly owned subsidiary of Industrias Bachoco, S.A.B. de C.V. From then onwards, Bachoco USA, LLC. acts as holding company forholds the shares of OK Industries, Inc. and, therefore, of the operations of Bachocothe Company in the United States of America. OK Industries, Inc. (acquired in November 2011) comprises five controlled subsidiaries. Four of these subsidiaries, OK Industries, Inc. has a 100% shareholding while it only holds 85% of the shares of the remaining subsidiary through its dissolution in 2012. Its principalTheir primary activity includes the production of chicken products and hatching eggs, mostly marketed in the U.S.United States of America and, to a lesser extent, in other foreign markets.

- Campi Alimentos, S.A. de C.V. (Campi), is engaged in producing and marketing of balanced animal feed.feed, mainly for selling to third parties.

- The main activity of Bachoco Comercial, S.A. de C.V. and Induba Pavos, S.A. de C.V. is the distribution of chicken, turkey and beef value-added products.

- PEC LAB, S.A. de C.V. is the holding of the shares of Pecuarius Laboratorios, S.A. de C.V. Its main activity consists of the production and distribution of medicines and vaccines for animal consumption.

 

- Aviser, S.A. de C.V., Operadora de Servicios de Personal, S.A. de C.V., Secba, S.A. de C.V., Servicios de Personal Administrativo, S.A. de C.V. yand Sepetec, S.A de C.V., These companies are engaged in providing administrative and operativeoperating services rendered to their related parties.

 

None of the Company’s contracts or loan agreements restrict the net assets of its subsidiaries.

F-29

(8)(6)Operating segments

 

ReportingReportable segments have been determined based on a line of product approach. Intersegment transactions have been eliminated. The poultry segment consists of the chicken and egg operations and has been added due to its risks and benefits similarities.operations. The information included in the “Others” columnsegment corresponds to operations of pigs, balanced feed for animal consumption and other non-significant sub-products.by-products that do not meet the quantitative thresholds to be considered as reportable segments.

 

Inter-segment pricing is determined on an arms –arm’s length basis. The accounting policies of operating segments are the same as those described in note 3.3 s).

 

The next pages includesBelow is the information on the results ofrelated to each segment by line of business.reportable segment. Performance is measured based on each segment’s income before taxes, in the same manner as it is included in management reports that are regularly reviewed by the Company’s General Director. Each segment profits are used in measuring performance since management believes such information is most appropriate for assessing the results of certain segments, as compared with other entities that operate in the same businesses as the Company.chief operating decision maker.

a)Operating segment information

 

 Year ended December 31, 2011  Year ended December 31, 2015 
 Poultry  Others  Total  Poultry  Other  Total 
Net revenues $24,697,212   3,037,778   27,734,990  $41,789,451   4,439,598   46,229,049 
Cost of sales  22,058,417   2,738,620   24,797,037   32,906,801   3,940,707   36,847,508 
Gross profit  2,638,795   299,158   2,937,953   8,882,649   498,892   9,381,541 
Income tax  (20,135)  (18,481)  (38,616)
Net controlling interest income  1,093,861   83,485   1,177,346 
Income before taxes  5,196,883   303,197   5,500,080 
Income taxes  1,590,892   89,668   1,680,560 
Net income attributable to controlling interest  3,599,728   213,112   3,812,840 
Property, plant and equipment, net  11,652,108   460,837   12,112,945   11,805,132   1,382,999   13,188,131 
Goodwill  212,833   88,015   300,848   366,280   88,015   454,295 
Total assets  23,335,598   1,381,722   24,717,320   36,085,954   4,360,624   40,446,578 
Total liabilities  (6,779,658)  (557,834)  (7,337,492)  11,325,636   1,341,564   12,667,200 
Capital expenditures  662,009   45,524   707,533 
Business acquisitions  2,269,871   104,447   2,374,318 
Expenses not requiring cash disbursements:            
Purchases of property, plant and equipment  1,646,968   177,541   1,824,509 
Depreciation and amortization  (722,286)  (23,551)  (745,837)  694,502   74,768   769,270 

 

  Year ended December 31, 2012 
  Poultry  Others  Total 
Net revenues $35,797,169   3,570,262   39,367,431 
Cost of sales  30,210,843   3,107,364   33,318,207 
Gross profit  5,586,326   462,898   6,049,224 
Income tax  486,251   115,769   602,020 
Net controlling interest income  1,939,733   244,834   2,184,567 
Property, plant and equipment, net  10,363,200   1,586,316   11,949,516 
Goodwill  212,833   88,015   300,848 
Total assets  25,224,900   2,815,284   28,040,184 
Total liabilities  (8,093,729)  (857,766)  (8,951,495)
Capital expenditures  942,351   9,409   951,760 
Expenses not requiring cash disbursements:            
Depreciation and amortization  (752,492)  (85,315)  (837,807)

Revenue of the Poultry segment is analyzed as follows:

  Poultry
revenues
  Other
revenues
 
Total revenue $41,796,064   4,484,348 
Intersegments  (6,613)  (44,750)
Net revenues $41,789,451   4,439,598 

 

  As of December 31, 2011 
  Chicken  Egg  Total 
Net revenues $22,611,264   2,085,948   24,697,212 
F-30

 

  As of December 31, 2012 
  Chicken  Egg  Total 
Net revenues $32,989,481   2,807,688   35,797,169 

  Year ended December 31, 2014 
  Poultry  Other  Total 
Net revenues $37,994,654   3,784,433   41,779,087 
Cost of sales  29,329,056   3,165,918   32,494,974 
Gross profit  8,665,598   618,515   9,284,113 
Income before taxes  5,214,590   374,186   5,588,776 
Income taxes  1,546,518   109,592   1,656,110 
Net income attributable to controlling interest  3,662,769   264,157   3,926,926 
Property, plant and equipment, net  11,017,198   1,037,556   12,054,754 
Goodwill  261,749   88,015   349,764 
Total assets  31,786,586   3,056,542   34,843,128 
Total liabilities  9,578,370   902,708   10,481,078 
Purchases of property, plant and equipment  1,128,331   112,785   1,241,116 
Depreciation and amortization  738,663   66,987   805,650 

As of December 31, 2014 Poultry
revenues
  Other
revenues
 
Total revenue $37,995,157   4,433,379 
Intersegments  (503)  (648,946)
Net revenues $37,994,654   3,784,433 

  Year ended December 31, 2013 
  Poultry  Other  Total 
Net revenues $35,943,862   3,766,864   39,710,726 
Cost of sales  29,847,653   3,328,946   33,176,599 
Gross profit  6,096,209   437,918   6,534,127 
Income before taxes  3,164,288   227,956   3,392,244 
Income taxes  1,252,784   97,655   1,350,439 
Net income attributable to controlling interest  1,890,572   147,850   2,038,422 
Property, plant and equipment, net  10,425,139   1,227,310   11,652,449 
Goodwill  256,244   88,015   344,259 
Total assets  26,129,798   2,759,879   28,889,677 
Total liabilities  7,943,868   794,663   8,738,531 
Purchases of property, plant and equipment  531,465   56,128   587,593 
Depreciation and amortization  731,797   84,876   816,673 

As of December 31, 2013 Poultry
revenues
  Other
revenues
 
Total revenue $35,943,862   4,012,486 
Intersegments  -   (245,622)
Net revenues $35,943,862   3,766,864 

F-31

b)GeographicGeographical information

 

Since 2011, with the acquisition of the US operation, a new segment is included in the managerial approach called “foreign” to identify (segment) domestic and foreign operations. When submitting information by geographic area, revenue is classified based on the geographic location of customers.where the Company’s customers are located. Segment assets are classified in accordance with their geographic location. Geographical information for the “Others” segment is not included below because the operations are carried out entirely within Mexico.

 

  Year ended December 31, 2011 
  Domestic
poultry
  Foreign
poultry (two-
months
operations)
  Total 
Net revenues $23,318,433   1,378,779   24,697,212 
Cost of sales  20,755,753   1,302,664   22,058,417 
Gross profit  2,562,680   76,115   2,638,795 
Income tax  (12,240)  (7,895)  (20,135)
Net controlling interest income  1,096,519   (2,658)  1,093,861 
Property, plant and equipment, net  10,011,659   1,640,449   11,652,108 
Goodwill  212,833   -   212,833 
Total assets  19,983,780   3,351,818   23,335,598 
Total liabilities  (6,240,308)  (539,350)  (6,779,658)
Capital expenditures  662,009   -   662,009 
Expenses not requiring cash disbursements:            
Depreciation and amortization  (703,606)  (18,680)  (722,286)
  Year ended December 31, 2012 
  Domestic
poultry
  Foreign
poultry
  Total 
Net revenues $27,625,702   8,171,467   35,797,169 
Cost of sales  22,574,463   7,636,380   30,210,843 
Gross profit  5,051,239   535,087   5,586,326 
Income tax  457,727   (28,524)  486,251 
Net controlling interest income  1,939,733   -   1,939,733 
Property, plant and equipment, net  8,863,652   1,499,548   10,363,200 
Goodwill  212,833   -   212,833 
Total assets  21,783,895   3,441,005   25,224,900 
Total liabilities  (6,637,159)  (1,456,570)  (8,093,729)
Capital expenditures  889,081   53,270   942,351 
Expenses not requiring cash disbursements:            
Depreciation and amortization  (578,977)  (173,515)  (752,492)
  Year ended December 31, 2015 
  Domestic
poultry
  Foreign
poultry
  Operations
between
geographical
segments
  Total 
Net revenues $30,686,151   11,159,936   (56,637)  41,789,451 
Non-current assets other than financial instruments, deferred tax assets, post-employment benefit assets, and investments in insurance policies                
Non-current biological assets  795,157   638,974   -   1,434,131 
Property, plant and equipment, net  9,682,701   2,122,431   -   11,805,132 
Goodwill  212,833   153,447   -   366,280 

 

The following table details revenue for chicken in the poultry segment, by geographic area:

  Year ended December 31, 2014 
  Domestic
poultry
  Foreign
poultry
  Operations
between
geographical
segments
  Total 
Net revenues $29,556,202   8,955,964   (517,512)  37,994,654 
Non-current assets other than financial instruments, deferred tax assets, post-employment benefit assets, and investments in insurance policies                
Non-current biological assets  791,256   317,977   -   1,109,233 
Property, plant and equipment, net  9,386,883   1,630,315   -   11,017,198 
Goodwill  212,833   48,916   -   261,749 

 

  As of December 31, 2011 
  Domestic
chicken
  Foreign
chicken (two
months
operation)
  Total 
Net revenues $21,232,485   1,378,779   22,611,264 
F-32

 

  As of December 31, 2012 
  Domestic
chicken
  Foreign
chicken
  Total 
Net revenues $24,818,014   8,171,467   32,989,481 

  Year ended December 31, 2013 
  Domestic
poultry
  Foreign
poultry
  Operations
between
geographical
segments
  Total 
Net revenues $27,426,465   8,943,090   (425,693)  35,943,862 
Non-current assets other than financial instruments, deferred tax assets, post-employment benefit assets, and investments in insurance policies                
Non-current biological assets  840,622   269,314   -   1,109,936 
Property, plant and equipment, net  8,936,020   1,489,119   -   10,425,139 
Goodwill  212,833   43,411   -   256,244 

c)Major Customers

 

In Mexico, the Company’s products are traded among a large number of customers, without significant concentration with any specific customer. Therefore, in 20112015, 2014 and 2012,2013, no customer accounted forrepresented over 10% of the Company’s total revenue.revenues.

 

The foreign subsidiary held salesIn the United States of America, the Company has transactions with Ozark Mountain Poultry, Inc. representing the 12%19%, 24% and 14% of total sales withoutside of Mexico during the entity Ozark Mountain Poultry.years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

 

(9)(7)Cash and cash equivalents

 

The consolidated balances of cash and cash equivalents as of January 1, 2011, December 31, 20112015, 2014 and 2012,2013 are as follows:

 

  January 1,  December 31 
  2011  2011  2012 
Cash and banks $513,076   472,318   1,592,555 
Available on demand investments (note 10)  3,445,899   2,151,702   2,586,471 
             
Unrestricted cash and cash equivalents  3,958,975   2,624,020   4,179,026 
             
Restricted investments  8,899   1,641   515 
             
Total cash and equivalents $3,967,874   2,625,661   4,179,541 
  December 31, 
  2015  2014  2013 
Cash and banks $4,774,420   3,282,730   594,183 
Investments with maturities less than three months  9,246,071   7,745,324   6,121,330 
Cash and cash equivalents  14,020,491   11,028,054   6,715,513 
             
Restricted cash  25,771   8,008   1,381 
Total cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash $14,046,262   11,036,062   6,716,894 

 

Restricted investmentscash corresponds to the minimum margin requirement maderequired by the intermediary related to the Company’s derivative financial instruments intermediaryon commodities, in order to meet future commitments due tothat may stem from adverse market movements affecting prices on the open positions as of January 1, 2011 and December 31, 20112015, 2014 and 2012.2013.

 

F-33

Available on demand investments includes cash of $38,431 included in the investment portfolio.

(10)(8)Financial instruments and risk management

 

The Company is exposed to market risks, liquidity risks and credit risks for the use of financial instruments, for which reason it exercises its risk management.

This note presents information on the Company’s exposure to each one of the aforementioned risks, as well as the Company’s objectives, policies and processes for the measurement and management of financial risks.

Risk management framework

The philosophy adopted by the Company seeks to minimize risks and, therefore maximize business stability, focusing decisions on creating an optimum combination of products and assets that produce a risk – return ratio more in agreement with the risk profile of its stockholders.

In order to establish a clear and optimum organizational structure with respect to risk management, a Risk Committee has been established which is the specialized body in charge of defining, proposing, approving and implementing the objectives, policies, procedures, methodologies and strategies, as well as the determination of the maximum limits of exposure to risk and contingency plans.

At December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the Company has not identified embedded derivatives.

The Company’s derivative financial instruments as of December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, do not meet the requirements to be treated as hedges for accounting purposes.

Management by type or risk

(a)a)Categories of financial assets and liabilities

The Company’s financial assets and liabilities are shown below:

  December 31, 
  2015  2014  2013 
Financial assets            
Cash and cash equivalents $14,046,262   11,036,062   6,716,894 
Investments in securities at fair value through profit and loss  1, 242,614   910,519   972,641 
Investments held to maturity  52,572   56,252   67,219 
Accounts receivable  1,862,250   1,952,039   1,652,484 
Due from related parties  194,522   1,929   3,678 
Long-term receivables  128,169   104,495   87,927 
Derivative financial instruments  1,244   6,669   11,735 
             
Financial liabilities            
Financial debt $(4,127,010)  (2,450,452)  (2,067,802)
Trade payables, sundry creditors and expenses payable  (4,088,989)  (3,530,546)  (3,068,249)
Due to related parties  (165,628)  (127,033)  (54,095)

F-34

b)Credit risk

 

Credit risk is defined as the potential loss of a portfolio of an amount owed to the Company due to lack of payment from a debtor, or for breach by a counterparty with which derivative financial instruments and investment in securities transactions are conducted.

The risk management process contemplates the use of derivative financial instruments, which are exposed to a market risk, but are also to counterparty risk.

Measurement and monitoring of counterparty risk

In terms of valuation and monitoring of over the counter (OTC) derivative financial instruments and investments in securities, the Company currently measures its counterparty risk by identifying the Credit Valuation Adjustment (CVA) and Debit Valuation Adjustment (DVA).

For investments in securities denominated in Mexican pesos, the financial instruments valuation models used by price vendors incorporate market movements and credit quality of issuers, thereby implicitly including the counterparty risk of the transaction in the fair value determination; therefore, the position in investment in securities includes the counterparty risk and no additional adjustment is carried out. The price of the instruments obtained from the price vendor is the mid-point between the bid price and the ask price (the “mid-price”). As of December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the balance of held to maturity investments is $52,572, $56,252 and $67,219, respectively.

Investments in securities denominated in a foreign currency, not listed in Mexico, are recorded at prices contained in the broker's statements of account. The Company validates these market prices using Bloomberg, which incorporate market movements and the credit quality of issuers; thereby implicitly including the counterparty risk of the transaction and no related adjustment is carried out. The prices obtained from Bloomberg are mid prices.

Trade accounts receivable and other accounts receivable measurement and monitoring

It is the policy of the Company to establish an allowance for doubtful accounts to cover the balances of accounts receivable that are not likely to be recovered. To set the required allowance, the Company considers historical losses, assesses current market conditions, as well as customers' financial conditions, accounts receivable in litigation, price differences, portfolio aging and current payment patterns.

i.F-35Exposure to credit risk

The impairment assessment of accounts receivable is performed on a collective basis, as there are no accounts with significant balances, and in the short-term. The Company's products are marketed to a large number of customers without, except as described in note 6 c, any significant concentration with a specific customer. As part of the objective evidence that an account receivable portfolio is impaired, the Company considers past experiences with respect to collection, increases in the number of overdue payments in the portfolio exceeding the average loan period, as well as observable changes in national and local economic conditions that correlate to defaults.

The Company has a credit policy under which each new customer is analyzed individually in terms of its creditworthiness before offering it payment terms and conditions. The Company's review includes internal and external assessments, and in some cases, bank references and a search in the Public Registry of Properties. For each customer, purchase limits are established, which represent the maximum credit amount. Customers that do not meet the Company's credit references can solely conduct transactions in cash or through advance payments.

The allowance for doubtful accounts includes trade accounts receivable that are impaired, which amount to $103,057, $110,462 and $86,564 as of December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The reconciliation of movements of the allowance for doubtful accounts, and the analysis of past-due accounts receivable but not impaired, are presented in note 9.

The Company receives credit enhancements on credit lines granted to its clients, which consist of real and personal property, such as land, buildings, houses, vehicles, letters of credit, cash deposits and others. As of December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the fair value of such credit enhancements, determined by an appraisal at the time the credit lines were granted, is $563,012, $589,430 and $497,490 respectively.

The fair value of trade accounts receivable is similar to the carrying amount, as the terms granted under credit lines are of a short term nature and do not include significant finance components.

Investments

The Company limits its exposure to credit risk investing solely with counterparties that have been rated on a well-recognized credit rating scale or are deemed to be investment grade. Management constantly monitors credit ratings, and as it invests solely in securities with high credit ratings, it is not expected that any counterparty will fail to fulfill its obligations.

Financial guarantees granted

It is the Company’s policy to grant financial guarantees solely to 100% owned subsidiary companies.

F-36

Exposure to credit risk

 

The carrying amount of financial assets represents the maximum credit exposure. Atexposure, which as of the reportreporting date the maximum exposure to credit risk is as follows:

 

  Carrying amount 
  January 1,  December 31, 
  2011  2011  2012 
Held-to-maturity investments $36,725   42,352   38,958 
Investments designated at fair value through profit or loss  3,618,522   2,520,071   3,509,995 
Exchange rate derivative instruments held for trading  262   1,344   - 
Interest rate derivative instruments held for trading  -   -   152 
Commodities derivative instruments held for trading  7,114   1,803   2,549 
Commodities derivative instruments held for hedging  5,801   7,829   - 
Accounts receivable  963,273   1,507,095   1,741, 639 
  $4,631,697   4,080,494   5,293,293 
  December 31, 
  2015  2014  2013 
Cash and cash equivalents $14,046,262   11,036,062   6,716,894 
Investments designated at fair value through profit and loss  1,242,614   910,519   972,641 
Investments held to maturity  52,572   56,252   67,219 
Accounts receivable net of guarantees received  1,621,929   1,469,033   1,246,599 
Derivative financial instruments  1,244   6,669   11,735 
  $16,964,621   13,478,535   9,015,088 

 

Investments designated at fair value through profit or loss includes cash of $38,431 included in the investment portfolio.

The maximum exposure to credit risk for trade receivables at the end of the reporting period by geographic region was as follows:

  Carrying amount 
  January 1,  December 31, 
  2011  2011  2012 
National $963,273   1,115,238   1,287, 686 
United States  -   391,857   453,953 
  $963,273   1,507,095   1,741, 639 

The maximum exposure to credit risk for trade receivables at the end of the reporting period by type of counterparty was as follows:

  Carrying amount 
  January 1,  December 31, 
  2011  2011  2012 
          
Receivables $916,139   1,457,617   1,682, 729 
Legal receivables (Lawyers held)  47,134   49,478   58,910 
  $963,273   1,507,095   1,741,639 

Impairment analysis

The aging of trade receivables at the end of the reporting period was as follows:

  Carrying amount 
  January 1,  December 31, 
  2011  2011  2012 
Current $776,066   1,233,249   1,455, 915 
Past due 0-60 days  127,412   209,127   208,704 
Past due greater than 60 days  12,661   15,241   18,110 
  $916,139   1,457,617   1,682, 729 

The Company considers that the unimpaired amounts that are past due by more than 60 days are still collectible, based on historic payment behavior and extensive analysis of customer credit risk.

Based on historical trends of the probability of default, the Company considers that no impairment allowance is necessary in respect of current trade receivables.

b)c)Liquidity risk

 

FollowingLiquidity risk is defined as the potential loss stemming from the impossibility to renew liabilities or enter into other liabilities under normal terms, the early or forced sale of assets or the need to grant unusual discounts in order to meet obligations, or by the fact that a position cannot be disposed of, acquired or covered promptly through the establishment of an equivalent contrary position.

Liquidity risk management process considers the management of the assets and liabilities included in the consolidated statements of financial position (Assets Liabilities Management - ALM) in order to anticipate funding difficulties because of extreme events.

Monitoring

The Company’s areas of risk management and financial planning measure, monitor and report to the Risk Committee liquidity risks associated with the ALM and prepare limits for the authorization, implementation and operation thereof, as well as contingent action measures in case of liquidity requirements.

Liquidity risk caused by differences between current and projected cash flows at different dates are measured and monitored, considering all asset and liability positions of the Company denominated in local and foreign currency. Similarly, funding diversification and sources to which the Company has access are evaluated.

The Company quantifies the potential loss arising from early or forced sale of assets or sale at unusual discounts to meet its obligations in a timely manner, as well as by the fact that a position cannot be disposed of, acquired or covered timely through the establishment of a contrary equivalent position.

Liquidity risk monitoring considers a liquidity gap analysis, scenarios for lack of liquidity and use of alternative sources of financing.

Below are the remaining contractual maturities at the end of the reporting period of financial liabilities, including estimated interest payments and excludingpayments. As of the impact ofnetting agreements.date of the consolidated financial statements, there are no financial instruments which have been offset or recognized positions that are subject to offsetting rights.

 

F-37

As of January 1, 2011 (pesos and dollars)

Maturity table

 

  Book value  Current
contractual
cash flows
  Non-current
contractual
cash flows
 
Financialliabilities            
Bank loans (pesos) $646,920   -   646,920 
Exchange rate derivative instruments held for traiding  280   280   - 
Trade and other payables  1,966,014   1,966,014   - 
  $2,613,214   1,966,294   646,920 
  December 31, 2015 
  Less than 1
year
  1 to 3 years  3 to 5 years 
Trade payables, sundry creditors and expenses payable $4,088,989   -       - 
Variable-rate maturities            
In U.S. dollars  1,462,850   -   - 
In pesos  169,033   2,495,127   - 
Interest  113,840   98,840   - 
Total financial liabilities $5,834,712   2,593,967   - 

 

As of December 31, 2011 (pesos and dollars):

  December 31, 2014 
  Less than 1
year
  1 to 3 years  3 to 5 years 
Trade payables, sundry creditors and expenses payable $3,530,546   -   - 
Variable-rate maturities            
In U.S. dollars  221,250   -   - 
In pesos  576,732   152,470   1,500,000 
Interest  73,377   153,300   78,353 
Total financial liabilities $4,401,905   305,770   1,578,353 

 

  Book Value  Current
contractual
cash flows
  Non-
current
contractual
cash flows
 
          
Financialliabilities            
Bank loans (pesos) $789,613   230,000   559,613 
Bank loans (valued dollars)  1,047,750   1,047,750   - 
Derivative financial instruments on commodities at fair value through profit or loss  769   769   - 
Trade and other payables  2,921,441   2,921,441   - 
  $4,759,573   4,199,960   559,613 

As of December 31, 2012 (pesos and dollars):

  Book value  Current
contractual
cash flows
  Non-
current
contractual
cash flows
 
          
Financialliabilities            
Bank loans (pesos) $580,158   437,996   142,162 
Bank loans (valued dollars)  643,500   643,500   - 
Senior bond issuance  1,500,000   -   1,500,000 
Derivative financial instruments on commodities at fair value through profit or loss  1,332   1,332   - 
Trade and other payables  3,445,245   3,445,245   - 
  $6,170,235   4,528,073   1,642,162 
  December 31, 2013 
  Less than 1
year
  1 to 3 years  3 to 5 years 
Trade payables, sundry creditors and expenses payable $3,068,250   -   - 
Variable-rate maturities            
In U.S. dollars  392,700   -   - 
In Mexican pesos  164,892   10,210   1,500,000 
Interest  89,554   179,108   48,704 
Total financial liabilities $3,715,396   189,318   1,548,704 

 

At least on a monthly basis, the Companymanagement evaluates and reports toadvises the Board of Directors the liquidity status of the Company.on its liquidity. As of December 31, 2012,2015, the Company has determinedevaluated that it has sufficient resources to meet its obligations in the short and long term obligations and;term; therefore, it does not expect to haveconsider having liquidity gaps in the future and it will not be necessary to sell assets to settle theirpay its debts at unusual discounts or off marketat out-of-market prices.

F-38

 

c)d)Market risk

 

PriceMarket risk is defined as the potential loss arising from the portfolio of genericderivative financial instruments and investment in securities for changes in risk factors that affect the valuation of short or long positions. In this sense, the uncertainty of future losses resulting from changes in market conditions (interest rates, foreign currency, prices of commodities, among others), which directly affects movements in the price of both assets and liabilities, is detected.

 

The Company measures, monitors and reports all financial instruments subject to market risk, using sensitivity measurement models to show the potential loss associated with movements in risk variables, according to different scenarios on rates, prices and types of change during the period.

Monitoring

Sensitivity analyses are prepared at least monthly and are compared with the limits established. Any excess identified is reported to the Risk Committee.

Stress tests

At least monthly, the Company conducts stress tests calculating the value of the portfolios and considering changes in risk factors observed in historical dates of financial stress.

i.Commodities price risk

With respect to risks related to commodities designated in a formal hedging relationship, the Company seeks protection against declinesdownward variations in the agreed-upon price of corn and/or sorghum afterwith the producer, issues the respective invoice thatwhich may result in not ceasingrepresent an opportunity cost foras there are lower prices in the commoditycurrent market against a higher agreed-upon price and once they become part ofupon receiving the inventory, and to hedge the risk of a risk ifdecline in prices between the price declines prior to theirreceipt date and that of inventory consumption.

In other words, if the price on the physical delivery of the agreed-upon commodities is lower than the agreed-upon prices, the entity does not benefit from lower market prices and purchases are made at higher prices, resulting in a loss for the Company.

 

CornPurchases of corn and/or sorghum purchases are formalized through a forward salesan agreement denominated "Forward buy-sell agreement", which stipulatehas the following:following characteristics:

 

·Date of execution;Transaction date
·Number of agreed-upon tons sold;
·Harvest, Statestate and agricultural cycle from which the harvest’s agricultural cycle;harvest comes
·Price of product per ton, plus quality premiumaward or penalty based on the following formula:

F-39

 

Agricultural agreements that lead toresult in firm commitments are relatedlinked to two corn and/or sorghum agricultural cycles, and to thein contracting of purchases;purchases: both contracting cycles and contracting dates are detailed below:itemized as follows:

 

·Fall / WinterFall-winter Cycle – ASERCA,- The registration window period is at the discretion of the Agency of Services for Distribution and Development of Agricultural Markets (ASERCA, for its discretion, determines the registration desk period,Spanish acronym), which normally runs fromis usually between December toand March, while the fall-winter cycle harvest period for the Fall / Winter cycle occurs in the months oftakes place during May, throughJune and July. However, the corn and/or sorghum harvest period may extend fromcould lengthen up to one tomonth or several months, depending on the climaticweather conditions, such as droughtsdrought and frosts.frost.

 

·Spring / SummerSpring-summer Cycle – ASERCA,- The registration window period is at itsthe discretion determinesof ASERCA; the registration desk period, which normally runs fromspring-summer cycle usually takes place during the July toand August whileand the harvest time varies dependingdepends on each state of the specific State.country and is very variable.

 

The risk being hedgedFor contracts entered into through the commercialization support scheme with Agriculture Trust Funds (FIRA for its Spanish acronym), there are no purchase periods established as this program is for exposure from changes infocused on selling excess crops that weren’t sold through the fair value by fixingcontract agriculture program. Normally these purchases are made at the priceend of each harvest cycle.

As of December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the Company has economic hedging positions comprised of corn and/or sorghum purchases that may cause potential losses by not taking advantage, as applicable,long “puts” with ASERCA, maturing in March, July, September and December 2016 and 2015. The gain on valuation of lower corn and/or sorghum prices at the datethese instruments is $5,601, $5,518 and $120,560, in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, recorded within cost of purchase of the physical product.sales.

 

The Company conducts effectiveness tests atmaintains a contractual agreement with ASERCA in which the beginningCompany will pay 80% (2014 and at least2013 was 55%) of the option premium and ASERCA will pay the remaining 20% (2014 and 2013 was 45%). In case the option is In the Money (Strike>Forward), the Company will recover the 80% portion paid (2014 and 2013 recovery rate was 55%) and an additional 10% (2014 and 2013 portion paid was 22.5%) which is equivalent to 50% of the portion paid by ASERCA. Due to its nature and in accordance with IAS 20Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance, the portion paid by ASERCA must be recognized as an income over the term of the instrument in order to match it against the costs it is intended to offset, on a quarterly basis using a specific methodology for each test. Effectiveness tests are conducted for hedging relationships for put optionssystematic basis. The effect of such benefit as of December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 is $57,051 (3,315 thousand dollars), $280,058 (18,987 thousand dollars) and $193,981 (14,819 thousand dollars), respectively.

As of December 31, 2015 and 2013, the Company acquireshas no outstanding long puts, which are used from ASERCA. These methodologies are described below. Each only distinguishes changestime to time by the Company as economic hedges in connection with future purchases of sorghum with FIRA. As of December 31, 2014, the Company has economic hedging positions in the priceform of corn belowoutstanding sorghum long puts entered into with FIRA with maturities in March 2015. Such instruments gave rise to a gain on valuation of $2,028, which was recorded to cost of sales for the strike price agreed in the put option.

Prospective effectiveness testsyear ended December 31, 2014.

 

For this test,Due to the above, the Company has a contractual agreement with FIRA in which it is proven that the hedging relationship being set operates properly prior to it being established. Basically, the test consists of performing a linear regression on the put option profits that would be obtained at the expiration date (explanatory or independent variable) against the losses sustained from the primary position, which are defined as losses arising from the fallwill absorb 50% of the corn spot price.

premium payment option and FIRA the remaining 50%. Because of its nature and as established by IAS 20Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance, the portion paid by FIRA should be recognized as income over the periods the related costs are incurred, on a systematic basis. The test is deemed highly effectiveeffect of such benefit for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and therefore, the implementation of the hedging relationship is feasible, where:2013 was $0, $5,281 (358 thousand dollars) and $0, respectively.

 

The R2 of the linear regression is equal to or greater than 0.8
F-40
The correlation in the linear regression is 0.8 or greater
The slope m lies within the [0.8, 1.25] interval.

 

FailureWith respect to meet any these conditions indicates that the test is not effective and the hedging relationship may not be established.

The retrospective effectiveness test is performed at least quarterly and only after the hedging relationship has been established, not at the beginning. The test is performed following the methodology known as “Dollar Offset”, which changesrisk in the value of the put option are compared to changes in the value of the accumulated primary position through an index. This index is computed as follows:

The absolute value of the “Dollar Offset” (DO) index should always fall within the [0.8, 1.25] range. In this case, the test and, therefore, the hedging relationship, are deemed effective and so the latter may continue.

In cases where the absolute value is not within such range, the test is not deemed effective and the hedging relationship designated in that moment.

At December 31, 2012, there were no open positions of long put hedge options with ASERCA.

Regarding commodity price risk, for derivative instrumentscommodities that are not designated in a formal hedging relationship and to which the Company performsis exposed, sensitivity analysistests on the corn and soybean future contracts,sorghum futures agreements are entered into, considering different scenarios (bullish and bearish). scenarios. These results can be seen in paragraph g) of this note.

ii.Chicken price risk

The Company is exposed to financial risks mainly related to changes in the price of chicken.The Company presently does not anticipate that the price of chicken decreased to a level that represents a risk to the Company in the future; therefore, as of December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 it has not entered into any derivative financial instrument or other agreement for managing the risk related to a decrease in chicken price.

The Company reviews chicken prices frequently in order to evaluate the need of having a financial instrument to manage the risk.

iii.Exchange risk

The Company is exposed to the effects of exchange rate volatility, mainly on in relation to Mexican pesos/dollars exchange rates, on the Company's assets and liabilities, including: investments in securities, derivative financial instruments hedging commodities, which are denominated in a currency other than the Company's functional currency. In this regard, the Company has implemented a sensitivity analysis to measure the effects that currency risk may have over the assets and liabilities described.

The Company protects itself from exchange rate risk through economic hedging with derivative financial instruments, which cover a percentage of its estimated exposure to exchange rate volatility in relation to projected sale and purchases transactions. All instruments entered into as economic hedges of foreign exchange risk have maturities of less than one year from the contract date.

As of December 31, 2015 the Company entered into derivative financial instrument positions as economic hedges to cover exchange rate risks. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, the Company did not have any such positions.

iv.Foreign currency position

The Company has financial instrument assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currency on which there is an exposure to currency risk.

Below is the foreign currency position that the Company has as of December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013.

F-41

  December 31, 
  2015  2014  2013 
  Dollars  Mexican
Pesos
  Dollars  Mexican
Pesos
  Dollars ��Mexican
Pesos
 
Assets                        
Cash and cash equivalents $66,929   1,151,844   1,866   27,526   39,843   521,546 
Investment in securities at fair value through profit and loss  28,549   491,325   24,849   366,527   29,284   383,333 
Accounts receivable  245   4,210   810   11,948   727   9,518 
Total assets  95,722   1,647,379   27,525   406,001   69,855   914,397 
                         
Liabilities                        
Trade accounts payable  (141,819)  (2,440,708)  (126,655)  (1,868,163)  (106,626)  (1,395,730)
Financial debt  (85,000)  (1,462,850)  (15,000)  (221,250)  (30,000)  (392,700)
Total Liabilities  (226,819)  (3,903,558)  (141,655)  (2,089,413)  (136,626)  (1,788,430)
Net liability position $(131,097)  (2,256,179)  (114,130)  (1,683,412)  (66,771)  (874,033)

The Company carries out a sensitivity analysis related to the effect that the movement in the exchange rates may have on its financial information. These results are shown in Note 5 b). In caseparagraph g) of structured commodity derivatives,this note. These analyses represent the scenarios that contains options (traded with Cargill), the Company does not perform a sensitivity analysis on the volatility factor.

d)Currency risk

Interest on borrowings is denominated in currencies that match the cash flows generated by the underlying operationsmanagement considers reasonably possible of the Company, primarily pesos, but also euro and dollars. This provides an economic hedge without derivatives.occurring.

Exposure to currency risk

Below is the company's exposure to currency risk, based on notional amounts:

  January 1,  December 31, 
  2011  2011  2012 
Asets            
Cash and cash equivalents $357,933   232,211   362,905 
Primary financial instruments  106,466   375,648   380,036 
Accounts receivables  -   391,857   473,245 
Other accounts  6,926   315,037   191,071 
Advances to supliers  170,170   602,912   502,585 
             
   641,495   1,917,665   1,909,842 
             
Liabilities            
Accounts payables  (770,931)  (1,668,025)  (1,715,893)
Other accounts  -   (157,110)  (150,529)
Short term debt  -   (1,047,750)  (643,000)
             
Net liability position $(129,436)  (955,220)  (599,580)

 

The following significantis a detail of exchange rates appliedeffective during the fiscal year:

 

  Average exchange rate  Spot exchange rate as the date of
the consolidated financial statements
 
  2011  2012  January
1, 2011
  2011  2012 
USD $12.43   13.16   12.37   13.97   12.87 
     Spot exchange rate at 
  Average exchange rate  December 31, 
  2015  2014  2013  2015  2014  2013 
Dollars $15.87   13.30   12.76   17.21   14.75   13.09 

 

The exchange rate asat the date of reporting dateissuance of the consolidated financial statements is $12.08.$17.90.

 

In this regard the Company does not perform sensitivity analysis in order to measure the impact of exchange rate fluctuations in the asset an liabilities described.

e)v.Interest rate risk

 

FluctuationsThe Company is exposed to fluctuations in rates for certain financial instruments, such as investments, bank loans and debt securities. This risk is managed through derivative financial instruments such as interest ratesrate swaps or others, taking into account market conditions and the criterion of its Risk Committee and Board of Directors.

Interest rate fluctuations impacted mainly impactbank loans by changing either their fair value (fixed-rate(fixed rate debt) or theirthe future cash flows (variable-interest(variable rate debt). Management lacksdoes not have a formal policy for determiningto determine how much of the Company’sCompany's exposure should be at fixed or variable rate. However, on gettingat the time of obtaining new loans, management uses isits judgment for deciding if aconsidering technical analyses and the market’s forecasts to decide whether fixed or a variable rate instruments would be more favorable forduring the periods of such instruments.

To monitor this risk, the Company consideringperforms sensitivity tests at least monthly to measure the original termeffect of the loan, through its maturity.change in interest rates in the instruments described in the preceding paragraph, which are summarized in subsection g) of this note.

F-42

e)Financial instruments at fair value

The amounts of accounts payable, accounts receivable and short-term debt approximate their fair value because of their nature and short-term maturities.

 

The Company only made sensibility´s analysis.table below summarizes the presents the fair value of the financial instruments that are recognized at amortized cost, together with the carrying amount included in the consolidated statement of financial position:

Liabilities
recorded at
amortized cost
 Carrying
amount
  Fair
value
  Carrying
amount
  Fair
value
  Carrying
amount
  Fair
value
 
  2015  2014  2013 
Financial debt $4,127,010   4,141,473   2,450,452   2,501,299   2,067,802   2,086,843 

 

f)Fair value versus carrying amounts

The fair values of financial assets and liabilities, together with the carrying amounts shown in the statement of financial position, are as follows:

        December 31, 
  Carrying
amount
  Fair value  Carrying  Fair  Carrying  Fair 
  January
1, 2011
  January
1, 2011
  amount
2011
  value
2011
  amount
2012
  Value
2012
 
Assets recorded at fair value                        
Investments designated at fair value through profit or loss $3,618,522   3,618,522   2,520,071   2,520,071   3,509,995   3,509,995 
Exchange rate derivative instruments at fair value through profit or loss  (18)  (18)  1,344   1,344   -   - 
Interest rate derivative instruments classified held-for-trading  -   -   -   -   152   152 
Commodities derivative instruments at fair value through profit or loss  7,114   7,114   1,034   1,034   2,786   2,786 
Commodities derivative instruments held-for-hedging  5,801   5,801   7,829   7,829   -   - 
  $3,631,419   3,631,419   2,530,278   2,530,278   3,512,993   3,512,993 
        December 31, 
  Carrying
amount
  Fair
value
  Carrying  Fair  Carrying  Fair 
  January
1, 2011
  January
1, 2011
  amount
2011
  value
2011
  amount
2012
  value
2012
 
Assets recorded at amortized cost                        
Held-to maturity investments $36,725   36,725   42,352   42,352   38,958   38,958 
  $36,725   36,725   42,352   42,352   38,958   38,958 
Liabilities recorded at fair value                        
Commodities derivative instruments at fair value through profit or loss $-   -   (769)  (769)  (1,332)  (1,332)
  $-   -   (769)  (769)  (1,332)  (1,332)
Liabilities recorded at amortized cost                        
Secured bank loans $646,920   646,920   1,837,363   1,837,363   1,223,658   1,223,658 
Senior bonds issuance  -   -   -   -   1,500,000   1,507,562 
Trade payable and other accounts payable  1,966,014   1,966,014   2,921,441   2,921,441   3,445,247   3,445,247 
  $2,612,934   2,612,934   4,758,804   4,758,804   6,168,905   6,176,639 

Investments designated at fair value through profit or loss includes cash of $38,431 included in the investment portfolio.

g)Fair value hierarchy

 

The fair value of the assets (mainly equity, debt and corporate bonds) have standard terms and conditions and are traded in active liquid markets, which are determined by reference to quoted market prices.

The following table below analysessummarizes financial instruments carried at fair value, byvalue:

  Level 1  Level 2  Level 3  Total 
As of December 31, 2015                
Investments in securities at fair value though profit and loss $1,242,614   -   -   1,242,614 
Interest rate derivative financial instruments  -   195   -   195 
Derivative financial instruments  -   1,244   -   1,244 
  $1,242,614   1,439   -   1,244,053 

  Level 1  Level 2  Level 3  Total 
As of December 31, 2014                
Investments in securities at fair value though profit and loss $910,519   -   -   910,519 
Derivative financial instruments  -   6,669   -   6,669 
  $910,519   6,669   -   917,188 

F-43

  Level 1  Level 2  Level 3  Total 
As of December 31, 2013                
Investments in securities at fair value though profit and loss $972,641   -   -   972,641 
Derivative financial instruments on commodities  -   11,735   -   11,735 
  $972,641   11,735   -   984,376 

Information regarding the levels in thehierarchy of fair value hierarchy. The Company adopted the early exemption of IFRS 1,measurements related to financial liabilities that are not carried at fair value, but for which exempts the entity from providing comparative information.disclosures are required, is summarized below:

 

  Level 1  Level 2  Level 3  Total 
As of December 31, 2015                
Financial debt - bank institutions $-   (2,626,327)      (2,626,327)
Financial debt – debt securities  (1,515,146)  -   -   (1,515,146)
  $(1,515,146)  (2,626,327)  -   (4,141,473)

The different levels have been defined

  Level 1  Level 2  Level 3  Total 
As of December 31, 2014                
Financial debt - bank institutions $   (987,094)  -   (987,094)
Financial debt – debt securities  (1,514,205)  -   -   (1,514,205)
  $(1,514,205)  (987,094)  -   (2,501,299)

  Level 1  Level 2  Level 3  Total 
As of December 31, 2013                
Financial debt - bank institutions $-   (567,778)  -   (567,778)
Financial debt – debt securities  (1,519,065)  -   -   (1,519,065)
  $(1,519,065)  (567,778)  -   (2,086,843)

g)Quantitative sensitivity measurements

Following are sensitivity analyses for the most significant risks to which the Company is exposed as follows:of December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. These analyses represent the scenarios that management believes are reasonably possible of occuring in future periods and were performed in accordance with the policies of Risk Committee.

 

·i.Level 1: quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.Derivative Financial Instruments related to exchange rate and commodities risks

As of December 31, 2015, the Company has taken positions on derivative financial instruments to hedge exchange rate risks and commodities.

A 15% increase in the Mexican peso with respect to the U.S. dollar as of the end of 2015 would have had a net effect of $0 on the fair value of the Company’s exchange rate derivative financial instruments position. On the other hand, a decrease of 15% in the aforementioned rate would have resulted in an additional valuation loss during the period of $10,575. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, the Company did not have any such positions

The following table shows the Company’s sensitivity of an increase and decrease of 15% for 2015 and 7.5% for 2014 and 2013 in the “bushell” price of corn and short ton price of soybeans.

F-44

  Effect of Increase  Effect of Decrease 
  2015  2014  2013  2015  2014  2013 
Loss (profit) for the year $(44,589)  (4,966)  1,630  $56,753   12,377   (666)

 

·ii.Level 2: inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly (i.e. as prices) or indirectly (i.e. derived from prices).Interest rate risk

As described in Note 17, the Company has financial debt denominated in pesos and dollars, which bear interest at variable rates based on TIIE and LIBOR, respectively.

The following table shows the Company’s sensitivity of an increase and decrease of 50 basis points for 2015 and 2014 and 25 basis points for 2013, in the variable rates to which the Company is exposed.

  Effect of Increase  Effect of Decrease 
  2015  2014  2013  2015  2014  2013 
Loss (profit) for the year $17,375   12,111   4,896  $(17,375)  (12,111)  (4,896)

 

·iii.Level 3: inputs for the asset or liability that are not based on observable market data (unobservable inputs).Exchange risk

 

  Level 1  Level 2  Level 3  Total 
At December 31, 2012                
Investments in primary instruments at fair value through profit or loss $-   3,509,995   -   3,509,995 
Exchange rate derivative instruments at fair value through profit or loss  -   -   -   - 
Interest rate derivative instruments  -   152   -   152 
Commodities derivative instruments at fair value through profit or loss  2,549   -   -   2,549 
Commodities derivative instruments at fair value through profit or loss  -   (1,332)  -   (1,332)
  $2,549   3,508,815   -   3,511,364 

As of December 31, 2015, the Company's net monetary liability position in foreign currency was $2,256,179.

 

Investments designated at fair value through profit or loss includes cashThe following table shows the Company’s sensitivity of $38,431 includedan increase and decrease of 10% for 2015 and $0.50 for 2014 and 2013, in exchange rate, which would have an effect in the investment port folio.result from foreign currency position.

  Effect of Increase  Effect of Decrease 
  2015  2014  2013  2015  2014  2013 
Loss (profit) for the year $225,618   57,065   33,386  $(225,618)  (57,065)  (33,386)

(11)(9)Account receivables,Accounts receivable, net

 

As of January 1, 2011, December 31, 20112015, 2014 and 2012, trade and other receivables breakdown is2013, accounts receivable are as follows:

 

 January  December 31, 
 1, 2011  2011  2012  December 31, 
        2015  2014  2013 
Trade receivables $996,263   1,545,632   1,788,320  $1,867,104   1,688,308   1,700,905 
Allowance for doubtful accounts  (32,990)  (38,537)  (46,681)  (81,641)  (76,793)  (69,245)
Other receivables (Value added tax and other recoverable taxes)  473,228   728,057   478,999 
Other receivables  76,787   340,524   20,824 
Government grant  40   -   - 
Income tax receivable  143,517   56,512   73,146 
Recoverable value-added tax and other recoverable taxes  527,620   966,027   592,463 
 $1,436,501   2,235,152   2,220,638  $2,533,427   2,974,578   2,318,093 

F-45

 

Note 10 disclosePast-due but not impaired portfolio

Below is a classification of trade accounts receivable according to their aging as of the Company’s exposurereporting date, excluding receivables that are in a legal process, which has not been subject to impairment:

  December 31, 
  2015  2014  2013 
Past due 0 to 60 days  129,315   185,291   120,258 
Past due by more than 60 days  3,443   9,438   27,467 
  $132,758   194,729   147,725 

The Company believes that non-impaired amounts that are past-due by more than 60 days can still be collected, based on the historical behavior of payments and analysis of credit ratings of customers.

Reconciliation of movements in allowance for doubtful accounts

  2015  2014  2013 
Balance as of January 1 $(76,793)  (69,245)  (46,681)
Increase in allowance  (17,179)  (16,164)  (29,801)
Applications  12,454   9,529   7,416 
Currency translation effect  (123)  (913)  (179)
Balance as of December 31, $(81,641)  (76,793)  (69,245)

As of December 31, 2015, 2014 and exchange risks2013 the Company has receivables in a legal process (receivables for which legal counsel is seeking recoverability) of $103,057, 110,462 and $86,564, respectively.

To determine the recoverability of an account receivable, the Company considers any change in the credit quality of the account receivable from the date of authorization of the credit line to the end of the reference period. In addition, the Company estimates that the credit risk concentration is limited as the customer base is very large and there are no related to trade and other accounts receivable.party receivables or receivables from entities under common control.

F-46

(12)(10)Inventories

 

As of January 1, 2011, December 31, 20112015, 2014 and 2012,2013, inventories breakdown isare as follows:

 

  January 1,  December 31, 
  2011  2011  2012 
          
Raw materials and sub-products (net of $27,940 and $25,740 reserve as at December 31, 2011 and 2012) $1,523,690   1,883,163   2,751,718 
Medicine, materials and spare parts  452,373   487,178   640,953 
Finished feed  60,405   83,601   292,056 
   2,036,468   2,453,942   3,684,727 
Inventories:            
Live chicken  877,654   1,383,769   1,307,744 
Processed chicken (net of $30,203 reserve as at December 31, 2011)  250,904   670,890   728,258 
Commercial eggs  22,094   27,498   46,341 
Beef  4,463   13,658   17,090 
Turkey  20,186   12,598   37,812 
Value added products  -   -   7,865 
   1,175,301   2,108,413   2,145,110 
Total $3,211,769   4,562,355   5,829,837 
  December 31, 
  2015  2014  2013 
Raw materials and by-products $1,155,841   1,226,778   1,100,971 
Medicine, materials and spare parts  772,226   656,618   633,829 
Balanced feed  241,473   218,951   209,082 
Processed chicken  1,112,068   777,734   689,102 
Commercial eggs  38,683   35,957   43,213 
Processed beef  38,533   23,008   23,013 
Processed turkey  34,251   17,561   25,090 
Other processed products  11,194   11,454   13,922 
Total $3,404,269   2,968,061   2,738,222 

 

The change inInventory consumption for the historical cost of biological assets measured at fair value corresponded to an increase of $2,558years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and $19,331 in 20112013 was $28,877,468, $24,873,999 and 2012,$26,041,102 respectively.

(13)(11)Biological assets

 

As of January 1, 2011,For the years ended December 31, 20112015, 2014 and 2012,2013, biological assets breakdown isare as follows:

 

  Current
Biological
Assets
  Non-current
Biological
Assets
  Total 
Balance at January 1, 2011 $153,993   750,288   904,281 
Increase due to purchases  66,460   262,479   328,939 
Decrease for sales  (888)  (20,561)  (21,449)
Increase due to births  186,176   -   186,176 
Manufacturing cost  1,754,845   808,698   2,563,543 
Depreciation  -   (771,262)  (771,262)
Transferred to inventories  (1,943,232)  -   (1,943,232)
Balance at December 31, 2011 $217,354   1,029,642   1,246,996 
             
Balance at January 1, 2012 $217,354   1,029,642   1,246,996 
Increase due to purchases  38,123   207,230   245,353 
Decrease for sales  (7,166)  (325,116)  (332,282)
Increase due to births  257,261   -   257,261 
Manufacturing cost  2,546,129   1,067,717   3,613,846 
Depreciation  -   (861,339)  (861,339)
Transferred to inventories  (2,782,841)  -   (2,782,841)
Other  (2,378)  (12,014)  (14,392)
Balance at December 31, 2012 $266,482   1,106,120   1,372,602 
  Current
biological
assets
  Non-current
biological
assets
  Total 
Balance as at January 1, 2015 $1,501,428   1,109,233   2,610,661 
Increase due to purchases  337,632   603,081   940,713 
Sales  -   3,032   3,032 
Net increase due to births  225,000   1,422,535   1,647,535 
Production cost  26,283,885   1,120,359   27,404,244 
Depreciation  -   (1,475,470)  (1,475,470)
Transfers to inventories  (26,746,796)  (1,422,535)  (28,169,331)
Other  50,645   73,896   124,541 
Balance as at December 31, 2015 $1,651,794   1,434,131   3,085,925 

F-47

  Current
biological
assets
  Non-current
biological
assets
  Total 
Balance as at January 1, 2014 $1,420,174   1,109,936   2,530,110 
Increase due to purchases  301,516   296,846   598,362 
Sales  -   (222,283)  (222,283)
Net increase due to births  227,892   1,426,359   1,654,251 
Production cost  24,324,638   1,088,254   25,412,892 
Depreciation  -   (1,194,779)  (1,194,779)
Transfers to inventories  (24,789,388)  (1,426,359)  (26,215,747)
Other  16,596   31,259   47,855 
Balance as at December 31, 2014 $1,501,428   1,109,233   2,610,661 

  Current
biological
assets
  Non-current
biological
assets
  Total 
Balance as at January 1, 2013 $1,496,964   1,106,120   2,603,084 
Increase due to purchases  227,864   328,059   555,923 
Sales  -   (178,543)  (178,543)
Net increase due to births  283,175   1,242,535   1,525,710 
Production cost  24,683,964   1,073,261   25,757,225 
Depreciation  -   (1,221,754)  (1,221,754)
Transfers to inventories  (25,270,795)  (1,242,535)  (26,513,330)
Other  (998)  2,793   1,795 
Balance as at December 31, 2013 $1,420,174   1,109,936   2,530,110 

 

Biological assets (current) are comprisedThe “Other” category includes the change in fair value of incubatable eggs and breeder pigs; while biological assets (non-current) are comprisedthat resulted in an increase of hens$13,020 in production, laying2015, and breeder hensdecreases of $23,096 and pigs breeding stock.$7,857 in 2014 and 2013, respectively.

The Company is exposed to the followingdifferent risks relating to its biological assets:

 

·Future excesses in the offer of poultry products and thea decline in the demand growth of the chicken industry may negatively affect the Company’s results.

 

·Increases in raw material prices and price volatility may negatively affect the Company’s margins and results.

 

·In addition, in the case of the U.S.Company’s operations in the United States of America, the cost of corn and grain may be affected by an increase in the demand for ethanol, which may reduce the market’s available corn inventory.

 

·TheOperations in Mexico and U.S. operationsthe United States of America are based on animal breeding and meat processing, which are subject to sanitary risks and natural disasters.

 

·Hurricanes and other adverse climate conditions may result in additional inventory losses and damage to the Company’s installationsfacilities and equipment.

 

F-48

(14)(12)Prepaid expenses and other current assets

 

As of January 1, 2011, December 31, 20112015, 2014 and 2012,2013, prepaid expenses and other current assets breakdown isare as follows:

 

  January 1,  December 31, 
  2011  2011  2012 
          
Advances to suppliers of inventories $366,160   515,672   505,667 
Prepayments – Services  43,240   125,158   240,706 
Other receivables  77,753   72,043   79,999 
Prepayments- Insurance and financial guarantee  17,961   39,277   42,506 
             
Total $505,114   752,150   868,878 
  December 31, 
  2015  2014  2013 
Advances to suppliers of inventories $1,224,454   866,119   801,390 
Prepaid expenses of services  130,086   145,849   184,001 
Option agreement on potential acquisition  -   154,875   - 
Advances for purchase of property, plant and equipment to related parties  -   12,500   - 
Prepaid expenses of insurance and bonds  82,238   64,979   58,764 
Other current assets  151,030   134,755   91,383 
Total $1,587,808   1,379,077   1,135,539 

Effective June 20, 2014, the Company executed an option agreement with Morris Hatchery, Inc. that gives the Company the right to purchase its hatching egg operations located in Gillsville, Georgia once the contractual obligations made by Morris Hatchery Inc. with its customers have concluded, which wasn’t completed by December 31, 2014. As consideration for this right, the Company made a nonrefundable payment of $154,875 (10,500 thousand dollars) which was credited against the total purchase price of $371,300 (23,500 thousand dollars) on the closing of the transaction on July 10, 2015.

(15)(13)Assets availableheld for sale

 

As of January 1, 2011, December 31, 20112015, 2014 and 2012,2013, assets availableheld for sale breakdown isare as follows:

 

  December 31, 
  2015  2014  2013 
Buildings $24,430   22,965   18,242 
Land  32,779   32,779   28,168 
Other  2,839   2,839   2,643 
Total $60,048   58,583   49,053 

The balanceCompany recognized a loss from the sale of non-currentthese assets available for sale is mainly comprisedin 2015 of assets foreclosed by the Company when certain accounts receivable are not settled by the customers, as well as an aircraft that was included$24, a gain of $5 during 2014 and a loss of $24 in the acquisition of OK Industries in 2011 and sold in 2012. This caption includes a wide variety of assets, which are recorded based on the fair value of the asset in question, supported by appraisals made of such assets. If the asset cannot be measured reliably, the acquisition cost is measured at the net carrying amount of the related asset.2013.

 

  January 1,  December 31, 
  2011  2011  2012 
          
Buildings $17,731   19,508   18,502 
Land  20,621   25,904   30,361 
Aircraft  -   48,895   - 
Others  1,870   1,340   2,644 
Total $40,222   95,647   51,507 
F-49

(16)(14)Property, plant and equipment-equipment

 

As of January 1, 2011, December 31, 20112015, 2014 and 2012,2013, property, plant and equipment isare comprised as follows.follows:

 

Deemed cost Balance at
January 1,
2011
  Additions  Business
combinations
  Disposals  Currency
translation
effect
  Balance at
December
31, 2011
 
Cost Balance as at
January 1,
2015
  Additions  Disposals  Currency
translation
effect
  Balance as at
December 31,
2015
 
Land $948,036   13,582   74,647   (3,204)  1,278   1,034,339  $1,094,182   57,901   (661)  9,387   1,160,809 
Buildings and constructions  8,353,164   184,845   803,776   (1,147)  22,186   9,362,824 
Buildings and construction  9,669,990   204,254   (17,191)  160,127   10,017,180 
Machinery and equipment  7,687,734   379,330   743,474   (23,035)  19,897   8,807,400   9,816,722   991,378   (262,222)  160,343   10,706,221 
Transportation equipment  1,158,660   93,576   55,603   (44,829)  1,580   1,264,590   1,171,030   247,232   (135,257)  3,207   1,286,212 
Computer equipment  120,108   26,472   8,258   (22,341)  235   132,732   67,780   22,081   (6,163)  2,144   85,842 
Furniture  126,241   9,728   6,726   (8,081)  175   134,789   153,015   6,372   (5,351)  1,959   155,995 
Leasehold improvements  27,856   -   -   -   -   27,856   21,442   -   (12,700)  -   8,742 
Construction in progress  279,604   -   -   (27,979)  -   251,625   991,866   295,291   (18,612)  -   1,268,545 
Total $18,701,403   707,533   1,692,484   (130,616)  45,351   21,016,155  $22,986,027   1,824,509   (458,157)  337,167   24,689,546 

 

Accumulated depreciation Balance at
January 1 2011
  Depreciation for
the year
  Balance at
December 31, 2011
 
Buildings and constructions $(3,906,771)  (270,113)  (4,176,884)
Machinery and equipment  (3,417,695)  (355,386)  (3,773,081)
Transportation equipment  (638,109)  (109,580)  (747,689)
Computer equipment  (109,103)  (3,349)  (112,452)
Furniture  (85,694)  (7,410)  (93,104)
Total $(8,157,372)  (745,837)  (8,903,210)
Deemed cost Balance at
January 1,
2012
  Additions  Disposals  Currency
translation
effect
  Balance at
December 31,
2012
 
Land $1,034,339   25,722   -   (3,916)  1,056,145 
Buildings and constructions  9,362,824   103,998   (1,727)  (67,973)  9,397,122 
Machinery and equipment  8,807,400   415,116   (84,521)  (56,335)  9,081,660 
Transportation equipment  1,264,590   66,565   (159,845)  (989)  1,170,321 
Computer equipment  132,732   6,226   (67)  (719)  138,172 
Furniture  134,789   12,023   (607)  (536)  145,669 
Leasehold improvements  27,856   10,985   -   -   38,841 
Construction in progress  251,625   311,125   -   -   562,750 
Total $21,016,155   951,760   (246,767)  (130,468)  21,590,680 
Accumulated depreciation Balance as at
January 1
2015
  Depreciation
for the year
  Disposals  Currency
translation
effect
  Balance as at
December 31,
2015
 
Buildings and construction $(4,754,662)  (179,402)  9,199   (17,979)  (4,942,844)
Machinery and equipment  (5,210,886)  (512,786)  150,685   (54,294)  (5,627,281)
Transportation equipment  (795,625)  (59,655)  107,333   (3,592)  (751,539)
Computer equipment  (56,462)  (7,946)  6,411   (2,201)  (60,198)
Furniture  (113,638)  (9,481)  4,210   (644)  (119,553)
Total $(10,931,273)  (769,270)  277,838   (78,710)  (11,501,415)

 

Accumulated depreciation Balance at
January 1,
2012
  Depreciation for
the year
  Disposals  Balance at
December 31,
2012
 
Buildings and constructions $(4,176,884)  (256,796)  12,795   (4,420,885)
Machinery and equipment  (3,773,081)  (469,250)  18,881   (4,223,450)
Transportation equipment  (747,689)  (93,734)  67,597   (773,826)
Computer equipment  (112,452)  (9,430)  129   (121,753)
Furniture  (93,104)  (8,602)  456   (101,250)
Total $(8,903,210)  (837,807)  99,858   (9,641,164)
Carrying amounts Balance at
January 1,
2011
  Balance at
December 31,
2011
  Balance at
December 31,
2012
 
Land $948,036   1,034,339   1,056,145 
Buildings and constructions  4,446,393   5,185,940   4,976,237 
Machinery and equipment  4,270,039   5,034,319   4,858,210 
Transportation equipment  520,551   516,901   396,495 
Computer equipment  11,005   20,280   16,419 
Furniture  40,547   41,685   44,419 
Leasehold improvements  27,856   27,856   38,841 
Construction in progress  279,604   251,625   562,750 
Total $10,544,031   12,112,945   11,949,516 
Cost Balance as at
January 1,
2014
  Additions  Disposals  Currency
translation
effect
  Balance as at
December 31,
2014
 
Land $1,057,182   30,833   (29)  6,196   1,094,182 
Buildings and construction  9,548,846   101,388   (87,755)  107,511   9,669,990 
Machinery and equipment  9,524,495   298,248   (113,567)  107,546   9,816,722 
Transportation equipment  1,204,326   114,453   (149,487)  1,738   1,171,030 
Computer equipment  141,252   8,178   (82,768)  1,118   67,780 
Furniture  149,741   8,512   (6,410)  1,172   153,015 
Leasehold improvements  26,852   -   (5,410)  -   21,442 
Construction in progress  356,447   679,504   (44,085)  -   991,866 
Total $22,009,141   1,241,116   (489,511)  225,281   22,986,027 

Accumulated depreciation Balance as at
January 1
2014
  Depreciation
for the year
  Disposals  Currency
translation
effect
  Balance as at
December 31,
2014
 
Buildings and construction $(4,607,271)  (188,909)  52,135   (10,617)  (4,754,662)
Machinery and equipment  (4,724,963)  (513,983)  58,514   (30,454)  (5,210,886)
Transportation equipment  (789,154)  (87,375)  81,874   (970)  (795,625)
Computer equipment  (126,897)  (5,954)  77,317   (928)  (56,462)
Furniture  (108,407)  (9,429)  4,499   (301)  (113,638)
Total $(10,356,692)  (805,650)  274,339   (43,270)  (10,931,273)

F-50

Cost Balance as at
January 1,
2013
  Additions  Disposals  Currency
translation
effect
  Balance as at
December 31,
2013
 
Land $1,056,145   770   (59)  326   1,057,182 
Buildings and construction  9,397,122   153,685   (19,482)  17,521   9,548,846 
Machinery and equipment  9,081,660   462,988   (25,267)  5,114   9,524,495 
Transportation equipment  1,170,321   167,324   (133,483)  164   1,204,326 
Computer equipment  138,172   3,151   (130)  59   141,252 
Furniture  145,669   5,778   (1,760)  54   149,741 
Leasehold improvements  38,841   -   (11,989)  -   26,852 
Construction in progress  562,750   (206,303)  -   -   356,447 
Total $21,590,680   587,393   (192,170)  23,238   22,009,141 

Accumulated depreciation Balance as at
January 1
2013
  Depreciation
for the year
  Disposals  Currency
translation
effect
  Balance as at
December 31,
2013
 
Buildings and construction $(4,420,885)  (199,952)  15,844   (2,278)  (4,607,271)
Machinery and equipment  (4,223,450)  (515,833)  15,088   (768)  (4,724,963)
Transportation equipment  (773,826)  (86,936)  71,640   (32)  (789,154)
Computer equipment  (121,753)  (5,232)  130   (42)  (126,897)
Furniture  (101,250)  (8,720)  1,570   (7)  (108,407)
Total $(9,641,164)  (816,673)  104,272   (3,127)  (10,356,692)

  December 31, 
Carrying amounts, net 2015  2014  2013 
Land $1,160,809   1,094,182   1,057,182 
Buildings and construction  5,074,336   4,915,328   4,941,575 
Machinery and equipment  5,078,940   4,605,836   4,799,532 
Transportation equipment  534,673   375,405   415,172 
Computer equipment  25,644   11,318   14,355 
Furniture  36,442   39,377   41,334 
Leasehold improvements  8,742   21,442   26,852 
Construction in progress  1,268,545   991,866   356,447 
Total $13,188,131   12,054,754   11,652,449 

Additions of property, plant and equipment in 2013 include assets acquired through business combinations of $11,982 that consist of buildings for $7,095, machinery and equipment for $461, furniture for $77 and transportation equipment for $4,349. Additions of property, plant and equipment in 2015 include assets acquired through business combinations of $11,581 that consist of machinery and equipment for $126, furniture for $16 and transportation equipment for $11,439.

 

Depreciation expense atduring the years ended December 31, 20112015, 2014 and 20122013 was for $745,837$769,270, $805,650 and $837,807$816,673, respectively, which were charged to cost of sales and operating expenses.

 

F-51

(17)(15)Goodwill

  2015  2014  2013 
Balances at beginning of the year $349,764   344,259   300,848 
Business combinations (Note 4)  123,933   -   42,780 
Goodwill impairment loss  (38,619)  -   - 
Foreign currency effects  19,217   5,505   631 
Balances at end of year $454,295   349,764   344,259 

Based on market conditions in which the reporting unit operates, the Company’s estimates of fair value indicated an impairment in Ok Farms – Morris Hatchery, Inc. Georgia, resulting in the recognition of a goodwill impairment loss of $38,619 (2,244 thousand dollars) for the year ended December 31, 2015.

The recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit is determined based on a calculation of its value in use, which uses projections of the estimated cash flows based on financial budgets approved by management for a determined projection period, which are discounted using an annual discount rate.

Projections of the cash flows during the budgeted period are based on sales projections which include increases due to inflation, as well as the projection of expected gross margins and operating margins during the budgeted period. Cash flows that exceed such period are extrapolated using an annual stable growth rate, which is the long-term weighted average growth rate for the market in which the cash-generating unit operates.

The assumptions and balances of each cash-generating unit are as follows:

2015
Cash-generating unit Final balance
of the year
  Projection
period
(years)
 Annual
discount
rate
(%)
  Annual
growth rate
(%)
 
Bachoco - Istmo and Peninsula regions $212,833  5  9.67%  2.70%
Campi  88,015  5  9.67%  2.10%
Ok Farms - Morris Hatchery, Inc. Arkansas  57,075  5  9.32%  0.00%
Ok Farms- Morris Hatchery Inc. Georgia  96,372  5  9.32%  0.00%
  $454,295           

F-52

2014
Cash-generating unit Final balance
of the year
  Projection
period
(years)
 Annual
discount
rate
(%)
  Annual
growth
rate
(%)
 
Bachoco - Istmo and Peninsula regions $212,833  5  9.93%  2.70%
Campi  88,015  5  9.93%  2.10%
Ok Farms- Morris Hatchery Inc. Arkansas  48,916  5  8.24%  0.00%
  $349,764           

2013
Cash-generating unit Final balance
of the year
  Projection
period
(years)
 Annual
discount
rate
(%)
  Annual
growth
rate
(%)
 
Bachoco - Istmo and Peninsula regions $212,833  5  10.33%  2.70%
Campi  88,015  5  10.33%  2.10%
Ok Farms- Morris Hatchery Inc. Arkansas  43,411  5  8.74%  0.00%
  $344,259           

(16)Other non-current assets

 

The otherOther non-current assets consist of the following:

 

  January 1,  December 31, 
  2011  2011  2012 
          
Advances for purchase of fixed assets $43,290   185,091   131,561 
Investments in life insurance (note 3 (k))  -   119,792   115,502 
Investment in associate company (note 3 (k))  -   38,020   35,026 
Others  21,594   21,734   19,822 
             
Total of other non-current assets $64,884   364,637   301,911 
  December 31, 
  2015  2014  2013 
Advances for purchase of property, plant and equipment $277,277   167,935   133,214 
Investments in life insurance (note 3 (k))  52,572   41,187   35,754 
Security deposits  13,574   17,341   15,956 
Other long-term receivable  128,169   104,495   87,927 
Intangible assets in process  73,125   54,512   37,955 
Other  49,189   42,558   39,793 
Total non-current assets $593,906   428,028   350,599 

 

F-53

 

(18)(17)Financial debt

Major borrowings are secured by guaranties, according to contractual obligations incurred.

Note 10 discloses the carrying amount and the fair value of loan borrowings.

 

a)Short-term financial debt breakdown is as follows:

 

  January, 1  December 31, 
  2011  2011  2012 
          
Denominated in USD for an amount of 75,000 USD, maturing in October 2012, at LIBOR (3) rate plus 0.60 points. Bachoco is guarantor of this debt. $-   1,047,750   - 
Denominated in USD for an amount of 20,000 USD, maturing in April 2013, at LIBOR (3) rate plus 0.84 points. Bachoco is guarantor of this debt.  -   -   257,400 
Denominated in pesos, maturing in January 2012, at TIIE (1)  plus 0.85 points.  -   200,000   - 
Denominated in pesos, maturing in January 2013, at TIIE (1)  plus 0.60 points.  -   -   200,000 
Denominated in pesos, maturing in August 2012, at TIIE (1) FIRA (2) plus 0.50 points.  -   30,000   - 
Denominated in pesos, maturing in December 2013, at TIIE (1) FIRA (2) plus 0.88 points.  -   -   59,368 
Denominated in pesos, maturing in December 2013, at TIIE (1) FIRA (2) plus 0.89 points.  -   -   82,628 
Denominated in pesos, maturing in November 2013, at TIIE (1) FIRA (2) plus 0.70 points.  -   -   96,000 
Credit denominated in USD for an amount of 30,000 USD, maturing in June 2013, at LIBOR (3) rate plus 1.62 points.  -   -   386,100 
Total short term debt $-   1,277,750   1,081,496 
  December 31, 
  2015  2014  2013 
Loan of USD$30,000 thousand dollars denominated in USD, maturing in June 2014, at LIBOR (3) rate plus 1.20 percentage points. $-   -   392,700 
Loan of USD$85,000 thousand dollars denominated in USD, maturing in June 2016, at LIBOR (3) rate plus 0.48 percentage points  1,462,850   -   - 
Denominated in pesos, maturing in January, October, December 2014, at TIIE (1) FIRA (2) less 0.70 percentage points.  -   -   148,500 
Loan in the amount of USD$15,000 thousand dollars, maturing in January 2015, at LIBOR (3) rate plus 1.04 percentage points.  -   221,250   - 
Denominated in pesos, maturing in January 2015, at TIIE (1) FIRA (2) less 0.70 percentage points.  -   193,000   - 
Denominated in pesos, maturing in January 2015, at TIIE (1) FIRA (2) rate plus 1.25 percentage points  -   250,000   - 
Denominated in pesos, maturing in January 2016, at TIIE (1) FIRA (2) rate plus 0.85 percentage points  160,000   -   - 
Total short-term debt $1,622,850   664,250   541,200 

 

WeightedAnnual weighted average interest rate onof short-term debtloans denominated in pesos for the years ended2015, 2015 and 2013 was 3.13%, 2.78% and 3.72%, respectively. Average interest rate for short-term loans existing as of December 31, 20112015, 2014 and 20122013, was 5.53 %4.17%, 3.68% and 4.97%, respectively.

The average interest rate on short-term bank loans for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2012, was 5.48% and 4.68%3.10%, respectively.

 

TheAnnual weighted average interest rate onof short-term loans denominated in dollars short-term for the years ended2015, 2014 and 2013 was 1.05%, 1.10% and 1.49%, respectively. Average interest rate for loans existing as of December 31, 20112015, 2014 and 2012,2013 was 0.8702%0.83%, 1.24% and 1.06%1.37%, respectively.

 

(1)TIIE=TIIE (for its acronym in Spanish) = Interbank Equilibrium Rate (by its Spanish acronym)
(2)FIRA=FIRA (for its acronym in Spanish) = Agriculture trust (Fideicomiso Instituido en Relación con la Agricultura by its Spanish acronym)Trust Funds
(3)Libor=LIBOR= London InterBankInterbank Offered Rate

F-54

b)Long-term debt consistconsists of the following:

 

  January 1,  December 31, 
  2011  2011  2012 
          
Denominated in pesos, maturing in June 2016, at TIIE (1) rate plus 1 points (3). $-   360,000   - 
Denominated in pesos, maturing in 2013, at TIIE (1) rate plus 0.60 points.  -   87,500   37,500 
Denominated in pesos, maturing in 2015 and 2016, at TIIE (1) plus 1.00 points.  -   47,579   34,449 
Denominated in pesos, maturing in December 2013, at TIIE (1) FIRA (2) rates less 1.00 point.  38,133   26,400   14,667 
Denominated in pesos, maturing in April 2015, at TIIE (1) rate plus 0.95 points (3).  23,617   18,621   - 
Denominated in pesos, maturing in April 2012 and June 2013, at TIIE (1) FIRA (2) rates less 1.10 points and 0.875 points (3).  30,720   17,390   - 
Denominated in pesos, maturing in March 2014, at TIIE (1) rate plus 2 points (3).  2,957   2,123   - 
Denominated in pesos, maturing in July 2015, at TIIE (1) plus 1.50 points (3).  250,000   -   - 
Denominated in pesos, maturing in April 2015, at TIIE (1) FIRA (2) rates plus 1.90 points (3).  250,000   -   - 
Denominated in pesos, maturing in June 2015, at TIIE (1) rate plus 2.50 points (3).  38,993   -   - 
Denominated in pesos, maturing in June 2011, at TIIE (1) FIRA (2) rates plus 2 points.  12,500   -   - 
Denominated in pesos, maturing in January 2014, at TIIE (1) FIRA (2) rates minus 0.55 points.  -   -   55, 546 
Total  646,920   559,613   142, 162 
Senior bonds issuance (subsection (d) of this note)  -   -   1,500,000 
Less current installments  (139,867)  (175,243)  (115,560)
Long-term debt, excluding current installments $507,053   384,370   1,526,602 
  December 31, 
  2015  2014  2013 
Denominated in pesos, maturing in 2015 and 2016, at TIIE (1) plus 1.00 percentage points. $2,489   10,209   22,329 
Denominated in pesos, maturing in January 2014, at TIIE (1) FIRA (2) rates less 0.55 percentage points.  -   -   4,273 
Denominated in pesos, maturing in September 2017, at TIIE (1) rates plus 0.63 percentage points.  100,000   102,000   - 
Denominated in pesos, maturing in August 2015, at TIIE (1) FIRA (2) rates less 0.90 percentage points.      124,000   - 
Denominated in pesos, maturing in April 2017, at TIIE (1) rates plus 0.25 percentage points.      49,993   - 
Denominated in pesos, maturing in 2018, at TIIE (1) FIRA (2) rates less 0.25 percentage points.  603,871   -   - 
Denominated in pesos, maturing in 2018, at TIIE (1) FIRA (2) rates less 0.60 percentage points.  297,800   -   - 
Debt securities (subsection (d))  1,500,000   1,500,000   1,500,000 
Total  2,504,160   1,786,202   1,526,602 
Less current maturities  (9,033)  (133,732)  (16,392)
Long-term debt, excluding current maturities $2,495,127   1,652,470   1,510,210 

Weighted

Long-term annual weighted average interest rate on long-term debt, excluding the issuancefor 2015, 2014 and 2013 was 3.07%, 3.72% and 4.93%, respectively. Average rate for current loans as of senior bonds for the years ended December 31, 20112015, 2014 and 20122013 was 5.58%3.56%, 3.68% and 5.40%, respectively.

The average interest rate of the long-term debt, excluding the issuance of senior bonds, for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2012 was 6.17%, and 5.43%4.40%, respectively.

 

(1) TIIE (for its acronym in Spanish) = Interbank Equilibrium Rate (by Spanish acronym)

(2) FIRA (for its acronym in Spanish) = Trust Established in Relation to Agriculture trust (Fideicomiso Instituido en Relación con la Agricultura by

During 2015 the Company did not make early payments on its Spanish acronym)

(3) In 2011long-term debt, in 2014 and 2012,2013, the Company made prepayments of long-ternearly payments on its long-term debt of $538,993$201,300 and $398,134$11,833 respectively, without being required to paypayment of fees for early termination fee.termination.

 

AtAs of December 31, 20112015, 2014 and 2012,2013, total unused lines of credit, amounted to $2,257,870totaled $6,156,229, $5,282,600 and $2,664,911,$5,418,099, respectively. In 2011 and 2012,both years, the Company did not pay any fee for unused lines of credit.undrawn balances.

 

c)Maturities of long-term debt, excluding current maturities, as of December 31, 2012,2015, are as follows:

 

Year Amount 
2014 $16,392 
2015  7,720 
2016  2,490 
2017  1,500,000 
  $1,526,602 
Year Amount 
2017 $1,652,500 
2018  842,627 
  $2,495,127 

 

Interest expense on total loans during the years ended December 31, 20112015, 2014 and 2012,2013, amounted to $40,687$93,964, $87,624 and $71,005,$97,025, respectively.

 

F-55

Bank

Certain bank loans establish certain affirmative and negative covenants. Ascovenants, as well as the requirement to maintain certain financial ratios, which have been met as of December 31, 2012 and the date of the consolidated financial statements, the Company was in compliance with all these covenants, for2015, among which the most important are the following:are:

 

a)Deliver ofProvide financial information at request from the bank requirement.bank.

 

b)Not contractingto contract liabilities with financial cost or grantinggrant loans that couldmay affect payment obligations.

 

c)Notify the bank regarding the existence of legal issues that could substantially affect the financial situation of the Company.

 

d)SubstantialNot to perform substantial changes to the nature of the business, or the administrative structure are not permitted.structure.

 

e)Reductions of capital stockNot to merge, consolidate, separate, settle or dissolve except for those mergers in excess towhich the Company or surety are the merging company and do not constitutes a 10%change on control of the assets is not permitted.entities of the group to which the Company or the surety belong, at the date of the agreement.

 

d)Debt by issuing Securities CertificatesIssuance of debt securities

 

On August 28, 2012, the Company was authorized to make an issue of senior bonds for adebt securities in the total authorized amount of the program of $5,000,000 pesos or itsthe equivalent in UDIS (1), on a revolving program periodbasis, for a term of five years from the date of the authorization letter offrom the CNBV.Mexican Banking Commission. The initial issueissuance dated August 31, 2012 was forof $1,500,000 pesos with ticker:ticker symbol: "BACHOCO 12" for a periodterm of 1,820 days, equivalent to 65 periods of 28 days, approximately five years. For a total senior bonds ofyears, with 15,000,000 debt securities and a facepar value of $100 pesos each.per certificate.

 

From the date of issue,issuance, and while the senior bondsdebt securities have not been amortized,paid, they will accrue annual gross interest on their facepar value, at a yearlyan annual interest rate, which is calculated by adding 0.60 (zero point sixty) percentage points toat the 28-day TIIE, to within 28 days and in case of non-publication TIIEthe event the 28-day TIIE be used to nearerwere not published, at the nearest term releasedpublished by the Bank of Mexico. The Common Representativecommon representative of the stock-holders will calculate the accrued interest two business days prior to the beginning of each interest period of 28 days, according to the payment schedule, computed from the date of issueissuance or at the beginning of each interest period and governed precisely during this period of interest.that interest period.

 

Amortization of senior bondsThe debt securities will be paid at the deadline forexpiration of the term of issue.

Senior bonds-related costcontractual term. Direct costs arising from debt issuance or contract are capitalized to the debtdeferred and amortized through earnings byas part of financial expense using the effective interest methodrate through the maturityexpiration of each transaction. Such related cost includescosts include commissions and professional fees.

(19)(1)UDIS = Investment units

Derived from the issuance of the Debt securities, the Company is subject to certain requirements, affirmative and negative covenants, with which they comply as of December 31, 2015.

F-56

(18)Trade payableaccounts and other accounts payable

 

 January 1,  

December 31,

 
  2011  2011  2012 
Trade payable $1,572,292   2,326,779   2,838,500 
Sundry creditors  35,963   218,458   256,132 
Expense payable  148,357   158,461   142,799 
Advance from costumers  66,189   71,212   54,590 
IMSS (1)  35,073   35,453   36,419 
INFONAVIT (2)  30,743   32,552   34,459 
Employee statutory profit sharing  37,921   26,234   30,849 
Employment taxes  21,277   24,044   25,897 
Salaries payable  4,924   9,168   10,755 
SAR (3)  6,266   6,416   6,434 
Tax payable  6,520   6,349   7,528 
Interest payable  489   6,315   883 
             
  $1,966,014   2,921,441   3,445,245 

(1)IMSS (Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social by its Spanish acronym): Contributions are made ​​by the Company and employees in accordance with applicable regulations. The Company is required to pay a monthly contribution.

(2)INFONAVIT (Instituto del Fondo Nacional de la Vivienda para los Trabajadores by its Spanish acronym): The Company is required to make contributions to this entity based on the 5% of the salaries of employees, subject to certain limits. The Company has a duty to pay this contribution every two months.

(3)SAR (Sistema de Ahorro para el Retiro by its Spanish acronym): Contributions are made ​​by the Company based on the regulations as a percentage of the worker's salary. The Company has a duty to pay this contribution to the government every two months.
  December 31, 
  2015  2014  2013 
Trade payables $3,800,407   3,257,291   2,764,766 
Sundry creditors and expenses payable  288,582   273,255   303,483 
Provisions  202,303   215,003   133,103 
Statutory employee profit sharing  31,730   19,939   29,140 
Retained payroll taxes and other local taxes  197,806   167,205   129,122 
Direct employee benefits  72,898   33,894   5,504 
Interest payable  3,306   1,920   3,275 
Government grant  -   1,947   - 
Others  71   61   7,208 
  $4,597,103   3,970,515   3,375,601 

 

Note 108 discloses the Company’s exposure to the exchange and liquidity risks related to trade accounts payable and other accounts payable.

On December 2009, the Mexican Federal Competition Agency (CFC, for its Spanish acronym) released a news report in which it announced an investigation on the Mexican poultry industry in reference to possible monopolistic practices. As a result of this investigation, CFC imposed several fines to the Company for supposedly having certain practices where the price of chicken was manipulated. Although the Company and its legal advisors consider that the interposed legal processes are well sustained and attended, a provision that is considered adequate has been recognized.

Additionally, the National Water Commission (CNA, for its Spanish acronym) imposed credits and fines to the Company for supposed infractions made by the Company in water administration for exploitation of livestock. The Company has recognized a provision for the amount that it expects to be probable to pay.

Bachoco USA, LLC. is involved in claims with the United States of America Department of Labor and the Unites State Immigration and Customs Enforcement, and various other matters related to its business, including workers’ payment claims and environmental issues. As of December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the Company has recorded provisions of $51,630 (3,000 thousand dollars), $22,125 (1,500 thousand dollars) and $19,635 (1,500 thousand dollars) for the amount that it expects to be probable to pay.

F-57

(20)(19)Related party transactionsTransactions and balances with related parties

 

(a)Transactions with management

 

Management remunerationCompensation

 

The following table shows total remunerationthe compensation paid to ourthe directors and executives for services provided in their respective positions for the years ended December 31, 20112015, 2014 and 2012, which is included in employee costs (see note 23):2014:

 

  2011  2012 
         
Net compensation $44,472   39,288 
  December 31, 
  2015  2014  2013 
Compensation $42,295   39,538   52,805 

 

(b)Transactions with other related parties

 

ABelow is a summary of the Company’s transactions and balances with other related partyparties, which are comprised of affiliates that are under common control:

i.Revenues

  Transaction value  Balance as of 
  December 31,  December 31, 
  2015  2014  2013  2015  2014  2013 
Sales of products to:                        
Vimifos, S.A. de C.V. $32,827   32,202   42,719  $5,447   109   3,665 
Maquinaria Agrícola, S.A. de C.V.  -   -   -   -   19   - 
Autos y Accesorios, S.A. de C.V.  419   1,302   -   -   -   - 
Alfonso R. Bours, S.A. de C.V.  -   -   13   -   1,801   13 
Taxis Aereos del Noroeste, S.A. de C.V.  135   19   18   189,075   -   - 
  $33,381   33,523   42,750  $194,522   1,929   3,678 

The balance and transactionsof Taxis Aereos del Noroeste, S.A. de C.V., as of December 31, 20112015 for $189,075 corresponds to a loan that bears interest and 2012 is as follows:due in the short term.

 

(i) Revenue

F-58

 

  Transaction value 
  2011  2012 
Sells products to:        
Vimifos S.A de C.V. $24,314   38,664 
Frescopack S.A de C.V  8   20 
Maquinaria Agrícola, S.A. de C.V.  21   - 
Llantas y Accesorios, S.A. de C.V.  125   50 
Autos y Accesorios, S.A. de C.V.  500   448 
Alfonso R. Bours, S.A. de C.V.  29   29 
Taxis Aéreos del Noroeste, S.A. de C.V.  28   19 
  $25,025   39,230 

(ii)Expenses and payables to related parties

 

  Transaction value year
ended December 31,
  Balance at 
     January  December 31, 
  2011  2012  1, 2011  2011  2012 
Purchases of feed, raw materials and packing supplies                    
Vimifos, S.A. de C.V. $347,062  $467,499  $43,051  $47,564  $42,855 
Frescopack, S.A. de C.V.  119,950   129,119   6,670   18,609   22,766 
Pulmex 2000, S.A. de C.V.  10,302   11,844   -   -   - 
Qualyplast, S.A. de C.V.  6   44   -   -   - 
Purchases of vehicles, tires and spare parts                    
Maquinaria Agrícola,
S.A. de C.V.
 $69,205  $62,035   7,973   8,566   8,529 
Llantas y Accesorios,
S.A. de C.V.
  21,640   27,282   1,144   3,270   4,724 
Autos y Accesorios,
S.A. de C.V.
  24,995   19,815   678   422   4,055 
Autos y Tractores de Culiacán, S.A. de C,V.  23,207   18,026   1,025   41   5,026 
Camiones y Tractocamiones de Sonora, S.A. de C.V.  3,333   1,647   67   37   15 
Agencia MX-5 S.A de C.V.  -   397   -   -   - 
Alfonso R. Bours,
S.A. de C.V.
  767   568   52   34   69 
Distribuidora Automotriz de los Mochis, S.A. de C. V.  2,135   -   213   -   - 
Airplane leasing expenses                    
Taxis Aéreos del Noroeste,
S.A. de C.V.
 $10,063   10,137   -   -   - 
          $60,873  $78,543  $88,039 
ii.Expenses and balances payable to related parties

  Transaction value  Balance as of 
  December 31,  December 31, 
  2015  2014  2013  2015  2014  2013 
Purchases of food, raw materials and packing supplies                        
Vimifos, S.A. de C.V. $477,920   359,258   361,497  $91,982   76,482   21,813 
Frescopack, S.A. de C.V.  181,802   153,891   147,192   37,827   23,267   18,151 
Pulmex 2000, S.A. de C.V.  42,263   21,283   13,766   16,181   6,858   - 
Qualyplast, S.A. de C.V.  237   925   753   158   97   242 
Purchases of vehicles, tires and spare parts                        
Maquinaria Agrícola, S.A. de C.V. $41,947   55,166   57,100   4,074   4,315   8,415 
Llantas y Accesorios, S.A. de C.V.  29,269   31,423   29,421   2,732   4,688   4,458 
Autos y Accesorios, S.A. de C.V.  29,510   21,397   22,525   3,364   6,454   253 
Autos y Tractores de Culiacán, S.A. de C.V.  54,853   19,140   21,967   3,100   1,971   610 
Camiones y Tractocamiones de Sonora, S.A. de C.V.  69,779   33,227   23,649   5,815   2,384   5 
Agencia MX-5, S.A de C.V.  1   2   2,294   -   2   1 
Alfonso R. Bours, S.A. de C.V.  526   452   590   93   63   147 
Cajeme Motors S.A. de C.V.  6,632   -   -   2   -   - 
Airplane leasing expenses                        
Taxis Aereos del Noroeste, S.A. de C.V. $7,874   1,964   7,375   300   452   - 
              $165,628   127,033   54,095 

 

At January 1, 2011,As of December 31, 20112015, 2014 and 2012,2013, balances duepayable to related parties correspond to unsecured current accounts denominated in pesos that bear no interest and are payable in a short-term basis without warranties.basis.

As of December 31st 2014 the Company has a prepayment for the purchase of property, plant and equipment for $12,500 paid to Autos y Tractores de Culiacan S.A. de C.V., which is included on note 12.

(21)(20)Income Tax (IT), Asset Tax (AT), and Flat Rate Business Tax (IETU)

 

Under the current tax legislation in Mexico companies must payand the greaterUnited States of their IT or IETU. If IETU is payable, the payment will be considered final, notAmerica in effect through December 31, 2015, entities are subject to recoverypay Income Tax (ISR, by its Spanish acronym). During 2013, certain reforms to the Mexican tax law were enacted that entered into effect beginning January 1, 2014, which include, among others, the cancelation of scheduled reductions in subsequent years.the income tax rate and the elimination of the business flat tax (“IETU” for its Spanish acronym).

F-59

 

a)Income tax (IT)-ISR

 

The Company and each of its subsidiaries file separate income tax returns (including its foreign subsidiary, thatwhich files income tax returns in the U.S.United States of America, based on its existingfiscal year ending in April of every year). For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the applicable rate under the general tax year end of April). Bachoco, S.A. de C.V. (“BSACV”),regime in Mexico is 30%; this rate will be applicable in future years as well. The applicable rate for the Company’s principalUS subsidiary is 38.79% (includes state and federal taxes).

Until December 31, 2015 and 2014 BSACV, the Company’s primary operating subsidiary is subject to corporate income tax under the provisionsagriculture, cattle-raising, forestry and fishing regime of the simplified regime,ISR law, which is applicable to companies engagedentities exclusively in agriculture, cattle-raising, fishing, forestry and otherdedicated to such activities. The income tax lawnew ISR Law establishes that such regime is only for companies that obtainactivities are exclusive when no more than 10% of theiran entity’s total revenues are generated from something other than those activities or from industrialized products. Up to December 31, 2013, BSACV was subject to the production of processed products; BSACV has compliedsimplified tax regime applicable to entities with this criteria.

Theagriculture, cattle-raising, forestry and fishing operations. Under such simplified regime, establishes that the taxable base forBSCAV calculated income tax is determinedtaxes on revenues collecteda cash basis measure of net of deductions paid (cash basis). The tax rate for this regime is 21%.

The income taxprofit and a rate of the general regime for fiscal years 2011 to 2013 is 30%, for 2014 the rate shall be 29% and for 2015 and thereafter is 28%.

The income tax rate of the foreign subsidiary is 38.79%21%.

 

b)Flat rate business tax (IETU)-

IETU is calculated applying the rate of 17.5% to profit determined based on cash flows less authorized tax credits.

IETU credits are derived mainly from the unamortized negative IETU base, and taxable salaries for IT purposes and social security contributions, as well as credits derived from the deduction of certain investments, such as inventories and fixed assets.

The IETU is required to be paid only when it is greater than the IT. To determine the IETU payable, income tax paid in a given period shall be subtracted from the current IT of the same period.

If negative IETU base is determined because deductions exceed income, there will be no current IETU. The amount of negative base multiplied by the IETU rate results in a IETU credit, which may be applied against IT for the same year or, if applicable, against IETU payable in the next ten years. According to the tax law, the IETU credit cannot be applied against IT for 2011 and 2012.

c)Tax charged to profit orand loss

 

For the years ended December 31, 20112015, 2014 and 2012,2013, the income tax charged (credited) to(benefit) expense included in profit orand loss is as follows:

 

  2011  2012 
Operation in Mexico:        
Current IT $69,578   366,417 
Current IETU  8   - 
Deferred IT  (100,307)  207,079 
         
   (30,721)  573,496 
Foreign operation:        
Deferred IT $(7,895)  28,524 
         
IT (benefit) expense $(38,616)  602,020 
  December 31 
  2015  2014  2013 
Operation in Mexico:            
Current ISR $1,291,536   1,211,006   1,227,189 
Current IETU  -   -   228 
Deferred ISR  146,595   230,255   (527,449)
Deferred ISR from tax rate change  -   -   674,810 
   1,438,131   1,441,261   1,374,778 
Foreign operation:            
Current ISR  196,954   165,034   - 
Deferred ISR  45,475   49,815   (24,339)
Total ISR expense $1,680,560   1,656,110   1,350,439 

F-60

 

Total (benefit)income tax expense for income taxes

 

The (benefit)income tax expense tax attributable to income before income taxes, was different from the amount computed by applying the ITISR rate of 30% in 2015 and 2014, and 21% in 2011 and 20122013 as a result of the items listed below:

 

  2011     2012    
  IT  Percentage  IT  Percentage 
             
Expected expense $239,574   21% $586,696   21%
Increase resulting from:                
Tax effect of inflation, net  (67,883)  (6)%  (47,627)  (2)%
Non-deductible expenses  870   0%  1,740   0%
Gain on purchase of foreign subsidiary  (219,931)  (19)%  -   - 
Effect of companies outside of simplified regime  27,021   2%  61,777   2%
Unrecognized deferred assets effect  (18,112)  (1)%  (453)  0%
Others  (155)  0%  (113)  0%
(Benefit) expense for income taxes $(38,616)  (3)% $602,020   21%
  December 31, 
  2015  2014  2013 
  ISR  Percentage  ISR  Percentage  ISR  Percentage 
                   
Expected expense $1,650,025   30% $1,676,633   30% $712,371   21%
Increase (decrease) resulting from:                        
Net effects of inflation  (87,322)  (2)%  (112,388)  (2)%  (64,401)  (2)%
(Non-taxable income) Non-deductible expenses  (4,882)  (0)%  (7,101)  (0)%  (9,213)  (0)%
Effect of rate of the general regime  -   -   -   -   33,384   1%
Effect of rate difference of foreign subsidiary  57,103   1%  26,712   1%  (10,196)  0%
Effect from non-deductible employee benefits  74,173   1%  73,038   1%  13,872   0%
Effect from change on tax rate in the new ISR Law  -   -   -   -   674,810   20%
Other  (8,537)  0%  (784)  (0)%  (188)  0%
Income tax expense $1,680,560   30% $1,656,110   30% $1,350,439   39%

F-76

 

d)c)Deferred income tax

 

BasedThe Company and each one of its subsidiaries determine the deferred taxes that are reflected at a consolidated level, on stand-alone basis. BSACV, the financial projectionsmain operating subsidiary of taxable income, the Company estimated that it will pay IT; therefore, deferredis subject to tax effects have beenpayment under the agricultural regime, in which the tax base for ISR is determined and recorded reflecting the IT basis.on collected revenues minus paid deductions.

F-61

 

The tax effects of temporary differences, tax losses and tax credits that leadgive rise to significant portions of deferred tax assets and liabilities as at January 1, 2011, December 31, 20112015, 2014 and 20122013 are detailed below:

 

 January 1,  December 31, 
 2011  2011  2012  December 31, 
        2015  2014  2013 
Deferred tax assets                        
Trade payable $493,645   649,678   754,765 
Accounts payable $764   5,019   2,218 
Employee benefits  15,748   46,889   40,401   32,572   14,071   17,121 
Employee statutory profit sharing  11,311   9,002   9,254 
Effect on derivative financial instruments  1,635   -   858 
PTU payable  9,516   6,376   8,595 
Accounts receivable  404   6,376   8,595 
Tax loss carryforwards  -   96,772   10,043   10,236   21,383   3,858 
Others  1,006   -   - 
Deferred tax assets $523,345   802,341   815,321 
Property, plant and equipment  490   6,376   8,595 
Prepaid expenses  -   245   3,148 
Other provisions  239   2,284   - 
Total deferred tax assets  54,221   49,378   34,940 
                        
Deferred tax liabilities                        
Inventories $842,767   1,056,327   1,284,699 
Accounts receivable  190,082   204,213   221,133 
Property, plant and equipment  1,490,183   1,919,994   1,871,086 
Advanced deduction  16,370   20,210   36,343 
Effects on derivative financial instruments  -   1,704   - 
Prepaid expenses  94   -   - 
Total deferred tax liabilities  2,539,402   3,202,448   3,413,261   94   -   - 
Net deferred tax liability $2,016,057   2,400,107   2,597,940 
Net deferred tax assets  54,127   49,378   34,940 

  December 31, 
  2015  2014  2013 
Deferred tax assets            
Accounts payable $1,093,145   1,120,240   1,350,373 
Employee benefits  -   7,445   - 
PTU payable  -   423   262 
Tax loss carryforwards  1,081   4,073   86,779 
Goodwill  22,326   -   - 
Other provisions  6,606   13,817   - 
Derivative financial instruments  859   -   - 
Total deferred tax assets  1,124,017   1,145,998   1,437,414 
             
Deferred tax liabilities            
Inventories  1,400,793   1,188,259   1,235,848 
Employee benefits  -   -   786 
Accounts receivable  382,585   411,312   316,374 
Property, plant and equipment  2,356,509   2,365,619   2,407,779 
Prepaid expenses  353,166   257,133   22,615 
Derivative financial instruments  -   5,872   190,143 
Total deferred tax liabilities  4,493,053   4,228,195   4,173,545 
Net deferred tax liability $3,369,036   3,082,197   2,736,131 

 

F-77F-62

 

e)d)Unrecognized deferred tax assets

 

Deferred tax assets that have not been recognized in the Companys´Company’s consolidated financial statements in respect of the following items:are as follows:

 

  January 1,
2011
  2011  2012 
          
Tax loss carryforwards $17,698   -   - 
Recoverable AT  4,859   4,445   3,992 
Total $22,557   4,445   3,992 
  December 31, 
  2015  2014  2013 
Recoverable tax on assets  1,774   2,586   3,324 
Total $1,774   2,586   3,324 

 

f)e)Unrecognized deferred tax liabilities

 

Deferred taxtaxes related to investments in subsidiaries hashave not been recognized sinceas the Company is able to control the timingmoment of the reversal of the temporary difference, and itthe reversal is probable that they will not reverseexpected to take place in the foreseeable future.

 

g)f)Movement in temporary differences during the fiscal year

 

  January 1,
2011
  Recognized
in profit or
loss
  Acquired or/
Recognized
directly in
equity
  December 31,
2011
 
             
Trade payable $(493,645)  (156,033)  -   (649,678)
Employee benefits  (15,748)  (31,141)  -   (46,889)
ESPS payable  (11,311)  2,309   -   (9,002)
Recoverable IT  (1,635)  1,635   -   - 
Tax loss carryforwards  -   (96,772)  -   (96,772)
Effects on derivative financial instruments  (1,006)  2,710   -   1,704 
Inventories  842,767   213,560   -   1,056,327 
Accounts receivable  190,082   14,131   -   204,213 
Property, plant and equipment  1,490,183   (62,441)  477,848   1,905,590 
Currency translation effect  -   -   14,404   14,404 
Advanced deductions  16,370   3,840   -   20,210 
Net deferred tax liability $2,016,057   (108,202)  492,252   2,400,107 
  January 1,
2012
  Recognized
in profit or
loss
  Recognized
directly in
equity
  December 31,
2012
 
             
Trade payable $(649,678)  (105,087)  -   (754,765)
Employee benefits  (46,889)  6,488   -   (40,401)
ESPS payable  (9,002)  (252)  -   (9,254)
Tax loss carryforwards  (96,772)  86,729   -   (10,043)
Effects on derivative financial instruments  1,704   (2,562)  -   (858)
Inventories  1,056,327   228,372   -   1,284,699 
Accounts receivable  204,213   16,920   -   221,133 
Property, plant and equipment  1,905,590   (11,138)  -   1,894,452 
Currency translation effect  14,404   -   (37,770)  (23,366)
Advanced deductions  20,210   16,133   -   36,343 
Net deferred tax liability $2,400,107   235,603   (37,770)  2,597,940 
  January 1,
2015
  Recognized
in profit
and loss
  Acquired or/
Recognized
directly in
equity
  December
31, 2015
 
Accounts payable $(1,125,260)  35,489   (4,138)  (1,093,909)
Employee benefits  (21,515)  (3,274)  (7,783)  (32,572)
PTU payable  (6,800)  (2,716)  -   (9,516)
Tax loss carryforwards  (25,455)  14,389   (251)  (11,317)
Other provisions  (16,101)  9,379   (124)  (6,846)
Goodwill  -   (20,588)  (1,738)  (22,326)
Inventories  1,188,259   187,852   24,682   1,400,793 
Accounts receivable  410,870   (28,688)  -   382,182 
Property, plant and equipment  2,365,620   (88,973)  79,372   2,356,019 
Prepaid expenses  257,329   95,931   -   353,260 
Derivative financial instruments  5,872   (6,731)  -   (859)
Net deferred tax liability $3,032,819   192,070   90,020   3,314,909 

F-63

  January 1,
2014
  Recognized
in profit
and loss
  Acquired or/
Recognized
directly in
equity
  December
31, 2014
 
Accounts payable $(1,352,591)  229,510   (2,179)  (1,125,260)
Employee benefits  (5,110)  (8,661)  (7,744)  (21,515)
PTU payable  (8,857)  2,057   -   (6,800)
Tax loss carryforwards  (90,637)  66,899   (1,717)  (25,455)
Other provisions  -   (16,249)  148   (16,101)
Inventories  1,235,848   (59,061)  11,472   1,188,259 
Accounts receivable  316,374   94,496   -   410,870 
Property, plant and equipment  2,389,609   (75,567)  51,578   2,365,620 
Prepaid expenses  216,555   40,774   -   257,329 
Derivative financial instruments  -   5,872   -   5,872 
Net deferred tax liability $2,701,191   280,070   51,558   3,032,819 

  January 1,
2013
  Recognized
in profit
and loss
  Acquired or/
Recognized
directly in
equity
  December
31, 2013
 
Accounts payable $(754,765)  (597,826)  -   (1,352,591)
Employee benefits  (40,401)  60,696   (25,405)  (5,110)
PTU payable  (9,254)  397   -   (8,857)
Effects on derivative financial instruments  (858)  858   -   - 
Tax loss carryforwards  (10,043)  (80,594)  -   (90,637)
Inventories  1,284,699   (48,851)  -   1,235,848 
Accounts receivable  221,133   95,241   -   316,374 
Property, plant and equipment  1,871,086   512,889   5,634   2,389,609 
Prepaid expenses  36,343   180,212   -   216,555 
Net deferred tax liability $2,597,940   123,022   (19,771)  2,701,191 

F-64

g)Tax on assets and tax loss carryforwards

As at December 31, 2015, tax loss carryforwards, and recoverable tax on assets (IMPAC, for its Spanish acronym) expires as shown below. Amounts are indexed for inflation as permitted by Mexican income tax law:

  Amount as of December 31, 2015
Year Tax loss
carryforwards
  Recoverable
IMPAC
  Year of expiration /
maturity
2006 $-   1,774  2016
2013  -   -  2023
2014  36,370   -  2024
2015  2,101   -  2025
  $38,471   1,774   

 

h)AssetImpacts on the tax (AT) and Tax loss carryforwards-reform for changes beginning 2014

 

At December 31, 2012,As discussed above, the Mexican Congress approved a new ISR Law that was enacted in 2013 but will go into effect beginning January 1, 2014. Due to this tax loss carryforwards,reform, the Company recognized in its consolidated financial statements a charge to 2013 results in the amount of $674,810 of deferred income tax mainly arising from the measurement of deferred assets and recoverable AT expires as shown below:liabilities determined based on the new agriculture, cattle-raising, forestry and fishing regime, for the change in the general income tax rate to 30% and for the limitation to the deductible amount of certain employee benefit expenses provisioned.

 

  Amount remeasured by inflation at 
  December 31, 2012 
Base year Tax loss
carryforwards
  Recoverable
AT
  Year of
expiration
 
          
2005 $-   192   2015 
2006  -   3,800   2016 
2010  863   -   2020 
2011  10,157   -   2021/2032 
2012  15,678   -   2033 
  $26,698   3,992     

The main income tax impact to the Company is related to the increase from 21% to 30% in the tax rate of BSACV, the Company’s primary operating subsidiary (beginning 2014 the tax rate is 21% on annual taxable income up to 10 million pesos, and for taxable income in excess of that amount, the tax rate is 30%), and to the deductible limitation of 53% of wage expenses of employee benefits that are tax exempt income for workers.

(22)(21)Employee benefits

 

a)Employee benefits in Mexico

 

Defined contribution plans

The Company has a defined contribution plan which receives contributions from both the employees and the Company. Employees can make contributions from 1% to 5% of their wage and the Company is obligated to make contributions as follows: i) from the first to the fifth year of service of 1% of the wage, ii) from the sixth year of services of the employee the contribution of the Company is increased by 1% until it reaches 5%, and iii) for the subsequent years the Company contribution will be the same as the employee’s. When an employee retires from the Company he/she has the right to receive the contribution he/she has made to the plan, and i) if the employee retires between the first and the fourth year of services, he/she does not have the right to receive the contribution made by the Company, ii) if he/she retires on the fifth year of services he/she has the right to receive 50% of the contributions made by the Company and, for each additional service year, the employee has the right to receive an additional 10% of the contributions made by the Company. The expenses for paid contributions to defined contribution plans, other than those mandated by Mexican law, were $1,481, $7,973 and $11,708, in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

F-65

The Company makes payments equivalent to 2% of the integrated wage of its workers to the defined contribution plan for the retirement saving fund system established by Mexican law. The expense for this concept was $46,670, $42,742 and $40,023, in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

Defined benefits plan

The Company has a defined benefit pension plan covering non unionizednon-unionized personnel in México.Mexico. The benefits are based on the age, years of service and the employee’s compensation.payment. The retirement age is 65 years, with a minimum of 10 years of services, and there is an option for an anticipated retirement option, in certain circumstances, at 55 years of age. The Company’s policy in order to fund the pension plan is to make contributions up to the maximum amount that can be deducted for income tax purposesISR.

Additionally, according to the Mexican Federal Labor Law, the Company is obligated to pay a seniority premium as a retirement benefit if an employee retires and has at least 15 years of services, which consists of a sole payment of 12 days for each worked year based on the projected unit credit method.last wage, limited to the two minimal wages established by law.

 

  January 1,  December 31, 
  2011  2011  2012 
Present value of unfunded obligations $57,098   70,415   121,928 
Present value of funded obligations  256,382   250,856   263,250 
Total present value of obligations  313,480   321,270   385,178 
Plan assets at fair value  (256,382)  (250,856)  (263,250)
Unamortized (gains) losses  -   29,624   (25,315)
Unamortized past service  20,787   -   - 
Projected liability, net $77,885   100,038   96,613 

The Company recognizes as a benefit plan, a constructive obligation from past practices. Such constructive obligation is associated with service time the employee has worked on the Company. The payment of this benefit is disbursed in a single installment at the time the employee voluntarily stops working for the Company.

The plans in Mexico expose the Company to actuarial risks such as: interest rate risk, longevity risk and salary risk:

Interest riskA decrease in the interest rate for the governmental bonds will increase the plan’s liability.
Longevity riskThe present value of the defined benefit plan liability is calculated by reference to the best estimate of the mortality of plan participants both during and after their employment. An increase in the life expectancy of the plan participants will increase the plan’s liability.
Salary riskThe present value of the defined benefit plan liability is calculated by reference to the future salaries of plan participants. As such, an increase in the salary of the plan participants will increase the plan’s liability.

F-66

The projected net liability presented on the consolidated statements of financial position is as follows:

  December 31, 
  2015  2014  2013 
Present value of unfunded obligations $160,218   90,899   48,245 
Present value of funded obligations  286,881   314,804   312,170 
Total present value of benefit obligations (PBO)  447,099   405,703   360,415 
Plan assets at fair value  (286,881)  (314,804)  (312,170)
Projected liability, net $160,218   90,899   48,245 

 

i.Composition and return of plan assets

 

  January 1,  December 31, 
  2011  2011  2012 
Fixed rate investment  70%  70%  70%
Variable rate investment  30%  30%  30%
Total  100%  100%  100%
  Actual return of the plan’s
assets
  Composition of the plan’s
assets
 
  2015  2014  2013  2015  2014  2013 
Fixed income securities  1.25%  5.99%  3.83%  60%  63%  68%
Variable income securities  4.87%  7.69%  9.81%  40%  37%  32%
Total              100%  100%  100%

 

ii.MovementMovements in the present value of the defined benefit obligations (DBO)(PBO)

 

  2011  2012 
DBO at January 1 $313,480   321,270 
Benefits paid by the plan  (36,414)  (31,513)
Current service costs and interest cost  51,116   48,514 
Past service cost  41,724   - 
Actuarial (gains) and losses recognized in the statement of comprehensive income  (48,636)  46,907 
DBO at December 31 $321,270   385,178 
  2015  2014  2013 
PBO as at January 1 $405,703   360,415   385,178 
Benefits paid by the plan  (25,244)  (31,091)  (19,213)
Service cost  26,836   24,438   26,680 
Interest cost  31,603   29,768   28,138 
Actuarial (gains) losses recognized in other comprehensive income  8,201   22,173   (60,368)
PBO as at December 31 $447,099   405,703   360,415 

 

iii.MovementMovements in the fair value of plan assets

 

 2011  2012  2015  2014  2013 
Fair value of plan assets at January 1 $256,382   250,856 
Plan assets at fair value as at January 1 $314,804   312,170   263,250 
Plan contributions  15,100   15,125   -   -   36,626 
Transfer of assets to fund defined contribution benefit plan  (24,187)  -   - 
Benefits paid by the plan  (27,429)  (19,877)  (10,894)  (20,011)  (8,482)
Expected return on plan assets  25,815   24,522   24,901   26,283   20,087 
Actuarial gains in the statement of comprehensive income  (19,012)  (7,376)
Fair value of plan assets at December 31 $250,856   263,250 
Actuarial losses (gains) in other comprehensive income  (17,743)  (3,638)  689 
Fair value of plan assets as at December 31 $286,881   314,804   312,170 

F-67

 

iv.Expense recognized in profit orand loss

 

  2011  2012 
       
Current service costs $26,620   21,876 
Interest on obligation  24,496   26,638 
Curtailment gain  -   (657)
Prior service cost  20,937   - 
Expected return on plan assets  (25,815)  (24,522)
         
  $46,238   23,335 
  2015  2014  2013 
Current service cost $26,836   24,438   26,680 
Interest cost, net  6,702   3,485   8,051 
  $33,538   27,923   34,731 

 

v.Actuarial gains and losses recognized in the statements of comprehensive income

 

  2011  2012 
       
Amount accumulated at 1 January $-   29,624 
Recognized during the year  29,624   (54,939)
Amount accumulated at 31 December $29,624   (25,315)
  2015  2014  2013 
Amount accumulated as at January, 1 $(112,184)  (86,372)  (25,315)
Recognized during the year  (25,944)  (25,812)  (61,057)
Amount accumulated as at December, 31 $(138,128)  (112,184)  (86,372)

vi.Actuarial assumptions

 

The following are the principalPrimary actuarial assumptions at the reportingconsolidated financial statements date (expressed as weighted averages). are as follows.

 

  2011  2012 
Discount rate at 31 December  8.50%  7.50%
Expected return on plan assets at 1 January  9.50%  7.50%
Future salary increases  4.50%  4.50%
Future pension increases  4.25%  4.25%
  2015  2014  2013 
Discount rate as at December, 31  8.00%  8.00%  8.50%
Rate for future salary increases  4.50%  4.50%  4.50%
Social security wage increase rate  3.50%  3.50%  4.25%

The assumptions related to mortality are based on statistics and experiences over the Mexican population. The average expected life of an individual that retires at 65 years of age is 17.13 years for men and 10.92 years for women (Experience Chart of Demographic Mortality for Active EMSSA 1997).

 

vii.Historical information

 

  January 1,  December 31, 
  2011  2011  2012 
Present value of the defined benefit obligation $313,480   321,270   385,178 
Fair value of plan assets  (256,382)  (250,856)  (263,250)
Plan deficit $57,098   70,414   121,928 
             
Experience adjustments arising on plan liabilities $-   (48,636)  46,907 
Experience adjustments arising on plan assets $-   19,012   7,376 
  December 31, 
  2015  2014  2013 
Present value of defined benefit obligation $447,099   405,703   360,415 
Plan assets at fair value  (286,881)  (314,804)  (312,170)
Plan deficit $160,218   90,899   48,245 
Experience adjustments arising from plan liabilities $8,201   22,173   (60,368)
Experience adjustments arising from plan assets $(17,743)  (3,638)  (689)

F-68

viii.Sensitivity analysis of the defined benefits obligations as of December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013

2015 Pension
plan
  Seniority
premium
  Constructive
obligation
  Total
PBO
 
Discount rate 8.00%  (293,443)  (93,037)  (60,619)  (447,099)
Rate increase (+ 1%)  (248,925)  (87,540)  (56,784)  (393,249)
Rate decrease (- 1%)  (338,238)  (99,240)  (64,961)  (502,439)

2014 Pension
plan
  Seniority
premium
  Constructive
obligation
  Total
PBO
 
Discount rate 8.00%  (266,298)  (84,908)  (54,497)  (405,703)
Rate increase (+ 1%)  (216,605)  (79,874)  (51,033)  (347,512)
Rate decrease (- 1%)  (334,923)  (90,594)  (58,423)  (483,940)

2013 Pension
plan
  Seniority
premium
  Constructive
obligation
  Total
PBO
 
Discount rate 8.00%  (225,650)  (86,880)  (47,885)  (360,415)
Rate increase (+ 1%)  (186,196)  (79,508)  (44,936)  (310,640)
Rate decrease (- 1%)  (277,487)  (92,373)  (51,223)  (421,083)

ix.Expected cash flows

  Total 
2016-2026 $404,558 

x.Future contributions to the defined benefits plan

The Company does not expect to make contributions to the defined benefit plans in the following financial year.

 

b)EmployeeForeign employee benefits foreign

Defined contribution plans

 

Bachoco USA, LLC. (foreign subsidiary) maintainshas a defined contribution retirement 401(k) retirement plan, (defined contribution plan) covering all employees meetingwho meet certain eligibility requirements. The Company contributes to the plan at the rate of 50% of employee’s contributions up to a maximum of 2% of the individual employee’s compensation.contribution. The cumulative contribution expense for this plan was approximately $471 y $4,131$8,014, $6,597 and $5,681 for the period and year ended December 31, 20112015, 2014 and 2012,2013, respectively.

F-69

Equity-based compensation

Bachoco USA, LLC. (foreign subsidiary) maintainshas a deferred compensation arrangementpayment agreement with certain key employees. Amounts payable under this plan vestare vested after 10 years from the date of the agreement. The benefit value of each unit is equal to the increase in the initial book value from the date of the agreement to the conclusion of the vesting period. Under the agreement, 275,00038,000, 38,000 and 38,500 units were outstanding onas of December 31, 20112015, 2014 and 2012,2013, respectively, all of which were fully vested. Amounts expected to be paid within the next year of are included in other current liabilities. The total liability under this plan totaled $14,942$4,195, $3,516 and $3,449$3,503 as at December 31, 20112015, 2014 and 2012,2013, respectively. The compensationNo expense was recognized for this plan for the year ended December 31, 2012 was for $9,318. There was no compensation expense for the two-month period ending December 31, 2011.2015, 2014, and 2013.

 

c)Employee statutory profit sharing (ESPS)PTU

 

Industrias Bachoco, S.A.B de C.V. and BSACV havehas no employees, but eachemployees. Each of the subsidiaries of the Company in Mexico that has employees in Mexico is required under Mexican lawlaws to pay employees, in addition to their compensationpayment and benefits, statutory employee profit sharing in an aggregate amount equal to 10% of sucheach subsidiary’s taxable income. The accrued liability as of December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 is shown in note 18, Trade payable and other accounts payable.

 

(23)(22)Employee costsCosts and expenses by nature

 

  2011  2012 
       
Wages and salaries $2,903,073   2,922,160 
Contributions to the pension fund  15,100   15,125 
Expenses related to defined benefit plans  28,223   4,481 
Termination expenses  48,534   40,040 
  $2,994,930   2,981,806 
  2015  2014  2013 
Cost of sales $36,847,508   32,494,974   33,176,599 
General, selling and administrative expenses  4,323,374   3,781,326   3,291,006 
Total costs and expenses $41,170,882   36,276,300   36,467,605 
             
Inventory consumption $28,877,468   24,873,999   26,041,102 
Wages and salaries  5,127,750   4,451,457   3,028,830 
Freight  3,394,780   2,948,439   2,495,673 
Maintenance  1,166,326   1,077,940   1,028,511 
Other utility expenses  1,020,610   1,193,449   1,119,094 
Depreciation  769,270   805,650   816,673 
Leases  359,749   311,585   286,022 
Other  454,929   613,781   1,651,700 
Total $41,170,882   36,276,300   36,467,605 

 

The employee cost is presentedDuring 2013, the Company informed the National Service of Sanity, Safety and Food Quality (SENASICA, by its Spanish acronym) the presence of a H7N3 avian flu outbreak in some of the Company’s farms located in the line itemsstate of Guanajuato and in the limits of the Jalisco and Guanajuato states. The financial effects derived from the outbreak were a charge to cost of sales in 2013 for $350,821 related to the destruction of birds and general, selling and administrative expenses.eggs inventory.

F-70

 

(24)(23)Operating leases

 

LeasesCompany as lessee

 

The Company has entered into operating leases for certain offices, production facilities, and automotive and computer equipment. Some leases contain renewal options. These agreements have terms between one and five years.

 

  2011  2012 
         
Incurred expenses $188,244   194,094 
  2015  2014  2013 
Lease expenses $359,749   311,585   328,656 

 

AmountThe amount of the annual rentals payable, arising from lease agreements for the following five years is as follows:

 

 2013  $67,767 
 2014   56,115 
 2015   38,783 
 2016   22,071 
 2017   18,666 
2016 $91,812 
2017  78,481 
2018  46,835 
2019  57,234 
2020  34,417 

 

(25)(24)EquityStockholders’ equity and reserves

 

a)ShareCapital risk management

An adequate capital risk management allows ongoing business continuity and the maximization of the return towards the Company’s investors, which is why management has taken actions that ensure the Company maintains an adequate balance of the funding sources that build its capital structure.

Within its activities in risk management, the Company ensures that the ratio between financial debt and EBITDA of the last 12 months doesn’t exceed 2.75 times and that the interest coverage ratio is at least 3 to 1.

During 2015, 2014 and 2013 these ratios were below the thresholds established by the Company’s Risk Committee.

b)Common stock and share premiumpremiums

 

As of December 31, 20112015, 2014 and 2012,2013, the Company’s capital stock is represented by 600,000,000 Series “B” registered shares with a par value of $1 peso each.per share.

 

The Robinson Bours family ownsowned 496,500,000 shares through two family trusts: the placement trust and the control trust, which collectively represented 82.75% of the Company’s total outstanding shares through two trusts (control trust and family trust) that together held 496,500,000 shares outstanding.shares.

 

On December 9, 2013, the members of the placement trust decided to sell 57,000,000 shares that represent 9.5% of the total shares of the Company. The major shareholderstransaction was conducted through the BMV at market price.

F-71

After the sale of the shares, the Company’s capital stock was as follows:

  Before the Transaction  After the Transaction 
  Shares(1)  Position  Shares(1)  Position 
Familiar Trusts  496,500,000   82.75%  439,500,000   73.25%
-   Control Trust  312,000,000   52.00%  312,000,000   52.00%
-   Placement Trust  184,500,000   30.75%  127,500,000   21.25%
Floating Position(2)  103,500,000   17.25%  160,500,000   26.75%

(1)All Series B shares with voting power.
(2)Operating at the BMV and the NYSE.

Based on the information provided to the Company, as of December 31, 20122015, there are listed below:

Shareholders Shares  % 
       
Control Trust  312,000,000   52.00%
Family Trust  184,500,000   30.75%
Royce & Associates, LLC  20,868,816   3.50%
River Road Asset  Management, LLC  8,551,572   1.40%

Total shares (issued and outstanding) are paid up and have total voting rights andno stockholders with 1% or more interest in the rightCompany, in addition to receive dividends when declared.

b)Translation reserve

The translation reserve comprises all foreign currency differences arising from the translation of the financial statements of foreign operations.family trusts.

 

c)Other comprehensive income items

i.Foreign currency translation reserve

This concept is related to the translation of the Company’s U.S. operations from their functional currency (U.S. dollar) to the reporting currency, the Mexican peso.

ii.Actuarial remeasurements

Actuarial remeasurements are recognized as other components of comprehensive income and are related to variations in actuarial assumptions that generate actuarial gains or losses as well as adjust the actual yields from plan assets from the net interest cost calculated over the net defined benefits liability balance. Actuarial remeasurements are presented net of income tax within other comprehensive income in the consolidated statement of changes in stockholders’ equity.

d)Reserve for repurchase of shares

 

TheIn 1998, the Company approved a stock repurchase plan in 1998, in conformity with the Mexican Securities Trading Act providingand created a stock repurchase reserve for that purpose of $180,000 through the appropriation ofcharged to retained earnings in 1998.such year.

On April 22, 2015, pursuant to a resolution at the General Ordinary Stockholders’ Meeting, an amount of $778,321 was approved to be used in the reserve for acquisition own shares.

The following table below shows the movements of the repurchasereserve for acquisition of shares during the years ended December 31, 20112015, 2014 and 2012:2013:

 

Reconciliation of treasury sharesNumber of
Shares
Total shares at January 1, 2011200,000
(+) Total shares purchased in 2011257,400
(-) Total shares sold in 2011230,000
Balance at December 31, 2011227,400
Total shares at January 1, 2012227,400
(+) Total shares purchased in 20123,704,731
(-) Total shares sold in 20123,932,131
Balance at December 31, 2012-
  2015  2014  2013 
Balance as at January 1  -   -   - 
(+) Total shares purchased  677,013   149,475   100,000 
(-) Total shares sold  (667,013)  (149,475)  (100,000)
Balance as at December 31  10,000   -   - 

 

Net effectThe net amount of repurchase and salestreasury share sale transactions gave rise to additional paid in capital of shares was a loss of $209$14,376, $1,504 and a gain of $10,993$127 during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, recognized within equity.

As at December 31, 2011 and 2012, respectively.

At December 31, 2012,2015, the Company has no10,000 treasury shares.

 

F-72

d)e)Dividends

 

The following dividends wereDuring the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the Company has declared and paid bythe following dividends:

On April 22, 2015, the Company declared a payment of dividends in cash at nominal value of $900,000 or $1.50 pesos per outstanding share,from which there is a reduction of $838 for the reporting date:dividend corresponding to repurchased shares. The payment was made in two equal installments, in May and July, 2015.

 

In 2011 y 2012,2014, the Company didn’t declare dividends or pay any dividends.

In 2013, the Company declared and paid cash dividends at nominal values of $299,926 and $299,175 respectively, or $0.50 per share in nominal pesos.as follows:

·On April 24th, the Company declared a payment of dividends in cash at nominal value of $350,400 or $0.584 pesos per outstanding share. The payment was made in two even installments of $0.292 pesos per outstanding share, in May and July, 2013.

·On December 6th, the Company declared a second payment of dividends in cash in the amount at nominal value of $600,000 or $1.00 peso per outstanding share, which was paid on December 23, 2013.

 

Dividends paidthat the Company pays to shareholders of the Company,stockholders are subject to IT onlyISR solely insofar as such dividends exceed the balance in its net tax profitincome account "CUFIN"(CUFIN) consisting of profitsincome in which the ITISR is already paid.paid by the Company. The income taxISR paid on the dividenddividends corresponds to a tax payable by corporationslegal entities and not by individuals. However, as a result of changes to the income tax law described in note 20(a), beginning on January 1, 2014, a new withholding tax of 10% for resident individuals in Mexico and for all residents in foreign countries who receive dividends from entities was established. Such tax is considered a withholding tax by the entity that pays the dividends. This tax will be applicable only to the income generated from period 2014. Thus, the Company must update its CUFIN from income generated up to December 31, 2013 and must calculate a new CUFIN with the income generated from January 1, 2014.

 

The Company derivesobtains most of its revenue and net income of Bachoco, S.A. de C.V. ("BSACV").from BSACV. For thefiscal years 20112015, 2014 and 2012,2013, net income of BSACV, accounted for 86%67%, 72% and 79%71% respectively, of consolidated net income. Dividends for which BSACV pay income taxpays ISR will be credited to the Company’s CUFIN account, of the Company CUFIN, and accordingly, any future liabilities arising from income taxes ariseISR will be incurred when such amounts are distributed as dividends by the Company to the shareholders.stockholders.

 

F-73

From 1999 to 2001, according to IT law, had the option of deferring a portion of the annual corporate income tax until the rate represented 30%. The deferral of such income tax and the related profits are controlled through the "net tax profit account reinvested" (CUFINRE).

Given that some subsidiaries opted to defer a portion of the income tax, the distributed profits will be treated as paid first from the CUFINRE and any excess will be paid from the CUFIN balance in order to pay the 5% of the deferred income tax. The option of deferring a portion of the annual income tax was eliminated as of January 1, 2002.

f)Capital stock

CUFIN Balance as
2013
  Balance
from 2014
  Total 
IBSA individual $8,175,229   2,441,137   10,616,366 
IBSA Consolidado  8,871,825   5,399,598   14,271,423 

 

The updatedrestated amount as of December 31, 2015 on tax bases of the contributions made by shareholdersstockholders (CUCA), totaling $2,324,358,$2,568,809, may be refunded to them tax-free, to the extent that such amount is the same or higher than equity.

 

(26)(25)Earnings per share

 

The calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share atfor the years ended December 31, December 20122015, 2014 and 2013 are $6.36, $6.55 and $3.40, respectively. The calculation of earnings per share was based on profitincome attributable to ordinary shareholdersstockholders of $2,184,567 ($1,177,346 in 2011),$3,812,840, $3,926,926 and a$2,038,422 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

The average weighted average number of ordinarycommon outstanding in 2015, 2014 and 2013 was 599,631,383, 599,955,240 and 599,992,952 shares, outstanding of 598,959,882 (599,822,448 in 2011). respectively.

The Company has no potential ordinary shares with potential dilutive effects.

 

(27)(26)Commitments

 

·Bachoco USA, LLC (foreign subsidiary) maintainshas self-insurance programs for health care costs and workers’ compensation.payments. The subsidiary is liable for health care claims up to $4,504$6,024 (350 USD)thousand dollars) each year per plan participant and workers’ compensationpayments claims up to $12,870$17,210 (1,000 USD)thousand dollars) per occurrence.event. Self-insurance costs are accruedrecorded based uponon the aggregate of the liability for reported claims and an estimated liability for claims incurred but not reported. The allowanceprovision for this concept is booked intorecorded in the accompanying consolidated statement of financial position within current liabilities and amounting to $47,644 (3,702 USD)$69,718 (4,051 thousand dollars), $50,342 (3,413 thousand dollars) and $48,472 (3,703 thousand dollars) as at December 31, 2012.2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Likewise, the consolidated statement of comprehensive income includes expenses relating to self-insurance plans of approximately $85,160 (6,617 USD)$108,360 (6,828 thousand dollars), $101,293 (7,616 thousand dollars) and $85,006 (6,494 thousand dollars) for the yearyears ended December 31, 2012. Bachoco2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The Company is required to maintain letters of credit on behalf of the subsidiary of $43,758$58,514, $50,150 and $44,506 (3,400 USD)thousand dollars) as at December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, to secure self-insured workers compensationworkers' payments.

 

·The Company has agreed contracts toentered into grain supply grain fromagreements with third parties as part of the normalregular course of its operations.

(28)·The Company has entered into certain contracts with suppliers under which advanced payments are rendered in order to assure the supply of materials and services.

F-74

(27)Contingencies

 

a)Insurance

 

The Company has not contracted full coverage insurance for its facilities, interruption of activities or corporate civil liability in respect of property and environmental damage resulting from accidents in the Company’s property or that relate to companyCompany operations. Until appropriate insurance coverage is provided,obtained, there is a risk that the loss or destruction of certain assets may have a significant adverse effect on the Company’s operations and financial situation.

 

b)LitigationLawsuits

 

·The Company is involved in a number of lawsuits and claims arising in the normal course of business. In the opinion of management, it is expected that the final outcome of these matters will not have significant adverse effects on the Company’s consolidated financial position and results of income.

The Company is involved in a number of lawsuits and claims arising from the regular course of business. In the opinion of the Company’s management, they are not expected to have significant effects on the Company’s financial position, operating results and future consolidated statements of cash flows.

·Bachoco USA, LLC (foreign subsidiary) is involved in claims with the U.S. Department of Labor and the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, and various other matters incidental to its business, including workers’ compensation claims and environmental issues. At December 31, 2012, the subsidiary has accrued reserves for potential claims of $25,740 (2,000 USD) which are included within other current liabilities.

 

c)Tax contingencies

 

·In accordance with tax laws, the tax authorities are empowered to examine transactions carried out during the five years prior to the most recent income tax return filed.

In accordance with tax laws, Mexican authorities are empowered to review transactions carried out during the five years prior to the most recent ISR return filed. For the operations in the United States of America, the authorities of that country are empowered to review transactions carried out during the three years prior to the due date of the most recent annual tax return. Although the Company is under review by the Mexican tax authorities for the fiscal year of 2009, nothing has come to its attention as a result of those reviews that would indicate that a contingency exists.

 

·In accordance with the Income Tax Law, companies carrying out transactions with related parties are subject to certain requirements as to the determination of prices, which should be similar to those that would be used in arms-length transactions.

Should the tax authorities examine the transactions and reject the related-party prices, they could assess additional taxes plus the related inflation adjustment and interest in addition to penalties of up to 100% of the omitted taxes.

d)Other contingencies

There is a contingent liability arising from employee benefits mentioned in note 3(l).

(29)Expenses by nature

  2011  2012 
       
Expenses for employee  benefits $2,994,930   2,981,806 
Depreciation expense  726,061   814,587 
Distribution cost  920,011   949,562 

(30)(28)Financial income and costs

 

 2011  2012  2015  2014  2013 
Interest income $182,274   209,170  $482,442   337,769   298,141 
Income from interest in accounts receivable  11,503   12,893   7,492   9,595   16,104 
Foreign exchange gain, net  54,505   35,212   95,447   19,863   28,085 
Effects of financial instruments valuation  -   12,757 
Effects of valuation of derivative financial instruments  8,464   -   2,455 
Financial income $248,282   270,032   593,845   367,227   344,785 
                    
Effects of financial instruments valuation $(896)  - 
Interest cost and financial expenses on loans  (40,688)  (71,006)
Commissions and financial costs  (29,056)  (33,994)
Effects of valuation of derivative financial instruments  -   (2,229)  - 
Interest expense and financial expenses on financial debt  (93,964)  (87,624)  (97,025)
Commissions and other financial expenses  (53,328)  (30,466)  (129,341)
Financial costs $(70,640)  (105,000)  (147,292)  (120,319)  (226,366)
Financial income, net $177,642   165,032  $446,553   246,908   118,419 

(31)F-75Other income (expense)

 

  2011  2012 
Other income        
Sale of scrap of biological assets, raw materials, sub-products and other $202,780   271,385 
Domestic business acquisition (note 6b)  46,724   - 
Foreign business acquisition (note 6a)  1,000,565   - 
Total other income  1,250,069   271,385 
Other expenses      - 
Cost of disposal of biological assets, raw materials, sub-products and other  (193,707)  (257,182)
Business acquisition-related costs  (11,426)  - 
Others  (44,971)  (38,013)
Total other expenses  (250,104)  (295,195)
Total other income (expenses), net $999,965   (23,810)

 

(32)(29)Other income (expenses)

  2015  2014  2013 
Other income            
Sale of scrap of biological assets, raw materials, by-products and other $636,386   722,653   332,623 
Total other income  636,386   722,653   332,623 
Other expenses            
Cost of disposal of biological assets, raw materials, by-products and other  (507,196)  (623,148)  (244,054)
Other  (133,830)  (260,424)  (57,865)
Total other expenses  (641,026)  (883,572)  (301,919)
Total other income (expenses), net $(4,640)  (160,919)  30,704 

(30)Subsequent events

 

Merger of subsidiaries -Effective January 1, 2016, the Company merged O.K. Industries, Inc., O.K. Farms, Inc., O.K. Foods, Inc. and Ecology Management, Inc. into one surviving entity, O.K. Foods, Inc., which is wholly-owned by Bachoco USA, LLC.

Acquisition of assets -On February 14, 2013,22, 2016, the Company announced the detection ofreached an agreement to acquire a possible outbreak of H7N3 avian influenza in five of its poultry breeding farmsplant that produces fully cooked chicken products for 7.9 thousand US dollars, located in the state of Guanajuato. Subsequently, on February 18, 2013, the Company reported that the National Service of Sanity and Food Quality (SENASICA, by its Spanish acronym) confirmed the presence of the avian influenza in some farmsOklahoma City, OK. The objective of the Company all located in the same region of the state of Guanajuato.

At the date of issuance of the consolidated financial statements, the Company has been affected in several of its farms in the state of Guanajuato, as well as in the boundaries of the state of Jalisco and Guanajuato. The Company believesis to use these facilities for value-added chicken products. Additional investments for that the outbreak is under control, but not yet eradicated. The Company estimates the financial impact as of the date of this report that arose from this contingency is $220,800 that was recognized in the first quarter of 2013.

(33)Explanation of transition to IFRS

As mentioned in note 2(a), these are the first Company´s consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with IFRS.

The accounting policies referred to in note 3 have been applied in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2012, in the comparative information presented in these consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2011 and in the preparation of the initial consolidated statement of financial position in accordance with IFRS at January 1, 2011 (date of the Company’s transition).

In preparing its initial consolidated statement of financial position in accordance with IFRS, the Company has adjusted the amounts reported previously in the consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with Mexican FRS. In the following tables and notes thereto, an explanation is provided of how the transition from Mexican FRS to IFRS has affected the Company’s consolidated financial position, consolidated financial performance and consolidated cash flows.

The Company has not prepared consolidated financial statements in accordance with Mexican FRS for any period subsequent to December 31, 2011.

There are no material differences between the statements of cash flows presented under IFRS and the statements of cash flows presented under Mexican FRS; except that under IFRS the starting point was profit for the year, whereas under Mexican FRS was profit before income taxes, as well as for the effects derived from the adoption of IFRS further described below.purpose will be made.

 

F-90
F-76 

    January 1, 2011  December 31, 2011 
  Note Mexican
FRS
  Effect of
transition
to IFRS
  IFRS  Mexican
FRS
  Effect of
transition
to IFRS
  IFRS 
ASSETS                          
Current assets   $9,497,496   -   9,497,496   10,813, 600   -   10,813, 600 
Property, plant and equipment, net a, d  10,544,031   -   10,544,031   10,440,253   1,672,692   12,112,945 
Current assets available for sale d  40,222   -   40,222   46,752   48,895   95,647 
Other non-current assets e  1,116,020   -   1,116, 020   1,869,269   (174,141)  1,695,128 
Total assets   $21,197,769   -   21,197,769   23,169,874   1,547,446   24,717,320 
LIBIALITIES                          
Current liabilities   $2,166,754   -   2,166,754   4,452, 977   -   4,452, 977 
Long-term debt    507,053   -   507,053   384,370   -   384,370 
Employee benefits c  126,458   (48,573)  77,885   142,087   (42,049)  100,038 
Deferred tax liabilities e  2,029,150   (13,093)  2,016,057   1,921, 334   478,773   2,400,107 
Total liabilities   $4,829,415   (61,666)  4,767,749   6,900,768   436,724   7,337,492 
                           
EQUITY                          
Capital stock b $2,294,927   (1,120,495)  1,174,432   2,294,927   (1,120,495)  1,174,432 
Share premium b  744,753   (345,112)  399,641   744,753   (345,112)  399,641 
Reserve for repurchase of shares b  154,288   (65,598)  88,690   154,079   (65,598)  88,481 
Translation reserve d  -   -   -   35,636   28,751   64,387 
Retained earnings f  13,122,387   1,614,953   14,737,340   12,979,502   2,635,259   15,614,761 
                           
Total equity attributable to shareholders of the Company   $16,316,355   83,748   16,400,103   16,208,897   1,132,805   17,341,701 
Non-controlling interest b  51,999   (22,082)  29,917   60,209   (22,082)  38,127 
Total equity   $16,368,354   61,666   16,430,020   16,269,106   1,110,722   17,379,828 
Total equity and liabilities   $21,197,769   -   21,197,769   23,169,874   1,547,446   24,717,320 

F-91

Reconciliation of comprehensive income for the year ended December 31, 2011

  Note Mexican FRS  Effect of
transition
to IFRS
  IFRS 
Net income   $27,734,990   -   27,734,990 
Cost of sales c  (24,773,216)  (23,821)  (24,797,037)
Gross profit    2,961,774   (23,821)  2,937,953 
               
General selling and administrative expenses a, c, g  (2,951,887)  (22,846)  (2,974,733)
Other income (expenses), net d, g  (68,921)  1,068,886   999,965 
Operating profit    (59,034)  1,022,219   963,185 
               
Financial income    248,282   -   248,282 
Financial costs    (70,640)  -   (70,640)
Financial income, net    177,642   -   177,642 
               
Profit before income taxes    118,608   -   1,140,827 
Income tax expense e  (40,530)  1,914   (38,616)
               
Net income   $159,138   1,020,305   1,179,443 
               
Other comprehensive income:              
Currency translation effect d  35,636   28,751   64,387 
Total comprehensive income   $194,774   1,049,056   1,243,830 
               
Profit  attributable  to:              
Controlling interest    157,041   1,020,305   1,177,346 
Non-controlling interest    2,097   -   2,097 
Profit for the year   $159,138   1,020,305   1,179,443 
               
Comprehensive income attributable to:              
Controlling interest    192,677   1,049,056   1,241,733 
Non-controlling interest    2,097   -   2,097 
Total comprehensive income for the year   $194,774   1,049,056   1,243,830 
a)Deemed cost of property, plant and equipment

According to Mexican FRS, the Company initially recorded the property, plant and equipment at acquisition cost, and through December 31, 2007, adjusted for inflation by using factors derived from National Consumer Price Index (NCPI).

At transition date to IFRS, the Company initially opted to apply the “Fair Value” option through appraisals performed by independent appraisers. This option remained during 2012 interim periods; however, after detailed analysis, management decided to change its accounting policy to recognize the carrying amount of property, plant and equipment under Mexican FRS as “Deemed Cost” at the date of transition to IFRS. Because of this, there are no reconciling effects in this caption.

b)Effects of inflation

IAS 29 “Financial reporting in hyperinflationary economies” requires the recognition of the effects of inflation on the financial information when the entity operates in a hyperinflationary economy, being one of the characteristics when the cumulative inflation rate over three years approaches, or exceeds, 100%.

The last three-year period where Mexico was a hyperinflationary economy was from 1995 to 1997. Therefore, the Company eliminated the effects of inflation, recognized under Mexican FRS, in equity accounts, from January 1, 1998 to December 31, 2007 (last period in which inflation effects were recognized under Mexican FRS).

The following table summarizes the impact of such change:

Consolidated statement of financial
position
 January 1,
2011
  December 31,
2011
 
Share capital $1,120,495   1,120,495 
Additional paid-in capital  345,112   345,112 
Stock repurchase reserve  65,598   65,598 
Non-controlling interest  22,082   22,082 
Adjustment to retained earnings $(1,553,287)  (1,553,287)

c)Employee benefits

In making its transition to IFRS, the Company eliminated the termination benefits liability which does not comply with the guidelines established by the IAS 19 “Employee Benefits”, recognizing in addition, the corresponding effect on deferred income taxes.

The impact from such change is summarized below:

Consolidated statement of
comprehensive income
 2011 
Cost of sales $5,275 
General expense, selling and administrative  1,248 
Income tax  8,913 
Adjustment to the year’s net income $15,436 

Consolidated statement of financial
position
 January 1,
2011
  December 31,
2011
 
Employee benefits $48,573   42,049 
Adjustment to the year´s net income  -   15,436 
Deferred income tax liability  13,093   4,180 
Adjustment to retained earnings $(61,666)  (61,666)

d)Acquisition of a foreign business

During 2011, derived from the business combinations disclosed in note 6, under IFRS the Company recognized under IFRS an increase in the value of property, plant and equipment in order to recognize such assets at fair value, based on the guidelines provided by the IFRS 3 “Business Combinations”.

Under Mexican FRS, when there is a gain from bargain purchase price, the fair values of non-monetary assets are reduced to compensate the resulting gain from the business combinations.

Such business combinations were performed at a bargain purchase price originating, the effects detailed below:

Consolidated statement of financial position December 31,
2011
 
Property, plant and equipment $1,672,692 
Assets available for sale  48,895 
Translation reserve  (28,751)
Deferred income tax liability  (657,094)
Gain on bargain purchase $(1,035,742)
     
Consolidated statement of comprehensive
income:
 2011 
Cost of sales  18,546 
Other income (expense), net $(1,047,288)
Income taxes  (7,000)
Increase to the year’s net income $1,035,742 

e)Income tax

Derived from the effects that the Company recognized at the date of transition to IFRS on the items described above, the following effects were recognized on the deferred income tax:

Consolidated statement of
comprehensive income
  Note  2011 
Deferred tax of employee benefits  (c)  $8,913 
Deferred tax of business combination  (d)   (7,000)
Adjustment to the year’s net income     $1,913 
Consolidated statements
of financial position
  Note  January 1,
2011
  December 31,
2011
 
Employee benefits  (c)  $13,093   4,180 
Business combination  (d)   -   (657,094)
Asset reclassification of deferred income tax      -   174,141 
Decrease (increase) in deferred tax liabilities     $13,093   (478,773)

f)Retained earnings

The net effects that the Company recognized at transition date to IFRS in the items mentioned above, were recognized in retained earnings as follows:

Consolidated statements
of financial position
 Note January 1,
2011
  December 31,
2011
 
Inflation effects (b) $(1,553,287)  (1,553,287)
Employee benefits (c)  (61,666)  (61,666)
Effects in year´s net income See below  -   (1,020,305)
Increase in retained earnings   $(1,614,953)  (2,635,258)

Changes arising from the adoption of IFRS increased the 2011 year’s net income as shown below:

Consolidated statement of
comprehensive income
  Note  2011 
Employee benefits  (c)  $6,524 
Deferred taxes – employee benefits  (c)   8,913 
Gain on bargain purchase  (d)   (1,035,742)
Increase to the year’s net income     $(1,020,306)

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g)Reclassification

For IFRS purposes the ESPS expense is presented in general, selling and administrative expenses, as opposed to Mexican FRS which is presented in other expenses. Therefore, the ESPS expense for the year ended December 31, 2011 for an amount of $21,598 was reclassified accordingly.

F-97