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INTRODUCTION

This Annual Report on Form 20-F contains forward-looking statements. These statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause such a difference include, but are not limited to those discussed in the section entitled Risk Factors underItem 3 “Key Information.”

Readers should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements, which reflect management’s view only as of the date of this Annual Report. The Company undertakes no obligation to revise these forward-looking statements to reflect subsequent events or circumstances. Readers should also carefully review the risk factors described in other documents the Company files from time to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Except where the context otherwise requires and for purposes of this Report only:

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND CURRENCY PRESENTATION

The Company prepares its consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America and publishes such statements in United States dollars. See “Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” included elsewhere herein. The Company publishes its financial statements in United States dollars. The functional currency of the Company and its subsidiaries is the U.S. dollar.

PARTI

Item1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

Not applicable.

Item 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not applicable.

Item 3. KEY INFORMATION

The selected financial data set forth below should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto included at page F-1 of this Annual Report. The selected OperationsComprehensive Income (loss) Data for each of the three fiscal years in the period ended March 31, 2019,2020, and the Balance Sheet data as of March 31, 2018, 2019 and 20172020 are derived from our audited Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report. The selected OperationsComprehensive Income (loss) Data for the years ended March 31, 20152016 and 2016,2017, and the Balance Sheet data as of March 31, 20152016 and 20162017 are derived from our audited Consolidated Financial Statements, which are not included in this Annual Report.

Selected Financial Data⁽¹⁾

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Risk Factors

We may from time to time make written or oral forward-looking statements. Written forward-looking statements may appear in this document and other documents filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, in press releases, in reports to shareholders, on our website, and other documents. The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 contains a safe harbor for forward-looking statements on which we rely in making such disclosures. In connection with this “safe harbor,” we are hereby identifying important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements made by us or on our behalf. Any such statement is qualified by reference to the following cautionary statements:

Our business operations may be materially and adversely affected by the outbreak of COVID-19.

Since the end of 2019, COVID-19, a disease caused by a novel strain of coronavirus, has spread in China and globally, and the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic in March 2020. Any such outbreak of epidemic illness or other adverse public health developments in China could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations as our Company’s principal operations are located in China. Further, this outbreak has impacted the entire world, and has affected the global economy as well.

The COVID-19 outbreak has led to governments and other authorities around the world, including China, to impose measures intended to control its spread, including quarantines, restrictions on travel and public gatherings, and temporary closure of certain businesses and facilities. While still evolving, the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as efforts to contain it, has caused significant economic and financial disruptions around the world, including disruption on manufacturing operations, logistics and global supply chains and significant volatility and disruption of financial markets. Although currently in China, many restrictions have been lifted and the level of business activities are being restored in response to the significant decrease of new reported cases both in China and globally, the above mentioned conditions may continue and worsen in the near or longer term.

The global spread of COVID-19 has significantly increased economic and demand uncertainty and has fueled concerns that it may lead to a global recession and a significant slowdown in the economic development in many countries including China. A recession has already been declared for certain countries such as the United States of America. Despite the Chinese government’s efforts in reviving China’s economy, China’s economy has experienced a significant slowdown since the COVID-19 outbreak, and there remains uncertainty on how soon economic activity in China will rebound to the level prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. The global economy may continue to deteriorate in the future and have an adverse impact on China’s economy, which may, among other things, exacerbate turbulence in commodity market, discourage or disrupt investment and production, increase total inventories of products in the industry, affect prices, and cause other adverse impacts on the industry we are in. An economic downturn including financial market disruption, or a market perception that this situation may occur or develop, may also cause increase of financing costs, or reduce or even diminish available sources of financing for operation or expansion.

The extent to which COVID-19 impacts raw material prices in 2020 will depend on the future developments of the outbreak, including new information concerning the global severity of and actions taken to contain the outbreak, which are highly uncertain and unpredictable. All of these factors may affect our overall financial performance in 2020, although we cannot quantify the full impact at this time. We cannot foresee whether the outbreak of COVID-19 will be effectively contained, nor can we predict the severity and duration of its impact and/or if a vaccine can be developed quickly. If the outbreak of COVID-19 is not effectively and timely controlled, our business operations and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected as a result of the deteriorating market outlook, the slowdown in China’s economic growth, weakened liquidity and financial condition of our customers and other factors that we cannot foresee. Any of these factors, and other factors beyond our control, could have an adverse effect on the overall business environment, cause uncertainties in the regions where we conduct business, cause our business to

suffer in ways that we cannot predict adversely impacting our employees and customers, and materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

To date, our manufacturing facilities are under normal operations. We have been proactively following antivirus measures from provincial government agencies to protect the health and safety of our employees and such measures have helped in maintaining our steady production.

We are, and have been, dependent on a few major customers, the loss of, or substantial reduction in orders from, which would substantially harm our business and operating results.

Historically, we have depended, currently depend, and expect to continue to depend, on a small number of customers for a significant percentage of our net sales. During the year ended March 31, 2019,2020, we had three major customers, each accounting for more than 10% of our net sales and together for 35.1%42.3% of our net sales. If our major customers experience a decline in the demand for their products as a result of the prevailing economic environment, COVID-19 or other factors, the products or services that we provide to them could be reduced or even terminated. The loss of any of our major customers or a substantial reduction in orders from any of them would adversely impact our sales and operating results unless and until we were able to increase sales from other existing customers or add sales from new customers.

Our sales are based on purchase orders and we have no long-term contracts with any of our customers and the percentage of sales to any of our customers has fluctuated in the past and may fluctuate in future. We cannot assure you that present or future customers will not cease using us as the source of the injection-molded plastic parts and components we manufacture, for electronic manufacturing services of electrical products and subassemblies or significantly change, reduce or delay the amount of products and services ordered from us.

Uncertainty and adverse changes in the economy and financial markets have had, and could continue to have, an adverse impact on our business and operating results.

TheBefore the COVID-19 outbreak hit, the world economy has strengthenedwas strengthening as lingering fragilities related to the global financial crisis subside.subsided. In 2017, global economic growth reached 3 percent—the highest growth rate since 2011—and growth iswas expected to remain

steady for the coming year. Global growth is expected to decrease from 3 percent in 2018 to 2.7 percent in 2019 and increase to 2.9 percent in 2020 based on the World Economic Situation and Prospects as of Mid-2019, published by the United Nations on May 21, 2019. However, economic progress has been highly uneven across regions. Despite an improvement in growth prospects at the global level, we believe that the global economy is facing a confluence of risks, such as an escalation of trade disputes, an abrupt tightening of global financial conditions, and intensifying climate risks. While economic activity in the commodity exporting countries, notably fuel exporters, is gradually recovering, growth remains susceptible to volatile commodity prices. Our customers that were affected by commodity exports, in turn, were more conservative in ordering our products and services. There are continuing concerns over price instability, geopolitical issues, availability and cost of credit, stability of financial markets and sovereign nations. Uncertainty or adverse changes in the economy could negatively impact:

which, in turn, could adversely affect

Our gross margins fluctuate from year to year and may be adversely affected by a number of factors.

The following chart shows, for the years indicated, our gross margins from our two principal operating segments and for our companyCompany as a whole:

Gross Margins Percentage

We expect gross margins generally and for specific products to continue to fluctuate from year to year. Fluctuations in our margins have been affected, often adversely, and may continue to be affected, by numerous factors, including:

If we cannot maintain stability in our gross margins, our operating results could suffer, dividend payments to shareholders may be decreased or eliminated, our financial position may be harmed and our stock price may fall.

We believe we were a passive foreign investment company, or “PFIC,” for our fiscal year ended March 31, 20192020 under U.S. income tax laws and may be a PFIC for years after fiscal 2019.2020. If we were a PFIC in fiscal 2019,2020, or are a PFIC in later years, U.S. investors could suffer adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences in such years.

The determination of whether we are a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, in any taxable year is made on an annual basis after the close of that year and depends on the composition of our income and the nature and value of our assets, including goodwill. Specifically, we will be classified as a PFIC if, after applying relevant look-through rules with respect to the income and assets of subsidiaries, either (i) 75% or more of our gross income for such taxable year is passive income, or (ii) 50% or more of the value of our assets (based on an average of the quarterly values of the assets during such year) is attributable to assets that either produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income (the “PFIC asset test”). Cash and cash equivalents, even if they are part of the working capital of a company, constitute “passive” assets for the purposes of the PFIC asset test.

We believe that we were a PFIC for our year ended on March 31, 20192020 and may also be a PFIC in subsequent tax years. If we are a PFIC for any year during a U.S. Holder’s holding period of our common shares, then such U.S. Holder generally could be subject to adverse U.S. tax consequences including the requirement to treat any “excess distribution” received on our common shares, or any gain realized upon a disposition of such common shares, as ordinary income and to pay an interest charge on a portion of such distributions or gain.

Because of the complexity of the issues regarding our classification as a PFIC, U.S. investors are urged to consult their own tax advisors for guidance as to our PFIC status. For further discussion of the adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences arising from the classification as a PFIC, please see “United States Federal Income Tax – Passive Foreign Investment Company (PFIC)” in ITEM 10 Additional Information beginning on page 5150 of this Report.

The economy of China has been experiencing significant growth, leading to inflation and increased labor costs. Increases in labor costs of workers in the PRC generally, and in the Province where our manufacturing facilities are located particularly, have had and can be expected to continue to have a material and adverse effect on our operating results.

We generate all revenues from sales of products that we manufacture at our facilities located in Dongguan, Guangdong Province, in the PRC. The economy in China has grown significantly over the past 20 years, which has resulted in an increased inflation and the average cost of labor.

TheChina’s annual inflation rate in China rosefell to 2.7% year-on-year2.4 percent in May 2019.2020, the lowest since March 2019 and below market consensus of 2.7 percent, amid efforts to contain the COVID-19 outbreak. However, the Company’s actual cost of operations has significantly exceeded the overall inflation rate in China. The rapid growth of China’s economy in general has in the past few years has in general increased the Company’s operating costs, including energy prices and labor costs. These increased costs have adversely affected the Company’s cost of operations, caused the Company to increase its prices, and resulted in the loss of some customers.

There is no fixed minimum wage which is applicable to all of China; local governments in China adopt different amounts based on the situation in their area. China’s Guangdong Province, where our manufacturing facilities are located, raised minimum wages by approximately 20% in May 2011 and another 19.1% in March 2013. Effective May 1, 2015, minimum wage levels across Guangdong Province, including Dongguan, where our manufacturing facilities are located, were increased by an average of 15.3%. Effective July 1, 2018, the Guangdong Provincial Government increased the Province’s statutory minimum wage by around RMB200 per month. The Provincial Government sets different tiers of minimum wages according to the developmental status of the Province’s urban clusters. In the City of Dongguan, where our manufacturing facilities are located, the minimum wage increased by 13.9%.

In China, regional governments are authorized to set their own minimum wages according to local conditions. Increases in wages also result in increases in our and other employer’s contributions for various mandatory social welfare benefits for Chinese employees that are based on percentages of their salaries. Continuing material increases in our cost of labor will continue to increase our operating costs and will adversely affect our financial results unless we pass on such increases to our customers by increasing the prices of our products and services. The effect of increases in the prices of our products and services would make our products more expensive in global markets, such as the United States and the European Union. This could result in the loss of customers, who may seek, and be able to obtain, products and services comparable to those we offer in lower-cost regions of the world. If we do not increase our prices to pass on the effect of increases in our labor costs, our margins and financial results would suffer.

Because most of our labor costs are incurred in China and therefore paid in RMB, the adverse effect on our business and financial results from increasing labor costs has historically been exacerbated by the appreciation in the exchange rate to the U.S. dollar, as is discussed in the next risk factor.

Changes in currency exchange rates have and could continue to influence our financial results significantly.

Our sales are mainly in United States dollars and Hong Kong dollars and our expenses are mainly in United

States dollars, Hong Kong dollars and Chinese RMB.

The Hong Kong dollar has been pegged to the U.S. dollar at approximately 7.80 and is relatively stable. The Hong Kong government may not continue to maintain the present currency exchange mechanism, which fixes the Hong Kong dollar at approximately 7.80 to each United States dollar and has not in the past presented a material currency exchange risk. Although announcements by Hong Kong’s central bank indicate its intention to maintain the currency peg between the Hong Kong dollar and the U.S. dollar, if Hong Kong does change and follows China to a floating currency system or otherwise changes the exchange rate system of Hong Kong dollars to U.S. dollars, our margins and financial results could be adversely affected.

Between 1994 and July 2005, the market and official RMB rates were unified and the value of the RMB was essentially pegged to the U.S. dollar and was relatively stable. On July 21, 2005, the People’s Bank of China adjusted the exchange rate of RMB to the U.S. dollar by linking the RMB to a basket of currencies and simultaneously setting the exchange rate of RMB to U.S. dollars, from 1:8.27, to a narrow band of around 1:8.11.

The chart below illustrates the fluctuations since the July 31, 2005 adjustment of the RMB to the U.S. dollar by showing the exchange ratio at the end of each of Deswell’s fiscal years from March 31, 20062007 to March 31, 2019.2020. Because most of the Company’s labor costs are incurred in China and therefore paid in RMB, the adverse effect on Deswell’s business and financial results from increasing labor costs has in previous years been exacerbated by the appreciation in the exchange rate to the U.S. dollar.

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The appreciation and depreciation in the exchange ratio of the RMB to the U.S. dollar increases and decreases, respectively, our costs and expenses to the extent paid in RMB. Of all of the costs and expenses for the PRC entities, which accounted for 95%95.0% of the Company total, about 48.9%42.3%, 42.3%37.2% and 37.2%37.0% were in RMB during the years ended March 31, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2019,2020, respectively.

Since the PRC government enacted reform in its RMB exchange rate regime, the RMB has appreciated against the U.S. dollar.dollar since 2007 to 2015, resulting an adverse effect on the Company’s financial results. However, this trend has become unstable in recent years, especially amidsince 2015 to 2018. The RMB then has become depreciated again the trade controversy between the United States and China. ItU.S. dollar since 2018 to early 2020. The Company’s financial results have been benefited from this depreciation trend. Nonetheless, it is difficult to predict how the situation between the United States and ChinaChinese government policies

maywill develop, which in turn affect the exchange rate between the dollar and RMB.

If the RMB continues its appreciation to the U.S. dollar under China’s currency exchange system, our operating costs will continue to increase, and if China adopts a different or more flexible system of currency exchange resulting in greater appreciation of the RMB to the U.S. dollar, our operating costs could increase even more. In either event, such appreciation would adversely affect our financial results in a manner similar to the effects we have suffered, and may in the future suffer, as a consequence of our increasing labor costs.

For a discussion of the risks to our business from increases in our costs of labor, please see the risk factor immediately above entitled “The economy of China has been experiencing significant growth, leading to inflation and increased labor costs. Increases in labor costs of workers in the PRC generally, and in the Province where our manufacturing facilities are located particularly, have had and can be expected to continue to have a material and adverse effect on our operating results.”

If OEMs stop or reduce their manufacturing outsourcing, our business could suffer.

Our revenues depend on outsourcing by OEMs to us and to other contract manufacturers for which we

manufacture end-products or parts and components. Current and prospective customers continuously evaluate our capabilities against other providers as well as against the merits of manufacturing products themselves. Our business would be adversely affected if OEMs decide to perform these functions internally. Similarly, we depend on new outsourcing opportunities to militate against lost revenues arising from the decline in demand for our customers’ products as a consequence of prevailing global economic conditions, and our business would be adversely affected if we are not successful in gaining additional business from these opportunities or if OEMs do not outsource additional manufacturing business.

We could experience credit problems with our customers, which could adversely impact our operating results and financial condition and could adversely reduce our future revenues.

We manufacture and sell injection-molded plastic parts and components and provide manufacturing services for electrical products and subassemblies to companies and industries that have in the past, and may in the future, experience financial difficulty, particularly in light of recent conditions in the credit markets and the overall worldwide economy. For information on the concentration of our credit risk, see Note 15 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included later in this Report.

If our customers experience financial difficulty, we could have problems recovering amounts owed to us from these customers, or demand for our products and services from these customers could decline. If one or more of our customers, particularly customers to which we have extended substantial credit and which have become material account debtors on our accounts receivables, were to become insolvent or otherwise were unable to pay for the products or services provided by us on a timely basis, or at all, our operating results and financial condition could be adversely affected. Such adverse effects could include one or more of the following:

Because material amounts of our funds are held in banks where only limited protection on deposit accounts is required, the failure of any bank in which we deposit our funds could result in a loss of those funds to the extent exceeding the amounts protected and could, depending on the amount involved, affect our ability to continue in business.

At March 31, 2019,2020, we had cash on hand of $14.4$22.5 million and time deposits maturing over three months of $0.4$0.8 million, which were invested in interest bearing investments at banks or other financial institutions. Of that amount, approximately $2.9$5.4 million was held in banks and other financial institutions in Hong Kong, $6.2$6.3 million in Macao and $5.7$11.6 million in the PRC. The Hong Kong government provides deposit protection up to a maximum amount of HK$500,000 (approximately U.S.$ 63,99764,513 based on the midpoint exchange rate for June 30, 20192020 reported by “Historical Exchange Rates” at http:// www.oanda.com/currency/historical-rates/) for each depositor in any

individual bank in Hong Kong, and the Macao government provides deposit protection up to a maximum amount of MOP$500,000 (approximately U.S.$ 62,13362,634 based on the midpoint exchange rate for June 30, 20192020 reported by “Historical Exchange Rates” at http:// www.oanda.com/currency/historical-rates/) for each depositor with any individual bank in Macao. We understand that in the event of a bank failure of a bank in the PRC, a PRC-government agency is to provide some, unspecified, protections of deposit accounts to individual depositors. After three interest rate hikes in 2011, there were recommendations in early 2012 from China’s economists that a formal insurance system from China’s central bank is necessary to protect depositors’ assets. On May 1, 2015, the new “Deposit Insurance Regulations” became effective in the PRC and provide that the maximum protection would be up to RMB500,000 (including principal and interest) per depositor per insured financial institution. Depending upon the amounts of funds we have on deposit in a Hong Kong, Macao or PRC financial institution that fails, our inability to have immediate access to our cash, and the lack of deposit protection in excess of applicable protection limits, could impair our operations, and, if we are not able to access needed funds to pay our suppliers, employees and other creditors, we may be unable to continue in business.

Our industry is extremely competitive, with aggressive pricing dynamics, and if we are not able to continue to provide competitive products and services, we may lose business.

We compete with a number of different companies in production of injection-molded plastic parts and components, electrical products and subassemblies and metallic molds and accessories. For example, we compete with Asian-based manufacturers and/or suppliers of injection-molded plastic parts and components, major global electronic manufacturing services (“EMS”) providers, other smaller EMS companies that have a regional or product-specificproduct-

specific focus, and original design manufacturers with respect to some of the services that we provide. We also compete with our current and prospective customers, who evaluate our capabilities in light of their own capabilities and cost structures. Our market segments are extremely competitive, many of our competitors have achieved substantial market share and many have lower cost structures and greater manufacturing, financial or other resources than we do. We face particular competition from Asian-based competitors, including Taiwanese EMS providers which compete in our end markets. If we are unable to provide comparable manufacturing services and improved products at lower cost than the other companies in our market, our net sales could decline.

Uncertainty and adverse changes in the economy and financial markets may also increase the competitive environment in our market segments which could also impact our operating results. In addition, the EMS industry is currently experiencing excess manufacturing capacity and has seen increased competition. To stay competitive, we have had retired some old machines and reinvested in some state of the art ones in order to best achieve high efficiency, precision and quality.

Nonetheless, the above factors have exerted and will continue to exert additional pressures on pricing for injection-molded plastic parts and components and for our electronic manufacturing services, thereby increasing the competitive pressures in our market segments generally. We may not be able to compete successfully against our current and future competitors, and the competitive pressures we face may have a material adverse effect on us.

We have no long-term contracts to obtain plastic resins and our profit margins and operating results could suffer from an increase in resin prices.

The primary materials used by us in the manufacture of our plastic injection molded products are various plastic resins. The following table shows our cost of plastic resins as a percentage of our cost of plastic products sold and as a percentage of our total costs of goods sold for the years ended March 31, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2019:2020:

We have no long-term contracts with our resin suppliers. Accordingly, our financial performance is dependent to a significant extent on resin markets and the ability to pass through price increases to our customers. The capacity, supply and demand for plastic resins and the petrochemical intermediates from which they are produced are subject to cyclical price fluctuations, including those arising from supply shortages. Consequently, resin prices may fluctuate as a result of changes in natural gas and crude oil prices and the capacity, supply and demand for resin and petrochemical intermediates from which they are produced. Over the past several years, oil prices have experienced significant volatility. In addition, we have found that increases in resin prices are difficult to pass on to our customers. In the past, increases in resin prices have increased our costs of goods sold and adversely affected our operating margins. A significant increase in resin prices in the future could likewise adversely affect our operating margins and results of operations.

Shortages of components and materials used in our production of electronics products may delay or reduce our sales and increase our costs.

From time to time, we have experienced shortages of some of the electronic components that we need and use in our electronics manufacturing market segment.These shortages can result from strong demand for those components or from problems experienced by suppliers. These unanticipated component shortages could result in curtailed production or delays in production, which may prevent us from making scheduled shipments to customers. Our inability to make scheduled shipments could cause us to experience a reduction in sales, increase in inventory levels and costs, and could adversely affect relationships with existing and prospective customers. Component shortages may also increase our cost of goods sold because we may be required to pay higher prices for components in short supply and redesign or reconfigure products to accommodate substitute components. As a result, component shortages could adversely affect our operating results. Our performance depends, in part, on our ability to incorporate changes in component costs into the selling prices for our products.products.

Certain of the electronic products we manufacture, particularly those for customers whose orders are widely spaced at irregular intervals for small lots of customized products, require components from single-source or customer-designated suppliers. Shortages of specific components often result in the suppliers allocating available quantities among their customers based on volume and purchasing history. Generally, we lack sufficient bargaining power with these suppliers to assure a stable supply of needed components. Delays in our obtaining, or our inability to obtain, these materials could slow production, delay shipments to our customers, increase our costs and hamper our operating results.

We face inventory risks of obsolescence and impairment charges by providing turnkey manufacturing of electronic products.

We conduct most of the manufacturing of electronic products for our customers on a “turnkey” basis, where we mainly take care of materials procurement, as well as product design and development for customers’ selection and collaboration. Turnkey manufacturing involves greater resource investment and inventory risk management than consignment manufacturing, where the customer provides the components and materials needed to manufacture the products it orders. If we fail to manage our inventory effectively, we may bear the risk of fluctuations in materials costs, scrap and excess inventory, all of which can have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, delays, cancellations or reductions of orders by our customers could result in an excess of materials. An excess of components and materials would increase our costs of maintaining inventory and may increase the risk of inventory obsolescence and impairment charges, which may increase our costs and decrease operating margins and otherwise harm our operating results.

Periods in which we receive rapid increases in orders with the lengthening of lead times by suppliers could cause a shortage of materials needed for us to fulfill orders received from customers expecting normal or accelerated delivery. A shortage of materials could lengthen production schedules and costs substantially, particularly for orders from our customers placed for short-term or rapid delivery and could force us to seek and purchase needed components at premium prices, which would increase our costs of goods sold and reduce our operating margins.

The Chinese government could change its policies toward or even nationalize private enterprise, which could result in the total loss of our investment in that country.

Our manufacturing facilities are located in China. As a result, our operations and assets are subject to significant political, economic, legal and other uncertainties associated with doing business in China. Over the past several years, the Chinese government has pursued economic reform policies including the encouragement of private economic activity and greater economic decentralization. The Chinese government may not continue to pursue these policies or may significantly alter them to our detriment from time to time without notice. Changes in policies by the Chinese government resulting in changes in laws, regulations, or their interpretation, or the imposition of confiscatory taxation, restrictions on currency conversion or imports and sources of supply could materially and adversely affect us. The nationalization or other expropriation of private enterprises by the Chinese government could result in the total loss of our investment in that country.

There may be a lack of remedies and impartiality under the Chinese legal system that prevents us from enforcing the agreements under which we operate our factories.

We do not own the land on which our factories in China are located. We occupy our manufacturing facilities under land use agreements or under tenancy agreements with the local Chinese government. These agreements may be difficult to enforce in China, which could force us to accept terms that may not be as favorable as those provided in our agreements. Unlike the U.S., China has a civil law system based on written statutes in which judicial decisions have little precedential value. The Chinese government has enacted some laws and regulations dealing with matters such as corporate organization and governance, foreign investment, commerce, taxation and trade. However, their experience in implementing, interpreting and enforcing these laws and regulations is limited, and our ability to enforce

commercial claims or to resolve commercial disputes is unpredictable. These matters may be subject to the exercise of considerable discretion by agencies of the Chinese government, and forces unrelated to the legal merits of a particular matter or dispute may influence their determination.

If our business licenses in China were not renewed, we would be required to move our operations out of China, which would impair our financial results, competitiveness and market position and jeopardize our ability to continue operations.

Our activities in China require business licenses, the scope of which is limited to our present activities, and require review and approval of our activities by various national and local agencies of Chinese government. The Chinese government may not continue to approve our activities, grant or renew our licenses or grant or renew licenses to expand our existing activities. Our inability to obtain needed approvals or licenses could prevent us from continuing to conduct operations in China. If for any reason we were required to move our manufacturing operations outside of China, our financial results would be substantially impaired, our competitiveness and market position would be materially jeopardized and we may not be able to continue operations.

Our insurance coverage may not be adequate to cover losses related to major accidents, forces of nature or product liability risks.

Risks associated with our business include risk of damage to our stock in trade, goods and merchandise, furniture

and equipment and factory buildings in China. At March 31, 2019,2020, we maintained fire, casualty and theft insurance aggregating approximately $109.6$109.0 million covering damages to fixed and movable assets, equipment, manufacturing facilities in China and furniture and fixtures at our facilities. The proceeds of this insurance may not be sufficient to cover material damage to, or the loss of, any of our factories due to fire, severe weather, flood, forces of nature, such as major earthquakes, which are common in China, or other natural disasters. We may experience difficulty or delays in receiving compensation from the insurance companies and may not receive insurance proceeds adequate to compensate us fully for a potential loss. Although we maintain insurance addressing damage to and destruction to our facilities and equipment, we do not have business interruption insurance.

Despite quality assurance measures, there remains a risk that defects may occur in our products. The occurrence of any defects in our products could give rise to liability for damages caused by such defects. They could, moreover, impair the market’s acceptance of our products. At March 31, 2019,2020, we had only limited product liability insurance. Although we have not experienced any product quality claims from significant customers, if future claims do arise, costs to defend, adverse judgments or amounts we may be forced to pay in settlement would increase our expenses. If we incur losses which are not covered under our insurance, or the amount of compensation that we receive from the insurer is significantly less than the actual loss, our financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Due to restrictions under PRC law on distributions of dividends by our subsidiaries in the PRC, we may be forced to reduce the amount of, or not be able to pay, dividends to our shareholders.

Under the PRC Income Tax Law and the implementation rules, only distributable profits earned by PRC entities can be distributed. The calculation of distributable profits under accounting principles and financial regulations applicable to PRC enterprises differs in many ways from U.S. GAAP. Our subsidiaries in the PRC are also required to reserve 10% of their profits for future development and staff welfare, which amounts are not distributable as dividends. These rules and possible changes to them could restrict our PRC subsidiaries from repatriating funds ultimately to us and our stockholders as dividends.

Under the unified enterprise income tax law (“EIT Law”), profits of the PRC entities earned on or after January 1, 2008 and distributed to the Company are subject to withholding tax at a rate of 10%, unless the Company is deemed a resident enterprise for tax purposes, or is incorporated in a country which has a tax treaty with PRC that provides for a different withholding arrangement. As a result of this PRC withholding tax, amounts available to us in earnings distributions from our PRC enterprises have been reduced. Since we derive the funds distributed to shareholders from our subsidiaries in the PRC, the reduction in amounts available for distribution from our PRC enterprises could, depending on the income generated by our PRC subsidiaries, force us to reduce, or possibly eliminate, the dividends we have paid to our shareholders historically. For this reason, or other factors, we may decide not to declare dividends in the future. If we do pay dividends, we will determine the amounts when they are declared and even if we do declare dividends in the future, we may not continue them in any future period.

Under China’s EIT Law, we may be classified as a “resident enterprise” for PRC tax purposes, which may subject us to PRC enterprise income tax for any dividends we receive from our Chinese subsidiaries and to PRC income tax withholding for any dividends we pay to our non-PRC stockholders.

Under the PRC’s EIT Law, an enterprise established outside of China whose “de facto management bodies” are located in China is considered a “resident enterprise” and is subject to the 25% enterprise income tax rate on its

worldwide income.

All of our manufacturing operations are conducted and managed in the PRC. Our corporate structure, illustrating our incorporation in BVI and our ownership of companies inside and outside of China, is set forth on page 23 of this Report. If the PRC tax authorities determine that our holding company structure utilizing companies outside of China is a “resident enterprise” for PRC enterprise income tax purposes, we may be subject to an enterprise income tax rate of 25% on our worldwide taxable income. The “resident enterprise” classification also could subject us to a 10% withholding tax on any dividends we pay to our non-PRC stockholders if the relevant PRC authorities determine that such income is PRC-sourced income. If we are classified as a “resident enterprise” and we incur these tax liabilities, our financial results would be negatively impacted accordingly.

Transactions between our subsidiaries may be subject to scrutiny by the PRC tax authorities. A finding that any of our China subsidiaries owe additional taxes, late payment interest or other penalties could adversely affect our operating results materially.

The PRC’s EIT Law emphasizes the requirement of an arm’s-length basis for transfer pricing transactions between related parties. It requires enterprises with transactions between related parties, such as transactions between our subsidiaries located inside and outside of China, to prepare transfer pricing documentation that includes the basis for determining pricing, the computation methodology and detailed explanations. We could face material and adverse consequences if the PRC tax authorities determine that transactions between our subsidiaries do not represent arm’s-length pricing and are thereby deemed tax avoidance, or determine that related documentation does not meet the requirements of the EIT Law. Such determinations could result in increased tax liabilities of the affected subsidiaries and potentially subject them to late payment interest and other penalties.

Controversies affecting China’s trade with the United States could harm our operations or depress our stock price.

Historically, the United States has been the major or significant geographical area of our product sales in terms of shipping destinations. The United States was our number two market in fiscal years ended March 31, 2017,2018, March 31, 20182019 and March 31, 2019.2020. SeeItem 4 “Information on the Company – Customers and Marketing” on page 29 of this Report for information regarding our net sales as a percentage of total sales to customers by geographic area. While China has been granted permanent most favored nation trade status in the United States, controversies between the United States and China may arise that threaten the status quo involving trade between the United States and China. These controversies could adversely affect our business by, among other things, causing our products in the United States to become more expensive, which could result in a reduction in the demand for our products by customers in the United States. Recently, political and trade friction between the United States and China has escalated.

In July 2018 and again in September 2018, the United States imposed tariffs on a wide range of products and other goods from China. In May 2019,Over the 18 months that have followed since, the two countries have been embroiled in countless back-and-forth negotiations, introduced foreign technology restrictions, fought several WTO cases, consequently leading US-China trade tensions to the brink of a full-blown trade war. So far, the US has slapped tariffs on US$550 billion worth of Chinese products. China, in turn, has set tariffs and other trade matters betweenon US$185 billion worth of US goods. For many months, neither China nor the United States and China cameshowed signs of wanting to back down. But finally, on January 15, 2020, the first signs of a halt, and bothtruce were seen, when the two sides escalatedsigned the trade dispute. In June 2019, trade talks resumed betweenPhase One Deal, which officially agreed to the United States and China, and the United States indicated it would not impose additional tariffs at this time. Although negotiations are to resume in the second half of 2019 between the United States and China, it is possible the United States will impose additional tariffs. Given our manufacturing in China, and our lack of manufacturing elsewhere, the impositionrollback of tariffs by the United States presents particular risks for us. Tariffs that have already beenand expansion of trade purchases. Up till mid-May, China has announced and implemented have covered certainits fifth list of our products. US products eligible to be excluded from retaliatory tariffs. This tariff waiver will take effect from May 19, 2020 through to May 18, 2021.

The trade controversy between the United States and China is still evolving, and we cannot predict future trade policy. However, future tariffs could cover more or all of our products, resulting in an adverse effect on our operations, including customer demand, or on the prevailing market price of our common shares.

Future relocation of certain manufacturing lines may not be successful.

The outcome of the trade controversy between the United States and China is not be predictable as of this time. InIn order to mitigate the uncertainties caused by the issue, we have been studying the feasibility of reallocating part of our production to SoutheastAsiancountries since 2018. In June 2019,Last year, we engaged an internationally-recognized professional service firm to provide advice and assistance in the completion of required statutory procedures for the incorporation of a wholly foreign invested enterprise in Vietnam (the “FIE”). The incorporation However, we were advised that our proposed investment plan might not fulfill the requirement for the application of the FIE is stillcertificate of origin in progress as ofVietnam, the date of this Report. incorporation procedures in Vietnam were suspended.

We are inexploring the stagepossibilities to reallocate part of visiting different locations in Vietnam, planning potential employee and management relocations and negotiating the relocation with our customers.

While this may mitigate our exposureproduction to the trade dispute between the United States and China, relocation of manufacturing lines in Vietnamother Southeast Asian countries. We may face difficulties and possibly be unsuccessful in the future. We may fail to select appropriate manufacturing plants

in Vietnam.other Southeast Asian countries. Some of our competent and experienced employees and management may not be willing to relocate and work in Vietnam.other Southeast Asian countries. The quality of the products manufactured and assembled in Vietnamother Southeast Asian countries may not be accepted by our customers. A new manufacturing plant in Vietnamother Southeast Asian countries could require significant management attention and could result in a diversion of resources away from our existing business. We may also need to obtain approvals and licenses from relevant government authorities to comply with applicable laws and regulations, which could result in increased costs and delays.

Restrictions on the convertibility of RMB into foreign currency may limit our ability to transfer excess funds or dividends to the Company’s subsidiaries outside China.

Our manufacturing operations are conducted by our subsidiaries located in China and funds are frequently transferred into our subsidiaries in China. Thus, any future restrictions on currency exchanges may limit our ability to transfer excess funds or dividends outside China. Although the PRC government introduced regulations in 1996 to allow greater convertibility of RMB for current account transactions, significant restrictions still remain, including primarily the restriction that foreign-invested enterprises may only buy, sell and/or remit foreign currencies at those

banks authorized to conduct foreign exchange business after providing valid commercial documents. The Chinese regulatory authorities may impose more stringent restrictions on the convertibility of RMB, especially with respect to foreign exchange transactions.

Political and economic instability of Hong Kong and Macao could harm our operations.

Our administration and accounting offices are located in Macao, formerly a Portuguese Colony, and some of our customers and suppliers are located in Hong Kong, formerly a British Crown Colony. Sovereignty over Macao and Hong Kong was transferred to China effective on December 20, 1999 and July 1, 1997, respectively. Since their transfers, Macao and Hong Kong have become Special Administrative Regions of China, enjoying a high degree of autonomy except for foreign and defense affairs. Moreover, China’s political system and policies are not practiced in Macao or Hong Kong. Under the principle of “one country, two systems,” Macao and Hong Kong maintain legal systems that are different from that of China. Macao’s legal system is based on the Basic Law of the Macao Special Administrative Region and, similarly, Hong Kong’s legal system is based on the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. It is generally acknowledged as an open question whether Hong Kong’s future prosperity in its role as a hub and gateway to China will be diminished. The continued stability of political, economic or commercial conditions in Macao and Hong Kong remain uncertain, and any instability could have an adverse impact on our business.

The PRC’s national labor law restricts our ability to reduce our workforce if we conclude that we need to make future reductions.

In June 2007, the National People’s Congress of the PRC enacted labor legislation, called the Labor Contract Law, and that law became effective on January 1, 2008. The law formalized workers’ rights concerning overtime hours, pensions, layoffs, employment contracts and the role of trade unions. Considered one of the strictest labor laws in the world, among other things, this law requires an employer to conclude an “open-ended employment contract” with any employee who either has worked for the employer for 10 years or more or has had two consecutive fixed-term contracts. An “open-ended employment contract” is in effect a lifetime, permanent contract, which is terminable only in specified circumstances, such as a material breach of the employer’s rules and regulations, or for a serious dereliction of duty. Such employment contracts with qualifying workers would not be terminable if, for example, we determined to downsize our workforce in the event of an economic downturn. Under the 2007 law, downsizing by 20% or more may occur only under specified circumstances, such as a restructuring undertaken pursuant to China’s Enterprise Bankruptcy Law, or where a company suffers serious difficulties in production and/or business operations. Also, if we lay off more than 20 employees or 10% at one time, we have to communicate with the labor union of our Company and report to the District Labor Bureau. Deswell’s entire staff, who are employed to work exclusively within the PRC, is covered by the law. In response to prevailing business conditions, we decreased our workforce by 100 in the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 after decreasing our workforce by 135 in the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019 after decreasing our workforce by 2 in the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018.2019. However, we may incur much higher costs under China’s Labor Contract Law if we are forced to downsize our workforce in the future. Accordingly, this law can be expected to exacerbate the adverse effect of unfavorable economic conditions on our results of operations and financial condition.

Our customers are dependent on shipping companies for delivery of our products and interruptions to shipping could materially and adversely affect our business and operating results.

Generally, we sell our products F.O.B. Hong Kong or F.O.B. China and our customers are responsible for the transportation of products from Hong Kong or China to their final destinations. Our customers rely on a variety of carriers for product transportation through various world ports. A work stoppage, strike or shutdown of one or more

major ports or airports could result in shipping delays materially and adversely affecting our customers, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results. Similarly, an increase in freight surcharges due to rising fuel costs or general price increases could materially and adversely affect our business and operating results.

Protecting, seeking licenses for, or asserting claims over, intellectual property could be costly.

We usually rely on trade secrets, industry expertise and the sharing with us by our customers of their intellectual property. However, there can be no assurance that intellectual property that we use in our business does not violate rights in such property belonging to others. We may be notified that we are infringing patents, copyright or other intellectual property rights owned by other parties. In the event of an infringement claim, we may be required to spend a significant amount of money to develop a non-infringing alternative or to obtain licenses. We may not be successful in developing alternatives or in obtaining licenses on reasonable terms, if at all. Any litigation, even

without merit, could result in substantial costs and could adversely affect our business and operating results.

Our strategy has been to evaluate trade names and trademarks, and to consider seeking patents, where we believe that such trade names, trademarks or patents would be available and adequate to protect our rights to products or processes that we consider material to our business. To the extent we do seek to obtain trade names, trademarks or patents, we may be required to institute litigation in order to enforce them or other intellectual property rights to protect our business interests. Such litigation could result in substantial costs and could adversely affect sales, financial results and growth.

We are dependent on customers operating in highly competitive markets and the inability of our customers to succeed in their markets can adversely impact our business, operating results and financial condition.

The end markets we serve can experience major swings in demand which, in turn, can significantly impact our operations. Our financial performance depends on our customers’ ability to compete and succeed in their markets, which have been, and could continue to be, affected directly by prevailing global economic conditions. The majority of our customers’ products are characterized by rapid changes in technologies, increased standardization of technologies and shortening of product lifecycles. In many instances, our customers have experienced severe revenue erosion, pricing and margin pressures, and excess inventories during recent years.

We could suffer losses from corrupt or fraudulent business practices.

Corruption and other fraudulent practices remain a concern in China. We could suffer losses from fraudulent practices if we are not successful in implementing and maintaining preventative measures.

Because our operations are international, we are subject to significant worldwide political, economic, legal and other uncertainties.

We are incorporated in the BVI and have subsidiaries incorporated in the BVI, Macao, Hong Kong, Samoa and China. Our administrative and accounting office is located in Macao. We manufacture all of our products in China. As of March 31, 2019,2020, approximately 54.0%55.5% of the net book value of our total identifiable assets was located in China. We sell our products to customers principally in China, the United States, Hong Kong, Europe (the United Kingdom, Norway and Holland) and Canada. Our international operations may be subject to significant political and economic risks and legal uncertainties, including:

The occurrence or consequences of any of these factors may restrict our ability to operate in the affected region and negatively impact our operations in that region, or as a whole.

We depend on our executive officers, senior managers and skilled personnel.

Our success depends largely upon the continued services of our executive officers as well as upon our ability to attract and retain qualified technical, manufacturing and marketing personnel. Generally, our executive officers and senior managers are not bound by employment or non-competition agreements and we cannot assure you that we will be able retain them. The loss of service of any of our officers or key management personnel could have a material

adverse effect on our business and operating results. We do not have key person insurance on our executive officers. We believe that our future success will depend, in part, on our ability to attract and retain highly skilled executive, technical and management personnel and if we are not able to do so, our business and operating results could be harmed.

Compliance with current and future environmental regulations may be costly and could impact our future operating results adversely.

The laws and regulations related to environmental protection have been tightening in recent years in China and

in our end markets, requiring production facilities that may cause pollution or produce other toxic materials to take steps to protect the environment and establish an environmental protection and management system. When an entity fails to adopt preventative measures or control facilities that meet the requirements of environmental protection standards, it is subject to suspension of production or operations and for payment of fines. Compliance with relevant laws and regulations can be costly and disrupt operations.

Our operations create some environmentally sensitive waste that may increase in the future depending on the nature of our manufacturing operations. The general issue of the disposal of hazardous waste has received increasing attention from Chinese national and local governments and foreign governments and agencies and has been subject to increasing regulation. Currently, relevant Chinese environmental protection laws and regulations impose fines on discharge of waste materials and empower certain environmental authorities to close any facility which causes serious environmental problems. Although it has not been alleged that we have violated any current environmental regulations by China government officials, the Chinese government could amend its current environmental protection laws and regulations. Our business and operating results could be materially and adversely affected if we were to increase expenditures to comply with environmental regulations affecting our operations.

In addition, we could face significant costs and liabilities in connection with product take-back legislation, which enables customers to return a product at the end of its useful life and charge us with financial and other responsibility for environmentally safe collection, recycling, treatment and disposal. We also face increasing complexity in our product design and procurement operations as we adjust to requirements relating to the materials composition of electronic products. If our products are not compatible with such requirements, we could experience the loss of revenue, damages to our reputation, diversion of resources, monetary penalties, and legal action. Other environmental regulations may require us to reengineer our products to utilize components that are more environmentally compatible. Such reengineering and component substitution may result in additional costs to us. Although we currently do not anticipate any material adverse effects based on the nature of our operations and the effect of such laws, there is no assurance that such existing laws or future laws will not have a material adverse effect on us.

Power shortages in China could affect our business.

We consume substantial amounts of electricity in our manufacturing processes at our production facilities in China. In the past, we have experienced a number of power shortages at our production facilities in China, though we are sometimes given advance notice of such power shortages. In relation to these power shortages we have a backup power system. However, there can be no assurance that in the future our backup power system will be completely effective in the event of a power shortage, particularly if that power shortage is over a sustained period of time and/or we are not given advance notice of it. Any power shortage, brownout or blackout for a significant period of time may disrupt our manufacturing, and as a result, may have an adverse impact on our business.

In the future, we may be required to write down long-lived assets and these impairment charges would adversely affect our future operating results.

As of March 31, 2019,2020, our balance sheet included approximately $30.2$28.6 million in long-lived assets. Under applicable accounting rules, we review long-lived assets, such as property, plant, and equipment, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Valuation of our long-lived assets requires us to make various assumptions and these assumptions are used to forecast future, undiscounted cash flows. If actual market conditions differ or our forecasts change, we may be required to reassess long-lived assets and could record an impairment charge. If we are required to take substantial impairment charges in future periods, our earnings would be decreased or our losses would be increased in the period or periods in which the charges occur.

A material failure of internal control over financial reporting could materially impact the Company’s financial results.

In designing and evaluating its internal control over financial reporting, management recognizes that any internal control or procedure, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving desired control objectives, and management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit

relationship of possible controls and procedures. Management believes that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting currently provides reasonable assurance of achieving their control objectives. However, no system of internal controls can be designed to provide absolute assurance of effectiveness. SeeItem 15 “Controls and Procedures” later in this Report. A material failure of internal control over financial reporting could materially impact the Company’s reported financial results and the market price of its stock could significantly decline. Additionally,

adverse publicity related to a material failure of internal control over financial reporting could have a negative effect on the Company’s reputation and business.

China’s US stock market issues may raise investors’ concerns.

Since 2017, a series of Chinese companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ saw their share prices substantially drop after going public, as compared to Non-Chinese companies. The difference in performance is thought to be due to heightened concerns over standards of corporate governance. The SEC made repeated mention of emerging markets, including China, in a warning to investors over the book-keeping standards of foreign companies listed in the US, that there could be substantially great risk that disclosures will be incomplete or misleading. These issues and the past performances of Chinese companies could make the US stock markets less attractive to all sorts of companies from China or could lead to possible decreases in Chinese concept share valuations. As a result, investors may suffer losses as Deswell’s main operations are located in China.

Our auditor, like other independent registered public accounting firms operating in China, is not permitted to be subject to inspection by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, and as such, investors may be deprived of the benefits of such inspection.

Our independent registered public accounting firm that issues the audit reports included in our annual reports filed with the SEC, as an auditor of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), or PCAOB, is required by the laws of the United States to undergo regular inspections by PCAOB to assess its compliance with the laws of the United States and professional standards. Because our auditor is located in China, a jurisdiction where PCAOB is currently unable to conduct inspections without the approval of the PRC authorities, our auditor, like other independent registered public accounting firms operating in China, is currently not inspected by PCAOB.

Inspections of other firms that PCAOB has conducted outside of China have identified deficiencies in those firms’ audit procedures and quality control procedures, which may be addressed as part of the inspection process to improve future audit quality.

The inability of PCAOB to conduct inspections of independent registered public accounting firms operating in China makes it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of our auditor’s audit procedures or quality control procedures. As a result, investors may be deprived of the benefits of PCAOB inspections.

As part of a continued regulatory focus in the United States on access to audit and other information that may be currently protected by national law, in particular China’s, in June 2019, a bipartisan group of lawmakers introduced bills in both houses of the U.S. Congress, which if passed, would require the SEC to maintain a list of issuers for which the PCAOB is not able to inspect or investigate an auditor report issued by a foreign public accounting firm. The proposed Ensuring Quality Information and Transparency for Abroad-Based Listings on our Exchanges (Equitable) Act prescribes increased disclosure requirements for these issuers and, beginning in 2025, the delisting from U.S. national securities exchanges of issuers included on the SEC’s list for three consecutive years.

On April 21, 2020, the SEC and the PCAOB issued another joint statement, emphasizing that in many emerging markets, including China, there is a substantially greater risk that disclosures will be incomplete or misleading. The statement also pointed out that investors have limited access to recourse, in comparison to U.S. domestic companies, and stressing again the PCAOB’s inability to inspect audit work papers in China and its potential harm to investors. Further, on May 20, 2020, the U.S. Senate passed S. 945, the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act (the “Kennedy Bill”). If passed by the U.S. House of Representatives and signed by the U.S. President, the Kennedy Bill would amend the SOX to direct the SEC to prohibit securities of any registrant from being listed on any of the U.S. securities exchanges or traded “over-the-counter” if the auditor of the registrant’s financial statements is not subject to PCAOB inspection for three consecutive years after the law becomes effective. The U.S. House of Representatives has also introduced and is considering a bill similar to the Kennedy Bill.

Concurrently, NASDAQ has proposed to codify its existing discretion in considering whether to deny initial or continued listing or to apply more stringent criteria when the auditor of a NASDAQ-listed company has not been,

or cannot be, inspected by the PCAOB or the auditor does not demonstrate sufficient resources, geographic reach or experience as it relates to the audit. NASDAQ also has proposed to clarify that it may use its discretionary authority to impose additional or more stringent criteria for continued listing where the local jurisdiction restricts access by U.S. securities regulators to information.

Enactment of any of such legislations or other efforts to increase U.S. regulatory access to audit information could cause investor uncertainty for affected issuers, including us, and the market price of our shares could be adversely affected, and we could be delisted if we are unable to cure the situation to meet the PCAOB inspection requirements in time. It is unclear if and when any of such proposed legislations will be enacted and, if it is, what the ultimate resolution, over which we have no control, of the PCAOB inspection issue will be.

Potential new accounting pronouncements or changes in interpretation by NASDAQ may adversely impact our future financial position and results of operations in the future.

We prepare our financial statements in conformity with the generally accepted accounting principles of the United States of America “U.S. GAAP.” A change in these accounting principles and policies, especially as interpreted by the Securities and Exchange Commission and The NASDAQ Stock Market, may have an impact on our future financial position and results of operations. Historically, regulatory changes, such as the requirement of the Financial Accounting Standards Board to expense stock options grants, and other legislative initiatives have increased our general and administrative costs and future changes could have a similar adverse impact on our financial results.

The concentration of share ownership in our senior management allows them to control the outcome of matters requiring shareholder approval.

As of June 30, 2019,2020, the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Company, Richard Pui Hon Lau, beneficially owned approximately 51.7%54.8% of our outstanding common shares, allowing Mr. Lau to control the outcome of all matters requiring approval by our shareholders, including the election of directors and approval of significant corporate transactions. This ability may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control of Deswell, or causing a change in control of Deswell that may not be favored by our other shareholders. As of June 30, 2019,2020, members of our senior management and Board of Directors as a group, including Mr. Lau, beneficially owned approximately 61.6%64.6% of our outstanding common shares. There are no agreements, understandings, or commitments among the members of our senior management and Board of Directors to vote their shares in any specific manner, or to vote collectively for or against any matter that may come before the shareholders.

Our board’s ability to amend our charter without shareholder approval could have anti-takeover effects that could prevent a change in control.

As permitted by the law of the BVI, many provisions of our Memorandum and Articles of Association, which are the terms used in the BVI for a corporation’s charter and bylaws, may be amended by our board of directors without shareholder approval provided that a majority of our independent directors do not vote against the amendment. This includes amendments to increase or reduce our authorized capital stock. Our board’s ability to amend certain provisions of our charter documents without shareholder approval, including its ability to create and issue further common shares, could have the effect of delaying, deterring or preventing a change in control of Deswell, including a tender offer to purchase our common shares at a premium over the then current market price.

Our exemptions from certain of the reporting requirements under the Exchange Act limits the protections and information afforded to investors.

We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of rules promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt or excluded from certain

provisions applicable to United States public companies including:

entities such as stock analysts, or holders of the issuer’s securities who may trade on the basis of the information, the issuer must make public disclosure of that information.

In addition, because we are a “controlled company” under the NASDAQ Marketplace Rules, certain of the corporate governance standards of The NASDAQ Stock Market that are applied to domestic companies having securities included on The NASDAQ Stock Market are not applicable to us. For example, as a controlled company we are exempt from certain corporate governance provisions of sections 5600et seq. of NASDAQ’s Marketplace Rules. We rely on exemptions from the following NASDAQ Marketplace Rules:

Because of these exemptions or exclusions, investors are not afforded the same protections or information generally available to investors in public companies organized in the United States and having securities included on The NASDAQ Stock Market.

Legislation enacted in the BVI as to Economic Substance may affect our operations

Pursuant to theThe Economic Substance (Companies and Limited Partnerships)Partnership) Act 2018 of(the “Act”) has been enacted in the BVI (the “BVI ES Act”) thatBritish Virgin Islands (BVI) and came into force on January 1, January 2019, a “legal entity”2019. The Act requires certain BVI legal entities carrying on a “relevant activity” is requiredrelevant activities to establishdemonstrate adequate economic substance in the BVI.

All entities will be required to provide information to enable the International Tax Authority in the BVI unlessto monitor whether the relevant entity is carrying on relevant activities and, if so, whether it is tax residentcomplying with the economic substance requirements. The information will be uploaded by the entity’s registered agent and integrated into the BVI’s existing Beneficial Ownership Secure Search (BOSS) system.

Penalties will be imposed for failure to provide required information or for operating an entity in another jurisdiction (whichbreach of the economic substance requirements, which may include substantial fines, imprisonment and eventually the entity may be deregistered.

During the year end March 31, 2020, we have provided the information requested by the BVI registered agent. No further information or follow-up action is not on Annex 1requested by BVI registered agent or the International Tax Authority in the BVI as of the date of this Report. We will continue to submit the European Union’s listinformation requested by the BVI registered agent annually.

If any one of non-cooperative jurisdictions for tax purposes). We are consulting with advisers on the extentBVI entities in our Group is subsequently considered to which we are requiredcarry out any one of the relevant activities by the BVI registered agent or the International Tax Authority in the BVI, the BVI entity will be requested to comply with the BVI ES Act with respect to our operations.

Further guidance is expected from the BVI government to clarify certain definitions and requirements in the BVI ES Act and our advisers are monitoring these developments. In the event that we are required to haverelevant economic substance in the BVI according to the BVI ES Act but fail to satisfy such requirements, we may be liable to financial and other penalties in accordance with the BVI ES Act. If we are required to establish economic substance in the BVI or if we choose to reorganize ourselves so as to not be subject to the BVI ES Act, or if we fail to establish the required substance, this could result in additional costs that might adversely affect our financial condition or results.requirements.

Item4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

Corporate Information

Deswell Industries, Inc. was founded in 1987 in Hong Kong and moved its manufacturing operations to China in

1990 to take advantage of lower overhead cost, competitive labor rate and tax concessions available in Shenzhen, China as compared with Hong Kong.

We were reincorporatedincorporated in December 1993 as a limited liability International Business Company under the British Virgin Islands International Business Companies Act, 1984 (the “IBC Act”). Effective on January 1, 2007, the BVI repealed the IBC Act, and simultaneously with such repeal, we were automatically re-registered under the BVI’s corporate law replacing the IBC Act, the BVI Business Companies Act, 2004 (the “BVI BC Act”).

The Company’s registered agent in the BVI is Harneys Corporate Services Limited, P.O. Box 71, Craigmuir Chambers, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands. The Company’s principal administrative office is located in 10B Edificio Associacao Industrial De Macau, 32 Rua do Comandante Mata e Oliveira, Macao, and its telephone number is (853) 2832-2096 and its facsimile number is (853) 2832-3265. Our principal manufacturing facilities and

operations are currently based in Dongguan, Guangdong, China.

Important Events in Deswell’s Development

During the year ended March 31, 2015, the Company gradually outsourced manufacturing of the metal components used in assembly of the Company’s audio products. As of March 31, 2015, all of the metallic components used in assembly of the Company’s audio products were provided by third party suppliers. The operating results of the metallic parts business unit are reported as discontinued operations for all periods presented. We have historically reported the results of the metallic parts business as a separate segment. The continuing cash flows subsequent to the unit’s closure were not significant.

Organizational Structure

The following diagram illustrates the organizational structure of the Company and its active subsidiaries at March 31, 2019.

2020.

Capital Expenditures

Principal capital expenditures and divestitures made by Deswell during the three year periods ended March 31, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 20192020 included the following (dollar amounts in thousands):

Our major capital expenditures in fiscal 2020 included:

Our major capital expenditures in fiscal 2019 included:

Our major capital expenditures in fiscal 2018 included:

Our major capital expenditures in fiscal 2017 included:

All of the foregoing capital expenditures were financed principally from internally generated funds and our current plan is to continue to use internally generated funds principally to finance future capital expenditures.

The Company has constructed its own manufacturing plant and dormitory buildings in Houjie, Dongguan China with an aggregate of approximately 1.3 million square feet of land. Management believes that the current plant facility has sufficiently met the Company’s existing requirements. Thus, the Company has postponed additional construction, consisting of previously planned additions of two dormitory units and two other buildings. We may choose to inaugurate this last phase of construction if additional production capacity is required in the future.

Availability of Additional Information.

The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. Such information is available at http://www.sec.gov. The Company’s website is http://www.deswell.com.

Business Overview

We are an independent manufacturer of injection-molded plastic parts and components, electronic products and subassemblies and metallic molds and accessory parts for original equipment manufacturers, or “OEMs” and contract manufacturers. We conduct all of our manufacturing activities at separate plastics, electronics and metallic operation factories located in the People’s Republic of China.

We produce a wide variety of plastic parts and components that are used in the manufacture of consumer and industrial products, using different plastic injection technologies, such as film injection, integrated injection and insert injection. The products include:

Electronic products manufactured by the Company include:

Historically, metal products manufactured by the Company included metallic molds and necessary parts used in audio equipment, telephones, copying machines, pay telephones, multimedia stations, automatic teller machines, vending machines, and more. As manufacturing of metallic components is a production process that may emit pollutants, during the year ended March, 31, 2015 the Company gradually outsourced manufacturing of the metal components used in assembly of the Company’s audio products. Since March, 2015, all the metallic components used in assembly of the Company’s audio products were provided by third party suppliers.

As part of its manufacturing operations, the Company consults with its customers in the design of plastic parts and the design and production of the molds used to manufacture plastic parts, which are made by Deswell at its customers’ expense, and provides advice and assistance in the design and manufacturing of printed circuit boards. The Company believes that its ability to manufacture or assemble high-end plastic and metallic accessory parts of the quality required by OEMs and contract manufacturers which furnish products and services internationally, Deswell’s expertise in designing and manufacturing molds for its customers and the Company’s low production costs distinguish Deswell from most other manufacturers of plastic products and provide it with a competitive advantage. However, this advantage has been difficult to maintain as a result of increased competition and increased production overheads during the last three fiscal years.

Industry Overview

Management believes that the injection molding and parts manufacturing industries have each benefited in recent years from a trend among major users of injection molded and metal products to outsource an increasing portion of the parts requirements and to select a small number of suppliers or a sole supplier to provide those products. The Company is not aware of any empirical data defining the manufacturing industry in China, however, management believes that injection molding firms which are much smaller than the Company make up the largest segment of the industry in China. The Company’s experience indicates that such smaller firms are often unable to react quickly and responsively to the diverse demands of many customers and are not capable of furnishing the level of quality that high-end plastic and metal products require. Management believes that this inability on the part of these smaller manufacturers has created opportunities for the Company to increase sales by catering to the outsourcing requirements of OEMs and contract manufacturers that manufacture such high-end products.

Similarly, as a result of the recognition by OEMs in the electronics industry of the rising costs of operating a manufacturing site and the need to add more sophisticated and expensive manufacturing processes and equipment,

OEMs have turned increasingly to outside contract manufacturers. By doing so, OEMs are able to focus on research, product conception, design and development, marketing and distribution, and to rely on the production expertise of contract manufacturers. Other benefits to OEMs of using contract manufacturing include: access to manufacturers in regions with low labor and overhead costs, reduced time to market, reduced capital investment, improved inventory management, improved purchasing power and improved product quality. In addition, the use of contract manufacturers has helped OEMs manage production in view of increasingly shorter product life cycles.

Operations

Plastic Injection Molding

Plastic injection molding manufacturing accounted for 52.2%46.5%, 46.5%43.2% and 43.2%38.8% of the Company’s total sales

during the years ended March 31, 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2019,2020, respectively. At March 31, 2019,2020, the Company conducted its plastic manufacturing operations in approximately 1,070,000 square feet of factory space in its factory located in Dongguan, China.

The Company’s plastic injection molding process consists of three phases: (1) mold design and production; (2) plastic injection; and (3) finishing.

Mold design and production

The plastic injection-molding process begins when a customer provides the Company with specifications for a product or part, which specifications are often created in consultation with the Company’s technical staff. Next the Company designs and produces the mold, using great care in the design process and in the selection of materials to produce the mold in an effort to create a high quality appearance of the completed product by reducing or eliminating potential flaws such as the sinkage of materials and irregularities in the knit line of joints. The mold-making process ranges from 40 to 50 days, depending on the size and complexity of the mold. Mold making requires specialized machines and is capital intensive. At March 31, 2019,2020, the Company used 30 EDMs (electrical discharge machines), 32 CNC (computer numerical control) milling machines and 83 NC (numerical control) milling machines in the mold-making process.

The customer generally bears the cost of producing the molds and, as is customary in the industry, the customer owns them. However, the Company maintains and stores the molds at its factory for use in production and it is Deswell’s policy generally not to make molds for customers unless the customer undertakes to store its molds at the Company’s factory and uses Deswell to manufacture the related parts. In that way, the Company seeks to use its mold-making expertise to create dependence on it for the customer’s parts requirements. Through its Export Tooling Department, Deswell produces molds for export to customers and thus does not use those molds to manufacture related parts.

During the year ended March 31, 2019,2020, the Company made an average of approximately 2512 to 3015 molds each month. The average weight of the molds produced by the Company is about 2,3001,300 pounds costing an average of $12,000$8,800 per set. Management believes that the Company’s skills and expertise in mold-making, coupled with having its facilities and operations in China, allow the Company to produce molds at costs substantially less than molds of comparable quality made in Japan, Korea and Taiwan.

Plastic Injection

During the mold-making process, suitable plastic resin for the particular product is selected and purchased. See “Raw Materials, Component Parts and Suppliers,” below. The completed mold is mounted onto injection machines, which are classified according to the clamping force (the pressure per square inch required to hold a mold in place during the injection molding process). At March 31, 2019,2020, the Company had approximately 198180 injection molding machines, ranging from 30 to 1,600 tons of clamping force, with most machines in the range of from 86 to 380 tons. Each of the Company’s machines is capable of servicing a variety of applications and product configurations and the Company has machines which permit the Company to fabricate plastic parts as small as a button and as large as a 3 ft. x 2 ft. case for a copy machine.

Using separate shifts, injection molding can be conducted 24 hours a day, five to seven days per week, other than during normal down time for maintenance and changing of product molds. Molding of products requiring extra concerns for appearance, such as cases for calculators, personal organizers and telephones are conducted in an isolated and dust free section of the factory. In a continuous effort to assure quality, the Company’s quality control personnel inspect the products produced from each machine generally at hourly intervals during production. When defects are discovered, the Company’s maintenance personnel inspect the mold and the machine to determine which is responsible. If the mold is the cause of the defect, it will be immediately removed from the machine and serviced or

repaired by one of a team of technicians employed to maintain molds. The mold will then be remounted on the machine and production will continue. If the machine is the source of the defect, the Company’s technicians and engineers service the machine immediately. Through this continuous vigilance to molds and machines, the Company has experienced what it believes to be a relatively low scrap rate and has been able to maintain a high level of productivity of its injection molding machines.

During the year ended March 31, 2017, the Company disposed of 12 old plastic injection molding machines and added 10 new ones.

During the year ended March 31, 2018, the Company disposed of 3 old plastic injection molding machines and added 1 new one.

During the year ended March 31, 2019, the Company neither disposed of any plastic injection molding machines nor purchased new machines.

During the year ended March 31, 2020, the Company disposed of 18 plastic injection molding machines and did not add any new machine.

Finishing

After injection molding, products are finished. Finishing consists of smoothing and polishing, imprinting letters, numbers and signs through silk screening process, pad printing or epoxy ultra violet cutting, and treating the

product with an anti-fog coating for a lasting and attractive appearance. Most of these functions are conducted by hand.

Electronic Products and Assemblies

In an aggregate of approximately 223,000 square feet of factory space at March 31, 20192020 located at facilities in Dongguan, China, the Company manufactures and assembles electronic products and electronic assemblies for OEMs. Finished products include consumer and sophisticated studio-quality audio equipment, IPBX and commercial telephone units, network education platforms, IP switches and routers. Assemblies consist of printed circuit boards (“PCBs”) with passive (e.g., resistors, capacitors, transformers, switches and wire) and active (e.g., semiconductors and memory chips) components mounted on them. During the years ended March 31, 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2019,2020, manufacturing of electronic products accounted for approximately 47.8%53.5%, 53.5%56.8% and 56.8%61.2%, respectively, of the Company’s total sales.

In assembling printed circuit boards the Company purchases printed circuit boards, surface mounted components and chips and uses automatic insertion and pin-through-hole interconnection technologies to assemble various components onto the PCBs. Before delivery, completed PCBs are checked by in-circuit testers and outgoing quality assurance inspections are performed.

PTH is a method of assembling printed circuit boards in which component leads are inserted and soldered into plated holes in the board. While this technology is several decades old and is labor intensive, it still has a significant market, particularly for consumer product applications.

BGA is a method of mounting an integrated circuit or other component to a PCB. Rather than using pins that consume a large area of the PCB, the component is attached to the circuit board with small balls of solder at each contact. This method allows for greater component density and is used in more complex PCBs.

SMT is the automatic process of printed circuit board assembly in which components are mounted directly to the surface of the board, rather than being inserted into holes. With this process, solder is accurately stenciled in paste form on pads located on the printed circuit board and the components are then placed onto the solder paste and fused to the melting point of the paste to establish a strong solder joint between components and the printed circuit board. The SMT process allows miniaturization of PCBs, cost savings and shorter lead paths between components (which results in faster signal speed and improved reliability). Additionally, it allows components to be placed on both sides of the printed circuit board, a major factor for the purpose of miniaturization.

Manufacturing operations include PCB assembly, wiring and testing. The process is completed by assembling the PCBs into a plastic or metal housing that comprises the finished product. Quality assurance is then conducted in accordance with the customers’ requirements before the shipment.

Metal Parts Manufacturing

During the fourth quarter of 2015, the Company closed down its metallic parts business unit and sold all of its assets. The operating results of the metallic parts business unit are reported as discontinued operations for all periods presented. We have historically reported the results of the metallic parts business as a separate segment. The continuing cash flows subsequent to the unit’s closure were not significant.

Quality Control

The Company maintains strict quality control procedures for its products. At hourly intervals, the Company’s quality control personnel monitor machines and molds to assure that plastic parts are free from defects.

For electronic operations, the Company’s quality control personnel check all incoming components. Moreover, during the production stage, the Company’s quality control personnel check all work in process at several points in the production process. Finally, after the final assembly and before shipment, the Company conducts quality assurance inspections in accordance with the customers’ Acceptable Quality Level, or AQL, requirements.

In 1995, the Company earned ISO 9001 certifications for both its plastic and electronic products manufacturing operations. The “ISO” or International Organization for Standardization is a Geneva-based organization dedicated to the development of worldwide standards for quality management guidelines and quality assurance. ISO 9000, which is the first quality system standard to gain worldwide recognition, requires a company to gather, analyze, document and monitor and to make improvements where needed. ISO 9001 is the ISO level appropriate for manufacturers like the Company. The Company’s receipt of ISO 9001 certification demonstrates that the Company’s manufacturing operations meet the established world standards.

In August 2004, the Company’s plastic injection manufacturing plant in Dongguan also obtained ISO 14001 certification, which evidences that the Company’s environmental management standards meet established international standards. ISO 14000 is a series of international standards on environmental management. ISO 14001 is the most well-known of these standards and is often seen as the cornerstone standard of the ISO 14000 series. In January 2006, the Company’s electronic manufacturing plant also obtained ISO 14001 certification.

In July 2006, Deswell obtained ISO/TS 16949 Certification for its plastic injection manufacturing plant. ISO/TS 16949 is an ISO Technical Specification aligning existing American (QS-9000), German (VDA6.1), French (EAQF) and Italian (AVSQ) automotive quality systems standards within the global automotive industry. Together with ISO 9001:2008, ISO/TS 16949 specifies the quality system requirements for the design/development, production, installation and servicing of automotive related products. ISO/TS 16949 has been accepted as an equivalent to QS-9000, VDA6.1, AVSQ, and EAQF. ISO/TS 16949 does not replace QS-9000; but is optional and eliminates the need for multiple certifications.

Raw Materials, Component Parts and Suppliers

Plastic Resins

The primary raw materials used by the Company in the manufacture of its plastic parts are various plastic resins, primarily ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene). The chart below shows Deswell’s average cost of ABS as a percentage of the total cost of plastic products sold and as a percentage of total cost of goods sold during its last three fiscal years.

Because plastic resins are commodity products, the Company has no long-term supply agreements for plastic resins. The Company selects its suppliers based on price, lead time, the brand name or those that are appointed by its customers. Most of its plastic resins are obtained from suppliers in Mainland China and Hong Kong. Deswell normally maintains a two to three month inventory supply.

The Company used in excess of 11,046,0008,970,000 pounds of plastic resins during the year ended March 31, 2019.2020. Management believes that the Company’s large volume purchases of plastic resin have generally resulted in lower unit raw material costs and generally have enabled the Company to obtain adequate shipments of raw materials. While the Company is not generally bound by fixed price contracts with its customers, the Company has found that increases in resin prices can be difficult to pass on to its customers and, as a consequence, a significant increase in resin prices could have, and in the past has had, a material adverse effect on the Company’s operations.

The primary plastic resins used by the Company are produced from petrochemical intermediates derived from products of the natural gas and crude oil refining processes. Natural gas and crude oil markets have in the past experienced substantially cyclical price fluctuations as well as other market disturbances including shortages of supply and crises in the oil producing regions of the world. The capacity, supply and demand for plastic resins and the petrochemical intermediates from which they are produced are also subject to cyclical and other market factors. Consequently, plastic resin prices may fluctuate as a result of natural gas and crude oil prices and the capacity, supply and demand for resin and petrochemical intermediates from which they are produced. Over the past several years, oil prices have experienced significant volatility and remain extremely uncertain. Sustained increases in oil prices could result in higher costs for plastic resins.

Although the plastics industry has from time to time experienced shortages of plastic resins, the Company has not experienced to date any such shortages. Management believes that there are adequate sources available to meet the Company’s raw material needs.

Component Parts and Supplies for Electrical Products Manufacturing

The Company purchases a wide variety of component parts from numerous suppliers and is not dependent upon any single supplier for any essential component. The Company purchases from suppliers in China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, the United Kingdom and the United States. At various times there have been shortages of parts in the electronics industry, and certain components, including integrated circuits, diodes, transistors and other semiconductors, have been subject to allocations by their suppliers, particularly if they are complex and/or customized for a particular use. Although shortages of parts and allocations have not had a material adverse effect on the

Company’s results of operations, there can be no assurance that any future shortages or allocations would not have such an effect.

For a discussion of various risks we face associated with obtaining needed components used in our manufacture of electronic products, please see “Shortages of components and materials used in our production of electronics products may delay or reduce our sales and increase our costs” and “We face inventory risks of obsolescence and impairment charges by providing turnkey manufacturing of electronic products” beginning on page 13 of the Risk Factor section of this Report.

Transportation

Transportation of components and finished products to customers in Shenzhen and to and from Hong Kong and Shenzhen and Dongguan is by truck. Generally, the Company sells its products F.O.B. China or F.O.B. Hong Kong. To date, the Company has not been materially affected by any transportation problems.

Customers and Marketing

The Company’s customers are OEMs and contract manufacturers. The Company sells its products principally in China, the United States, Hong Kong and Europe (the(the United Kingdom, Norway and Holland) and Canada. Net sales to customers by geographic area are determined by reference to shipping destinations as directed by the Company’s customers. For example, if the products are delivered to the customer in Hong Kong, the sales are recorded as generated in Hong Kong; if the customer directs the Company to ship its products to Europe, the sales are recorded as sold to Europe. See Note 16 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for the dollar amounts of export sales by geographic area for each of the years ended March 31, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2019.2020. Net sales as a percentage of total sales to customers by geographic area consisted of the following for the years ended March 31, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2019:2020:

We believe that our reported sales by geographic area do not necessarily reflect the final destinations of our products or the actual nationalities of our customers. For example, we have reported product sales in China amounting to 46.2%41.5% of our total net sales for the year ended March 31, 20192020 because China is where our customers directed us to deliver the products. However, we believe that these sales were to offshore customers using local China shipping destinations, which in turn, transshipped our products offshore.

The Company markets its products and services to existing customers through direct contact with the Company’s management and direct sales personnel. The Company’s sales personnel attend trade shows, exhibitions and conventions. Collecting information from trade shows, as well as websites, Deswell’s marketing staff contacts existing and potential customers directly by telephone, mail, fax, e-mail via the Internet and in person, stressing Deswell’s capability as a complete solution provider for plastic injection mold design, tooling and molding as well as an electronics manufacturing services, or EMS, provider of advanced technology manufacturing processes and flexible logistic services.

The Company’s sales transactions with all of its customers are based on purchase orders received by the Company from time to time. Except for these purchase orders, the Company has no written agreements with its customers. Sales of plastic parts, electronic products and metallic products are primarily made on credit terms, with payment in United States dollars or Hong Kong dollars expected within 30 to 90 days of shipment. In certain cases, primarily new customers of electronic products, sales are supported by letters of credit and are payable in United States dollars. To date, the Company has not experienced any significant difficulty in collecting accounts receivable on credit sales. Management communicates regularly with credit sale customers and closely monitors the status of payment and in this way believes it has kept the default rate low. Additionally, plastic parts deliveries are made in several installments over a lengthy period of time, which permits the Company to withhold delivery in the event of any delinquency in payment for past shipments. While the Company has not experienced any material difficulty in being paid by its customers, there can be no assurance that the Company’s favorable collection experience will continue.

Customers

The Company’s success depends to a significant extent on the success achieved by its customers in

developing and marketing their products, some of which may be new. Many of the industry segments served by the Company’s customers are subject to technological change, which can result in short product life cycles. The Company could be materially adversely affected if advances in technology or other factors reduce the marketability of essential products of its customers or if new products being developed by its customers do not attain desired levels of acceptance.

Historically, the Company has depended, currently depends, and expects to continue to depend, on a small number of customers for a significant percentage of its net sales. The following table sets forth Deswell’s major customers which accounted for 10% or more of its net sales during fiscal 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2019:2020:

__________

*       Less than 10% in the year indicated.

If the Company’s major customers experience a decline in the demand for their products as a result of the prevailing economic environment or other factors, the products or services that we provide to them could be reduced or even terminated. The loss of any of our major customers or a substantial reduction in orders from any of them would adversely impact our sales and operating results unless and until we were able to replace the customer or order with one or more of comparable size.

The Company’s sales are based on purchase orders and there are no long-term contracts with any of Deswell’s customers. The percentage of sales to the Company’s customers has fluctuated in the past and may fluctuate in future. Substantial decreases in sales to, or the loss of major customers, have adversely impacted Deswell’s sales and financial performance.

Present or future customers could cease to use Deswell as the source of the injection-molded plastic parts and components it manufactures for electronic manufacturing services of electrical products and subassemblies or for metallic molds and accessories or significantly change, reduce or delay the amount of products and services ordered. The Company’s sales may decline and its financial results will suffer if orders from its largest customers, or orders from other substantial customers, cease or are significantly reduced, unless Deswell can maintain strong relationships with longstanding customers or add sales from new customers.

In February 2020, our plants in PRC were temporarily suspended for one to two weeks according to the instruction of the local government, related to the coronavirus (“COVID-19”). In March 2020, the World Health Organization categorized the COVID-19 as a pandemic, and most of the world experienced the detrimental effects of this health crisis, including widespread economic shutdowns. As of March 31, 2020, our manufacturing facilities resumed normal operations.

We believe the economic implications related to COVID-19 may result in temporarily decreased customer demand across all our markets. We will continue to evaluate the nature and extent of the COVID-19 outbreak’s impact on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. For more information on discussion of risks associated with COVID-19, see Item 3. Key Information – Risk Factors – Our business operations may be materially and adversely affected by the outbreak of COVID-19.

Competition

We compete with a number of different companies in production of injection-molded plastic parts and components, electrical products and subassemblies and metallic molds and accessories. For example, we compete with major global EMS providers, other smaller EMS companies that have a regional or product-specific focus, and original design manufacturers with respect to some of the services that we provide. We also compete with our current and prospective customers, who can manufacture internally and who evaluate our capabilities in light of their own capabilities and cost structures. Our market segments are extremely competitive, many of our competitors have achieved substantial market share and many have lower cost structures and greater manufacturing, financial or other resources than we do. We face particular competition from Asian-based competitors, including Taiwanese EMS providers who compete in our end markets.

The Company believes that competition for plastic injection molding, contract electronic manufacturing and parts manufacturing businesses are based on price, quality, service and the ability to deliver products in a timely and reliable basis.

Patents, Licenses and Trademarks

The Company has no patents, trademarks, licenses, franchises, concessions or royalty agreements that are material to its business.

Seasonality

For information concerning the seasonality of the Company’s business, see “Seasonality” included underItem 5 “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects.”

Property, Plants and Equipment

Macao

The Company leases Units 10B and 10C Edificio Associacao Industrial De Macau, No. 32-36 Rua do Comandante Mata e Oliveira, Macao from an unaffiliated party, each being for a term of two years to May 2020. The premises are used as trading, administrative and accounting offices for the Company’s plastic injection business and electronic & metallic business, respectively. The monthly rent is approximately $4,100.

Southern China

In January 2000, the Company acquired under a land-lease agreement with the local government an aggregate of approximately 1.3 million square feet of land to construct its own manufacturing plant and dormitory buildings in Houjie, Dongguan, China. Under the land-lease agreement, the Company has the right to use the land for 50 years. On this land, Deswell has through March 31, 2019 constructed2020 constructed approximately

Deswell now uses this facility for its plastic manufacturing operations.

Manufacturing facilities and warehouses identified to be idle during the year were leased to third parties for rental income. Rental income of $839,000, $1,111,000, $1,445,000 and $1,445,000$1,560,000 was earned during the years ended March 31, 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2019,2020, respectively.

In July 2003, the Company acquired under a land-lease agreement with a third party an aggregate of approximately 244,000 square feet of land and approximately 420,000 square feet of buildings, including six blocks of dormitory buildings, a canteen, a factory building, a car park and a guard room, at Chang An, Dongguan, China, which was previously named Kwan Hong Building. The land use period is for 50 years from February 1, 2003 to January 31, 2053. The Company uses the facilities for its electronic products manufacturing operations.

The Company believes that its existing offices and manufacturing space, and manufacturing space in close proximity to its existing facilities, which management believes will be available as needed for limited expansion, will be adequate for the operation of its business for at least the next two years.

Material Effects of Government Regulations

See discussion of increasing minimum wage levels in Guangdong Province and corresponding increases in employer contributions for mandatory social welfare benefits for Chinese employees on page 9 of this Report.

Item4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

Not applicable to Deswell.

Item5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS

Except for statements of historical facts, this section contains forward-looking statements involving risks and uncertainties. You can identify these statements by forward looking words including “expect,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “seek,” and “estimate.” Forward looking statements are not guarantees of Deswell’s future performance or results and the Company’s actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors, including those set forth under the section of this Report entitledItem3 “Key Information – Risk Factors.”

Operating Results

The following discussion should also be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included followingItem 18 of this Report. The Company prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

General

The Company’s revenues are derived from the manufacture and sale of injection-molded plastic parts and components, electrical products and subassemblies and metallic molds and accessories.

The manufacturing of the metallic components is a production process which may emit pollutants. During the year ended March 31, 2015, the Company gradually outsourced manufacturing of the metal components used in assembly of the Company’s audio products. As of March 31, 2015, all of the metallic components used in assembly of the Company’s audio products were provided by third party suppliers. The operating results of the metallic parts business unit are reported as discontinued operations for all periods presented. We have historically reported the results of the metallic parts business as a separate segment. The continuing cash flows subsequent to the unit’s closure were not significant.

The Company carries out all of its manufacturing operations in Southern China, where it has been able to take advantage of the lower overhead costs and labor rates as compared to Hong Kong. At the same time, the proximity of the Company’s factories in Southern China to Hong Kong permits the Company to easily manage its manufacturing operations from Macao, and facilitates transportation of its products through Hong Kong.

PRC Income Taxes

Since January 1, 2008, underIn accordance with the PRC Income Tax Law, the standard income tax rate for all subsidiaries operating in the PRC has beenis 25%.

The Company is subject to the applicable transfer pricing rules in PRC in connection to the transactions between its subsidiaries located inside and outside PRC. In accordance to Guo Shui Fa [2009] No.2 “Implementation Regulations of Special Tax Adjustments (Provisional)”(“Guo Shui Fa [2009] No.2”), which took effect at the beginning of calendar year 2008 and set out the regulations in relation to transfer pricing, contemporaneous documentation, disclosure and compliance of intercompany transactions, the Company and external consultants have prepared transfer pricing contemporaneous documentations (the “Contemporaneous Documentations”) of its subsidiaries in PRC for every calendar year.

The amount of current tax liability at March 31, 2019 includes the deemed profit tax estimated by the management based on the Contemporaneous Documentations.

Business Segment Information

Deswell’s operations are generally organized in two segments: plastic injection molding, which we sometimes refer to as the “plastics segment,” and electronic products assembling. The Company’s reportable segments are strategic business units that offer different products and services. See Note 16 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. The following table sets forth selected consolidated financial information presented as a percentage of net sales by segment for each of the three years in the period ended March 31, 2019:2020: