UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

(Mark One)

OR

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015.2017.

OR

For the transition period from              to             

OR

Date of event requiring this shell company report

Commission file number: 001-33911

RENESOLA LTD

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

N/A

(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)

British Virgin Islands

(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

7/F, Block B, Future Land Holdings Tower
No. 8 Baoqun5, Lane 388, Zhongjiang Road

Yaozhuang Town

Jiashan County

Zhejiang Province 314117

People’s Republic of ChinaPutuo District, Shanghai 200062

(Address of principal executive offices)

Yuanyuan (Maggie) MaWeiguo Zhou
Interim Chief Financial Officer

7/F, Block B, Future Land Holdings Tower
No. 8 Baoqun5, Lane 388, Zhongjiang Road

Yaozhuang County

Jiashan Town

Zhejiang Province 314117Putuo District, Shanghai 200062

People’s Republic of China

Tel: +86-573-8477-3321+86 21 6280-9180

Fax: +86-573-8477-3383+ 86 21 6280-5600

E-mail: yuanyuan.ma@renesola.comweiguo.zhou@renesolapower.com

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

(Title of Class)

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:

None

(Title of Class)

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the Issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report.

203,205,688

381,027,002 shares, no par value per share, as of December 31, 20152017, among which 348,100 shares represented by 34,810 ADSs were held by the depositary for the ADSs for future exercise or vest of our awards under our 2007 share incentive plan.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    Yes  ¨    No  x

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.    Yes  ¨    No    x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes   x   No  ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes  x   No  ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer.filer or an emerging growth company. See definition of “accelerated filer,” “large accelerated filer” and large accelerated filer”“emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards † provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.¨

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

U.S. GAAP   x    International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board  ¨    Other  ¨

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.

Item 17  ¨    Item 18  ¨

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ¨    No  x

(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court.    Yes  ¨    No  ¨

† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

table of contents

INTRODUCTION

Unless otherwise indicated and except where the context otherwise requires, references in this annual report on Form 20-F to:

In September 2017, we completed a non-cash restructuring following which, among other things, substantially all of the assets and liabilities related to our manufacturing businesses, including polysilicon, solar wafer, solar cell and solar module manufacturing, as well as the LED distribution business were transferred into ReneSola Singapore Pte. Ltd. Upon the closing of this restructuring, all the issued shares of ReneSola Singapore Pte. Ltd were transferred to our chairman and chief executive officer. As a result, we have transformed into a solar project developer and operator, a pure downstream player with robust pipeline projects around the world. As of the date of this annual report, our business includes the development and sale of solar power projects as a developer and the sale of electricity generated by the solar power projects operated by us as a power producer, or IPP. As of December 31, 2017, our debt-to-asset ratio, which is total liabilities divided by total assets, was improved and decreased to 73.0% from 93.9% as of December 31, 2016.

On February 10, 2017, we executed a ratio change for our ADR program. As a result, effective from February 10, 2017, the number of our shares represented by each ADS has been changed from two shares to 10 shares, or the ADS Ratio Change. For our ADS holders, this ADS Ratio Change had the same effect as a one-for-five reverse split. No new shares were issued in connection with the ADS Ratio Change. The ADS Ratio Change affected all ADS holders uniformly and did not reduce any ADS holder’s percentage ownership interest in us, except for minor adjustments that may result from the treatment of fractional ADSs. Proportionate voting rights and other rights and preferences of the ADS holders were not reduced by the ADS Ratio Change, subject to the treatment of fractional ADSs. Unless we indicate otherwise, all ADS and per ADS data in this annual report have been retrospectively adjusted to give effect to the ADS Ratio Change.

All discrepancies in any table between the amounts identified as total amounts and the sum of the amounts listed therein are due to rounding.

Consistent with industry practice, we measure our solar wafer manufacturing capacity and production output in watts, or W, or megawatts, or MW, representing 1,000,000 W, of power-generating capacity. We believe MW is a more appropriate unit to measure our manufacturing capacity and production output compared to pieces of wafers, as our solar wafers differ in size, thickness, power output and conversion efficiency. We manufacture both monocrystalline and multicrystalline wafers, and solar cells using these two types of wafers have different conversion efficiencies.

For disclosure of operating data as of and after January 1, 2013 and prior to January 1, 2014, we have assumed an average conversion efficiency rate of 19.0% and 17.8% for solar cells using our monocrystalline wafers and multicrystalline wafers, respectively. Based on this conversion efficiency, for wafers produced on or after January 1, 2013 and prior to January 1, 2014, we have assumed that (i) each 125 mm by 125 mm monocrystalline wafer can generate approximately 2.7 W of power, (ii) each 156 mm by 156 mm monocrystalline wafer can generate approximately 4.2 W of power and (iii) each 156 mm by 156 mm multicrystalline wafer can generate approximately 4.2 W of power.

For disclosure of operating data as of and after January 1, 2014 and prior to January 1, 2015, we have assumed an average conversion efficiency rate of 19.2% and 17.8% for solar cells using our monocrystalline wafers and multicrystalline wafers, respectively. Based on this conversion efficiency, for wafers produced on or after January 1, 2014 and prior to January 1, 2015, we have assumed that (i) each 125 mm by 125 mm monocrystalline wafer can generate approximately 2.88 W of power, (ii) each 156 mm by 156 mm monocrystalline wafer can generate approximately 4.45 W of power and (iii) each 156 mm by 156 mm multicrystalline wafer can generate approximately 4.23 W of power. Power generation assumptions for each wafer may change in the future.

For disclosure of operating data as of and after January 1, 2015 and prior to January 1, 2016, we have assumed an average conversion efficiency rate of 19.5% and 18.35% for solar cells using our monocrystalline wafers and multicrystalline wafers, respectively. Based on this conversion efficiency, for wafers produced on or after January 1, 2015 and prior to January 1, 2016, we have assumed that (i) each 156 mm by 156 mm monocrystalline wafer can generate approximately 4.55 W of power and (ii) each 156 mm by 156 mm multicrystalline wafer can generate approximately 4.34 W of power. Power generation assumptions for each wafer may change in the future.

We also measure our ingot manufacturing capacity and production output in MW based on our general yield, in MW, of solar wafers under our current manufacturing process.

All references to “PV” are to photovoltaic. The photovoltaic effect is a process by which sunlight is converted into electricity.

This annual report on Form 20-F includes our audited consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 20142016 and 20152017 and our audited consolidated income statements, statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), changes in equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015.2015, 2016 and 2017.

This annual report contains translations of certain Renminbi amounts into U.S. dollars at the rate of RMB6.4778RMB6.5063 to $1.00, the noon buying rate in effect on December 31, 20152017 as set forth in the H.10 Statistical Release of the Federal Reserve Bank Board. We make no representation that the Renminbi or dollar amounts referred to in this annual report on Form 20-F could have been or could be converted into dollars or Renminbi, as the case may be, at any particular rate or at all. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Fluctuations in exchange rates may have a material adverse effect on your investment.” On April 22, 2016,20, 2018, the noon buying rate was RMB6.5004RMB6.29 to $1.00.

PART I

Not Applicable.applicable.

Not Applicable.applicable.

Our Selected Consolidated Financial Data

In September 2017, we completed a non-cash restructuring to dispose of substantially all of the assets and liabilities related to our manufacturing businesses, including polysilicon, solar wafer, solar cell and solar module manufacturing, as well as the LED distribution business. See “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—B. Related Party Transactions—Transaction with our Chief Executive Officer and ReneSola Singapore Pte. Ltd.” for details.

The following table presents the selected data from the consolidated income statementsfinancial information of our company. The selected consolidated statement of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2013, 20142015, 2016 and 20152017 and the selected consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 20142016 and 20152017 are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. The selected data from the consolidated income statementsstatement of operations data for the years ended December 31, 20112013 and 20122014 and the consolidated balance sheetsheets data as of December 31, 2011, 20122013, 2014 and 2013 are derived2015 have been revised from our previously audited consolidated financial statements, which are not included in this annual report.report on Form 20-F to give effect to those changes. The selected consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with, and are qualified in their entirety by reference to, our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” included elsewhere in this annual report. Our consolidated financial statements are prepared and presented in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or U.S. GAAP. The historical results are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected in any future period.

Not Applicable.applicable.

Not Applicable.applicable.

Risks Related to Our Business

Our financial leverage may hamper our ability to expand and may materially affect our results of operations. Our borrowing levels and the tightening of credit generally in the industry in the PRC may adversely impact our ability to obtain new financing.

We have relied on working capital, short-term and long-term borrowingsfinancing, including development loan financings, construction loan financings and project financings, and capital markets financingmarket financings to fund a portion of our capital requirements and expect to continue to do so in the future. We have significant borrowings from commercial banks in China,These financings, which consist primarily of short-term borrowings.borrowings, long-term borrowings and other long-term liabilities, are primarily from financial institutions and fund investors globally, as well as financing lease companies in China. As of December 31, 2015,2017, we had short-term borrowings of $668.8$6.6 million, of which $415.8 million was attributable to trade financing. As of December 31, 2015, we also had long-term borrowings of $38.8 million. Our$32.5 million, other long-term liabilities of $67.5 million and a debt-to-asset ratio of 73.0%.

Although we had a working capital deficit was $477.3 million and $466.1of $24.9 million as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, respectively.

The2017, the amount of our borrowings and financing liabilities could constrain our operational flexibility, including requiring a substantial portion of our cash flows to be set aside to service our debt obligations, increasing our exposure to interest rate fluctuations and limiting our ability to obtain additional financing. Furthermore, the PRC government may pass measures to tighten credit, including trade financing, available in the PRC market.credit. All of the above may impair our ability to obtain financing on favorable terms, or at all. In addition, we may not be able to raise necessary funding on favorable terms, or at all, to refinance our debt obligations. If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to service our debt obligations, our business, prospects and financial conditions may be materially and adversely affected. If we fail to obtain additional sources of financing, we may not be able to continue to fund our operations or business.

We intend to obtain additional debt obligations to finance our operations and future expansion. To the extent we are successful in obtaining additional financing, we will allocate an increasing portion of our cash flows to service our debt obligations. This could impair our ability to make necessary capital expenditures, develop business opportunities or make strategic acquisitions. Our business may not generate sufficient cash flows from operations in the future to service our debt and make necessary capital expenditures, in which case we may seek additional financing, dispose of certain assets or seek to refinance some or all of our debt. In addition, these alternatives may not be implemented on satisfactory terms, if at all. In the event that we are unable to meet our debt obligations when they become due or if our creditors take legal action against us for repayment upon any default, we may have to liquidate our long-term assets to repay our creditors. This would materially and adversely affect our operations and prevent us from successfully implementing our business strategy. In addition, we may have difficulty converting our long-term assets into current assets in such a situation and may suffer losses from the sale of our long-term assets and may not be able to continue our business.

Volatile market and industry trends, in particular, unfavorable changes in supply or demand for solar power products throughout the value chain, and continued substantial downward pressureOur success depends on the pricessuccess of our products willrestructuring.

In September 2017, we entered into a share purchase and subscription agreement with ReneSola Singapore Pte. Ltd., a former subsidiary, and Mr. Xianshou Li, our chairman and chief executive officer. Pursuant to the agreement, we effected a non-cash restructuring following which, among other things, substantially all of the assets and liabilities related to our manufacturing businesses, including polysilicon, solar wafer, solar cell and solar module manufacturing, as well as the LED distribution business were transferred into ReneSola Singapore Pte. Ltd. Upon the closing of this restructuring, all the shares of ReneSola Singapore Pte. Ltd were transferred to to Mr. Li. As a result, we have transformed into a negative impact onsolar project developer and operator, a pure downstream player with robust pipeline projects around the world. As of December 31, 2017, our businessdebt-to-asset ratio, which is total liabilities divided by total assets, was improved and decreased to 73.0% from 93.9% as of December 31, 2016. We believe that this transaction has alleviated our going-concern risks and de-listing risks and enhanced our capital raising capabilities. However, we cannot assure you that we can continue to improve our financial positions and results of operations.

The sales volume and prices of our solar power products depend on a variety of factors, including supply and demand for solar power products in key solar markets. The solar industry has seen an increase in demand for solar power products due in part to In the improvement of global economic conditions since 2009, when the global economic downturn materially reduced demand for solar power products. Despite a recovery in demand, the prices of solar power products have been volatile in recent years due to the unstable supply of solar power products. The solar industry is expected to continue to be highly competitive. Increased production efficiencies and improved technologies may further reduce costs of polysilicon and other silicon raw materials, which have already declined significantly over the past few years. Potential further expansion of manufacturing capacity in the future by our competitors, by us or by potential new entrants into the market, given the relatively low barriers to entry, may result in continued excess capacity in the industry. In addition, decreases in prices of other energies such as oil, electricity and wind power may also negatively affect the demand for solar power products, as well as projects.

If the markets for solar power products continue to suffer from oversupply resulting in reduced prices or if we are unable to lower our costs in line with the decline in prices, by, for example, increasing our manufacturing efficiency, securing polysilicon feedstock and consumables at lower costs, achieving technological advances and/or other means reasonably available to us, our business and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.

Imposition of anti-dumping and countervailing orders in one or more markets may result in additional costs to our customers and disruptions in such markets and could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial conditions and prospects.

Trade actions initiated in the United States or other jurisdictions, including the European Union and India, and the resulting anti-dumping and countervailing duties imposed on solar imports in those jurisdictions have caused disruptions in the solar markets, resulted in additional costs to our customers and materially and adversely affected our business. Specifically:

Starting in 2014, the European Commission audited the top eight solar companies in terms of shipments with respect to their compliance with the price undertaking. In March 2015, the European Commission notified us of a potential compliance issue with the undertaking agreement, mainly due to the impracticality of monitoring our OEM producers and undertaking practice. In June 2015, the European Commission notified us that they had excluded us from the companies from which they had accepted the undertaking. As a result, we will have to pay the anti-dumping duty and countervailing duty when we export products that originated from China. However, our OEM products manufactured outside of China are not subject to anti-dumping duty or countervailing duty and can be transacted freely without any duties and any limitation of the undertaking agreement;

On December 5, 2015, the European Commission initiated expiry (sunset) reviews of the anti-dumping and countervailing measures on imports of CSPV modules and key components (i.e., cells) originating in or consigned from China. The result of the expiry reviews can only be either extending the measures at their existing level or terminating the measures, and the measures cannot be amended. Also on December 5, 2015, the European Commission initiated an interim (changed circumstances) review limited to the question whether cells should be excluded from the scope of the measures. The anti-dumping and countervailing measures on imports of CSPV modules and key components (i.e., cells) originating in or consigned from China will, in any event remain in force for the duration of the reviews and may subsequently be extended for up to five years. The reviews must be terminated by March 4, 2017;

As the European Union is the largest market for solar power products, and China is the largest producer of solar panels, anti-dumping and/or countervailing duties imposed on imports of solar power products into the European Union from China will continue to affect the stability of the solar markets;

On March 15, 2015, the European Commission opened an investigation into how it should adapt the Minimum Import Price to take account of price changes in the market for PV modules. The review was closed on January 6, 2016 without changing the Minimum Import Price adaptation mechanism;

If we are unable to effectively manage these risks related to international sales, our ability to expand our business abroad will be materially and severely impaired and our cost of raw materials could increase. Other trade barriers in these and other markets, such as export requirements, taxes and other restrictions and expenses, may also be erected which could make our exports less competitive in some countries.

Our polysilicon manufacturing facilities may not achieve our planned utilization rate or operational efficiency, which may negatively affect our profit margin. Any issues with our polysilicon manufacturing facilities as a result of operating hazards and natural disasters may limit our ability to manufacture such products.

In 2012, we completed the construction of a polysilicon manufacturing facility in Meishan, Sichuan Province, through our wholly owned subsidiary, Sichuan ReneSola Silicon Material Co., Ltd., or Sichuan ReneSola, which was established in Sichuan Province in August 2007. We ramped up our polysilicon manufacturing facility in two phases. Phase I of our polysilicon facility had been in full operation since the beginning of 2011 and Phase II of the facility was completed in June 2013. Prior to our operation of the polysilicon manufacturing facility in Sichuan Province, we did not have any experience operating polysilicon production facilities. Manufacturing polysilicon is a highly complex chemical process and we may not be able to produce polysilicon of sufficient quantity and quality or at a cost comparable to or lower than those of other polysilicon manufacturers or on schedule to meet our wafer manufacturing requirements. Minor deviations in the manufacturing process can cause substantial decreases in yield and in some cases cause production to be suspended or to yield no output. In addition, our production cost was higher than previously expected due to continuous trial runs, system testing, purchases of trichlorosilane, or TCS, and minimal activated hydrogenation processes. At the end of September 2013, we concluded that our efforts to sufficiently reduce the cost of polysilicon production as compared to the prevailing market price were not successful. After conducting a further internal assessment, we determined that it was no longer feasible to operate our Phase I facility without incurring a loss and to recognize an impairment charge in our wafer segment accordingly. Production at the Phase I facility was permanently discontinued in October 2013. Our remaining Phase II polysilicon facility currently has an annual manufacturing capacity of 6,000 metric tons and was running in full capacity and helped to contribute positively to our cash flows in 2015.

If our remaining polysilicon production facility experiences any additional delays or defect in operations we may suffer a setback to our raw material procurement strategy. We may also fail to manufacture polysilicon of sufficient quantity, quality or at competitive costs compared to the polysilicon available from the market, thereby making our polysilicon manufacturing facility uneconomical to run, which would negatively impact our profit margin and financial results. If the price of polysilicon and other raw materials rise and we are required to make purchases at higher than anticipated market rates, our profit margin may be further negatively impacted. If our polysilicon production facility does not perform as planned we may be unable to recover our investments or be forced to write down the value of the assets.

Because our polysilicon manufacturing capabilities are concentrated in our manufacturing facilities in Sichuan Province, any problem in our facilities may limit our ability to manufacture such products. We may encounter problems in our manufacturing facilities as a result of, among other things, production failures, construction delays, human error, equipment malfunction or process contamination, which could seriously harm our operations. We may also experience fires, floods, droughts, power losses and similar events beyond our control that would affect our facilities. Operating hazards and natural disasters, such as earthquakes may also cause interruption to our operations, property and/or environmental damage as well as personal injuries, and any of these incidents may have a material adverse impact on our results of operations. On April 20, 2013, a strong earthquake hit part of Sichuan Province, resulting in significant casualties and property damage. Also, in July 2013, flooding in Sichuan Province caused a delay in our polysilicon production. While we did not suffer any significant loss or experience any significant disruption due to the earthquake or the flooding mentioned above, if a similar disaster were to occur in the future that affects any place where we have major operations, our operations could be disrupted and affected by loss of personnel and damage to property. Although we carry business interruption insurance, losses incurred or payments required to be made by us due to operating hazards or natural disasters that are not fully insured may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our long-lived assets may be subject to impairment.

We evaluate our long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable or that the useful life of the asset is shorter than originally estimated. We recognize an impairment loss in the event the carrying amount exceeds the estimated future undiscounted cash flows attributable to such assets. The impairment charge recognized is based on the amount by which the carrying amount asset exceeds its fair value. At the end of September 2013, we concluded that our efforts to sufficiently reduce the cost of polysilicon production as compared to the prevailing market price were not successful. After conducting a further internal assessment we determined that it was no longer feasible to operate our Phase I facility without incurring a loss and to recognize the impairment charge in our wafer segment accordingly. Production at the Phase I facility was permanently discontinued in October 2013. Although we have not recorded any asset impairment since 2014, if we are forced to write down the value of our long-lived assets again in the future, these non-cash asset impairments could materially and negatively affect our results of operations in the period in which they are recorded.

We require a substantial amount of cash to fund our operations. If we fail to obtain additional capital when we require it, our prospects and future profitability may be materially and adversely affected.

We require a significant amount of cash to fund our operations. We require capital to fund any expansion of our manufacturing capacities and our research and development activities in order to remain competitive in the solar industry. Future expansions, changes in market conditions or other developments will also cause us to require additional funds. Due to prevailing market conditions and industry practice, we have been providing longer credit terms to a number of customers (as it has become customary in the industry to do so), which has had a negative effect on our cash flows. Such customers who have high credit worthiness may be granted longer credit terms; however, we do not amend contracts once delivery is deemed to have occurred. Moreover, as of December 31, 2015, our current liabilities exceeded our current assets by $466.1 million. While we had cash and cash equivalents of $38.0 million as of December 31, 2015 and operating cash flow of $2.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, we had short-term bank borrowings of $667.7 million as of December 31, 2015, all due within one year, and the current portion of our long-term bank borrowings amounted to $1.1 million as of December 31, 2015, which is not expected to be renewed.

As of December 31, 2015, several factors have raised substantial doubts about our ability to continue as a going concern for the foreseeable future, including: (i)or we incurred a net loss of $5.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, (ii) as of December 31, 2015, our current liabilities exceeded our current assets by $466.1 million, and (iii) there was a put option heldare notified by the convertible bond holders, whereby on March 15, 2016 they could require us to repurchase for cash allNew York Stock Exchange, or NYSE, regarding any portion of their notes at anon-compliance, our market value and ADS price equal to 100% of the principle amount plus any accrued and unpaid interest. As of December 31, 2015, the convertible notes payable balance was $26.1 million. We subsequently repurchased all of the outstanding convertible notes in the first quarter of 2016. These factors could adversely affect our ability to meet our ongoing financing needs as well as to obtain third party financing, which is subject to a number of uncertainties, including our future financial condition, operations and reputation, general market conditions in our industry and economic, political and other conditions in China and elsewhere. For example, weakening global economic conditions and macroeconomic factors in the PRC, such as credit tightening policies implemented by the Chinese government, may negatively impact our ability to obtain financing in a timely manner or on commercially acceptable terms.

We may not be able to refinance our borrowings as they mature. In the event that we are unable to obtain extensions of these borrowings or sufficient alternative financing at reasonable terms to make repayments, as we do not expect to be able to generate sufficient cash from operating activities in 2016 to repay all of these borrowings, we may not be able to repay such borrowings in full or at all when due. If we were to default on the repayment of these borrowings, we would not be able to continue our operations as a going concern. Moreover, future turbulence in global economic conditions and the potential impact on the liquidity of financial institutions may have an adverse effect on our ability to fund our operations and future expansion through borrowings or our ability to borrow on terms that we believe to be reasonable, or at all. Our operations, results of operations and growth prospects may be materially and adversely affected if the global economic conditions worsen or do not improve.affected.

We face uncertainties in connection with the implementation of our business strategy to transform our business focus from wafer and module manufacturing to global energy efficient products and services and downstream solar power projects.

At the end of 2012, we started to implement our business strategy to transform the focus of our business fromWe were a solar wafer manufacturing to module manufacturing. The shift in our business focus was completed in 2013. In connection with this business transformation, we have implementedmanufacturer and later also became a numbermanufacturer of strategic initiatives, including increasing our module salespolysilicon and marketing staff and expanding our in-house module manufacturing capacity from 500 MW to 1.2 gigawatt, or GW, which we believe to have been executed with highly efficient equipment and advanced technologies.solar modules. Starting from early 2014, we began to expand our operations into the broader energy efficient products and services business and into downstream solar power projects. However,In September 2017, we cannot assure you that we will be able to continue to implement our business strategytransformed into a solar project developer and initiatives effectively and efficiently or that our transformation will result in improved production, sales or operating results or generate shareholder value inoperator, a pure downstream player with robust pipeline projects around the long term. Moreover, as we shift our emphasis from solar product manufacturing to solar product-related and other energy-efficient product-related services we also have to compete with existing players in the services sectors including distribution and logistics companies, many of whom are established players with greater resources, longer relationships with customers, greater brand recognition and larger scales of production.world. Our ability to transform to and expand into the services business is also subject to significant risks and uncertainties, including without limitation, having potentially greater operating costs, excess inventory and having lower shipments due to a greater focus on smaller projects and smaller customers.uncertainties.

Our solar power project initiatives require significant initial investments. These downstream expansion plans may include investments in project companies and joint ventures and forming strategic alliances with third parties. There is a risk that we may not be able to obtain the necessary funding to fully invest in these solar power projects, or that investments in these projects will significantly impact our working capital as a result of a slowdown in reinvestment of cash relative tocash. Additionally, our traditional wafer and module business. Additionally, ourprevious experience in the solar power products manufacturing industry may not be as relevant or applicable in the downstream solar power projects markets. If our transformation strategy and initiatives do not achieve their intended results, or if we do not compete successfully against existing players, in the services and downstream solar markets, our business, operations and financial results may be materially and adversely impacted. Furthermore, we may not be able to manage entities which we invest in or provide adequate resources to such entities to maximize the return on our investments. We may not be able to secure the government approvals or licenses required for construction and operation of solar power projects in a timely manner, or at all. In the case of potential joint ventures and strategic alliances with third parties, we may face risks associated with the sharing of proprietary information, loss of control of operations that are material to our business and profit sharing arrangements. We may also consider acquisitions of existing downstream players, in which we may face difficulties related to the integration of the operations and personnel of acquired businesses and the division of resources between our existing and acquired operations.

We cannot assure you that we will be successful in expandingoperating our business into the solar power projects markets along the solar power product value chain.markets. Any failure to successfully identify, execute and integrate our acquisitions, investments, joint ventures and alliances as part of entering into the solar power projects markets may have a material adverse impact on our growth, business prospects and results of operations, which could lead to a decline in the price of our ADSs.

Developing and operating solar power projects exposes us to different risks than producing solar power products. Our result of operations may be subject to fluctuations.

In a given period, our revenue was affected by a limited number of solar power projects that are under development and sold to third parties, and therefore subject to significant fluctuations. Although we intend to retain more projects for our IPP business in China, we will continue to develop and sell solar power projects to take advantage of attractive market opportunities. As a result, we may generate more of our revenues from the one-time sale of solar power projects for certain periods.

Development of solar power projects can take many months or years to complete and may be delayed for reasons beyond our control. They often require us to make some up-front payments for, among other things, land/rooftop use rights and permitting in advance of commencing construction, and revenue from these projects may not be recognized for several additional months following contract signing. Any inability or significant delays in entering into sales contracts with customers after making such up-front payments could adversely affect our business and results of operations. Furthermore, we may become constrained in our ability to expandsimultaneously fund our other investment in these projects.

In contrast to developing solar modules, developing solar power projects requires more management attention to negotiate the terms of our engagement and monitor the progress of the projects which may divert management's attention from other matters. Our revenue and liquidity may be adversely affected to the extent the market for solar power projects weakens or we are not able to successfully complete the customer acceptance testing due to technical difficulties, equipment failure, or adverse weather, and we are unable to sell our solar power projects at prices and on terms and timing that are acceptable to us.

We operate solar power projects and sell electricity to the local or national grid or other power purchasers such as commercial and industrial end users. As a result, we are subject to a variety of risks associated with intense market competition, changing regulations and policies, insufficient demand for solar power, technological advancements, failure of our power generation facilities and credit risks related to the power purchasers. If we cannot manage these risks, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected.

Solar project development is challenging and may ultimately not be successful and miscalculations in planning a project may negatively affect our engineering, procurement and construction, or EPC, prices, all of which could increase our costs, delay or cancel a project, and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and profit margins.

The development of solar projects involve numerous risks and uncertainties and requires extensive research, planning and due diligence. We may be required to incur significant amounts of capital expenditure for land/rooftop use rights, interconnection rights, preliminary engineering, permits, legal and other expenses before we can determine whether a solar power project is economically, technologically or otherwise feasible. Success in developing a solar power project is contingent upon, among other things:

Successful completion of a particular solar project may be adversely affected by numerous factors, including without limitation:

Accordingly, some of the solar power projects in our pipeline may not be completed or even proceed to construction. If a number of solar power projects are not completed, we may not benefit from the feed-in-tariffs, or FITs, our solar power projects are otherwise entitled to, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

In addition, if we are unable to complete the development of a solar power project or we fail to meet any agreed upon system-level capacity or energy output guarantees or warranties or other contract terms, or our projects cause grid interference or other damage, we may be subject to significant damages, penalties and other obligations relating to the project, including obligations to repair, replace or supplement materials for the project.

Occasionally, we may enter into fixed-price EPC agreements in which we act as the general contractor for our customers in connection with the installation of their solar power systems. All essential costs are estimated at the time of entering into the EPC agreement for a particular project or project portfolio, and these costs are reflected in the overall fixed price that we charge our customers for the project. These cost estimates are preliminary and may or may not be covered by contracts between us and the subcontractors, suppliers and other parties involved in the project. In addition, we require qualified, licensed subcontractors to install most of our solar power systems. Shortages of skilled labor could significantly delay a project or otherwise increase our costs. Should miscalculations in planning a project occur, including those due to unexpected increases in commodity prices or labor costs, or delays in execution occur and we are unable to increase the EPC sales price commensurately, we may not achieve our expected margins or our results of operations may be adversely affected.

Expansion of the pipeline of our solar power project business exposes us to a number of risks and uncertainties.

As a greater proportion of our net revenue may berevenues is derived from our solar power project business, we will be increasingly exposed to the risks associated with solar power projects. Further, our future success largely depends on our ability to expand our solar power project pipeline. The risks and uncertainties associated with our solar power project business and our ability to expand our solar power project pipeline include:

If we are unable to successfully expand our solar power project business, and in particular, our solar power project pipeline, we may be unable to expand our business, maintain our competitive position, improve our profitability and generate the cash flows we have currently forecasted.

FailureOur development activities may be subject to increase our manufacturing capacitycost overruns or output and expand our module sales business as planneddelays, which may result in reduction or forfeiture of FIT payments or would materially and adversely affect our overall businessfinancial results and competitiveness. Volatility in and large decreaseresults of pricesoperations

Development of our solar power productsprojects may cause significant fluctuations or declines in our revenue.

Mostbe adversely affected by circumstances outside of our wafer sales, particularly salescontrol, including inclement weather, a failure to receive regulatory approvals on schedule or third-party delays in providing solar modules, inverters or other materials. Obtaining full permits for our major customers, are made under purchase orders based onsolar power projects is time consuming and we may not be able to meet our expected timetable for obtaining full permits for our solar power projects in the spot market rates. Whilepipeline. In addition, from time to time, we are subjectmay need to certain long-term sales contracts, the pricing termsengage external EPC contractors for our solar power projects and volumes under such contracts canwe may not be subjectable to renegotiationsnegotiate with satisfactory EPC agreements. Changes in situations where there is substantial market volatility. We also have short-term sales contractsproject plans or designs, or defective or late execution may increase our costs and long-term framework contracts that provide for variable pricing and volume terms with our customers. Therefore, volatility or significant decreasescause delays. Increases in the prices of solar power products have subjectedand balance-of-system components may increase procurement costs. Labor shortages, work stoppages or labor disputes could significantly delay a project or otherwise increase our costs. In addition, delays in obtaining, our inability to obtain or a lack of proper construction permits or post-construction approvals could delay or prevent us and may subject us, to major fluctuations or declines in our revenue under our renegotiated long-term contracts, short-terms sales contracts and long-term framework contracts.

Volatility in polysilicon prices and changes in supply and demand for solar power products may give rise to disputes between us and our suppliers or customers, which may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Polysilicon is an essential raw material in the productionfrom construction of our solar power products. We currently produce 6,000 metric tonsprojects, commencing operation and connecting to the relevant grid.

Moreover, we rely on our related parties, as well as a limited number of polysilicon internally, but it is not sufficientthird-party suppliers, for certain components and equipment used in the construction of our solar power projects, such as solar modules. To the extent the processes that our suppliers use to manufacture components are proprietary, we may be unable to obtain comparable components from alternative suppliers. Any failure of a supplier to supply components and equipment in a timely manner, or at all, or to supply components and equipment that meet our total demand. quality, quantity and cost requirements, could impair our ability to install solar power projects or may increase our costs.

In 2015,addition, we typically utilize and rely on third-party contractors to construct and install our solar power projects. If our contractors do not satisfy their obligations or do not perform work that meets our quality standards or if there is a shortage of third-party contractors or if there are labor strikes that interfere with the ability of our employees or contractors to complete their work on time or within budget, we could experience significant delays or cost overruns.

We may not be able to recover any of these losses in connection with construction cost overruns or delays. In addition, if we are unable to connect a solar power project to the power grid on schedule, we may experience lower FIT, as FIT regimes generally ratchet down the FIT awarded to solar power projects that connect later to the power grid. In addition, in certain cases of delay, we might not be able to obtain any FIT or PPA at all, as certain PPAs require that we connect to the transmission grid by a certain date. If the solar power project is significantly delayed, we may forfeit the PPA and we may only be able to obtain reduced FIT payments or may even become ineligible for FIT payments at all. A reduction or forfeiture of FIT payments or would materially and adversely affect the financial results and results of operations for that solar power project.

We may not be able to develop or acquire additional attractive solar power projects to grow our IPP portfolio.

Our current business strategy includes plans to further grow the solar power project portfolio for our IPP business, or IPP portfolio, and own and operate some of the solar power projects we develop. To develop a solar power project, we are required to enter into investment agreements, development agreements, interconnection agreements and/or other contractual agreements with the local authorities and obtain relevant permits, licenses and approvals. Whether or not we can secure an investment agreement is subject to the discretion of government bodies and may be influenced by factors beyond our control, such as market conditions and the allocated solar power project quota based on which the agreement can be entered into or government incentive programs. Our competitors may have greater financial resources, more effective or established localized business presence or greater willingness or ability to operate with little or no operating margins for sustained periods of time. It is difficult to predict whether and when we will be awarded a new solar power projects. Any increase in competition or reduction in our competitive capabilities could have a significant adverse impact on our market share and on the margins we generate from our solar power projects.

If we cannot complete the agreement on schedule, or at all, the PPA/FIT price may be reduced, our reputation may be damaged and it may increase the difficulty of polysilicon declined from $21 per kilogram to $14 per kilogram. If prices risepursuing projects. In addition, in any event the government bodies terminate the agreement with us, we will have limited recourse. Although the government bodies have historically not terminated the agreements with us, there is no assurance that they would not do so in the future,future.

If we cannot secure the opportunities to develop new solar power projects, our business, financial position and financial conditions will incur higher costs relatingbe materially adversely affected.

Other difficulties executing this business strategy, particularly in new jurisdictions we may enter, include:

We face a number of risks involving PPAs and project-level financing arrangements, including failure or delay in entering into PPAs, defaults by counterparties and contingent contractual terms such as price adjustment, termination, buy-out, acceleration or other clauses, all of which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We may not be able to enter into PPAs for our solar power projects due to intense competition, increased supply of electricity from other sources, reduction in retail electricity price, changes in government policies or other factors. There may be limited pool of potential purchasers in some jurisdictions for electricity generated by our solar power plants due to regulatory policies. The willingness of purchasers to purchase electricity from an IPP like us may be based on a number of factors and not solely on pricing and surety of supply. If we cannot enter into PPAs on terms favorable to us, or at all, it would negatively impact our revenue and our decisions regarding the external purchasedevelopment of polysilicon, whichadditional power plants. We may experience delays in entering into PPAs for some of our solar power projects or may not be able to replace an expiring PPA with a contract on equivalent terms and conditions, or otherwise at prices that permit operation of the related facility on a profitable basis. Any delay in entering into PPAs may adversely affect our overall profitability. Onability to enjoy the contrary, if the actual prices of polysilicon and our finished products are less favorable than our forecast, we may be exposed to inventory write-downs on a net realizable value basis, which may have an adverse effect on our results of operations. In addition, we have entered into long-term polysilicon purchase agreements with international suppliers. In the past, the long-term polysilicon purchase agreements we entered into with international suppliers did not provide for price adjustments in the event of fluctuations in the market price of polysilicon. In 2012, we renegotiated with these suppliers for each purchase order during the year ended December 31, 2012 and successfully changed the terms to be close to the market price.cash flows generated by such projects. If we are unable to makereplace an expiring PPA with an acceptable new PPA, the affected site may temporarily or permanently cease operations, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Substantially all of the electricity generated by our solar power projects will be sold under long-term PPAs with government end users and a few to licensed suppliers or commercial and industrial users. We expect our future projects will also have long-term public PPAs or similar offtake arrangements such as tariff programs but the portion under licensed suppliers or commercial and industrial users may increase due to our focus in DG projects, and also due to the falling system cost which makes solar energy more accessible to non-State Grid users such as commercial and industrial users. If, for any reason, any of the purchasers of power under these contracts are unable or unwilling to fulfill their related contractual obligations or if they refuse to accept delivery of power delivered thereunder or if they otherwise terminate such agreements prior to the expiration thereof, our assets, liabilities, business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be materially and adversely affected. Further, to the extent any of our power purchasers are, or are controlled by, governmental entities, our facilities may be subject to legislative or other political action that may impair their contractual performance or contain contractual remedies that do not provide adequate compensation in the event a counterparty defaults.

Some of our PPAs are subject to price adjustments over time or subject to inflation. If the price under any of our PPAs is reduced below a level that makes a project economically viable, our financial conditions, cash flow and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. Further, some of our long-term PPAs do not include inflation-based price increase or other price adjustment clauses. Certain of the PPAs for our projects and those for projects that we have acquired and may acquire in the future contain or may contain provisions that allow the offtake purchaser to terminate or buy out the project or require us to pay liquidated damages upon the occurrence of certain events. If these provisions are exercised, our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be materially and adversely affected.

In additional, certain of the project-level financing arrangements for projects allow, and certain of the projects that we may incur higher raw material costs than market pricesacquire in the future may allow, the lenders or our competitors whoinvestors to accelerate the repayment of the financing arrangement in the event that a PPA is terminated or if certain operating thresholds or performance measures are not bound by long-term supply contracts for fixed prices, whichachieved within specified time periods if we does not timely notify the lenders and investors such event and fail to provide additional guarantee. Certain of our PPAs and project-level financing arrangements include, and in turnthe future may include, provisions that would permit the counterparty to terminate the contract or accelerate maturity in the event we own, directly or indirectly, less than 50% of the combined voting power or, in some cases, if we cease to be the majority owner, directly or indirectly, of the applicable project subsidiary. The termination of any of our PPAs or the acceleration of the maturity of any of our financing arrangements as a result of a change-in-control event could have a material adverse effect on our competitiveness,financial condition, results of operations and financial condition. Furthermore,cash flows.

We may not be able to identify suitable sites and obtain related access and use right to expand our IPP business

Solar power projects require solar and geological conditions that can only be found in lighta limited number of geographic areas.

Our solar power projects in overseas markets are primarily ground-mounted DG projects, with a few small-scale utility-scale projects and community solar gardens. Our solar power projects in China are primarily the volatilityrooftop DG projects. There is intense competition for a limited number of polysilicon prices and changes in supply and demandproject sites appropriate for solar power products,projects. As the solar power project market continues to evolve, the number of attractive project sites available has decreased and will continue to decrease.

Even if we sign investment or development agreements, we may not be able to find and secure the use rights to suitable project sites for the relevant projects. We generally obtain land use rights for our suppliers and customers may become involved in negotiationsground-mounted projects through land use right granting or disputes with us regarding terms and conditions ofassignment by the agreementsgovernment, or arrangements with them, including the quantity and price of the products to be delivered under existing agreements or arrangements. Any negotiation or litigation arising out of these disputes could distract managementleasing from the day-to-day operation ofland use right owners; and obtain the access and use rights for our business, subject usrooftop DG projects through leasing from the roof top owners. Our rights to potentially significant legal expenses, result in the forfeiture of our deposits under long-term polysilicon contracts and interrupt the sourcing of our polysilicon or the sales ofproperties used for our solar power products, which could materiallyprojects may be challenged by property owners or other third parties, in case of any disputes over the ownership or lease of the properties. It is critical to guarantee and adversely affectmaintain our businessland use right on the land parcel and access and use right on the roof top during the life cycle of solar power projects. In case the relevant lease agreement were determined null and void by the competent authorities or our land use right and access and use right on roof top were recouped by the government, our solar power projects may be forced to cease operation and our results of operations.operation, financial condition will be materially adversely affected.

Volatility

We require flat land parcels for our small-scale solar power projects, including ground-mounted DG projects, small-scale utility projects and community solar gardens. Also, it is crucial to have a land parcel close to the grid connection point for our ground-mounted projects for interconnection to the power grid and in order to control the pricescost for the construction of transmission line and any failureavoid the electricity transmission loss. However, it is increasingly difficult to secure flat land parcels close to the supply of,transmission line. Once we have identified a suitable site, our ability to obtain requisite land use rights or access and use rights to the roof top is subject to growing competition from other raw materialssolar energy producers that may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

In additionbetter access to polysilicon, we also depend on the supply of other raw materials such as steel and slurry for our production activities. Given our focus on cost reductions in a market where our products are subject to industry-wide downward pricing pressure, we may be outbid by purchasers in other industrieslocal government support, financial or other players in the same industry forresources to locate and obtain rights of such raw materials.sites. Our competitors may impede our development efforts by acquiring control of all or a portion of a solar site we seek to develop. If we arewere unable to secure the supply of such raw materials at reasonable costs, we may experience interruptionsfind or obtain use rights for suitable solar power project sites, our ability to our production or otherwise incur significant costs that could havedevelop new solar power projects on a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Moreover, we are subject to fluctuations in the prices of other raw materials. If we are unable to manage such risks, we may incur substantial costs when the prices of such raw materials increase significantly or experience write-downs in our inventory when their prices decline,timely basis might be harmed, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have been strictly check the land ownership and use and access rights to avoid agricultural land, wetland or any land which require rezoning. However, we cannot assure you that we will not acquire land with the understanding that such land may be exposed to intellectual property infringementrezoned for solar power project development in the future. Rezoning may take longer than expected or misappropriation claims by third parties which, if determinedmay not been possible. Any future rezoning efforts may materially and adversely to us, could cause us to pay significant damage awards.impact our business and results of operation.

Our success depends largelylegal rights to certain real properties used for our solar power projects are subject to third party rights and may be challenged by property owners or third parties.

Our rights to the properties used for our solar power projects may be challenged by property owners and other third parties, subject to other third-party rights such as right of passage and right to place cables and other equipment on the properties, which may result in certain interferences with our abilityuse of the properties. Our rights to the properties used for our solar power projects may be challenged by property owners and other third parties for various other reasons as well. For example, we may not have the exclusive right to use and developa given site. Any such challenge, if successful, could impair the development or operations of our technology and know-how without infringing the intellectual property rights of third parties. The validity and scope of claims relating to solar power technology patents involve complex scientific, legal and factual questions and analysis and, therefore,projects on such properties. We may also be highly uncertain. subject to the risk of potential disputes with property owners or third parties who otherwise have rights to or interests in the properties used for our solar power projects. Such disputes, whether resolved in our favor or not, may divert management’s attention, harm our reputation or otherwise disrupt our business.

We may be subject to litigation involving claimsunforeseen costs, liabilities or obligations when operating and maintaining solar power projects.

We operate and maintain the solar power projects in our IPP portfolio. In addition to the operations and maintenance, or O&M, services which our in-house O&M team provides to our developed solar power projects in China, we also enter into separate contractual agreements to operate and maintain substantially all of patent infringementthe solar power projects operated by us overseas. Pursuant to these agreements, we generally perform scheduled and unscheduled maintenance and operating and other asset management services and we subcontract certain O&M services, including security and repair, to third-parties, who may not perform their services adequately.

If we or violationour third-party contractors fail to properly operate and maintain the solar power projects, the solar power projects may experience decreased performance, reduced useful life or shut downs. Through changes in our own operation or in local conditions, the costs of intellectual property rights of third parties. For example,operating the project may increase, including costs related to labor, equipment, we design may infringe the intellectual property rights of third parties. The defenseinsurance and assertion of intellectual property suits, patent opposition proceedings and related legal and administrative proceedings can be both costly and time-consuming and may significantly divert the efforts and resources of our technical and management personnel. An adverse determinationtaxes. If they are careless or negligent, resulting in any such litigation or proceedings against us could subject us to significant liabilitiesdamage to third parties, including requiring uswe may become liable for the consequences of any resulting damage. We may also experience equipment malfunction or failure, leading to seek licenses from third parties, to pay ongoing royaltiesunexpected maintenance needs, unplanned outages or to pay monetary and punitive damagesother operational issues. In addition, inconsistencies in the quality of solar panels, solar modules, balance-of-system components or subjecting us to injunctions that prohibitmaintenance services for our solar power projects may affect the manufacture and salesystem efficiency of our productssolar power projects. We may also encounter difficulties selling electricity to the power grid due to failures in infrastructure or transmission systems. To the useextent that any of the foregoing affects our equipment. Protracted litigation could also resultability to sell electricity to the power grid, or we incur increased costs in our customers or potential customers deferring or limiting their purchase or use of our products until resolution of such litigation, which could result in lossesrelation to operating and adversely affect our results of operations and reputation.

If our internal control system fails to detect, prevent or remedy risks in our business as intended or if there is any misconduct by our employees in violation of our policies or applicable laws and regulations,maintaining solar power projects, our business, financial condition and results of operationsoperation could be materially and adversely affected,affected.

The delay between making significant upfront investments in our solar power projects and receiving revenue could materially and adversely affect our reputationliquidity, business and results of operations.

There are generally many months or even years between our initial significant upfront investments in developing permits to develop solar power projects we expect to own and operate and when we commence to receive revenue from the sale of electricity generated by such solar power projects after connecting on grid. Such investments include, without limitation, legal, accounting and other third-party fees, costs associated with feasibility study, payments for land rights, government permits, large transmission and PPA deposits or other payments, which may be non-refundable. Furthermore, we historically relied on our own equity contribution, bank loans, capital market financing and third party financing to pay for costs and expenses incurred during project development, especially to third parties for solar modules and balance-of-system components and EPC and O&M services. Solar power projects typically generate revenue only after becoming commercially operational and starting to sell electricity. There may be an especially long delay from initial land and interconnection assessments to projects becoming late-stage, especially when we obtain permits directly from regulators and site control rights directly from prior rights holders under our primary permit development model. Between our initial investments in the development of permits for solar power projects and their connection to the transmission grid, there may be adverse developments to such solar power projects. Furthermore, we may not be able to obtain all of the permits as anticipated, permits that were obtained may expire or become ineffective or we may not be able to obtain financing as anticipated. In addition, the timing gap between our upfront investments and actual generation of revenue, or any added delay in between due to unforeseen events, could be severely damaged.put strains on our liquidity and resources, and materially and adversely affect our profitability and results of operations.

Our ability to transmit and sell the electricity generated from the solar power projects operated by us relies on the grid connection, dispatch agreements, PPAs and other contractual agreements.

We maintainsell electricity generated from our operated solar power projects mainly in China. Before developing a solar power project for our IPP business, we have to obtain the relevant local governmental grid company’s preliminary consent on our grid connection application and the final approval on the grid connection plan in order to connect our solar power projects to their power grids.

In China, we can sell the electricity in gross metering or net metering. Under gross metering, electricity is sold to The State Grid Corporation of China, or the State Grid, which is an internal control system consistingenterprise which constructs and operates power grids and is a pilot state holding company approved by the State Council of components such as an internal control department, a whistleblower hotlineChina to carry out state-authorized investment. Under the net metering, we first sell the electricity to non-State Grid power purchasers and other channels for internal reporting, and policies and procedures that are designedthe remaining unpurchased electricity to monitor and control potential risk areas relevantthe State Grid. Before we can supply the electricity to our business operations. However, duepower purchasers, we are required to enter into the inherent limitationsgrid connection and dispatch agreements with the grid providers and energy management contracts, or EMCs, including PPAs with the power purchasers. Grid connection and dispatch agreements generally have terms of 1 to 5 years and are, in practice, subject to renewal by the designparties when original terms expire. The EMCs, which provide the terms and implementationpricing of any internal control system,the sales and include the PPAs, are in 20 years and are subject to renewal by the parties when original terms expire. If we cannot assure you that our internal control system willare unable to renew the agreements upon expiration, we may not be able to identify, preventreplace them with agreements with equivalent terms and remedyconditions, or at all, risks arising from our business activities as intended or otherwise effectively be implemented, monitoredwe may experience significant delays or managed by us. Moreover,costs related to securing replacements. If we cannot guarantee all of our employees will act in complianceare unable to agree with our employee policiesthe grid providers on a new grid connection and be applicable laws and regulations. Any misconduct or violation by our employees could adversely affect our business and reputation or lead to regulatory sanctions being imposed against us or causing us to incur litigation costs.

In addition, as we continue to transformdispatch agreements, the focus of our business from solar wafer manufacturing to both solar wafer and module manufacturing, and to further expand our product lines and breadth of operations globally, our business operations will become more complex. Starting from early 2014, we began to expand our operations into the broader energy efficient products and services business and into downstreamaffected solar power projects. Although we will continue to reassess and seek ways to improve upon our internal control system as necessary, the transformation and expansion of our businessproject may temporarily or permanently cease operations, may give rise to additional internal control risks that are currently unknown to us, despite any efforts to anticipate such risks.

If our internal control system fails to detect risks in our business as intended or to be effectively implemented, monitored and managed, or if we fail to adopt new internal control procedures commensurate with our expanding business operations, or if our employees fail to comply with our policies and applicable laws and regulations, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected, and our reputation could be severely damaged.

Cyber security risks and breaches could adversely affect our business and disrupt our operations.

We are subject to cyber security risks and may incur costs to minimize those risks. Cyber security breaches, such as unauthorized access, accidents, employee error or malfeasance, computer viruses, computer hackings or other disruptions, could compromise the security of our data and infrastructure, thereby exposing such information to unauthorized access by third parties. Techniques used to obtain unauthorized access to, or to sabotage systems, change frequently and generally are not recognized until launched against a target. We may be required to expend significant capital and other resources to remedy, protect against or alleviate these and related problems, and we may not be able to remedy these problemsoperate the project beyond the initial term of the EMCs and PPAs. See also “⸺We face a number of risks involving PPAs and project-level financing arrangements, including failure or delay in entering into PPAs, defaults by counterparties and contingent contractual terms such as price adjustment, termination, buy-out, acceleration or other clauses, all of which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. In addition, if, for any reason, the grid providers are unable or unwilling to fulfill their related contractual obligations or if they refuse to accept delivery of electricity delivered thereunder or otherwise terminate such agreements prior to the expiration thereof, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow could be materially adversely affected.

If we cannot produce agreed electricity for reasons solely attributed to us, the agreed PPA/FIT prices may be reduced, results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

In China, all solar projects approved by the National Development and Reform Commission, or the NDRC, are eligible to receive an attractive fixed FIT for 20 years in principle and we expect our solar power projects to be long-term contracted assets. Under gross metering, we receive a timely manner,total amount of FIT amount, which comprise an agreed electricity sales price from the State Grid and the government subsidies, for 20 years. Under net metering, we receive subsidies from the government and an agreed negotiated electricity sales price from the power purchasers. However, if we cannot produce electricity normally for a number of days for reasons solely attributed to us, the agreed PPA/FIT prices may be reduced and results of operations and cash flow could be materially adversely affected.

If the power grid to which one or more of our solar power projects is connected becomes partially or fully inoperable due to maintenance or unexpected interruptions, the transmission of electricity may be affected and results of operations and cash flow could be materially adversely affected.

If the power grid to which one or more of our solar power projects is connected becomes partially or fully inoperable due to maintenance or unexpected interruptions, the affected project will not be able to transmit electricity to the power grid during that time. We expect power grids to be inoperable for a few days per year due to regular maintenance work. The grid providers will not usually compensate us for lost income due to down time. Although none of the power grids that we have been connected to have been rendered inoperable for significant periods of time, there is no assurance that the power grids will continue to function without any issues.

Our growth prospects and future profitability depend to a significant extent on global liquidity and the availability of additional funding options with acceptable terms.

We require a significant amount of cash to fund the development, installation and construction of our projects and the operation of our solar power projects. We may also require additional cash due to changing business conditions or other future developments, including any investments or acquisitions we may decide to pursue in order to remain competitive. Historically, we primarily obtained development loans, construction loans, project financing and capital market financing from financial institutions, fund investors globally, as well as financing lease companies in China. We cannot guarantee that we will be successful in locating additional suitable sources of financing in the time periods required or at all.all, or on terms or at costs that we find attractive or acceptable. Failure to manage discretionary spending and raise additional capital or debt financing as required may adversely impact our ability to achieve our intended business objectives.

Our ability to obtain external financing is subject to a number of uncertainties, including:

In addition, rising interest rates could adversely impact our ability to secure financing on favorable terms and our cost of capital. Any security breachesadditional equity financing may be dilutive to our shareholders and any debt financing may require restrictive covenants. We may not be able to obtain project financing or refinance our borrowings as they mature, or if the financing is available, the terms may not be acceptable to us. In the event that occur could disruptwe are unable to obtain extensions of these borrowings or sufficient alternative financing at reasonable terms, we may not be able to repay such borrowings in full or at all when due, or fully execute our business plan. If we were to default on the repayment of these borrowings, we would not be able to continue our operations increase our security costs, or expose us toas a going concern. Moreover, future turbulence in global economic conditions and the potential losses due to data corruption or information leakage, which couldimpact on the liquidity of financial institutions may have a materialan adverse effect on our business.ability to fund our operations and future expansion through borrowings or our ability to borrow on terms that we believe to be reasonable, or at all. Our ability to fund our operations, develop, construct and operate solar power projects or otherwise respond to competitive pressures could be significantly impaired and we may be unable to fully execute our business plan. Our operations, results of operations and growth prospects may also be materially and adversely affected if the global economic conditions worsen or do not improve.

Volatility or large decrease in the prices of solar power project may cause significant fluctuations or declines in our revenue.

The prices of special purpose vehicles which hold the ownership of our solar power projects, or project SPVs, and solar power projects are primarily based on the electricity revenue the projects can generate and the rate of returns. The electricity price may vary. See “⸺Decreases in the FIT price, public utility price or market discount rate could harm our revenue.” Investors may compare the rate of returns generated from the solar power projects with the rate of returns in the financing or investment markets. Any significant volatility or decreases in the electricity price or rate of return may decrease the prices of solar power projects which may subject us to major fluctuations or declines in our revenue.

Decreases in the FIT price, public utility price or market discount rate could harm our revenue.

Revenues generated from our IPP business are primarily from China. Under gross metering, the revenue we can receive are fixed at the FIT price which is set by the government. Under net metering, the prices we sell the electricity to the non-State Grid power purchasers are mainly at a market discount rate of the public utility rate. The market price of electricity can be subject to significant fluctuations and can be affected by drivers such as the cost of traditional fossil fuels used for electricity generation, the discovery of new fossil fuel sources, additional electricity generation capacity, additional electric transmission and distribution lines, technological or regulatory changes, increased energy conservation or for a number of other reasons. Any decrease in the FIT price, market discount rate or the public utility rate may negatively affect our results of operations.

EPC is subject to risks associated with fluctuations in the prices of solar modules and balance-of-system components or fluctuations in the costs of design, construction and labor.

EPC is part of the process during the solar power projects development and construction. We may engage our in-house EPC team or engage external experienced and qualified EPC contractors to conduct and monitor the EPC process. Despite that, it is the market practice for us, as the developer, to procure the key components, such as solar modules and balance-of-system components. Design, construction, labor and installation costs incurred by our in-house EPC team or external EPC contracts may also vary. Any increase in the prices of solar modules or balance-of-system components or fluctuations in design, construction, labor and installation costs may increase our procurement cost for the key components or costs to engage external contractors and hence may materially and adversely affect our results of operations.

The reduction, modification, delay or elimination of government subsidies and economic incentives for on-grid solar power applications could cause demand formay reduce the profitability of our products to decline.business and materially adversely affect our business.

Our solar wafers sold to customers are subsequently made into modules and assembled in solar power systems, which are either connected to the utility grid and generate electricity to feed into the grid or installed to supply electricity to businesses and residents. We also sell solar modules directly to customers. We believe that the near-term growth of the market for on-grid applications continues to depend on the availability and size of government subsidies and economic incentives.incentives which can be influenced by various factors, such as national subsidy police and the local desulphurized coal benchmark electricity price. If the reduction or elimination of government subsidies and economic incentives are not implemented prudently, such reduction or elimination may adversely affect the growth of this market or result in increased price competition, either of which could cause our revenues to decline.

When upfront system costs are factored into the cost of electricity generation, the cost of solar power substantially exceeds the cost of power generated from conventional means in many markets. As a result, national and local governmental bodies in many countries most notably in Germany, China, Spain, Italy, the United States, Japan, Australia, Bulgaria and Romania, have provided subsidies and economic incentives in the form of feed-in tariffs,FITs, rebates, tax credits and other incentives to end-users, distributors, system integrators and manufacturers of solar power products to promote the use of solar power and to reduce dependence on other forms of energy.

However, as the solar power industry continues to develop, these government subsidies and economic incentives have been reduced and could continue to be reduced or be eliminated altogether. For example, reductions in 2011, a decreaseFIT programs in paymentGermany have continued since 2014 and the government in China has issued various policies to solar power producers, in the form of feed-in tariffs and other reimbursements and a reduction in available financing caused a decrease in the growth in a number ofcontrol FIT for on-grid solar power projects in the European markets. Certain reductions in feed-in-tariff programs have continued in 2012 and 2013 across Europe, including Germany, Italy, Spain, Romania and the Czech Republic. The feed-in-tariff reduction continued in 2014 in Germany. In China, the State Council issued the Several Opinions of the State Council on Promoting the Healthy Development of the Photovoltaic Industry on July 4, 2014, which requires relevant authorities to reasonably adjust and reduce the feed-in tariff for on-grid PV projects. The execution period of feed-in tariffs for PV projects is set at 20 years in principle. According to the Notice re Leveraging the Price to Promote the Healthy Development of the Photovoltaic Industry issued by the Department of Price of the PRC National Development and Reform Commission, or the NDRC, on August 26, 2013, since September 1, 2013, the feed-in-tariff in China has been reduced to a range of RMB0.90 per kilowatt hour, or kwh, to RMB1.00/kwh depending on the project location, from RMB1.15/kwh for projects approved prior to July 1, 2011 or from RMB1.00/kwh for projects approved after July 1, 2011. On December 22, 2015, the NDRC issued the Notice on Improving the Feed-in Tariff Policies for Onshore Wind Power/Photovoltaic Power Generation, which provides the benchmarking feed-in tariff of photovoltaic power generation for the year of 2016. NDRC continued to adopt the measures that divided the country into three solar resources districts, of which the feed-in tariffs are RMB0.80/kwh, RMB0.88/kwh and RMB0.98/kwh.2014. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—China⸻Renewable Energy Law and Other Government Directives.”

Although the solar power industry is currently moving towards the economies of scale necessary for solar power to become cost-effective in a non-subsidized market, theany reduction, modification, delay or elimination of government subsidies and economic incentives for on-grid solar power applications could result in decreased demand for our products and cause our revenues to decline. Although, under the most recently proposed five-year plan, we expect China to become one of the largest markets for solar power products in 2015 and beyond, and although we have seen substantial growth in markets such as the United States, Japan, and Australia, Europe continues to be an important market. As European governments continue to decrease their subsidies, Chinese solar power products may continue to experience excess capacity, which could impact the demand and pricing of our solar power products,projects, which could materially and adversely impact our revenues and profitability.

Industry trends, in particular, limited interconnection capacity, will have a negative impact on our business and results of operations.

The solar industry is expected to continue to be highly competitive due to more new entrants to the solar project market and upstream solar manufacturing players moving to the downstream project business. Increasing solar generation capacity may result in continued interconnection capacity scarcity. If the industry continue to suffer from scarcity in interconnection capacity resulting in slowed market growth and potential regulatory curtailments, our business and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.

Our future success substantially depends on our ability to closely monitor and accurately predict market demand. This exposes us to a number of risks and uncertainties.

We intend to closely matching our solar power projects and electricity to the market demand for our products. Any failure to accurately predict market demand may result in our below-supply or oversupply of our solar power projects and electricity required to meet the market demand. Our ability to achieve a balance is subject to significant risks and uncertainties, including:

If we are unable to successfully respond to market demand, or if we fail to resolve any of the risks and uncertainties, we may be unable to expand our business, maintain our profitability and stay competitive. Moreover, even if we are able to manage our growth, we may be unable to secure sufficient purchase orders, which could adversely affect our business and operations.

Turbulence in global financial markets and economies may adversely affect the solar industry, the demand for solar powerproject products, and our operating results, financial condition and liquidity.

Demand for solar powerproject products is influenced by macroeconomic factors, such as global economic conditions, the supply and the prices of other energy products, such as oil, coal and natural gas, as well as government regulations and policies concerning the electricpublic utility industry. A decrease in prices of fossil fuels, for example, could reduce demand for alternative forms of energy, such as solar power. We are also affected by the solar market and industry trends. In 2011, paymentsSee “Item 3. Key Information⸺D. Risk Factors⸺Risks Related to Our Business⸺We may be adversely affected by volatile solar power producers decreased as governmentsmarket and industry conditions; in Europe, under pressure to reduce sovereign debt levels, reduced subsidies such as feed-in tariffs, which tariffs require public utility companies to pay higherparticular, the demand and prices for our solar power than for powerprojects and electricity generated through conventional means. In 2012, continued instability in the European financial markets coupled with continued oversupply in the solar market contributed to difficult market conditions forby our solar power producers. In 2013, the solar sector recovered as solar product manufacturers adopted a more rational approach, a series of industry restructuring and integration took place and market demand increased. The solar sector continued to stabilize with increased global demand in 2014 and 2015 so that some solar manufactures restarted their plans to expand their capacity. However these market conditionsprojects may not last in the long-run if potentially increased manufacturing capacity and insufficient rationalization of capacity drive the market into continued oversupply,decline, which may adversely affect the prices of solar power products.reduce our revenues and profitability.”

There may still be substantial uncertainties in the global credit and lending environment. If the demand for solar power productsprojects deteriorates due to these macroeconomic factors or solar market and industry trends, our liquidity and financial condition, including our ability to refinance maturing liabilities and access the capital markets to meet liquidity needs, and the liquidity and financial condition of our customers may be adversely affected. This would delay and lengthen our cash collection cycles and negatively impact our operating results. Additionally, our shareADS price may decrease if investors have concerns that our business, financial condition and results of operations will be negatively impacted by a global economic downturn.

We operatemay be adversely affected by volatile solar power market and industry conditions; in particular, the demand and prices for our solar power projects and electricity generated by our solar power projects may decline, which may reduce our revenues and profitability.

Our business is affected by conditions in the solar project market and industry. In December 2016 and December 2017, the NDRC announced the reduction in FITs for utility-scale solar plants. The administration of U.S. President Donald Trump is also expected to have less favorable policies for industries engaged in clean energy. As a result, many solar power project developers and solar system installers, like us, were adversely affected and the financial condition weakened. In addition, decreases in prices of other energies, such as oil, electricity and wind power, may also negatively affect the demand for solar power projects. The solar industry is also expected to continue to be highly competitive due to more new entrants to the solar project market and manyupstream solar manufacturing players moving to the downstream project business. If the supply of solar projects grows faster than demand, and if governments continue to reduce financial support for the solar industry, impose trade barriers or impose curtailments in the solar industry, demand for our competitors have greater resources than we do, weprojects, as well as our average selling price, could be materially and adversely affected.

If solar power project technology is proven not suitable for widespread adoption, or if demand for solar power projects continues to lag behind their supply, our revenues may not be able to compete successfullydecline and we may lose or be unable to gain market share.achieve or sustain profitability.

The solar market is increasingly competitivestill in development and continually evolving, which may result in price reductions, reduced profit margins or lossthe extent of market share by us. Our competitors include integratedacceptance of solar power product manufacturers, specialized solar wafer manufacturers, solar wafer manufacturing divisions of large conglomerates, specialized cellprojects remains uncertain. Historical and module manufacturers, polysilicon suppliers with ingot and wafer manufacturing capacities, integrated module manufacturers, end-market system integrators and solar project developers. Many of our competitors have longer operating histories, strongercurrent market positions, larger manufacturing capabilities, greater resources, better brand name recognition and better access to favorably priced silicon raw materials than we do. Some of our competitors have an established track record in large-scale polysilicon manufacturing and they may have an advantage over us in polysilicon feedstock costs. Many of our competitors also have more established distribution networks and larger customer bases. As a result, they may be able to devote greater resources todata on the research, development, promotion and sale of their products or respond more quickly to evolving industry standards and changes in market conditions than we can. The key barriers to enter into our industry at present consist of access to capital resources, advanced manufacturing technologies, a competitive cost structure and skilled personnel. If these barriers disappear or become more easily surmountable, new competitors may successfully enter our industry. If we fail to compete successfully, our business would suffer and we may lose or be unable to gain market share.

One of the competitive factors in solar power industry is conversion efficiency. Conversionare not as readily available as those for established industries where trends can be assessed more reliably from data gathered over a longer period of time. In addition, demand for solar power projects has not developed as fast as many market players have anticipated although the solar industry continues to experience lower costs, improved efficiency and higher electricity output. Many factors may affect the viability of widespread adoption of solar power products is not only determined by the quality of solar wafers but is also dependent on the solar cellprojects technology and module manufacturing processes and technologies. Therefore, solar wafer manufacturers usually assume the conversion efficiency of their solar wafers based on the conversion efficiency of solar cells and modules manufactured by their customers. There is a lack of publicly available information on the conversion efficiency of solar wafers and accordingly, investors may not be able to obtain a comprehensive view of our competitive position vis-à-vis our competitors.

Our future success substantially depends on our ability to closely monitor and accurately predict market demand and to efficiently manage our manufacturing capacity to either meet increased demand or avoid under-utilization of our production facilities due to lower-than-expected demand. This exposes us to a number of risks and uncertainties.

We intend to reach a balance between closely matching our manufacturing capacity and production output to market demand for our products. If we are unable to do so, the low utilization rate of production facilities may result in high production cost, which would adversely affect our profitability. Our failure to accurately predict market demand may also result in our lack of manufacturing capacity required to meet increased demand. Our ability to achieve a balance between the increase in manufacturing capacity and the changes in market demand is subject to significant risks and uncertainties,solar power projects, including:

If we are unablesolar power projects technology is proven not viable for widespread adoption or the demand for solar power projects fails to successfully managedevelop sufficiently, our manufacturing capacityrevenues may continue to respond to market demand, or if we fail to resolve any of the riskssuffer and uncertainties described above, we may be unable to expandsustain our business as planned. Therefore, we cannot assure you that we can meet our targeted production costs and consequently stay competitive. Moreover, even if we are able to manage our growth, we may be unable to secure sufficient customer orders, which could adversely affect our business and operations.profitability.

If we are dependent on

Concentration in a limited number of customers wefor the sale of our utility-scale projects may experience us to additional risks and significant fluctuations or declines in our revenues.

In the past,our project development, we sold a substantial portionmay sell our utility-scale projects only to utilities companies or grid system operators. Although most of our developed solar wafers topower projects are not utility-scale project, concentration in a limited number of customers. Sincecustomers in this utility-scale project markets may, among others, limit our ability to expose to other purchasers, reduce our power to negotiate the end of 2011, we have increasingly focused our effortspricing terms and sales terms and rely on solar module development and production and have become a module manufacturer and reduced our dependence on a limited number of solar wafer customers. In 2015, our top five wafer customers accounted for approximately 49.5% of our wafer sales and 7.6% of our net revenues and our largest wafer customer accounted for approximately 17.1% of our wafer sales and 2.6% of our net revenues. Our top five module customers accounted for approximately 31.6% of our module sales and 22.7% of our net revenues and our largest module customer accounted for approximately 15.8% of our module sales and 11.3% of our net revenues. We also expanded into downstream solar power projects in early 2014,the payment from the governmental grid companies, which further diversified our business offering.

However, if we fail to further diversify our customer base, including by adding certain new international customers, any one of the following events may cause material fluctuations or declines in our revenues:revenues.

We may not be able to locate third party purchasers for our solar projects on a timely manner, or at all, or we may not be able to timely renew or replace expiring PPAs or other contractual arrangements.

Upon completing solar projects, we either sell them to our related parties or third party purchasers or operate them . For those projects we intend to sell, if we are not able to locate third party purchasers and agree on a purchase and sales contract on terms and conditions favorable to us and in a timely manner, or at all, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

For those projects we intend to operate and generate electricity for sale, if we are not able to timely renew or replace expiring PPAs or other contractual arrangements, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow could be materially adversely affected. See “⸺Our ability to transmit and sell the electricity generated from the solar power projects operated by us relies on the grid connection, dispatch agreements, PPAs and other contractual agreements.”

Limited number of purchasers of electricity generated by solar energy may expose us and our solar power projects to additional risk.

Transmission and distribution of electricity is either monopolized or highly concentrated in most jurisdictions, there are a limited number of possible purchasers for electricity generated by solar power in a given geographic location, including transmission grid operators, state and investor-owned power companies, public utility districts and cooperatives. As a result, there is a concentrated pool of potential purchasers for electricity generated by our solar power plants and projects, which may restrict our ability to negotiate favorable terms under new PPAs and could impact our ability to find new customers for the electricity generated by our generation facilities should this become necessary. Furthermore, if the financial condition of these grid companies, utilities and/or power purchasers deteriorates or government policies or regulations to which they are currently subject that compel them to source renewable energy supplies change, demand for electricity produced by our plants could be negatively impacted. In addition, provisions in our PPAs or applicable laws may provide for the curtailment of delivery of electricity for various reasons, including preventing damage to transmission systems, system emergencies, force majeure or economic reasons. Such curtailment would reduce revenues to us from PPAs. If we cannot enter into PPAs on terms favorable to us, or at all, or if the purchaser under our PPAs were to exercise its curtailment or other rights to reduce purchases or payments under such arrangements, our revenues and our decisions regarding development of additional projects in the energy segment may be adversely affected.

Local governmental grid companies may reduce the electricity they purchase from us, which may cause our revenues to decline.

Although in some jurisdiction, the local governmental grid companies are obliged to purchase all the electricity generated by us, they may adjust the amount of electricity they purchase from us as result of constraints on grid connection capacity, or curtailment. If this happens, our revenues will be negatively impacted.

We may be exposed to credit risks of our customers. If the practice of requiring customers to make advance payments when they place orders with us declines, we will experience increased needs to finance our working capital requirements and are exposed to increased credit risk.

We have required our purchasers acquiring our solar power projects or project SPVs to make an advance payment of a certain percentage of their orders, a business practice that has helped us to manage our accounts receivable, prepay our suppliers and reduce the amount of funds that we needed to finance our working capital requirements. This practice of requiring our customers to make advance payments is in line with market trends. Any decline in this practice will pressure us to increase our working capital turnover or obtain additional financing to fund our working capital requirements. In addition, in our project development business, the normal practice is that purchasers make payments of purchase price in stages. In our module salesIPP business, we derive revenues from credit sales, generallywill be paid monthly, bi-monthly, quarterly or half-yearly based on the agreements signed with payment schedules due according to negotiated contracts, which have longer credit periods and more flexible terms when compared to our wafer contracts. As a result of the power purchasers. Any disruptions in the financial markets and other macroeconomic challenges which have affected the global economy may cause our customers mayto experience difficulties in making timely payment to us. Any inability of our customers to pay us timely, or at all, may materially and adversely affect our cash flows and operating results.

We incurred and may incur in the future impairment losses on our investments in equity securities.

Since October 2009, we have held a minority equity interest in a polysilicon manufacturer or the investee whose shares were traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange, or the TSX. If the fair value of these shares declines below their cost basis and we determine that the decline is permanent, we are required to record an impairment loss for the applicable period. In 2009, due to the rapid decline of the investee’s share price as a result of the difficult operating environment for its core business, such as the rapid decline of polysilicon prices, we recorded impairment losses of $13.4 million. We recorded further impairment losses of $6.2 million in 2011 due to the same reason. The investee filed for bankruptcy protection under the Companies’ Creditors Arrangement Act of Canada, or CCAA, in January 2012. As a result of the commencement of proceedings under the CCAA, in February 2012, the TSX determined to delist the investee’s shares due to its failure to meet the continued listing requirements of the TSX. As a result, the investment was fully written off in 2011. We may make investments in the future and as a result incur additional expenses as a result of impairment of such investments if their values decline. Any losses incurred could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We may not be able to use certain deferred tax assets, which could have a negative impact on our net income.

We recorded approximately $16.2 million as deferred tax assets on our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2015. Our ability to use net operating losses to offset earnings is dependent on a number of factors, including our ability to generate taxable income in future years. Should future results of operations or other factors cause us to determine that it is not likely that we will generate sufficient taxable income to fully utilize our deferred tax assets, we would then be required to establish a valuation allowance against such deferred tax assets. We would increase our income tax expense by the amount of the tax benefit we do not expect to realize. This would negatively impact our net income and could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and our financial position.

If we are unable to effectively manage risks related to international sales, our ability to expand our business abroad would be materially and severely impaired.

In 2015, approximately 76.6% of our net revenues were generated from customers outside of China, Taiwan and Hong Kong.We expanded our international sales efforts in the last several years by focusing on sales to international solar companies with global distribution capabilities. As we continue to expand our business internationally, we plan to increase sales of our solar-related and other energy efficient products and projects. The marketing, distribution and sales of our solar power and energy efficient products in international marketsbusiness may expose us to a number of risks with respect to our international marketing, distribution and sales activities, including:

If we are unable to effectively manage these risks related to international sales, our ability to expand our business abroad will be materially and severely impaired.

We conduct our business globally and are subject to global and local risks related to economic, regulatory, social and political uncertainties.

We conduct our IPP business and/or project development business in a number of countries, such as North America, China, Turkey, Poland, Hungary, Spain, France and emerging markets in Southeast Asia. Our module operationsbusiness is therefore subject to diverse and expansion into downstream solar power projects may causeconstantly changing economic, regulatory, social and political conditions in the jurisdictions in which we operate.

Conducting business in the international markets exposes us to compete with our current customers.a number of risks globally and in each of the jurisdictions where we operate, including, without limitation:

As of December 31, 2015, through

To the extent that our subsidiary ReneSola Jiangsu Ltd., formerly known as Wuxi Jiacheng Solar Energy Technology Co., Ltd., or ReneSola Jiangsu, we had an annual module manufacturing capacity of 1.2 GW. Our module sales business has caused us to compete directly with some of our wafer customers, particularly as we increased the sales of our own branded modulesoperations are affected by unexpected and adverse economic, regulatory, social and political conditions in the market. As a result, our relationships with somejurisdictions in which we have operations, we may experience project disruptions, loss of our customers have been affected. In addition, as we implementassets and personnel, and other indirect losses that could adversely affect our business, strategy to expand our downstream solar power projects, the competition between us and other solar power projects players in the market is likely to intensify. If our customers stop purchasing wafers, modules or any upstream products from us altogether due to our competition with them or other reasons, our businessfinancial condition and results of operations will be materiallyoperations.

We operate in a highly competitive market and adversely affected.

many of our competitors have greater resources than we do. We may not be able to compete successfully outsource productionand we may lose or be unable to gain market share.

The solar market is increasingly competitive and continually evolving, which may result in price reductions, reduced profit margins or loss of market share by us. Our primary competitors include local and international developers and operators of solar power projects in those markets. Some of our competitors may have integrated with upstream solar manufacturers and may have advantages over us in terms of greater operational, financial, technical, management or other resources in particular markets or in general. They may have longer operating histories, stronger market positions, larger development capabilities, operation skills, greater resources, better brand name recognition, better access to favorable prices, more established distribution networks and larger customer bases than we do. As a result, they may be able to devote greater resources to the research, development, promotion and sale of their products or respond more quickly to evolving industry standards and changes in market conditions than we can. We only started our solar power projects business in recent years. There is no guarantee that we can compete successfully in the markets we currently operate or the markets we plan to enter in the future.

In addition, in certain of our target markets, such as China, state-owned and private companies have emerged to take advantage of the significant market opportunity created by attractive financial incentives and favorable regulatory environment provided by the governments. State-owned companies may have stronger relationships with local governments in certain regions and private companies may be more focused and experienced in developing solar power projects in the markets where we compete. Accordingly, we need to continue to be able to compete against both state-owned and private companies in these markets.

Moreover, the key barriers to enter into our industry at present consist primarily of in-depth market knowledge, skilled personnel, consistent development capacity, access to capital resources and competitive cost structure. If these barriers disappear or become more easily surmountable, new competitors may successfully enter our industry. If we fail to compete successfully, our business would suffer and we may lose or be unable to gain market share.

We also generate revenues from generation and sales of electricity. We believe that our primary competitors in these are the incumbent utilities companies which supply energy to our potential customers under highly regulated rate and tariff structures. We compete with these conventional utilities primarily based on price, predictability of price, reliability of delivery and the ease with which customers can switch to electricity generated by our solar power projects.

As the solar power and renewable energy industry grows and evolves, we will also face new competitors who are not currently in the market. Our competitors may also enter into strategic alliances or form affiliates with other competitors to our detriment. Suppliers or contractors may merge with our competitors which may limit our choices of contractors and hence the flexibility of our overall project execution capabilities. There can be no assurance that our current or potential competitors will not offer solar power projects or services comparable or superior to those that we offer at the same or lower prices or adapt more quickly than we do.

We also face competition from other renewable energy companies and non-renewable power industries, including nuclear energy and fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas. Technological innovations in these other forms of energy may reduce their costs or increase their safety. Large-scale new deposits of fossil fuel may be discovered, which could reduce their costs. Local governments may decide to strengthen their support for other renewable energy sources, such as wind, hydro, biomass, geothermal and ocean power, and reduce their support for the solar industry. The inability to compete successfully against producers of other forms of power or otherwise enter into power purchase agreements favorable to us would reduce our market share, negatively affect our ability to develop and finance our projects and negatively impact our results of operations.

We operate in a highly competitive market. Increased competition may result in price reductions, reduced profit margins and loss of market share. Our market position depends on our financing, development and operation capabilities, reputation, experience and track record. Our failure to adapt to changing market conditions and to compete successfully with existing or new competitors in the solar power industry, as well as the other renewable energy companies and non-renewable power companies, will limit our growth and will have a material adverse effect on our business and prospects.

Our limited operating history in solar power projects business may not serve as an adequate basis to judge our future prospects and results of operations.

We started our solar power project development business in early 2014. We started our IPP business and started to sell electricity in 2014. See “Item 4. Information on the Company⸻B. Business Overview⸻Our Solar Power Projects” for details of our solar power products.

In the past, our module shipping requirements exceeded our production capacity from time to time, and we outsourced someprojects. Our historic track record of selling solar power projects or electricity may not be a reliable indicator of our production needsperformance and period-to-period comparisons of our operating results and our results of operations for any period should not be relied upon as an indication of our performance for any future period. In particular, our results of operations, financial condition, and future success depend, to meeta significant extent, on our target amount, including under arrangements where relatedability to continue to identify suitable sites, obtain required regulatory approvals, arrange financing from various sources, construct solar power projects in a cost-effective and third parties manufactured modules for us under supervision. We currently expecttimely manner, expand our project pipeline and manage and operate solar power projects that our module production capacity will be sufficient to meet our shipping requirements.we develop. If our shipping requirements exceed our production capacity again in the future,we cannot do so, we may not be able to successfully outsourceexpand our business at a profit or at all, maintain our competitive position, satisfy our contractual obligations, or sustain growth and profitability.

Our project operations may be adversely affected by weather and climate conditions, natural disasters and adverse work environments.

Solar power projects depend on the productionamount and intensity of sunlight, which is affected by weather and climate conditions. Any change of such conditions in the areas we operate that reduces solar radiation will adversely affect our business and results of operations. In addition, we may operate in areas that are under the threat of floods, earthquakes, landslides, mudslides, sandstorms, drought, or other inclement weather and climate conditions or natural disasters. If inclement weather or climatic conditions or natural disasters occur in areas where our solar power projects and project teams are located, project development, connectivity to the power grid and the provision of O&M services may be adversely affected. In particular, materials may not be delivered as scheduled and labor may not be available. As many of our solar power projects are located in the same region, such solar power projects may be simultaneously affected by weather and climate conditions, natural disasters and adverse work environments.

During periods of curtailed activity, we may continue to incur operating expenses. We may bear some or all of the losses associated with such unforeseen events. Moreover, natural disasters which are beyond our control may adversely affect the economy, infrastructure and communities in the countries and regions where we conduct our business. Such conditions may result in personal injuries or fatalities or have an adverse effect on our work performance, progress and efficiency or even result in personal injuries or fatalities.

Seasonal variations may influence our results of operations.

Changes in climate, geography, weather patterns, and other phenomena in the regions where we operate may significantly affect our business. For example, solar power projects depend on the amount and intensity of sunlight, which is affected by weather and climate conditions. As a result, our electricity generation and amount of electricity sold and therefore the revenue generated from our IPP business tend to be higher during periods or seasons when there is more irradiation. In addition, certain economic incentive programs, such as FIT regimes, generally include mechanisms that ratcheted down the incentives over time in line with the general trend of decreasing system costs of solar modules atpower projects. As a result, we may schedule significant construction activities to connect solar power projects to the cost,power grids prior to scheduled decreases in FIT rates, which vary from country to country, in order to qualify for more favorable FIT policies. Seasonal variations could adversely affect our results of operations and make them more volatile and unpredictable

We are subject to counterparty risks under our FIT price support schemes and PPAs.

As an IPP, we generate revenue from the sale of electricity primarily pursuant to FIT price support schemes or PPAs, which subject us to counterparty risks with respect to regulatory regimes. Relevant regulatory authorities may retroactively alter their FIT price support regimes in light of changing economic circumstances, changing industry conditions or for any number of other reasons. If the relevant government authorities, the local power grid companies or other counterparties or responsible parties do not perform their obligations under the FIT price support schemes and PPAs and we are unable to enforce our contractual rights, our results of operations and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.

Any disputes with our project affiliates’ other equity owners may adversely affect our business.

Due to the regulations in certain jurisdictions, we can only hold certain project affiliates in less than 50% of the equity interests. We do not have control over the management and strategy with respect to solar power projects held by these project affiliates.

Our ability to direct the actions of or influence the decisions in relation to these affiliates or the solar power projects held by them is dependent on a number of factors, including reaching agreement with other stakeholders with respect to certain decisions, our rights and obligations under the relevant stakeholders’ agreements and the decision-making process by the board of directors or other governing bodies.

We may not successfully engage business partners that are reliable and capable. In addition, in the course of cooperation, our business partners may:

In particular, if our affiliates’ other equity owners decide to secure permits, EPC or O&M services from other parties or otherwise take any action that may not be in our best interest or fail to perform their respective obligations or otherwise breach the terms and quality satisfactory to us. We may incur additional costs to cure any defects or any delay in shipments and be exposed to additional risks in connection with outsourcing. We may also adjust our outsourcing capacity according to the market demands and company strategies. Any early terminationconditions of the contracts with the outsourcing parties may cause us to incur penalties.

Furthermore, we currently do not possess sufficient cell manufacturing capacity to meet the needs of our module manufacturing business and have to rely on external supplies of solar cells, which may not provide us with solar cells at the desirable quality or cost as compared to internal supplies. Further, we cannot be certain that external suppliers will meet our needs in a timely manner. There can be no assurance that there will continue to be an adequate supply of solar cells in the future or that we will continue to be able to procure quality solar cell supplies at prices acceptable to us in a timely manner. Furthermore, we cannot assure you that our solar cell manufacturing capacity will expand sufficiently and in a cost-effective manner to meet the internal demands from our module manufacturing business. Any disruption in the supply of solar cellsgoverning agreements, it could have a material adverse impact on our module business, which could in turn have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, a dispute may arise with our current or future affiliate’s other equity owners and cause the loss of business opportunities or disruption to or termination of the relevant solar power projects. Such dispute may also give rise to litigation or other legal proceedings, which will divert our management’s attention and other resources. In the event that we encounter any of the foregoing problems, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

We are subject to numerous laws and regulations at the national, regional and local levels of government in the areas where we do business. Any changes to these regulations and policies may present technical, regulatory and economic barriers to the purchase and use of solar projects and solar electricity, which may significantly reduce demand for our products and services or otherwise adversely affect our financial performance.

We conduct our business internationally and are subject to a variety of laws and regulations, some of which may conflict with each other and all of which are subject to change, including energy regulations, tax laws and regulations, environmental regulations, labor laws and other government requirements, approvals, permits and licenses.

In the counties where we do business, the market for solar power projects and solar electricity is heavily influenced by national, state and local government regulations and policies concerning the electric utility industry, as well as policies disseminated by electric utilities. These regulations and policies often relate to electricity pricing and technical interconnection of customer-owned electricity generation, and could deter further investment in the research and development of alternative energy sources as well as customer purchases of solar power technology, which could result in a significant reduction in the potential demand for our solar power projects and solar electricity.

Changes in applicable energy laws or regulations, or in the interpretations of these laws and regulations, could result in increased compliance costs or the need for additional capital expenditures. If we fail to comply with these requirements, we could also be subject to civil or criminal liability and the imposition of fines. Further, national, regional or local regulations and policies could be changed to provide for new rate programs that undermine the economic returns for both new and existing projects by charging additional, non-negotiable fixed or demand charges or other fees or reductions in the number of projects allowed under net metering policies. National, regional or local government energy policies, law and regulation supporting the creation of wholesale energy markets is currently, and may continue to be, subject to challenges, modifications and restructuring proposals, which may result in limitations on the commercial strategies available to us for the sale of our power.

Regulatory changes in a jurisdiction where we are developing a project may make the continued development of the project infeasible or economically disadvantageous and any expenditure we have made to date on such project may be wholly or partially written off. Any of these changes could significantly increase the regulatory related compliance and other expenses incurred by the projects and could significantly reduce or entirely eliminate any potential revenues that can be generated by one or more of the projects or result in significant additional expenses to us, our offtakers and customers, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We may also face regulatory risks imposed by various transmission providers and operators, including regional transmission operators and independent system operators, and their corresponding market rules. These regulations may contain provisions that limit access to the transmission grid or allocate scarce transmission capacity in a particular manner, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We are also subject to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, or the FCPA, and other anti-bribery and anti-money laundering laws in the United States and the countries in which we conduct our business. We face significant liabilities if we fail to comply with the FCPA and other other anti-bribery and anti-money laundering laws. We may have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or state-owned or affiliated entities. For example, in China, we enter into PPAs with local subsidiaries of the State Grid to sell our solar electricity. In other countries where we develop, acquire or sell solar projects, we need to obtain various approvals, permits and licenses from the local or national governments. We can be held liable for the illegal activities of our employees, representatives, contractors, partners, and agents, even if we do not explicitly authorize such activities. Any violation of the FCPA and other applicable anti-bribery laws and anti-money laundering laws could result in whistleblower complaints, adverse media coverage, investigations, loss of export privileges, severe criminal or civil sanctions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and reputation. In addition, responding to any enforcement action may result in the diversion of management’s attention and resources, significant defense costs and other professional fees.

We may fail to comply with laws and regulations in the countries where we develop, construct and operate solar power projects.

The development and operation of solar power projects are highly regulated activities. We conduct our business in many countries and jurisdictions and are governed by different laws and regulations, including national and local regulations relating to building codes, taxes, safety, environmental protection, utility interconnection and metering and other matters. We also set up subsidiaries in these countries and jurisdictions which are required to comply with various local laws and regulations. While we strive to work with our local counsel and other advisers to comply with the laws and regulations of each jurisdiction in which we have operations, there may be instances of non-compliance, which may result in fines, sanctions and other penalties against the non-complying subsidiaries and its directors and officers. While we do not believe we have any non-compliances, singularly or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operation, we cannot assure you that non-compliances will not occur in the future which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operation.

In order to develop solar power projects we must obtain a variety of approvals, permits and licenses from various authorities. The procedures for obtaining such approvals, permits and licenses vary from country to country, making it onerous and costly to track the requirements of individual localities and comply with the varying standards. Failure to obtain the required approvals, permits or licenses or to comply with the conditions associated therewith could result in fines, sanctions, suspension, revocation or non-renewal of approvals, permits or licenses, or even criminal penalties, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Any new government regulations pertaining to our business or solar power projects may result in significant claims under the product warranty obligationsadditional expenses. We cannot assure you that we assumed duringwill be able to promptly and adequately respond to changes of laws and regulations in various jurisdictions, or that our acquisition of ReneSola Jiangsuemployees and under the product warranty of ourcontractors will act in accordance with such laws. Failure to comply with laws and regulations where we develop, construct and operate solar modulespower projects may materially and adversely affect our profitability.business, results of operations and financial condition.

Historically, our solar modules were typically sold with a warranty for minimum power output for up to 20 years following the date of sale. We also provided warranties for our solar modules against defects in materials and workmanship for a period of two years from the date of sale. We do not provide similar warranties for our solar wafers. We began selling solar modules in June 2009 after our acquisition of ReneSola Jiangsu. In connection with our acquisition of ReneSola Jiangsu, we also assumed all of the product warranty obligations that ReneSola Jiangsu granted to its customers on its module products. ReneSola Jiangsu provides warranties for minimum power output for up to 25 years following the date of sale. ReneSola Jiangsu also provides warranties for solar modules against defects in materials and workmanship for a period of five to ten years from the date of sale. We are obligated to meet the performance requirements in accordance with ReneSola Jiangsu’s warranty policy. As a result of the long warranty periods, we bear the risk of extensive warranty claims long after we have sold our products and recognized revenues. If we receive significant warranty claims from the customers of ReneSola Jiangsu and the amount of warranty costs accrued exceeds our estimates, we will need to recognize higher warranty costs and our profits may be adversely affected.

We have been required to make assumptions regarding the durability and reliability of our solar modules. Our assumptions could prove to be materially different from the actual performance of our solar modules, causing us to incur substantial expense to repair or replace defective solar modules in the future. As we continue to expand our solar module business, we may be exposed to increased warranty claims. If our warranty provisions turn out to be inadequate, we may have to incur substantial expense to repair or replace defective products in the future. See “—Problems with product quality or product performance could result in increased costs, damage to our reputation and loss of revenues and market share.” Any increase in the defect rate of our products would cause us to increase the amount of our warranty reserves and have a correspondingly negative impact on our operating results. Furthermore, widespread product failures may damage our market reputation, reduce our market share and cause our sales to decline.

Restrictive covenants and undertakings under our bank loansproject financing arrangements and loan arrangements may limit the manner in which we operate and an event of default under the loan may adversely affect our operations.

We have entered into short-termobtain financing from financial institutions and long-term loans with commercial banksfund investors globally, as well as financing lease companies in China and overseas.China. These loansfinancing arrangements contain certain restrictive covenants that limit our ability to, among other things, (i) dispose of or provide guarantees, pledges or mortgages on our operating assets in any manner that will increase risk to the lenders, (ii) repay shareholders loans or loans from our related parties, (iii) distribute dividends to shareholders, (iv) enter into other financial obligations to third parties, (v) transfer shares, (vi) make investments, and (v)(vii) take part in any mergers or acquisitions. For more information, about the loan agreements, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—B. Liquidity and Capital Resources.” With our expansion into the downstream solar power projects business, we may continue to incur additional development loans, construction debtloans and project financing in connection with the development of solar power projects. Any breach by us of the various undertakings and covenants in our existing or future loan agreementsfinancing arrangements may give such bankslenders the right to demand immediate repayment of the outstanding loan amounts. We cannot assure you whether we will be subject to, or be able to fulfill, such undertaking in the future. Any failure to maintain any of the above covenants or undertakings could result in an acceleration of obligations under the facility agreement, which would have a material adverse effect on our business. In addition, the breach of any of the covenants and undertakings in any loan agreement may trigger the cross-default provisions in substantially all of our loan agreementsfinancing arrangements and/or the cross-acceleration provisions in some of those loan agreements,financing arrangements, thereby giving the lenders the right to accelerate our loan repayment obligations. As a result, we are limited in the manner in which we conduct our business and may be unable to engage in certain business activities or finance our future operations or capital needs.

Our recent and future capacity expansion has and will continue to utilize equipment with customized designs that will be contract manufacturedFailure by newour suppliers which subjects us to a number of risks.

Historically, we purchased all of our furnaces for the production of multicrystalline ingots from foreign equipment suppliers. From 2010 to 2011, we collaborated with a domestic equipment supplier in China to develop our own customized multicrystalline furnaces. We have used considerable resources on the development of these furnaces. Although our new multicrystalline furnaces have achieved satisfactory results to date, these furnaces may not achieve satisfactory results in the future and the equipment supplier may not be able to continue to manufacture and deliver the multicrystalline furnaces we require in a timely manner or be able to meet our quality and technical requirements. In addition, from time to time we may require additional customized equipment in connection with our business operation and manufacturing capacity expansion, whether in polysilicon manufacturing, wafer manufacturing, cell manufacturing or module manufacturing. As such equipment is not readily available from vendors and would be difficult to repair or replace, problems with quality or performance of the equipment or with timely delivery will negatively impact our expansion plans and may result in the failure to grow our revenues or reduce our manufacturing costs as originally intended. Problems with quality or performance of our products as a result of poor equipment performance or failure could result in losses and adversely affect our results of operations and reputation.

Our polysilicon raw material suppliers may fail to supplysupplying us with polysiliconsolar modules, balance-of-system components and other key components needed for our solar power projects in a timely manner, at a favorable price, or with the quantity or quality we require which may materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Any failure by our suppliers in supplying us with polysiliconsolar modules, balance-of-system components and other key components needed for our solar power projects in a timely manner and with the quantity or quality or at the level of pricing we require may adversely and materially impact our ability to fulfill our obligation in producing and delivering solar power productsprojects to our customerspurchasers in accordance with the sales contracts we entered into with such customers. From time to time, we becomemay be involved in negotiations and disputes with certain suppliers that supply us with polysiliconsolar modules, balance-of-system components and key components needed for our solar power projects with quality defects or regarding quantity and price. Any negotiation or litigation arising out of thesethe disputes with the suppliers could distract management from the day-to-day operation of our business subjects us to potentially significant legal expenses, the forfeiture of our advance payments to our polysilicon raw material suppliers and interruption of our polysilicon supply,project development and operations, which could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Our advance payments to our silicon raw material suppliers expose us to the credit risk of such suppliers, which may materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

As of December 31, 2015, the outstandingWe typically made advance payments in connection with our procurement agreements amounted to approximately $18.5 million. We typically made such advance payments without receiving any collateral.for our solar power project business. To the extent that there wasis collateral and/or security attached to the advance payments, it is uncertain whether we will be able to enforce the collateral or the security or if the advance payment can be repaid in full upon enforcement on such collateral or security. Any litigation arising out of disputes relating to such prepayments could subject us to potentially significant legal expenses, distract management from the day-to-day operation of our business and expose us to risks for not being able to collect damages awarded to us, all of which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We may not be able to recover such advance payments and would suffer further losses shouldif any supplier fail to fulfill its delivery obligations under its supply contract, which would include failure to provide sufficient quantity of raw materials or raw materials of such quality as specified in the contract or shouldif a supplier’s stock price bebecomes less than the price agreed to settle to our claim. For example, we terminated a polysilicon feedstock purchase agreement with a supplier in 2009 due to its breach of the agreement terms and the supplier issued to us its publicly listed shares that carried a value equivalent to the value of our outstanding prepayment, based on the closing price of the shares on the day of the settlement agreement, as a settlement of its obligations under the agreement. Since these shares were issued to us in October 2009, their price has fallen significantly and, as a result, we have been required to record an impairment loss in 2009 and 2011. The supplier filed for bankruptcy protection under the CCAA in January 2012. As a result, we have fully written off the investment in the supplier. See “—We incurred and may incur in the future impairment losses on our investments in equity securities.” Similar claimsClaims by us for advance payments or other supplier obligations under the supply contracts in the future wouldmay potentially expose us to the credit risks of the suppliers and capitalother market risks and therefore materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Future acquisitions, investments or alliances may have an adverse effect on our business.

If we are presented with appropriate opportunities, we may make additional investment into our solar power projects, in the United Kingdom, Japan, United States and other emerging markets, or acquire or invest in technologies, businesses or assets that are strategically important to our business or form alliances with key players in the solar power industry to further expand our business. Such acquisitions and investments could expose us to potential risks, including risks associated with the assimilation of new operations, technologies and personnel, unforeseen or hidden liabilities, the inability to generate sufficient revenue to offset the costs and expenses of acquisitions and potential loss of, or harm to, our relationships with employees, customers and suppliers as a result of the integration of new businesses. We may not be able to maintain a satisfactory relationship with our partners or handle other risks associated with future alliances, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations. Investments in new businesses may also divert our cash flow from servicing our debt and making necessary capital expenditures. In addition, we may incur impairment losses on our acquisitions and investments in equity securities.

We may lack sufficient experience in identifying, financing or completing large investments or acquisitions or joint venture transactions. Such transactions and the subsequent integration processes would require significant attention from our management. In addition, we may expand our business into international markets. In our international expansion, we may face economic, regulatory, legal and political risks inherent in having relationships, operations and sales in other jurisdictions, including challenges caused by distance and linguistic and cultural differences, as well as the potential for longer collection periods and for difficulty in collecting accounts receivable and enforcing contractual obligations. Expansion into new markets may also place significant additional burdens on our senior management and our sales and marketing teams. The diversion of our management’s attention and any difficulties encountered with respect to the acquisitions, investments, alliances, expansion or in the process of integration could have an adverse effect on our ability to manage our business. Any failure to integrate any acquired or new businesses or joint ventures into our operations successfully and any material liabilities or potential liabilities of any acquired businesses or joint ventures that are not identified by us during our due diligence process for such acquisitions or investments could adversely affect our business and financial condition.

If solar power technology is proven not suitable for widespread adoption, or if demand for solar power products continues to lag behind their supply, our revenues may decline and we may be unable to achieve or sustain profitability.

The solar market is still in development and the extent of acceptance of solar power products remains uncertain. Historical and current market data on the solar power industry are not as readily available as those for established industries where trends can be assessed more reliably from data gathered over a longer period of time. In addition, demand for solar power products has not developed as fast as many market players have anticipated. Many factors may affect the viability of widespread adoption of solar power technology and demand for solar power products, including:

We have formulated our expansion plan based on the expected growth of the solar market. If solar power technology is proven not viable for widespread adoption or the demand for solar power products continues to decline, our revenues may continue to suffer and we may be unable to sustain our profitability.

We may experience difficulty in achieving acceptable yields and product performance, or may experience production curtailments or shutdowns.

The technology for the manufacture ofdeveloping and operating solar power productsprojects is continuously being modified in an effort to improve yields and product performance. Microscopic impurities such as dust and other contaminants, difficulties in the manufacturing process or unsuccessfulUnsuccessful adoption of new processing technologies or malfunctions of the equipment or facilities used can lower yields or increase the silicon consumption rate, cause quality control problems, interrupt production or result in losses of products in process. We may also experience floods, droughts, earthquakes, power losses, labor disputes and similar eventswithin or beyond our control that would affect our operations. See also “—Our polysilicon manufacturing facilities may not achieve our planned utilization rate or operational efficiency, which may negatively affect our profit margin. Any issues with our polysilicon manufacturing facilities as a result of operating hazards and natural disasters may limit our ability to manufacture such products.”

Any unplanned transmission line maintenance work with short notices from local electricity transmission line operators may forcesuspend our production to shut down,project developments and operations and limit our ability to manufacture products and to fulfill our commitments to customers on a timely basis. Our polysilicon, wafer and cell manufacturing processes may generate hazardous waste. Although our technology and equipment are designed to minimize and eliminate the leakage of such waste, unexpected accidents may result in environmental consequences, production curtailments, shutdowns or reduced productions and even cause property damage, personal injury or loss of life. Any such event could result in civil lawsuits or regulatory enforcement proceedings, which in turn could lead to significant liabilities.

Advances in solar power project technology could render our productsprojects uncompetitive or obsolete, which could reduce our market share and cause our sales and profit to decline. The solar market is characterized by evolving technology and customer needs. Some of our competitors may devise productiondevelopment technology that enables them to produce larger and thinner wafersoperate the solar power projects with higher quality than our products at a higher yield and lower cost. In addition, some producers have focused on developing alternative forms of solar power technology, such as thin-film technology. We will need to invest significant financial resources in research and development to maintain our market position, keep pace with technological advances in the solar power industry and effectively compete in the future. Our failure to further refine our products and technology or to develop and introduce new solar power products could cause our products to become uncompetitive or obsolete, which could reduce our market share and cause our revenues to decline. In addition, if we or our customers are unable to manage product transitions, our business and results of operations would be negatively affected.

Our business depends substantially on the continuing efforts of our executive officers and key employees, and our business may be severely disrupted if we lose their services.

Our future success depends substantially on the continued services of our executive officers and key employees, such as Mr. Xianshou Li, our chairman and chief executive officer. If Mr. Xianshou Li, other executive officers or key employees were unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, we may be unable to replace them easily, in a timely manner, or at all. Our business may be severely disrupted, our financial conditions and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected and we may incur additional expenses to recruit, train and retain personnel. If any of our executive officers or key employees joins a competitor or forms a competing company, we may lose customers, suppliers, know-how and key professionals and staff members. Each of our executive officers and key employees has entered into an employment agreement with us, which contains non-competition provisions. However, if any dispute arises between our executive officers and us, these agreements may not be enforceable in China, where these executive officers reside, in light of uncertainties with China’s legal system. See “—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system could adversely affect us.”

Our future success depends, to a significant extent, on our ability to attract, train and retain qualified personnel, particularly technical personnel with expertise in the solar power industry. Since our industry is characterized by high demand and intense competition for talent, there can be no assurance that we will be able to attract or retain qualified technical staff or other highly-skilled employees that we will need to achieve our strategic objectives. As our business has grown rapidly, our ability to train and integrate new employees into our operations may not meet the growing demands of our business. If we are unable to attract and retain qualified personnel, our business may be materially and adversely affected. In addition, it is typical in the solar industry for highly-skilled employees to enter into employment agreements that contain strict non-competition provisions with their employers. If a dispute arises involving our employee, his or her former employer and us, such as a dispute over the violation of non-competition provision or other restrictive covenants, it could result in our loss of such key employee and adversely impact our operation and business. Any prolonged litigation may also result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and adversely impact our business and reputation.

Problems with productthe quality or product performance of our developed solar power projects could result in increased costs, damage to our reputation and loss of revenues and market share.

FromIn our project development business, substantially all of our purchasers may require us to provide retention money, performance bond or bank guarantee for a certain period of time to time, we encounter sales returns due to non-conformity with customers’ specificationssecure the quality and are required to replace our products promptly.While in the past we had an insignificant return rate, we cannot assure you that in the future our products will not contain defects that are not detected until after they are shipped or installed. Any proven defects could lead to return or refundperformance of our products under our warranties, cause us todeveloped solar power projects. During the covered period of time, if any significant defects or efficiency problem arises from sold solar power projects, it may incur additional costs andto us for providing remedial measures, divert the attention of our personnel from our operations.operations and cause the retention money to be deducted or forfeited. Similarly, if we fail to maintain the consistent quality of our other productssolar power projects via effective quality control, we may deliver products with defects or other quality problems, which may result in increased costs associated with replacements or other remedial measures. Product defects and the possibility of product defectsit could also cause significant damage to our market reputation, and reduce our product sales and market share.share and adversely affect our results of operations and business.

If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may be unable to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud and investor confidence and the market price of our ADSs may be adversely impacted.

We are subject to reporting obligations under the U.S. securities laws. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, hasor the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, adopted rules requiring every public company to include a management report on the effectiveness of such company’s internal control over financial reporting in its annual report, which containsreport.

In connection with management’s assessment of the effectiveness of the company’s internal control over financial reporting. In addition, an independent registered public accounting firm must audit and report on the effectiveness of the company’s internal control over financial reporting. Our reporting obligations as a public company have placed, and will continue to place, a significant strain on our management, operational and financial resources and systems for the foreseeable future.

Therefore, we have established a system of internal control over financial reporting and we constantly reevaluate those controls and our related systems. Our management has evaluated the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as required by Rule 13-a-15(c) offor the Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, and we have concluded thatyear ended December 31, 2017, our management identified one material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, was effective for our fiscal year endedand determined that as of December 31, 2015. If we fail to maintain the adequacy of2017, our internaldisclosure controls our management may conclude thatand procedures and our internal control over financial reporting iswere ineffective. See “Item 15 — Controls and Procedures.” As a non-accelerated filer, we are not effectiverequired to provide an attestation on the effectiveness of our internal control by our independent registered public accounting firm under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act or the requirements of the SEC promulgated thereunder. As defined in the future. Moreover, effectivestandards established by the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or the PCAOB, a “material weakness” is a significant deficiency, or combination of significant deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is necessary for usa reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. A significant deficiency is a control deficiency, or a combination of control deficiencies, that adversely affects our ability to produce reliableinitiate, authorize, record, process, or report external financial reportsdata reliably in accordance with U.S. GAAP such that there is more than a remote likelihood that a misstatement of our financial statements that is more than inconsequential will not be prevented or detected by our employees.

The material weakness identified related to our lack of sufficient accounting and financial reporting personnel with appropriate knowledge of U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting requirements to formalize and carry out key controls over the financial reporting process and to prevent fraud. As a result,properly address complex accounting issues and to prepare and review consolidated financial statements and related disclosures in accordance with U.S. GAAP and SEC financial reporting requirements. Although we have taken measures and plan to continue to take measures to remedy the material weakness, the implementation of these measures may not fully address the material weakness in our failure to achieve and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, and we may not conclude that they have been fully remedied. The process of designing and implementing an effective financial reporting system is a continuous effort that requires us to anticipate and react to changes in our business and the economic and regulatory environments and to expend significant resources to maintain a financial reporting system that satisfies our reporting obligations.

In addition, during the course of documenting and testing our internal control procedures, in order to satisfy the requirements of Section 404, we may identify other material weaknesses and deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting. In addition, our independent registered public accounting firm has not undertaken a comprehensive assessment of our internal control for purposes of identifying and reporting material weaknesses and other control deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting. In light of the material weaknesses and control deficiencies that were identified as a result of the limited procedures performed, we believe it is possible that, had our independent registered public accounting firm performed an audit of our internal control over financial reporting, additional material weaknesses and control deficiencies may have been identified.

Our failure to correct these control deficiencies or our failure to discover and address any other control deficiencies could result in the loss of investor confidenceinaccuracies in the reliability of our financial statements which in turnand could harmalso impair our ability to comply with applicable financial reporting requirements and related regulatory filings on a timely basis. As a result, our business, financial condition, results of operations and negatively impactprospects, as well as the markettrading price of our ADSs.

ADSs, may be materially and adversely affected. Moreover, as we further grow our business, particularly moving up the solar power product value chain into new business areas and expanding our operations globally, we are required to adopt additional procedures and safeguards with respect to our accounting andineffective internal control over financial reporting systems, including revenue recognition procedures, to ensure the accuracy and timeless of our financial reporting andsignificantly hinders our ability to prevent fraud. DevisingWe may also incur additional costs and implementing newuse management and other resources in order to comply with Section 404 and remediate the material weakness.

If our operational internal control system fails to detect, prevent or remedy risks in our business as intended or if there is any misconduct by our employees in violation of our policies or applicable laws and regulations, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected, and our reputation could be severely damaged.

We maintain an operational internal control system consisting of an operational internal control department, a whistleblower hotline and other channels for internal reporting, and policies and procedures take timethat are designed to monitor and resourcescontrol potential risk areas relevant to our business operations. However, due to the inherent limitations in the design and causeimplementation of any operational internal control system, we cannot assure you that our operational internal control system will be able to identify, prevent and remedy all risks arising from our business activities as intended or otherwise effectively be implemented, monitored or managed by us. Moreover, we cannot guarantee all of our employees will act in compliance with our employee policies and be applicable laws and regulations. Any misconduct or violation by our employees could adversely affect our business and reputation or lead to regulatory sanctions being imposed against us or causing us to incur litigation costs.

In addition, starting from early 2014, we began to expand our operations into the global energy efficient products and services business and downstream solar power projects. Since September 2017, after the business restructuring, we have transformed into a solar project developer and operator, a pure downstream player with robust pipeline projects around the world. Although we will continue to reassess and seek ways to improve upon our operational internal control system as necessary, the transformation of our business operations may give rise to additional costs. There will be inherent limitationsoperational internal control risks that are currently unknown to us, despite any efforts to anticipate such procedures and can be no assurance that such procedures will always workrisks.

If our operational internal control system fails to detect risks in our business as intended or willto be effective. Any failure by useffectively implemented, monitored and managed, or if we fail to deviseadopt new operational internal control procedures commensurate with our expanding business operations and impact of business restructuring, or properly implement adequate proceduresif our employees fail to maintain effective control over financial reporting when we expand into new business areas or shiftcomply with our policies and applicable laws and regulations, our business, focus could have a material adverse effect on ourfinancial condition and results of operations could be materially and financial condition.adversely affected, and our reputation could be severely damaged.

Our failure to protect our intellectual property rights may undermine our competitive position, and litigation to protect our intellectual property rights may be costly.

We rely primarily on patent and trademark laws, trade secrets, employee contractual protections and other contractual restrictions to establish and protect our intellectual property.properties and proprietary rights. Nevertheless, these afford only limited protection and the actions we take to protect our intellectual property rights may not be adequate to provide us with meaningful protection or commercial advantage. For example, we had 235 patents in China, 86 pending patent applications in China, and 4 pending international patent applications as of December 31, 2015. We cannot assure you that our patent applications will be eventually issued with sufficiently broad coverage to protect our technology and products. As a result, third parties may be able to use the technologies that we have developed and compete with us, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or operating results. In addition, contractual arrangements, such as the confidentiality and non-competition agreements and terms between us and our research and development personnel, afford only limited protection and the actions we may take to protect our trade secrets and other intellectual property may not be adequate. Our failure to protect our intellectual property and proprietary rights may undermine our competitive position. Third parties may infringe or misappropriate our proprietary technologies or other intellectual property and proprietary rights. Policing the unauthorized use of proprietary technology can be difficult and expensive. In particular, the laws and enforcement procedures of the PRC and certain other countries are uncertain or do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as do the laws and enforcement procedures of the United States. See “—Risks Related to Doing BusinessWe cannot assure you that we will not be involved in China—Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system couldother intellectual property litigations that might adversely affect us.” We may need to resort to court proceedings to enforce our intellectual property rightsresults of operations and financial condition in the future. For example, we filed a case with the First Intermediate Court of Beijing against Tongxiangshenhong, a manufacturer of lighting equipment in China, in May 2014 with respect to its misappropriation of “YUHUIYANGGUANG” as trademarks over certain of its lighting equipment products. The court decided in August 2015 and partly rejected the registration of “YUHUIYANGGUANG” on solar water heater, solar collector and solar heat collector by Tongxiangshenhong, while granting it the registration on street lamp, a lamp cover, a lighting device with luminous tube, lighting apparatus and device and automobile lamp. We appealed this case to the Superior Court of Beijing, which upheld the lower court’s decision in December 2015. Litigation relating to our intellectual property might result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention away from our business. An adverse determination in any such litigation will impair our intellectual property and proprietary rights and may harm our business, prospects and reputation.

We may be exposed to intellectual property infringement or misappropriation claims by third parties which, if determined adversely to us, could cause us to pay significant damage awards.

Our success depends largely on our ability to use and develop our technology and know-how without infringing the intellectual property rights of third parties. The validity and scope of claims relating to solar power technology patents involve complex scientific, legal and factual questions and analysis and, therefore, may be highly uncertain. We may be subject to litigation involving claims of patent infringement or violation of intellectual property rights of third parties. The defense and assertion of intellectual property suits, patent opposition proceedings and related legal and administrative proceedings can be both costly and time-consuming and may significantly divert the efforts and resources of our technical and management personnel. An adverse determination in any such litigation or proceedings against us could subject us to significant liabilities to third parties, including requiring us to seek licenses from third parties, to pay ongoing royalties or to pay monetary and punitive damages or subjecting us to injunctions that prohibit the manufacture and sale of our products or the use of our equipment. Protracted litigation could also result in our customers or potential customers deferring or limiting their purchase or use of our products until resolution of such litigation, which could result in losses and adversely affect our results of operations and reputation.

Compliance with environmental regulations can be expensive, and non-compliance with these regulations may result in adverse publicity and potentially significant monetary damages and fines.

AsDuring the construction process of our manufacturing processes, including producing polysilicon, producing ingots, slicing wafers and producing solar cells and modules,power projects, we may generate noise, waste water and gaseous and other industrial waste, wewaste. We are required to comply with all applicable regulations regarding protection of the environment. During our project development process, we often prepare environmental impact assessment reports as part of the permitting process. Once operational, our solar power projects do not generate industrial waste. We are in compliance with present environmental protection requirements in all material respects and have all material environmental permits necessary to conduct our business. However, if more stringent regulations are adopted in the future, the cost of compliance with these new regulations could be substantial. If we fail to comply with present or future environmental regulations, we may be required to pay substantial fines, suspend production or cease operations. We use, generate and discharge toxic, volatile and otherwise hazardous chemicals and waste in our research and development and manufacturing activities. Any failure by us to control the use of or to adequately restrict the discharge of hazardous substances could subject us to potentially significant monetary damages and fines or suspensions in our business operations.

Our solar module products must comply with the applicable environmental regulations where they are installed and we may incur expenses to design and manufacture our products so as to comply with such regulations. For example, we increased our expenditures to comply with the European Union’s Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive, which took effect in July 2006, by reducing the amount of lead and other restricted substances used in our solar module products. Furthermore, we may need to comply with the European Union’s Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive if solar modules and products are re-classified as consumer electronics under the directive or if our customers located in other markets demand that they comply with this directive. This would require us to implement manufacturing process changes, such as changing the soldering materials used in panel manufacturing in order to continue to sell into these markets. If compliance is unduly expensive or unduly difficult, we may lose market share and our financial results may be adversely affected.

Increasing environmental concerns and climate change risks associated with fossil fuel-based power generation have created political momentum to implement strategies aimed at the reduction of emissions of carbon dioxide and certain other gases commonly referred to as “greenhouse gases.” Renewable energy sources such as solar power help address these environmental concerns, and governments around the world have implemented a variety of policy initiatives to accelerate the development and adoption of solar power. While passage of climate change legislation or other regulatory initiatives that regulate or restrict emissions of greenhouse gases may encourage use of solar power and accordingly increase demand for our productsprojects and services, this could also cause us to incur additional direct costs in complying with any new environmental regulations during our manufacturingdevelopment and research and developmentconstruction processes, as well as increased indirect costs resulting from our customers, suppliers or both incurring additional compliance costs that get passed on to us.

Cyber security risks and breaches could adversely affect our business and disrupt our operations.

We are subject to cyber security risks and may incur costs to minimize those risks. Cyber security breaches, such as unauthorized access, accidents, employee errors or malfeasance, computer viruses, computer hackings or other disruptions, could compromise the security of our data and infrastructure, thereby exposing such information to unauthorized access by third parties. Techniques used to obtain unauthorized access to, or to sabotage systems, change frequently and generally are not recognized until launched against a target. We may be required to expend significant capital and other resources to remedy, protect against or alleviate these and related problems, and we may not be able to remedy these problems in a timely manner, or at all. Any security breaches that occur could disrupt our operations, increase our security costs, or expose us to potential losses due to data corruption or information leakage, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We have limited insurance coverage and may incur losses resulting from product liability claims or business interruptions.

As the insurance industry is still developing in China, the product liability insurance and business interruption insurance available in China offer limited coverage compared to that offered in many other countries. We currently havemaintain property insurance, commercial general liability insurance, quality insurance, accidentpublic liability insurance, machine damage insurance, transportation insurance, credit saleconstruction insurance, as well as key-man life insurance, director and officer liability insurance. We do not maintain any insurance for business interruption. Any business disruption or natural disaster could result in substantial costs and a diversion of resources, which would have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Similar to other solar power product manufacturers, weWe are exposed to risks associated with product liability claims if the use of our solar power productsprojects results in injury. Since our solar wafers are made into electricity generating devices and our solar modules generate electricity, it is possible that users could be injured or killed by our products as a result of product malfunctions, defects, improper installation or other causes. We cannot predict whether product liability claims will be brought against us in the future or the effect of any resulting negative publicity on our business. The successful assertion of product liability claims against us could result in potentially significant monetary damages and require us to make significant payments.

The audit reports includedRegistered public accounting firms in this annual report are prepared by auditors whoChina, including our independent registered public accounting firm, are not inspected by the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, which deprives us and as such, you are deprivedour investors of the benefits of such inspection.

Our independentAuditors of companies whose shares are registered public accounting firm that issues the audit reports included in our annual reports filed with the SEC as auditors of companies that areand traded publicly in the United States, and aincluding our independent registered public accounting firm, must be registered with the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or the PCAOB, isand are required by the laws inof the United States to undergo regular inspections by the PCAOB to assess itstheir compliance with the laws inof the United States and professional standards. Because our auditors arestandards applicable to auditors. Our independent registered public accounting firm is located in, and organized under the laws of, the PRC, which is a jurisdiction where the PCAOB, notwithstanding the requirements of U.S. law, is currently unable to conduct inspections without the approval of the Chinese authorities, our auditors are not currently inspectedauthorities. In May 2013, the PCAOB announced that it had entered into a Memorandum of Understanding on Enforcement Cooperation with the CSRC and the MOF, which establishes a cooperative framework between the parties for the production and exchange of audit documents relevant to investigations undertaken by the PCAOB.PCAOB, the CSRC or the MOF in the United States and the PRC, respectively. The PCAOB continues to be in discussions with the CSRC and the MOF to permit joint inspections in the PRC of audit firms that are registered with the PCAOB and audit Chinese companies that trade on U.S. exchanges.

Inspections of other firms that the PCAOB has conducted outside China have identified deficiencies in those firms’ audit procedures and quality control procedures, which may be addressed as part of the inspection process to improve future audit quality. This lack of PCAOB inspections in China prevents the PCAOB from regularlyfully evaluating our auditor’s audits and its quality control procedures.procedures of our independent registered public accounting firm. As a result, we and investors may bein our ADSs are deprived of the benefits of such PCAOB inspections.

The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of auditors in China makes it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of our auditor’sindependent registered public accounting firm’s audit procedures or quality control procedures as compared to auditors outside of China that are subject to PCAOB inspections. Investors mayinspections, which could cause investors and potential investors in our stock to lose confidence in our audit procedures and reported financial information and procedures and the quality of our financial statements.

Proceedings instituted byIf additional remedial measures are imposed on the SEC against fiveBig Four PRC-based accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm, in administrative proceedings brought by the SEC alleging the firms’ failure to meet specific criteria set by the SEC, we could result inbe unable to timely file future financial statements being determined to not be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act.

Starting in 2011In December 2012, the Chinese affiliates ofSEC instituted administrative proceedings against the “big four”Big Four PRC-based accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm, were affectedalleging that these firms had violated U.S. securities laws and the SEC’s rules and regulations thereunder by a conflict between U.S. and Chinese law. Specifically, for certain U.S. listed companies operating and audited in mainland China,failing to provide to the SEC and the PCAOB sought to obtain from the Chinese firms access to theirfirms’ audit work papers and related documents. Thewith respect to certain PRC-based companies that are publicly traded in the United States. On January 22, 2014, the Administrative Law Judge, or ALJ, presiding over the matter rendered an initial decision that each of the firms were, however, advised and directed that under PRC law they could not respond directlyhad violated the SEC’s rules of practice by failing to produce audit work papers to the U.S. regulators on those requests,SEC. The initial decision censured each of the firms and that requestsbarred them from practicing before the SEC for a period of six months. The Big Four PRC-based accounting firms appealed the ALJ’s initial decision to the SEC. The ALJ’s decision does not take effect unless and until it is endorsed by foreign regulators for accessthe SEC. In February 2015, each of the Big Four PRC-based accounting firms agreed to such papers in China hada censure and to be channeled through the China Securities Regulatory Commission, or CSRC.

In late 2012, this impasse ledpay a fine to the SEC to commence administrative proceedings under Rule 102(e) of its Rules of Practicesettle the dispute and also under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 against the Chinese accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm. A first instance trial of the proceedings in July 2013 in the SEC's internal administrative court resulted in an adverse judgment against the firms. The administrative law judge proposed penalties on the firms including a temporaryavoid suspension of their rightability to practice before the SEC although that proposed penalty did not take effect pending review by the Commissioners of the SEC. On February 6, 2015, before a review by the Commissioner had taken place,and audit U.S.-listed companies. The settlement required the firms reached a settlement with the SEC. Under the settlement,to follow detailed procedures and to seek to provide the SEC accepts that future requests by the SEC for the production ofwith access to Chinese firms’ audit documents will normally be made to the CSRC. The firms will receive matching Section 106 requests, and are required to abide by a detailed set of procedures with respect to such requests, which in substance require them to facilitate production via the CSRC. If theyfuture document productions fail to meet specified criteria, the SEC retains authority to impose a variety of additional remedial measures on the firms depending on the nature of the failure. Remedies for any future noncompliance could include, as appropriate, an automatic six-month bar on a single firm’s performance of certain audit work, commencement of a new proceeding against a firm, or in extreme cases the resumption of the current proceeding against all four firms.

In the event thatWhile we cannot predict if the SEC restartswill further review the Big Four PRC-based accounting firms’ compliance with specified criteria or if the results of such a review would result in the SEC imposing penalties such as suspensions or restarting the administrative proceedings, depending uponif the final outcome, listed companies in the United States with major PRC operations may find it difficult or impossibleaccounting firms are subject to retain auditors in respect of their operations in the PRC, which could result inadditional remedial measures, our ability to file our financial statements being determined to not be in compliance with theSEC requirements of the Exchange Act, including possible delisting. Moreover, any negative news about any such future proceedings against these audit firms may cause investor uncertainty regarding China-based, United States-listed companies and the market price of our ADSs may be adversely affected.

If our independent registered public accounting firm was denied, even temporarily, the ability to practice before the SEC and we were unable to timely find another registered public accounting firm to audit and issue an opinion on our financial statements, our financial statements could be determinedimpacted. A determination that we have not to betimely filed financial statements in compliance with theSEC requirements of the Exchange Act. Such a determination could ultimately lead to the delisting of our ordinary sharesADSs from the NYSENew York Stock Exchange or deregistration from the SEC,termination of the registration of our ADSs under the Exchange Act, or both, which would substantially reduce or effectively terminate the trading of our ADSs in the United States.

We face risks related to health epidemics and other outbreaks.

Our business could be adversely affected by the effects of avian flu, severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS, swine flu or another epidemic or outbreak. From 2005 to present, there have been reports on the occurrence of avian flu, in various parts of China and elsewhere in Asia,SARS or swine flu, including a few confirmed human cases and deaths. There have also been an outbreak of swine flu occurred in Mexico and the United States and there have been recent cases in China and elsewhere in Asia. Most recently, Shanghai has activated an emergency plan in response to cases of death and serious illness caused by a swine flu virus in the local region. Any prolonged occurrence or recurrence of avian flu, SARS, swine flu or other adverse public health developments in China may have a material adverse effect on our business operations. Our operations may be impacted by a number of health-related factors including, among other things, quarantines or closures of our facilities, which could severely disrupt our operations, the sickness or death of our key officers and employees, and a general slowdown in the Chineselocal or global economy. Any of the foregoing events or other unforeseen consequences of public health problems could adversely affect our business and results of operations. We have not adopted any written preventive measures or contingency plans to combat any future outbreak of avian flu, SARS, swine flu or any other epidemic.

Risks Related to Doing Business in China

We may fail to comply with laws and regulations regarding the development, construction and operation of solar power projects and solar production projects in China.

The development, construction and operation of solar power projects and the generation and sale of solar power are highly regulated activities. The activities in China are governed by different laws and regulations, including national and local regulations relating to renewable energy, urban and rural planning, building codes, safety, environmental protection, fire control, utility transmission, engineering and metering and related matters. We are required to obtain approvals, permits and licenses and we are subject to filings with the provincial and/or regional regulatory authorities, such as the NDRC. See “Item 4. Information on the Company⸻B. Business Overview⸻Regulation⸻China⸻Renewable Energy Law and Other Government Directives.” Any failure to obtain any required approvals, permits, licenses, filings or to comply with the conditions associated therewith could result in fines, sanctions, suspension, revocation or non-renewal of approvals, permits or licenses, or even criminal penalties, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Any new government regulations pertaining to solar power projects may result in significant additional expenses to the development, construction and operation of solar power projects and, as a result, could cause a significant reduction in demand for our solar power projects and services.

We cannot assure you that we will be able to promptly and adequately respond to changes of laws and regulations, or that our employees and contractors will act in accordance with our internal policies and procedures. Failure to comply with laws and regulations where we develop, construct and operate solar power projects may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Adverse changes in political and economic policies of the PRC government could have a material adverse effect on the overall economic growth of China, which could reduce the demand for our products and materially and adversely affect our competitive position.

We conduct substantially all of ourhave business operationsand sales conducted in China. As the solar industry is highly sensitive to business and personal discretionary spending levels, it tends to decline during general economic downturns. Accordingly, our results of operations, financial condition and prospects are subject to a significant degree to economic, political and legal developments in China. China’s economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including with respect to the amount of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, control of foreign exchange and allocation of resources. While the PRC economy has experienced significant growth in the past decades, growth has been uneven across different regions and among various economic sectors of China. The PRC government has implemented various measures to encourage economic development and guide the allocation of resources. While some of these measures benefit the overall PRC economy, they may also have a negative effect on us. Furthermore, the PRC government may pass measures to tighten credit, including trade financing, available in the PRC market, which could materially impact our financing. For example, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by government control over capital investments or changes in tax regulations that are applicable to us. As the PRC economy is increasingly intricately linked to the global economy, it is affected in various respects by downturns and recessions of major economies around the world, such as the recent financial services and economic crises of these economies. The various economic and policy measures the PRC government enacts to forestall economic downturns or shore up the PRC economy could affect our business.

The PRC economy has been transitioning from a planned economy to a more market-oriented economy. Although the PRC government has implemented measures since the late 1970s emphasizing the utilization of market forces for economic reform, the reduction of state ownership of productive assets and the establishment of improved corporate governance in business enterprises, a substantial portion of productive assets in China are still owned by the state-owned enterprises. In addition, the PRC government continues to play a significant role in regulating industry development by imposing industrial policies. The PRC government also exercises significant control over China’s economic growth through the allocation of resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies. Future actions and policies of the PRC government could materially affect our liquidity and access to capital and our ability to operate our business.

Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system could adversely affect us.

We are a holding company and we conduct our business primarily through our subsidiaries incorporated in China. These subsidiaries are generally subject to laws and regulations applicable to foreign investment in China. The PRC legal system is based on written statutes. Prior court decisions may be cited for reference but have limited precedential value. Since the late 1970s, PRC legislation and regulations have significantly enhanced the protections afforded to various forms of foreign investments in China. However, since the PRC legal system continues to rapidly evolve, the interpretations of many laws, regulations and rules are not always uniform and enforcement of these laws, regulations and rules involve uncertainties, which may limit legal protections available to us. In addition, any litigation in China may be protracted and result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention.

Expiration of, or changes to, current PRC tax incentives that our business enjoys could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Our subsidiaries ReneSola Zhejiang Ltd., formerly known as Zhejiang Yuhui Solar Energy Source Co., Ltd., or ReneSola Zhejiang, ReneSola Jiangsusolar project SPVs are currently eligible for corporate income tax incentives in China which granted them corporate income tax exemption for the first three years and Sichuan ReneSola currently qualify as high-new technology enterprises and enjoy a reduced corporate income tax rate of 15%. The current high-new technology enterprise status of ReneSola Zhejiang, ReneSola Jiangsu and Sichuan ReneSola was renewed in 2015 and will be validat 12.5% for a term ofthe next three years until December 31, 2017. However, we cannot assure you that new laws may not change the preferential treatment granted to our subsidiaries. Any loss or substantial reduction of the tax benefits enjoyed by us would reduce our net profit.years.

Moreover, underUnder the Enterprise Income Tax Law and its relevant implementation rules promulgated by National People’s Congress of China and State Council of China which took effect in 2008, enterprises organized under the laws of jurisdictions outside of China with their de facto management bodies located within China may be considered PRC resident enterprises and, therefore, subject to PRC enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on their worldwide income. The Implementing Regulation of the Enterprise Income Tax Law defines “de facto management body” as an establishment that exerts substantial overall management and control over the operation, personnel, financial affairs, assets and other aspects of the enterprise. If a majority of the members of our management team continues to be located in China, we may be deemed as a PRC tax resident enterprise and, therefore, subject to PRC enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on our worldwide income except that the dividends we received from our PRC subsidiaries may be exempt from the enterprise income tax to the extent that such dividends are deemed as dividends among PRC resident enterprises. If our current tax benefits expire or otherwise become unavailable to us for any reason, our profitability may be materially or adversely affected.

In addition, all of our PRC subsidiaries are required to pay value added tax, or VAT, with respect to their respective gross sales proceeds. Prior to July 2007, when exporting products, ReneSola Zhejiang was entitled toOur PRC solar project SPVs are currently eligible for a 13% refundspecial VAT incentive of "50% VAT that it had already paid or borne. However, starting July 1, 2007, such VAT refund was reduced to 5%, which materially affects the gross marginRefund upon Collection" on sale of our overseas sales. According to the latest tax regulation, the VAT refund applicable to ReneSola Zhejiang has been reverted to 13% from April 1, 2009.The VAT refund applicable to ReneSola Jiangsu is 17%.self-produced photovoltaic power. Our profitability may be materially and adversely affected if this VAT refund changes significantly and frequently.

Our ability to make distributions and other payments to our shareholders depends to a significant extent upon the distribution of earnings and other payment made by ReneSola Zhejiang.our subsidiaries.

We conduct substantially all of our operationsbusiness in China through ReneSola Zhejiang.our subsidiaries. Our ability to make distributions or other payments to our shareholders depends on payments primarily from ReneSola Zhejiang.Renesola (Zhejiang) PV Power Co., Ltd. (“Renesola PV Power”). The payment of dividends by entities organized in China is subject to limitations. Regulations in the PRC currently permit payment of dividends only out of accumulated profits as determined in accordance with accounting standards and regulations in China. Pursuant to the Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Wholly Foreign-owned Enterprises, effective on March 1, 2014, ReneSola ZhejiangRenesola PV Power is also required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profit, if any, to fund certain statutory reserve funds until the accumulative amount of such reserves reaches 50% of its registered capital. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends. ReneSola ZhejiangRenesola PV Power is also required to allocate a portion of its after-tax profits, as determined by its board of directors, to its staff welfare and bonus funds, which may not be distributed to equity owners. In addition, when ReneSola ZhejiangRenesola (Zhejiang) PV Power Co., Ltd. incurs debt on its own behalf, the instruments governing the debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us. For example, according to certain loan agreements between ReneSola Zhejiang and its banks, ReneSola Zhejiang is not permitted to pay dividends for any given year if it has no after-tax profit or any principal or interest due in that year that has not been paid.

Under the Enterprise Income Tax Law, dividends payable by us and gains on the disposition of our shares or ADSs could be subject to PRC taxation.

Pursuant to the new PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its Implementing Regulation, which became effective on January 1, 2008, a 10% withholding tax applies to dividends, interests, rent or royalties payable by a foreign-invested enterprise, such as our PRC subsidiary, to any of its non-resident enterprises investors for PRC enterprise income tax purposes unless any such non-resident enterprise’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with China that provides for a different withholding arrangement. The British Virgin Islands, where our company was incorporated, does not have such a treaty with China. Thus, we expect that a 10% withholding tax will apply to dividends paid to us by our PRC subsidiaries if we are classified as a non-resident enterprise. Circular CaiShui [2008] No.1 jointly issued by the PRC State Administration of Taxation and Minister of Finance on February 22, 2008 further clarifies that dividends distributed by foreign-invested enterprise to foreign investors out of the profits generated before January 1, 2008 are still exempt from withholding tax even if they are paid after January 1, 2008. Our PRC entities’ undistributed earnings, generated after January 1, 2008, have been and will not be distributed to us since such earnings will permanently reinvestedbe used to reinvest to the PRC entities. Therefore, no dividend withholding tax was accrued.

We are incorporated in the British Virgin Islands. Under the new PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its Implementing Regulation, an enterprise established outside of the PRC with “de facto management bodies” within the PRC is considered a PRC resident enterprise. The Implementing Regulation defines the term “de facto management bodies” as “establishments that carry out substantial and overall management and control over the manufacturing and business operations, personnel, accounting, properties, etc. of an enterprise.” Substantially all of our management members are based in the PRC. Accordingly, we may be considered a PRC resident enterprise. If we are determined to be a PRC resident enterprise following the “de facto management bodies” concept, our shareholders and ADS holders who are deemed non-resident enterprise may be subject to the new PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law at the rate of 10% upon the dividends paid by us or the gains on the disposition of our shares or ADSs; similarly, our noteholders who are deemed non-resident enterprise may be subject to the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law at the rate of 10% upon the interest of the notes paid by us and the gains realized on the conversion, sale, exchange or redemption of such notes.

Fluctuations in exchange rates may have a material adverse effect on your investment.

Our sales in China are denominated in Renminbi, and our exportinternational sales are generally denominated in U.S. dollars, Euros, Australian dollars, Japanese yen, British pounds South African rand, Mexican peso and Indian rupee.other local currency. Our costs and capital expenditures are largely denominated in Renminbi and foreign currencies, including U.S. dollars Euros, British pounds and Japanese yen.Euros. Fluctuations in exchange rates could affect our net profit margins and could result in foreign exchange losses and operating gains or losses. In addition, our foreign currency exchange losses may be magnified by PRC exchange control regulations that restrict our ability to convert Renminbi into foreign currencies.

The value of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar, the EuroEuros, British pounds and other currencies is affected by, among other things, changes in China’s political and economic conditions and China’s foreign exchange policies. On July 21, 2005, the PRC government changed its decade-old policy of pegging the value of the Renminbi to the U.S. dollar. Under the new policy, the Renminbi was permitted to fluctuate within a narrow and managed band against a basket of certain foreign currencies. This change in policy caused the Renminbi to appreciate approximately 21.5% against the U.S. dollar over the following three years. Since reaching a high against the U.S. dollar in July 2008, the Renminbi traded within a narrow band against the U.S. dollar until June 2010, remaining within 1% of its July 2008 high but never exceeding it. In June 2010, the People’s Bank of China announced that the PRC government would reform the Renminbi exchange rate regime and increase the flexibility of the exchange rate. Starting from March 17, 2014, the People’s Bank of China widened the band to 2% around which the value of the Renminbi is allowed to deviate from the daily reference rate, which may allow for greater volatility in the U.S. dollar and Renminbi exchange rate. To further improve the Renminbi exchange rate mechanism, the People’s Bank of China announced that government authorities shall continue to improve the marketization of the Renminbi exchange rate mechanism, increase efforts to introduce a market-determined exchange rate, promote international balance of payments, and improve the floating exchange rate system based on market supply and demand in its Guiding Opinions on implementing the Several Opinions of the General Office of the State Council on Support for Stable Growth of Foreign Trade on June 6, 2014. In the long term, Renminbi may further depreciate against U.S. dollar or other foreign currencies, depending on the market supply and demand with reference to a basket of currencies. It is difficult to predict how long the current situation may last and when and how it may change again.

In addition, as we rely entirely on dividends paid to us by our operating subsidiaries, such as the operating subsidiaries in China, any significant depreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar may have a material adverse effect on our revenues and financial condition, and the value of, and any dividends payable on, our shares. For example, to the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars into Renminbi for our operations, appreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the Renminbi amount we receive from the conversion. Conversely, if we decide to convert our Renminbi into U.S. dollars for the purpose of making payments for dividends on our shares or for other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Renminbi would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amount available to us. As a proportion of our revenue is paid to us in EuroEuros and Japanese yen,British pounds, fluctuation between the EuroEuros and the Renminbi as well as yenBritish pounds and the Renminbi may also have a material effect on our results of operations.

Restrictions on currency exchange may limit our ability to receive and use our revenues or financing effectively.

A significant portion of our revenues and expenses are denominated in Renminbi. If our revenues denominated in Renminbi increase or expenses denominated in Renminbi decrease in the future, we may need to convert a portion of our revenues into other currencies to meet our foreign currency obligations, including, among others, payment of dividends declared, if any, in respect of our shares or ADSs. Under China’s existing foreign exchange regulations, ReneSola Zhejiangour PRC subsidiary, Renesola PV Power is able to pay dividends in foreign currencies, without prior approval from State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE, by complying with certain procedural requirements. However, we cannot assure you that the PRC government will not take further measures in the future to restrict access to foreign currencies for current account transactions.

Foreign exchange transactions by ReneSola ZhejiangRenesola PV Power under capital accounts continue to be subject to significant foreign exchange controls and require the approval of or registration with PRC governmental authorities.authorities or the institution being delegated. In particular, if ReneSola ZhejiangRenesola PV Power borrows foreign currency loans from us or other foreign lenders, these loans must be registered with SAFE and if we finance by means of additional capital contributions, these capital contributions must be approved or registered by certain government authorities including the PRC Ministry of Commerce SAFE and the State Administration of Industry and Commerce, or SAIC, or their local counterparts.counterparts, and registered with the bank as delegated by SAFE. These limitations could affect the ability of ReneSola ZhejiangRenesola PV Power to conduct foreign exchange transactions in China, and could affect our business and financial condition.

If we are required to obtain the prior approval of the China Securities Regulatory Commission for the listing and trading of our ADSs on the NYSE, we may face regulatory actions or other sanctions which may adversely affect our financial condition.

On August 8, 2006, six PRC regulatory agencies, including the CSRC, promulgated the Provisions on Merger and Acquisition of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors that became effective on September 8, 2006 and were amended on June 22, 2009. This regulation, among other things, has provisions that purport to require that an offshore special purpose vehicle, or SPV, formed for listing purposes and controlled directly or indirectly by PRC companies or individuals shall obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to the listing and trading of such SPV’s securities on an overseas stock exchange. On September 21, 2006, the CSRC published on its official website procedures specifying documents and materials required to be submitted to it by SPVs seeking CSRC approval of their overseas listings.

We completed the listing of our ADSs on the NYSE in January 2008 and completed our follow-on offerings in June 2008, October 2009 and September 2013. We did not seek CSRC approval in connection with our initial public offering or our follow-on offerings. However, the application of this PRC regulation remains unclear with no consensus currently existing among the leading PRC law firms regarding the scope and applicability of the CSRC approval requirement. Our PRC counsel at the time of listing advised us that because we completed our restructuring for the initial public offering before September 8, 2006, the effective date of the new regulation, it was not and is not necessary for us to submit the application to the CSRC for its approval, and the listing of our ADSs on the NYSE did not require CSRC approval.

If the CSRC or another PRC regulatory agency subsequently determines that CSRC approval was required for the initial public offering or the follow-on offerings, we may face regulatory actions or other sanctions from the CSRC or other PRC regulatory agencies. These regulatory agencies may impose fines and penalties on our operations in the PRC, limit our operating privileges in the PRC, delay or restrict the repatriation of the proceeds from our initial public offering and the follow-on offerings into the PRC or take other actions that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, reputation and prospects, as well as the trading price of our ADSs.

If the CSRC later requires that we obtain its approval, we may be unable to obtain a waiver of the CSRC approval requirements if and when procedures are established to obtain such a waiver. Any uncertainties and/or negative publicity regarding this CSRC approval requirement could have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our ADSs.

PRC regulations relating to the establishment of offshore special purpose companies by PRC residents may subject our PRC resident shareholders to personal liability and limit our ability to inject capital into our PRC subsidiary, limit our subsidiary’s ability to increase its registered capital, distribute profits to us, or otherwise adversely affect us.

In May 2013, SAFE issued the Notice regarding Printing and Distributing the Provisions on Foreign Exchange Administration over Direct Investment Made by Foreign Investors in China and the Supporting Documents, or Notice 21, which provides detailed disclosure requirements and examination standards for SAFE registration of foreign investors (including overseas SPVs established by PRC residents) with respect to their establishment of foreign investment enterprises or projects in China.

In July 2014, SAFE released the Notice on Simplifying Certain Matters Related to the Foreign Exchange Administration Over the Overseas Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investments by Domestic Residents Via Special Purpose Vehicles, or Notice 37.

According to these regulations, registration with the local SAFE branch is required for PRC residents to establish or to control an offshore company for the purpose of investment and financing by utilizing the domestic or overseas assets or equity they legally hold. PRC residents should register their initial foreign exchange at the time when they contribute their domestic or overseas assets and interests into the SPVs. Notice 21 imposes additional SAFE registration responsibilities for such SPVs’ direct investments in China.

Moreover, as Notice 37 applies retroactively, PRC residents who had made capital contributions to SPVs based on their lawful domestic or overseas assets or interests but did not go through overseas investment foreign exchange registration formalities prior to the implementation of Notice 37 should provide their local SAFE branch with written explanations regarding their failure to do so, and the local SAFE branch will conduct registration retrospectively based on the principle of legality and reasonableness. For more details of Notice 37, see “Item 4. Information of the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation.Regulation—China—Regulation of Foreign Currency Exchange and Dividend Distribution—Dividend Distribution.”

We have urged our shareholders who are PRC residents to make the necessary applications and filings as required under these regulations. To our knowledge, our principal shareholders have completed the necessary filings as required under these regulations. In addition, according to rules issued by SAFE, if a PRC resident participates in any stock incentive plan of an overseas publicly-listed company, a qualified PRC domestic agent must, among other things, file on behalf of such participant an application with SAFE to conduct the SAFE registration with respect to such stock incentive plan. We have made filings with the local SAFE branch of Jiashan County in connection with the options we granted to our PRC employees under our 2007 share incentive plan, as amended and restated in January 2009, August 2010, August 2012 and August 2016, or the 2007 share incentive plan, but were told that such registration is not required for now. We will make such filing and registration in accordance with the rules issued by SAFE if required by local SAFE branch. We attempt to comply, and attempt to ensure that our shareholders who are subject to these rules comply with the relevant requirements. However, we cannot provide any assurances that all of our shareholders who are PRC residents will comply with our request to make or obtain any applicable registrations, amend the existing registrations or comply with other requirements required by Notice 37 or other related rules. The failure or inability of our PRC resident shareholders to make any required registrations or comply with other requirements may subject such shareholders to fines and legal sanctions and may also limit our ability to contribute additional capital into or provide loans to our PRC subsidiary, limit our PRC subsidiary’s ability to pay dividends or otherwise distribute profits to us, or otherwise adversely affect us.

Risks Related to Doing Business in International Markets Outside of China

Our business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows may be adversely affected by developments in other countries that are beyond our control.

Our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows depend partially on the level of economic activity, government and foreign exchange policies and political and economic developments in our other principal targeted international markets outside of China, such as North America, Turkey, Poland, Hungary, Spain, France and emerging markets in Southeast Asia. Our business, revenues and prospects, as well as our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and the market price of our ADSs, may also be materially and adversely affected by developments in international markets relating to inflation, interest rates, currency fluctuations, government subsidies, taxation, expropriation, as well as any protectionism, exchange control regulations, price and wage controls, social instability or other political, economic or diplomatic developments. We have no control over these conditions and developments which could adversely affect us and our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows or the price or market of our ADSs. See additional risks in “Item 3. Key Information⸻D. Risk Factors⸻Risks Related to Our Business.”

Risks Related to Our ADSs, Warrants and Shares

The market price for our ADSs may be volatile; the trading price of our convertible senior notes and the value of the warrants could be significantly affected by the market price of the ADSs and other factors.

The market price for our ADSs has been highly volatile and subject to wide fluctuations. During the period from January 29, 2008, the first day on which our ADSs were listed on the NYSE, until April 27, 2016,26, 2018, the market price of our ADSs ranged from $0.91$2.12 to $29.48$147.4 per ADS.ADS, after giving effect to the ADS Ratio Change. The market price of our ADSs may continue to be volatile and subject to wide fluctuations in response to a wide variety of factors including the following:

You should note that the stock prices of solar power companies have experienced wide fluctuations. Such wide market fluctuations may adversely affect the market price of our ADSs. The market price of the ADSs will likely continue to fluctuate in response to the factors discussed above, many of which are beyond our control.

The price of the ADSs could also be affected by possible sales of the ADSs by investors who view our warrants as more attractive means of equity participation in us and by hedging or arbitrage trading activity that we expect to develop involving the ADSs. This trading activity could, in turn, affect the value of our warrants.

In addition, the securities market has from time to time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that are not related to the operating performance of particular companies. Such fluctuations have occurred since 2008, and have impacted the trading price of our ADSs. Continued market fluctuations may materially and adversely affect the market price of our ADSs.

Our existing principal shareholders have substantial influence over our company, and their interests may not be aligned with the interests of our other shareholders.

Mr. Xianshou Li, our chairman and chief executive officer, beneficially owned 24.4%60.3% of our shares as of March 31, 2016.February 28, 2018. As such, Mr. Li has substantial influence over our business, including decisions regarding mergers, consolidations and the sale of all or substantially all of our assets, election of directors and other significant corporate actions. This concentration of ownership may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company, which could deprive our shareholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of a sale of our company and might reduce the price of our ADSs. For example, holders of a majority of our shares entitled to vote in a duly convened and constituted shareholders’ meeting may pass a shareholders’ resolution to issue preferred shares in one or more series and to fix the powers and rights of these shares, including dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption and liquidation preferences, any or all of which may be greater than the rights associated with our existing shares. Preferred shares could thus be issued with terms that would delay or prevent a change in control or make removal of management more difficult. These actions may be taken even if they are opposed by our other shareholders and holders of our ADSs.

We depend on ReneSola Singapore Pte. Ltd. to supply polysilicon, solar wafers, solar cells, solar modules and other products that are important to our business. The termination or breach of the supply agreement could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

After disposal of our manufacturing business, ReneSola Singapore Pte. Ltd., an entity now under the control of Mr. Xianshou Li, agreed to supply us any polysilicon, solar wafers, solar cells or solar modules, on the same terms as such products are offered to any third party. See “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions⸻B. Related Party Transactions⸻Transaction with our Chief Executive Officer and ReneSola Singapore Pte. Ltd.”.

Since we do not control ReneSola Singapore Pte. Ltd., and because we depend on it for supplying polysilicon, solar modules and other products which are important to the operation of our business in China, we face certain risks with respect to our relationship with it. If ReneSola Singapore Pte. Ltd. breaches its obligations under the agreement, terminates the agreement, or refuses to renew the agreement on terms less favorable to us, we may not be able to find a suitable alternative supplier immediately. Similarly, if we default under the agreement, ReneSola Singapore Pte. Ltd. could terminate the agreement and halt supplies that are important to our business, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may need additional capital and may sell additional ADSs or other equity, equity-linked or debt equity securities or incur indebtedness, which could result in additional dilution to our shareholders or increase our debt service obligations. Hedging activities may depress the trading price of our ADSs.

The solar industry is currently being negatively impacted by a number of factors including excess capacity, reduction of government incentives in key solar markets, higher import tariffs and the European debt crisis. These factors have contributed to declining average selling prices for our products. As of December 31, 2015, our current liabilities exceeded our current assets by $466.1 million. While we had cash and cash equivalents of $38.0 million, we also had short-term bank borrowings of $667.7 million all due within one year and the current portion of long-term bank borrowings amounted to $1.1 million, which is not expected to be renewed.

We require a significant amount of cash to fund our operations due to changed business conditions or other future developments, including any investments or acquisitions we may decide to pursue. We currently also have a significant amount of debt outstanding.pursue, and repay our outstanding debt. We may issue additional equity, equity-linked or debt securities, or obtain a credit facility for a number of reasons, including to finance our operations and business strategy, to satisfy our obligations for the repayment of existing indebtedness, or for other reasons. Any future issuances of equity securities or equity-linked securities could further dilute the interests of our shareholders and may materially adversely affect the price of our ADSs. We cannot predict the timing or size of any future issuances or sales of equity, equity-linked or debt securities, or the effect, if any, that such issuances or sales may have on the market price of our ADSs. We also cannot be sure that we will not need to raise additional capital in the future as a result of continuing or worsening economic conditions or otherwise. Market conditions could require us to accept less favorable terms for the issuance of our securities in the future.future, which may result in the issuance of securities that have rights, preferences and privileges that are senior to those of the shares and ADSs. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased debt service obligations and could result in operating and financing covenants that would restrict our operations. We cannot assure you that financing will be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all.

Future issuances of shares or ADSs may adversely affect the price of the ADSs.

SalesWe may from time to time access to the capital market to raise our capital. In addition, we have reserved our shares and ADSs for the holders’ exercise of our shares or ADSs in the public market and after offerings of our warrants, or the perception that these sales could occur, could cause the market price of our ADSs to decline or could make it more difficult for us to raise funds through the sale of equity in the future. Likewise, additional equity financings or other issuances of shares or ADSs by us could adversely affect the market price of the ADSs.

We cannot be sure that we will not need to raise additional capital in the future as a result of continuing or worsening economic conditions or otherwise. If we do need to raise additional capital, there can be no assurance that we will be able to do so on favorable terms or at all. In addition, any such financing could be significantly dilutive to existing shareholders and holders of the ADSs and result in the issuance of securities that have rights, preferences and privileges that are senior to those of the shares and ADSs.

A substantial number of the ADSs are reserved for the exercise of share options which are granted to directors and employees pursuant to our 2007 share incentive planplan. All ADSs sold in our initial public offering and the follow-on offerings are freely transferable without restriction or additional registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act. The remaining ADSs outstanding after the initial public offering and the follow-on offerings are currently available for the exercise of our warrants. The conversion of some or all of our warrants will dilute the ownership interests of existing shareholderssale, subject to volume and holdersother restrictions as applicable under Rule 144 and Rule 701 of the ADSs.Securities Act. The issuance and sale of a substantial number of shares or ADSs, or the perception that such issuances and sales may occur, could adversely affect the market price of the shares or ADSs and impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities.

All ADSs sold in our initial public offering and the follow-on offering are freely transferable without restriction or additional registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act. The remaining ADSs outstanding after the initial public offering and the follow-on offering are currently available for sale, subject to volume and other restrictions as applicable under Rule 144 and Rule 701 of the Securities Act.

As a holder of our ADSs, you may not have the same voting rights as the holders of our shares and may not receive voting materials in time to be able to exercise your right to vote.

Holders of ADSs do not have the same rights as our shareholders and may only exercise the voting rights with respect to the underlying shares in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. When a general meeting is convened, ADS holders may not receive sufficient notice of a shareholders’ meeting to permit such holders to withdraw their shares to allow them to cast their vote with respect to any specific matter. If requested in writing by us, the depositary will mail a notice of such a meeting to ADS holders. In addition, the depositary and its agents may not be able to send voting instructions to ADS holders or carry out ADS holders’ voting instructions in a timely manner. We will make all reasonable efforts to cause the depositary to extend voting rights to ADS holders in a timely manner. Furthermore, the depositary and its agents will not be responsible for any failure to carry out any instructions to vote, for the manner in which any vote is cast or for the effect of any such vote. As a result, you may not be able to exercise your right to vote. In addition, in your capacity as an ADS holder, you will not be able to call a shareholder meeting.

The depository for our ADSs may give us a discretionary proxy to vote our shares underlying your ADSs if you do not give voting instructions, which could adversely affect your interests.

Under the deposit agreement for the ADSs, if we asked for your instructions but the depositary does not receive your instructions by the cutoff date it sets, the depositary will give us a discretionary proxy to vote the shares underlying your ADSs as to all matters at the shareholders’ meeting unless:

The effect of this discretionary proxy is that if you do not give voting instructions, you cannot prevent the shares underlying your ADSs from being voted, except in the circumstances described above. This may make it more difficult for shareholders to influence the management of our company. Holders of our shares are not subject to this discretionary proxy.

You may not be able to participate in rights offerings and may experience dilution of your holdings as a result.

We may from time to time distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire our securities. However, we cannot make rights available to ADS holders in the United States unless we register the rights and the securities to which the rights relate under the Securities Act or an exemption from the registration requirements is available. Also, under the deposit agreement for the ADSs, the depositary will not offer those rights available to ADS holders unless the distribution to ADS holders of both the rights and any related securities are either registered under the Securities Act or exempt from registration under the Securities Act with respect to all holders of ADSs. We are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to any such rights or underlying securities or to endeavor to cause such a registration statement to be declared effective. In addition, we may not be able to take advantage of any exemptions from registration under the Securities Act. Accordingly, in the event we conduct any rights offering in the future, the depositary may not make such rights available to holders of ADSs or may dispose of such rights and make the net proceeds available to such holders. As a result, holders of our ADSs may be unable to participate in our rights offerings and may experience dilution in their holdings.

You may be subject to limitations on transfer of your ADSs.

Your ADSs represented by the ADRs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its transfer books from time to time when it deems that it is expedient for the performance of its duties. In addition, the depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of ADSs generally when our books or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary deem it advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason.

The issuance of warrants as well as the sales of a significant number of the ADSs in the public markets, or the perception of these sales, could depress the market price of the ADSs.

The number of shares issuable upon exercise of warrants and the sales of a substantial number of our ADSs or other equity-related securities in the public markets could depress the market price of the ADSs, and impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. We cannot predict the effect that future sales of the ADSs or other equity-related securities would have on the market price of the ADSs.

In addition, we may issue additional shares or ADSs for future acquisitions. If we pay for our future acquisitions in whole or in part with additionally issued shares or ADSs, our investors’ ownership interests in our company would be diluted and this, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on the price of the ADSs.

Any future offerings or exercise of warrants will dilute the ownership interest of existing shareholders and holders of our ADSs.

In September 2013, we completed a registered direct offering of 15,000,000 ADSs, representing 30,000,000 of our shares, and warrants to purchase up to 10,500,000 additional shares, representing 35% of warrant coverage in the offering, at approximate $70 million before exercise of warrants.  The warrants are exercisable immediately and will expire four years from the date of issuance.  Any exercise of some or all of the warrants or any future offering of convertible notes or similar securities will dilute the ownership interests of existing shareholders and holders of the ADSs and may depress the price of the shares or ADSs. In addition, any sales in the public market of the ADSs issuable upon such conversion or future offerings could adversely affect prevailing market prices of the shares or ADSs.

We may be classified as a passive foreign investment company, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. Holders of our ADSs or shares.

Based on the market price of our ADSs, the value of our assets, and the composition of our income and assets, we do not believe we were a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes for our taxable year ended December 31, 2015.2017. However, the application of the PFIC rules is subject to uncertainty in several respects, and we cannot assure you the U.S. Internal Revenue Service will not take a contrary position. A non-U.S. corporation will be treated as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes for any taxable year if, applying applicable look-through rules, either (i) at least 75% of its gross income for such year is passive income or (ii) at least 50% of the value of its assets (based(determined based on an average of the quarterly values of the assets) during such year is attributable to assets that produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income. A separate determination must be made after the close of each taxable year as to whether we were a PFIC for that year. The determination of PFIC status involves extensive factual investigation, including ascertaining the fair market value of all of our assets on a quarterly basis and the character of each item of income that we earn, and is subject to uncertainty in several respects. In particular, the application of the PFIC rules to certain of our business lines is complex and unclear, and we cannot guarantee that the U.S. Internal Revenue Service, or IRS, will agree with any positions that we take. Accordingly, we cannot assure you that we will not be treated as a PFIC for any taxable year or that the IRS will not take a contrary position.

If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder (as defined in “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—U.S. Federal Income Taxation”) holds an ADS or a share, certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences could apply to such U.S. Holder. See “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—U.S. Federal Income Taxation—Passive foreign investment company.”

You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through the U.S. federal courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under British Virgin Islands law, conduct substantially all of our operations in China and most of our officers and directors reside outside the United States.

We are incorporated in the British Virgin Islands, and conduct substantially all of our operations in China through our wholly owned subsidiary in China. Most of our directors and officers reside outside of the United States, and some or all of the assets of those persons are located outside of the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to bring an original action against us or against these individuals in a British Virgin Islands or China court in the event that you believe that your rights have been infringed under the U.S. federal securities laws or otherwise. It may also be difficult for you to enforce in U.S. courts judgments obtained in U.S. courts based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws against us and our officers and directors, most of whom are not residents of the United States and the substantial majority of whose assets are located outside of the United States. In addition, there is uncertainty as to whether the courts of the British Virgin Islands or the PRC would recognize or enforce judgments of U.S. courts against us or such persons predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state. There is no statutory recognition in the British Virgin Islands of judgments obtained in the United States, although the courts of the British Virgin Islands will generally recognize and enforce a non-penal judgment of a foreign court of competent jurisdiction without retrial on the merits. It is uncertain whether such British Virgin Islands or PRC courts would be competent to hear original actions brought in the British Virgin Islands or the PRC against us or such persons predicated upon the securities laws of the United States or any state.

Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association and by the BVI Business Companies Act, 2004 and common law of the British Virgin Islands. The rights of shareholders to take legal action against our directors and us, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors to us under British Virgin Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the British Virgin Islands. The common law of the British Virgin Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the British Virgin Islands as well as from the common law in England and other countries in the Commonwealth, which has persuasive, but not binding, authority on a court in the British Virgin Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors under British Virgin Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedents in the United States. In particular, the British Virgin Islands has no securities laws as compared to the United States, and provides significantly less protection to investors. In addition, British Virgin Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action before the federal courts of the United States.

As a result of all of the above, our public shareholders may have more difficulties in protecting their interests through actions against our management, directors or major shareholders than would shareholders of a corporation incorporated in a jurisdiction in the United States.

Our ADSs may not comply with the minimum listing requirements of the NYSE, and may therefore be subject to delisting if we are not able to regain compliance within the prescribed timeframe.

Our ADSs are currently listed on the NYSE. The NYSE has minimum requirements that a company must meet in order to remain listed on the NYSE. These requirements include maintaining a minimum average closing price of $1.00 per share over a period of consecutive 30 trading days and an average market capitalization of not less than $50 million over a 30 trading day period and stockholders’ equity of not less than $50 million. On November 7, 2016, we received a notice from the NYSE that the average closing price of our ADSs (prior to the ADS Ratio Change) was below the listing requirements. In order to bring the price of the ADSs into compliance with the listing requirements, we executed the ADS Ratio Change. As a result, effective from February 10, 2017, the number of our shares represented by each ADS has been changed from two shares to 10 shares. On March 1, 2017, we received a notice from the NYSE that a calculation of the average closing price of our ADSs for the 30-trading days ended February 28, 2017 indicated that the average closing price of our ADSs was above the minimum requirement of $1.00 based on a 30-trading day average. Accordingly, we have resumed compliance with all NYSE continued listing requirements.

On July 26, 2017, we received another notice from the NYSE that the total market capitalization and the stockholders’ equity were below the listing requirements. In order to regain the compliance, we conducted a non-cash restructuring to dispose of substantially all of the assets and liabilities related to our manufacturing businesses, including polysilicon, solar wafer and solar module manufacturing, as well as the LED distribution business, such that we could dispose of our asset-heavy and debt-heavy businesses and focus on our asset-light and high-margin project business. The disposition was completed in September 2017. See “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions⸻B. Related Party Transactions⸻Transaction with our Chief Executive Officer and ReneSola Singapore Pte. Ltd.” for details. On October 24, 2017, we submitted a business plan to the NYSE to demonstrate our plan to regain compliance within the continued listing requirements of the NYSE. On December 7, 2017, the NYSE accepted our business plan and recognized that we were trading at levels in excess of $50 million average market capitalization. We resumed compliance with all NYSE continued listing requirements and the NYSE will continue to perform quarterly reviews during the 18 months from the date of the NYSE notice on July 26, 2017. On January 3, 2018, we provided the NYSE an update analyzing our third quarter 2017 progress and the plan submission and it was accepted by the NYSE on January 26, 2018.

We cannot assure you that we will maintain compliance with all the NYSE’s continued listing requirements. If we were unable to regain compliance with the minimum share price within the prescribed timeframe or if we are unable to maintain compliance with any of the NYSE’s continued listing requirements in the future, our ADSs would be subject to delisting. A delisting of our ADSs could negatively impact us by, among other things, reducing the liquidity and market price of our ADSs; reducing the number of investors willing to hold or acquire our ADSs, which could negatively impact our ability to raise equity financing; decreasing the amount of news and analyst coverage for us; and limiting our ability to issue additional securities or obtain additional financing in the future.

Our predecessor, Zhejiang Fengding Construction Material Machinery Manufacturing Co., Ltd., or Fengding Construction, was established as a limited liability company in the PRC in 2003. Following a series of share transfers, Fengding Construction was renamed ReneSola Zhejiang in June 2005 and commenced the solar power business in July 2005.

ReneSola Ltd was incorporated as a limited liability company in the British Virgin Islands on March 17, 2006. Our choice of the British Virgin Islands as the jurisdiction of incorporation was motivated in part by its relatively well-developed body of corporate law, various tax and other incentives, and its acceptance among internationally recognized securities exchanges as a jurisdiction of incorporation for companies seeking to list securities on such exchanges. As we are a limited liability company under the laws of the British Virgin Islands, the liability of our shareholders to our company is limited to (i) any amount unpaid on a share held by the shareholder and (ii) any liability to repay a distribution by our company that was not made in accordance with the laws of the British Virgin Islands. Our principal executive offices are located at 7/F, Block B, Future Land Holdings Tower, No. 8 Baoqun5, Lane 388, Zhongjiang Road, Yaozhuang County, Jiashan Town, Zhejiang Province,Putuo District, Shanghai, PRC. Our telephone number is+86 (573) 8477-3321.is +86 (21) 6280-9180. Our registered office is located at the offices of Harneys Corporate Services Limited, Craigmuir Chambers, P.O. Box 71, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands. Our agent for service of process in the United States is CT Corporation System, located at 111 Eighth Avenue, New York, New York 10011.

As of the date of this annual report,December 31, 2017, we conduct our business primarily through the following significant subsidiaries:

ReneSola Zhejiang acquired the 100% equity interest in ReneSola Jiangsu for a total cash consideration of RMB140.3 million, including tax paid in connection with the transfer of equity interests, in May 2009, as part of our growth strategy. ReneSola Jiangsu commenced its cell manufacturing in October 2008 and its module manufacturing in November 2005. In November 2013, ReneSola Zhejiang and ReneSola Singapore Pte. Ltd. entered into an agreement, pursuant to which ReneSola Singapore Pte. Ltd. agreed to invest RMB200 million in ReneSola Jiangsu, increasing its share capital to RMB800 million. After completion of such capital increase, ReneSola Zhejiang and ReneSola Singapore Pte. Ltd. held 75% and 25% of ReneSola Jiangsu’s equity interests, respectively. ReneSola Zhejiang and ReneSola Singapore Pte. Ltd are all wholly owned subsidiaries of ReneSola. ReneSola Jiangsu received the approval from the local commercial authority in December 2013;

We established additional wholly owned subsidiaries in China to engage primarily in the research, development, production, sale or installation of certain manufacturing materials, solar energy technology, solar technology consulting services, solar energy equipment, PV power generation related projects, electric power technology, power supply and equipment, technology achievement transformation and transferring related to PV power and photo thermal.

From time to time, we also disposed of our subsidiaries in China. For example:

Since 2006, we have established other wholly owned subsidiaries outside of China, including in the United States, Singapore, Luxemburg, Germany, France, India, Australia, Japan, the United Kingdom, Croatia, South Africa, Panama, Korea and Russia to expand our businesses in international markets as part of our growth strategy with respect to the module segment. We have also established our North and South American regional headquarters in San Francisco, and our Asia-Pacific, Middle East and Africa regional sales headquarters in Singapore. Since 2014, we opened new branch offices and warehouse facilities in Thailand, Mexico, Turkey, Indonesia, Austria, Chile, Ontario in Canada, South Africa, Australia and Japan in order to continue to expand our business operations in the international markets.

We have made acquisitions in complementary businesses outside China. For example, ReneSola Singapore Pte. Ltd., our wholly owned subsidiary, acquired 100% of the equity interest of Nove Eco Energy Eood and MG Solar Systems Eood in Bulgaria in April 2012 as project assets. These two projects were sold to a Luxembourg-based private equity fund in March 2015. We also acquired 100% of the equity interest in Lucas Est S.R.L and Ecosfer Energy S.R.L in Romania in September 2012 as project assets. In March 2013, we acquired Lucas Est Korea Co., Ltd. and Ecosfer Energy Korea Co., Ltd., which became our wholly owned subsidiaries.

In July 2015, we entered into an agreement with Pristine Sun, LLC, or Pristine, a San Francisco-based solar project developer, to form a joint venture in the United States to accelerate our U.S. project development. On December 3, 2015, ReneSola filed an action in the Superior Court of California, County of San Francisco, alleging that Pristine had breached the joint venture agreement, or the Action. Pristine subsequently filed a cross-complaint alleging that we breached the joint venture agreement. On March 25, 2016, we entered into a binding settlement term sheet with Pristine and certain of its affiliates to resolve our dispute, dismiss the Action and transfer 88 MW solar energy projects under development in California, North Carolina, and Minnesota by Pristine and its affiliates to one of our wholly owned subsidiaries in the United States. Upon consummation of the transfer, we will be the 100% indirect owner of the 88 MW portfolio of solar energy projects.

As of December 31, 2015, our worldwide sales and distribution network was composed of 26 offices and 59 warehouses.

For our organization structure as of the date of this annual report, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure.”

With respect to our securities, in August 2006, we placed 33,333,333 shares on the Alternative Investment Market of the London Stock Exchange, or the AIM, and raised gross proceeds of approximately $50.0 million. In November 2010, with the approval of our board of directors, our shares ceased to trade on the AIM, and our admission to trading on the AIM was cancelled.

In January 2008, we and certain selling shareholders completed our initial public offering of 10,000,0002,000,000 ADSs, listedrepresenting 20,000,000 of our shares, on the NYSE. In June 2008, we completed a follow-on public offering of 10,350,0002,070,000 ADSs, representing 20,700,000 of our shares, sold by us and certain selling shareholders. In October 2009, we completed another follow-on public offering of 15,500,0003,100,000 ADSs, representing 31,000,000 of our shares, sold by us.

In March and April 2011, we completed an offering of $200 million aggregate principal amount of convertible senior notes due 2018. The convertible senior notes will maturematured on March 15, 2018. In connection with the pricing of the notes, we entered into a capped call transaction and an additional capped call transaction, which cover, subject to customary anti-dilution adjustments, the number of ADSs underlying the option notes, with an affiliate of one of the initial purchasers of the notes, or the hedge counterparty. The carrying value of our convertible senior notes was $26.1 million as of December 31, 2015. We repurchased all of the remaining outstanding convertible senior notes during the first quarter of 2016.

In September 2013, we completed a registered direct offering of 15,000,0003,000,000 ADSs, representing 30,000,000 of our shares, and warrants to purchase up to 10,500,000 additional shares, representing 35% of warrant coverage in the offering, at approximate $70 million before exercise of warrants.  The warrants arewere exercisable immediately and will expireexpired in September 2017, four years from the date of issuance. 

In September 2015, our board of directors authorized a share repurchase program under which we may repurchase up to $20 million in aggregate value of our outstanding ADSs within 12 months ending September 2016 on the open market or in privately negotiated transactions. In September 2016, our board decided to extend the share repurchase program for another 12 months ending September 2017. As of MarchDecember 31, 2016,2017, we repurchased an aggregate of 1,310,577441,906 ADSs, representing 2,621,154approximately 4,419,060 shares, on the open market for a total cash consideration of $1.5$2.3 million. 1,614,776All of such repurchased shares were canceled in November 2015, and the remaining are expected to be canceled in the second quarteras of 2016.December 31, 2017.

Our board of directors authorized the ADS Ratio Change in January 2017. Effective from February 10, 2017, the number of our shares represented by each ADS has been changed from two shares to 10 shares. For our ADS holders, this ADS Ratio Change had the same effect as a one-for-five reverse split. No new shares were issued in connection with the ADS Ratio Change. Our ADSs continue to be traded on the NYSE under the symbol “SOL.” The ADS Ratio Change did not reduce any ADS holder’s percentage ownership interest in us, except for minor adjustments that may result from the treatment of fractional ADSs. Proportionate voting rights and other rights and preferences of the ADS holders were not reduced by the ADS Ratio Change, subject to the treatment of fractional ADSs.

On July 26, 2017, we received a notice from the NYSE that the total market capitalization and the stockholders’ equity were below the listing requirements. In order to regain the compliance, we conducted a non-cash restructuring to dispose of substantially all of the assets and liabilities related to our manufacturing businesses, including polysilicon, solar wafer and solar module manufacturing, as well as the LED distribution business, such that we could dispose of our asset-heavy and debt-heavy businesses and focus on our asset-light and high-margin project business. On October 24, 2017, we submitted a business plan to the NYSE to demonstrate our plan to regain compliance within the continued listing requirements of the NYSE. On December 7, 2017, the NYSE accepted our business plan and recognized that we were trading at levels in excess of $50 million average market capitalization. We resumed compliance with all NYSE continued listing requirements and the NYSE will continue to perform quarterly reviews during the 18 months from the date of the NYSE notice on July 26, 2017. On January 3, 2018, we provided the NYSE an update analyzing our third quarter 2017 progress and the plan submission and it was accepted by the NYSE on January 26, 2018.

In September 2017, the disposition of substantially all of the assets and liabilities related to our manufacturing businesses, including polysilicon, solar wafer and solar module manufacturing, as well as the LED distribution business, was completed. See “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions⸻B. Related Party Transactions⸻Transaction with our Chief Executive Officer and ReneSola Singapore Pte. Ltd.”

For the last three financial years, our capital expenditures were used primarily to optimize and maintain our Sichuan polysilicon factory, to maintain our cell and module manufacturing plant in Yixing, Jiangsu Province, to purchase production equipment, to acquire land-use rights for each of the plants and to build up our horizontal solar power productsproduct business and solar power projects businesses.business. After the completion of our business restructuring in September 2017, our capital expenditures will be used primarily for our solar power projects business. For details of our capital expenditures, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects–Prospects¾B. Liquidity and Capital Resources—Capital Expenditures.”

We arewere a fully integrated solar project developer and operator.

Prior to September 2017, we were a leading global brandfully-integrated solar project developer and technology provider of energy-efficient products based in China. Capitalizing on our proprietary technologies, economies of scale, low cost production capabilities, technical innovations and know-how and leveraging our in-house polysilicon, wafer and module manufacturing capabilities, we provide our customers withWe provided high quality, cost competitive solar power products, including solar wafers, solar cells, solar modules and processing services. We provide high quality solar power productsprojects, to a global network of suppliers and customers, which includesincluded leading global manufacturers of solar wafers, cells and modules and distributors, installers and end users of solar modules.

We have significantly expanded our business scope from being primarily a solar wafer manufacturer to becoming a manufacturer of polysilicon and solar modules. Starting from early 2014, we began to expand into the global energy efficient products and services business, as well as downstream solar power projects in overseas markets. We believe our vertically integrated model and integrated manufacturing capabilities allow us to ensure the quality of our solar power products and reduce our reliance on the quality assurances of third-party suppliers. Moreover, our vertical integration allows us to gain an early understanding of trends in PV product pricing, better anticipate market conditions and take advantage of market opportunities more quickly and efficiently.

We have greatly expanded our manufacturing capacity since we began the production of solar wafers. We believe we possess one of the largest solar wafer manufacturing facilities in China based on production capacity as of December 31, 2015.

We sell solar wafers primarily to solar cell and module manufacturers globally. In 2015, a significant portion of our wafer sales were made to companies based in Asia, primarily to leading solar cell and module companies in China, South Korea, India and Singapore. The majority of our module sales in 2015 were made to distributors across the globe including distributors in Europe, the United States and the Asia-Pacific region. We have begun to refine our module sales strategy to sell directly to end users in order to enhance our pricing power and increase our profit margin. We believe that one of the most cost-effective and innovative ways to improve module efficiencies is through enhanced wafer technologies, an area where we have historical expertise. In addition, we have continued to focus on implementing various cost reduction programs and have reduced our silicon consumption rate and non-silicon wafer processing costs.

At the end of 2012, we started to implement our business strategy to transform our business focus from solar wafer manufacturing to module manufacturing. The shift in our business focus was completed in 2013. In July 2013, we were promoted to “Tier 1” status on the PV Module Maker Tier System published by Bloomberg New Energy Finance, or BNEF. According to BNEF, tier 1 module manufacturers are those that have provided products to three different projects, which have received non-recourse financing by three different banks in the past two years. In connection with this business transformation, we have implemented strategic initiatives including increasing the volume of our module sales and the size of our marketing team. As of December 31, 2015, our in-house module manufacturing capacity was 1.2 GW. In the past, we sourced part of our modules from overseas OEM located in various regions including Europe, South Asia and the Asia-Pacific region to allow us to provide a greater volume of solar modules without incurring additional significant capital expenditures. Since 2015, as the cost of OEM became higher than our in-house manufacturing, we have significantly reduced our current overseas OEM module capacity and plan to cease the overseas module OEM arrangements in the first half of 2016. In 2016, we plan to maintain our current in-house module manufacturing capacity. We may resume the module OEM arrangements in the future if our module business requires and subject to market conditions. We believe that our globalized structure enables us to quickly adapt to changes in demand as a result of market forces or changes in trade policies. We also believe that continued investment in establishing a global network has attracted new customers and improved industry recognition of our solar products.

In 2013, 2014 and 2015, we shipped 3,218.0 MW, 2,878.2 MW and 2,748.8 MW, respectively, of solar power products.

Starting from early 2014, we began to expand our operations into the broader energy efficient products and services business and into downstream solar power projects. While we remain focused on our retail and residential-oriented business development, we selectively pursue high quality and low-risk solar power project opportunities, especially distributed generation projects, and have been building our new solar portfolio comprised of those projects, in the United Kingdom, North America, Japan, and other emerging markets. In 2015, we sold three utility-scale solar power projects totaling approximately 57.5 MW in the United Kingdom and three utility-scale solar power projects totaling approximately 1.8 MW in Japan. We also entered into sales agreements in connection with the sale of one utility-scale solar power projects totaling approximately 13.5 MW in the United Kingdom in 2015. For details of our project development pipeline, see “Item 4. Information on the Company¾B. Business Overview—Solar Power Project Development.”

Our net revenues increased from $1,519.6 million in 2013 to $1,561.5 million in 2014 and decreased to $1,282.0 million in 2015. We recorded an operating income of $29.3 million and a net loss of $5.1 million in 2015, compared to an operating income of $8.2 million and a net loss of $33.6 million in 2014, and an operating loss of $221.4 million and a net loss of $258.9 million in 2013. See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects¾A. Operating Results¾Overview of Financial Results¾Net Revenues” for a breakdown of our total revenues by products and by geographic markets.

Our Products and Services

We offeroffered monocrystalline and multicrystalline wafers of various sizes and thicknesses. Inthicknesses, and in wafer manufacturing, we arewere capable of slicing wafers with a thickness less than 180 microns on a large scale. We also offeroffered wafer processing services to certain customers.

We offer In addition, we offered monocrystalline and multicrystalline solar modules. We currently producemodules and we produced standard solar monocrystalline modules ranging from 75270 W to 320350 W and multicrystalline modules ranging from 130260 W to 315340 W in power output, built to general specifications for use in a wide range of residential, commercial, industrial and other solar power generation systems. We are gradually switching our focus from big-scale utilitywere also a manufacturer of polysilicon. In September 2017, we exited the manufacturing businesses through a non-cash restructuring.

In early 2014, we expanded into the global energy efficient products and services business and downstream solar power projects toin overseas markets. Since then, we have focused on small-scale DG projects, specifically commercial and residential rooftop projects. Withprojects, with a few small-scale utility projects and community solar gardens, in stable, mature, conservative country risk profile markets with attractive subsidies. After the completion of our brand recognition, local warehousesbusiness restructuring in September 2017, we have transformed into a solar project developer and on-site technical support, we are providing retail customersoperator, a pure downstream player with integrated solar services and solutions.

robust pipeline projects around the world. We develop build and sell solar power projects. While we remain focused on our retailprojects or sell project SPVs (project development business), and residential-oriented business development, we selectively pursue high qualityown and low-riskoperate solar power project opportunities, especially distributed generation projects and have been buildingsell the electricity generated by our newoperated solar portfolio comprised of thosepower plants (IPP business). While the project development business continues to be our important strategy for the foreseeable future, we also intend to retain some projects in selected regions and become an IPP. The IPP business is especially attractive, due to the United Kingdom, North America, Japan, and other emerging markets.resulting high margin recurring revenue. Over time, we may intend to shift a meaningful amount of our revenue to recurring power sales.

Manufacturing

We manufacture solar-grade polysilicon, solar wafers, cells and modules.

We significantly expanded our manufacturing capacity since we began our production of solar wafers. We believe we operate one of the largest solar wafer manufacturing facilities in China based on production capacity. As of December 31, 2015,2017, we had an annual wafer manufacturing capacity of approximately 2,400completed 564 MW consisting of a monocrystalline wafer manufacturing capacity of approximately 200 MW and a multicrystalline wafer manufacturing capacity of approximately 2,200 MW. Our annual wafer manufacturing capacity as of December 31, 2015 increased from the 2,000 MW annual wafer manufacturing capacity as of December 31, 2014 through our technology improvement. We plan to further expand our annual wafer manufacturing capacity in 2016 through technology improvement.

We began selling solar modules in June 2009 after our acquisition of ReneSola Jiangsu. As of December 31, 2015, we maintained our cell and module manufacturing capacities of 240 MW and 1,200 MW, respectively, the same capacities we had as of December 31, 2013 and 2014. We currently have OEM factories and facilities located in Japan and Poland with a total annual OEM module capacity of approximately 170 MW. Since 2015, as the cost of OEM became higher than our in-house manufacturing, we have significantly reduced our current overseas OEM module capacity and plan to cease the overseas module OEM arrangements in the first half of 2016. In 2016, we plan to maintain our current in-house module manufacturing capacity.

We had an annual polysilicon manufacturing capacity of 6,000 metric tons, 6,000 metric tons and 6,000 metric tons as of December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. We ramped up our polysilicon manufacturing facility in Meishan, Sichuan Province, in two phases. Phase I of our polysilicon facility had been in full operation since the beginning of 2011 and Phase II of the facility was completed in June 2013. In November 2012, we halted polysilicon production to upgrade our facilities and equipment, as well as integrate Phase II with Phase I. At the end of September 2013, we concluded that our efforts to sufficiently reduce the cost of polysilicon production as compared to the prevailing market price were not successful. After conducting a further internal assessment we determined that it was no longer feasible to operate the Phase I facility without incurring a loss and to recognize the impairment charge in our wafer segment accordingly. Production at the Phase I facility was permanently discontinued in October 2013. Our remaining Phase II polysilicon facility currently has an annual manufacturing capacity of 6,000 metric tons and was running at full capacity and helped to contribute positively to our cash flows in 2015.

While the solar sector remains highly competitive, we believe that our continuing investments in new technologies will support our longer-term goals.

The following table sets forth the manufacturing capacities of our facilities.

We selectively use automation to enhance the quality and consistency of our finished products and improve efficiency in our manufacturing processes. All of our current monocrystalline furnaces were purchased from Chinese and Chinese-foreign joint venture solar power equipment suppliers in order to lower our equipment procurement, transportation and installation costs. Most of our multicrystalline furnances, all of our current squaring machines and our other major equipment are sourced from overseas.

Prior to 2011, we purchased most of our multicrystalline furnaces from foreign equipment suppliers. In 2011, we began to collaborate with domestic equipment makers in China to develop customized multicrystalline furnaces. In 2012, we devised new methods which allowed us to increase the capacity of our existing multicrystalline furnaces. Our new multicrystalline furnaces require substantially less capital expenditure than imported furnaces and offer improved production efficiency and lower electricity consumption.

Our manufacturing capacities comprise the following:

Polysilicon Production

We use the modified Siemens process to produce polysilicon. Our manufacturing process is able to recover and recycle exhaust gases throughout the process in our closed-loop manufacturing system.

In phase I of our polysilicon manufacturing facility, we adopt TCS production and thermal hydrogenation process. In phase II of our polysilicon manufacturing facility, we use a hydrochlorination process which requires less power consumption compared to our phase I technology.

We integrated the two phases into one combined polysilicon manufacturing facility in October 2012. At the end of September 2013, we concluded that our efforts to sufficiently reduce the cost of polysilicon production as compared to the prevailing market price were not successful. After conducting a further internal assessment we determined that it was no longer feasible to operate the Phase I facility without incurring a loss and to recognize the impairment charge in our wafer segment accordingly. Production at the Phase I facility was permanently discontinued in October 2013. Our polysilicon facility currently has an annual polysilicon manufacturing capacity of 6,000 metric tons. After eliminating our Phase I facility, our remaining in-house polysilicon production is cost-efficient as compared to the prevailing market price of polysilicon, which we believe will help our overall profitability. In addition, we believe the discontinuation will help reduce our power consumption and depreciation and therefore help to enhance our profitability going forward. As of December 31, 2015, our remaining Phase II facility was running at full capacity and helped to contribute positively to our cash flows in 2015. While the solar sector remains highly competitive, we believe that our continuing investments in new technologies will support our longer-term goals.

Ingot Production/Wafer Slicing

To produce multicrystalline ingots, molten polysilicon is converted into block-form through a casting process in the multicrystalline furnaces. Crystallization starts by gradually cooling the crucibles in order to create multicrystalline ingot blocks. The resulting ingot blocks consist of multiple smaller crystals as opposed to the single crystal of a monocrystalline ingot. The output of a multicrystalline furnace is higher than that of a monocrystalline furnace.

To produce monocrystalline ingots, we place polysilicon into a quartz crucible in a furnace, where the polysilicon is melted. Then, a thin crystal seed is dipped into the molten silicon to determine the crystal orientation. The seed is rotated and then slowly extracted from the molten silicon to form a single crystal as the molten silicon and crucible cool. Once the single crystals have been grown to pre-determined specifications, they are surface-ground to produce ingots. The uniform properties of a single crystal promote the conductivity of electrons, thus yielding higher conversion efficiencies. We have developed a proprietary method for producing more ingots in one heating and cooling cycle by adding silicon raw materials during the melting process. This innovation enables us to increase our yield of ingots, reduce electricity cost and enhance the utilization rate of furnaces and consumables, such as crucibles.

To produce multicrystalline wafers, multicrystalline ingots are first cut into pre-determined sizes. After a testing process, the multicrystalline ingots are cropped and the usable parts of the ingots are sliced into wafers by wire saws using high-precision cutting techniques. After a cleaning and drying process, the wafers are inspected, packed and shipped.

To produce monocrystalline wafers, monocrystalline ingots are squared by squaring machines after being inspected. Through high-precision cutting techniques, the squared ingots are then sliced into wafers by wire saws using steel wires and silicon carbon powder. After inserting into frames, the wafers are cleaned to remove debris from the previous processes and then dried. Finally, the wafers are inspected before they are packed in boxes and shipped to customers.

Cell Production

A solar cell is made from a silicon wafer that converts sunlight into electricity by a process known as the PV effect. Thus, the feedstock of solar cell manufacturing is solar wafers, which are used as the base substrate. The process starts with cleaning and texturing the surface of a wafer, followed by a diffusion process in which an emitter is formed. The front and back sides of the wafer are isolated using the plasma etching technique, and the oxide formed during the diffusion process is removed to form an electrical field. An anti-reflective coating is then applied to the surface of the cell using plasma enhanced chemical vapors to enhance the absorption of sunlight. The front and back sides of the cell are screen printed with metallic inks and the cell then undergoes a fire treatment in order to preserve its mechanical and electrical properties. The cell is then tested and classified in accordance with its parameters.

Module Production

Solar modules are arrays of interconnected solar cells encased in a weatherproof frame. Solar modules are assembled from interconnected multiple solar cells by taping and stringing the cells into a desired electrical configuration. The interconnected cells are laid out, laminated in a vacuum, cured by heating and then packaged in a protective light-weight aluminum frame. Solar modules are then sealed and weatherproofed to withstand high levels of ultraviolet radiation and moisture.

Solar Power Project Development

We develop, build, operate and sell solar power projects. Our solar power project development activities have expanded through organic growth starting from 2011. We began to record revenue from sales of solar power projects, including 270 MW new installation in 2015. We are currently operating two utility-scaleChina (including EPC service). In 2017, we sold and delivered 109.4 MW of solar power projects of approximately 15.4 MW in Romania,projects; and record electricity generation revenue from these projects.

In 2015, we sold three utility-scale solar power projects totaling approximately 57.5 MW in the United Kingdom and three utility-scale solar power projects totaling approximately 1.8 MWin Japan. We also entered into sales agreements in connection with the sale of one utility-scale26.7 MW additional solar power projects. We were operating approximately 212 MW solar power projects totaling approximately 13.5globally as of December 31, 2017, including 187 MW in China, and recorded electricity generation revenue from these projects. As of December 31, 2017, we had 546 MW late-stage pipeline, including 125 MW in China, with commercial operation date, or COD, within 2018 and 2019, of which 92.2 MW of the solar power projects were under construction.

Our net revenues from continuing operations decreased from $116.3 million in 2015 to $80.5 million in 2016 and increased to $103.0 million in 2017. We recorded an operating income of $6.6 million and a net income of $34.5 million in 2017, compared to an operating income of $2.3 million and a net loss of $34.7 million in 2016 and an operating income of $16.3 million and a net loss of $5.1 million in 2015. See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects¾A. Operating Results¾Overview of Financial Results¾Net Revenues”.

Our Business

Our business primarily includes the sale of project SPVs or development and sale of solar power projects as a developer and the sale of electricity generated by the solar power projects operated by us as an IPP.

Project Development Business

We started our solar power project development business in early 2014. We have recorded revenue from continuing operations from the sales of solar power projects since 2015. We have focused on small-scale DG projects, specifically commercial projects, with a few in small-scale utility projects and community solar gardens, in stable, mature, conservative country risk profile markets, including China, the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, France, other developed countries with infrastructure upgrade needs and emerging countries in 2015Southeast Asia, with attractive subsidies. See “⸺Our Sales and Customers.”

As a developer, we have two basic project development models.

Besides the two basic models, we develop community solar gardens as developers and hold the community solar gardens through project SPVs. Prior to the delivery of the community solar gardens, SPVs enter into PPAs, which generally have a term of 20 years, with the power subscribers. After investors are found, we will sell the project rights, that is, the project SPV holding the community solar gardens, to the investors.

The prices of our solar power projects or projects SPVs are primarily based on the cash flow such projects can generate and the rate of returns. The cash flow can be affected by drivers such as electricity generation, electricity price (such as FiT or PPA), operating expenses, depreciation method, tax policy or for a number of other reasons. Investors may compare the rate of returns generated from the solar power projects with the rate of returns in the financing or investment markets. See “Item 3. Key Information⸺D. Risk Factors⸺Risks Related to Our Business⸺Volatility or large decrease in the prices of solar power project may cause significant fluctuations or declines in our revenue.”

Purchasers of our developed solar power projects normally pay the purchase price in stages. Substantially all of these purchasers may require us to provide retention money, performance bond or bank guarantee for a certain period of time to secure the quality and performance of our developed solar power projects. During the covered period of time, if any significant defects or efficiency problem arises from sold solar power projects, it may cause the retention money to be deducted or forfeited.

The project development business continues to be our important strategy for the foreseeable future.

Engineering, Procurement and Construction Business

Our Engineering, Procurement and Construction Business (“EPC”) includes engineering design, procurement of solar modules, balance-of-system components and other components, and construction contracting and management. We may engage our in-house EPC team or engage external experienced and qualified EPC contractors to handle and monitor the EPC process for our developed projects. Despite that, as the developer, we may procure the key components, such as solar modules and balance-of-system components.

We typically enter into short-term contracts with our suppliers and contractors on project-by-project basis or project portfolio basis based on the market prices.

Engineering

Through engineering design, we aim to reduce the risks, reduce the costs and improve the performance of our solar power projects. The engineering design process includes the site layout and the electrical design as well as assessing a variety of factors to choose an appropriate technology and the modules and inverters in particular. In additional to relying on our in-house EPC team, we may engage independent third party EPC contractors to conduct and monitor this process.

Procurement

We procure solar modules and other key components for our developed solar power projects primarily by entering into short-term contracts to purchase at market prices. Suppliers of our solar modules and key components are primarily our related parties and third-party suppliers and contractors. Our purchasing decisions may take into consideration of technical specifications (including size, type and power output) bid price, warranty and insurance programs, spectral response, performance in low light, nominal power tolerance levels, degradation rate, technical support and the reputation of the supplier. We generally require warranties for defects in materials or workmanship for the components and a warranty for module capacity under normal testing conditions. Our in-house EPC team or external EPC contractors work in areas such as logistics, installation, construction and supervision. We maintain an updated list of qualified and reliable suppliers and third-party contractors with a proven track record with which we have established relationships. We choose our third-party suppliers and contractors through a bidding or quotation request process or through our affiliates or other cooperative arrangements with various manufacturers and contractors. The relevant departments of our local offices organize and collect bids/quotations, communicate with potential suppliers and contractors and coordinate with our local development teams to meet the local technical and legal requirements.

Construction

We engage third-party contractors for construction. We employ a number of measures to manage and monitor the performance of such contractors in terms of both quality and delivery time and to ensure compliance with the applicable safety and other requirements. For example, we generally have on-site supervisors and hold regular on-site meetings with the third-party contractors to monitor their work to ensure that projects progress according to schedule and adhere to quality standards. We also conduct periodic inspections to examine project implementation and quality standards compared to our project planning and prepare periodic reports for review and approval by the relevant departments in our corporate headquarters. If we identify any quality or progress issues which are attributable to the work of the third-party contractors, we will have further follow-up discussions with the third party contractors and monitor their rectification work.

We also require our third-party contractors for construction and installation to comply with applicable laws and regulations regarding work safety as well as our own production safety rules and policies. We examine and keep records of the production-related safety documentation and insurance policies of our third-party contractors. All production-related tools and equipment used by our third party contractors must be compliant with and certified by applicable regulatory standards. Our third-party contractors should also regularly provide their internal records relating to production safety (for example safety production training and safety inspections) to us, and we also conduct regular safety supervision and inspection on the third-party contractors.

Under our third-party contracting agreements, we are generally entitled to compensation if the third-party contractors fail to meet the prescribed requirements and deadlines under their contracting agreements. In general, our contractors require us to pay all of the contract price upon completion of the solar power projects and we require the contractor to provide a performance bond, which is usually for a period of one year to two years, in respect of the warranty obligations.

Commissioning and Warranties

When the EPC contractor notifies the regional solar power project team of on-grid operation, the regional solar power project team thoroughly tests each aspect of the solar power project. Commissioning tests generally include a detailed visual inspection of all significant aspects of the plant, an open circuit voltage test and short circuit current test prior to grid connection, and a direct-current test after connecting to the power grid. These tests are conducted in order to ensure that the plant is structurally and electrically safe, and is sufficiently robust to operate as designed for the specified project lifetime. We have not experienced any material delays in construction or unsatisfactory workmanship with respect to our solar power projects. Following the commissioning, the solar power projects, which are intended for sale, will be handed over to the purchasers.

In addition to the warranties provided by the manufacturers of modules, balance-of-system components and other key components, EPC contractors also typically provide a limited warranty against defects in workmanship, engineering design, and installation services under normal use and service conditions for a period of time following the energizing of a section of a solar power plant or upon substantial completion of the entire solar power plant. In resolving claims under the workmanship, design and installation warranties, the new owner has the option of remedying the defect to the warranted level through repair, refurbishment, or replacement.

IPP Business

We started our IPP business by owning and operating solar power projects in 2014 and selling electricity generated by these solar power projects in 2014. We have tried to build our business as an IPP to develop and operate DG projects in well-developed regions for high PPA/FIT users and avoid regions with subsidy delay or curtailment issue.

We primarily conduct our IPP business in China where we can sell electricity in gross metering or net metering. In China, our IPP portfolio is the solar power projects which we developed. Since 2016, we are building our in-house O&M team in China to operate and maintain all of our owned and operated IPP portfolio in China.

In China, NEA and NDRC published the Notice on the Pilot of Distributed Generation Traded in Markets (file 2017-1901) to establish electricity trading market for DG projects which are similar to virtual net metering and US community solar gardens, allowing the IPP one of following:

Under gross metering, all solar projects approved by the National Development and Reform Commission, or the NDRC, are eligible to receive an attractive fixed FIT for 20 years in principle and we expect our solar power projects to be long-term contracted assets. Therefore, we can sell all electricity generated by our gross metering projects to the State Grid and receive a total amount of FIT amount, which comprise an agreed electricity sales price from the State Grid and the subsidies from the government, for 20 years. Net metering is important to achieve grid parity. We develop and operate net metering DG projects in well-developed regions in China. Under net metering, we sell majority of the electricity to non-State Grid power purchasers at an agreed negotiated electricity sales price, which is usually at a market discount rate of the public retail rate, and then sell the remaining unpurchased electricity to the State Grid at a price based on the local desulphurized coal benchmark. Aside from the electricity sale, each KWh of electricity generated (sold to non-Sate Grid power purchasers or State Grid) will receive subsidies from the government. State Grid is an enterprise which constructs and operates power grids and is a pilot state holding company approved by the State Council of China to carry out state-authorized investment. The non-State Grid power purchasers are primarily commercial and industrial users. See “⸻Our Solar Power Projects.” The governmental subsidies in gross metering and net metering may be different. We have focused and will continue to focus on net metering projects with high equity return.

In our IPP business, power purchasers may pay us monthly, bi-monthly, quarterly or half-yearly based on the terms in the Energy Management Contract (EMCs) and PPAs. The EMCs, which, among others, provide the terms and pricing of the sales and include the PPAs, are long-term, generally 20 years with a possible 5 year extension. See “Item 3. Key Information⸺D. Risk Factors⸺Risks related to Our Business⸺Our ability to transmit and sell the electricity generated from the solar power projects operated by us relies on the grid connection, dispatch agreements, PPAs and other contractual agreements.”

As of February 28, 2018, we had more than 80 solar power projects in operation globally with an aggregate capacity of approximately 212 MW. See “⸻Our Solar Power Projects.”

While the project development business continues to be our important strategy for the foreseeable future, we also intend to retain more DG projects in China and become an IPP. The IPP business is especially attractive, due to the resulting high margin recurring revenue.

Our Solar Power Projects

We have built our business as project developer and have selectively owned high quality projects. We have focused on small-scale DG projects and community solar gardens with individual project size of less than 5 MW. While we have demonstrated our ability to sell solar power projects globally, we intend to retain some projects in China and become an IPP. Our competitive advantages lie in small-scale projects with high PPA/FIT price in diversified jurisdictions which we believe are of attractive return and will be the trend for the development of the industry.

Projects for Sale

As of December 31, 2017, we completed 564 MW of solar power projects, including 270 MW new installation in China (including EPC service). In 2017, we sold and delivered 109.4 MW of solar power projects; and entered into a sales agreementagreements in connection with the sale of two utility-scale26.7 MW additional solar power projects. We were operating approximately 212 MW solar power projects totaling approximately 9.7globally as of December 31, 2017, including 187 MW in BulgariaChina, and recorded electricity generation revenue from these projects. As of December 31, 2017, we had 546 MW late-stage pipeline, including 125 MW in March 2016. InChina, with commercial operation date, or COD, within 2018 and 2019, of which 92.2 MW of the first quarter of 2016, we completed construction of and connected three additional utility-scale solar power projects totaling approximately 20were under construction.

Operating Assets

As of December 31, 2017, we owned over 212 MW of solar power projects globally in the United Kingdom, which we have received letteroperation, including 187 MW solar power projects in China, and generated 54.45 million kilowatt-hour, or kWh, of intentelectricity from potential purchasers.this IPP portfolio in China.

Project Pipeline

Our solar power projects pipeline includes early- to mid-stage projects pipeline and late-stagelate stage projects pipeline.  Due to different processes of developing projects in various regions, our early- to mid-stage projects pipeline refers to projects that we have internally approved to commit operational or financial resources to develop, including projects that we have conducted internal studies and are bidding for, that we are developing the financing plans, or working to obtain external approval or permits for such projects, or that we have agreed on preliminary terms or entered into MOUs.memorandum of understandings. Late-stage projects pipeline refers to thoseinclude (i) projects that we have the legal right to develop pursuantbased on definitive agreements, including the projects held by project SPVs or joint ventured project SPVs whose controlling power belongs to definitive agreements. us, or can be purchased by us once the late stage is reached and (ii) projects for which PPA or FIT has been arranged, and expect to be connected to the grid or sold (including project rights sale) within 2 years. 

As of April 15, 2016,December 31, 2017, we had (i) a late-stage solar power project pipeline in China, the United States, Canada, Turkey, Poland and Hungary with an aggregate capacity of approximately 171.5546 MW in the United States, the United Kingdomwith estimated COD within 2018 and Japan. We had2019, of which 92.2 MW are under construction, and (ii) an early- to mid-stage solar power projects pipeline in the United States, Canada, Spain, Poland, Canada, TurkeyHungary, South Korea and the United KingdomChina with an aggregate estimated capacity of approximately 449.5 MW. Our team of experts of the solar power projects specializes in project development, evaluations, system design, engineering, project management and coordination and organizing financing.1.1 GW.

The following table sets forth the information of all of our projects and late-stage pipeline as of April 15, 2016December 31, 2017 (excluding sold and delivered projects):

The following tables set forth our late-stage project pipeline by location: